How long is a league in Game of Thrones?

Question: In 'Game of Thrones' and its sequels, George R R Martin refers to places as being hundreds or even thousands of leagues apart. I thought a league was three miles, but if so, his characters are travelling around really fast. Is he using 'league' for 'mile'?
Comment: how long do they supposedly take to get places, say 100 leagues away?
Comment: Having read all the replies, I think it's reasonable to say that a league is indeed three miles, but that some people in Westeros have woolly conceptions of geography, and "a thousand leagues" is a generic term to refer to "a long, long way away".
Comment: The Roman league was just under a mile and a half, which may be more applicable. I'm not familiar with the context.
Comment: I've read the first two volumes on audiobooks, so it's a bit hard for me to go back and get specifics. However, I've been struck by mentions of "thousands of leagues", journeys that should take months on horseback, so I wondered if "league" meant something smaller.
Comment: @CharlesAnderson that would depend on a lot of factors. At full gallop a mounted horse can do ~30mph; a single rider with spare horses could easily cover a thousand leagues in under a week (if he was willing to ride his horses to exhaustion)
Comment: @Michael Edenfield But in the book it's armies (travelling at most 30miles per day) that seem to be able to cover hundreds of leagues in very little time.
Comment: The distance from Yunkai to Meereen is fifty leagues or 163 miles.
Comment: Characters don't travel that fast - its just that describing three weeks of travel isn't very interesting, either on the page or on TV. They skip the travel time unless lots of things happen on the way. Compare how long it takes for Arya to travel from Winterfell to King's Landing. It was virtually instant compared to the whole second book to return.
Answer: So Spake Martin:

Yes, a league is three miles.

And on the issue of distances and inconsistencies:

I have deliberately tried to be vague about such things, so I don't have obsessive fans with rulers measuring distances on the map and telling me Ned couldn't get from X to Y in the time I say he did.
However, if you really must know, you can figure out the distances for yourself. The Wall is a hundred leagues long. A league is three miles. Go from there.
But if you turn up any mistakes in travel times by using that measure, let it be your secret.

Shhh! We won't tell if you don't!
P.S. Do not click this link.
Comment: [Don't Touch It, You Idiot!](http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DontTouchItYouIdiot)
Comment: It is nice to note too that they would most likely think of distances as less "point A is x distance from point B" but more, how long it takes to get from point A to B. A day's march, a month's journey, etc.
Answer: George R. R. Martin says that events aren't written chronologically and the chapters happen in a day or a month or a year... So it's not that these characters are all over the place in a short time frame because you never really know how long journeys take unless the author flat out tells you. Also, sometimes the characters back track or have to deal with some sort of issue so they might take longer to get from point A to point B.
Comment: That's an added benefit of the seasons being so steeply mismatched from the year cycle, you just accept that the time flow is imprecise and enjoy the story.
Answer: On page 605 of a Dance with Dragons, Stannis is 100 leagues from Winterfell, or "Three hundred miles as the crow flies."
So it sounds as if GRRM is using something close to the standard 3.48 miles definition of a league.
Comment: A league is, in general, 3 miles. A nautical league is ~3.45 statute miles only because a nautical mile is ~1.15 statute miles.
Answer: In addition to Gilles' answer; there is proof in the books that a league is roughly equal to three miles.
From A Dance With Dragons:

"One hundred leagues from Deepwood Motte to Winterfell," said Artos Flint, the night the argument boiled to a head in Galbart Glover's longhall. "Three hundred miles as the raven flies."-A Song of Ice and Fire: A Dance With Dragons, Part One - Dreams and Dust, Chapter Fourty-Two (The King's Prize).
Answer: The league originally referred to the distance that a person could walk in one hour. The English league is indeed 3 miles, but there was no global standard and as such the league has fallen out of use as a unit of measurement. As far as I know, no definitive standard has been set for what a league actually is so I would personally go with the simplest which is the distance a person can walk in one hour.
Answer: Jon Snow says the distance from the wilding camp to Dorne is 10,000 leagues.  At 30,000 miles, that's longer than the earth's circumference.   If this is really the War of the Roses and set in England (Yorks v Lancasters), then it's more like 1/10 mile per league, but then that doesn't work for the wall which should be hundreds of miles long.  So I take the answer to be that GoT is 8,000 pages and keeping the distances correct was out of our league....
Comment: As noted elsewhere, ASoIaF / GoT is set in Westeros and not in England.  I doubt that Westeros's planet's circumfrence is identical to Earth's.
Answer: A league is 3 miles as many posts have pointed out in ADWD Stannis is 100 leagues or 300 miles from Winterfell.  The understanding of that distance is how far the average person walks in an hour (humans average 3 miles per hour)
We don't really know how fast characters are traveling though it may be safe to say that the most anyone travels in a day is about 10 leagues (30 miles).  A horse on a flat or gently rolling terrain has a max of 40 miles in a day and well most terrain isn't ideal and most of our characters tend to be moving around on foot a lot.
As for some of the "thousands of leagues"  that get mentioned those could be an expression for "really F###ing far" or it could be that the distances aren't surveyed measured out but are rather given in terms of travel time.  A really steep hill that is only a mile in true distance might be given a greater distance in the way that characters perceive the distance.
Answer: if 1000 leagues =3452 miles.  there is no way you can do that in a week.  Hell you'd have a hard timed doing that today, horses cannot maintain full speed for 8 hrs.  4 mph for 8 hours is better bet.  even then, lost shoes, coming up lame, broken wagon wheels, and everything else that can go wrong.  but just for the sake of argument lets say they make an average of 4 mph per day and have a 12 hr day each day.  3452/4= 863 hours travel.  863/12= 72 days on the road.  thats a best case scenario it will probably get stretched out a 4 to 6 months.
Comment: This doesn't seem to really answer the question of how long a league is in GoT; would you like it converted to a comment instead of an answer?


After closing the ssh terminal, the thin server is down

Question: I have a rails project run on the thin server(1.3.1) on a Ubuntu server. I connect with SSH to the server and start thin with command thin start -C config/thin.yml, following the thin.yml:
port: 3000
log: log/thin.log
timeout: 30
chdir: /home/byht/56platform/dev/tracker
environment: production
servers: 1
daemonize: true

After thin starts successfully, I visit the project and it works well. Then, I close the terminal, I can also visit the pages that have been visited, but when I visit the pages that not been visited before closing ssh terminal, a "500" error appears on the page. I didn't find the error messages in the log file.
I have tried start thin with nohup and sudo, but they are useless.
I sign in the Ubuntu server locally, then the problem disappears. But I need sign in the server to stat thin with ssh when I'm home.
Comment: Daemonize the `thin` instance with the `-d` option.
Comment: "daemonize: true" is the same as "-d"
Answer: If you want a program to keep running after closing the terminal, than you can try screen to run a kind of virtual terminal that keeps active on the server, and can be used from another location at another time
screen

will enter this terminal. Ctrl+a then d will detach it and
screen -r

will enable you to re-use it, with your program still running.


Connecting multiple wires to a single GROUND pin?

Question: I'm working on a project for my Intro to Computers class, and I need to light up several LED lights in a row with my Raspberry Pi (Model 4)(Using a breadboard). I'm sorry to say, but I am a beginner (baby more like), so I don't really know how to phrase this best. I need more GROUND pins than what I am working with, and I read somewhere that it's possible to use multiple wires connected to one ground. How would I go about doing that? I don't have any soldering equipment (or any experience whatsoever doing something like that). Could I just...twist the male wire end around another using the ground (like strip a small portion of the protective wire covering and twist around that)? I feel kinda silly just asking that, to be honest... Any help at all would be greatly appreciated!
Comment: use a breadboard
Comment: google for "Y jumper cable". Most approaches can be extended to `Y`'s with an arbitrary number of legs.
Comment: If you're using a solderless breadboard, just use a ground line. Do not just twist wires together and assume they'll stay together.
Answer: What you suggest will work just fine.
Connect one wire to a Pi ground.  Strip the other end and twist as many other wires around that as needed.  Perhaps wrap some insulating tape around the bare ends afterwards.
You can do exactly the same if you need more 5V or 3V3 wires.
If you buy a breadboard you will see it dedicates long strips for ground and  positive voltage connections.
Answer: I connect as many pins to a single ground on a bread board and I never have a problem, but I wouldn't do like a hundred if you know what I mean.


Can I access my old server after domain transfer?

Question: I need to migrate my web sites to another host, the domain name remains the same, but I need to access my files on the old server after I changed the nameservers, is that posiibile? I have shared ip adress on both hosts.
Answer: This is really a question for your hosting service.
On a cpanel server go to the server IP address and port 2083 e.g. 126.96.36.199:2083 and you should get in with your user name and password.
Answer: While you haven't cancel your hosting contract, you should have the needed access.
Client webs are accessible with internal URLs, for cases, where hosting clients don't (yet) have domains (possible causes could be: not yet registered, is transferred from other hoster).
Such URLs could be subdomains at your hosting, looking like https://your-internal-client-id.your-hosting.com
Ask your hosting, what internal URL points to your /public_html.
Answer: This was really simple up to the point where you said "I have shared ip adress on both hosts." Do you mean the same IP address for both hosts? This is unlikely. But you may be using a reverse proxy provided by the hosting.
OTOH you then say you need to "change the nameservers".
If the 2 hosts have different IP addresses then all you should need to do is override the DNS settings (on your local DNS server or on the hosts file) to connect to the old server using the name. While this is required for HTTPS and HTTP (at least it is required if you are using an off-the-shelf browser) you can still connect to the old server via its IP address using other protocols.
Answer: If your hosting account is still live, you can access the old hosting files.
You can use cpanel or FTP clients for that. You can login using IP address (instead of domain name ) and the same credentials.
All files will be there until you cancel the hosting account with them.


Burden of proof

Question: Who has the burden of proof when trying to prove or disprove someones religious beliefs? I have always believed it belongs to the person who is making a claim but can there be exceptions?
Comment: This appears to be essentially the same questions as ["Does a negative claimant have a burden of proof?"](http://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/678/does-a-negative-claimant-have-a-burden-of-proof)
Answer: Ockhams Razor is a philosophical tool that states that among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected. Other, more complicated solutions may ultimately prove correct, but—in the absence of certainty—the fewer assumptions that are made, the better. - Wikipedia
Agnostics and skeptics will argue that there is no certainty re. the existence of God, and since postulating God's existence involves making more assumptions it is better to assume He does not exist. In areas where there is uncertainty, the burden of proof lies with those offering the more complex answer.
A theist could retort, firstly, that certainty re. God's existence is attainable, or second, that postulating God's existence does not require adopting more assumptions, or third, could reject Ockam's razor as a valid philosophical tool. In either case, the burden of proof would lie equally with both parties, each needing to defend their respective positions.
Comment: Also why is theism such a complicated explanation? Universe has a beginning. Things with beginnings need causes. God is the best explanation for a cause. Does not seem overtly complicated to me.
Comment: Your definition of Occam's razor is missing a **very** important detail. Occam's Razor is a version of the principle of parsimony -- which is that you want to eliminate unnecessary entities from your explanation -- such that you select the explanation with minimum amount of complexity to explain the phenomenon in question. No one really "accepts" or "rejects" Occams' razor, people disagree about (a) the definition of the phenomenon and (b) the sufficiency of purported explanations.
Comment: @NeilMeyer the god(s) of _theism_ do a lot more than just kick off the universe, and thus are pretty complicated.
Answer: Generally in a debate setting the person who holds the affirmative position is laden with the burden of proof and at the same time is given the chance to go first as to offset this burden by giving him / her the chance to open the debate and set the tone.
In regards to a religious debate generally the theist is laden with the burden of proof but this is more a by product of the bias in the debate topic than something that is automatically put on a theist just by the mere fact of him being a theist.
With a simple change of the topic the atheist can be laden with the burden of proof and also given the chance to go first. Just imagine the topic... "Is atheism true?" or "Is atheism a justifiable world view?"
Answer: The way you have worded this is rather weird, so let me explain it in another way. In the simplest sense, the burden of proof lies on the mind who is making the positive claim. If someone is claiming the existence of a god or deity, or a multitude of them, or of anything supernatural or extraordinary, they have a rather large burden of proof. Few, if any, philosophers will state that it is possible to prove a negative (i.e. disprove the existence of a god).
The way in which you worded the question is such that it seems you are referring to someone who is trying to provide evidence that a certain deity does not exist. In that case, it would be the job of the person making the claim that the deity in question does not exist, which most philosophers will agree is impossible. However there is no sense in doing so unless they have already met their required burden of proof.
When in a debate, it is always the job of the theist to provide evidence for their deity (except presuppositionalism which is wholly dishonest, fallacious, and ridiculous).
Comment: It is perfectly possible to prove a negative. You do it via reductio ad absurdum. (Think of proofs in mathematics that there is no largest number, for instance.) The burden of proof is on the person making the claim. If you tell me p, the burden is on you because you're the one making the claim, not on me, regardless of what kind of claim p is.
Comment: Best and most in detail answer thanks allot!

Burden of proof


My answer looks different than the edit preview

Question: When I look at my answer here, the link and the diagram link are "messed up". But if I click on "edit", the preview looks perfectly fine. It is just me, or do others also see this anomaly?
Answer: I removed some periods from the end of a few <code>$<LaTeX>.$</code> and removed a return from within a line. I think it might be the trailing period inside a LateX expression. In any case, it looks okay now.
Comment: I'll try to be more careful in the future...
Comment: @ByronSchmuland: I didn't know that that would cause a problem. I was just grasping at straws to even try that.
Comment: You can't argue with success! Thanks again.
Answer: This actually had nothing to do with the periods in the LaTeX. This was pure coincidence, based on timing and this bug I introduced on Friday.
At the time you started writing your answer, this bug wasn't introduced yet. That's why everything looked correct for you in the preview. By the time you submitted your answer, the bug was in the system, causing the broken rendering. By the time robjohn made the edit, the bug had been fixed again, so the rendering was correct again. It would have looked correctly with the periods as well.
Apologies about the confusion (and thanks robjohn for jumping in to help).
Comment: Thanks for this information. I was going a bit crazy trying to understand what was going on!


The third letter of recommendation. Which one could strengthen my PhD application?

Question: I will apply for the PhD GRA in the USA. It is focused on politics of my native country. Since graduating the university, I've been working in journalism and dealing with the same isssues. Does it make sense to get recommendation from my employer to prove my deep understanding of local specialities, if the first two answers are from academic community? As a third one I could also provide a strong recommendation letter from the foreign professor, whom I had met at the graduate conference. Then I assisted him for a short-term evaluation project (not academic one) in my own country (arranged interviews, organized travels etc) and did an interview with him as a journalist. Could this letter be better evaluated by admission committee?
Answer: I think both options are good. Personally, I'd slightly prefer the recommendation from your current employer, as they should be in a position to comment on a few things relevant to academia: that you write well, work independently, have initiative in solving problems, and good interpersonal skills.


What's the advantage of colored coins compared to ERC20 tokens?

Question: It's incredible how easy it is to create colored coins on the current devnet. That's amazing! And those coins are treated just like normal iotas.
Has any other chain accomplished to publish colored coins? I'm aware of Bitcoins colored coins but I've never seen one. It looks like the whole industry went for tokens on the smart contract platform.
Answer: It is much easier and cheaper to create an endless amount of ERC 20 tokens (if you want to create an ICO, etc)
And so those ERC 20 have their total own tokenomics in supply and value. A colored coin in Bitcoin or IOTA is always pledged to the real asset prize (as a minimum price) and is taken out of the total supply.
So advantages are surely a much higher security as ERC cloned tokens, as the colored coins are handled totally on Level1 in Bitcoin or IOTA and so there is no chance that the creator or the SC is putting backdoors in the code to rugpull, or doubles the supply whenever he wants. So when its a bout real world asset representation on L1 in Crypto the colored coin is the way to go...Bound to the price of the real coins as minimum and cannot be inflated - so can represent a unique real world asset much more secure.
Comment: Thx, That makes sense. Colored coins are not a new concept that makes me wonder why it wasn't implemented yet.
Answer: In addition, it also is worth mentioning that ERC 20 tokens is its own ledger with the rules defined by the smart contract, so it is a very flexible approach. That is why the whole market moved to that direction. However, it is non scalable by its nature because access to ERC 20 contract is strictly serialized, globally. Besides, ERC 20 tokens never leave the ERC 20 contract. Meanwhile, IOTA colored tokens are scalable and move between addresses in parallel. ERC20 is a bank, while colored tokens is a cash
Comment: Thx for the add-on. What does "serialized, globally" mean? Don't erc 20 tokens move in parallel as well?


How can I get help with Tor?

Question: I want to download and use Tor, but something isn't working. I don't want to describe my situation or my problem in public, using IRC or on Stack Exchange. Is there any way that I can get private help from the Tor Project?
Answer: The Tor Project have "private" support options available that include E-Mail, Telephone and SMS. Further details can be found on their website.
https://www.torproject.org/about/contact.html.en#support
Note however, that with E-Mail you're trusting people along the email route (including both ISPs), as Tor don't post any kind of PGP key to encrypt your message with. Telephone and SMS also have similar risks with telephone companies reading/listening to your commuication.
Comment: There is no global PGP key for the Tor help desk. A user who wishes to encrypt her emails to the help desk can request a public key from the support assistant who responds to her request.
Comment: It's worth noting that PGP does not protect email metadata - it will be clear to an adversary that you are communicating with email addresses at torproject.org, with date/time and the subject lines all in the clear and visible.
Answer: The Tor Project FAQ answers many common questions: https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq.html.en .
Specifically, this answer may help: https://www.torproject.org/docs/faq.html.en#GetTor .  As mentioned in that answer, you may also email firstname.lastname@example.com from a gmail account (or other popular, https-supporting webmail provider which also allows for larger (25MB) attachments).
This webpage: https://www.torproject.org/about/contact.html.en has a variety of contact options for you beyond those you mention.  In case you don't have access to that site; the best account to email is firstname.lastname@example.com .  Again, doing so from an email provider with HTTPS support turned on is advisable, and you may (wisely) consider email as public as IRC in most cases.
FWIW: you can also email help-ar, help-es, help-fa, help-fr or help-zh for language-specific support in ARabic, ESpañol, FArsi, FRench or Mandarin Chinese (ZH)

How can I get help with Tor?


No .minecraft bin or resource folder!

Question: I open my .minecraft folder and there are no bin or resource folders! How can I get them?
Comment: This question appears to be off-topic because it is obsolete; Minecraft no longer even has a /bin/ folder.
Comment: You might want to tell us what you're actual problem is. Not being able to find these folders isn't a problem unless you're trying to *do* something with them. What are you trying to do?
Comment: That happened to me too, I cannot hear any sounds in the servers. I thought this had something to do with there being no folders in the resource folder, but what do I do to fix the noise? I cannot hear anything in servers, but I can on a single world?
Comment: Voting to close as unclear and abandoned.
Comment: If you want a new bin folder you need to play minecraft 1.5 Only that version will generate it. 1.6 won't do that because it has a different launcher that does a different process
Answer: The new minecraft launcher doesn't use a bin or resource folder. The bin folder is replaced by versions\<version number> and the sounds and music are stored in the assets folder.

No .minecraft bin or resource folder!


Field Uniqueness

Question: I am working on a Web App that a teacher assigns a passphrase to a channel entry and students can sign in by searching for the phrase (not super secure I know, but it works for my application). My current dilemma: how to force a field to be unique, I don't want other teachers using the same passphrase, that won't work. Can Expression Engine force uniqueness in a "custom field". I know it does it for url-title. Is there a plugin maybe?
Answer: You'll have to utilize an add-on: e.g. an extension that uses hooks to verify the value of the custom field.
Perhaps you could use the teacher's name or a prefix thereof to help make the passphrase unique; or an additional field that the user has to fill out. For instance, eCommerce sites often utilize an email address + zip code to look up an order. Or an order number and email address, etc. Essentially a two data-field way to gain access.
Comment: Not exactly what I was hoping to hear, but it does answer the  question. Plus I hadn't thought of using 2 data fields together for passphrase. Thanks

Field Uniqueness


How to calculate the radius of wing tip vortices?

Question: Is it possible to find the radius of wing tip vortices?
Comment: Do you mean empirically, analytically or through numerical methods?
Comment: Measured from where? Vortices are conical
Comment: Welcome to aviation.SE. I removed the images, as they were not really needed for understanding the question.
Answer: A vortex in free air does not have any sharp boundary, so it does not have an obvious definition of radius.
To get some general idea, consider how the vortex is formed: the wing accelerates the air downward, over all of its span—that is how it generates lift. Since the air outside the span is not moving down, the boundary becomes a vortex line and it starts at the wingtips. This is the wingtip vortex.
So the two wingtip vortices "touch" from the start, and therefore have radius of half span. As the air below gets pushed out, the outside part of the vortices starts moving up in width comparable to the inner part, though not as fast—the vortex as a whole moves down and a little bit inward.
This upward flow on the outside is used by many large migratory birds to save a bit of effort by flying in the V formations. The wing vortex of each follower partially cancels with the wing vortex of the predecessor, saving them a bit of energy. For the leader it is neither advantage nor disadvantage, but when it gets tired, it can fall back to the end of the flock and the next one becomes a leader.
Internal friction of air makes the vortex slow down over time, but also pulls in more air, so the affected area grows in size. There is no specific limit, it grows until it can't be detected anymore.
It is possible to calculate something precisely—so long as you can decide what to calculate (and what is it useful for so it is worth calculating)—but it requires powerful computer as the equations describing fluid motion, Navier–Stokes equations, don't have analytical solution.


Where do those who say Noah's flood was an actual event say the water went?

Question: According to those who say Noah's flood was an actual global event, Where did the flood waters go when they subsided?  Myself and others have researched this and could not answer it honestly and completely. We have thought that it went to the middle of the earth but there is only metal according to research.
Comment: See https://answersingenesis.org/geology/rocks-and-minerals/where-did-earths-water-come/ which maintains that there is a volume of water trapped within minerals in the mantle that is ten times the water in our oceans.
Comment: Welcome to Christianity.SE, and thanks for taking the site tour. For what's on-topic on this site, please see: [What topics can I ask about here?](http://christianity.stackexchange.com/help/on-topic) Your question *could* be made on-topic here if you edited it to ask what a particular group of Christians, such as Young Earth Creationists, believe happened to the water after the flood. For more on what this site is all about, see: [How we are different than other sites](http://meta.christianity.stackexchange.com/q/1808/20394).
Answer: Creationists who believe the flood was a real global event say the water is still here, in the earth's oceans.
The oceans are much deeper than the mountains of earth are high, and they cover a much greater proportion of the earth's surface. Some have estimated that if the earth's surface was flattened the oceans' waters would cover the land to a depth of 2.7km.
Creationists see passages like Psalm 104:5-9 as teaching that during the flood there was significant tectonic activity, as the mountains rose and valleys sank, giving us the continents we see today, and 'hiding' the flood waters in the oceans.

Ps 104:5 He established the earth on its foundations;
  it will never be shaken.
  6 You covered it with the deep
  as if it were a garment;
  the water stood above the mountains.
  7 At your rebuke the water fled;
  at the sound of your thunder they hurried away—
  8 mountains rose and valleys sank—
  to the place you established for them.
  9 You set a boundary they cannot cross;
  they will never cover the earth again.

Passages like these are ambiguous, and could be read as referring either to the original creation of land in Genesis 1:9-10, or to the aftermath of Noah's flood. In the case of Psalm 104 I think verse 9 does indicate that, at least by the end of this stanza, it is referring to the flood, for it speaks of God's promise not to flood the earth again, a promise that God had not made before the flood. I think the creation-flood ambiguity is deliberate - the story of Noah is a story of re-creation: a new earth, a new set of life (preserved on the ark), and a new family to repopulate the earth.
Comment: Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been [moved to chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/139668/discussion-on-answer-by-curiousdannii-where-do-those-who-say-noahs-flood-was-an).
Answer: The water would for the most part go back to where it came from, which is the fountains of the deep. Gen_7:11  In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. So to explain, if the Earth's core heated up the water in the earth would start to boil and rise. This is what Jewish tradition tells us...the water from below was boiling. Once the heat reduced the water would want to go back to the lowest point. Another possibility is that the high mountains began to form. Since the mass of the Earth is constant any upshift would be offset by a depression. The rising mountains would create a loss of mass below the surface and the seabed (or some land area) would sink or a cavity would be created. If a cavity it could fill with water. There is more than enough water to cover the entire planet if the mountains were lower in the past. This would also mean the sea was shallower, which is what I hear from evolutionists all the time regarding ancient marine organisms.
Comment: Yes but where were "the fountains of the deep".
Comment: See https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140612142309.htm  It may be that ringwoodite, which contains 2% water, and which is plentiful in the mantle of the earth, could be one place where the water ended up. Article says that an amount of water three times what is in the earth's oceans may be trapped in the mantle in such minerals.
Comment: I agree with @PaulChernoch. This made so much sense to me along with that quote about the fountains of the deep...
Answer: The bible flood story is so much corroborated with other myths of a flood that it can be interpreted secularly as involving water coming down on earth.
The most likely thing to have happened is that atmospheric water began condensating due to a cosmic event that caused heavy raining. No rainbow prior to the flood means no condensation of steam in the atmosphere. Ionizing radiation or dust from space much have been lower to allow such a high level of steam in the atmosphere.
The resulting water must thus have ended up in the oceans or in ice mass. Increase in ice can be assumed since the volume of the atmosphere decreased as a result of being depleted of steam. Smaller atmosphere leads to lower pressure and thus colder climate, in accordance with the adiabatic lapse rate in the atmosphere.
The water could also have gone underground. There is an underground ocean discovered recently.

Gu, T., Pamato, M.G., Novella, D. et al.
Hydrous peridotitic fragments of Earth's mantle 660 km discontinuity sampled by a diamond.
Nat. Geosci. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01024-y

and summarized in

Goethe University Frankfurt.
"An ocean inside Earth? Water hundreds of kilometers down."  ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 26 September 2022. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/09/220926200712.htm>.

I suggest asking in a physics forum to assess if the water ended up in oceans or ice.
The statement of God not to flood Earth again is not a promise. It is a consequence commentary that Earth cannot be flooded again. Water would then have to return to the atmosphere which it cannot do.
This question is much more a physics question than a Christianity question, although the Christian website Answers in Genesis has lot of investigations of various kinds on the flood event. Please also check there.
Comment: Genesis doesn't say there were no rainbows before the flood.
Comment: Asking this question on a physics forum will not be useful.
Comment: Creationists do not believe that the sun was not visible before the flood.
Comment: @curiousdannii we know very much of rainbows now, so either there was no sunshine, or there was no small spherical droplets in the lower atmosphere. What is the case?


Is there a collective term for the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek alphabets?

Question: I was just wondering if such a term exists, since they are very similar to each other, and all of them derive from the Greek alphabet, so I thought perhaps there might be a collective term for the three of them.
Comment: Do you include other Greek-derived alphabets, like Gothic?
Comment: Do you include Norse runes? They are also based on Latin and Greek.
Comment: Etruscan, I suppose, yes, as it's intermediate between Greek and Latin?
Comment: @Anixx , gothic, yes, but not armenian because it differs by so much.
Comment: @Anixx no, because it is not confirmed to be derived from Latin and Greek, and may only have been influenced by them.
Comment: Presumably you would also discount Ogham which, although generally held to be derived from Latin, is extremely unlike any other Greek-derived script.
Answer: Some people in typography and grammatology use terms like Euroscript and acronyms like LCG (akin CJKV for sinograms). The L may be replaced by an R for roman and the order may be different, e.g. GRC since there is no canonical convention.
Bicameral scripts would mostly cover these as well, because the distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters is rare elsewhere.
Note that some other scripts may also belong to this grouping, especially Armenian Armn and Georgian Geog/Geor, but also Glagolitic Glag, Coptic Copt, Gothic Goth, Runic Runr and probably more.
Just for the record, ISO 15924 does not contain a collective 4-letter alias code for Latn + Cyrl + Grek. It does record variants like Church Slavonic Cyrs or Fraktur Latf and Gaelic Latg.
Comment: I would have said so, too, but Unicode decided to encode it separately. [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_(Unicode_block))
Comment: Isn't Coptic just Greek with a few minor alterations and a couple of extra letters? I would say it is more of a different version of the Greek alphabet, rather than a distinct alphabet on its own.
Comment: @Crissov, Unicode is by no means ground truth, but just *a* standard used by computers. Even the Unicode Consortium members are not linguists, but big tech companies.
Comment: Well, Unicode is _the_ standard here. ISO 15924 is related but not strictly bound to the classifications made in ISO 10646 / Unicode. Some representatives of consortium members and several individual members are in fact linguists, by the way.
Answer: We can trace the development of writing systems in family trees, just as we do for languages. The families of writing systems often don't have names though, so you could just say Greek-derived writing systems, Greek itself being developed from the Phoenician Alphabet.
However as you are excluding many writing systems that also developed from Greek, what you're asking about is really a paraphyletic group. And as your criteria for inclusion or exclusion seem to be based on your personal subjective opinion of how similar they are, I think you can't expect there to be any term for what is essentially your own private and eccentric categorisation.
Comment: I would say that there are perfectly valid typological grounds for grouping the *modern* Latin, Greek and Cyrillic scripts together, while excluding other writing systems derived from ancient Greek. But many of the features shared by these three alphabets (such as bicamerality, distinct print and cursive letterforms, use of italics for emphasis, optional use of serifs in print, general similarity of letter shapes, composition and alignment) are indeed due to prolonged historical contact and co-evolution rather than shared ancestry.
Comment: @IlmariKaronen: So a term like *Schriftbund* would be perfectly cromulent for this phenomenon, it is just that we are making it up on the fly here.
Comment: if we're talking purely typologically, maybe we could go by analogy to other paraphyletic typological groupings e.g. the Standard Average European language area and refer to them as Standard Average European scripts (and like with the SAE language area, the features of it are relatively recent innovations compared to the attested history of the languages
Comment: @IlmariKaronen exactly, but regardless of whether the common features are inherited or due to contact, I feel like there should be a common term for them, even if there isn't a commonly used one yet.
Answer: In German, there is the term griechischer Schriftenkreis probably coined by Hans Jensen and also used by Harald Haarmann. I am not aware of a canonical English translation of that term.
Comment: "Greek family of alphabets", I'd say.
Comment: The translation should probably be Greek font family (Kreis does not translate well into English)
Comment: @QuintusCaesius-RM; "font" is a clear translation error here, *Schrift* is to be translated as "writing" or "writing system". "alphabet" sounds okay, but it is more specific than German *Schrift*.
Comment: And _Schriftbund_ is parallel to _Sprachbund_, which it resembles semantically as well as  structurally.
Comment: Google translate says "Greek font circle", very interesting.
Comment: @Stefan Interesting, but the idea is ultimately the same.
Comment: @jk-ReinstateMonica of course, I was just stating there what Google translate said, but it got the idea across.
Answer: I've heard "Greek-derived alphabet", but this term would also apply to e.g. Gothic and Coptic.
Comment: @QuintusCaesius-RM In what way is it "too different" from the others?
Comment: @CJDennis it looks very different, also apparently it was mostly taken from the Pahlavi script of Persia and only influenced by Greek.
Comment: @CJDennis I suppose it is very subjective, I am trying to come up with a list of features which the alphabets share, currently I have: bicameral; the fact that all the capital letters are the same height; lowercase characters may either have descenders, ascenders or neither; all ascenders and descenders are roughly the same height; all the alphabets have at least a few shared letters, or at least ones which are very similar; cicrcles, half circles, slants, and vertical and horizontal lines are all common letter "elements"; diacritics may be added to form new letters or indicate vowel length.
Comment: That would work, but I don't want to include Armenian (which is also Greek-derived) because is too different from the others.
Comment: @QuintusCaesius-RM "looks very different" is entirely subjective. Are there any objective features that would rule it out?
Comment: 'Greek-derived alphabet' would also exclude Greek itself, since an alphabet cannot be _derived_ from itself.
Comment: @JanusBahsJacquet To be pedantic, the (Euclidean) Greek alphabet was derived from the earlier Ionian one, which was derived from earlier epichoric ones, and so on.


Move an object towards a point relative to its position

Question: I am attempting to move an object a set distance in a direction relative to the objects current position. In other words I want the object to move to whatever point is 144 pixels below the object, and then stop moving. How can I do this?
Answer: 144 pixels is a very relative thing. Firstl the closer the viewer is to an object the more pixels the obj takes, therefore the less its gonna move. Secondly the resolutions changes from one pc to another (or phone to another). Third, if the object is not on the screen, it isn't gonna move.
I suggest you just take the object's current position and decrease it how much you want. Every engine will let you do it, on Unity you can use transform.position. Google it so you can be sure of what you're doing


Reading Network Traffic

Question: I want to intercept all network traffic coming and going from a specific application on a Windows XP. How do I get started doing this?
The goal would be to reverse engineer the API used between the local software and the remote software and implement the same API in my own software package.
I can program in anything, Java is the easiest however.
Comment: To get all network traffic you could a tool called WireShark for example
Comment: http://www.winpcap.org/windump/default.htm
Answer: Just use Wireshark, no need of programming anything.

Reading Network Traffic


Insurance coverage when staying in Switzerland during Corona pandemic as Swiss national with residency in the UK

Question: I am a Swiss citizen living and working in London. Mid March I made a trip to Switzerland and decided to stay here for the time of the Corona pandemic. During that time I will continue working remotely for an office in London. I have an EHIC and am insured under NHS - my travel insurance plan I purchased only covers travels for up to 2 weeks.
Is there a need for any additional insurance coverage or am I sufficiently covered? Additionally - do I have to purchase a Swiss insurance at one point if I am going to stay in Switzerland for several months (even if working/being a resident in London)? Thank you!
Answer: A general answer to this question will not be possible, since there are factors that are dependent on the individual countries (Switzerland and United Kingdom).
In general the EHIC is intended for basic coverage during  visits to other participanting countries.
So the following questions must be clarified:

for how long is the NHS willing to pay bills incurred outside the UK
does Switzerland (and their health services) consider you a resident

Independent of the present circumstances, you are residing outside the United Kingdom in Switzerland after a period of 3 months.
For this, you should make sure you have a coverage (as a resident, not as a traveler) that will deal with all heath costs within Switzerland during your residence there.

Note:

Participating member states
  ... as well as the UK while it is in the so called transition period after it withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020.

Sources:

European Health Insurance Card - Wikipedia


About the badge Vox Populi

Question: My case is opposite to the one post in here. I have used the 40 max votes yesterday and until now I have not received the Vox Populi badge. Are there any rules on how to distribute our votes per day? May I know some explanation? Thanks.
I don't know if its proper to tag this as bug.
Comment: Just checking: Did you actually get to 40 votes, or did you possibly hit [this wall](http://meta.math.stackexchange.com/q/10450/11619)? For example, at the moment your vote count for the day stands at 34. See also [this](http://meta.math.stackexchange.com/q/8498/11619).
Comment: I find your question somewhat confusing. Yes, if you want to cast 40 votes a day you need to distribute them correctly, specifically you need to vote on questions enough. (Beyond that, no) Otherwise you max out somewhere between 30 and 40. For 30 you'd get suffrage, which you have. Can  you double check on your votes tab that you indeed have cast 40 votes. (It may also be that votes on posts that get deleted too soon will not count.)
Comment: @Jyrki Lahtonen I'm sure that was more than $30$. After, I can't cast votes anymore. In fact, in less than hour, I can vote again. Thanks for pointing the link. I found some rules there.
Comment: @Jyrki Lahtonen Yeah, I got it now. I got 34 total votes as I checked my votes cast. Thanks for sharing your time.
Comment: Where can you check your votes tab?
Comment: @TripleA In your activity tab menu, something like this http://math.stackexchange.com/users/44376/juniven?tab=votes, go to votes tab and press
Answer: In the interest of having an answer, lifted from a comment.
Yes, if you want to cast 40 votes a day you need to distribute them correctly, specifically you need to vote on questions enough.
Otherwise, you max out somewhere between 30 and 40, and it appears this is what happened. For 30 votes one gets the Suffrage badge, which you have.
In particular, it is not necessarily enough to vote until one gets told one cannot vote anymore. Some more details are on Why can I not use my additional 10 votes on just questions.
Possibly this is vaguely a duplicate of this report.
Comment: Thank you for the summary. I'm just new to this meta and need to read many rules in here.
Comment: You are welcome. I think your question was fine. It's more a subtle point, and the dupe not all that direct.

About the badge Vox Populi


How to effectively allocate experts to projects?

Question: We get repeated requests for consulting projects. There are couple of experts in our firm. They have different expertise in different fields. We would like to choose for each project the expert who has the highest probability of success. But only the experts themselves know their qualifications for each of the projects. We would like to have some mechanism of allocating the projects to the experts so we will be able to make them report honestly us who has the best fit for each project.
Comment: Who do you think your experts would be dishonest with the current method?
Comment: You need to tie the incentive to the choice.  Find a way for the experts to bid on involvement in the project; if the project succeeds, the expert succeeds; if the project fails, the expert fails.
Answer: Your Problem, Restated
This is somewhat of an X/Y problem. If I read your post with a critical eye, there's an unstated command-and-control assumption here that the organization must assign a specific resource to a project, but lacks the technical knowledge or insight to do so properly.
This is exactly why agile organizations advocate collective ownership and self-organizing teams. You don't have to become an agile shop, but may want to at least give agile teams, estimation, and resource management a try to address the problem at hand.
Experts Should Allocate Themselves
Rather than trying to fix a broken process, I'd recommend that you adopt the concept of self-organizing teams. Your subject-matter experts should be allocated to a team that collectively owns the resource-assignment process. They would be responsible for:

Working with your sales and business analysis peoples to gather specifications for the project.
Using their detailed knowledge of the specifications to define high-level work packages.
Determining amongst themselves which of them (or which combination of them) would be best suited to address specific work packages.
Reporting their work breakdowns and other conclusions to project leadership.

The organization would then support the team in coordinating these work packages with one another, and with the customer. This process embodies core agile principles, and works extremely well when you have qualified and engaged team members.
Collective Ownership
Note that for this process to work, the entire pool of SMEs would have to collectively own the planning and delivery process. Otherwise, you will simply end up with a sort of slapstick reverse-volunteerism where the SMEs or the organization pick out a scapegoat who is then "held accountable."
Holding involuntary parties accountable never works out well for anyone involved. Don't do that.
Comment: @MarkC.Wallace I don't think I can answer all your questions in comments; they're each worthy of separate questions. The short answer is that effective self-organization is about rewarding *team* success, not individual success; the problems you describe come from chasing the latter because that's what the organizational culture promotes. Rewarding *organizational* success rather than team or individual success resolves most of the other related issues. :)
Comment: The government has been doing that successfully for decades.....  More seriously, could you expand this to address (1) Everyone jump on the project that looks like it could be successful/high visibility! How do we self-organize around success rather than visibility, (2) How to ensure interdependent self-organizing teams? Project A looks awesome and right up my alley, but I don't feel that the sales/BA folks understand requirements, so I'm going to stay away., and (3) Is there  a path to self-organize, or do we just close our eyes and run blindly towards the cliff hoping for water?
Answer: Delphi method could be used if you trust in the ability of your experts to self-assess. Ask each expert to recommend which of their peers (or themselves) are best suited to the project as described, and have them report back in confidence, rather than to the group. If there is consensus, move forward. If not, re-query with the narrowed choices.
This leaves open the possibility of the experts all choosing themselves, or everyone choosing someone else without the ability to narrow down the choices, but resource availability should also factor in and help to make a clear determination.


What exactly are the highlighted portions and how are they played?

Question: I really need help figuring out the highlighted parts. How do I play these and what notes are those? I really need help, I am only a beginner.
Thank You,
Piano Woman
Comment: I guess for such a fundamental question, it would be better to grab a book or take a lesson about how to read scores. You will have infinite questions if you simply rely on getting answers here.
Answer: It seems to me that you are having trouble understanding the rhythmic aspects of the score. What you highlighted is simply just dots and beamed rhythms. I'll point out some of the basics that are tripping you up here, but if you are having trouble with this you should really take a step back and learn the basics first.
The dot adds half of the value of the note to itself so a dotted quarter note take up the length of a quarter note and an eighth note. Like so:

The beams are just like the flags for eighth notes and lower. One beam is the same as one flag which corresponds to an eighth notes. See the chart below for examples up to 64th notes:

For more information about basic rhythm see this lesson on musictheory.net and for information about dots and ties see this lesson on musictheory.net.
Comment: Great answer. I would probably add that the rhythms for certain songs often look really complicated when written but it is usually easy enough to play if you already know how to sing the song. I say this because it looks like a contemporary worship song. She could probably get away with getting the pitch from the notation and humming along for the rhythm.
Answer: What you're looking at is an attempt to notate a relaxed style of performance where notes don't come strictly on the beat. It looks complex, is actually very natural.  I'm not sure that a rigid approach to counting these rhythms out will be much use to you.  It's more a matter of recognising that 'stand' is on the first beat of bar 2, but 'laid back' a bit.  Hard to explain, easy to demonstrate.  Can you find someone to do so?


How to remove hidden HTML from Radactor editor in CrafCMS 3

Question: I am using Redactor 1.0.1 plugin in Craft 3, When copy/paste from any website into WYSISWG boxes, hidden HTML is included. How do I remove that?
Answer: If it's only for you, you can activate/use the source plugin to switch the view. That way no html is generated when you paste something
Maybe this option can help you too. There is also a paste callback you can use to change the inserted html
Comment: I already checked above options, and I have used Radactor default field, so if I have to apply Paste callback or Paste settings then where do I have to write?


Transaction log still full after backup

Question: A database in an availibility group on MS SQL 2014 with a decent log file which at some occasions has been shrinked because of some major jobs filling it up. Usually don't shrink logfiles but as there's a lot of other databases that don't grow at the same time it has been done instead of extending disk, it's a VMWare environment. Now the logfile has grown a lot again, filling up the disk. The log disk was extended, transaction logs backed up and trying to shrink the file about 10-20 GB but there's still only 200 MB free space in the logfile.
Comment: What does following return `select log_reuse_wait_desc from sys.databases where name='db_name'--your database name`
Comment: Thanks, I checked on that again and I been looking at the wrong line in sys.databases, it says AVAILABILITY_REPLICA so I got some problem with replication or something.
Comment: No, that does not necessarily means problem. This means the primary is waiting for an acknowledgement from secondary to mark transaction in trn log as committed so that they can be truncated post transaction log backup. This is common in AG. Just make sure the bandwidth between primary and secondary is not loaded.
Answer: Explanation to this problem was that replication halted on one database in Availability group. Transaction log backup was successful but log file could not be emptied because  replication to secondary server was paused. I did not notice this looking at the databases initially. And didn't notice that log_reuse_wait_desc was showing AVAILABILITY_REPLICA on the primary server (looking at the wrong line in result). But when checking again after Shankys reply I discovered that and Availability group Dashboard showed that replication had halted. Resumed replication, backed up log again and then I was able to shrink logfile to a more accurate size.

Transaction log still full after backup


Does an organisation have to satisfy all key process areas to achieve a maturity level in CMMI?

Question: I have been learning about CMMI and one thing that I'd like to know, say for example an organisation satisfies some key process areas such as Requirements management, software quality assurance. What does the organisation need to include to achieve level 2 maturity.
Answer: In order for an organization to reach a maturity level, they are following the Staged Representation of the CMMI. But there is also another representation - the Continuous Representation - that has different requirements. Both are explained.
The Staged Representation allows an organization to achieve maturity level ratings. Every maturity level is associated with a set of process areas. For example, an organization that is Managed (Level 2) is achieving the goals of Configuration Management, Measurement and Analysis, Project Monitoring and Control, Project Planning, Process and Product Quality Assurance, Requirements Management, and Supplier Agreement Management. In order to achieve a certain maturity level, the specific and generic goals of every process area associated with that maturity level (and any lower maturity levels) must be satisfied.
However, there's also a Continuous Representation. This allows an organization to achieve capability level ratings. There are four capability levels, numbered 0 through 3 and named Incomplete, Performed, Managed, and Defined. Process areas are examined individually, and not all process areas may be examined (it could just be a subset of the 16 process areas). Again, the specific and generic goals of the process area can be satisfied, but each process area is examined in isolation from the others, and each process area receives its own capability level.
Answer: For maturity level 2, AFAIK, an organization would have to not only have policies in place but ensure that processes are planned and executed according to the policies applicable.  The resources for the project(s) have to be allocated and utilized.  Stakeholders have to be involved in decision making.  The processes must also be monitored, controlled, reviewed and evaluated and repeated continually.


Closed down Steam while downloading a game

Question: I was downloading a Steam game with terribly slow wifi. I managed to downloaded 6.5 gigabytes out of the 12.5 then shut off my computer because I thought steam would pause it (at previous questions asked about it) But then when I get back on I see it say 125 MEGABYTES. Now it says I have 12-14 hours of download time left and I dont have that kind of time. It doesent matter if it can be fixed, I really just want to know if its a known bug or its being fixed by steam, Thank you.
Comment: If it says it only has 125 megabytes left to download, then it's almost done and the download won't take much longer. Assuming though that it's really saying 12.5 gigabytes left, then try this: let the download proceed for few minutes and then pause and restart it. Hopefully this will cause the progress to jump to 6.5 G.
Comment: You know this isn't Steam support, right? We have no insight into whether it's being "fixed by Steam". At best we could say whether it's a known bug, but I don't see how that's really useful to you - you're stuck in the same situation regardless.
Comment: Did you put the download on pause before closing Steam? If not that might be the reason.
Comment: Also you do realize that the duration of the download does not depend only on how much it has to dl, but it also depends on how fast it goes. If steam is saying you have 125MB to go then my guess is you have 125MB to go. The fact that it takes 14h it is probably because a REALLY bad connection (125MB would take me about 10 seconds or so). As a suggestion... don't use wifi for big downloads... just stick a cable in it for 30 min and you are done. I mean... in 30 min you can get to a store, buy a cable, then 30 more min to download. That's 1h (say 2 if you meet a gorgeous girl on the run) < 14h.
Comment: No, im saying it started at 125 MB. I could download that in minutes. Our wifi isnt the best but its the best in our area,
Answer: Closing steam while downloading an application and resuming the download later without losing progress is a feature that is supported by steam. Steam will pause the download when closed and automatically restart it when opened again.
So to answer your question, this is not a known bug and it isn't being fixed by steam currently.
In order for steam to restart the download it needs to have access to the games Local Content. If these files aren't in the file system then it'll have to restart the download. Try navigating to your steam Library folder and see if these files exist. If they do, point steam to them.
If the files don't exist it's possible that your operating system handled them in an unexpected way. This could be the result of countless different variables though. Either way it may be worth submitting a bug request to steam if they aren't there.
Edit: I did some more research on this this morning and found a work around that may of use to you. If your Local Content for the game is available in your file system you should be able to force steam to restart the download where it left off last by copying the downloaded portion from your C:\steam\steamapps\downloading\ folder to your C:\steam\steamapps\common\ folder.
Here's detailed instructions for doing so


Minimee CSS tags produce output while JS tags do not

Question: Has anyone ever encountered a situation in which the Minimee tag pair (using version 2.1.10) correctly outputs a minified CSS file to the cache directory, but the JS tag pair simply has no effect at all and the various JS files wrapped with the Minimee JS tags simply wind up as-is in the template?  In both cases the files are static CSS and JS files loading from the local server.  But the CSS files are being combined, while it seems like the minimee js tag pair is being ignored.
Comment: It looks like John answered your question. Can you, please, mark the right answer? Thanks!
Answer: I haven't ever seen that myself. Is the exp:minimee:js tag closed properly?
The first thing to do is turn on EE's template debugging feature because Minimee will provide debugging info there with any errors. http://johndwells.github.io/Minimee/#faq
Answer: Most often the cause for this is that one of the JS files you're trying to use does not exist (at least from Minimee's point of view).  As Alex suggested, if you turn on EE's template debugging, Minimee will add errors to the log. Search for the string "Minimee [ERROR]" to jump right to where it's encountering a problem.
If you install the EE Debug Toolbar, Minimee adds its own panel of log messages, so it is even simpler to track down what might be amiss.
Feel free to hit me up direct via twitter (@johndwells) if you're still having trouble, or the devot-ee forums if it looks like there's a bug.
Cheers,
John
Comment: Dammit! Yep, that was it. Thanks so much John, Alex.


Quickest method to show/hide labels in QGIS 2.8

Question: In order to show or hide labels in QGIS 2.8, I currently right click a layer, select Properties, then Labels, then click the checkbox to show/hide, then click OK. This seems like quite a long-winded method for something that is quite simple in MapInfo - especially as I'm often switching one set of labels off then another on individually several times. Can anyone recommend any plugins? Perhaps a way to add "show/hide labels" to the right click menu for each loaded dataset in the Layers pane?
Comment: There's a **Show/Hide Labels** icon on the toolbar (right-click on toolbar and enable the **Layer** option if it's already unchecked). Although I'm not sure how to _activate_ this as it seems to be greyed out. Perhaps someone can enlighten us with this? Because it can be configured in the shortcuts menu (_Settings_ > _Configure Shortcuts_).
Comment: Show/Hide label tool does not feel suitable because the tooltip is telling that it acts only on currently active editable layer. I would open the same layer for the second time and edit this duplicate layer to show only the labels. Then it will be easy to turn the labels on/off from the TOC.
Comment: @Joseph that tool is working only if layer is editable and show/hide is data defined from specified column.
Comment: Double click on layer open Properties, if you had the Label tab active you will be on the same tab again so it is just double click on layer and check / uncheck box. Not sure if there is some plugin adding label icon to layer as it is in Mapinfo...
Answer: A very quick and dirty solution to this is to simply duplicate the layer with Label preferences. Then remove the label preferences from the duplicated layer. You now have 2 layers that are identical in symbology, one with labels and one without. Turn on and off the layer with labels to mimic the effect you are accustomed to in MIPro.
Answer: This feature was added in QGIS 2.18 in which you can turn on/off labels by selecting Show labels for this layer or No labels and you will have a live update. You need to do the following steps:

Click on Open the layer styling dock which will open the Layer Styling dock located at the right side of the image below
After selecting the layer, select Show labels for this layer from the drop-down menu
Select the field that you want to show its label on the layer
Make sure Live update is checked located at the bottom of the image.

You should do the above steps only one time when you define the labels. Then you can just switch between Show labels for this layer and No labels which will turn on/off the labels.
No labels:


(Un)docking of editors in an eclipse RCP application

Question: In an eclipse RCP application you can dock/undock views on default.
But it seems you can't do the same with editors.
Is there any chance to configure such an application to (un)dock editors?
Answer: In Eclipse 3.x it is not possible, but 4.1 definitely has this feature (I just tried it). You can get it here: http://download.eclipse.org/e4/sdk/
Answer: IMHO its not possible for Editors, its a known limitation of eclipse editors!
Answer: If you want the ability to view editors side by side there are a few alternative options.
You can drag an editor "to the side" of an existing editor, making eclipse split the workbench page in two (or more), this is natively supported in RCP apps as well.
Another option is to create a separate workbench window (see Window -> New Window in Eclipse IDE). Once that is done, you can drag the editors between the windows. This works especially well if you work with several monitors. I'm guessing it should be possible to reuse the "New Window" action to make this happen in an RCP app as well.
The "new" window feature might be tweaked to make it seem like you can just drag an editor "off workbench" but I think that solution will be more painful than helpful.
Eclipse 4.x is said to have this ability but it isn't planned to ship until summer 2012.
It may be possible using the e4-project plugins, but I haven't tested.


Menu with a lot of menu items for iPad

Question: I'm working on the iPad app, and I need to show a menu with about 15 menu items. For the website I would simply create a menu with sub-menus, but for the mobile app it seems it is not the commonly used solution. Are there any common patterns to solve this problem? Are there any good apps that I can use as examples? I can only think about LinkedIn for iPad with a scrolling menu.
Comment: Is this menu taking up the entire screen, or is it one which is displayed alongside your main content?
Comment: The requirement is that menu should not be the full screen. But if you have good examples of the full screen menu for a tablet then we might reconsider this.
Answer: A nice format for displaying a large volume of menu items is the "Hamburger Menu". There was a question on this a while ago, with some nice screenshots which you can find here. As you can see it can be almost full screen (with a small sliver of main content as affordance on how to exit the menu) on a phone sized device, but doesn't need to take up the entire screen for tablets.
With 15 menu items, you also need to think "Do I display them side by side, or do I hide them under categories?".
It's better to avoid any kind of scrolling in a menu, so you could just display categories in your menu, and have each category slide open accordian style.

Menu with a lot of menu items for iPad


Baker's Yeast and distillation?

Question: I have made a wine a few days ago. I used apples and grapes but that is not what is important. For my yeast I used baker's yeast. YES!!! I do know that I should have used wine yeast to get better flavor and alcohol yield. Anyway, what I  would like to know is what flavors I would get if I distill my wine mixture.
Comment: How far you want to go with distillation? If you go up to 98% and water it down back to 40% you'll have next to none taste. If you'll just pump it from 10% to 20%, it'll taste mostly like the original wine. And so on.
Answer: When properly distilled the spirit product is flavorless.
Edit: However it's hard to achieve such quality. You can simulate your distilled spirit by adding a small portion to un flavored 100 proof vodka (is 50% Alcohol, mostly 50% water). Once you get a flavor you like you can then use those ratios as a distillation target.
Comment: As far as I know, traditional whisky distillers would not agree. Or cognac distillers. And cognac is distilled wine, a bit like what op is trying to do.
Comment: @Mołot that's why you see those spirits undergo double or triple distillation because they intentionally gasify more than just alcohol. But it is possible to only extract alcohol and obtain a 200 proof spirit in one distillation which is colorless and flavorless.
Answer: If you did distill it, I would guess that you would not get nearly enough alcohol, as bakers yeast ferments to hot and fast to produce an alcoholic beverage to drink. Also as someone who tried this with a gallon of beer, you get a very bready/malty taste witch would go strangley with fruit, as in a brandy, also if you were to age this in a oak cask like done with most dark alcohol, you could probably get out the off flavor.

Baker's Yeast and distillation?


I left the acknowledgment part in a double blind review paper submission, what can i do?

Question: I forgot to remove the acknowledgment when i submitted my paper to a conference with a double-blind review conference. And the acceptance notice would be 4 months from now. I think it's useless to contact the chairs asking for re-submission as in top conferences they are not flexible.
But if i can be sure that the paper will be rejected then i can send to to another upcoming conference in during that time. But i do not want to deliberately revoke my paper from the conference!
BTW, the acknowledgment part shows my affiliation.
Comment: Contact the organisers.
Answer: Send an email to the conference program chair right away and ask. The better conferences will be honest with you, either way. The answer could be no revision, but then you could move on.
These mistakes happen.
Comment: Based on the suggestion, i contacted them and they replaced the submitted version with another identical version only without the acknowledgement. Apparently they were more reasonable than i though! Now everyone is happy again! ;)
Comment: Yes, a clear decision soon is the best for you and for the organisers. It's better than the reviewers finding this out and ultimately rejecting the paper on formal reason after having had read through it first.
Comment: I do no know how serious is that nowadays, as in most cases the reviewer can find the authors based on the relevant works he has done, or even the arxiv version! So maybe they do not consider it seriously unless i insist on "hey! please reject me!". But your point it right as well!


How large of an antenna would you need to connect to the ISS's WiFi network from Earth?

Question: Supposing I wanted to connect to the ISS's WiFi network from the ground, how large of an antenna would I need to do so, and what kind? Would they need to increase the power on their end or use a specialized antenna of their own? By how much?
Comment: If there is a WiFi network it will be difficult to connect to because it is almost completely sealed inside a metal box; the ISS is a big Faraday cage (except for a few windows). Also, normal WiFi has a problem handling large latency. If the delay in the hand-shaking is too long, it won't work unless you make firmware and possibly hardware modifications to both ends. Also, see answers to [How to design a ground antenna for sending & receiving from a satellite?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/24327/12102)
Comment: Of course let's not forget the ISS is speeding overhead at nearly 28000 km/h, which means that it will be at an optimal distance only a very very short time before being quickly out of reach for a while, and the use of very high gain antennas (which are very directional) would require tracking, which given the size of the antenna and speed of the ISS would be quite a challenge!
Comment: @jcaron Good point, it reminds me that where I live the city buses have free WiFi; if traffic is slow you can connect for several tens of seconds at least while standing on the sidewalk. However, I haven't tried to use an aluminum foil "high gain antenna" to make it work for longer yet. ;-)
Comment: @uhoh if the ISS is directly overhead, latency should be on the order of milliseconds. I could hypothetically have less connection latency to the ISS than most websites.
Comment: @BMF that's a *different kind* of latency than what I described. In a WiFi connection the two radios are constantly exchanging low-level messages, basically "I'm still here, are you still there?" It's not related to the data that's being exchanged. There is a certain time limit that that has to happen within, or the two simply can not communicate at all. Scroll down to Latency in [this answer](https://space.stackexchange.com/a/24337/12102) for example. GSM seems to be limited to only 35 km without a firmware adjustment.
Answer: Ignoring the latency (actually not that bad) and faraday cage problems, the main problem here is the radio link budget.
The link budget is a calculation for how much usable bandwidth (data rate) can be maintained for a certain set of parameters. The parameters the receiver can optimize are the Receiver Antenna Gain and Receiver Losses. Let's assume Receiver losses (from the receiver hardware) are as optimal as they can be. Now there's only one parameter to optimize: Antenna Gain.
Antenna Gain results from two more parameters: antenna size and directivity. As said in the other answers, size provides significantly diminished returns above a single wavelength, which is on the order of ~10 centimeters for 2.4GHz WiFi. Now we are down to our last parameter, directivity.
Directivity is a result of the design and shape of the antenna, and it trades margin for error for extra link budget (to be spent on range or data rate). If the antenna can be pointed precisely in the right direction, this extra Gain can be used. For this extreme case, we would immediately go to the most directive antenna type, a parabolic dish (sometimes called a satellite dish). An interesting thing about this type of antenna is that it pretty much removes the size limit.
Wikipedia has some numbers to reference:

It can be seen that, as with any aperture antenna, the larger the aperture is, compared to the wavelength, the higher the gain. The gain increases with the square of the ratio of aperture width to wavelength, so large parabolic antennas, such as those used for spacecraft communication and radio telescopes, can have extremely high gain. Applying the above formula to the 25-meter-diameter antennas often used in radio telescope arrays and satellite ground antennas at a wavelength of 21 cm (1.42 GHz, a common radio astronomy frequency), yields an approximate maximum gain of 140,000 times or about 50 dBi (decibels above the isotropic level). The largest parabolic dish antennas in the world are the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope in southwest China, and the Arecibo radio telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico, US, which both have effective apertures of about 300 meters. The gain of these dishes at 3 GHz is roughly 90 million, or 80 dBi.

If you really want to calculate this, try using the link budget equation with transmitter specs taken off a consumer WiFi access point. An estimate I have for the antenna size would be ~20 meters, resembling the antennas from the SETI radio astronomy arrays.
Another, harder-to-calculate way to improve Gain is to use an array of antennae, with complex hardware or software for combining the weak, noisy signals from each into a strong, clear one.
Answer: Antenna design is about more than just size. In fact antenna elements themselves have maximum useful size (order of one wavelength). But the short story is you cant with any size. The long answer is of course there is always a way, but it would start to get very silly. WiFi frequencies and protocols just dont work over those distances.
Comment: Well, for [dish antennas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_antenna) at least, *it really is* mostly about size.
Answer: Not exactly connecting to a regular Wi-Fi network, but shows what is possible using the suitable configuration. Dish antennas were used on both sides.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-range_Wi-Fi

The longest unamplified Wi-Fi link is a 304 km link achieved by CISAR (Italian Center for Radio Activities).
[...]
Antenna is 120 cm with handmade waveguide. 35 dBi estimated
Comment: And the dish antennas **on both sides** is critical here.  The ISS isn't going to be beaming the signal at you, that means your antenna is going to have to be huge.


Having trouble testing for mobs with command blocks

Question: I'm trying to create a pokeball in Minecraft but I was wondering if there is any way for the command block to test for all mobs in a certain radius and give a different output depending on the mob without having to test for each mob individually with individual command blocks
Comment: Have you made any attempt to solve this yourself? Arqade works better when askers show effort to solve their own problems; we see that you have a problem you've worked on, and answerers respond to that. You also get a more specific answer that's tailored exactly to the part you're stuck, and Arqade gets a very specific question. Everybody wins!
Answer: update for 1.13;
/execute if entity @e[type=!player,distance=5] run <command>

you can potentially stack if/unless statements in there if you want more, but this is the shortened way.
Answer: You could use
/testfor @e[type=!player,r=RADIUS]

This will test for all mobs that are not players in the chosen RADIUS.
Otherwise there is no way to do what you are asking besides doing individual mobs.


New use of current medication for treatment of gastric ulceration

Question: I am Egyptian pharmacist studying for master degree in pharmacology, I have discovered new use of a current medication for treatment of gastric ulceration through my experiments on rats. What are the steps needed for having patency regarding that ?
I have to publish article to have master degree , Should i have apply for patency before publishing ?
Answer: This is a pretty easy call. You absolutely, positively need to apply for patents before you publish. As you are at an institution of higher education, you should ask your school's intellectual property office for guidance. At least in the US, most universities have offices to pursue patent protection for technologies developed by professors and students. Although you may end up splitting eventual royalties with your institution, it generally is an excellent way to go. In fact, depending on your institution's policies, you may be required to work with their IP office. Obtaining patents incurs a significant cost and trying to do it without actual patent attorneys is either likely to fail or end up with patents which provide poor protection.
Comment: Most post-graducate programs will **require** you to go though their office to protect whatever intellectual property you develop while  in their program.
Comment: @RobertCartaino Excellent point. The questioner is in Egypt and I didn't want to make any assumptions.


Why are deep learning models unstable compare to machine learning models?

Question: I would like to understand why deep learning models are so unstable. Suppose I use the same dataset to train a machine learning model multiple times (for example logistic regression) and a deep learning model multiple times as well (for example LSTM). After that, I compute the average of each model and its standard deviation. The standard deviation of the deep learning model will be much more higher than that of the machine learning model. why is this so?
Does this have anything to do with the weight initialization in deep learning approaches. If this is the case, why does the model not always converge at the same point?
Comment: Regularization (per node, e.g. L1 norm, and per layer e.g. dropout) plays an important role, though they are dropped when evaluating the model. Also weight initialization and the fact that small changes in initial layers can propagate through a dense network, might be the reason for final different outputs, specially if the model is trying to predict a continuous target.
Comment: one reason is due to numerical precision getting lost as more layers are added, in fact this can be framed as such complex system that chaos theory results can apply
Answer: There could be many reasons for deep learning to have high variance in evaluation metric performance. Here are a couple of ideas:

Initialization: Deep learning models are initialized with random parameter values. Different starting parameters could result in final parameter values, especially if there are few epochs. Traditional machine learning might not have random parameter initialization.

Optimization: Deep learning is often optimized with stochastic gradient descent (SGD) which does not have convergence guarantees. Traditional machine learning algorithms can be optimized with other methods that have convergence guarantees.

Depth: Deep learning is a stack of non-linearities which is a complex system that could result in different solutions in different runs. Traditional machine learning might not have the same complexity.
Comment: Thank you for these answers. I was just thinking about the initialization of the weights. But, I was a bit worried because the difference was very big every time I trained the same model with the same data. For example, training the deep learning model, gave 70% accuracy with perfect loss and accuracy functions. Then training the same model with the same data, and I got 50% accuracy with equally perfect functions.
Answer: As you are looking for information from reputed resources,

Tutorial why produces different results: gives reasoning why simple ML algorithm give better performance and more stable compared to neural network.
Paper on industrial recognition tasks: for small amounts of training data, classical classifiers provided better performance to  not pre-trained neural networks
Paper on Heart Failure: compares performance of deep learning versus logistic regression
Paper on landslide susceptibility assessment: proposes DLNN model had a higher performance than the four benchmark models; Multi Layer Preceptron Neural Network, a Support Vector Machine, a C4.5-Decision Tree model and a Random Forest model

RESOURCE 1 - Tutorial:
This study different results each time in machine learning, compares simpler ML algorithms(linear regression and logistic regression) with neural networks and explains why results vary

Algorithm's sensitivity to specific data

High Variance: Algorithm is more sensitive to the specific data used during training.
Low Variance: Algorithm is less sensitive to the specific data used during training.

It is said that simpler algorithms like linear regression and logistic regression have a lower variance than other types of algorithms.
Considering in your observation, LSTM having high standard deviation shows its  more sensitive than classic machine learning model(logistic regression)
To ensure low variance: Change hyperparameter, change size of training dataset
and change to simpler algorithms.

Nature of algorithm

Deterministic machine learning algorithms: That means, when the algorithm is given the same dataset, it learns the same model every time. An example is a linear regression or logistic regression algorithm.

Stochastic algorithms(not deterministic): Their behaviour incorporates elements of randomness.
An example of an algorithm that uses randomness during learning is a neural network. It uses randomness in two ways:  Random initial weights (model coefficients) and Random shuffle of samples each epoch.

Neural networks (deep learning) are a stochastic machine learning algorithm. The random initial weights allow the model to try learning from a different starting point in the search space each algorithm run and allow the learning algorithm to "break symmetry" during learning. The random shuffle of examples during training ensures that each gradient estimate and weight update is slightly different.

Solution: Controlling the randomness used by algorithms ensuring each time algorithm is run it gets the same randomness

Evaluation Procedure
The two most common evaluation procedures are a train-test split and k-fold cross-validation. These model evaluation procedures are stochastic, small decisions made in the process involve randomness.

Observation Order
The order that the observations are exposed to the model affects internal decisions. Some algorithms are especially susceptible to this, like neural networks

RESOURCE 2 - Research paper on industrial recognition tasks
Comparison of the performance of innovative deep learning and classical methods of machine learning to solve industrial recognition tasks
Comparisons were made using the recognition rates achieved with five real data sets from industrial applications. The results showed that not pre-trained neural networks produce worse results than classical classifiers with the given small amounts of data for training.
Deep neural networks require an extremely large amount of data for training in order to develop a good generalization capability and thus deliver good results

Even if many training objects are available, deep neural networks remain susceptible to overfitting. Due to the large amount of data to be processed, the training also takes up a lot of time and can take days or even weeks 10. Very high computing power is required for the effective use of these methods 22. For this reason, such applications should be processed by the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) instead of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) for saving time 10. In addition, many parameters have to be set and optimized, e.g. initial weights, activation function, learning rate, batch size 23. According to Bengio 21, the quality of the results depends on the initial values.Since neural networks are black boxes, the decision-making process is not user-comprehensible.

RESOURCE 3 - Research paper on Heart Failure
Neural networks Vs Logistic regression, 30 days all-cause readmission prediction
The question of deep learning versus logistic regression for readmission prediction for Heart Failure, shows that logistic regression with regularization matches the best neural network performance.

RESOURCE 4 - Research paper on landslide susceptibility assessment
Comparing the prediction performance of a Deep Learning Neural Network model with conventional machine learning models in landslide susceptibility assessment

The learning ability of the DLNN model has been evaluated and compared with a Multi Layer Preceptron Neural Network, a Support Vector Machine, a C4.5-Decision Tree model and a Random Forest model using the training dataset, whereas the predictive performance of each model has been evaluated and compared using the validation datasets. In order to evaluate their learning and predictive capacity of each model the classification accuracy, the sensitivity, the specificity and the area under the success and predictive rate curves (AUC) were calculated. Results showed that the proposed DLNN model had a higher performance than the four benchmark models. Although DLNN has been used seldom in landslide susceptibility assessments, the study highlights that the usage of deep learning approach could be considered as a satisfactory alternative approach for landslide susceptibility mapping.

References:

Different results each time in machine learning
How to reduce model variance
Randomness in machine learning
Comparison of the performance of innovative deep learning and classical methods of machine learning to solve industrial recognition tasks
Comparing the prediction performance of a Deep Learning Neural Network model with conventional machine learning models in landslide susceptibility assessment
Neural networks versus Logistic regression for 30 days all-cause readmission prediction
Answer: May I suggest setting the random parameters of your ML or DL model to some constant wherever possible and then compare the two models. Also you can use GridSearch to find the best parameters in both cases for your models and you can see what changes do you observe, if your data is that you split for train/test remains the same.
When it comes to stability, your DL models solvers due relatively large number of hyperparameters and also due to their random nature e.g SGD that heavily depend on the step size which mean it may or may not converge based on the initialization, you can try with different variations of these parameters to find when the model is fitting well without overfitting/underfitting. From my experience, take a small random subsample of your data that can be quickly trained, and do as I mentioned to find the best parameters for the ML and DL model.
Answer: Consider a ordinary linear regression (OLS, omitting index $i$ for convenience)
$$y=\beta_0+\beta_1X+u. $$
You can solve this using matrix algebra $\hat{\beta}=(X'X)^{-1}X'y$. Given some data $y,X$, the resulting coefficients $\hat{\beta}$ will always be the same. There is no random element to it as you simply minimize the sum of squared residuals.
Now if you look at the definition of neural nets (see "Elements of Statistical Learning" ESL, Ch. 11), you see that there are "derived features" $Z$ ($\sigma$ is the activation function)
$$Z = \sigma(\alpha + \alpha^{T}X) ,$$
which are used in a linear-like model
$$ T = \beta_0 + \beta^{T}Z,$$
where some output function $g(T)$ is used to finally transform the vector of outputs (e.g. softmax in classification, identity function for regression). See ESL, eq. 11.5, p. 392.
This process is much more demanding compared to some "ordinary" linear regression. When you skip the hidden units and plug $X$ into the second equation $T...$ you essentially have a linear (like) model, very similar to the linear (OLS) model presented above.
However, once you invoke the first equation (derived features) $Z...$, you do kind of a basis expansion to find a representation of the data which fits "well" to your target (to "explain" it).
So once you have this "deep" aspect of learning (using "derived features"), you can end up in different situations, contingent on the learning path, the chosen hyper parameter, model specification etc. It is hard to control or trace this process, let alone to understand the [in case of neural nets often large amount of] parameters (which is easy in linear regression for instance).
So essentially, the problem you described seems to stem from the way how features $Z$ are derived. Unlike you fully fix all random elements during learning, you may end up with different ways how features are "derived", which will have consequences for the final outcome $g(T)$.


Which is the better hiding place for a Kenyan Sand Boa?

Question: Which would be more important, deeper substrate or a pair of caves (one on the hot side and one on the warm)?
Answer: You are going to want both ideally. The deep substrate is good for burrowing (which they will do) but not deep enough to cut down on the heat. I would say at least 1 hide and deeper substrate is probably fine but two hides are good for most terrestrial snakes. According to the care sheet sand boas also destroy their environment so dont get a ton of stuff in there and also dont get heavy hides for when they burrow so it doesn't injure themselves
Comment: I'm going to go ahead and mark your answer accepted. I've since learned you are right and have two hides and deep substrate. Thanks, I had forgotten this one.
Comment: and to answer your question, At least 1 hide is more important than substrate because they snake will push up substrate to burrow no matter how much you have


Auto/car loan or mortgage applications and consolidated hard pulls

Question: I heard on the radio recently that if one applies for an automobile loan or a home mortgage, multiple loan applications show up as one hard pull on your credit report. Is there a time period where all the hard pulls are merged together? The radio said a short period of time, but that is vague. Does anyone know the specifics?
Comment: They won't appear merged together on your report. However, they may be taken as a merged pull in the FICO score calculations. It is kind of murky so it's merely an experiment.
Answer: This phenomenon is called rate shopping. It is very hard to tell the specifics as each model will have its own thresholds.
For example, for FICO models, they have a 30 days window period for mortgage, auto, and student loans. But in some circumstances they may consider any similar inquiries outside this window as well.

In addition, the score looks on your credit report for mortgage,
  auto, and student loan inquiries older than 30 days. If it finds some,
  it counts those inquiries that fall in a typical shopping period as
  just one inquiry when determining your score.

Whereas Experian has a different take on this window. They do not have such pre-defined time period, but it is mentioned as 14 days in some places.

Too many inquiries may have a negative impact on your credit score.
  However, most recently developed credit scores recognize when a
  consumer is shopping for the best rates and either ignore multiple
  inquiries or count them as only one inquiry if they occur within a
  specific period of time. In such cases, shopping around will have
  little or no impact on a credit score.

So as you can see, every model has a different approach and it is hard to make a concrete rule out of this. But as a thumb rule, try to keep it within a month and you should be okay. Also mind that this luxury is not available for credit card inquiries but only for loan inquiries.


How to tell the size of a bike chain?

Question: My bike's chain broke, so I have to replace it now. The question is - how can I tell what size chain do I need to buy so it fits the bike? It's a 5 gear internal-hub bike.
Comment: You mean "length" not size.  Do consider using the site's search functionality before firing off questions.  Also, do read the Tour in the Help menu to get a better idea of how stackexchange works - y.ou don't have the badge for reading the tour, so we know you haven't.
Comment: @Criggie - Length isn't very critical, since virtually all chains come with extra links.  It's basically the width of the chain that is the issue.
Answer: Modern chains all have 1/2" pitch (distance between rollers), but there are several different widths. 1/8" is common for single speed and internal gear hubs, while 3/32" (and narrower in the case of are common for derailleur-based bicycles) though many single speed/internal gear hubs use a 3/32" chain (this depends on which cog+chainring combo is used).
You should check the cog+chainring for a marking of 1/8" or 3/32", and if it has one or the other, pick up a single speed or 8 speed chain respectively. Alternatively, take your old chain and a pair of calipers and measure the inside width between the plates of the chain and see what it comes out to. If theres a quick link in the chain, you can also note that 1/8" quick links have both pins on one plate whereas 3/32" chains have one pin on each plate.
If you take your chain to your local bike shop, they'll be able to sort you out quite quickly. Note not all chain tools can break 1/8" chains.
Once you've acquired the appropriate chain, you simply need to find the length of it, which will depend on if you're using a chain tensioning pulley or horizontal dropouts (the chain shouldn't be too loose or too tight, but the dropout gives you some wiggle room for length with this). You can also do this by just comparing number of links with your old chain as well.
Comment: alleged? It seems like the same question, which means you should answer the original so that this can be deleted as a dupe.
Comment: Yes, when matching old chain length to new it's important to *count links*, not simply measure overall length.  The old chain will have "stretched" at least one full link in length, probably.
Comment: How does this improve on the answers to the duplicate question?
Comment: @BlamBlamBlam - Unlike the alleged duplicate, my answer is correct. For example, none of the answers explicitly note that 1/8" and 3/32" cogs are common on single speed/IGH hubs. There is no note on the differences in  master links to help identify chain width in those answers either.

How to tell the size of a bike chain?


Jam stored in hot temperatures

Question: I have store bought jam (still sealed) that has been sitting in my car for over a month, but it has been super hot and humid, would it still be good under the hot temperatures?
Comment: Was it factory sealed or had it been opened already?
Comment: If you want to be able to edit your post to add information, it'll be easiest if you register your account. (If you've lost access and all you can do is create a new registered account, you can follow the instructions here to merge them: http://cooking.stackexchange.com/help/merging-accounts)
Answer: If the jam was properly canned (likely, if it is store-bought) and was still sealed during that time, it shouldn't be spoiled.  The temperatures in canning are supposed to kill and seal out the dangerous bacteria, exposing the sterilized jam to more temperature shouldn't make the jam unsafe to eat.
What might have happened, depending on the jam involved, is a change in texture.  Pectin, which is found in fruit and acts as a thickener in many jams and jellies, can denature at high temperatures - which would make your jam thinner.  If you had started with something more like jelly, it can liquidfy into goop, or even syrup (depending on added pectin vs mechanical thickening) - still tasty, but harder to spread.  With a more solidly textured jam, which is also thickened with fruit pulp - it might be a little thinner, but perhaps not as badly so.
If it has turned thinner, you can still use it as a compote, a syrup, or a sweetner in any situation (like baking, for example) where the precise thickness and/or texture doesn't matter.  It isn't bad, still has fruit and sweetness to it, and can still be used.  I had a jar of jelly that melted this way that still made good syrup.

Jam stored in hot temperatures