Is Geotag Location Sent for iMessage Photos?

Question: When I send a photo to a friend via iMessage and not MMS, will the geotag location be sent along with the photo? If so, is there any way to remove the location before the photo is sent for privacy reasons.
Answer: The location data is definitely sent with images sent over iMessage; I've saved an image sent by another person and itappeared on the "Places" tab in Photos. A trick you could use to remove the location data is to open the picture, take a screenshot (press home and sleep together) and then send the screenshot. The downside though is that it might be lower quality.
Comment: They definitely should give some sort of option to remove the location data from photos in iMessage. Just in case Apple is reading this.
Answer: There seems to be a bug/feature (at least in iOS 10.0.2) that prevents the geotag being applied when you take a photo from within iMessage. (You click the camera icon within iMessage and take a new photo.) If you attach a photo from your gallery that has a geotag, it will be sent as usual.


Is there a practical gain from elliptical/oval chainrings?

Question: I have seen competitive (amateur) cyclists with oval chainrings (front). What is the deal? Are they just for showing off, or is there a practical gain from it (different force transfer).
Comment: possible duplicate of [Differences between Biopace and Rotor cranks](http://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/1827/differences-between-biopace-and-rotor-cranks)
Comment: Also, see tplunket's excellent answer.
Comment: See http://www.noncircularchainring.be
Comment: Wolf Tooth components is now making eliptical chainrings for 1x setups with a narrow/wide tooth configuration to stop chain drops. http://www.wolftoothcomponents.com/collections/elliptical-drop-stop-chainrings
Answer: In theory they are more efficient.
Throughout the pedal stroke your leg doesn't give an equal amount of force - ideally you want to spend most of the time pushing down with the big thigh muscles and a minimum time in the horizontal movements at the top and bottom of the stroke.
Elliptical front cogs give you a more up-down leg motion, so more time with the big muscles and more power - not sure how much it actually works in practice, or how much practice it takes to make it work.
Comment: We been seeing an average of a 5-7 watt gain, on similar courses, over the 6 months following a switch to Rotor Q-rings form our customers. That doesn't sound like much, but that is an effective gain for competition. Whether it is enough to justify the cost for your personal riding, especially if you compete for fun, not  profit? Well, that's up to you.
Comment: http://www.sheldonbrown.com/biopace.html
Comment: That article's making me want to get one for my touring bike.
Answer: I cannot trot out the studies from memory now, so take my answer with a big grain of salt. Or as an invitation to do more in-depth research.
When I was actually researching these things several years ago, my conclusions were than the classic oval chainrings were ineffectual in whatever goal they were attempting to reach, while the newer Rotor system actually provided some small benefit on the order of 1-2% better average power.
It seems that right thing to strive for is minimizing the maximal force exerted by the muscles, because the maximal force is correlated with utilization of glycogen (the bigger the force exerted, the greater the proportion of glycogen burned via the inefficient anaerobic pathway). Rotor succeeds in this by flattening the power delivery curve, while the immovable ovals just phase-shift the curve.


How much of an impact does the water have on a beer?

Question: How much of an impact does the water (minerals/quality/distilled) have on a beer?
Comment: John Palmers new books is entirely about water chemistry for brewing: http://www.amazon.com/Water-Comprehensive-Brewers-Brewing-Elements/dp/0937381993
Answer: Most of beer is water, so it is vitally important.
Here in Atlanta, we have some of the better tap water compared to many cities, but Monday Night Brewing in particular takes all minerals and chemicals out of the water and adds back in the appropriate properties to match the style of beer that they are trying to brew.
They emulate the water from the origin of the beer style. Just consider that anything but the most pure form of water will impart some taste in your beer good or bad and is worth being aware of.
Comment: Red Brick also has excellent things to say about Atlanta's water supply :)
Comment: NZ water is also great for beer. It comes out of the lake or artesian supply almost 100% pure.
Answer: Water is extremely important. When touring Brooklyn Brewery, the brewers went on and on about how great it is for them to have access to the NYC water supply.
During brewing, the quality of the water is important because the minerals can affect a beer recipe greatly.
Comment: According to Sam Adams's tour in Boston, their primary breweries (which aren't in Boston) actually put the local water through a special process to make it match Boston water before it's used in brewing.
Answer: It's important enough that many British brewers modify the composition of their water to more closely mimic the mineral content of water drawn from wells near Burton upon Trent, where traditional styles are considered to originate from. This process is called Burtonisation. I've noticed for my part that some traditional bitters I've drunk have had a noticeable and not entirely pleasant aroma somewhat like old eggs, which I would guess is the sulphur content that is added in this process. I don't particularly care for beers that taste like this, but each to their own.
Answer: Beer might be completely undrinkable if the water is poor quality. Usually it is ok to use your own tap water, but if it is softened, you'll want to buy bottled water, as the added sodium from the softener will ruin your beer.
I personally use purchased water from the grocery store. Usually 50% distilled, 50% "spring". Though honestly it's probably all tap water from somewhere else.
Comment: Sounds like the context of this answer is [Homebrew.SE].
Answer: Water is the primary ingredient in beer.  In my opinion, the water quality is more important than anything else.  I believe in drinking beer for health, and as I don't drink dirty municipal water, why would I drink beer from it?
Just think about city water from a second.  Much of it comes from the same river that the sewage is dumped in.  Just because the stink has been taken out of it with carbon filters, does that make it tasty to you?
Also, I don't believe in drinking sodium fluoride.  No rat poison in my beer, thank you.  I don't care how many people say that it's in there for your smile.
When I buy commercial beer, my primary criteria is the water.  If it is fluoridated, no thanks.  If it is spring water, super thanks!  Spring water is natural and it has natural minerals built in.  Also, you will notice that the finest beers have spring water.  See BFM of Switzerland and Samuel Smith of England.


ECT and retrograde amnesia

Question: ECT is shock treatment. It is used to treat psychological disorders. How much of it causes how much of retrograde amnesia, is there any quantification?
Answer: Permanent loss of memory seems only occur in the memory of the treatment and events leading up to the treatment.

The results indicated that ECT can initially disrupt recall of events that occurred many years previously, but recovery of these memories was virtually complete by seven months after treatment. It was also clear that persisting memory loss for information acquired only a few days before treatment can occur. For information acquired one to two years prior to treatment, recovery was substantial, but the results suggested that some memory problems might persist for events that occurred during this time period.
Squire LR, Slater PC, Miller PL. Retrograde amnesia and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Long-term follow-up. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981

This study comes to the same conclusion:

Our results are consistent with the possibility that ECT as currently practiced does not cause significant lasting retrograde amnesia, but that amnesia is mostly temporary and related to the period of impairment immediately following ECT.
Martijn Meeter, Jaap M.J. Murre, Steve M.J. Janssen, Tom Birkenhager, W.W. van den Broek,
Retrograde amnesia after electroconvulsive therapy: A temporary effect?,
Journal of Affective Disorders,
Volume 132, Issues 1–2,
2011

The following extract from The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Recommendations for Treatment, Training and Privileging suggests that almost all patients in fact do experience retrograde amnesia, but the severity differs and can be assessed with a Mental State Exam which should be conducted prior:

Following ECT, patients also display retrograde amnesia. Deficits in the recall of both personal (autobiographical) and public information are usually evident, and the deficits are typically greatest for events that occurred temporally closest to the treatment

Below is a link to the full text.

The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy:
Recommendations for Treatment, Training and Privileging
Second Edition (Completely Revised), Section 5
Comment: +1 but personally I would be a little careful with bulk pasting copyrighted material.
Comment: @AliceD That's pretty standard practice on SE. Links only will typically be downvoted and deleted due to the risk of link rot, so some level of copying is actually required. How much is a judgement call.
Comment: @CareyGregory personally, I quote only stuff if I cannot possibly reproduce it in a better way. Often only a fraction of original texts target the question. Up to the answerer to extract the relevant stuff and synthesize an answer. But yes, it's all in the eyes of the beholder.
Comment: @AliceD Not contradicting Carey, but that's not "bulk". No-one should carelessly overdo it, but quotes in the right amount are a service to the reader, covered by fair-use and [right-to-quote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_quote) and *somewhat* SE-standard: "Whilst this may theoretically answer the question, [it would be preferable](//meta.stackoverflow.com/q/8259) to include the essential parts of the answer here, and provide the link for reference."
Comment: Since the Q looks a bit "unkempt", you might include a short definition of "retrograde amnesia" to appeal to a more general audience here.

ECT and retrograde amnesia


Mac OS X screen resolutions

Question: I have a Mac Mini, the previous generation, and I'm running dual screen on it however, due to circumstances, I am using it with a 17" and a 19" screen which is not ideal. Does anyone know of anyway I can get the Mac to recognise that they are different sizes and therefore adjust the resolution accordingly as having two different physical sized screens with the same resolution is very annoying... Thanks in advance =)
Comment: If you're not duplicating the desktop on both, I don't see why it is wanting to run them at the same resolution.
Answer: I presume you have a Mac Mini with both a Mini-DVI and a Display Port. You can use the displays panel in System Preferences to set the resolution of each monitor independently, a separate panel will open on each screen when you click on the Displays icon in System Preferences.
Ensure "Mirror Displays" is NOT checked under the "Arrangement" tab of the primary monitor. If you are still unable to set the resolutions of the displays independently, then more information is necessary. What adaptors are you using to connect the monitors to the computer? What specific models are you using?
Also, @Daniel Beck may be correct that the native resolution of both displays are the same. Many 19" monitors have the same resolution as 17" monitors but with bigger pixels.
EDIT: The Native Resolution Wikipedia Article has a pretty succinct explanation. If I understand your question correctly, you're looking for different resolutions for purely cosmetic reasons. You shouldn't worry about whether the size of the screen "looks the same" in System Preferences, or whether the size of the pixels or screen elements "matches" or not. That's never going to work. What matters is the optimizing the quality of the image displayed, and that only happens with LCD monitors when they're set to native resolution.
Comment: I do have a mac mini with the described ports, I have also come across the display control panel before. What i was wondering was if any one knew of two relatively high screen resolutions that would make the screens relative in size to each other, because ATM my mac thinks its running two screens of the same size which is slightly annoying.
Comment: It all depends on the native resolution of your monitors. In my opinion, the display resolution should *always* be set to native resolution, when possible. If both have 1280 x 1024 native resolution and are set that way, then both will show as the same size in the Displays sys pref. What is the specific make/model of monitors that you have?
Answer: A 64" HDTV has the same number of pixels as the current 21.5" iMac: 1920x1080. It's just that the pixels on the HDTV are about three times "bigger". (Not necessarily three times bigger individually, but three times farther apart, center to center.)
If you used that HDTV as a second monitor for the iMac, when you drag a window from the iMac to the HDTV, it would get three times bigger visually. If you had a window straddling the two, the half on the HDTV would be three times bigger. That is certainly disconcerting.
You get the same situation with 19" and 17" monitors that also have the same number of pixels, which the Mac is correctly detecting. (That number, probably 1280x1024, is the "Resolution" listed in System Preferences, which is independent of the physical size of the monitor.) Instead of 300%, it's only about 112%, but still annoying.
Unfortunately the cure is worse than the disease. In theory it might be possible to overdrive the 19" monitor at 112% (i.e. push more pixels than it can actually display). Let's see, that's 1434x1147. If you could do that, then a window (or anything) would be the same visual size on both monitors. So you've "solved" that problem. But now you have three new problems.
As you might surmise, 1434x1147 is a totally oddball resolution. You'd need custom driver software to change the timing of the video hardware. Maybe you couldn't get exactly that, but something close. It would have to preserve the 5:4 ratio -- and as an aside, who's the genius that decided to have a single "standard" at that ratio -- otherwise everything would be stretched/squished. And if it's not that resolution exactly, instead of being 12% off, you might be only 5%, but is that really enough? Where do you draw the line?
Second, monitors tend to dislike non-standard resolutions, especially ones that exceed their native resolution. There's a good chance the display will be garbled, or you might see nothing.
Finally, running an LCD at anything other than its native resolution causes the pixels to be fuzzy. (At a smaller integer subdivision, like a 1600x1200 monitor at 800x600, it's blocky instead. At a smaller non-integer subdivision, like at 1024x768, it's fuzzy and blocky.) Overdriving the monitor might even cause individual pixels to disappear. In short, the picture looks worse. This might be "acceptable" if you're watching video, where you're dealing with compression artifacts and pixels constantly changing anyway, but for everything else, especially text, it mostly causes eyestrain.
So to summarize: it would hard to get it to work; it is unlikely to work; and if it did work, you very well might not like it.
Answer: If both screens (I assume LCDs) have the same e.g. 1280x1024 resolution, and the 19's pixels are bigger than the 17's, that's the way it is. Any alternative would make you worse off, since the quality of the image is severely reduced by non-native LCD resolutions. Don't buy 19" displays in the first place.

Mac OS X screen resolutions


What important factors should I consider when building a dog house?

Question: I've never actually done this before, and I know that there's more to it than just slapping some pieces of wood together.  I live in a place that gets pretty much all the extremes of weather, including extreme dry heat, extreme cold and snow, very little humidity all year round, and yearly extreme wind.  Though rain is scarce, when it does rain it does with a vengence! :)  But besides weather and the dog's size, what else is important to consider when designing it?
Answer: I usually build people houses, but have built a dog house or two.  My research says that the size should be adjusted to the size of dog. It wants to be just big enough for the dog to lay down stretched out, and not too tall. A raised insulated floor is good. The reason for this is that the only heat source is the dog's body heat and too big a house will be too cold in winter.  Of course, it should be insulated and have a safe sheathing on the interior to cover the insulation. It should also have some type of flap door that the dog can easily pass through, but will reasonably seal the opening from the elements. I have seen several books with designs and decors for your pet's condo at building materials stores and book stores online. Don't forget to put it's name on a plaque over the door!
PS: If the weather is really bad, let the poor thing indoors, have a heart.
Comment: Obviously you should use a radiant concrete floor. Oh, and a subpanel.
Comment: @shirlock homes (great name btw), how much care do you put into structural considerations when building a dog house? I've been thinking of building a fancy dog house for learning purposes, laying out mini rafters, etc., but I have no idea if any of it would practical. I couldn't imagine a snow load caving in a dog house roof, for instance. Learning aside, I'm wondering if a practical dog house is closer to an insulated box than a real house.


Revive Li-Ion Battery White MacBook (2006)

Question: I have a White MacBook (2006) with a new battery (2013) that I accidentally let sit discharged for too long (a few weeks). Now the battery doesn't work. If I leave the battery in the laptop while plugged in, it gets very hot as if it is trying to charge but won't. So, to be safe I am running the computer with the battery pulled. Anyone know any ways to revive the new dead battery, or am I stuck buying a new one again?
Comment: None of the lights light up when I push the button. I think I will simply buy another battery. Has anyone else had a lithium ion battery pass beyond the place where they can charge back from? Or is this a situation you've never heard of?
Comment: Can you say more about how it "doesn't work?"  What do the battery lights do when you press the button?
Answer: If a lithium ion battery is drained and left to sit for an extended period of time uncharged, it can go into a "sleep" state that does not enable a recharge by standard charging methods.
I found this info at http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/charging_lithium_ion_batteries
"Li-ion should never be discharged too low, and there are several safeguards to prevent this from happening. The equipment cuts off when the battery discharges to about 3.0V/cell, stopping the current flow. If the discharge continues to about 2.70V/cell or lower, the battery's protection circuit puts the battery into a sleep mode. This renders the pack unserviceable and a recharge with most chargers is not possible. To prevent a battery from falling asleep, apply a partial charge before a long storage period."
Answer: That shouldn't happen at all. I think the battery itself has a defect. Because the battery wasn't charged before you got it, for a much longer time than two weeks. Because, the seller has, obviously, stored the battery himself for a long time.
I would recommend to return the battery immediately. Otherwise you risk damage to your laptop.
Comment: The battery worked fine for about a year. Then I discharged it (used the laptop unplugged) and forgot to plug it in for a few weeks (we were moving, traveling, etc.).


Is it possible to remove a restrictive term in the main claim of a PCT?

Question: The drafter of my PCT did very poor work and he put a restrictive term in the main claim of my PCT. What are my options to remove that term and expand my claim at the national phase or by amending my PCT without risking to invalidate my patent? The description describes an alternative embodiment which renders the restrictive term in the claim as invalid as it is incompatible with that embodiment but the drafter failed to realise that.
Answer: Different countries have different rules but there is normally no problem amending PCT claims when entering the national stage.
You ask about the risk of invaliding your (not yet existing) patent. If the amendments you plan result in claims that "go beyond" the original filing such that the resulting claims are not supported by the original filings AND the examination process does not catch it, the resulting patent could be vulnerable. I do not think that is a big worry, the examiners will be looking for that with every amendment.
There will be variations in how amendments are looked at. The EPO is very strict about claiming combinations and permutations of features that were not explicit in the original filing, for example.


how to keep the time on screen

Question: I've got a Samsung Galaxy 3 tablet (the 10 inch one) running android 4.4.2.
My wife would like to be able to see the time on it while playing her apps. Is there a way to do this? I couldn't see anything to do it in the settings. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks.
Answer: Go to Play store and search for 'Float Clock'. You'll find something for sure.
I'll try to post a link of certain application when I get to my computer :-)
Comment: @john You can also just swipe the top of the screen if it's running KitKat and see the notification bar with the time while you play. Mani maybe link to some apps that might be of use?
Comment: @RossC Most of your comment doesn't seem to have anything to do with the answer you're commenting on. Perhaps you wanted to post another answer?
Comment: @RossC if so: the "notification area" wasn't just added with Kitkat. Just checking my device with the "oldest Android version": ICS has the time in there as well (not just in the bar, but also in the "opened area"). Also note: on tablets, it often is not at the top, but at the bottom-right corner ;)
Comment: Even when in a full screen game, you shouldn't be able to see the notification AFAIK @izzy
Comment: @RossC you might not *see* it then, but that's not the part I'm referring to. Read your first comment again: *swipe **the top of the screen** if it's running KitKat and see the notification bar*. Not sure, but you might have to do so with *the bottom of the screen* on a tablet (*if* swiping still opens it when in full-screen mode, that is) ;) And the "time displayed" I was referring to was in the *opened notification area* (where it was added IMHO with ICS; don't remember seeing it in that place with GB).
Comment: Thanks, my wife gets frustrated that the time isn't just there like her older tablet always was. This should make her happier.

how to keep the time on screen


Do all four fundamental forces have effects on spacetime?

Question:
Since gravity, a fundamental force, takes effect through ripples in spacetime, do the other fundamental forces do the same?
For example, since gravitational waves are ripples in space time, are electromagnetic waves also ripples?
Or is it just gravity that acts that way?
If so, why does gravity have that special property?
Side question:
Since the force carriers for strong and weak forces don't exist outside their ranges, does that mean their (tiny) gravitational ripples "vanish" outside their ranges?
Do the strong and weak forces have their own "waves"?
Comment: Related: http://physics.stackexchange.com/q/155671/2451 and links therein.
Comment: Oh, I didn't see these. They're definitely useful. Thanks!
Answer: Electromagnetic waves (light) are ripples in the electromagnetic field, instead of the spacetime metric.
As far as other forces making waves:
Each of the fundamental forces has a particle that carries that force. For electromagnetism, it's the photon, which is the minimum unit of energy in an electromagnetic wave. Similarly, a graviton is the minimum unit of energy in a gravitational wave. These are the force carrier particles for EM and gravity. The W and Z bosons carry the weak nuclear force, but they are too heavy and unstable to last long enough to identify as a wave. Nuclear forces are a little weirder than gravity and EM. I would say they do not have ripples in the same way, but you can read more here: nuclear force waves.
Answer: Any mass will, in theory, produce gravitational effects. The problem we have is that they are both    1. far too small to be measured and 2. far too weak to be noticed against the other forces. I am leaving the photon  out of this answer as it is massless.
So if you took the relative strength of gravity as 1, then the other forces are something like 10$^{25}$ to 10$^{38}$ times bigger.
But if a mass does produce a gravitional effect, it will be felt outside it's "ordinary/normal" range, as gravitons (that carry gravity), are infinite in their range.  But I would stress,  we will almost certainly never detect an electron (or the weak force carrying W and Z bosons) by their gravitional effects.
Comment: Smaller? Don't you mean 10^25 or 10^38 BIGGER? Also, I'm asking on a theoretical basis. Since Z bosons are virtual and don't exist outside their range- would any gravitational waves coming from them exist outside their range?
Comment: Hmm- actually I think my understanding of "virtual particles" may be wrong here. I was under the impression that these particles literally don't exist outside of the effective range of their force (hence the term, "virtual particle")? Is that wrong?
Comment: Bigger, sorry. The mass of a Z boson is greater than an iron atom,  for its brief lifetime, it should produce gravitional effects that are, in theory, outside their range.
Comment: No, I wondered about that too. For the time they are doing their job, the Higgs field does give them mass. I treat them as real in that case, but I do see your point.
Answer: There are some misconceptions in the question, easy to have, and a good question to clarify the concept and issues. Note below that in the end analysis we really don't know yet why gravity is so different than the other forces, but have some ideas.
Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime, but any mass-energy varying with some quadrupole moment or higher (I.e. not too symmetrically) will cause it. Gravity does not cause gravitational waves, it is any mass-energy varying in certain ways that does. Still, any mass-energy will cause a gravitational field.
Gravity or a gravitational field, whether radiative, I.e., a wave  (normally labeled as some perturbation that propagates as 1/r in the far field) or not, is caused by mass-energy, or more specifically the stress energy tensor that includes all forms of energy and mass, momentum or pressure, and stress. Any particle field that has energy (or any of those) will cause a gravitational field.
That includes the weak and strong forces, or better labeled, quantum fields. Also of course any electromagnetic field. The weak forces arise from a field, all part of the electroweak field for which Weinberg and others got the Nobel. A simpler version of the weak field wave equation is the Proca equation, see https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proca_action.
The difference between the strong and weak forces and for instance the electromagnetic forces which are long range, is that the latter is mediated by the massless photon, but both strong and weak forces are mediated by massive gluons and the W and Z bosons, respectively. The range of the forces, or the fields, are basically determined by the bosons masses, and semi-proportional to 1/m. There is more that goes into it, and the specific dynamics and symmetries of those fields are best described through the particle standard model, for now (yes, I am using forces and fields sort of interchangeably, the quantum field are the real things, the forces are an easy way of talking simplistically and semi-classically).
The above covers your questions 1, 2 and 3, and 5 and 6.
For 4- why does gravity act that way? It is not the way it acts, it is what it is. Gravity is the effect of spacetime curvature, and we sense it as gravitational forces and waves. It is created, due to the equivalence principle, by any mass-energy. Einstein Field Equations were arrived at as the simplest way that you'd be able to have the gravitation, in a theory that is valid in any reference frame, and reduces to Newton's equations in the weak field limit, all without any quantum effects accounted for. All its predictions measured have been found to be as predicted. It includes effects never envisioned like the expansion of the universe and Black holes, as well as more conventional ones like a small deviation of orbits from pure Newtonian (the advance of the perihelion of Mercury), light lensing in a gravitational field, and others. The other forces are different things, quantum fields that interact and whose quanta are the bosons that carry the force, and the fermions that interact with them. They do not arise, as we see it now, by altering space time (but see String theory below).
For 4a: why is gravity unique that way? nobody knows yet, a quantum theory of gravity has not been formulated that has been accepted, although there are plenty attempts and research into it including string theory and loop quantum gravity. String theory says that all forces are string effects, and gravity is uniquely the spin 2 case. All the other forces are spin 1, and then the apparently spin 0 Higgs particle which leads to the mass of the elementary particles. Gravity seems to be unique because of the equivalence principle (with effect, for this, that any energy or mass gravitates), and that it is spin 2, which means attractive for positive energy and pressure). And I'm sure more that we just don't know


Is chocolate that was in contact with moldy vegetables safe to eat after washing?

Question: If a small part of a piece chocolate was in contact with some moldy vegetables leaves for a day, will the chocolate be safe to eat after washing it with water? The chocolate bar itself didn't have any mold on it.
Comment: I would *really* love to know how this situation was even allowed to happen. Unwrapped chocolate in a fridge alongside vegetables, again neither wrapped nor in the crisper & left until they went mouldy... What else is missing from the hygiene regime in that fridge?
Comment: @Tetsujin the chocolate was not in the fridge, neither the vegetable was. My brother unwrapped the chocolate bar and broke it into two pieces. He took one piece and wrapped the other piece and left it for me. My mom kept some leafy greens beside it. Somehow the chocolate bar came in contact with the vegetables. I noticed them after one or two days later, the vegetables had some molds on them and the wrapping was not done well, small part of it was touching the vegetables.
Comment: Welcome! Please note that we explicitly exclude health questions except for food safety. I edited your question to be on topic. If that's not what you wanted to know, I'm sorry we can't really help. Please take the [tour] and browse through our [help] to learn more about how the site works. That said, we as humans are exposed to mold spores every single day and at least a healthy person's immune system can handle a certain amount without immediate ill effects. I personally doubt that a single exposure to trace amounts will matter, but I am not a doctor.
Comment: @Stephie♦ thank you. I am new here, just have signed up. I didn't know about that. Of course you have some rules here and I will follow them. I have depression and having health anxiety lately and have self-diagnosed with various types of health problems including HIV, various types of cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and so many other things, on the internet. I have some swollen lymph nodes for about 6 months and I had all these things to worry untill I ate that chocolate. Now, a new thing is added to them.
Answer: My personal opinion:  I don't think you would be at risk for any health issues beyond potentially throwing up the chocolate after you eat it.
I once bought something from a local gas/market and was eating it before I realized that it was moldy. Promptly got sick. I'm not sure if getting sick was caused from actually eating it, or because I saw the mold. Either way, my body responded in a natural way. And I think you would (also) throw up if the chocolate bar was truly bad. I'm not sure that the conditions you describe would put you in any serious risk... but I really can't say (not there, can't see it, examine it, etc.) The important thing is, what do you think? If you really think it would make you sick, throw it away.
I am sorry to hear that you have so many health concerns. Going online to try and make sense of this pain, or that ache would give most healthy people a reason to worry. But some of the conditions you have "self-diagnosed" are serious health concerns. Please take the initiative to see a health care professional and find out for sure if you do (or do not) have health issues that would require medication. There is no reason to panic over things you "might have", better to find out from a doctor and then decide how to deal with it.


Converting document from letter to a4 paper size

Question: A document is typed with default letter size. I want to take printout on a4 size. Everything gets disturbed on printed pages. I tried manually changing margins, font-size, horizontal spacing, vertical spacing etc. Is there an easier solution?  I mean everything gets fitted in symmetric manner from letter size to a4 (something similar image getting resized from diagonals in symmetric way).
Comment: Was the document create with LaTeX? If yes, do you have the source `tex` file? If not, you can use the printer options to shrink it before printing.
Comment: You need to provide an example that shows the problem, the default `\textwidth` that latex uses for letter fits easily on an A4 page.
Comment: Yes it was typed with latex. I have source tex file.
Comment: Use the `a4paper` option within the class. For example, `\documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article}`.
Comment: It disturbs everything, for example tables go outside page right side. I have already completed typing in default letter size.
Comment: So you have to change only paper dimensions but keep text width and height the same. It is better to use `geometry` to do that. Delete the option from the class and try `\usepackage[paperwidth=210mm,paperheight=297mm]{geometry}`.
Comment: effect is same....it is of no use...
Answer: Use letterpaper as option (it's the default) and change the physical page parameters after the computations are made.
\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{kantlipsum}

\pdfpageheight=297mm
\pdfpagewidth=210mm
\pdfhorigin=\dimexpr1in+(210mm-8.5in)/2\relax
\pdfvorigin=\dimexpr1in+(297mm-11in)/2\relax

\begin{document}
\kant
\end{document}

The first 1in is the normal offset applied by TeX; we shift the origin by the difference between the dimension of A4 paper and of Letter paper, divided by 2.
This should work with any document class.
Comment: @chetan Complain fiercely!!! For testing, just do `\usepackage{lipsum}` in the preamble and `\lipsum[1-12]` instead of `\kant`.
Comment: I can't find kantlipsum package in miktex 2.9 package manager running on windows.
Comment: @chetan That's ridiculous: MiKTeX does not support `\kant`? Maybe you are mistaking a mere appearance of MiKTeX for the real thing?
Answer: The paper and layout options of geometry are designed for this. By default, layout is set to match paper since that is, typically, what you want. However, it can be easily overridden:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[paper=a4paper,layout=letterpaper]{geometry}
\usepackage{kantlipsum}
\begin{document}
    \kant[1-10]
\end{document}

The first word on the third page is 'apperception' which is also the first word on the third page if I pass no options to geometry so that it defaults to letterpaper. [geometry rather inconsiderately and, in my view, improperly overrides the default paper setting for the system.]
Layout on default letter-sized paper:

Layout on A4 with above settings:
Comment: Cfr, this is not good if one ues \usepackage[paper=a5paper,layout=letterpaper]{geometry}
Comment: @touhami Why would you use that if you want to have layout for letter paper on A4 paper? Probably I'm missing something but that just seems irrelevant to the question. That is, you're right in the sense that what you say is true. But what you say seems not to bear any relation to the question. Note that the same objection applies to egreg's answer....
Comment: Cfr, you are right and i had upvote your answer before comment it, but as you say i am still right in the sense that the solution is not general and others should know that. Otherwise  your solution is very elegant (may be that's why i comment it)
Comment: @touhami Well, I don't think *any* solution will work for going from letter paper to A5 which also works for the OP's situation, because anything designed to keep the layout fixed (required for this question) will be unusable in the case of letter to A5. You can't just scale a letter down by 50% or so and think that the results will be acceptable. And I'm assuming that nobody would reasonably want to. Of course, I don't deny that your solution is technically general in a way that mine is not. But I don't see any practical difference. (And I am wary of scaling text at all, as your answer does.)
Comment: Ok, again you are right.
Answer: May be you can do this with pgfpages, add to preambul
\usepackage{pgfpages}
\pgfpagesuselayout{resize to}[a4paper]

Comment: Do you mean `pdfpages` as you first say or `pgfpages`, as your code suggests?
Comment: pgfpages. Try the code as it is. pdfpages can be a solution.
Comment: You might want to correct your introductory line, in that case, to avoid confusion.


How do I merge accounts in Trello?

Question: I have two accounts in Trello and I'd like to merge them. How can I do it?
Answer: It's generally not necessary to merge accounts in Trello. In these situations, there's almost always a more-used and less-used account. The real difficulty usually happens when people invite your less-used account to their board. So you just really want to get rid of that account. Here's how to do it.

Log into your less-used account.
Invite your more-used account to each board owned by the less-used account.
Make your more-used account an admin over each board.
Leave each of your boards. (You may have to make yourself a non-admin.)
Delete your account by going to https://trello.com/my/account and going to the bottom of the page and clicking the Delete link.

That's it!
Comment: It's worth noting that once the account is deleted, it is possible to link its google account to the merged account.
Comment: Since this is the [official solution from Trello](http://help.trello.com/article/739-merging-multiple-trello-accounts), this should be marked as the solution for this question until [Trello](https://trello.com/) adds this functionality.
Answer: There is no clear way for that moment, but if trello has Merging and splitting multiple Trello accounts post, that says almost the same as @RichArmstrong.

How do I merge accounts in Trello?


Noation of music concerning the Trombone Player

Question: When a Trombone player read music from the Treble Clef How does he/she reads it, does he/she reads middle C an Octave down?
Comment: Why don't you look at a trombone "fingering" chart?
Answer: There are two possibilities.  He may be reading "brass band treble", a major 9th higher than sounding pitch.  In this case the part would be in treble clef throughout, and the musical context would be a British tradition brass band.    Or he may be reading a concert pitch part which has ventured into treble clef from its usual bass clef.
Comment: Two comments:  (1) The reason "brass band treble" exists is so that a Bb trumpet player can pick up a baritone/euphonium and use the same fingerings (similar to how saxophone parts are written.)  (2) Having played trombone for many years, I would say that I have come across brass band treble *many* times more often than true non-transposing treble clef.  However, this may simply be a function of the type of music I play.
Comment: As this is a brass band thing, probably it would be a cornet player, rather than a trumpeter.
I've only seen literal treble clef in jazz and commercial music.  Those guys seem to run scared of tenor or alto clef, which an orchestral player would be familiar with.

Tenor clef is brass-band-treble (for a Bb instrument) plus two flats.    And bass clef is brass-band-treble (for Eb bass) plus three flats.

The brass-band Bass Trombone reads non-transposed bass clef.  Even when the old G bass trombone (the one with the handle on the slide) was used, it still read non-transposed bass clef.
Answer: There's no adjustment for Octave.  Middle C is still C4.


Generalized spin connection and dreibein in higher spin gravity

Question: I am studying higher spin gravity and I would like to know the mathematical and physical meaning of generalized spin connection and generalized dreibein that appear in this theory.
It is well known that there are important connections between higher spin theories and string theory.
For this reason I am wondering if the generalized spin connection is related or not to the parallel transport of extended objects (strings, membranes, etc.) on compact manifolds.
Is there also a relation with Hitchin's generalized geometry?
Answer: Higher spin symmetries can be interpreted as generalized symmetries of free field differential equations. "Generalized symmetries" means here symmetries generated by differential operators of order larger than one. (Amusingly, some mathematicians call such symmetries "higher symmetries" and this dates back from before the link with higher spin theories was recognized.) In a suitable sense, the higher spin fields are gauging these generalized symmetries.
A general discussion of this fact appears in Bekaert's paper
http://arxiv.org/abs/0807.4223
I showed in
http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.4486
Section 4.2 how the family of higher spin Lie algebras in 3-dimension (usually called ${\rm hs}(\lambda)$) can be recovered from the generalized symmetries of the Klein-Gordon equation on AdS3, with the parameter $\lambda$ being related to the mass term.
Good references on generalized symmetries include the book Application of Lie groups to differential equations by Olver and Symmetries and conservation laws for differential equations of mathematical physics by Krasilshchik and Vinogradov.


Drive value with no input

Question: I'm trying to create a procedural tile texture using Brick Texture nodes, however I am having a slight problem.
I want to be able to drive the offset value of the brick textures from outside of the group meaning that it needs an input, however it doesn't have one. I'm really struggling to find a way to have a group input drive the offset values
Concept:
Answer: I don't think it's possible to directly drive the brick texture Offset from an input socket but you can formulate nodes to adjust the input Vector to achieve the same effect using the following nodes :

Note the two Value nodes on the left hand side - these can be used to adjust the Scale and Offset (the actual Brick Texture's Offset can be left at Zero). Adjusting the Scale or Offset should produce a similar effect to that of the actual Brick texture node.

This works by using the Scale and Y coordinate to calculate (using a Modulo node) where each alternate row of bricks starts and ends, and then calculating the offset (again, based on the Scale) and adding this into the X coordinate to offset those rows of bricks.
Note that this is only currently capable of adjusting the Scale and Offset - additional work will be required on the Maths nodes to allow for adjusting some of the other brick values (such as the Row Height).
Blend file included
Answer: I don't know if it works, just an idea: Drivers. Create a value node, rightclick on the value field and "copy as driver", then rightclick on the offset value and choose paste driver.

Drive value with no input


Why did Prophet Muhammad (SAW) say that a nation will fail if a woman is the ruler of that nation?

Question: I have read in a Sahih Hadith in Sahih Bukhari that that a nation will female ruler will not succeed, is there any context to this?
"Never will succeed such a nation as makes a woman their ruler' [al Bukhari].
Comment: Please quote the hadith you are referring to, to avoid misunderstandings.
Comment: https://sunnah.com/bukhari/64/447
Comment: البخاري Al Bulhari 4425
Answer: Whenever the Rasool (saw) comments on a matter and then describes it with something, the description gives us the Islamic hukm on it. For example, When the Rasool (saw) said;

"The Imam (ruler) is a shield, from behind whom people fight and are
protected" (Muslim)

The fact that the Rasool (saw) referred to the ruler as a shield is indication of the importance of the presence of the Caliph. And since the protection of Muslim life is obligatory, the Caliph is obligatory as well.
The same with the hadith that prohibits women to rule. The Rasool (saw) factually said that to indicate that it is a visceral act that can only be allowed by a non-Islamic system, which is why all the Khulafaa' were always men. It should be noted, that any position of administration is allowed for women, only ruling positions are disallowed. So a woman can be A Qaadhi but she cannot be a Qaadhi Mazhaallim because it is considered a ruling position.
Answer: The hadith is:

Al-Bukhari
reported on the authority of Abi Bakra that he said: Allah has given me
the privilege of a word which I heard from the Messenger of Allah
during the days of Al-Jamal (the camel), when I was about to join the
people of Al-Jamal and fight with them: When the Messenger of Allah
heard that the people of Persia had appointed the daughter of Chosroes
(Kisra), he said:
"People who appoint (Wallaow) a woman as their leader will never
succeed."

Taqi-ud-Deen An Nabahni said, in The Ruling System In Islam, about this hadith ( my emphasis added ):

If the Messenger of Allah  foretold the failure to those
who assign the running of their affairs to a woman this indicates a
prohibition. This is because it came in the form of reproach to those who
give authority over themselves to a woman by negating their success thus
indicative of definite prohibition. So the prohibition of appointing a
woman to a position of authority came linked with a connotation
(Qareenah) that indicates that the prohibition is decisive. Therefore,
appointing a woman as a ruler is forbidden (Haram). Appointing a woman
to a position of authority in this case means appointing her as Khaleefah
and any other post connected with ruling. This is because this Hadith is
related to the issue of ruling not specific to the appointment of
Chosroes's daughter as queen. The Hadith is not also general to cover
everything but related only to matters regarding ruling and authority, so
it does not apply to other than ruling positions.

So, to give it a context that it is linked to some defect in women like the answer above does is wrong; the context is ruling and authority and not linked to any other matter.
Answer: The hadith is sahih..
Women are generally more emotional than man so might not take correct step..
Hadith
حَدَّثَنَا سَعِيدُ بْنُ أَبِي مَرْيَمَ، قَالَ أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ جَعْفَرٍ، قَالَ أَخْبَرَنِي زَيْدٌ ـ هُوَ ابْنُ أَسْلَمَ ـ عَنْ عِيَاضِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ، عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ، قَالَ خَرَجَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فِي أَضْحًى ـ أَوْ فِطْرٍ ـ إِلَى الْمُصَلَّى، فَمَرَّ عَلَى النِّسَاءِ فَقَالَ  يَا مَعْشَرَ النِّسَاءِ تَصَدَّقْنَ، فَإِنِّي أُرِيتُكُنَّ أَكْثَرَ أَهْلِ النَّارِ ". فَقُلْنَ وَبِمَ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ قَالَ " تُكْثِرْنَ اللَّعْنَ، وَتَكْفُرْنَ الْعَشِيرَ، مَا رَأَيْتُ مِنْ نَاقِصَاتِ عَقْلٍ وَدِينٍ أَذْهَبَ لِلُبِّ الرَّجُلِ الْحَازِمِ مِنْ إِحْدَاكُنَّ ". قُلْنَ وَمَا نُقْصَانُ دِينِنَا وَعَقْلِنَا يَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ قَالَ " أَلَيْسَ شَهَادَةُ الْمَرْأَةِ مِثْلَ نِصْفِ شَهَادَةِ الرَّجُلِ ". قُلْنَ بَلَى. قَالَ " فَذَلِكَ مِنْ نُقْصَانِ عَقْلِهَا، أَلَيْسَ إِذَا حَاضَتْ لَمْ تُصَلِّ وَلَمْ تَصُمْ ". قُلْنَ بَلَى. قَالَ " فَذَلِكَ مِنْ نُقْصَانِ دِينِهَا "."
Narrated Abu Sa`id Al-Khudri:
Once Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) went out to the Musalla (to offer the prayer) of `Id-al-Adha or Al-Fitr prayer. Then he passed by the women and said, "O women! Give alms, as I have seen that the majority of the dwellers of Hell-fire were you (women)." They asked, "Why is it so, O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) ?" He replied, "You curse frequently and are ungrateful to your husbands. I have not seen anyone more deficient in intelligence and religion than you. A cautious sensible man could be led astray by some of you." The women asked, "O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)! What is deficient in our intelligence and religion?" He said, "Is not the evidence of two women equal to the witness of one man?" They replied in the affirmative. He said, "This is the deficiency in her intelligence. Isn't it true that a woman can neither pray nor fast during her menses?" The women replied in the affirmative. He said, "This is the deficiency in her religion."
Sahih al-Bukhari 304
In-book : Book 6, Hadith 9
USC-MSA web (English) : Vol. 1, Book 6, Hadith 301  (deprecated)
Sahih Bukhari
Leader also have to interact with many people e.g.poor,goverment offcials and many other post so a women would have difficulty talking to these man and there is an risk of desire.
Comment: Women are generally emotional yes. But you are suggesting women can't persevere in what they do regardless of their physical and mental limitations? There are many women who did perserve. Perhaps there's nuances to the ahadiths than what u are implying.
Answer: As for the historical context related to the statement of the prophet () it is clearly stated in some of the versions of this hadith:

When Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) was informed that the Persians had crowned the daughter of Khosrau as their ruler, he said, "Such people as ruled by a lady will never be successful."
(See for example Sahih al-Bukhari, Jami' at-Tirmidhi and Sunan an-Nasa-i)

So it is about the enthronement of the daughter of Khosrau or Kisra كِسْرَى (in Arabic) after her fathers death.
One could discuss whether this statement can be taken in general or just for this occasion, what one could safely say is that it was a prophecy as the persian empire was defeated later. But the consensus of all scholars is that a woman can't be khalifah.
As for other key or leading positions there are certain differences among scholars depending on the position and the existence of evidences supporting the leadership of women.
Further one must be aware that leadership can have different forms the qur'an actually show us the leadership of the queen of Sheba, which a majority of scholars would reject as an evidence, because they say that former shari'a is not our shari'a while others say it is if it was not abrogated by ours. Others may say one should avoid following non-Muslims etc.. In fact in case of shura -which was somewhat presented in the story of the queen of Sheba- the leadership is shared between those people who are counseling and not necessarily a 100% one person leadership.
Mainly most reasons why scholars would consider a woman not being able to lead a community are among those of the scholars who reject the idea of a woman being a prophet () (See for example: Why were there no female Prophets?)


How can one have eternal life by the death of Jesus or by Jesus teachings?

Question: Before the death of Jesus, Jesus was teaching the birth of eternal life(birth of the Spirit) which steps are not completely describe by the four gospel (Matthew, mark, Luke, and john). On several note he ask them to believe in him and his teachings.  Now what was he teaching in terms of procedure so that one can follow and learn, secondly are people granted eternal live by his teaching or by his death on the cross? This is my question. I believed he was killed because of what he thought which contradict their believes and as a result he was killed for his teachings. This teaching is what will save man from sin or second death, and not the death of Jesus which only came as a consequence of his teachings.
The Buddha also went in his time about teaching enlightenment (birth of the Spirit) but what he taught is not found in most book except the word "he went about teaching them) but later on we learn he was teaching them a meditation technique for seekers of truth/enlightenment but these technique is only known to few masters and devotees.
Now could Jesus be teaching similar knowledge? On a certain occasion Jesus told Nicodemus how to receive eternal life, which he said Nicodemus must be born of the Spirit, and not believing that he Jesus will die and rise again. But how to be born of the Spirit the bible didn't say in the four gospel after he spoke with Nicodemus. He told the Samaritan women that he will give her the living water(Teach her the birth of the  Spirit) and she will taste nor more(die no more) again the bible didn't let us know how or if Jesus gave the woman the living water. He told a certain rich man to renounce his earthly desire and follow him. On these note he was given the teachings of eternal life. Now why does the church say by just confession that Jesus died on the cross and rose from the grave and repentance (Church ideal of burn) man will be save? Is that what Jesus taught the people about eternal life before he died?
Comment: I think your question is very broad, covers a very large scope, is actually multiple questions coalesced together and is impossible to answer given the nature of the website. This website considers _comparative_ questions, within the context of the wide range of beliefs held by the many who take the name 'Christ'.
Comment: Here are some articles that you might find helpful: https://www.gotquestions.org/why-Jesus-die.html https://www.gotquestions.org/Jesus-died-for-our-sins.html https://www.gotquestions.org/death-resurrection-Christ.html
Comment: Do not ask random people on the internet about these things. Go find a Christian who you trust and ask them.
Comment: I have not seen one, that's why I came on the internet.
Comment: Where are you in the world? It's extremely likely there is a church near you.
Answer: Christians have different views about salvation, but there is one thing that is believed by virtually every denomination - salvation does not come about simply through the teachings of Jesus. Hearing Jesus teaching and putting it into practice may lead you to salvation, but salvation comes through the death and resurrection of Jesus. If this were not so there would have been no need for Jesus to die.
Going into more detail would lead us to disagreement within this forum.
Comment: Jesus' death and resurrection was the sacrifice through which salvation was made possible, but surely we still should be following Jesus' teachings and not be led into temptations
Comment: Jesus was trying to established something and they killed him because they don't understand him. How would such death lead to salvation? I still hold that the practice of the teachings is what is of importance, but what did he teach is another question
Comment: Christians believe that there is more to Jesus' death than that.


Is there any way to display your last name first on Google Plus/Google products?

Question: In some cultures last names are normally written before the first name, e.g. in East Asia as well as Turkey. Facebook offers you this option to display your name in this order. However I don't see any such option on Google Plus, and therefore this also seems to be impossible if I want to link to my Google Plus profile when using other Google products. Is there a way to do so?
Answer: Google doesn't offer to change the order of the name. Google offer to add a nickname or other name to your Google+ profile. In this you can put your name in any order.
Or alternate is write your last name in first name and first name in last name section. Changing your name on Google+ will also change it in other Google products, like YouTube and Google Wallet.


How much vehicle life is added by rebuilding cylinder heads?

Question: Now that I have fully rebuild the cylinder heads (all engine gaskets + valve lapping + lash tuning) on my 2007 Tacoma with 124K mi, I am curious how much life I added to the vehicle, approximately.  I know that there are other vehicle components, such as the drive train and transmission but cars typically go to the junkyard because the engine fails as it is the most complicated entity and most sensitive to failure.
Comment: For the hatchback, I'd take a look on craigslist for similar make/models in your area with similar issues and see what people are asking for them.
Comment: ok, i removed the shopping part
Comment: I am just curious why you decided to do this work. Was something about the engine not working correctly? I have a 20 year old Subaru with 200k miles on it, and I don't see a need for any sort of rebuilding. I was thinking more along the lines of: "when a different used car would cost me less, I will get a different car." I can't believe that my car has any resale value at this point, but it sure works fine. Since it is not a pet, I don't plan to dump arbitrary amounts of money in to it to keep it forever. (Even pets go when they end up costing too much.)
Answer: Realistically, you haven't added any extra life to the vehicle itself. The vehicle is a combination of it's sub-parts (ie: engine, transmission, differential, etc.). Any part at any time can fail for whatever reason. Even the engine is made up of sub-parts to create it's whole. You have definitely given the heads longer life, but you still have the rest of the engine. If an engine will last 250k miles, that's how long it's going to last. The only way to increase the longevity of the engine (beyond proper maintenance) is to rebuild the entire thing. That means bearings, rings, and whatever else may be worn out. Gaskets/seals are a given replacement item when doing this work because in order to get to the larger parts, you will have to put new gaskets/seals (in most cases) in place or you've completely wasted your time.
With proper maintenance, Toyota's are known for lasting a long time. As long as you have good oil pressure, you probably have another 200k you could expect out of your engine. This is, of course, as long as the engine never overheats or some other unforeseen issue doesn't arise. That is my SWAG, though.
Comment: The piston rings are probably what will determine viable engine life now. A compression test will give you a sense of what sort of state they are in presuming your head rebuild worked out well.


Silver in defect chemistry

Question: When talking about conductivity in combination with lattice defects you can often see that AgX is taken as an example for a Frenkel defect where the $\ce{Ag^+}$ moves to intersticial voids. I remember that my professor once called this a property of silver, that silver likes itself so much that it can be close to other silver cations. And I think we see trends like this in for example $\ce{Hg2}$-dimers. Is this some sort of relativistic effect or can I explain it with certain orbitals overlapping that I can get a quite close contact for two $\ce{Ag^+}$ ions?
Answer: (partial answer)
Interesting question.  Silver also forms an unusual "subfluoride", Ag2F.  My understanding is the Ag is NOT in dimers.  But the structure has sorts of "sheets" of silver in that all of the octagonal holes are filled but only in alternating layers.  This allows silver atoms to be very close to each other, similar to the metal.  Presumably there is a lot of silver-silver bonding going on.  But more like sheets of metal than dimers.
The explanation of Frenkel defects you usually hear is that the cation is small enough versus the structure to allow dislodging by radiation (i.e. not a thermodynamics distribution of defects but a provoked one). See the Wikipedia page for instance.  However defect models are idealizations.
It would further be interesting to know how often the Frenkel defect is associated with some higher conductivity.  A purely billiard ball dislodged model would be less prone to conductivity than one where silver-silver bonding is the driver.

Silver in defect chemistry


Linux Mint KDE won't shut down properly

Question: I have bought a HP Pavilion Power 15-cb006ng and installed Linux Mint KDE on it. However, shortly after I started using it, it wouldn't shut down properly anymore. The first time it happened, I could get it down using "Alt+F7", but at some point that stopped working. The only solution left to me right now is the hard shut down, which is of course not a good way. This is what I see upon every shutdown:
Comment: I would recommend to you boot other kernel. You must have boot menu (`GRUB`) which allow you to select kernel version. Something wrong with `nouveau` module or it's boot parameters. You can review your boot parameters for current and old kernel (`/boot/grub/grub.cfg`) in line that begins with `kernel` word too. There are many other problems exists in same situations. But it's a start point for examine. So, at first, please try to load with old kernel and write about it.
Comment: Hah! I reverted to kernel 4.10 and it worked again. However, this is a bug that needs treatment right? Why the downvote?
Comment: I don't know about downvote. I haven't voted. So, problem with module. Sometimes situation like this are happen. From start of this week many questions about bugs with virtualbox modules in Mint registered. So I think new updates will be soon. Also, you can take strong system knowns and rebuild kernel and modules by own. But I think it's better wait and give new updates from distro vendor. You can write about this bug to Mint bug-tracker and maybe updates will be sooner.
Comment: I've just voted to 0.
Answer: The original cause of this issue remains unknown, however there is a fix:
Try out older versions of kernels until one works. The easiest way is to use the Ubuntu Kernel Upgrade Utility and then select to boot with the older kernel in GRUB. Once the desired kernel is found, uninstall all newer ones so that the working one becomes the default.
In the meantime, while the PC is not able to shutdown properly, use REISUB to at least achieve a somewhat gentle shutdown/restart.

Linux Mint KDE won't shut down properly


How to download a file with remote action

Question: I need to create a csv file based on passed parameters.
I want to call my function from angular service using controller's remoteAction.
How can I make the browser save the string output as a file?
Answer: You can use the following code:
<code>var link = document.createElement('a');
link.download = 'data.json';
var blob = new Blob([your_string], {type: 'text/csv'});
link.href = window.URL.createObjectURL(blob);
link.click();
</code>
Comment: Sadly still a lot of IE9 about and http://caniuse.com/#search=blob.
Comment: IE8/9 is < 5%. Hardly anything to worry about much. Anyone not running IE 10 should expect to have increasingly worse performance on all kinds of sites because developers are starting to use Chrome/Firefox for any serious debugging (because they have superior debugging tools, F12 is a joke). It's still crazy that I have to test all my code three times-- once for standards, once for IE 8, and once for IE 9. See something wrong with that? Still supporting IE <10 means tripling QA work.
Comment: @sfdcfox I'd love to agree with you. But recently had the bad experience of a customer worth $ to us who runs IE9 on all desktops i.e. IE9 was 100% of the deal. Had to spend several days adding fallback code for them for a Salesforce hosted Angular app we deliver. But as I understand it in Jan 2016 Microsoft will push their customers to IE11 so we may finally be dealing with all modern browser APIs.
Comment: @KeithC That's true for a minority of organizations that refuse to update/upgrade. It's still largely circumstantial, though. If I were releasing an app on the AppExchange, for example, I would require a standards-compliant browser in order to reduce support and development costs. Unless, of course, I was writing hospital-bound software, since hospitals are notorious for using older tech and software. Of course, if the $ is still there, then supporting older software can be a thing.


grep and tail -f?

Question: Is it possible to do a tail -f (or similar) on a file, and grep it at the same time? I wouldn't mind other commands just looking for that kind of behavior.
Answer: Using GNU tail and GNU grep, I am able to grep a tail -f using the straight-forward syntax:
tail -f /var/log/file.log | grep search_term

Comment: This is a solution that works with other implementations of these two utilities, not just the GNU implementation.
Comment: tail -F (capital f) will also follow new file created (if file is cycled). -f (small f) will only follow, not trace new cycled files.
Comment: This worked for me using the Bash shell, but not using the Fish shell
Answer: Add --line-buffered to grep, and that may reduce the delay for you.  Very useful in some cases.
tail -f foo | grep --line-buffered bar

Comment: That's useful when the output of `grep` doesn't go to a terminal (redirected to another type of file). line buffering is the default when the output goes to a terminal, so it won't make any difference there. Note that that option is GNU specific.
Comment: I believe it is in the `tail`'s output where the buffering causes delays. I use `stdbuf` utility to invoke it as `stdbuf -o0 tail -f foo | grep ....`. Same can be applied to grep e.g. if it is being piped to another program, e.g. `stdbuf -o0 tail -f foo | stdbuf -i0 -o0 grep bar | another_program`
Comment: This will also make a difference when piping `grep` to yet another `grep`, and is thus very useful!
Answer: It will work fine; more generally, grep will wait when a program isn't outputting, and keep reading as the output comes in, so if you do:
$ (echo foo; sleep 5; echo test; sleep 5) | grep test

Nothing will happen for 5 seconds, then grep will output the matched "test", and then five seconds later it will exit when the piped process does
Answer: I see all these people saying to use tail -f, but I do not like the limitations of that! My favorite method of searching a file while also watching for new lines (e.g., I commonly work with log files to which are appended the redirected output of processes executed periodically via cron jobs) is:
 tail -Fn+0 /path/to/file|grep searchterm

This assumes GNU tail and grep.
Supporting details from the tail manpage (GNU coreutils, mine is v8.22) [https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/manual/coreutils.html] :

 -F     same as --follow=name --retry
 -n, --lines=K
         output the last K lines, instead of the last 10; or use -n +K to output
         starting with the Kth.
         If  the first character of K (the number of bytes or lines)
         is a '+', print beginning with the Kth item from the start
         of each file, otherwise, print the last K items in the file.
         K may have a multiplier suffix: b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB
         1000*1000, M 1024*1024, GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024,
         and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.

  With --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor,
  which means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will
  continue to track its end.  This default behavior is  not  desirable
  when  you  really  want  to  track the actual name of the file, not
  the file descriptor (e.g., log rotation).  Use --follow=name in
  that case.  That causes tail to track the named file in a way that
  accommodates renaming, removal and creation.

So, the tail portion of my command equates to tail --follow --retry --lines=+0, where the final argument directs it to start at the beginning, skipping zero lines.
Answer: You can just pipe the output of tail -f into grep. There are also programs that combine tail -f functionality with filtering and coloring, in particular multitail (examples).
Comment: @Cookie Oh, of course. I meant "pipe tail -f into grep" or "run grep on the output of tail -f". Weird that nobody caught this in so many years!
Answer: tail -f access | awk '/ADD/{print $0}'

Use the above, i use it usually.
Answer: It works. But take care that output is no longer instantaneous: it gets buffered through the pipe.
Comment: Agreed. To test this, open two windows. Run `tail -f` in one window, and `tail -f logfile | grep pattern` in the other window. Lines containing `pattern` don't always appear in both windows at the same time. I've seen lines appear 30 seconds apart on rare occasions, which was annoying.
Comment: That might have more to do with the system flipping between running one or the other instance of tail.  A better test would us `tee` or something.
Answer: You can use netcat to grep the results of tail -f as new results come in quite easily.
sudo nc -s localhost -l -p 1337 | grep ssh

tail -f /var/log/file.log | nc 127.0.0.1 1337

This sets grep to listen to results for input coming from port 1337.
The second command pipes the output of tail -f to netcat and sends it out localhost 1337.
To do it locally you need to switch ttys for each of the two sets of commands, or use something like screen.

grep and tail -f?


Is there a solution to paying high fees when opening and closing lightning channels once we hit a fee only market?

Question: Paying several hundred dollars to open and close a lightning channel seems uneconomical. This is a common argument against lightning by big blockers, I'm yet to read a valid argument against this.
Comment: Uneconomical was probably the wrong word yes, but if the fees get higher (which they will once the block subsidy is practically gone) the use of LN will decrease because no one can afford to open a channel. The main chain will be okay due to like you said, high fees = high demand. I'll have a look into channel factories and get back to this thread.
Comment: re: *"the use of LN will decrease because no one can afford to open a channel"* - This is absolutely not true; on-chain fees will only increase under increased usage. If fees were too high for *everyone*, then usage would slow/stop, and thus fees would be lowered. In fact, if fees are high, we should expect users to be incentivized to use their transactions to open LN channels, because this will allow them to pay **lower fees per payment sent**. It is simply not logical to purpose that *"high fees will mean no LN channel opening/closing, but regular transactions will still be economical"*.
Comment: Understand that no matter the fee level, **some number of users/use-cases will be priced out**. They key point is to find ways to allow more users to engage with the network, **without** sacrificing the network properties that make Bitcoin interesting in the first place.
Comment: @chytrik I never said regular transactions will not economical, I see L1 primarily being used as the SoV layer of which high fees isn't an issue. But if I'm interacting with say a small business and want to open a LN channel with them I'm not going to pay 10's of dollars to open a channel.
Comment: That line of reasoning makes more sense to me, though I think it is worth noting that a lot of people and businesses *do* spend $10's of dollars monthly in order to have a bank account that allows them access to easily transact in the wider economy.
Answer: 'Under the hood' of a lightning network channel open/close, a user will be sending a bitcoin transaction. In order to send a bitcoin transaction, a fee is paid to miners.
One advantage of having a lightning channel is that you can amortize the cost of the miners fee across a potentially enormous number of payments. All else equal, having the ability to transact on the lightning network thus lowers a users expected fees/payment, small blocks or not.
Channel factories are a technology that could allow for immense cost saving for lightning users. So this is potentially a 'solution', in the context of your question.

Paying several hundred dollars to open and close a lightning channel seems uneconomical. This is a common argument against lightning by big blockers

'Uneconimcal' doesn't seem like the right word to use here. If in the future a bitcoin transaction costs hundreds of dollars in fees, that would mean that the ability to send a bitcoin transaction is in high demand. By many measures, being in high demand is a mark of success, though 'big-blockers' will argue that by increasing the block size the network can increase the 'supply', thus lowering transaction fees.
To illustrate this point, consider the absurdity of this sentence:
"That restaurant has become very popular! Nobody goes there anymore"
So you may ask "Why don't we just increase the size of the restaurant then?"
Well, the issue is that by increasing the size of the restaurant, the restaurant will lose the properties that made it popular in the first place!
So lets return to Bitcoin, to explain why increasing the block size ('making the restaurant larger') is a naïve solution that damages the network's desirable properties, while only providing a rather meagre linear scaling relief:
Implementing larger blocks means that running a full node on the network will be more resource intensive (bandwidth, computational cycles, storage, etc), and so naturally we should expect less nodes will exist due to the increased costs. This is damaging to the core properties of bitcoin (eg censorship resistance), which can only exist when the network is sufficiently decentralized. 'How decentralized is good enough?' is a question that is difficult (if not impossible) to answer, but this much is certain: increasing costs is a centralizing force, and the most conservative approach is to be 'better safe than sorry'. A blockchain network is a very expensive and inefficient way to implement a database, but the core properties mentioned above make these expenses 'worth it', at least according to the market.

In any case, there has never been a time where the average Bitcoin transaction fee is 'hundreds of dollars'... in fact transaction fees have been quite low for the majority of the history of the network. This isn't to say that fees can't or won't increase in the future, but making changes that sacrifice the most important properties of Bitcoin seems like an extremely misguided approach to scaling the network.
Comment: Chanel factories and eltoo where my first thought as well. What do you think about side chains? For example lightning could be build on top of Liquid and the cross chain Atomic swap should not be a problem. In particular the American call option Problem should not exist as the underlying asset is the same by the end of the day. In that sense we would have a fragmented base layer in which tx costs should not rise to heavily.
Comment: @RenePickhardt hmm interesting! I hadn't considered the possibility of sidechain/mainchain LN interoperability as a means of lowering fees. While the trust model of holding liquid coins is different, I think it could quite reasonably be argued that the potential cost savings would be worth the tradeoff for some users. I think you could post that idea as an answer as well, it seems reasonable to me!
Comment: @RenePickhardt I think using federated coins like L-BTC, in order to enable faster payments would kinda inhibit the decentralized scalability that we can achieve with LN. Even in LN, you do not need to trust anybody, and if anything bad happens, you can just close the channel getting your assets back.
Comment: There are other potential sidechain solutions like Paul Sztorc's Drivechains. There are some security tradeoffs versus main chain security, but they are still decentralized and permissionless, and can be implemented on Bitcoin with a soft fork.


What is heat and heat transfer?

Question: Physics books write that heat is the transfer of thermal energy. They also write that heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy from a thermodynamic system of high temperature to a one of lower temperature.
But in this way they are not differentiating between heat and thermal energy.
Shouldn't they write that heat transfer is the transfer of the transfer of thermal energy? Otherwise we should call it thermal energy transfer rather than heat transfer.
Please illustrate this point for me and thank you.
Comment: "_Physics books write that heat is the transfer of thermal energy_" Are you sure they don't say that heat is the thermal energy being transferred?  There is a difference, and I've only ever seen to referred to as the energy itself.
Answer: Heat transfer $\equiv$ transfer of energy, without doing work, and without passing material to the system.
You can call this energy what you like. You can call it heat energy or thermal energy. Inside the system it takes the form of kinetic energy of the particles, and field energy of the fields. Once it has arrived in any given system, it is best to call it "internal energy".
If you want to be precise, you should say that the result of any energy transfer is that the internal energy of the system on the receiving end went up, and the internal energy of something else went down by that same amount. We use the word "heat" to distinguish the heat flow process from other types of process, where work is done or material is transferred. Work is done when a force acts and a body being acted on moves through some displacement. Material is transferred when matter moves from one location to another. Heat flow is happening when one system exchanges energy with another through many small changes at the level of its small parts (e.g. molecules), and these small motions are not being tracked in detail by a thermodynamic description.
Added remark
Definitions in scientific work are those human conventions that are useful or insightful. Standard physics terminology is that "heat", when used as a noun, refers to that which has physical dimensions of energy, and is equal to the change in the internal energy of the system receiving the energy by heat flow, when that is the type of process that is happening. When we learn thermal physics, we have to learn not to think of heat as a property or as something that can be located anywhere, because it is not a function of state. (The same goes for work.) Therefore the phrase "heat transfer" should not be taken to suggest that heat can be picked up and put down. Rather it should be understood to be a short-hand, a way of saying "transfer of energy, through the process of heat flow".
Comment: I don't understand the down vote. This answer seems to me perfectly clear.
Comment: Small nitpick (this answer still seems like the correct one IMO) "heat energy" is redundant.
Answer: heat is actually energy,like the energy from sun. whereas heat transfer is the passage of energy from one body to other one at high temp. to one at low temp.like water flows from high to low potential energy similarly heat transfer takes place from a body of huge to  body of low internal energy(potential energy stored).
Answer: Heat is the energy that is transfered.
Heat transfer is the process of transferring the transfered energy.
Answer: Authors are free to define their terms however they want.  But it is essential they use their own terms consistently,  and it's a very good idea that they use language that is generally accepted.   Both of these precepts are sometimes violated.
Most physics texts define heat as the thermal energy that is transferred across the boundary of a system. Note carefully that heat is different than the thermal energy contained within the system as part of the system's internal energy.  Heat is thermal energy that enters or leaves the system. In books that adhere to this definition, it's my opinion that the phrase heat transfer should not appear.    I wouldn't know what that phrase means.  If both of those terms appear in the same book then either 1.) the author is making some other distinction that he should explain or 2.) the author is inconsistent.
I'm not familiar with current engineering textbooks, but I know that in engineering circles, the term heat transfer is used.   I would presume (but I don't know for certain) that the good engineering books would take care to define what that term means.  It may or may not be the same thing as what physicists call heat.
Comment: Most textbooks define heat as _the energy that is transferred_.  This is why you often see textbooks dedicated to heat _transfer_.  It's also why heat is measured in Joules, and not Watts.  This answer seems to play into OP's confusion with poorly defined terms.  I really can't find good references that call heat the transfer of energy.  Every reference I see calls it the energy that is transferred.  There is a difference.
Comment: @JMac Good point.  I was careless in my wording.   I will reword what I wrote.  However, "heat transfer" is still not well defined to my way of thinking.  I have taken that phrase to mean "thermal energy transfer", which if true, equates heat with thermal energy.    I solve the problem by not using the phrase "heat transfer".  But  the phrase is in use, and I don't know what it means.
Comment: @garyp, for chemical engineers, a term that is closely related to heat is enthalpy.  Enthalpy is the heat content of a given mass of a substance, based on a standard reference temperature.

What is heat and heat transfer?


Best of PSE 2016 - Best answer by a rookie

Question: What was the best answer posted in 2016 by a user whose account was made in 2016?
Vote either by posting a link to your favorite answer given by a rookie, with a brief description of why it's your favorite, or by upvoting an existing post.
Voting lasts two weeks, i.e. until Jan 29 2017.
This is part of the Best-of PSE 2016.
If you are interested in providing a prize bounty for the winner (mostly highly upvoted answer of this meta post), please comment.
Answer: I'd say the answer below is the best answer by a rookie in 2016.  A very informative answer by a user who created their account in 2016:
How does Zumberge's 1981 gravitational measurements relate to gravitational waves?


Kindergartener Throws a Fit When Anyone Else has a Birthday

Question: Every year when it gets close to my birthday, my son starts sulking and saying it's not fair that it's going to be my birthday and not his. (His birthday is 2 weeks after mine.) When it comes to the actual day itself, he makes it a point to get upset when anyone gives me attention or says happy birthday to me. It makes it a real trial to be around him on my birthday because he always does everything to bring the mood down. I just don't understand why he's so upset and what I can do to help him cope so he stops taking it personally when anyone else gets attention. He's an only child and tends to get upset for the smallest reasons anyway, but I can normally find some rationale for the behavior. But this continues to baffle me every year. Does anyone have any advice?
Answer: Can his dad/your partner/some other adult close to you involve him in planning a birthday dinner or surprise?  Now that he's old enough to do things he might not feel left out if he gets to be a birthday planner.
Answer: For only children, in my experience, it's pretty common for everything to be "about them" most of the time.  So when it's not, it's surprising to them!  This is particularly common with only children with a stay-at-home mom in my experience - they have a person who's around them all the time, and who's taking care of all of their needs.
I think that empathy is the first place to look here. Talk to him about how you're feeling in terms of how he feels on HIS birthday.  This probably isn't the only place that needs this kind of work, though - do some reading on how to help children develop empathy in general, and in particular see if you can find out specifics on only children, as they really do have challenges that are different from siblings.
I would also address the specific fits fairly directly.  Make clear how you're feeling as a result of his actions, not in a mean or stern way but just matter-of-fact. If he's being mean, put some distance in time and space - let him know you're feeling sad because he's being mean to you, and you're going to go somewhere else for a few minutes so you can feel better. Be consistent her, and don't imply it's a punishment - it's just you taking care of yourself.  This will help him think about your feelings, and understand them, and put names to them.
Then, at a time when he's not throwing a fit, talk to him about how you feel about your birthday, and help him connect that to his feelings about his birthday. Understand his feelings - and don't say they're wrong. Instead, help him understand your feelings. His feelings will have to change, but they're not going to change just because you say so - he has to think about it differently, and that has to come from him.
Ultimately, I think that it's important to understand on your side that his dislike of your birthday is probably primarily that it takes the focus off of him, where he's normally the center of attention.  It's not that he doesn't like your birthday, it's that he sees the sum total of attention as zero-sum, and wants all of it. This will take some work to overcome; it may help a lot when he goes to school, if he does that in the fall, but it is something I have seen in several only children that I have known. They're used to being the center of the world, and when they're not, they don't understand why not.
Comment: Oh yes. Most kids start with what I once jokingly called the "egocentricism" or the assumption that they are the center of the universe. The best approach is to practice things like sharing, taking turns and giving precedence to others. That's what my mom did when I was a child (I am an only child) and we continued with ours as well.
Answer: Why is he upset?
Young children often don't see things which are fundamental truths for adults as inevitable. To you and me it is obvious that every person has exactly one birthday per year, and that there is no interaction between those birthdays. Your son might instead view birthdays as a communal resource, and every birthday claimed by someone else is one less for him. Or he can simply conceive of the alternate reality where he gets many more birthdays, and he then feels frustrated about it.
Kindergardeners are still in the process of developing a full "theory of mind" [1]. This means they haven't fully realized yet that other people are indeed people, too. Thus, they will often need some assistance to accomplish stuff like being happy for others. The difference between "this is unfair" and "I don't like the outcome" will not be that apparent to them either.
What to do about it?
This is a great learning opportunity regarding taking pleasure in other's happiness. As per swbarnes2's suggestion, have someone else lead him in taking an active role in the birthday celebrations for you. This person should explain how they enjoy contributing to others having a great birthday party. For third persons' birthdays, model the behaviour yourself. Besides being involved in planning, getting/creating a gift for you should also be on the agenda.
To make this all a bit more palatable, you could consider getting him something, too. This needs to be something minor, and not to overshadow the lessons in the preceeding paragraph. Some sweets perhaps, to soothe over any remaining pangs of jealousy.
[1] A type of experiment quantifying this is the Sally-Anne-Test. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally%E2%80%93Anne_test for an explanation and links to scientific papers.
Comment: "Kindergardeners are still in the process of developing a full "theory of mind". This means they haven't fully realized yet that other people are indeed people, too." Can you please provide a reputable source for this statement? Thanks!
Comment: @anongoodnurse Done
Comment: Omg, Arno, that study tested kids with Down's and with autism! bI think you're also misinterpreting the study results. *That is not a reliable source for your statement.*


translate like sketchup move

Question: In sketchup you can move an object based on two points. This makes it very easy to align a vertex in one object to vertex in another object. Here is an example:

I want to know how to do this in Blender. It seems that Translate can't align vertexs
Answer: Snap to active
While in Edit mode, change the snap to Vertices and select Active option. As stated by the Blender referece manual's page the snap target options:

determine what part of the selection snaps to the target objects.

In particular the Active option:

move the active element (vertex in Edit mode, object in Object mode) to the target.

Select the geometry to move and set the wanted vertex as active (should become white instead of orange).
Now you can use the active selection as pivot point to snap the selected geometry around.

Another method could be to move the origin of the object to a specific 3D cursor location and use it as your pivot point. In object mode, Active option is infact referring to the origin of the active (bright orange) object of the selection (dark orange)

Both methods above are quite fast, but they both have the disadvantage of messing up your initial object origin's location.
If you are interested in keeping the orign in it's relative coordinates from the geometry, I would suggest to use a third "dummy" object that would be your temporary pivot and delete it when the trasformation is over. You can use for example the Hook to new object command to quickly create an empty upon the selected geometry.
Answer: I don't think there is such feature, but you can achieve precision with numbers.
Say i have a cube the size of 1, 3, 1; and a cube with the size of 1,1,1. In the objects menu, you have the exact location of an object, so if I wanted to add the cube on the y axis (similarly to how you did it), you can make the location 4 (3 + 1).

However if you want to join the objects as you would when building a structure, you can use the extrude function to duplicate vertices, and move them. You can also use loop cuts to help.

As you can see, there is an edge line through the middle, that was done with the loop cut. I selected the verticies I wanted to "duplicate", I pressed the E button, and moved them out. You can press the X, Y, or Z key to move verticies on one axis
Comment: Or you can go with @Carlo 's method. It matches your requirements more
Answer: One other alternative to what is already present here is using the third party addon NP Station
Among other features It provide a transform workflow similar to what Sketchup and CAD like applications provide, specifying a base point and a target, or even three point alignment.
It also provides dynamic viewport tooltips with a HUD like UI

translate like sketchup move


Broken shifter? My 96 Ford Taurus won't shift out of park, and I don't know why! Help?

Question: I have a 96 Ford Taurus and the shifter is giving me issues. For some reason it won't move out of park and I do not want to try to force it to shift and cause further damage. I'm aware that I need to press the brake pedal in order to shift into gear but I always do and the problem still occurs. What is the problem? What is the range for repair costs? Any insight would be greatly appreciated.
Comment: Is this a column or floor shifter?  There may be a note in the owners manual on how to disable the shift interlock... this would generally be done to get the car to a mechanic for a repair.  Not a "do this daily in order to drive" process.
Comment: In general, having the key in the car, and pressing the brake pedal will cause _something_ in the shifter to click into place or open so you can change gears.  It could be a simple electrical connection or a little actuator.  I'll let someone that knows more about your car answer, but for now, do your brake lights work?  Can you press the button on the shifter, or will that not even press?
Answer: First have someone check to see if your brake lights work.
If they don't check fuse 28 in the underdash fuse panel.
If fuse 28 is OK locate the stoplight switch on the brake pedal. Key on engine off, use a paper clip and jump the 2 terminals.
If you can shift out of park and the brake lights come on replace the stoplight switch.
If the brake lights come on and it still won't come out of park.Check fuse 5 in the underdash fuse panel.
If fuse 5 is OK, locate the shiftlock actuator on the bottom on the steering column. Check for power on the grey/yellow and red/light green wires, check for ground on the black wire.
If power and ground are OK, replace the shiftlock actuator.
Comment: Awesome great answer.  Brake switch is most likely.  They definitely wear out with repeated braking. The contact points in the switch erode (same as old school ignition points). Good news is brake switches are pretty cheap, dealer item < $22


How can I figure out who has visited my profile?

Question: How can I find out who are my profile visitors?
Comment: Install a virus on one of the Stack Exchange Valued Associate's work computers, log in very, very early one morning, and alter the codebase slightly.  If that's not an option, install a virus on every Stack Exchange user's computer and have it tell your web server every time they visit your profile. If that's not an option, work your way up the ranks in the NSA, then bug the dataline to the Stack Exchange servers. If that's not an option, buy Stack Exchange and Make It So(TM).
Answer: You can't. This isn't Linkedin or some other glorified social network.
Comment: -1: A simple "you can't" would have been enough.
Comment: @Pekka: Conveying truth is not unfriendly or snarky.
Comment: @Pekka: What's wrong with providing a rationale? I despise answers that don't.
Comment: you and I can't really provide a useful rationale, because we didn't build the site. Even though you are probably right, it adds no value to the answer and sounds unfriendly and snarky to me.
Comment: @Pekka: "It's not a social network" is also the standard answer of those who did build the site to questions about why SO isn't more like a social network. It's hardly a secret.


Notify user from unsaved data

Question: How can I notify user about unsaved plugin parameters?
I have a plugin with a large number of settings and I would like to notify the user if he had made any changes to those settings but didn't save them yet. How could this be done?
Answer: The most commonly used approach is to hook the onbeforeunload event, like Stackoverflow itself does.
window.onbeforeunload = function(){
    // triggered when the user tries to navigate away / close the page
    return 'Your custom message';
}

This will ask the user whether they want to really close the page, along with your custom message.
See here or ask google for more info
However, if you want to be more user-friendly, you could store in localstorage while the user fills in the details, and keep your copy of the settings there.
With the second approach - or a combination of the two - you'd achieve a better result, more user friendly, but you'll definitely be working harder than the first approach, which simply requires one line of code.
Answer: Lets consider one input for example scenario. Suppose you have one input in your form named pluginname.
<input name="pluginname" id="pluginname" value="thisandthat" />

If you don't want to use localstorage (cause if may cause trouble on older browser). You can follow bellow trick.
On page load set one flag that will state us if any changes has been made to input with true/false.
jQuery(document).ready(function(){
    var changeflag = false,
        originalpluginname = '';
});

Bind focusin and focusout events for that element.
jQuery('#pluginname').focusin(function(){
    if(originalpluginname === '')
        originalpluginname = this.value;
}).focusout(function(){
    if(originalpluginname !== this.value)
        changeflag = true;
});

And then bind event to onbeforeunload to check if there any changes made by user. If use has made any change warn him.
$(window).on('beforeunload', function(){
    if(changeflag)
        return confirm('You have some unsaved changes, are you sure you want to leave before you save them?');
});

Notify user from unsaved data


Web mapping with Openlayers

Question: On a pedestrian wayfinding scenario, I need to drape some extruded buildings close to the road as the user navigates along the road on a 2D Map Background. I hope I can use OpenLayers and ReadyMap for this. I have vector data in shape file format. I am a newbie to web-mapping. Any ideas on this to start with?
Comment: There should be a grey check mark next to each answer on your questions. It's where the up/down vote buttons and ranking are. Click the check mark next to the answer that worked best for you. That will accept the answer.
Answer: There isn't a huge amount of info to start helping you here. We need specific problems rather that general ones. Why don't you start with the OpenLayers Examples and take it from there. When you have a more specific problem then that is the point to start asking questions.
The OpenLayers Examples page is a really good starting point to see various things you can do with it and how, although bear in mind that some of them don't work all the time!

Web mapping with Openlayers