Which entities do have both a motive and a capability of disrupting Nord Stream?

Question: Although the circumstances of the recent leaks in the North Stream pipelines in the Baltic Sea near Bornholm are still not totally clear, the temporal coincidence of multiple leaks suggest that some kind of sabotage might have happened. So far, there is nothing reliable known about the origin of the responsive party. It's interesting to discuss who would stand to benefit from such a sabotaging action.
Comment: @Trilarion What's the difference between having a motive and benefiting?  I get the impression that when some people (I can't see who) vote to close over here, it's akin to saying "I don't know"—hardly justification for closing, especially for what I see as a pretty good question. Surely somebody can make a reasoned argument?
Comment: There is a flaw in this question. By asking about countries implicitly suggest that there might be a government behind it. But the sabotage might have been carried out by dropping a quantity of explosive from a boat. Many groups might have this capability, not only governments or intelligence agencies. Low grade mining explosive could have been sourced via commercial channels. So we cannot restrict the field of possible groups involved.
Comment: A better question would be: "Who benefits most from this..?" To me it seems that it's mostly futile but maybe somebody would actually benefit. That would be much better answerable.
Comment: @Fizz I voted to close? Hmm, asking for who benefits is definitely the better question because it could probably be able to be answered. Maybe I still found it a bit too speculative. If you would undelete I would probably vote to reopen.
Comment: @Fizz "I know who did it because..." That's not what the question is asking. All answers listing countries and reasoning why would be equally valid. We cannot find out, who did it by typing and voting. Maybe people will understand that we're not even trying to find out.
Comment: @Sam I think it's almost the same. Having a motive means that you benefit in some way. There might be cases where people have motives without benefiting directly (scorched Earth tactics for example), but they should not occur often.
Comment: This Q is being [discussed on meta](https://politics.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6381/75828-is-a-duplicate-of-758250), together with the older one, which I see you voted to undelete as well.
Comment: @FluidCode You're right. The body of the question just spoke of party and unpersonal who. I adapted the title slightly to allow for more answers also including non-countries as possible parties.
Comment: *The Ukrainian crisis has nothing to do with Ukraine. It's about Germany and, in particular, a pipeline that connects Germany to Russia* [Mike Whitney](http://www.ronpaulinstitute.org/archives/featured-articles/2022/february/15/the-crisis-in-ukraine-is-not-about-ukraine-its-about-germany/) wrote the above months before the sabotage, in fact a week before the war!
Answer: Let's talk about the two players here who could do something like this
The United States
The US pretty clearly could do something like this fairly easily. The US leads the way in underwater technology and has military assets in the region.
Why them?

The US sells natural gas, and destroying the pipelines would help accelerate the transition many European countries have been making towards adding liquefied natural gas(LNG) ship terminals.

"Around 25 new FSRUs, according to estimates from S&P Global Platts, are now expected to be installed across the EU in the coming years, with the first facilities set to be operational already by the end of 2022 facilitated by a combination of political and commercial will in accelerating work," Illardo said.

The pipelines were seen as helping to keep European countries (Germany in particular, where the pipelines terminate) from involving themselves too much with Russia

By handing Putin such potential leverage over European energy security, it is argued, the 1,200 km pipeline leaves Free Europe at his mercy. If Putin wants a new Yalta, a new border settlement with Europe, then gas, and Europe's dependence on Russian reserves, has become a means to achieve it. Nord Stream 2's critics say it isn't so much about creating additional capacity as it is about supplanting the main existing path for Russian gas to Europe, which runs through Ukraine.

Why not them?

US intelligence agencies warned many European allies this might happen. It would be strange to alert people to be on guard for an action you yourself are about to take.

LNG terminals mean anyone can sell you LNG. The US is not the only exporter of LNG.

It would damage NATO relations. The US is spending a lot on defending Europe and the US has gained more International goodwill

Perhaps even more substantial, however, was the shift seen across those who had been more critical than supportive of the U.S. role. The views of that role in Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden changed significantly over the past year, and all now have slightly more positive than negative views of the U.S. influence on global democracy.
Denmark and Ireland went from negative to now being on the fence, while Spain, once directly in the middle, has now joined those more in support of Biden's democracy efforts than opposed. Spain, which was neutral last year, now sees the U.S. influence as slightly more constructive for democracy.

It would be strange for a president who is so environmentally conscious to intentionally release a ton of greenhouse gases

Russia
Why them?

Russia started a war with Ukraine. It's been trying to use natural gas supplies to discourage NATO members from interfering and Germany in particular wasn't going to play that game, canceling the Nord Stream 2 pipeline

But following Mr Putin's order to send troops to the rebel-held Ukrainian regions of Donetsk and Luhansk, Germany announced it was suspending the process of giving [Nord Stream 2] between it and Russia an operating licence - effectively stopping the project until further notice.
The move is notable as Russia supplies Europe with about 40% of its gas, sourced from vast supplies in Russia's east.

Russia is sending a message that they can destroy undersea assets. In particular, Russia has extensively mapped undersea Internet fiber cables

In the worst scenario, an attack that cut submarine cables coming into the United States could significantly harm its access to the global internet. Ordinary users would probably experience massive losses in bandwidth, particularly for services such as Google and Facebook that host much of their data overseas. Since most government also relies on commercial internet infrastructure, the outages would also interrupt official communications. Any data hosted outside the U.S. would become nearly inaccessible to U.S. parties and vice versa. For people who depend on the internet in daily life, such an attack would be a national disaster.

The pipelines were shut down so Russia is not losing anything by destroying their own infrastructure

Why not them?

Russia made a lot of money from selling natural gas to Europe. While it was complicated by sanctions, exports were still up

Higher oil export volumes, coupled with rising gas prices, will boost Russia's earnings from energy exports to $337.5 billion this year, a 38% rise on 2021, according to an economy ministry document seen by Reuters.
The jump in revenues, if it materialises, will help shore up Russia's economy in the face of waves of Western sanctions.

There's no easy way to repair the pipeline either. This means Russia cannot sell Europe natural gas in the near-future in the event that Russia needs revenues in a post-war economy. Russia would have to contribute to any repairs.
Comment: @Trilarion If we were talking about a *surface* pipe it would be one thing. But you're talking about an undersea pipeline. If a ship did it, people would have noticed (boats don't move fast). That strongly suggests a submarine. Is it possible China did it? Sure. But you're assuming the Chinese sailed a sub halfway around the world just to wreck a pipeline that was turned off. Sure, there's all sorts of upshots for China, but they're small in comparison to the fact that they destroyed a multi-national pipeline, which is an act of war. That's a lot of risk for not a lot of gain.
Comment: *We're spending* is not a very neutral way of discussing things :D More seriously: the arguments given for Russia are not very strong - apart from "sending message" these objectives could be achieved by simply closing the valve. Using it as an excuse for not supplying gas could be a reason... but since when Russia needs excuses? Ramping up gas prices is probably the most solid lead.
Comment: Why are only two possible players considered? What about other big powers like China or energy competitors like Saudi Arabia or even sub-national terrorist organizations? What makes Russia or US more likely than others here? Just because they are big?
Comment: How are "warning something might happen" and "making it happen" in anyway contradictory? Not that it happening and them warning is any good proof of them being in any way behind it.
Comment: @Machavity And I don't think they would have had even flimsy excuses to push their sub all the way over there.
Comment: @Deduplicator When the warning comes in February and the action comes around 7 months later I would question if the two are related.
Comment: The motive which I've heard (from multiple speakers on the topic) for Russia is that until it's proven otherwise, this event triggers the force majeure condition of the delivery contract.  So Russia continues to get paid as if the pipes were operating at a minimal capacity (whatever the contract specifies), but doesn't have to actually deliver anything.
Answer: I will try not to name single countries in this answer but rather only discuss capabilities and possible motives.
The question of capability clearly depends on the way the sabotaging act was done (if it was one and not just an unfortunate coincidence).
If some explosive devices have been attached, they could have been attached by a manned submarine, by an unmanned special-purpose submarine or by themselves (devices could maybe swim/dive on its own), even by humans (diving) would theoretically be possible in this depth of ~80m. It could have happened shortly before the leaks occurred or weeks/months before, maybe even already at building time of the pipelines or a short time later.
At the position (South of Sweden, East of Denmark, North of Germany, ...) there is lot of maritime traffic. It will be difficult to check all previous recorded traffic in the area and the traffic might come from many different origins.
How difficult it is to get a submarine there undetected and back is difficult to judge. Danish and Swedish underwater detection system should be state of the art with naval bases not far away. A smaller unmanned special-purpose submarine may be easier to navigate there and back again undetected.
Judging by the capabilities, every nation with submarines might likely be able to sabotage these pipelines, others rather not (so most of African countries and most landlocked countries probably not).
Also just sending a single submarine from Japan, China or India to the Baltic sea for such a critical mission sounds like it would rather be too risky to be detected on the way, so maybe further limit the capabilities to nations bordering the Baltic sea and France, Great Britain and the US.
As for the motive: There is no immediate direct economic damage, although the repair costs would surely have to be paid by the trading partners (Russia and Germany) and a repair would delay any possible delivery of resources. However these pipelines weren't used anyways currently and it's rather unlikely they would have been used this winter (the war between Russia and Ukraine is unlikely to end quickly and public support for the support of Ukraine in Germany is still relatively strong).
Therefore the damage is foremost of psychological nature. It increases uncertainty and further drives up prices of resources, increases inflation and the like. Every nation exporting resources would probably stand to profit from an increased uncertainty.
That leaves us with Norway, US, Canada, Russia but rather not with France, Great Britain or Sweden.
The last issue I want to point out is that if eventually evidence about the origin can be obtained, the sabotaging nation would lose a lot in reputation. Norway, the US and Canada would probably not want to risk that. Russia however would have much less to lose, because their international reputation is already quite ruined. But it still doesn't make much sense to blow up your own pipeline unless you think all is lost anyway (and top Russian may already be thinking that) or as a very, very indirect threat.
Finally it should not be excluded that not a country, but some kind of terrorist organization has done an act of sabotage there. Before 9/11 hardly anyone would have believed multiple airplanes can be kidnapped. Detonating explosives on an underwater pipeline sounds thinkable and doable although the symbolism of it would be difficult to explain (pipelines are bad?) and there might be much more "profitable" targets for terrorists available.
Finally the US has the most advanced military in the world, so maybe it would be easiest for them, but they definitely have other means to restrict usage of the pipelines, should the need arrive later, so the US would hardly have a good motive. The Russian submarine navy is also quite extensive and they have more bases close to the location of the leaking pipelines but also for them the potential immediate military gain seems to be rather low.
Summary: I think there are quite a number of countries with the capabilities (in principle) but none really which would clearly benefit. It rather feels like an terrorist act or the act of somebody who has nothing to lose and acts partly irrational than a well-thought through military strike (if it was one).
Comment: FWTW "Sweden's energy minister said on Friday it was "very likely" that the attack on the pipelines was done on purpose by a state actor." and "Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said Thursday that the ruptures in the Nord Stream pipelines would not have been possible without a state actor's involvement." Ironically, this is one thing some in the West and Russia do agree about.
Comment: +1 The 9/11 lesson is clear: adversaries with little conventional strength will find unconventional avenues to multiply their force.
Comment: And Finland's FM "Only a state actor is capable of this kind of sabotage. This is such extensive sabotage." Of course, they could all be wrong, but still...
Comment: The key point to this answer is adding up the **pluses (if not caught) and minuses (if caught).**  That doesn't tell us who did it, but it does argue against making over-simplistic pronouncements.
Answer: Late 2023 update: according to an investigation by WaPo and Der Spiegel, they even narrowed down the Ukrainian special forces guy who was more or less in charge of the op, some colonel. Essentially the piece claims that Zaluzhny might have ran the whole op without informing Zelensky about it.

Roman Chervinsky, a decorated 48-year-old colonel who served in Ukraine's special operations forces, was the "coordinator" of the Nord Stream operation, people familiar with his role said, managing logistics and support for a six-person team that rented a sailboat under false identities and used deep-sea diving equipment to place explosive charges on the gas pipelines. On Sept. 26, 2022, three explosions caused massive leaks on the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines, which run from Russia to Germany under the Baltic Sea. The attack left only one of the four gas links in the network intact as winter approached.
Chervinsky did not act alone, and he did not plan the operation, according to the people familiar with his role, which has not been previously reported. The officer took orders from more senior Ukrainian officials, who ultimately reported to Gen. Valery Zaluzhny, Ukraine's highest-ranking military officer, said people familiar with how the operation was carried out. They spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive details about the bombing, which has strained diplomatic relations with Ukraine and drawn objections from U.S. officials.
[...]
But the Nord Stream operation was designed to keep Zelensky out of the loop, people familiar with the operation said.
"All of those involved in planning and execution reported directly to [chief of defense] Zaluzhnyy, so Zelensky wouldn't have known about it," according to intelligence reporting obtained by the CIA that was allegedly shared by Jack Teixeira, a member of the Massachusetts Air National Guard, on the Discord chat platform. Officials in multiple countries have said privately they were confident that Zelensky didn't personally approve the Nord Stream attack.

Interestingly that colonel is already in a Ukrainian prison, accused of running some other ops with not so clear authorization, although he says he's just the fall guy for those.
AFAICT, no official reaction from Germany [or any other of the countries conducting officially conducting an investigation] on that. But back in August, Germany said they were still hoping to formally indict someone.

Well, in a nutshell, both Russia and at least some parties in the West have pointed fingers at each other, with press headlines like "Russian spy chief: West was behind sabotage of Nord Stream
" or "'Only Russia' could be behind Nord Stream leaks, says former German intel chief".
Russian sources more specifically allude to the US as possibly having done this since the US was opposed to the construction of the pipes in the first place  (at least of NS2 rather adamantly).

"US President Joe Biden must answer the question of whether the United States carried out its threat on September 25 and 26 when an emergency was reported at three lines of Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2, which has been preliminarily recognized as ruptures, whereas he suggested those were blown up," the Russian diplomat said on her Telegram channel. On it, she posted a video in which the US leader delivers the speech in question.
"His statement of intent was backed up with a promise. One must be responsible for one's words. Failure to understand what one says does not absolve anyone of responsibility. Europe must know the truth!" Zakharova emphasized.

Tucker Carlson has argued that same point at length, e.g. that "you'd have to be a suicidal moron to blow up your own energy pipelines [that] give you leverage over other countries", whereas "Joe Biden suggested on camera he might take out these pipelines."
And he was rebroadcast on Russian TV.
And Putin has (a bit later) directly accused the "Anglo-Saxons" of having done this:

"The sanctions were not enough for the Anglo-Saxons: they moved onto sabotage," Putin said. "It is hard to believe but it is a fact that they organised the blasts on the Nord Stream international gas pipelines."

Some Western sources claim Russia may be interested in a false flag operation too since they have significantly reduced exports to Germany already, e.g. that "former German intel chief" (Gerhard Schindler) said:

The halt in gas supplies can now be justified simply by pointing to the defective pipelines, without having to advance alleged turbine problems or other unconvincing arguments for breaking supply contracts.

Additionally some Western newspapers (NYT) claim that

Both lines of Nord Stream 1 were damaged, whereas only one of Nord Stream 2's lines was ruptured, which means that, at least theoretically, gas could flow through the second line.

Gazprom has confirmed this now, although they said they need to do a safety inspection on the (NS2) pipe that still had pressure/gas in it, so they are depressurizing it ATM.
In connection to that, in mid-July, amidst the NS 1 stoppages, Putin said that NS 2 was ready to deliver gas to Germany, despite the fact that it wasn't given German approval, while Germany insisted on Russia accepting the repaired turbine for NS 1.

As for capabilities, it's probably a bit premature to discuss since we don't know the exact methods used. According to one Western site, the pipes are only at around 50 meters depth around Bornholm, which would enable a fairly low-resourced attacker to carry this out.
The same Russian Foreign Ministry spokeswoman said the damage was in a zone where the US has "full control", meaning the EEZ of Denmark and Sweden. Western sources say that despite that proximity, Russian navy operates in this region as well, e.g. Denmark protested against an alleged Russian corvette intrusion in its territorial waters back in June in roughly the same area. (Russia denies that took place.)
As for how the US might have done it, from what I can tell Russian officials insofar have been vague (or if they've been more explicit, there's no coverage of them in English that I could find talking about means--although Naryshkin promised to reveal details at a later time.) On the other hand unofficial/suspected Russian sources/proxies like SouthFront and the US socialist website Monthly Review pointed to the USS Kearsarge, which was on tour in the Baltic Sea until recently. The Permanent Representative of Russia at the UNSC, Vassily Nebenzia, has now (Sep 30) mentioned  Kearsarge's presence, and added

Most interestingly, the ship's helicopter squad started patrolling the area around Bornholm as early as in August, and the flight line of those aircraft surprisingly coincided with the pipeline route. I emphasize that this is open data on geolocation of sea and air transport which is collected on the basis of the transponders' signal. It means that the United States did not conceal its presence in the area and completed its maneuvers in an exhibitory and ostentatious way.

The latter source, MR, which published its piece one day before Putin explicitly charged the "Anglo-Saxons", also speculates that the Poles may have been involved, due to the proximity of their shore/bases, with or without US participation. They cite John Helmer for the latter variant, saying that "The explosions at Bornholm are the new Polish strike for war in Europe against Chancellor Olaf Scholz." (Poland doesn't have too good of a relationship with Germany right now, on a range of issues stemming from EU "rule of law" and their various forms of pushback, including war reparations.) Gazprom executives have complained in the past that the Polish navy was allegedly interfering with the pipeline laying process, although Poland denied that was the case.
There's also this rather interesting bit in Der Spiegel, which seems to be the only source I've seen that claims to know the exact contents of the CIA warning to Germany

The Germans were warned in summer by the CIA about a possible attack scenario on the Nord Stream pipelines. U.S. intelligence claimed to have intercepted Russian communications in which concerns were expressed about possible Ukrainian attacks on Western infrastructure. The Ukrainians allegedly tried to rent a boat in Sweden for this purpose. The CIA did not consider the scenario of a Ukrainian attack to be very credible, but the mere fact that the possibility of an attack on Western infrastructure was mentioned by the Russian side prompted the Americans to warn the Germans about the scenario.

It would have been quite a feat if Ukraine actually managed that. The same source mentions that the BND was also looking into Russian underwater robots that could have travelled all the way from Russia.
Comment: Were there any contracts broken (or reduced and stopped) on the *supply* instead of *demand* side?
Comment: Well... Being a "suicidal moron" is not outside of realm of possibilities.
Comment: There's a new article published by WSJ today saying that Ukraine is responsible, but also implying that Poland is complicit. The article is paywalled, but someone posted the text here, https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/191u5oe/nord_stream_probe_hampered_by_resistance_from/ in case you want to add to answer.
Answer: One country with a motive that was not mentioned in previous answers is Ukraine. Already in 2014, the leader of Ukrainian nationalists threatened to destroy the pipeline for Russian gas supplies to Europe:

Yarosh threatened to destroy the pipeline for Russian gas supplies to Europe
The leader of the radical nationalist Ukrainian "Right Sector*" Dmitry
Yarosh said that his organization, in the event of a possible conflict
with Russia, would destroy the pipeline through which European
countries receive Russian gas.
Yarosh made a threat to "destroy the pipe", because with its help
"Russia earns money by distilling oil and gas," RIA Novosti reports.
Yarosh also demanded that the new leadership of Ukraine urgently form
the headquarters of the Supreme High Command, declare a general
mobilization of the population, take weapons deep into the country,
and ensure the supply of weapons from NATO member countries.

As shown by the strike on the bridge in Crimea, Ukraine has the capability to make such attack.
Other answers have mentioned Russia, but the motives mentioned in those answers do not make much sense. The pipeline is more or less Russian property and Russia was the only country that wanted to complete this project. Destroying your own property does not make much sense. The only motive Russia could have is to use it as a false flag operation similar to the Gulf of Tonkin incident by the USA. Russia could then just blame Ukraine and use it as a pretext to start a war. Since there is already a conflict between Ukraine and Russia which can be called a war, this is not likely. Also, when talking about capability, the incident happened in NATO territory, so to get there for Russia would be problematic.
Even the NY Times is talking about a connection to Ukraine.
Comment: Why DV? Ukraine is certainly one of the suspects; one doesn't need to invoke fringe extremists to see its potential benefits. There are plenty of arguments against too (as well as there are some reasonable arguments for Russia: we shouldn't forget that the added income from higher gas prices has more or less paid for the entire NS2 already), yet it should be mentioned.
Comment: @Zeus I have not completely excluded Russia, just the reasons they might have are defenetly diferent and even Zeleski has expresed in one of his actual interviews to german TV similar Thoughts.
Comment: can you define "ATAC"? I know only one [ATAC](https://www.atac.roma.it/), and given their disorganization, I don't see them attacking pipelines or bridges (not to mention it's not really their purview)
Comment: @Federico You should ask the user who edited my post.
Comment: FTWT, according to the FSB, Ukraine bombed the bridge by shipping the explosives through Russia disguised as rolls of plastic foil. It's none too clear if most of the people allegedly involved in moving those even know the exact nature of the materials, or thought they were contrabanding something else. I suppose we'll find out the details in the trial, if one can trust the Russian justice system. Getting a bomb down deep in the sea doesn't seem to require the same skill set though, although who knows, if they somehow shipped/filled a pipe segment or support full of explosives...
Comment: ... to whatever company was involved in laying those down. Can't remember if it was a Russian or Western one. It might have been both depending on the section of the pipeline. There were various changes in who did the work due to sanctions and what not. Still, it's much harder to imagine they had the forethought to do that to NS1, which was commissioned in 2011-2012, i.e. before Crimea was annexed by Russia.
Comment: The latest NYT piece you've added says they "no American or British nationals were involved" but that some experienced divers were apparently involved, which seems to preclude that they didn't know what they were laying down there.
Comment: Being able to attack a bridge is not evidence that they can attack an under ocean pipeline.
Comment: @JoeW: I agree, stil, I'm upvoting this for the NYT piece, although even that is mostly based on unnamed US officials. Some of the claims are pretty strong, e.g. regarding the killing of Dugina "Kyiv denied any involvement but U.S. intelligence agencies eventually came to believe that the killing was authorized by what officials called "elements" of the Ukrainian government. In response to the finding, the Biden administration privately rebuked the Ukrainians and warned them against taking similar actions."
Comment: @Joe W Nobody has called it evidence.
Comment: Also, it's not technically "in NATO territory", but in the EEZ of some such countries. It was in international waters, that's why Russia can and is conducting its own investigation on-site.
Comment: Also, the new intel was apparently from Germany, which leaked much more of it to the press than the US did https://kyivindependent.com/news-feed/media-boat-used-for-nord-stream-attacks-connected-to-ukraine "German investigators have identified a boat allegedly used to sabotage Russian Nord Stream gas pipelines, suggesting it had been rented from a company owned by Ukrainians, according to a joint investigation by the German publications ARD, Kontraste, SWR, and Die Zeit published on March 7."
Comment: Die Ziet: "It is said to be a yacht rented from a company based in Poland, apparently owned by two Ukrainians" and "it set sail from Rostock on September 6, 2022". And "investigators found traces of explosives on the table in the cabin. According to information from the ARD capital studio, Kontraste, SWR and ZEIT, a Western secret service is said to have sent a tip to European partner services in the autumn, i.e. shortly after the destruction, according to which a Ukrainian commando was responsible for the destruction." So, yeah, it's mostly based on a leak.
Comment: You made that claim in your answer, and that is what I am responding to. "As shown by the strike on the bridge in Crimea, Ukraine has the capability to make such atac". As I said just because they can attack a bridge by driving a vehicle over it doesn't mean they can locate and attack a target at the bottom of the ocean.
Answer: Not really an answer, but I've been actively learning Russian since ages ago and know a lot about Russia (see, e.g., this answer of mine), and I see some interesting indirect signs pointing to Russia. Let me start with this news:

Глава «Газпрома» Алексей Миллер сообщил, что не знает, как и зачем
восстанавливать поврежденные нитки «Северного потока», если турбины
для него находятся в нерабочем состоянии. (Source)

Here's my translation:

Head of Gazprom, Alexey Miller, has said that he doesn't know how and why
to repair the damaged pipelines of Nord Stream, given that its
turbines are non-operational.

For those who don't know, Germany actually begged Russia to accept a repaired turbine, but Russia used a formal pretext to refuse.
This means that by the time of the incident, Russia had already demonstrated its lack of interest in keeping Nord Stream working.
And here's what Putin himself said about the incident (as translated into English on the official Kremlin website):

The attack on the Nord Streams has set an extremely dangerous
precedent, which shows that any critical piece of transport, energy or
communications infrastructure is under threat, regardless of its
location, management or whether it lies on the seabed or on land.
(Source)

Make no mistake - when the Russians feel wronged, they are very angry and vocal about it, and they retaliate in one or another way. The principle of reciprocity is a cornerstone of their foreign affairs. For Russians, getting wronged and doing nothing about it is tantamount to losing face. Putin is vengeful. And the reactions by Miller, Putin, and Russian news media, which are largely state-controlled, indicate that the Russians aren't really angry. There's no outrage. Putin's words can be seen as a veiled threat, "We did this and can do the same to Western pipelines."
I have very little knowledge about the investigation of the incident, but Russia's reaction looks very different from how I believe Russia would react to what it actually believed to be an external attack on its infrastructure.
Comment: This is very much an answer and points out that which most people overlook: There was no gas flow through Nord Stream before the incident and intentionally so. Russia decided not to deliver through NS1 anymore. It also fits pretty well with only one pipeline of NS2 being destroyed and Putin offering deliveries through that one. It would mean Germany would have to give up their position on NS2 and essentially display weakness which can be used domestically in propaganda efforts.
Answer: Note that I am not proposing this as the most likely explanation, just one possibility that has not been mentioned in other answers.
First, Russia has several times since the start of the war taken action to reduce supply via Nord Stream under the guise of "technical difficulties"; Europe claimed that these were a pretext and that the reduction in supply via Nord Stream was a deliberate action.
Russia might believe that they could benefit from cutting off supply via Nord Stream by being able to put pressure on Europe to bring an end to the Ukraine-Russia war sooner by agreeing to Russia's terms for ending the war (whatever those may be from time to time).
There are three major sets of routes through which gas is (or was) delivered to Europe from Russia: the two biggest are the Baltic Sea pipelines and through the Ukraine, with the set through Belarus being a much smaller player. (In fact, the Belarus route has regularly shut down, and even gone into reverse at times.

Removing the Baltic Sea route reverts the situation to something like that pre-Nord Stream 1, where the majority of Europe's gas from Russia (66% in the infographic below) transits Ukraine:

If Russia believes that Europe cannot significantly wean itself off of Russian gas, and most of that gas once again needs to go through Ukraine, a slowdown or stoppage of gas flow there (whether "naturally" due to the war or deliberately via Russian action that they blame on the war) creates pressure to end the war sooner rather than later. Given that it seems from the past few months that supporting Ukraine to better allow it to continue fighting is to the advantage of Ukraine and the disadvantage of Russia, Russia may see creating this situation as potentially advantageous to them.
Note the big "if" in the paragraph above; if Europe manages to wean themselves further off of Russian gas, shutting down Nord Stream may be of little help. Europe has been taking steps to do this but is not fully committed (Hungary being a particular example of lack of commitment).
Comment: Perhaps one of the downvoters could explain the issues with this answer? Is it not possible that Russia believes that Europe can't wean itself off Russian gas? Is it incorrect that taking out Nordstream means that most Russian gas to Europe goes through Ukraine (again)? Is it not possible that Russia could blame slowdown in gas flow through Ukraine on the war?
Comment: Not my DV, but how recent if your AFP graph? I think France consumed much less Russian gas even in 2021 than that graph says.
Comment: @Fizz The figures are pre-2012 as the information is to demonstrate the general proportions of Russian gas coming through the Ukraine in the absence of Nord Stream. It's certainly true that this general approach won't help Russia if Europe weans itself off of Russian gas; thus the big "If" in my last paragraph. (I think that Europe probably can live without Russian gas, but that just may be hope on my part; Hungary for example currently seems to disagree.)
Comment: @Fizz On further reflection, this also raises the fact that, even if stopping Nord Stream is not a Russian action, Russia has unilaterally cut down supplies via Nord Stream in the past, claiming technical difficulties that Europe argued were a pretext. I've updated the answer to mention this.
Answer: There are political forces in Russia aiming to end the war more or less along Ukraine terms (by completely removing the army of Russian Federation out of the territory this country as it is most commonly recognized), see this answer. We do not know how much support do they have.
The Nord Stream I and II are capable of bringing huge money, especially if both are fully opened. This money can be used in a number of ways, from paying reparations for Ukraine till raising the living standards in Russia itself, to make sure the new government will be liked. EU may opt to support a new government by just paying for the gas they need to buy somewhere anyway.
Hence the destruction of the pipeline could have been ordered by the current government of Russia, even if it would be against the interests of this country. With the goal to make more sure there is no fast way back.
Gas pipelines have "mechanical pigs" that can move inside the pipe for inspection and maintenance. It may be possible that they can be used to deliver explosives anywhere along the pipeline. Only the country with full access to the pipeline could use this way to destroy it. Baltic sea is quite shallow and and ships/submarines attempting to deploy explosives would have been detected. Recently The Guardian also mentioned these maintenance robots,
Comment: I didn't DV, but that PIG is pretty huge. If they sent *that* through the pipe, there's no way the explosion would have obliterated it, so parts of it would be found. Too conspicuous. If it was blown from inside, sending something smaller would have sufficed.


Format with the same value many times in a string

Question: On python, you can repeat a value several times inside a string when formatting it:
<code>>>> print "Hello, {name}, how are you, {name}?".format(name="George")
    "Hello, George, how are you, George?"
</code>
But I don't know how to achieve this with elisp. I'm trying to make a function that returns the GPLv3 copyright text (This file is part of Foobar. Foobar is free software:) with the name of any projectile project on it.
Answer: Still another solution:
<code>(let ((name "George"))
  (format "%s" (concat "Hello, " name ", how are you, " name "?")))
</code>


For tax purposes, how much is Bitcoin is worth if you send it to an exchange and sell it immediately for fiat?

Question: In the United States, I read that people that sell Bitcoin for USD will pay taxes based on the difference of when you bought and sold. How does an exchange like Coinbase know how much your BTC is worth if you just send BTC to them and you sell it immediately? RobinHood or PayPal do not allow you send crypto to other addresses, so they know the Bitcoin price when you bought and sold.
Answer: Tax questions should largely be off-topic here, as they are so jurisdiction-specific. But nonetheless, a general answer is sort of possible here:
In many jurisdictions, you will be liable to pay capital gains taxes when you make profit buying and then later selling some asset. This tax is calculated when you report your taxes to your local tax authority, so you simply need to keep track of the prices you buy and sell your bitcoin for.
The exchange you buy/sell from will probably be keeping track of this as well, but in some cases they may only have partial info (eg, the sell only). So you will need to keep track of the rest of the info yourself, in order to correctly report your investment activities.


Can the Default blog page be edited?

Question: Can I edit the Default blog page in SharePoint 2010? Basically I would like to change the sort order of the posts. Currently the default page is sorted by date, is it possible to change it to where it sorts by Category then by Date???? Any pointers will be GREATLY appreciated.
Answer: Yes, you can change the order. The webpart that displays the posts is just a list view webpart. The trick is this -
go to the posts list
add a new view, get it sorting the way you want, test. save.
go back to your blog homepage
edit the page
edit the 'posts' webpart's properties
select your newly created view in the 'list views' section
click OK.
Save.
done and dusted.
However, I will say this - a blog is, traditionally speaking, a linear, over-time view of posted news. Your users may not be expecting yours to sort differently, so consider that in your decision - usability is, of course, paramount.
Comment: If you want this to be the default going forward save the site with the modified web part as a template and use it instead of the default blog template.
Comment: These are great!! I'll give them a try. Thanks stopthatastronaut and tylerrrr07!!!!
Comment: Okay. I tried these suggestions and unfortunately I was successful in getting it to sort by category because it's not a field listed in the sort drop down. You can sort by date, created by, modified by, etc but not by category. I tried to index category and again SharePoint won't let me. I'm really stuck on this one. ANY suggestions would be greatly appreciated!!!!
Answer: This is an old post, but I thought I'd respond anyway. I was unable to get the create-a-new-sorted-view-and-select-it-in-the-webpart-editor trick to work. This simply brings up the new view on the page in a vanilla SharePoint style, rather than bringing up the new view in the semi-fancy default blog styling.
What did work is to edit the blog page in Sharepoint Designer, and then change the OrderBy clause to match your chosen column. In your case, I this is the CategoryWithLink field.  Search for XsltListViewWebPart, and make sure the description reads "Use the Posts list for posts in this blog", and then scroll down to the XmlDefinition tag. Once there, search for OrderBy, and change the first field to your chosen one. The example below shows how to sort a blog by a custom column called SuggestionRating, rather than by PublishedDate, which is the default. In this example, note that I had to add SuggestionRating to the ViewFields node in order to get this column to appear.
<code><XmlDefinition>
                <View Name="{39C1F864-1FE1-4A79-9637-586C10D053C6}" Type="HTML" Hidden="TRUE" ReadOnly="TRUE" FreeForm="TRUE" ModerationType="HideUnapproved" DisplayName="" Url="/SuggestionBox/default.aspx" Level="255" BaseViewID="0" ContentTypeID="0x" CssStyleSheet="blog.css">
                    <Query>
                        <Where>
                            <And>
                                <Leq>
                                    <FieldRef Name="PublishedDate"/>
                                    <Value Type="DateTime">
                                        <Today/>
                                    </Value>
                                </Leq>
                                <Eq>
                                    <FieldRef Name="_ModerationStatus"/>
                                    <Value Type="">Approved</Value>
                                </Eq>
                            </And>
                        </Where>
                        <OrderBy>
                            <FieldRef Name="SuggestionRating" Ascending="FALSE"/>
                            <FieldRef Name="ID" Ascending="FALSE"/>
                        </OrderBy>
                    </Query>
                    <ViewFields>
                        <FieldRef Name="Title"/>
                        <FieldRef Name="Body"/>
                        <FieldRef Name="Author"/>
                        <FieldRef Name="PostedByWithDate"/>
                        <FieldRef Name="CategoryWithLink"/>
                        <FieldRef Name="Permalink"/>
                        <FieldRef Name="EmailPostLink"/>
                        <FieldRef Name="NumCommentsWithLink"/>
                        <FieldRef Name="PublishedDate"/>
                        <FieldRef Name="PostCategory"/>
                        <FieldRef Name="SuggestionRating"/>
                    </ViewFields>
                    <RowLimit Paged="TRUE">10</RowLimit>
                    <Toolbar Type="None"/>
                </View>
            </XmlDefinition>
</code>

Can the Default blog page be edited?


Why were we able to make alcohol with little cleanliness and no sanitizer?

Question: When I was younger I lived in Missouri for a bit and I met a guy who ended up having me help him make "shine" (that's what he called it) in the woods fairly often - I guess you could say that I was just his assistant, but I assisted in every step. For me it was an adventure until I realized how stupid I was being. Anyways, we didn't keep things particularly clean and we never used any sanitizer that I ever saw. I didn't even know that you needed to use a sanitizer until I started reading about home distillation online recently. I also never saw any turbo yeast or anything like that. As far as I know, he had been doing it that way for years before I met him. How can it be that he/we was/were always successful?
Comment: Isn't distillation off-topic?
Comment: The question isn't really about distillation, but the answer is! So is it off topic?  Its not a question about brewing for sure.
Answer:
Turbo yeast is faster than beer yeast, so no bacteriae have much chances to proliferate.
Even if there is a bacterial or wild yeast infection no one cares, as that fermented stuff is distilled.

For that matter, whisky distillers don't sterilize their wort before fermenting it, and some level of bacterial infection is considered necessary for the traditional taste.
Comment: Turbo yeast can ferment at higher alcohol levels and that also kills pretty much everything.
Answer: You were distilling the product.  Sanitation isn't important because you aren't consuming any of the mold or bacteria that was in the wash.  Its contribution on flavor is debatable depending on how efficient the distillation was.


Can Memcached limit "write per second" and "read per second" on MySQL?

Question: I need to reduce the value of "write per second" and "read per second" on MySQL (this is for statistics: total views of post).
Can Memcached doing this job?
Thanks
Answer: Memcache cannot control traffic. What you can do is MySQL cluster with load balancer.
Memcache is accelerator for MySQL with key-value store
Answer: Memcached doesn't have any such controls. You probably need some form of proxy server to sit in between your program calling MySQL and MySQL server itself. Check out MySQL Proxy:
http://forge.mysql.com/wiki/MySQL_Proxy
Lua is a pretty straight forward language and you can probably implement exactly what you're looking for.


How to price a bond without paper during interview?

Question: I heard that this kind of questions appear a lot in the interviews. Here is one I saw from Galssdoor: Price a bond with coupon rate 3%, yield 9% and maturity 10 years. What is the typical way to do the approximation?
Comment: It's a trick question, I'd like to believe. No compounding frequency is given for coupon rate and yield.
Comment: yes you're right. but what if those information were provided. any typical method?
Comment: Maybe set up the summation and then state the values? The bond price is the sum of coupons* e^(-yield*time). Coupon is 3 dollars a year except at the end where it is 103. Yield is constant 9% a year and so is t: t is 1 throughout.
Comment: I would just write the formula.
Answer: Back of envelope approach:
$dP \simeq \frac{\partial P}{\partial y} \times \Delta y$
You know that when $y=3\%$, $P=100$. So you can write
$P-100 \simeq \frac{\partial P}{\partial y} \times (c-y)$
and so
Price $\simeq$ 100 + Duration x (3%-9%).
Guess a duration of around 7.0 for a 10 year bond (they would assume that you would have a feel for this number).
So I get 100 - 7 x 6 = 100 - 42 = $58.
If I do this carefully assuming annual compounding then I get $61.5 which is in the same ball park. You can refine this using a second order correction but this would be an acceptable first guess that you can do without calculators.
Answer: It might be more impressive to demonstrate that you have the tools and can use them.  Go to the interview with a handheld calculator.  The answer is a few keystrokes away.
Answer: consider your bond initially was at par (cpn=3%~=yld_0) and now answer the question what is the price change given new yld_1=9%. for a very dirty estimate use relationship between price change vs yield change and duration (~=10).for a less dirty estimate you'll need some educated guess on the level of convexity. have a look at closed formula of convexity of par bond. hope this helps.
Comment: thank you slava! i didn't think of using par bond before...
Answer: Use Taylor Expansion to approx price changes for some variations in Yield. Guess the Duration to be less than Full maturity since its Paying coupons and go from there. First price it at Par.


iPhone 6+ in UAE (Dubai and Abu Dhabi)

Question: Can someone please let me know which model to chose (from the US) for someone who would like to use iPhone 6+ in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for carrier Etisalat or DU. Where can I buy the phone? Is there an international version, can I buy a normal version? Thanks!
Answer: You need to buy iPhone 6 Plus Model A1524 (GSM). I would think you can get that model in the local Apple store.
Comment: I was looking for the specific model number, thanks, I've marked this as the answer.
Answer:
Your best option is to buy a factory unlocked unit
You can purchase it from a large online retailer such as amazon or even the online apple store and have it shipped to you. If you have someone visiting the USA for you or you are going yourself, go to the apple store, or a brick-and-mortar retailer such as Best Buy.
Make sure that the phone you're buying is the same technology that your carrier uses. That is, if they use CDMA technology then make sure you buy a CDMA phone and if they use GSM make sure you buy a GSM. In simpler terms, if you use a SIM card, buy GSM. CDMA might have additional configuration complications.

iPhone 6+ in UAE (Dubai and Abu Dhabi)


How to keep insects away

Question: I live in a warm country, cockroaches are endemic here, and I do my utmost to keep them out.  However, occasionally one will sneak past my defenses.  Is my kitchen clean?  You bet ya! Have I done enough to stop these invaders, I thought so... But obviously not.  What is the best way to keep these critters from even thinking about coming over for a nibble?
Comment: Just one way: Emigrate. You'll never stop the occasional wandering cockroach. Or any bug, for that matter. They feed on pretty much anything out there. And I really do mean *anything*.
Comment: One aspect I would emphasize is keeping them out of your actual food, by keeping your actual food in well-sealed bug (and mouse, hopefully) proof containers. In many cases this may **not** be the packaging it originally came in.
Comment: They have a need for water every day. If using a residual insecticide, block their access to water (plants, window condensation, sinks, floor drains, etc.). Don't poison the water, food or working surfaces. As an experiment, dust their entrance trails with "Cream of Tarter", it's non-poisonous and they may not want to cross it. "Boric acid" may also have the same effect.
Answer: I've had problems with insects, even when I lived in a relatively cool place.  (My apartment was next to the trash chute, and on the day they sprayed for bugs, it would drive them into my place for the better part of a week).
To help prevent long-term visitors, you want to remove sources of food.  A big one is areas of moisture, which start creating small bits of mold that the insects feast on.  Make sure you don't have water dripping below your sink and if you have a shower, leave the curtain and door or window open to let it vent after every shower.
To keep away the random explorers (or to deal with existing problems), I really like glue boards.  They're just a rectangle of cardboard with a really stick substance on one side.  You can either just peel off the protective paper and set them in places the insects typically visit (under sinks, behind toilets, basements, etc), but you can also typically fold them into a tent-like triangle or an open-ended box that you can place on countertops or floors.  (always place them tight up against the walls, so the open sides are accessible)
Glue traps will catch most insects (even flying, if you can get them to land on them.  Some are 'peanut butter scented' as a lure) and mice.
A few bits of warning, though:

Make sure you put them where you're not going to step on them.  They will stick to your shoe.  If you're not putting them under tables or such, fold them into a tent.
If you have a lot of insects already, it can be pretty disturbing to see how many insects you actually had.  (I put them in my basement to deal with camel crickets, and it was basically filled.  And the insects were still moving, so it pulsed)
It's not a very humane trap for mice.  They get stuck and then keep struggling to get unstuck.
Comment: 4. Trapping them before entering may give a false sense of cleanliness. Especially in combination with 1 ("hidden traps"). Keep checking the traps, and keep cleaning.
Comment: @WillemvanRumpt : true, but there are cases where presence of bugs are an indicator of the environment (too much bug spray elsewhere) and not the cleanliness of the area they're found in.  So you can have an unclean place without bugs, and a clean place (other than the bugs) with bugs.
Comment: #Joe..."I've had problems with insects, even when I lived in a relatively cool place. (My apartment was next to the trash chute, and on the day they sprayed for bugs, it would drive them into my place for the better part of a week)."  Ah ha, I think I've found a clue!  Just recently the local authority saw fit to spray all drains etc...  This could be part of the problem that I have, they have come over to me as a safe haven, I will check, re-check and again all cupboards.  Keep up my shoot to kill policy and see what happens - thanks to everyone for their thoughts
Comment: true, the last part of your sentence was the basis of my comment to the OP: One bug does not an unclean kitchen make.
Answer: I've had this issue for years of living on apartments.
After trying just about every off the shelf product nothing worked.
I found this mixture to be amazing:
Equal parts of the following:

Boraic or borax powder
Icing sugar
All purpose flour

Sprinkle this in all your cupboards and around the house (corners).
Within three days I was roach free.
Since then I change the mixture monthly and have never had a problem with roaches.
The borax is taken to their next and kills them.  The icing sugar and flour lures them to the mixture.
Comment: Sorry auto text. Should read Borax or Boraic powder
Comment: Hello Jodes, and welcome! When you notice a mistake, you can edit your own post, there is a small grey link for that on the left right below the text you wrote. Also, our system supports some formatting like bullet lists - you can see the syntax I used when you click "edit", or you can also use the controls over the text box while in edit mode. Nice answer BTW, sometimes an infestation can really be exterminated, and borax is a good suggestion to try.

How to keep insects away


How much does it cost?

Question: I want to know how much it costs.  Why is there no mention on your website of how much it costs to get staRTED.  Advice, please.
Answer: There is no advice because it depends on what you want to do :-) We have projects with our customers ranging from 5000 euro to 250,000 euro, depending on their needs.
As you probably noticed the software itself is free, that means you do not have to pay license costs nor yearly maitenance costs. However, there are other costs that you have to take into account:

hosting your website. The costs depends on what your needs are. There is a list of CiviCRM specialized hosting here.

any customization required? If so, you need to pay for the development of those customizations. To find out if you need any, it is probably a good idea to talk to a CiviCRM partner. You can find a list of experts here. You can elect to do it yourself, that would mean you need to install CiviCRM in a CMS and then prototype the processed you want to be supported.
migration of data? Do you have data in old systems that need to be transferred?

As you can probably understand, no one will be able to give you the costs without having a clear understanding of what you want to do and what your needs are.
Answer: My go to answer is "how long is a piece of string?". Beside erik's suggestion, you can install and maintain the software by the persons in your organisation. If your needs are already covered by the existing features, it's "simply" a matter of installing and configuring.
However, you will be faced with several ways of managing your contacts, for instance the simple question of how to segment them? Do you use group, tags, contact subtypes, custom fields... Lots of options, and without knowing what your organisation does and the pros and cons of each option, it might be more time consuming and complicated. They are several workshops and training, if you don't go the consultant path, I would suggest you to attend one, to get you faster in the right direction and know what features would serve you best.
Good luck!

How much does it cost?


Seeking title/author of novel where alien disk placed between Earth and sun causes ice age

Question: I read it in the early 90s, might have been published late 80s in Canada. The story begins with a mysterious disk that appears between the sun and the Earth and starts an ice age which wipes out humanity except for a group that went deep underground and another that was on a space station. The disk disappears after a few hundred(?) years and most of the story is about the underground survivors, the terrible things that happened underground (executions of non-white non-Christians, generations of incest, dictatorship), and the rocky reunion with the survivors from space after the thaw, told from the POV of an underground survivor who became a historian. It ends with a meeting on the moon between the aliens who created the disk and the n-th generation human survivors, where we learn why the aliens did what they did and our ultimate response. :-)
Comment: [Ray of Light](https://www.analogsf.com/2011_12/excerpt.shtml)?
Comment: Thanks for the reference. Ray of Light seems to have a similar premise but it's a different story. The excerpt got me hooked, though, and I bought the novelette. :-)
Comment: What was our "ultimate response"? Do you remember any of the characters? Was this s novel or a short story?
Comment: Our response was to avenge humanity by taking the fight to the alien's home system. I don't remember the names of any characters. The protagonist was the latest to try to escape the religious dictatorship underground by fleeing to the surface. He happened to do it when the ice had retreated enough to make survival on the surface possible. It was a novel -- I remember picking up the mass paperback in my college bookstore so it was between 1989 and 1992.
Answer: "Central Heat" by David Dvorkin (1988).
I saw it as a sci-fi used paperback in a store in 1995(?). Protagonist starts off underground, rescued by the humans above (but loses a stalker girlfriend in the process).  Eventually marries the leader's daughter, becoming the leader of the space-faring humans themselves, and ultimately betrays his wife in order to exact revenge on the aliens that hid the Sun from Earth and caused the near-genocide devastation.
The aliens turned out to be from a nearby star that were horrified by our early radio broadcasts that upset their strict caste system.  Using a "quantum leap" form of faster-than-light communication and transport (progressively larger teleport jumps), they first transported the shield that cut off solar radiation from the Sun to Earth, along with a cryptic message telling humans "to know their place".
The story ends with the aliens coming to the Moon for the first contact with humans, but the protagonist double-crosses them and captures them for their starship technology with the intent of conquering and colonizing the alien homeworld as a replacement for making Earth uninhabitable.
Comment: Yes, I think this is it! Now to find the author with the extra info...
Comment: Found it on Amazon. It's "Central Heat" by David Dvorkin, published in 1988. Thanks for your help, @jhpace1!


Roasting sirloin which has already been cut into slices

Question: I was intending to cook roast beef with a joint of sirloin, but unfortunately my wife has returned from the supermarket with the sirloin already cut into slices (it wasn't her fault, and I don't know why the butcher sliced the meat). My question is: would it still be possible to roast the sirloin as if it were one joint or should I try a different cooking method?
Comment: how thick are the slices?
Answer: You could try tying it up into the original shape, but the trouble is that you've got cut surfaces which have been exposed to bacteria, and which will not reach a high enough temperature to kill them  unless you're going to cook it to death, so I wouldn't recommend this. It seems you've actually got sirloin steaks, so why not just cook them as such?
Comment: That's what I'm thinking too - if the slices are thick, then I'll grill them. If they're thin, I'll do a stir fry - which seems like a terrific waste of expensive meat.
Answer: Sirloin is a better steak than a roast, but if that is what you want...
Sear the cut surfaces in a hot pan, and then quickly assemble it into a roast block and twine/skewer it together. Don't go crazy, it is never going to be perfect
Roast as normal, baste a little more often than normal, and maybe trim a few minutes off the time
Now the fun with this is that you can flavour the slices before assembly, garlic, herbs, what ever you like. It's like having a stuffed roast, but already in serving portions. Many people cut pockets into their roast to stuff/flavour it, now you have it done in a large scale
Comment: All's well that ends well: my wife went back to the supermarket, complained, cried a little - and was rewarded with the butcher taking back the sliced meat and promising to give us a bigger joint. Thanks to all who answered.


Why does forbearance mean tolerance?

Question: I've just learned a word forbear which means to abstain from something or refrain from something. It was fine until that point, but the moment I learned the meaning of forbearance, I was confused because it had tolerance as its synonym. When forbearance is used to mean tolerance, is it implied that enforcement is what is abstained from? Then, why did it happen? Why did it become to also mean tolerance, not just abstaining from something?
Comment: [etymology online](http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=forbearance): 1570s, originally legal, in reference to enforcement of debt obligations, from forbear (v.) + -ance. General sense of "a refraining from" is from 1590s.
Comment: [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forbear): From Middle English forberen, from Old English forberan ("to forbear, abstain from, refrain; suffer, endure, tolerate, humor; restrain; do without"), from Proto-Germanic *fraberaną ("to hold back, endure"), equivalent to for- + bear. Cognate with Old Frisian forbera ("to forfeit"), Middle High German verbërn ("to have not; abstain; refrain from; avoid"), Gothic  (frabairan, "to endure").
Answer: Forbearance has two meanings. One is tolerance and the other is restraint. For example:

Her unfailing courtesy and forbearance under provocation
Her unfailing courtesy and self-control under provocation

The two meanings are very close. You tolerate something by restraining yourself from doing what your mind is telling you to do. It's self control. You restrain from something for the same reason.
Source: ODE

Why does forbearance mean tolerance?


The Chord Display Changed Automatically in Garageband

Question: I'm just starting to produce music and am loving the chord display on Garageband. The first track I made I used the chord display to keep track of what chords I was playing. Hours later I went back to the project and the same keys were saying they were different chords. The previous chords seemed more "basic" (not a bunch of notes and other things I didn't understand but more just G#). Basically, I played some keys, It said something like C5. Now, it says something lie Dno3^7/___ .Is this just a glitch or setting I need to change? Sorry if this seems really really uneducated I'm just starting and trying to get it back to a display that looks more user friendly.
Comment: In general, take chord identifies on any DAW with a grain of salt. They tend to try and take a brute force aproch and try to whatever there base guess is and try to make it if the set of notes hence the Dno3^7 Which makes no sense as a chord. I don't know garage band enough to actually answer your questions specific concerns through
Answer: I must say that it's likely that the chord display interprets chords quite literally (that's why they tend to be absolute rubbish at detecting chords within context, and I highly recommend you develop your theory/musical ear so that you don't have to rely on these in the future).
Therefore, if the machine said you played a C5, you were most likely playing the notes C and G. If the machine said that you were playing a D7(no3), you were probably playing the notes D, A, and C. Are you sure you were playing the same notes every time? I think what may have happened is that the first time you played it, you played C, G, and C, but the second time, you missed and accidentally played D, A, and C (the D and A are the white notes to the right of C and G).
Or it really is a glitch or malfunction of some sort, in which case it's unlikely that this site can help you at all.


Switching lens on Nikon D3100

Question: I have a Nikon D3100. I purchased a Sigma DG 70-300mm 1:4-5:6 lens for the zoom. I have had very good luck with it, but don't like having to switch every time I want to "zoom". Is there a lens that would work that would have similar zoom capabilities, but also for "walking around" that wouldn't require me to have to switch ?
Comment: OTOH, why get an interchangeable lens camera if you don't want to change lenses? ;) It could just be you need to practice changing lenses until you're comfortable with the maneuver.
Comment: Basically what you are looking for is termed "superzoom". We already have a question here that should help you: http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/2134/alternative-third-party-superzoom-for-nikon
Comment: @inkista you make a very good point, though there are decent reasons to get an interchangeable lens camera other than to change lenses: primarily the sensor size.  Also, the ability to upgrade/choose your lens ahead of time and the ability to be swapping it from shot to shot are different - some like to have one walkaround lens that serves as their main lens even though they reserve the ability to change that occasionally.
Comment: I assume that by "zoom", you mean a relatively long focal greatest length, not the actual zoom ratio. See [What is the difference between a telephoto lens and a zoom lens?](http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/11164/what-is-the-difference-between-a-telephoto-lens-and-a-zoom-lens). But beyond that, what are you looking for when you say "for walking around"? I assume you mean that it'll also cover wider focal lengths? Or, do you mean that you want it to be lighter and less bulky?
Answer: There are indeed "superzoom" lenses that can cover from wide to telephoto focal lengths, much the way that a bridge camera's lens can.  However, there are tradeoffs.
Getting an 18-200 or 18-300 superzoom lens is generally not going to increase image quality over an 18-55/55-300 or 55-200 "twin kit", and is probably going to cost you about twice as much (e.g., Nikon's 18-200 is in the US$500-$600 range, and the 18-300 is closer to $900, while an 18-55/55-200 combo may cost you (if bought as part of a kit with the camera body) closer to $300.
There are also design compromises to achieve the large zoom range.  Most commonly, the performance at the extreme ends of the range are liable to exhibit issues like distortion or chromatic aberration and possibly softness. And at times the distortion may be more complex than can be fixed by simple distortion-correction post-processing software and may require a lens profile to fix (e.g., "wave" distortion, which is a combination of both pincushion and barrel distortion was a hallmark of the Nikkor 18-200 @18mm, iirc)  That doesn't mean these are bad lens. They're amazingly good for what they can accomplish. They're extremely convenient lenses from a framing standpoint.
The other drawback of a superzoom lens is that it's liable to be "slow". Both the Nikon 18-300 and 18-200 are f/3.5-6.3, which means they're not liable to be useful for available light shooting, the way a 35/1.8 or 50/1.8 is.  If the majority of your walkaround shooting is handheld in the daytime outside in good light, and you're willing to sacrifice some image quality for convenience, then these lenses can be terrific.  They are a very popular choice for travel photography when you need to travel light.
Also, be aware that the 18-200 and 18-300 are DX (crop) lenses. If you choose to move up to FX (full-frame), you'll have to swap for the (~US$1k) 28-300.
But, if this is your first system camera, you may also want to consider whether your reluctance to change lenses stems from the unfamiliarity of the task.  It's always awkward and slow the first time you learn to do something.  Over time, you'll get faster and defter at it, and it can seem much more natural to change lenses. A system camera derives its versatility from its ability to use the rest of the system. Restricting yourself to a single lens removes a lot of versatility from your camera.
And if you find that a dSLR may be more camera than you wanted, but you love the large sensor, there are, these days, large-sensored compact cameras with fixed lenses.

Switching lens on Nikon D3100


Fastest way to unlock custom special moves?

Question: Unlocking custom special moves by playing the Classic game seems to be slow and slightly random. Is there an easier way?
Comment: i recommend smash run but you got to pay attention to what items you pick up as you can only pick up 10 or so, so dont pick up any trophies!
Answer: Classic mode is a good way to get special moves, and seems to be the fastest for the 3DS version of the game. You have a slight chance to get custom moves for any unlocked character (except Mii and Palutena, who start will all moves unlocked, and DLC characters, who don't have any custom moves), a higher chance to get custom moves for the characters you fight against, and the highest chance to get special moves for the character that you're playing as. Keep that in mind when selecting your character and each battle you pick. You can generally get more on higher difficulties, but you'll lose some rewards if you lose both lives on one stage. You can also use custom characters to make completing Classic mode faster and easier. On the 3DS, you can use a home button to temporarily freeze the spinner before each match, which makes getting custom upgrades, such as special moves, from the spinner easier.
All-Star mode on the Wii U version with the difficulty set to Hard is a great way to get moves for the specific character you're playing as, because completion of each round gives two rewards, special moves are often the rewards, and dying will not lose any rewards you've already earned. Unfortunately the 3DS version provides fewer rewards, and they are mostly trophies, so this is not a good way to earn special moves on the 3DS.
Another way to get special moves is to have an Amiibo fight computer players. Amiibos gather upgrades, including custom moves, when they fight. You can use this strategy to get new moves while away from the game.
On the Wii U version, you can also get special moves from Special Orders. Each special order you select gives a hint at what you'll receive for completing it. For a higher chance to get custom moves, select tickets that show something other than money or the Super Smash Bros icon.
Also on the Wii U version, you can do Smash Tour to get larger quantities of rewards, including special moves. The downsides to this are that it takes longer than the other methods to complete a single round, and that you have less control over the resulting rewards.
Comment: @2rs2ts You need to go to the Amiibo section of the menu to get the items.
Comment: I've had an Amiibo play against computers quite a bit, and haven't noticed any custom moves acquired. Are they gathered silently without telling the player, or is there some other requirement for getting that to work?
Comment: You should be able to collect the rewards by going to the Amiibo section of the menu and scanning your Amiibo there.
Comment: Ah, thanks! I never actually went back to the "Amiibo" section; I'd just been using him in Smash mode for a while.
Comment: Yeah, using the Amiibo seems to work well. The chance of getting custom moves is a lot lower than getting equipment, but at least it's automatic.
Comment: Trophy Rush and Smash Run on the 3DS are also good ways to get custom moves. I have not found that the amiibos collect custom moves or equipment when they fight on the 3DS though.
Comment: @2rs2ts Interesting. I'm unable to test that myself because I don't have a New 3DS. Are you getting other items from them?
Comment: @Brian No, I'm getting nothing. It's just like playing against a CPU.
Answer: I only have the Wii U version. I've collected 97% of the collectable custom moves and 95% of the total custom moves. This is what I suspect to be the most efficient way to collect custom moves on the Wii U.
General info:

Classic mode seems to favor giving R.O.B, Sonic, Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, and Falco custom moves.
Although people seem to enjoy bashing the trophy rush game, it is probably the most time efficient. I would suggest waiting until you've unlocked about 80% of the custom moves and acquired a massive amount of money because it is by far the least money efficient. Make sure that you use whatever character that you're trying to get custom moves for.
If you are bad with a character, wait until you've collected about 80% of the custom moves and acquired some money. Then you will want to use the character that you are bad with in trophy rush, master orders, and crazy orders.
In classic mode, the order of priority for what you are trying to get on the spinner should be as follows: Custom part, Crazy orders pass, and you can choose whether coins or trophies are more important to you.
There are some custom moves that can only be unlocked by completing a challenge, use this website to check what challenges you need to complete in order to unlock custom moves: http://www.ssbwiki.com/List_of_challenges_(SSB4-Wii_U)

Step one:
The first thing that you will want to do is create a table so that you can keep track of every character's custom moves.
Step two:
For the first 40% of unlockable custom moves I would suggest using mainly smash tour. For every two or three rounds of smash tour I would suggest playing one or two rounds of Classic mode (difficulty at least 3.5) or all-star mode (normal difficulty).
Step three:
Once you've collected 40% of the custom moves, I would suggest playing classic and all-star mode on the highest difficulty that you can manage with the characters that you're trying to unlock custom moves for. You can also start playing master orders and crazy orders with the characters that you're trying to unlock custom moves for.
Step four/custom moves for characters that you're bad with:
Once you've collected 80% of the custom moves, you will want to start using crazy orders, master orders, and trophy rush almost exclusively. You should be able to afford it if you've been saving up money and crazy order passes. If you ever feel like you're running low on money or passes, switch to classic and all-star for a while and focus on coins and passes.
Comment: I strongly advise against including your email address here. If you want to share a Google doc, you can give it a public URL and put a link to it instead.
Comment: It almost feels like you have a better chance of getting custom moves when you play a lower level of Classic. I've been playing 2.9 (the highest level without having to fight both hands) and it seems like I get 5-6 moves per run, whereas when I play 7.0 or something, I only get 2-3. YMMV
Comment: Also I've noticed that I get tons of R.O.B moves for some reason. I pretty much never play as him, and yet I "win" his moves all the time. It's quite annoying. I'm finally closing in though, just have Kirby, Jigglypuff, Game&Watch, and Toon Link left to get moves for.
Answer: That depends on what you mean by "easier" - there's no way to do it that's not random.

Classic mode isn't that bad for custom moves if you use the Home trick on the roulette (press Home to pause and unpause, press A to stop once the wrench comes up, only works on 3DS version). But even then it's a bit slow, and if you fail at any point you lose a bunch of them.
Smash Run (3DS only) is a bit faster but requires a bit more luck and effort (since you have to actually find the customs in chests or enemies and pick them up).
Smash Tour (Wii U only) I hear isn't bad for number of rewards, but it takes quite a while to go through one "cycle".
Crazy Orders (Wii U only) gives out a pretty good spectrum of rewards, and a lot of people like it, but it's ripe for frustration because of the lose-once-and-too-bad setup, and it's not cheap to play.
All-Star Mode gives out 2-5 (or something) depending on difficulty, and you don't lose them if you fail.
Trophy Rush doesn't give out any more than 1 custom part per Fever, so I don't think it's worth doing for that purpose.
Target Blast can have customs but only one per run and you still have to hit it. Not worth it.
If you have an amiibo, it collects rewards after battles, and I hear the payoff is pretty good (cannot confirm myself).

Of course, no matter what you do, you can't force the game to give you custom moves as opposed to equipment.
Comment: Trophy Rush at least for me seems to have a MUCH higher rate to give out moves for the character you are using than Classic has been. I don't know if it's a fact (and probably isn't) but I've played Classic with most of the characters and have gotten maybe 2 or 3 for the character I was currently using. But after a dozen Trophy Rushes only 2 have been for a character I wasn't using.
Comment: I've completed All-Star with all characters and never gotten more than 2 custom moves from it, even on hard.
Comment: The "home" trick does _not_ work on WiiU.
Comment: @Brian I got 5 new custom moves via All-Star just as a sanity check, so...maybe you're as unlucky as I am at Trophy Rush?
Comment: @Toomai On the Wii U or 3DS? I've done it on all characters on the 3DS and only a few on the Wii U.
Comment: Do you have to unlock Trophy Rush?
Comment: @Atav32 No, Trophy Rush is available from the start in both versions of the game.
Comment: It's not *truly* available from the start because you need cash to play it; this is in fact another reason why I don't like it, because you may want to save your money for trophies or Crazy Orders.
Comment: As an update to my previous comment about All-Star, it's great for getting special moves on Hard difficulty on the Wii U, but really inefficient on the 3DS.
Answer: Whichever way you choose, it's going to take a long time to get every custom move.
For me, Master Orders is fastest. Every round you play costs a bit of money, but you always get a new piece of character specific equipment, or a new move. Sometimes, you get up to three per play (but I've never received more than 2 custom moves at once).
My character of choice for Master Orders is Ganondorf, because sometimes there are home run contests on Intense difficulty (1152 meters), and I haven't figured out how to hit that far with any of the other fighters.
Answer: You can play trophy rush, sometime they will give you custom move and a lot of trophys.
Comment: Trophy Rush is a way to get custom moves, but it's one of the slowest, and costs money to do.
Comment: Might want to clarify that it costs in-game "gold" to do it, not actual real "money".
Answer: When I have a ton of gold, I use DK with down-B hand slap on Trophy Rush, dodging every now and then to avoid the electric ball of death. Other than that, I do classic at 7.9 with the Home button trick to fight just Master Hand with the highest possible payout.
Answer: I recommend to do crazy orders. If you do only like 2 or 3 levels you should get decent amounts especially if you do tickets with lots of characters to fight, because if you defeat Crazy Hand, you'll get some customs for defeating characters. Trust me, this is a GREAT way to get customs.
Or just do trophy rush and get a lot of fever rushes.
Comment: Please don't re-edit your posts to stop using proper English.  Arqade has a higher standard than other sites out there, and having content that is clear and easy to understand is extremely important.
Answer: whenever i played smash run on the 3ds, i usually got the specific moves for the character i was using and maybe a few other random ones. I don't know if this has been changed in recent updates, but the smash bros team would be stupid to change it.
Answer: I think that they are more common on wiiU during classic because if your rival has custom you can fight them last and get 1 guaranteed move plus whatever else you got
Answer: I am down to just 4 characters left to collect moves for (Kirby, Jigglypuff, Game&Watch, Toon Link)... so here is how I've gotten the moves so far:
-Lots of Smash Tour. The rewards seem to be random and unrelated to what actually happens, so just try to play it as quickly as possible. This means avoid battles at all costs and try to make sure everyone has as few fighters as possible for the final battle (to get it over with quickly). I've found that the Normal-sized map is the best for this, because everyone bumps into each other a lot on the Small-sized map, and the Big-sized map has a bunch of "battle spaces" that will start a battle if someone lands on it... and the CPU sure seems to love to land on those spots.
The game will also play Smash Tour by itself if you leave it alone. It takes a lot longer to do that because every single move has to wait for the timer to run out, but if you have other things to do, it's not a bad idea to just let it run and then collect the rewards when it is done. You usually get anywhere from 2-4 moves per tour, so this is a good way to get moves early on when you don't have many yet.
-Once you have a lot of moves, Smash Tour starts to become inefficient, so now you need to focus on Classic and Crazy Orders (some people say Master Orders too, but I almost never get custom moves there, so it seems like a waste of time). Classic depends on how well you can stop the spinner. Pretty much only pick battles where at least one fighter has the "red wrench" and then also try to stop the spinner on the red wrench as much as possible too. If you get lucky and your rival has a red wrench, wait until round 3 to fight them for maximum possibility of getting moves. If the rival does not have the red wrench, fight them in round 1 to get rid of them and make it easier to advance.
When you are playing in Classic, unfortunately a lot of the moves seem to be dependent on the map or opponents. You are more likely to get moves based on what map you play than you are based on who you are controlling. For example, let's say you are playing as Kirby and you select a match against a Bowser who has a red wrench icon on the stage Windy Hill Zone... if you stop the spinner on a red wrench you are most likely going to get a Sonic move (if you get any moves), since it is his level. If you KO Bowser, then you also have a decent chance at getting one of his moves as well. Alternatively, there is a slim chance you wind up with a Kirby move, and there is also a chance you get a random move, like R.O.B or something.
The best chance you have of actually getting moves for the character you are playing as is either from KOing a red-wrench rival, or from stopping the spinner on the wrench when you are on the last round, facing the hand(s). As far as I can tell, the level of intensity does not affect the distribution of custom moves. I have been playing regularly on both 2.9 and 7.0 and to be honest, it feels like I get more moves at 2.9 than I do at 7.0. The higher difficulties do give you more chances for red wrenches, but if you are good at stopping the wheel, you can get just as many chances at the lower levels too.
-With Crazy Orders your best bet is to play as the character you are trying to get moves for. And the best bet for getting those moves is to actually face Crazy Hand and collect as many treasure chests against him as possible. It seems like you are much more likely to get moves from him than you are from the tickets. So once you get to a point where your health percentage is too high, or you just don't see any tickets that seem easy enough to beat, go ahead and face Crazy Hand just to make sure you get the chance to.
With characters that I'm not very good with, I usually try to hold out until at least 8-9 tickets just to try to get moves from the tickets as well. If you are trying to get moves for characters that you are good with, you should be able to make it into the 15-20 range and getting that far will will give you much higher odds of getting moves. But it starts to get a bit harder around ticket 10, so if your character isn't that good, just go ahead and fight the hand to make sure you get the chance to.
However, if you are lucky and you get a new move on the first or second ticket, go ahead and face Crazy Hand right away. He should be extremely easy that early on, and beating him will guarantee that you don't lose the move.
If you do beat the hand, you also get an additional reward for the character that you KOed the most. Most of the time it is just equipment, but sometimes it is a custom move. However, the characters appear randomly, so it is difficult to try to pick who that character is. I tried it once looking for Wario moves and in 12 rounds Wario only showed up once. Some other characters had fought me 3-4 times, so I had no chance of getting something for him that time. Basically, trying to find them as opponents is not a very reliable strategy.
Answer: If you do special orders with a horrible character and a home run bat mod, you can get through lots of rounds with its instant death characteristic. While many of the items are for other characters, there are quite a few for the character you played as.


How do I preserve the filesize of an MP4 edited in After Effects?

Question: I'm editing a small animation video (.mp4) of our app with After Effects (cropping composition to region of interest). I then add the composition to Adobe Media Encoder Queue and process it with the preset on my composition being Match source - High bitrate, encoded at H.264 as it's meant to be displayed on the web. Initially the filesize of the file is 8.3mb - after rendering, it's 30mb+ ! Why is this happening (I don't see how the quality can be better than it initially is) and what settings should I be using to export the .MP4 while keeping the video the same quality and a slightly lower filesize, as it should be?
Comment: When you choose `match source - High Bitrate` the name is a bit of a clue to the encoding settings: it's going to be using a high bitrate, so the file will be big. Match Source means matching the size, frame rate etc of the comp, not the original quality of one of the layers in the comp. Just wind down the video bitrate until you get to the size you want.
Answer: In general, it's better to work with lossless, or at least, less lossy formats than MP4 if you're going to be re-editing the video.  If you can, work from a ProRes or Animation codec .mov file of the original file.
When you export, adjust the bitrate of the video by entering specific bit rate numbers... Vimeo suggests between 10,000-20,000kbps for HD video.  Adjust it downwards until you get the output file size you want, but bear in mind the quality will reduce as the number goes down.


How do you get to New Game + in Fez?

Question: I'm currently at about 180% of the game completion but I can't get to the end kill screen. I've got 2 or 3 of those pink cubes, mostly found thanks to help on the internet. However, I don't know how to actually get to the "end" and get the new glasses/first person vision for New Game +. Any help would be appreciated
Answer: To finish the game, go through the 32-cube door and enter the portal for the endgame sequence. When it's over, your only other option for restarting the game will be the New Game+. In the sequence where Gomez first receives the fez, he will instead receive "deal with it" glasses that will allow you to look around in first person view.
So you'll want 32 of the 64 regular and anti-cubes. The pink heart pieces don't count.
Answer: There is 2 new game +. To get the sunglasses, use only 32 cubes. For Flying and 3D mode, use 64.

How do you get to New Game + in Fez?


Should I remove settled solids prior to primary fermentation of cider?

Question: I poured the raw apple cider into a carboy and added crushed campden tablets to eliminate or knock down the native bacteria a couple days ago. Now as I am about to some S-04 yeast, I wonder if I should first rack it into another carboy so that I can remove the solids which have settled out. Does it matter?
Answer: It might matter, in two ways:
Positive way
Some solids may, in the long run, introduce tastes you do not want. And getting rid of them may help with clarity in the future. Also, if your tablets are not completely dissolved yet, they may still release sodium metabisulfite that might not be exactly healthy for your yeast.
Negative way
By decanting it to another carboy, you introduce chance for more oxidation, and for fresh bacteria from the air to contaminate your cider. This might ruin original purpose of adding these tablets at all, if you are not careful.
I don't believe there is one universal do or don't answer for this one. Consider possible benefits and risk, and choose what feels right. First few times it'll be guesstimates, later your experience, knowledge of your skill and your workshop will guide you.
Answer: I do not think it matters at this stage, you can rack it or not, as you wish.
Personally, I would not rack anything prior to fermentation.  In all the books I read about beer or wine making, I have never seen anything about racking before any fermentation.
Some solids are beneficial in the early stage (adds to flavor and color in wines), so I would even stir everything (using a sanitized spoon) before pitching the yeast, it will also help to get rid of remaining sulfites.
Comment: In some regions it's traditional to let wort sit a bit and then rack it before boil. Sure, it's about beer not cider, but it's not something strange. And after boil you always need to do it, to remove turd and hops, don't you? I'm sure it *was* in beer making books, it must have been in each one that deals with basics. How could it not?
Comment: I reviewed my books, and indeed, it mentions racking before fermentation  mostly for white wines. But it is not an absolute rule.
Comment: Never said it's absolute. All I said is that it's not strange unheard of thing.


2011 Jeep Patriot broken bolt in engine cradle / cross member

Question: So, I've been noticing some sounds when the vehicle is moving, especially starting/stopping/turning, and recently had all the struts replaced, but the noise persisted. Then I noticed that there is a sheared off bolt running from the front cross member up to the frame. It appears to be broken right at the joint, so flush with where the threads start, but inside the attachment point. I'm wondering if ya'll have any advice on fixing this, but I'm also puzzled how a 13/16" hex head hardened bolt designed to hold the engine to the frame could shear off like this.
Comment: Wow that sure is strange!

I would recommend checking other parts for signs of damage.
Otherwise if its a stud you can probably get it out.
Comment: I should have mentioned in the original post that we bought this car off the lot in 2011, so we have seen everything that it has gone through. I first noticed the shifting sounds about a year ago, and just recently discovered the cause.
Answer: Whether you will be able to repair this depends on the part.
If this is a stud that is inserted into the part and has sheared, you can likely drill it out and use a Screw Extractor to remove the left in part (use lots of penetrating fluid too). This would require you to then find an appropriate stud to replace it with.
If it is not a stud, you will have to buy a whole new part, which might be advisable anyway due to safety.
It is unclear in the picture whether it is a bolt that goes through the bottom and upwards or a stud that is inside then a nut used to tighten down.
In the case that it is a bolt going through the bottom that has sheared, you can use the same screw extracting method.
A good idea is also to run through the thread with a thread tap/chaser to ensure the threads are in good shape before putting in a new stud/bolt.
Comment: It is definitely a bolt, at least if it is setup the same way as the driver side which has a 13/16 hex head bolt.
Comment: In that case, you should be fine to use a Screw extractor (large one) and remove the remains of the bolt, then replace it with an OEM or equivalent bolt.
Answer: Possibly a defective bolt or, more likely, hitting something - have you looked for any signs of damage repairs?
May just have been the wheel / hub assembly...
Comment: We've been rear ended at low speed a couple of times, and glancingly hit a deer once, but the only damage I could see at the time was a cracked turn signal. Someone mentioned going over a pothole could do this, but seems like something smaller would have broken first.


What's the most accessible translation for 修仙 or 修真?

Question: Can I use xiuxian?
It means taking pills of immortality and cultivate oneself to become an immortal, short for cultivate immortality, can you understand the latter easily if it suddenly appears in English article?
Comment: immortal training, taoist training?
Comment: [In some contexts, 修仙 can mean to stay up late.](https://zh.moegirl.org/zh-hant/修仙)
Answer:
修仙 = cultivate oneself to become an immortal
after become 神仙 or 仙 , one can live outside of the mundane world 吸風飲露,不食五穀 (able to exist and function by using the energy from nature, no need to eat)

~

修真 = cultivate oneself to achieve spiritual enlightenment
修真者,借假修真也。道教中,学道修行,求得真我,去伪存真 (remove the fault and keep the truth) 为"修真"。

Edit:
Scripps wrote:

Is there any noun to represent that?

修仙 short for 修練成仙之法 (study and train oneself to become an immortal)
修真 short for 修硏尋得真我之法 (Study and learn to find one's truth self)
If you must use simple terms to describe them, you can call '修仙' as 'immortality seeking' and '修真' as 'truth seeking'
Comment: Is there any noun to represent that?
Comment: @Scripps  Please see my edition at the bottom of my post
Answer: if it suddenly appears in English article
What make you think such story are any different than English fantasies, which the protagonist and antagonist keep getting new abilities along the way?
Even many card game show similar traits, i.e. obtained/advanced a "new level" or "gaining new abilities".