28V vs. 124V on the ISS

Question: Apparently the US segment of the ISS runs on 124v DC, while the Russian segment is on 28v DC. Why the difference? I understand it is often safer to have several different voltages rather than one, but is one better than the other? Is the Russian segment lower because it is older, or because it is more efficient?
Comment: My guess regarding the 28V: because that was used on Mir and ultimately, because that was/is used in aircrafts. So they could reuse systems designed for this voltage.
Comment: just fyi there are several ISS power-related links in the question [Why was the ISS' DC vacuum cleaner replaced with an AC version? Are there "wall sockets" throughout the ISS where it's plugged in?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/27531/12102) as well as in answer(s) there.
Comment: Related: [Why is 28 V a common nominal spacecraft bus voltage?](https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/8709/why-is-28-v-a-common-nominal-spacecraft-bus-voltage)
Comment: Generally the trade-off is this: a lower voltage is less efficient (more heat loss in wires), but it is also safer. I can imagine that older segments are built to be safer, while newer segments are built to be more efficient (having built up experience) and more compliant (able to plug-in commercial electronics). The reason behind choices of voltage standards could be as simple as this, without having changed ever since, because the real advantages/disadvantage over different voltage are marginal, whereas implementing a change is cumbersome. Bear in mind, this is just my speculation.
Comment: Because the ISS project deliberately did everything different from the Shuttle project.
Answer: This answer is a near-exact copy of answer, by a NASA employee, given on Quora to the question "What voltage is used on the International Space Station" ?
The primary power at the solar arrays is at 160 V dc.  That is transported across the ISS and then dropped down to 124 V dc at which point it is called secondary power. Most of the US equipment uses that 124 V dc.  124 V dc decreases the current and lowers the cost, weight, and power loss. The voltage is stepped down to 28 V dc for use by most Russian equipment and some visiting vehicles.
[My addition] The first-launched parts of the ISS, Unity and Destiny, were of original American design, so the choice of voltage could be made by NASA and its subcontractors. Coupling with Russian equipment came later. This answer to Soyuz MS spacecraft battery voltage? tells you that 28V DC is a common voltage in Russian vehicle, specifically Soyuz.
Comment: This answer contains a number of factual errors. The first-launched piece of the ISS was Russian, the FGB. The first US space station mission, STS-88, carried Node 1 and linked it with the FGB, so coupling with the Russian equipment didn't "come later". Note that this very early proto-ISS didn't have US solar panels, the US side was powered by the Russian side. The US Lab (Destiny) wasn't launched for almost 3 years, and came after the Russian Service Module was added to the station. Also note that the US Space Shuttle used 28V DC.

28V vs. 124V on the ISS


How do you say "fingers crossed"?

Question: In English we use the phrase "fingers crossed" to express anticipation of good luck. Except for the word by word translation "dedos cruzados", does Latin American Spanish have an equivalent phrase?
Comment: Just like that. "Cruzar los dedos" or "tengo los dedos cruzados para que Servia gane la medalla de oro" :-)
Comment: @DGaleano "Servia" se usa muy poco pero no es está mal, según el DRAE. De todos modos, "Serbia" es más correcto.
Comment: Clearly it doesn't work since USA beat Serbia 96 to 66 for the gold medal :-)....BTW sorry misspelling Ser**b**ia on my last comment
Comment: When I was a child, I remember *Servia* as the usual form. At some time, it changed into *Serbia*, which is indeed the etimological spelling. But it took me some time to get used into it.
Comment: @DGaleano "servia" sounds bad to a half-Serbian half-latino like me. hearing is is the same, reading it I had to go over it twice for it to resonate.
Answer: In Spanish we just say cruzar los dedos. From the comment by DGaleano I can also affirm that this is also used in Latin America (or at least in Colombia, where he is from).

Cruza los dedos, ¡empieza el sorteo de la lotería!
Cross fingers, the lottery is about to start

Note your word by word translation is also good: I have also heard dedos cruzados sometimes. Especially when used as an imperative.
For example, in a context of a game, some players may tell each other:

Dedos cruzados, empieza el partido
Cross fingers, the match is about to start

I by the way found some explanations on the expression. In Significado y origen de expresiones famosas they say:

Se adjudica a los esclavos negros en América del Norte. Aquellos que mutaron sus creencias y se convirtieron a la fe cristiana, cuando estaban esposados o con las manos atadas y no podían usarlas con libertad para formar una cruz o santiguarse, apelaban a cruzar dos dedos de alguna mano para darle forma al símbolo de los cristianos y así invocar a Dios o elevar una plegaria. Se trataba, entonces, de un recurso para practicar la fe ante situaciones adversas, muy alejado del sentido actual. Hoy consiste en un gesto supersticioso, al que se apela para espantar la mala suerte.

But others state other things. In general, though, there is always the underlying idea of making a cross with the fingers to symbol the Christian cross and make it "protect" oneself against the bad luck.
Comment: According to the English Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossed_fingers the phrase is much earlier than the slave trade and may date from the earliest years of Christianity but it may have arrived into Spanish much later via North America of course.
Answer: In Mexico they also say "(hacer) changuitos" , which literally translates as "(making) little monkeys".
Comment: I believe you mean "hacer changuitos" which does not translate to "making little monkeys" but is equivalent to "cruzar los dedos" (crossing one's fingers). As walen mentioned, just complete your answer because it's indeed a valid one.    :)

How do you say "fingers crossed"?


Mathematics Ph.D program foreign language requirement

Question: I will soon be attending a Ph.D program in mathematics. I do not know how common this practice is, but the department has a requirement that graduate students must learn a foreign language and be able to read and write mathematics in that language. The three choices are French, German, or Russian. I personally have no preference on which to learn, but I was wondering if there were other reasons that would make one language more advantageous over the others in terms of a general mathematical career. Thanks in advance in any response.
Comment: Perhaps surprisingly this actually depends on what subfield of math you will be specializing in, For number theory and algebraic geometry, French seems the best choice. For some aspects of representation theory, Russian might be best, and for finite group theory, German would be the choice. However, even with this in mind, French might be the best choice in general, as the sources only available in French tends to have a higher quality gap down to the English equivalents than the other languages (this is only my impression though, so it might be wrong).
Comment: @wolfgangbangerth I mean, let's just stop learning foreign languages because nothing of any consequence is done in any language other than English and if it I'd it'll be translated right? While we're at it, let's just get rid of math courses too, we already have computers to handle that. *Sigh*
Comment: @WolfgangBangerth: A counterexample: my dissertation was based primarily on a series of papers published only in French between 2004 and 2007, which prove some rather important results and are pretty consequential in my research area.
Comment: ¨@WolfgangBangerth perhaps your opinion is less relevant here exactly because you work in applied math. It seems that here there is a significant difference between pure and applied math.
Comment: @WolfgangBangerth even if that were true, one does occasionally have to read papers published >25 years ago.
Comment: Folks -- the fact that some of you have occasionally used your foreign language skills does not prove that it is a worthwhile thing to require *every graduate student* to learn a foreign language. Because if you dabble in examples, I'm going to note that my mother language is German and that I read French passably well -- but that it's been about 20 years since I had the *need* to use either for scientific purposes (I'm in applied math). Point being that learning a language is a *huge commitment* with *relatively uncommon* uses for work purposes.
Comment: @WolfgangBangerth Probably not even Chinese - Chinese language publications have the reputation of being of lackluster quality even in China.
Comment: Petition your department to drop the language requirement. Nothing of consequence has been published in the past 25 years in either of these 3 languages that isn't also available in English. My sense is that the only countries where people still publish noteworthy things in their national language are China and Japan -- and if your department wanted to be fair, they'd include these two languages in their foreign language options.
Comment: I've heard of this in several mathetmatics PhD programs, but I've never heard of it in a PhD program outside of mathematics (that wasn't directly related to non-English languages).
Comment: @WolfgangBangerth Wasn't the Fundamental Lemma proof by Chau in French?
Comment: Do the one that is simpler for you to learn, so that you don't waste much time on this. That's the canonical strategy.
Comment: @David while counter examples are sure to abound, my impression is that basically every humanities program requires it. History, art (and art history), philology (tends to require knowledge of three or four), philosophy, religion, etc. Nowadays even some nursing programs have started to require it
Answer: While it may be true that, if one had to pick a single language in which to read mathematics, English would currently be the best choice, ... it is certainly not the case (as many people do claim) that these days there's an English version of anything worthwhile. True, it is possible to "get by" reading only English, but there are little problems now and then.
In particular, for mathematics, perhaps unlike computer science, things don't really become "wrong" or obsolete (although they certainly can become less stylish), and until about WWII the cutting-edge writing in mathematics was mostly in French and German. (Depending on the epoch, Russians often wrote in French or German, as did Japanese in those times. English was not the lingua franca... :)
So, for people in mathematics of roughly my age, it was necessary to have some reading knowledge of French and German to be professionally competent in those years. And many of the classics of those times have not been supplanted by English-language versions, and are still relevant at least as subtle background to contemporary work.
Also, though I don't make a hobby of tracking this, it is my impression that many French mathematicians in number theory and automorphic forms and representation theory certainly do write in French, and at a level and substance that is not at all automagically transferred to English-language writing. And many pieces in Seminaire Bourbaki, a wonderful resource, continue to be in French.
Answer: The decision does depend on you field. As Tobias Kildetoft mentioned above there may be original non-translated stuff which is interesting to you. Also there could be more position of field A in country B is something to consider.
Then in Germany/Austria/Switzerland you may even get away in a teaching position in the beginning without speaking any German and in France this is less likely. I don't know about Russia.
Answer: I took an oral exam to satisfy that requirement in my applied math department.  I was psyched.  I dusted off my French, which I hadn't used in a while.  I was looking forward to the exam.  To my disappointment, the page I was asked to translate was mostly symbols; the few words on the page could have been machine-translated, they were so straightforward.  So in terms of satisfying your department's requirement, if your requirement is anything like mine was (and you can ask your department to give you a sample page ahead of time, to judge the expected level of fluency), pick French or German, whichever seems easier for you.  (For most English speakers, that would be French.)  (Avoid Russian because of the other alphabet.)
On the other hand, if your goal is to truly learn a new language, then choose from among all the languages in the world, not just those three.  Choose it for more than one reason, not just to make more articles in your field accessible to you.  And learn it thoroughly -- or don't bother.  Speaking 200 words won't give you the benefits of knowing another language.
The benefits of speaking another language well include:
- being able to communicate with a bunch of people you wouldn't be able to otherwise
- understanding another culture, especially its humor, in a way you wouldn't be able to otherwise
- being able to get nuanced meanings from articles and books in your field (note, these nuanced meanings will not be accessible to you without a less-than-superficial study of the language, which typically takes several years to achieve)
If you want to be able to read papers in your field, and you're not sure if knowing another language will be necessary for that, then do a thorough literature search in your area, to find out which other language(s), if any, will be needed.
Answer: Here is my opinion. Of French, German, and Russian the former two are much more important than the latter, and you will recognize this if you look into the history of mathematics. Hilbert, Riemann, Jacobi, Noether, Weierstrass, Von Neumann, Klein and other members of the Göttingen school (arguably the most influential in the history of mathematics) published in German, while Cauchy, Fourier, Poincaré, Hadamard, Euler and others published in French. Associated with those names is the founding of so many fields of mathematics.. analysis (rigorous calculus), complex analysis, commutative algebra,.. essentially all fields that are the basic cornerstones of mathematics. One cannot say the same about Russian; there are quite a few very decent Russian mathematician, but none is of the same calibre as the mathematicians mentioned above. This makes French and German (by far) the most important languages in the history of mathematics.
In the 1930's Hitler essentially killed German mathematics; Germany's position in mathematics is nowadays merely a shadow of what it used to be. There are still some important German mathematician's, but they are few. And they mainly publish in English (Hopf, Hirzebruch, and Faltings were notable exceptions). This put French mathematics to the front, and there is a countless number of important French publications of the postwar area.. Schwartz's work on distribution theory, Serre and Borel's work in algebraic topology, Serre and Grothendieck's work in algebraic geometry and commutative algebra, Serre's work in number theory. etc. etc.
Comment: "*there are quite a few very decent Russian mathematician, but none is of the same calibre as the mathematicians mentioned above*" Maybe "none" should be "few"? I'd certainly include Kolmogorov among rarified group of people you listed.
Comment: While I do not agree with this answer, I think the conclusion is right, for a different reason. During Soviet times, there were quite a lot of important works published in Russian. Maybe less so in Algebra, but definitely in some of the more applied fields. However the more important works generally had good English translations, often published with involvement of the original author.
Comment: Gelfand? .......
Comment: @DaveLRenfro well he is  perhaps comparable to Fourier or Klein, but certainly not to Hilbert, Riemann, or Euler.


Intuitive explanation of Convolutional layers in Deep CNN

Question: I am studying a bit about deep learning and CNNs. I understand the math. However, I am a bit stuck on a basic concept related to filters.
In Convolutional layers, the number of filters corresponding to the depth. For instance, if I have 128 filters, I'll apply each of these individually to the image. Since all these filters are being applied to the image, would this not make it Fully connected? (image is connected to each filter).
Can I have filters of different sizes in a single layer?
Answer: In each layer of a CNN you have a number of filters. Suppose for the first convolutional layer you have $C_{out} = 10$ filters. The customary dimension for each of these filters is $(C_{input}, H, W)$ where $C_{input}$ represents the number of channels of the inputs of the current convolutional layer. $H$ and $W$ represents the height and width of the window of the filter. Consider this point that you are convolving each filter with the inputs. An input is a volume with $(C_{input}, H^{'}, W^{'})$ dimension. What you do as convolution is convolving these volumes, each filter and the input. The height and the width of the input $H^{'}$ and $W^{'}$ are the same or bigger than the height and width of each filter, but the depth or the number of the channels of each filter has to be the same as the input channel. After convolving each filter you will have a two-dimensional activation map. By stacking the result of each filter you will have $C_{output}$ number of output feature maps which is equal to the number of filters.


Why doesn't a Sallen-Key Butterworth Filter ring?

Question: I was under the impression that the differences between a Chebyshev, Butterworth, and Bessel filter was that they represented the cases of an underdamped, critically damped, and overdamped systems, respectively. However, after revisiting the transfer function for a second-order Sallen-Key filter, it seems I am mistaken as a Butterworth filter is defined with \$\mathrm{Q} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\$ or 0.707 placing it in the underdamped category. For a critically-damped filter, Q must be equal to 0.5. Why then doesn't an ideal Butterworth filter seem to exhibit ringing as can be seen with a Chebyshev filter?
Comment: You must not mix the terms "ringing" (overshoot; defined in the TIME domain only) and "peaking resp. ripple" (defined in the FREQUENCY domain only).
Answer: A Butterworth filter has a flat pass band (spectral response): -

But it will still ring when a transient comes along (time response): -

Only a critically damped or over-damped filter will not produce overshoot (ringing).

EDIED to show that a 2nd order Bessel filter does produce 0.433 % overshoot: -

Calculator source
The resistor value is manipulated to give a zeta of precisely 0.866 with Fd of 0.5*Fn (aka Bessel).
Comment: Not only a critically damped filter ... any overdamped filter won't overshoot either - such as a Bessel.
Comment: @BrianDrummond very true I shall make amends.
Comment: Brian Drummond - it is not quite correct that a Bessel step response "won`t overshoot". It does! However, just a little. This applies to all 2nd-order functions with Qp>0.5.
Comment: Bessel doesn't overshoot. Some approximations to Bessel, for instance those found in A.B.Williams, do very slightly.
Comment: Bessel overshoot is 0.43% - see the formula in my answer.
Answer: Yes, a Butterworth should ring, but who knows what should happen when you implement it with 10% or worse caps?  Those poles can move around substantially.
One of my old electronics labs as a student involved tweaking out a Butterworth using a spectrum analyzer.  It was not easy.
Answer: The Butterworthiness is a principle to make maximally flat frequency response at the center frequency of the passband or at 0 Hz if the filter is LPF. This principle leads some ringing - not much, but some. Its mathematics.
Sallen-Keyness is the principle how the component values have been picked from the vast set of possiblities that in theory imply the same filtering effect.
The inventors, Sallen and Key picked the combination that allows maximally loose component tolerances for a given error in frequency response.
Answer: The step response of a second order lowpass filter does not depend on the selected filter topolgy. It is rather a function of the pole location - which can be expressed using the pole quality factor Qp. The following expression for the overshoot (in percent) can be used:
overshoot (gamma)=100*exp[-pi/SQRT(4Qp²-1)].
As you can see, for Qp=0.5 the exponent approaches "minus infinity" and gamma is zero. As an example, the Bessel response (Qp=0.577) gives an overshoot of only 0.43 %


What is the maximum (unloaded) range of the Beluga XL?

Question: Airbus states that the range of the Beluga XL is 4000 km at maximum payload. Does anyone have a figure (or estimate) for it's maximum range with no payload?
Answer: For an estimate, we can use the Brequet range equation:
$range = V\cdot t_f
= \frac{L}{D} \times I_{sp} \times \ln\left(\frac{W_i}{W_f}\right) $
with:

$V$: optimal velocity
$t_f$: flight time
$L$: lift
$D$: drag
$I_{sp}$:  propulsion efficiency
$W_i$: initial weight
$W_f$: final weight

Assuming the lift to drag ratio $\left(\frac{L}{D}\right)$ and the propulsion efficiency will stay constant, the range will depend on the ratio of initial and final weight.
$range = C \times \ln\left(\frac{W_i}{W_f}\right)$
In case the aircraft departs with the maximum payload, the weight is:
$W_i = W_{oe} + W_{payload} + W_{fuel} = W_{mto}$

$W_{oe}$: operating empty weight: 127 500 kgf
$W_{payload}$:  payload weight: 51 000 kgf
$W_{mto}$: maximum take-off weight: 227 000 kgf
$W_{fuel}$: fuel weight =  $W_{mto} - W_{payload}-W_{oe}$ = 48 500 kgf

The final weight at maximum range is then:
$W_f = W_{oe} + W_{payload}$
Filling in the numbers we find:
4000 km = $C \times \ln\left(\frac{\textrm{227 000}}{\textrm{127 500 + 51 000}}\right)$
That means $C \approx \textrm{16 640}$ for the Beluga XL.
If we now remove the payload and take-off with the same amount of fuel, we find:

$W_i$ = 176 000 kgf
$W_f$ = 127 500 kgf
$range \approx \textrm{16 640} \times \ln\left(\frac{\textrm{176 000}}{\textrm{127 500}}\right) \approx 5365$km

But that is just removing the payload without adding fuel. Of course we can now bring more fuel on board without exceeding the maximum take-off weight.
The fuel capacity of the Beluga XL is 73000 kg (source:Aircraft Characteristics
Airport And Maintenance Planning Beluga XL manual). This changes the numbers to:

$W_i$ = 200 500 kgf
$W_f$ = 127 500 kgf
$range \approx \textrm{16 640} \times \ln\left(\frac{\textrm{200 500}}{\textrm{127 500}}\right) \approx 7530$km

So the Beluga can fly approximately 7500 km when empty, enough to cross the Atlantic from Toulouse, even if there is normal headwind.
Answer: It can travel 4259 kilometers or 2647 miles loaded, but I am not sure if Airbus would have a need to publicly document the information of the unloaded range - I doubt this information is accessible.
Comment: Why dismiss the case of positioning the aircraft empty? If it takes 3 hops to get from A to B loaded, it may take two legs, or maybe only one, to get from B to A empty.


application of wavelet to vibration signal

Question: I ask you to help me to interpret this figure corresponding to a diagnosis of gear failure using CWT (Haar);
I have already worked on the analysis of the vibratory signals using the FFT; But since the signals from the bearings and the gears are non-stationary it is considered necessary to apply WT. So I started with simulated signals of gear failures to evaluate the sensitivity of this method compared to that of Fourrier
Comment: Thank you for your help and for the video. My problem is not to understand the principle of wavelets but especially to interpret them.
For example in the figure I didn't know  to indicate that the gear is defective ?!
Comment: Since the signal is oscillatory, Haar may not be the best choice. You could try higher-order complex wavelets, and display the phase scalogram as well. Then, you can start comparing displays for both a nicely working and a failing one. What kind on failure are you looking for?
Answer: I've been working on this area for a while. The wavelet transform is a more powerful tool for time-frequency (TF) & feature extraction since the FFT or STFT always suffers from the resolution issues in TF domain. As a starter, I think the short videos provided in MATLAB is a very good point to start with. I paste the 1st part here and you can also find the rest parts from it.
https://www.mathworks.com/videos/understanding-wavelets-part-1-what-are-wavelets-121279.html
Bests,
GL
Comment: I think these video can help you understand this figure. Anyway, the major difference between FFT and CWT is that FFT is frequency domain based study and CWT is time-frequency domain based study. In your problem, the gear failure will lead to a frequency change/nonlinearity, and with the two coefficients in your second plot, you can localize when the failure occurs in the time domain. Detailed explanation for these two coefficients are in the videos.


How to find a lawyer to hire

Question: The site linked here gives far to little information to choose. How should one deal with such a situation? Why does such a site give so little information?
Comment: You need an indication of what country this is.
Comment: Google maps reviews can be helpful I find, as can word of mouth if from intelligent people's mouths. If they're stupid they may just be singing the praises of someone who's just taking advantage of them but really skilled as a salesman at convincing their victim they're looking after their best interest.
Comment: @Cicero : The web page says which country it is.
Comment: Related: [How do I get legal advice in the UK](https://law.stackexchange.com/a/65094/35069)
Answer: The best method of finding a lawyer varies by practice area and type of matter and type of client. What makes sense for a DUI case to find a lawyer may not make sense if you are looking for a general counsel for a medium sized company.
Word of mouth referrals are a good place to start if you can use them. Many good lawyers don't advertise very heavily because they can get all the work they need from word of mouth referrals, and this also screens out obviously bad lawyers.
Many state bar associations provide lists of attorneys who practice in particular areas. See, e.g. the Colorado Bar Association Find-a-lawyer page. Even if they don't you can look at members of relevant bar committees in the area you need work done.
Sometimes courts also provide lists of lawyers that practice in their court regularly. For example, the Denver Probate Court's in person clerk's office desk has a list of lawyers who work in the probate area.
Looking at lawyers who represented someone similar to you in a court document from a similar case can also be fruitful if you can locate any such documents. In federal courts, if you know of a case, you can user the PACER system to locate court documents listing the lawyers in the case. Some state and local courts make documents filed in those cases available online.
Look at websites offering continuing legal education courses for lawyers and contact lawyers teaching classes in practice areas where you need assistance. Looking for state bar journal articles on practice areas you need and contacting the authors of those journals can also be fruitful.
Another strategy is to call lots of lawyers and ask for referrals from firms that can't take your case because they don't practice in the area where you need assistance. I get multiple cold calls every week in areas where I don't practice and I am routinely asked for referrals and make a good faith effort to provide them when I can. Another plus of this method is that even if you don't get useful legal advice or referrals from a cold call to a law firm, you may get clarification from the person you call about what kind of law or practice area is implicated in your case.
For example, many people who really need probate work self-identify as needing real estate work because they want to clear up title to real estate owned by a dead person. And, a cold call might help focus your search on the right kind of lawyer.
Similarly, you might call ordinary criminal lawyers for your case and find out that you really need a specialist white collar crime lawyer.
In the U.K., hiring a barrister has historically often been intermediated by an individual known as a barrister's clerk, often working with a solicitor for a client to find a barrister for the client.

Why does such a site give so little information?

Historically, lawyer advertising and marketing was heavily regulated. Vestiges of those regulations remain common practice and still are part of the law in some jurisdictions.
In particular, claims of having specializations, special expertise, and high success rates have been closely regulated.
Answer: Here are some strategies for finding US lawyers:

Use Martindale Hubbell to find candidates
Check Yelp, Google and other review sites for ratings
Call one or more lawyers that seems experienced and have been working in the type of law and same geographic area and ask them who they would recommend.
Look for lawyers who have written articles or blog posts on the subject
Call a big law firm. They are bound to have a few good lawyers. Once you have connections inside the big firm, you keep asking opinions to narrow down on who the superstars are.
Be aware that often you want a lawyer with the right personality for the job. If it involves litigation, you don't want somebody who prefers peaceful negotiation. If the amount of money involved is small, you don't want somebody that charges $1000 per hour. You have to match the job to the guy.
If it is criminal matter especially, it is good to get somebody from out of the area. The reason is that a local attorney will want to play nice with the local judges, prosecutors and police. But somebody from out of town won't care about the local system and will be willing to tear them down and embarass them.
Young hungry lawyers are better when a lot of work needs to be done. Older lawyers are better when things involve judgement and personal connections.
Law schools are a good indication of quality. Did the guy go to Duke or to some community college? However, beware of legacies. Sometimes a guy will get into a good law school because his daddy is a senator or something. You can always recognize the legacies because they have no publications, light workloads and they don't call you back right away.
Responsiveness is key. If a lawyer does not get back to you quickly (the same day), ditch them no matter how good they seem.
Comment: Second @ohwilleke. ***"A good lawyer knows the law, a great lawyer knows the judge.*** - Not in the sense that interpersonal relationship might influence the outcome but to know how the judge rules their court and the best strategies.
Comment: "If it is criminal matter especially, it is good to get somebody from out of the area." I would disagree with this. Knowing the "going rate" for different charges and local practice is key to being effective in criminal practice. And, since criminal practice is mostly in person, it is much more costly to have non-local counsel since you have to pay for travel charges.
Comment: https://www.ricefamilylaw.com/2012/12/11/a-good-lawyer-knows-the-law-but-a-great-lawyer-knows-the-judge/
Answer:
How to shop for a lawyer

You need to attain at least some background in legal matters. Without a minimum of knowledge, you really have no criteria for scrutinizing a lawyer's competence. Knowledge is power.
You can go to the court in your jurisdiction and ask for case files. Obviously you should seek cases that pertain to the type of legal issue you have in mind. Study them. Take notes. Pay attention to the proceedings dates and for how long a case is dragged in court, because that suggests what that lawyer might do on yours for as long as you have any assets.
Reading the pleadings and motion briefs can initially be intimidating, but as you gain exposure to that type of documents you will gradually identify patterns and internalize concepts. Some types or aspects of litigation are so routinary that you might end up questioning whether disbursing thousands of dollars for work you could do by yourself is a good idea.
Attaining that background also will help you if/when you approach a prospective lawyer. It is important to discern whether the lawyer is only babbling and limiting himself to responses that are generic or too ambiguous.
Online ratings & reviews are unreliable because anyone (including the lawyer's employees, relatives, and friends) can say anything in those websites. This is no different from online reviews for any other type of business.
Comment: The problem I see with your suggestion is that there might not be enough time for this in many situations. If I need a lawyer, I rarely have the time to do the detailed and lengthy analysis you suggest here.
Comment: @PMF "*there might not be enough time for this in many situations*". *Many* does not imply *most*. Even in those scenarios you point out, the urgency does not change the fact that reliance on Internet reviews amounts to betting blindly on someone whose priority is to make a profit for himself. Furthermore, in court proceedings it is not uncommon for a party to be granted an extension of deadline to file a response. Other than court proceedings, parties usually are in a *less-than-urgent* situation and can take the approach I outline.
Comment: I agree to that. Internet reviews are definitely not a reliable source. (Particularly lawyers should know that buying testimonies isn't going to help their career, though.)

How to find a lawyer to hire


Where can I find the cache file about onion address?

Question: I'm preparing for my graduation project. It is about Tor hidden services. I configured my machine as directory so that it can obtain onion addresses of hidden services. I have been studying the basic principles of Tor, but I still don't understand how to get an onion address. But I trust there must be a cache file? Right? How can I find it? The other methods to obtain onion addresses can also be accepted.
Comment: How could anyone detect that you are scraping descriptors of onions? Just logging addresses when you see them on your relay? I don't see how its protected against.
Answer: You should not be running your relay to try and scrape descriptors of published hidden services, this is considered malicious behavior and your relay will be removed from the tor network.
If you want to view descriptors of onions that are already public, you should use the HSFETCH command, details can be found here and a tutorial on using the stem library to fetch them can be found here.
Answer:
but I still don't understand how to get onion address.

You would simply edit your torrc config file, by propagating the settings for hidden service, thereafter tor daemon will re-read it, after SIGHUP: pidof tor | xargs kill -HUP, and will create an onion address for you.
Add this to your /etc/tor/torrc config file:
HiddenServiceDir /tmp/hidden/
HiddenServicePort 80 127.0.0.1:8080

And change ownership of a directory:
# mkdir /tmp/hidden
# chown -R debian-tor:debian-tor /tmp/hidden
# kill -HUP `pidof tor`

After SIGHUP, read your address:
# cat /tmp/hidden/hostname
f47tueagfcx6grjs.onion


Damaged Tank, How did it happen

Question: As the title suggests there was this dent on my motorcycle and I'm not sure what happened. Any help is appreciated
Comment: It got hit - assume when parked because you would know if it happened when riding.
Comment: With so little information to go on, it could be anything. All we know is that it is a Honda and it has a dent. To me, it looks to be like it was knocked over (dropped) and the handlebar impacted the tank.
Comment: Once, when putting my helmet on it slipped from my hand and hit the tank causing a small indentation I didn't notice till a day later. Not this size though. Seeing as it's along a crease line it would have to have been something pretty heavy. But also soft - there's no damage to the paint. Id' look around for something resembling a steel pipe wrapped in cloth...
Answer: I can think of two possibilities to this:

A vent line has become clogged and this has caused a vacuum condition in your tank, causing it to collapse. I've you've noticed the fuel cap being difficult to get off recently this might be it
The tank has been damaged by some sort of impact, either something being dropped on it or possibly a car/truck hit it when it was parked
Comment: I don't believe suction could cause a straight line like that do you? And your point two reads much like my comment....
Comment: Suction is less likely but still a possibility that should be explored @SolarMike. Accident damage is a pretty obvious possibility, it's not as if I wouldn't have thought of it if your comment hadn't been there.
Comment: I've had accident damage before, came downstairs to find my handlebar bent. Someone had knocked my ride over and put it back up, then drove away, as if I wouldn't notice.
Answer: As I pointed out in my comment earlier - it has been hit - a possible guess is that a pipe or somesuch has been dropped or bounced off the tank.
The possibility of suction being the cause is, imho, very unlikely given the curvature of the outer tank panels.

Damaged Tank, How did it happen


How did humans know the process of domesticating animals?

Question: If people in ancient times had no scientific knowledge  about natural selection and Darwinism, how were they knowledgeable about animal domestication and artificial selection?
What tools and techniques did they use to intercept animal reproduction and obstetrics? Did they use any artificial insemination tools?
Comment: Humans do not need to understand it to do it, nor is any technology needed. Just keeping the wolves we liked and driving off/eating the ones we did not for hundreds of generations got us dogs. there is no forthough necessary just favoritism.
Comment: It's common sense for 3-4 generation families living in tribes and cities to see heredity around them and learn from spoken tradition. tempers and physical traits are inherited. Conceptually they would also understand from mixing food ingredients, from mixing inks, that when you add two things together, you get a combination of the two. It's easy for them to consider using the largest animal of every generation to make the largest stock. Prehistoric people would not use freezers and condoms:) they would not complicate the act of putting two animals in the same room.
Comment: Prehistoric people had a similar intelligence as today, they just didn't have books. They knew absolutely millions of things about nature and conception. If you go to a yanomami village you realize that there is a lot of method and the magic explains only things that are not logical, linear, additive, related, visible, heredity is fairly straightforwards, it's very additive and visible.
Answer: I think this is a very interesting question but not necessarily directly related to genetics. This is more a question related to fields such as cognitive archaeology/anthropology and technological lithic analysis of how tools were made.
I'm not too familiar with Homo sapiens myself as it's unrelated to my field, but a close friend of mine is an evolutionary anthropologist who specializes in Homo neanderthalensis but knows a whole lot more about this than I do. I asked him for some suggested reading about this and here are his suggested introductions to the subject.
General interest but very comprehensive and in depth: Stringer, C. & Andrews, P. (2011). The complete world of human evolution. London New York: Thames & Hudson, Inc.
College textbook: Boyd, R. & Silk, J. (2009). How humans evolved. New York: W.W. Norton
The 2nd source actually delves into the topic of evolution of human intelligence, behaviour, culture, genetics and mating. If you want to learn more about the technological evolution, development, production and sophistication of stone tool making I suggest reading about things such as the Levallois technique. I hope this provided an answer to at least some of your questions! :)
Comment: That sort of makes sense, but I was interested in the techniques and practices of agriculture, animal domestication, and possibly plant domestication. How humans were able to control the mating of species to get them to do what they wanted to do, and even though the knowledge of how animal reproduction wasn't there, they still had instinctually messed with nature--whether it was for good or for bad you decide.
Answer: That might be more a history or archeology question than a science question.
Early domestication
While there was no concept of long term evolution, many people could witness that offspring of individuals (whether plants or animals, incl. humans) looked like their parents. From there, it is not much of a stretch to understand that by breeding individuals with desired traits, you would get offspring with desired traits. This is artificial selection at play.
Artificial insemination
Early animal domestication did not use much artificial insemination. According to Britannica.com, the first successful artificial insemination in animal was in 1780s only.
Intended vs unintended selection pressures
Note however that I do not want to claim that most of the domestication traits evolve by the human intention to make them more frequent in the population. It might be just that individuals poorly adapted to domestication would flee or get harmed or something and would therefore have lower survival. For example, aggressive individuals could get hurt by their farmer.
Note btw, that wether the selection pressure by the farmers were intended or not, we still typically use the term artificial selection.
Comment: It would be good to leave a comment when down voting so that I can improve upon the answer.


What Type Of Protein Is Best For You?

Question: how is whey made, the different types of whey protein and how much whey protein should we supplement with.
Comment: Whey protein is useless, you get enough of all proteins needed from eating normal food in normal quantities.  If you still need an edge then creatine and beta alanine are the only worth buying. Buy them in a pharmacy. Other good supplements are simply minerals and omega-3, everything else is worthless and potentially harmful
Comment: How was this question listed as "too broad"? Jesus people.
Answer: Whey protein and casein are actually by-products of making cheese. They are separated during the cheese making process. Cheese manufacturers will sell this excess whey to supplements companies who then turn around and process it further.  They remove the remaining fats, lactose, dry it, and then flavor it.
There are three types of whey that are mostly how much processing is done.  The differences between them are how much lactose, fats, and carbs are in them.
Whey concentrate is the cheapest and most common form.  It is also the least pure protein supplement.
Whey protein isolate is a more heavily processed form of whey. Almost entirely protein. Most of the fats and lactose have been removed (though some always remain).
Hydrolyzed Whey protein is whey protein isolate, but the protein chains have been broken down in to smaller strands. These make it faster absorption (though the jury is still out on whether this is actually helpful).
There are of course dozens of other protein powder supplements. Whey is just one of the cheapest. Casein is another popular style which is very slow absorption in comparison to whey. There is also supplements made out of peas, hemp, eggs, brown rice, mixed plants and probably more.
How much do you need? Absolutely none at all if you're eating enough in your diet. The general rule of thumb is you should aim for about 0.8g - 1 gram of protein for every pound of lean body mass or 1.7g - 2.2g per kilogram. There's nothing really special about protein supplementation other than being marketed really well. It is also just really convenient.
Answer: Personally, I have found that BEEF PROTEIN works better for me. My body just seems to respond better to it than it does to MILK PROTEIN.
I buy cheap jerky to nibble on at my desk:

https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00VB1XXVU
1-oz has 11 grams of protein, so I usually have 2-oz (still small enough quantity to fit into your hand). You can even carry jerky around in your pocket if you are in a pinch. It's not the most sanitary, but it won't really hurt anything.
After workouts, instead of having the traditional whey protein shake, I have been using this BEEF PROTEIN for the last 6-months:

https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00NVJE7HY
(FYI: The peanut butter / chocolate flavor linked above seems to taste the best to me - but none of the BEEF PROTEIN drinks seem to taste as "yummy" as MILK PROTEIN)
I can honestly say that I feel more pumped in the gym, I have gotten leaner, and people at the gym are asking me what I'm doing to put on size. I tell everyone it is this BEEF PROTEIN, but I don't think I am making any converts. I think it has something to do with the fact that BEEF PROTEIN naturally has Creatine in it.
I was remarking about this at the gym, and one of the trainers pointed out to me that all MILK PROTEIN contains estrogen*. It was further explained to me that if you want to build muscle and get stronger, you do not want to be pumping estrogen into your system.
*Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone. It is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen
(NOTE: Amazon links are small, and they have low prices)
Comment: All animal tissues and liquids have hormones in them... if you happen to eat a female animal its filled with estrogen obviously.
Comment: @Ekaen, I don't believe a slab of beef still caries the estrogen that whey protein does. Otherwise, you would see places marketing them as bull steaks or cow steaks.

What Type Of Protein Is Best For You?


What does the % new session metric in GA Content Experiment refer to?

Question: My understanding of the GA entity hierarchy model is the the profile entity is the parent of the experiment entity. If you go to the content experiment dashboard, click the site usage tab in the reporting. Is the % new sessions column referring to the % of sessions that are new to the experiment or are they the % of sessions that come from new users. I am doing advanced segments "new users" and the numbers do quite line up but they also don't seem different enough to be explained away completely.
Answer: % new sessoins refers to an estimate of the percentage of first-time visits. You can basically understand this as the sessions that are created by new users.
Google Analytics provides the basic terminology on the titles, i.e. you can hover over a title and a help text will appear which shows the meaning of that term.
Also, GA has a wide support system and Academy to help you with the basic and advanced learning of the platform.
Answer: It is an estimated percentage of first time visits. It counts new users so by definition it excludes returning visitors. In example a returning visitor that is experiencing his second session will not be measured in %new sessions


What enters the mind of an idle Buddha?

Question: What enters the mind of a Buddha when left idle? Suppose a Buddha were confined to a hospital bed or prison cell. One cannot remain within the conditioned states of jhana indefinitely. If one is unconditionally content, even in states of pain, it would seem there is no need to reflect or contemplate anything. Can you cite specific examples from the Buddha's life?
Answer: From parinibbana suttha

16: The Gracious One's Sickness

Then the Gracious One, after living near Ambapālī's Wood for as long
  as he liked, addressed venerable Ānanda, saying: "Come Ānanda let us
  approach the little village of Beluva."
"Very well, reverend Sir," venerable Ānanda replied to the Gracious
  One. Then the Gracious One together with a great Community of monks
  arrived at the little village of Beluva. There the Gracious One lived
  near the little village of Beluva.
There the Gracious One addressed the monks, saying: "Go, monks, and
  undertake the Rains Retreat in the vicinity of Vesālī living like
  friends, like companions, like comrades, and I will spend the Rains
  Retreat right here at the little village of Beluva."
"Very well, reverend Sir," and those monks, after replying to the
  Gracious One, undertook the Rains Retreat in the vicinity of Vesālī
  living like friends, like companions, like comrades. But the Gracious
  One spent the Rains Retreat right there at the little village of
  Beluva.
Then while dwelling for the Rains Retreat, a heavy affliction arose
  for the Gracious One, and continued with strong and death-like
  feelings. There the Gracious One dwelt mindfully, with full awareness,
  and without being troubled. Then this occurred to the Gracious One:
  "It is not suitable that I, without having addressed my attendants,
  without having given notice to the Community of monks, should attain
  Final Emancipation. Having energetically dismissed this affliction, I
  could live on after determining the lifespan."
Then the Gracious One having energetically dismissed that affliction
  lived on after determining the lifespan. Then the Gracious One's
  affliction abated. Then, the Gracious One, having risen from that
  sickness, not long after rising, departed from the Sick Room and sat
  down on the prepared seat in front of that Room.
Then venerable Ānanda approached the Gracious One, and after
  approaching and worshipping the Gracious One, he sat down on one side.
  While sitting on one side venerable Ānanda said this to the Gracious
  One:
"I have seen, reverend Sir, the Gracious One comfortable, I have seen,
  reverend Sir, the Gracious One bearing up while sick, and my body,
  reverend Sir, became faint as it were, and although I could not see
  straight, and things were not clear, it appeared to me, reverend Sir,
  that the Gracious One was sick, but it was some small comfort that the
  Gracious One would not attain Final Emancipation until the Gracious
  One had spoken regarding the Community of monks."
"But what, Ānanda, does the Community of monks expect of me? The
  Teaching has been taught by me, Ānanda, without having made a
  distinction between esoteric and exoteric, for the Realised One there
  is nothing, Ānanda, of a closed teacher's fist in regard to the
  Teaching.
To whoever, Ānanda, this thought occurs: 'I will lead the Community of
  monks' or 'I am the instructer of the Community of monks' let him
  speak, Ānanda, regarding the Community of monks. But to the Realised
  One, Ānanda, this thought does not occur: 'I will lead the Community
  of monks' or 'I am the instructor of the Community of monks'. Then
  why, Ānanda, should the Realised One speak regarding the Community of
  monks?
I, Ānanda, at present, am old, elderly, of great age, far gone,
  advanced in years, I am eighty years old. It is like, Ānanda, an old
  cart, which only keeps going when shored up with bamboo, just so,
  Ānanda, I think the Realised One's body only keeps going when shored
  up with bamboo.
When the Realised One doesn't pay attention, Ānanda, to any of the
  signs, when all feelings have ceased, he lives having established the
  signless mind-concentration, and at that time, Ānanda, the Realised
  One's body is most comfortable.
Therefore, Ānanda, live with yourself as an island, yourself as a
  refuge, with no other refuge, with the Teaching as an island, the
  Teaching as a refuge, with no other refuge. And how, Ānanda, does a
  monk live with himself as an island, himself as a refuge, with no
  other refuge, with the Teaching as an island, the Teaching as a
  refuge, with no other refuge?
Here, Ānanda, a monk dwells contemplating the nature of the body in
  the body, ardent, fully aware, and mindful, after removing avarice and
  sorrow regarding the world; he dwells contemplating the nature of
  feelings in feelings, ardent, fully aware, and mindful, after removing
  avarice and sorrow regarding the world; he dwells contemplating the
  nature of the mind in the mind, ardent, fully aware, and mindful,
  after removing avarice and sorrow regarding the world; he dwells
  contemplating the nature of things in various things, ardent, fully
  aware, and mindful, after removing avarice and sorrow regarding the
  world.
Thus, Ānanda, a monk lives with himself as an island, himself as a
  refuge, with no other refuge, with the Teaching as an island, the
  Teaching as a refuge, with no other refuge. For whoever, Ānanda,
  whether at present or after my passing, lives with himself as an
  island, himself as a refuge, with no other refuge, with the Teaching
  as an island, the Teaching as a refuge, with no other refuge, those
  monks of mine, Ānanda, will go from darkness to the highest—whoever
  likes the training."
The Second Chapter for Recital is Finished.
Comment: http://awake.kiev.ua/dhamma/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/3Samyutta-Nikaya/Samyutta4/39-Moggalana-Samyutta/01-Moggallanasamyuttam-e.html
Answer: A Buddha would meditate or, as was posted, not reflect on or contemplate anything. The scriptures do report the Buddha often disappeared for periods of solitude (eg. SN 54.9).
Otherwise, a Buddha might use psychic powers to teach people (eg. AN 6.55).
Answer: From the Ayacana Sutta (SN 6.1):

Then, while he (Buddha) was alone and in seclusion, this line of thinking arose
  in his awareness: "This Dhamma that I have attained is deep, hard to
  see, hard to realize, peaceful, refined, beyond the scope of
  conjecture, subtle, to-be-experienced by the wise. But this generation
  delights in attachment, is excited by attachment, enjoys attachment.
  For a generation delighting in attachment, excited by attachment,
  enjoying attachment, this/that conditionality and dependent co-arising
  are hard to see. This state, too, is hard to see: the resolution of
  all fabrications, the relinquishment of all acquisitions, the ending
  of craving; dispassion; cessation; Unbinding. And if I were to teach
  the Dhamma and if others would not understand me, that would be
  tiresome for me, troublesome for me."
As the Blessed One reflected thus, his mind inclined to dwelling at
  ease, not to teaching the Dhamma.
Then Brahma Sahampati, having known with his own awareness the line of
  thinking in the Blessed One's awareness, thought: "The world is lost!
  The world is destroyed! The mind of the Tathagata, the Arahant, the
  Rightly Self-awakened One inclines to dwelling at ease, not to
  teaching the Dhamma!" Then, just as a strong man might extend his
  flexed arm or flex his extended arm, Brahma Sahampati disappeared from
  the Brahma-world and reappeared in front of the Blessed One. Arranging
  his upper robe over one shoulder, he knelt down with his right knee on
  the ground, saluted the Blessed One with his hands before his heart,
  and said to him: "Lord, let the Blessed One teach the Dhamma! Let the
  One-Well-Gone teach the Dhamma! There are beings with little dust in
  their eyes who are falling away because they do not hear the Dhamma.
  There will be those who will understand the Dhamma."

From the Tapokammasutta (SN 4.1):

On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Uruvela on the bank
  of the river Nerañjara at the foot of the Goatherd's Banyan Tree just
  after he had become fully enlightened. Then, while the Blessed One
  was alone in seclusion, a reflection arose in his mind thus: "I am
  indeed freed from that gruelling asceticism! It is good indeed that I
  am freed from that useless gruelling asceticism! It is good that,
  steady and mindful, I have attained enlightenment!"
Then Mara the Evil One, having known with his own mind the reflection
  in the Blessed One's mind, approached the Blessed One and addressed
  him in verse:
"Having deviated from the austere practice
  By which men purify themselves,
  Being impure, you think you're pure:
  You have missed the path to purity."
Then the Blessed One, having understood, "This is Mara the Evil One,"
  replied to him in verses:
"Having known as useless any austerity
  Aimed at the immortal state,
  That all such penances are futile
  Like oars and rudder on dry land,
By developing the path to enlightenment—
  Virtue, concentration, and wisdom—
  I have attained supreme purity:
  You're defeated, End-maker!"
Then Mara the Evil One, realizing, "The Blessed One knows me, the
  Fortunate One knows me," sad and disappointed, disappeared right
  there.
Comment: Agree on this ...it has always been an aim of mine to be content  in any situation the term grounded in dharma also comes to mind .
Comment: after his enlightenment, the Buddha could have spent the rest of his life in idle non-doing but did not. He continued teaching the dhamma until its end when he was no longer given a choice. Why? Is non-doing alone not sufficient for sustainable contentment?
Answer: Buddha did Arahata Phala Samapatta (Extinguished, emptiness and neglecting any sankhara needed to be maintained, in brief Buddha was in the state of leaning Nirvana), in between his daily routines and his discourses on Dhamma.
When people are in aversion each other Buddha stayed with Metta, when people are in vain with debate/disagreement Buddha stayed with Upekkha. Buddha looked for people with sufferings to discourse Dhamma with Karuna Samapatta in every morning.

What enters the mind of an idle Buddha?


Should we link duplicates in both directions

Question: I think it would be helpful for a user searching on a topic if the duplicates are linked in both directions, so one find's the maximum of possible answers. What do you think?
Comment: If a duplicate contains information that is not contained in the original, than we should add that information to the original (by adding an answer or editing).
Comment: @Caramdir Or merging, of course
Answer: They are linked bidirectionally already, but the older question doesn't get a box as eye-striking. Example: How do I create an indentation in the first line of every paragraph? is closed. Its duplicate, Paragraph indenting not working, shows it in the right column as a "linked" question:

However, it'll list all questions linking to this one there, not only the duplicates. So every time someone comments "related question: xyz", this list changes. The list "Related" is produced based on tags and title keywords, I think.
Comment: Thanks, I know these link list but I thought an _eye catchier_ link could improve browsing through the questions.
Answer: I would say that the amount of linking depends on the answer to the question: "If a random searcher came across the original question, how useful would the duplicate be?"
If a lot, then there should be an eye-catching link such as is already in the other direction.  If not a lot, then the current linking is probably okay.
(Incidentally, I don't think that merging is always a good way to resolve such matters.  It's a rare pair of questions that can be truly merged without losing any information.  And having it all in one place isn't always the best idea.  Often one wants the most likely scenario right there with all the little extras easily reachable but not in such a way as to confuse someone.)
Comment: I agree with you and @Caramdir's comment, that we decide wether a duplicate is worth to be linked or not form case to case.


Is there a reason why OS X Mavericks Server is running Postgresql?

Question: I recently installed OS X Mavericks Server on my computer to use for Xcode continuous integration. I now see that the postgresql database is running via the Activity Monitor, and some investigation shows that it was started by Server.app, which is running Python, which started Postgres. I know that postgres is small and doesn't take up much resources, but I am just curious: Is there a reason why Server.app is running the database? I don't see a postgres service to turn on or off (which to be honest would be a great service to run via the server app).
Answer: From the OS X Server Advanced Administration manual, under the section on Postgres backups:

The Server app on OS X Mavericks supports three separate database clusters:

Calendar and Contacts
Profile Manager
Wiki and Xcode server
Comment: I run none of those but it still runs


GTA 5 nightclub production while playing heists

Question: Will my nightclub property still produce products while I am playing a heist?
I have tried this before, and my nightclub property didn't produce any product.
Comment: You say your nightclub doesn't produce anything while on heists - answering your own question. Why do you think this behaviour should be different in the first place? What do you base that assumption on?
Answer: Yes, nightclub production continues so long as (a) you are playing the game in online mode (including heists) and (b) the stock for the particular good that you are producing is not full.  You can purchase additional staff to produce more concurrent goods, and additional warehouse space to store larger inventory quantity. You can also upgrade the equipment to produce faster.
Some additional helpful information:

The equipment upgrade, though expensive, makes production go twice as fast. This applies across all of the staff you have hired.
You must have a corresponding MC business for each of the product types, plus the hangar for special cargo and the bunker for gunrunning.
A maximum of five staff can be assigned, but you can rotate them among the seven product types.
I've noticed glitches where one or two product types get stuck (Xbox One). Not sure what triggers this, and don't fully know how to reset, but I suspect rotating the staff off and back on will fix it (I'm letting it run now to see).
Goods tend to accrue fairly slowly.


How to include mapnik lib in python 2.7

Question: I am using python 2.7 now in want mapnik to be included in python. I have use exe file to include other library file like GDAL, and other. But for Mapnik can any one suggest me any exe like that so it can be easy or library file but how to install it, as i found many help not usefulness. PLEASE  any one help me out in this issue
Answer: You can get mapnik here: http://mapnik.org/download/.  There is also a windows binary available available here: http://mapnik.org/news/2011/11/29/windows-binaries-progress/.
Then simply follow your platform's instalation guide.
Once installed correctly you can import it to Python in the normal way.
Comment: You need to give a more information.  What versions of python and Mapnik are you using?  What is the error message you are getting.  It is very difficult to make any suggestion without an adaquate description of the problem.
Comment: i have went though this link and i want but not able to get.i want some thing like exe that can directly execute or other library installation in python.
Comment: I don't understand what more you need.  If you read the documentation and follow the instructions you should be able to call Mapnik from Python.  Isn't that what you want?
Comment: Its not working. Can you tell me other way out.
Comment: Python 2.7 and mapnik2-2.0.1. i am coping placing mapnik folder of python in C:/python2.7/Lib/site_pakages. Is it correct or else some other way? I am unable to get this lib feature in my sample code. Can u help me out.

How to include mapnik lib in python 2.7


Getting maximum value from HX711 and use it in the code further

Question: i am using HX711 module to get value from load cell.my projects is a tensile strength testing machine,which will increase the load gradually and break at its maximum capacity.therefore i need the maximum value at which the specimen breaks.and use that value in the code to calcuate the tensile strengh of the specimen using the formula(tensile strength=load/cross section area of specimen).
Please help me with this and if possible ,i will be very gratefull if anyone can help me with the code too.
Thank you
Comment: Please show us the code, that you already have. What is your problem with reaching the goal? Everytime, that the load increases, you measure with the load cell and save the result in a variable, but only, if it's greater, that the previous value. Sense the breaking of the specimen by checking for a large load decrease in your load cell. The saved value at this time is the absolute maximum, that was reached.
Comment: Thank you, i do not have any code for the project, i am new to arduino programming.i just know the basics.can you please help me with the code.?
Comment: Thank you, The code should take the maximinum value from the load cell at which the specimen broke and use that value to calculate the tensile strengh using the formula given above i.e (maximum load÷cross section area) where cross section area is calculated by formula-((pi÷4)*(r^2)) and 'r' is entered by user which is the radius of the specimen.
Answer: We won't write the code for you, since we are not a free coding service, but I will try to give you some hints, how you can do it.

Timing of measurements: The measurements themselves can be done with one of the HX711 libraries, that are available on the web, but you may want to time them to get more regular measurements. This can be done in a non-blocking coding style like in the BlinkWithoutDelay example, that comes with the Arduino IDE. It involves the millis() function to measure the time since the last measurement and act accordingly. This is explained many times troughout the web and on this site.
Saving the data and finding the maximum: This depends on what else you want to do with the data.

Saving all data for later processing: You might want to save all data (the load curve) for later use. In this case you have to define an array of appropriate length (the length depends on the duration and frequency of the measurement). Also define a position variable or pointer, that marks the current position in this array. Everytime when you do a measurement, you save the result to the array element at the saved position and increment the position variable after that. After the end of the measurement, you declare a value variable with the value of the first array element. Then you loop through all the following elements (for(int i=1;i<array_length;i++)). Inside the loop you calculate and save the maximum of 2 numbers: The value of the current array element and the saved variable. This can be done with saved_value = max(saved_value, array[i]);. When the loop is finished, you will have the maximum value in the saved_value variable.
No saving of data: You can also calculate a flying maximum without saving all data. Declare a variable (max_value), that will hold the maximum value, and set it to zero. Then, everytime when you do a measurement, you execute max_value = max(current_value, max_value); which calculates the maximum of the two numbers (current measurement and the previously calculated maximum). At the end of the measurement you will have the absolute maximum in the max_value variable.

Sensing the end of measurement: You need to sense the end of the measurement (when the specimen breaks) (though this can be done manually if you like). For this I would suggest to calculate the speed in which the load changes. During the measurement the load will increase slowly. In the moment of breaking the load will decrease very fast. The speed between two load measurments is calculated by (value(x) - value(x-1))/measurement_interval. You can define a threshold of negative speed, so that every speed below it (faster negative decrease of load) will be sensed as breaking of specimen. You can check this on every measurement with a simple if statement, or you can calculate the speed over more than 2 consecutive measurements. That depends on the actual speed of load change and the frequency of load measurements.
Calculating the tensile strength: This is just writing your formula into the code using the variable names, that you used in the previous code. Be sure to use the correct variable type for your needs. Most likely you would want to use float.
Getting input from user: This depends largely on your planned means of interaction with the user. Is the Arduino connected to a PC and you use a serial terminal program? Then you can use this for user input (You might want to look at the SerialEvent example of the Arduino IDE, which shows how to work with messages and delimiter characters). Do you want to add a keypad and a LCD display? There are library available for these too, so it should not be very difficult to learn how to use then to get user input.
Comment: Thank you so much for the help.


Why should one practice spirituality?

Question: How can Spiritual Practice bestow happiness to a man and why should someone peruse spiritual path? What if perusing Spiritual path yields more unhappiness to a person?
Comment: Well because spirituality is closeness to God. And God is the source of all happiness(Ananda)
Comment: https://www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org/chapter/7 "Gita 7.16 O best amongst the Bharatas, four kinds of pious people engage in my devotion—the distressed, the seekers after knowledge, the seekers of worldly possessions, and those who are situated in knowledge.". Spirituality is pursued by those in problems, or those seeking occult powers or material things or those seeking liberation. Asuras like Ravana, Hiranyakashyapa also practiced spirituality to become immortal through boons, but were killed and failed to realize that body can't be made immortal while Spirit is already immortal.
Answer: Man always strives for happiness. The pursuit of happiness is fundamental to this the six darshanas. The whole point of learning about Dharma from the karma kanda is to achieve Aihikam and Amushmikam, happiness in this life and heaven, respectively. But learning about Brahman from the Vedanta is very different – it is to achieve Nihshreyasam, the bliss of moksha (liberation).
Talks with Ramana Maharshi, Talk 28

D.: What is happiness? Is it inhering in the Atman or in the object,
or in the contact between the subject and the object? But we do not
see happiness in our affairs. When does It actually arise?
M.: When there is contact of a desirable sort or memory thereof, and
when there is freedom from undesirable contacts or memory thereof, we
say there is happiness. Such happiness is relative and is better
called pleasure.
But men want absolute and permanent happiness. This does not reside in
objects, but in the Absolute. It is Peace free from pain and pleasure.
D.: In what sense is happiness our real nature?
M.: Perfect Bliss is Brahman. Perfect Peace is of the Self. That alone exists and is
conscious. The same conclusion is arrived at: (a) judged
metaphysically, and (b) inferred by Bhakti Marga (Path of Devotion)
Pleasure and pain are relative and refer to our finite state, with
progress by satisfaction of want. If relative progress is stopped and
the soul merges into Brahman - of the nature of perfect peace - that
soul ceases to have relative, temporary pleasure and enjoys perfect
peace - Bliss. Hence Self Realisation is Bliss; it is realizing the
Self as the limitless spiritual eye (jnana dristi) and not
clairvoyance; it is the highest self surrender. Samsara (the
world-cycle) is sorrow

This bliss is something that does not fade with time. To understand and ultimately free ourselves from all suffering, we must therefore develop minds that are impervious to the transitory nature of the outside world. To understand this, we need to recognize what is ephemeral versus what is eternal and cultivate the dispassion necessary to be able to reject that which is ephemeral, in our pursuit of the eternal. This means that if our goal is to live a truly happy life, we must stop seeking happiness in what is transitory.
What is worth seeking and discovering is the truth of Self. Such knowledge comes only to the still, clear intellect not muddled by strenuous search [outside] but questing for the Truth [inside] in silence.
The point of spiritual practice is not to maximize your material assets and minimize your losses, but to be free of attachment to either gain or loss and to be peaceful and blissful amidst the vicissitudes of life.
Answer: That 'how' question is complicated to tackle in this case, as it tries to ask that mecanism underneath. One has to experience that happiness through the means of practice.
Quoting from the Foreword of Sarvollāsatantram written by M.M.Gopinath Kaviraj

Ānanda is the expression of the eternally self aware Supreme-Being acting upon itself and looking into itself as into a mirror.

Can one really translate that Ānanada into happiness which has that sadness as an Antonym?
From Nila-Saraswati tantra,

परमानन्देन संयुक्तो मुक्तियास्यति निश्चिता । इति सत्य पुनः सत्यं सत्यं वच्मि वरानने ॥

O Vararane, 'Mukti' is achived only after attaining that ParamAnanda, This is truth! This is Truth! This is the only Truth!

Tantras recognize that the ParamAnanad is achived through that transmutation of Jīva into Shivā, often pictured as the Awakening of Kundalini and its unification into the Sahashara-Chakra. Essentially this falls down to the Knowledge. (I tried emphasizing that here) Unless knowledge rises one cannot achive that Ānanada. The spiritual path is the only way for it,
From Gyaan-sankuli-tantra,

अध्यात्मविद्या हि नृणां सौख्यमोक्षकरी भवेत ।
धर्मकर्म तथा जप्यमेतत् सर्व निवर्तते ॥६॥।

Only the adhyātma Vidyā can bring happiness and Moksha to the Humans. There is no other equivalent Vidyā to it. All Dhrmha-Karma, japa-tapas dissolution happens in this Vidyā.

What if the spiritual path yields more unhappiness? Spiritual path can yield unhappiness if not performed correctly. (That Oghavigna can become a cause too) Also the ways of spirituality change in each yuga,
From the Kaankal-Malini tantra,

सत्यत्रेतायूगं देवि द्वापारं सुखसाधनम ।
कलिकाले दुराधर्ष सर्वदुःखमयं सदा ॥१४॥

In Satya, Dwapar & Treta Yuga the Sadhanas performed for the purpose of happiness attained completion. The same Sadhanas in Kali-Kal give Sadness and bring suffering.

This lines are taken from 'PuraCharan vidhi' (पूरश्चरण). Due to that 'Sadness', Tantras prescribe japa, infact often mention that japa is the only means.
Answer: Given the horrible nature of Samsara people believe that spirituality enables a person to escape the horrors of the world.
Ocean of Life – Need for Moksha

"That Ocean, so terrible has sorrow for its waters. Anxiety and grief
constitute its deep lakes. Disease and Death are its gigantic
alligators. The great fears that strike the heart at every step are
its huge snakes. The deeds inspired by Tamas are its tortoises. Those
inspired by Rajas are its fishes. Wisdom constitutes the raft for
crossing it. The affections entertained for objects of the senses are
its mire. Decrepitude constitutes its region of grief and trouble.
Knowledge..is its island. Acts constitute its great depth. Truth is
its shores. Pious observances constitute the verdant weeds floating on
its bosom. Envy constitutes its rapid and mighty current. The diverse
sentiments of the heart constitute its mines. The diverse kinds of
gratification are its valuable gems. Grief and fever are its winds.
Misery and thirst are its mighty eddies. Painful and fatal diseases
are its huge elephants. The assemblages of bones are its flight of
steps and phlegm is its froth. Gifts are its pearl-banks. The lakes of
blood are its corals. Loud laughter constitutes its roars. Diverse
sciences are its impassibility. Tears are its brine. Renunciation of
company constitutes the high refuge (of those that seek to cross it).
Children and spouses are its unnumbered leeches. Friends and kinsmen
are the cities and towns on its shores. Abstention from injury and
Truth are its boundary line. Death is its storm-wave. The knowledge of
Vedanta is its island (capable of affording refuge to those that are
tossed upon its waters). Acts of compassion towards all creatures
constitute its life-buoys, and Emancipation is the priceless commodity
offered to those voyaging on the waters in search of merchandise. "

Mahabharata Santi Parva Section CCCIII
What if this path does not give us happiness. Then you can always resume sinful life and come back to the horrors of Samsara.

Why should one practice spirituality?


how can calculate $E(\Phi(X-1))$

Question: suppose X  has normal distribution with $\mu=\sigma^2=1$. how can calculate $E(\Phi(X-1))$
Answer: Because the question is self-study, I will only provide hints.
If $X$ has Normal distribution with mean = 1 and variance = 1, then what distribution does $X-1$, call it $Y$, have?
Can you see how to apply the techniques used in inverse transform sampling https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_transform_sampling in order to determine the probability distribution of $\Phi(Y)$, where of course $\Phi$ is the standard Normal cumulative distribution function?  Once you have done that, computing the expected value of a random variable having that distribution should be easy.  You can of course use simulation to check your answer.
Comment: Yes that makes it too easy.

how can calculate $E(\Phi(X-1))$


Catalog page loads at the middle of the screen when using pagination - M 2.1.15

Question: When I go to page 2 or 3 it takes me to the lower middle half of the page instead of the top of the next page.
Is there a way to make it go to the top of the next page instead?
Answer: If you are using Ajax catalog, go to the configuration then select the Ajax Catalog in theme configuration and disable the pagination. this will disable the ajax functions for pagination and revert the changes into the default pagination settings and you will achieve your desire result I have tried this change and its worked for me.
Comment: Yes I know, But I was looking for a workaround with ajax loading itself as it is not an infinite loop pagination. But ended up with disabling ajax loading :(


Sub Tasks in Trello

Question: Can there be a sub tasks and sub-sub tasks to the Cards in Trello?
I have created a board and am adding tasks as cards. The tasks have various Sub-tasks, is there a way to add them as sub-cards?
Comment: Hi Nitisha, I'd be very interested to know if you found a solution for this?
 I tried Hello Epics mentioned below and was not satisfied by its functionality. Thanks!
Comment: Related: [Task Dependencies - Trello Help](https://help.trello.com/article/1165-task-dependencies "Task Dependencies - Trello Help")
Answer: In the past few weeks Trello announced a new power-up called "Hello Epics" that sounds to do exactly what you are looking for:
https://blog.trello.com/trello-card-dependencies-hello-epics-power-up
Disclaimer: I am not in any way affiliated with Trello or Hello Epics, just a very happy user.
Answer: We've released a free Power-Up that allows creating hierarchies and tracking progress of epics on Trello boards. You can learn more at https://screenful.com/epics-for-trello
Comment: Hi Sami, without more information, this looks a bit like an advertisement.  Could you explain how it addresses the issue of the "sub-cards" in the question?  (I'm not a Trello user, so perhaps what you said suffices, but just a bit more explanation would turn this into an answer rather than just a plug)

Sub Tasks in Trello


Is it possible to get Inkscape's bucket fill to entirely fill regions marked by lines?

Question: I've noticed there's a slight gap between shapes and lines in which bucket-fill is applied (to the enclosed areas found therein) and the colour fill in Inkscape, is there any way of removing this gap (besides the older-fashion manual way by manipulating the borders of the bucket fill, which is very tedious)?
Answer: The area of fill (inset/outset) can be controlled by using grow/shrink option displayed in control panel when paint bucket is selected. Setting this value less than 0 (negative) makes the fill path smaller (ref image 1). Here I have set the value to -5px.

Setting the value greater than 1 (positive) makes the fill path larger than the enclosed area (ref image 2). Have set this value to +5 px.

Thus the required fill can be achieved by varying the values.
Comment: There are great chance to spill over another area on a complex graphic. Check all the small part of a complex graphic is a very tedious work.
Answer:
Select all the Paths with :tool_selector:
Duplicate them (Ctrl+D)
Convert them to paths (Ctrl+Alt+C)
Create a union from the paths
(Ctrl+Shift+ + )
Break Apart the new shape (Ctrl+Shift+k)

One of the shape is an exact fill. delete all others.
This is a much more fool proof solution for a complex graphic like a map or a drawing with lot of small regions and turns.
Comment: This does not seem to work on complex objects (e.g. a group of paths and shapes), even when the outline has no gaps.
Answer: Using the bucket fill tool in Inkscape generates an additional object with dimensions and shape extrapolated from the strokes enclosing an area.
This will lead to some visible rounding errors at the new object's border:

Here is how to remove this white line between the stroke of the original and the new fill object:

Select the fill object.
Open the Fill & Stroke menu for this object (ShiftCtrlF)
Define a stroke with a color identical to the fill
Make the stroke width > 1 px.
Lower the fill object below the original stroke (PageDown)
Comment: This will partially solve the problem. But in a complex graphic with lots of small curves and jumps this may not work. There are lot of chances the stroke of fill object may overflow to the other area. How to fix this. Checking a complex graphic will again be more tedious. We need more fool proof solution.
Comment: @RanjithSiji: it is a workaround for the bucket fill tool. It is near impossible from a technical point of view to not get sampling and rounding errors the way the bucket fill tool works at present. More complex objects should be separate to have their own stroke and fill.
Answer: Paraphrasing from this link. As of Inkscape 0.92.4, Inkscape fills by rendering a image of whats on screen, doing a pixel-based flood fill of the image, traces the resulting pixel image with a path, and outputs that path.
This means you will always get imperfect flood fills, even if you adjust the fill's inset/outset parameter. Yes, this is dumb. Yes, there is currently no way around this.
Here is another article discussing the need for vector-fill feature in Inkscape.
Answer: Simply zoom in when doing the fill.
(As hinted to in Christopher Pratt's answer)
Answer: A way around the issue is to generate vector images for required colors, one for the borders, others for each infill and put them on separate layers.  I used paint.net amazing picker to separate out colors as needed.
Answer: Try adjusting your fill's "Threshold" to 100, if it isn't. I ran into the same issue. My threshold (default) was set to 15.


My bike is not shifting to the proper gear

Question: So I have a Shimano derailleur and it shifts up decent only problem is it does not shift to the gear it's supposed to shift to. On my bars it will say I'm in gear 5 for example but the back of my bike is on gear 6. It is like that with every gear so 3 on my bars is gear 4 on the back of my bike. And 1 on my bars is 2 on the gears of my bike. It's kinda annoying I played around with the tension on my derailleur and the limit screw a bit that did not help any. If anyone has any suggestions on how to help they would be greatly appreciated.
Comment: Take it to a shop, or have a bike-knowledgeable friend look at it.
Answer: This sounds like the classic case of inner cable tension is wrong.  If you can see bare wire down beside the downtube, try tugging that with your hand and see the rear derailleur move.
Set the shifter to what should be the "easiest/slowest" gear, which is probably the highest number.  Then with the rear wheel off the ground, hald-pedal your cranks and pull the visible wire till the chain is on the biggest rear cog.  That is the amount of slack you need to remove from the wire.
Do this at the rear mech, for an initial coarse setting.  Then as you get closer look at using the barrel adjuster to dial it in better.
Don't fiddle with the limit screws - they generally don't need changing unless you're swapping parts.  If you have changed them, change them back.  Otherwise you run the risk of the chain jumping "over the top" and making a surprising amount of damage.

This sounds horribly complex, it isn't.  However its hard to describe in words, so it can be easier to ask for assistance in person from someone locally.  Does your location have a Bike Cooperative ?
Comment: I think the easiest gear will be the lower number? certainly sounds like the cable is too slack though
Comment: It seems that the quality of shifts is ok although it's unclear if the chain is getting to the extreme cogs. If the gear indicator can get off a ways too which might be the problem. If your derailleur gets the chain briskly through all the gears--one click moves chain one cog for the entire range-then it is likely the indicator that is mis-set. My advice would be to live with it as it is of little importance and doesn't affect actual gear changing. Fixing it by opening the shifter and "clocking" the indicator so it's correct has a great many pitfalls with little upside.
Comment: Derailleur adjustment will not correct an indicator problem.
Comment: @Jeff that sounds more like an answer than a comment.  Want to post it as an answer lease ?


Leaving minecarts without moving them

Question: When getting out of a free standing minecart (not on a rail), is it possible to do so without moving (pushing) it at all? If so, how?
Comment: Never mind, disregard my answer - I didn't notice the "free standing minecart" part (I tested my answer and it bumps the cart). Actually, I tried Kevin's and my answer (heh) and I can't manage to not nudge it). Just out of curiosity, why would you want to get out of a minecart without moving it?
Comment: it is supposed to get boosted onto a rail by an adjacent rail, free standing means it is floating on a field of pressure plates ;)
Answer: Since version 1.3.1, players are moved away from minecarts when exiting automatically, so as long as there is a valid block to stand on once you've exited the minecart should not move.
Answer: Exit the cart, jump straight up, then move sideways once your (invisible...) feet are above the cart. This is easier if there's a block or even a slab next to the cart to jump onto.
Comment: Unfortunately, this only works if the cart is on a track.
Comment: Then you're not doing it right :-)
Comment: Can you find a part of a video where this is happening? I seem to fail on that part :p
Answer: Place another minecart in a 1x1 hole within reach of your derailed minecart and just hop into it with a right-click.
(not my idea, shamelessly stolen from Minecraftaddict's YouTube, see his explanation)
Comment: Now that is awesome! This doesn't even seem to touch the unrailed cart. Thanks!
Answer: We kind of solved the problem by placing a block on the other side of the track, so that it gets pushed against a wall, which does not move it drastically. It worked quite well for all users of my train station. The advantage is that it is quite easy to use and thus hard for somebody to break it (this is a big advantage in multiplayer, of course), but you need to cross the booster track for this to work.

Leaving minecarts without moving them


Is the word 'grace' mentioned in the koran? If so what is the meaning of it?

Question: When I look on wikipedia at 'grace' then they refer to a Christian interpretation. Although it is mentioned also in the Old Testament the sit is not very much speaking of it. But there is never spoken about 'grace' in Islam, so is it used and what does it mean?
Comment: There are a lot of definitions associated with this word. What do you exactly mean by "grace": "do honor or credit to (someone or something) by one's presence" or something else?
Comment: Possible duplicate of [Does the concept of grace exist in Islam like it does in Christianity?](http://islam.stackexchange.com/questions/28955/does-the-concept-of-grace-exist-in-islam-like-it-does-in-christianity)
Comment: There are mentions of "grace" in different translations of the Quran to English.

Have a look: http://quran.com/search?q=grace
Comment: Grace means : grace has been defined, not as a created substance of any kind, but as "the love and mercy given to us by God because God desires us to have it, not because of anything we have done to earn it"
Answer: According to the definition included in your comment (quoted below) you can clearly see the similarities between the definiton and the verse I have queoted below:

Grace means : grace has been defined, not as a created substance of
  any kind, but as "the love and mercy given to us by God because God
  desires us to have it, not because of anything we have done to earn
  it"
(6:54)Sahih International: And when those come to you who believe in
  Our verses, say, "Peace be upon you. Your Lord has decreed upon
  Himself mercy: that any of you who does wrong out of ignorance and
  then repents after that and corrects himself - indeed, He is Forgiving
  and Merciful."
(30:21)Sahih International: And of His signs is that He created for you from
  yourselves mates that you may find tranquillity in them; and He placed
  between you affection and mercy. Indeed in that are signs for a people
  who give thought.

Regarding your comment: "is the word love as a grace als used in koran?"

"God does not forbid you from being good to those who have not fought
  you in the religion or driven you from your homes, or from being just
  towards them. God loves those who are just." (Surat al-Mumtahana, 8)

If you do provide further definitons of the word "grace" then I will happily update my answer!
Although I don't like Wikipedia have a look at the divine names of god here, one of these names is "Al Wadud" = The Loving

The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) told us:If Allah loves a
  person, He calls Gabriel, saying, 'Allah loves so and so, O Gabriel
  love him.'So Gabriel would love him and then would make an
  announcement in the Heavens: 'Allah has loved so and-so therefore you
  should love him also.'So all the dwellers of the Heavens would love
  him, and then he is granted the pleasure of the people on the earth››
  (Al-Bukhari, 7485).

May God Guide us all towards the righteous path!
Comment: Ok, but is the word love as a grace als used in koran?
Comment: @Marijn As stated in the comments there are various definitions of the word grace, Please list the definitions you are interested in, in your question this way every one can get a clearer Idea of what your after :) Also I updated my question!
Answer: Ar-Rahman (most gracious) is a name of Allah and it appears in Chapter 1, Verse 2.
[Rahman] appears in the Quran 56 times, according to this Phonetic Word Search,
https://www.islamicity.org/ps/default.asp?UserString=Rahman&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicity.org%2FQuranSearch%2Fdefaultmobile.asp%3FAspxAutoDetectCookieSupport%3D1&ShowTranslation=on&ShowTransliteration=on&ShowArabic=on
The word [grace] also appears numerous times. It appears 313 times but many of these are related to his name [the dispenser of grace], according to a Word Search from above website.
Some examples of [grace] without attributed to His name,
■O children of Israel ! Remember those blessings of Mine with which I GRACEd you, and how I favoured you above all other people; - 2:47
■And you turned away after that-! And had it not been for God's favour upon you and His GRACE, you would surely have found yourselves among the lost; - 2:64
■It is they upon whom their Sustainer's blessings and GRACE are bestowed, and it is they, they who are on the right path! - 2:157
■O YOU who have attained to faith! Just retribution is ordained for you in cases of killing: the free for the free, and the slave for the slave, and the woman for the woman. [147] And if something [of his guilt] is remitted to a guilty person by his brother, [148] this [remission] shall be adhered to with fairness, and restitution to his fellow-man shall be made in a goodly manner. [149] This is an alleviation from your Sustainer, and an act of His GRACE. And for him who, none the less, [150] wilfully transgresses the bounds of what is right, there is grievous suffering in store: - 2:178
■And so, when you divorce women and they are about to reach the end of their waiting-term, then either retain them in a fair manner or let them go in a fair manner. But do not retain them against their will in order to hurt [them]: for he who does so sins indeed against himself. And do not take [these] messages of God in a frivolous spirit; and remember the blessings with which God has GRACEd you, and all the revelation and the wisdom which He has bestowed on you from on high in order to admonish you thereby; and remain conscious of God, and know that God has full knowledge of everything. - 2:231
■And forget not [that you are to act with] GRACE towards one another: verily, God sees all that you do. - 2:237
^^This is not a complete list; above verses are just from Chapter 2.


Problems with "Pause Until Date" activity in SPD-created workflows

Question: I have a workflow and I'm trying to send an email when an item is added or updated from a calendar list. I tried using the Pause Until Date activity as I need to send the email 2 days before the due date but it just pauses and never fires. Any ideas why it isn't firing as expected?
Answer: This is known issue in 2007 version. Here you have hotfix
A Microsoft Windows Workflow Foundation timer does not resume correctly after reloading a workflow.

Overview
In Microsoft Windows Workflow Foundation, a timer does not
  resume correctly after reloading a workflow.
This fix will resume execution for all delayed workflows with
  satisfied conditions.
Comment: I tried downloading the patch but it gave me an error. I have SP 2010, does that matter?
Comment: @TimTang: This patch is for 2007 version. I am not sure if this is still a issue in 2010.

Problems with “Pause Until Date” activity in SPD-created workflows


How do I take the heat out of my chili?

Question: I made chili and it's too hot! If I cook it longer will the heat calm down?
Answer: Acids tend to reduce the heat of chilli, so you could try adding some vinegar or lime juice. If that makes the dish too acidic, add some sugar to balance it out. Dairy also reduces the heat so you could serve with sour cream and/or cheese, or even stir some butter into the chilli, which would also give it a slightly richer taste.
Answer: No cooking it longer will make it worse.  In my experience chili stays the same or gets hotter with age.  If your Chili is too hot the best thing to do is make another batch without the chili or Tabasco or the heat ingredient/s you used and then mix the two batches together but failing making a new batch serve it with a dairy product like melted cheese or plain yoghurt.  The proteins from the milk attach to the chili heat and coat them so your mouth is protected from the heat.  Also sweet and vinegar based accompaniments will also reduce the heat a little but the best are milk products or you can drink milk while eating it to cut the heat in your mouth.  But be warned it only cuts the heat in your mouth and what goes in must come out if you know what I mean.
Answer: I added an undiluted can of tomato soup but the real saviour was butter which immediately calmed the whole dutch oven batch to a really great tasting chili. I probably stirred in a good 2 tblsp. Finally, if serving in bowls, as I didn't have sour cream, I did a little spiral of ranch dressing on top. GREAT !
Answer: I made a whole large pot of chili with 2 pounds of meat, and cooked it too long. It got too spicy, from cooking too long, and went searching. One site said add butter. I added a whole stick of regular salted butter, large pot. It totally worked!

How do I take the heat out of my chili?