Pre - Brexit long stay Greece

Question: My husband and I are UK citizens wishing to spend 6-12 months in Greece. We arrived on 3rd June 2019, and understand that after 90 days in the country we are required to apply for a residents permit. We don't really want to do that if it is avoidable. My question is, if we leave Greece after 85-89 days of being here, and return 7 days later does the 90 period start again?
I have researched this as much as possible - but most answers on the net refer to the 90 days in 180 days schengen rule, which I don't believe applies to us until after Brexit.  I would like to know if it is legal to stay here till 31 August (thats 90 days from arrival), travel to the UK for two weeks and then come back for another 90 days. Thanks in advance, Kerry
Comment: Possible duplicate of [How does the Schengen 90/180 rule work?](https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/13183/how-does-the-schengen-90-180-rule-work)
Comment: As the UK isn't part of Schengen, that won't change, What you've described wouldn't work with the Schengen 90/180-rule. Under EU rules (which are still relevant for you) you can live in any EU country (the most "interesting" question is where you'll pay tax), I don't believe there's any 90 days rules involved in that. It's also not decided what the rules will be after brexit, so it's not possible to say what will happen afterwards.
Comment: It is correct that after 90 days an EU/EEA citizen must register with the Greek Department of Aliens and receive a residence certificate. However, this is issued on the same day as the application (likely done at a reasonably sized local police station) and is free of charge. Your plan may be perceived as evading the rules which may not go down well.
Comment: @Henrik as your comment implies, but it should perhaps be stated more explicitly, the 90/180 rule does not apply to UK citizens while the UK is in the EU, and if there is an agreed transition period then it will apply during that period.  Even there is not, Greece may unilaterally apply a transition period or a "grandfather clause" to those who are in the country when the UK leaves, as some other countries have done. Kerry is right, however, that Greece can require her and her husband to register their presence within three months (not 90 days, but similar).
Comment: Hi Richard - have you been through the process? It is my understanding that as we are not here to work or study we must show proof of income and  suitable health insurance. While it would be annoying to arrange this, I am more worried about a possible requirement of a permanent address as we are currently staying with friends/ using airbnbs. We are definitely trying to evade the rules - but dont want to do anything illegal.
Comment: @Kerry "We are definitely trying to evade the rules - but dont want to do anything illegal." The rules in question _are_ laws. You are trying to do something illegal.
Answer: I do not know precisely how this works in Greece, but my parents have some similar experience in France.  the penalty for failing to register should be fairly light, but the specifics are determined by national law, so they vary from one country to another.
I suspect that you can get away with doing "visa runs" (perhaps "free movement runs" is a better term, as odd as it is) if you won't have a regular home base during your time there, and you might even be able to get away with it if you do have a regular home base.  But I would counsel you to consider a couple of points:

If you're not planning to have health insurance, what will you do if one of you falls ill or is injured?
You do not necessarily need to have income; you can also have savings and other assets, which may be easier to show if you are retired, which I guess you are.

If I were you, I would probably try to stay above board and make the application to the Greek authorities.
Comment: Thanks for your reply. Absolutely we need insurance. At the moment we are on travel insurance - and we do need to have a better policy (I am.looking at IMG global hopper which can provide a substantial amount of cover). It seems a 12 month travel insurance policy like this provides  comparable cover to health insurance, but is much cheaper. The idea of "visa runs" comes from the fact we are also australian citizens. We have had friends visit from the UK who have left Australia after 3 months and then come back in. Border control dont like it much after the 3rd time - but its not illegal!
Comment: @Kerry indeed.  Are you on the NHS?  I don't know much about EHIC, and I particularly don't know whether it could be used to satisfy the health insurance requirement in Greece, but it's worth looking into.
Comment: We applied for the european health card (using my aunts address in the UK) and got one. It may satisfy the police - but since we have lived in Australia for the last 15 years we would still need decent travel.insurance I think. I think we will have to see what the police say. I cannot find anywhere (and believe me i have tried!) about the legalities of the 3 month "visa run" idea

Pre - Brexit long stay Greece


How do I make Chicken 65 crunchy?

Question: My older sister keeps telling me that the Chicken 65 she had at a restaurant had this crunchy taste and since I've made this recipe twice now: I've been unable to get that crunch. I believed that it was an issue with the flour I was using, but that doesn't seem to be the case? My first Chicken 65 recipe consisted of just using Corn Starch--at the time there was no Corn Flour available: the chicken after being deep-fried came out soft but not crunchy. On the second try, this time with Corn Flour mixed with Rice Flour and a tablespoon of Corn Starch: there still remains to be no crunch, only a soft coating. What ingredient am I missing to get that crunch?
Comment: Is your oil at proper frying temperature ? are you putting too many pieces in the oil at the same time ?
Comment: @Max I don't measure the frying temperature; I sprinkle some flour onto the oil to check if it's hot enough? I try not to overcrowd the pan: I leave space for each piece of meat.
Comment: What is chicken 65?
Comment: @GdD : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_65
Comment: Hi! What is known as corn flour around the world (yellow-coloured) is not called corn flour in India. Rather, cornstarch in India is referred to as corn flour. Also, the recipe usually calls for maida, i.e. refined wheat flour along with rice flour and cornflour (white-coloured stuff). Have you tried this variation?
Answer: So, 2 things: First use rice flour instead of corn starch. Corn starch is mostly used in Indo-Chinese recipes. In Indian recipes like chili chicken, always fry chicken 65 in super hot oil. I am not sure if you make it with sauce or dry but if you are making it with sauce make sure you add chicken at very end.
For your reference you can see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DZtqRaHYsf8. The video is mostly in Hindi but you will get the steps precisely

How do I make Chicken 65 crunchy?


How to make my wishes come true

Question: Assalamualaikum to all the brothers and sisters. Today I would like to know some of the important prayers to pray or things to do in order to get what I really want from the core of my heart. please help me out. I really want The Almighty Allah to listen to my prayers and I am willing to go to any extent for that.
Thank you
Answer: As Qur'an 53:39 states:

And that there is not for man except that [good] for which he strives

So you should strive for your wishes. As far as I know, there is not a prayer that instantly grants you your wishes.

How to make my wishes come true


Infiltrating in new Caprica

Question: Suppose you are playing a game with a Cylon leader. He is not infiltrating. The humans reach New Caprica. Is there now no mechanic by which a Cylon Leader can infiltrate? So the only way for a Cylon leader to infiltrate is for him to already have been infiltrating when we arrived?
Answer: That is correct; there is no way for a Cylon leader to start infiltrating while on New Caprica. (See the Unofficial FAQ at BGG)
If a Cylon leader needs the humans to win and wants to be able to help them out on New Caprica, s/he needs to be infiltrating when they get there. Otherwise, s/he won't be able to use the Human actions, which is the main way to help the humans.
Comment: Makes perfect in-universe sense: once arrived on New Caprica, the humans get to see *many* multiple copies of each model... kinda hard for a random Cylon to start infiltrating at that point.  A Cylon who wants humans to win should, you know, join the humans.  ;)

Infiltrating in new Caprica


Do pianos have a generally recognized "bass register"?

Question: Playing the piano, I've noticed the notes under a certain note seem to be voiced more for heavy chords instead of melodies/countermelodies. If you try to play complicated lines under that note, They will sound muddy unless you put a lot of work into it. Is there a generally recognized 'split' amongst piano makers where the notes above a certain note are made for melody, and the ones under it are for big heavy chords? I've noticed it seems to be somewhere in the 3rd octave, usually.
Comment: @Aaron just composing and I was wondering about it.
Comment: It will depend a lot on the piano in question - grands will have a much lower 'split' than uprights, too. And the volume those low notes are played at will have some bearing.
Comment: I notice you've asked two seemingly related questions. Is there some larger goal you're trying to accomplish?
Comment: Another interesting question would be: What physically makes them sound so different? I'm sure it's the construction of the strings, but I'd be interested to see more information on that. Might ask that as a question myself, once I wake up more.
Comment: @Hearth I don't know the answer myself – but I do know that you can get a less-muddy bass if you make the piano [really really big, like the Alexander piano](https://www.alexanderpiano.nz/page/the-alexander-piano).
Comment: If you have a look inside you'll probably see the change in the string construction, but there's no standard pitch where it happens.
Answer: No, there's no generally recognized split point — by manufacturers or musicians.
Early pianos, up until at mid 1800s at least, had three very distinct registers, each with starkly different timbres. Even then, those regions depended on the particular design, and they were generally considered a flaw in the instrument, and the elimination of such clear timbral boundaries is a design goal in modern instruments.
Closely voiced chords are generally muddy in the piano's lower range, so open, arpeggiated, and/or incomplete voicings are characteristic.
Although the low range is not rigidly defined, avoiding close voicing in the lowest three octaves is a reasonable rule of thumb.
Answer: One element of answer might be the number of strings behind the different keys.
Pianos have generally one heavy string per key in the low register, two per key in the middle, and three thin strings behind each key in the high register.
The separation between these areas varies depending on the manufacture of the piano.
Comment: The highest keys (an octave-and-a-half or so) on the piano don't have dampers, so you could consider this to be another register.
Comment: This is the information I was expecting to be provided, especially when @Aaron mentioned the three registers.
Answer: Adding to Aaron: Every piano on earth is an individual instrument and will be voiced individually by manufacturers and technicians. Often this depends on the preferences of the pianist or the purpose of the instrument.
But the contrabass register sounding muddy is not fully due to intonation. Pitch is alwas a compromise of string length, string tension and string weight. The length of the strings is limited by the size of the piano. This means that low notes need to compensate by lowering the tension or in heavier strings. Both of this will affect the overtone spectrum and the inharmonicity, resulting in a muddy and not very harmonic sound. But if you listen to the really big concert grands (like let's say the 2,9m long Bösendorfer Imperial) you will hear that these bass notes have a much different sound. They are still contrabass register and thus generally be less melodic than tenor or alto.
Answer: One visible separation of piano registers is the one between the $F$ staff and the $G$ staff, i.e. the middle $C$. Then in the left half we may further distinguish between the part where chords are still possible, and the low-end part where only an octave doubling is possible.
Chords with thirds played in a too low register sound muddy. That's not specific to the piano: chords played in a low register at the orchestra also sound muddy, and this happens already at a higher register than with a piano. It is known that when transposing for orchestra some piano composition, one should be careful about that: low chords have to be voiced with more space than on the piano.
Low notes sound muddy even alone. Our ear has not much sensitivity to low frequencies, and hence recognizes low notes partly by their harmonics. So a way to get clearer notes in a low register is to have a timbre that contains many high-frequency harmonics. This is typically done on the organ with mixtures, and on the orchestra with instruments doubling at the octave.
On the piano, the low notes cannot be as heavy and tight as they should be to get a clear-sounding timbre. That's something that can be experimented when tuning a piano or a guitar or an harpsichord: when the string tension is too low, the sound is muddy. It seems to contain more fundamental sound than harmonics, and some part of the high frequency spectrum is actually not harmonics of the fundamental. You get better notes with augmenting the length and tension of the string - which explains why small instruments sound muddier.
As a final note, Beethoven has a particular way of using the piano low range: he often puts chords in the low-middle part of the instrument, where other composers do not. This gives a recognizable timbre to some of his piano pieces. However the pianos Beethoven used to play were quite different from our modern instruments.
Answer: In the end it boils down to frequency and perception.
Let's have a look at the chart of Bob Katz, an audio engineer from the USA for the mastering step, which he adapted to the famous Carnegie Hall diagram:

He also noted down perceptual effects. I.e. our ears and our mind is designed to perceive and differentiate higher sounds more easily.
So the separation of chord-notes depends on the kind of effect you want to convey. E.g.

for intended muddyness you'd favor left hand notes
for intended brilliance you'd favour right hand notes, and perhaps assist with just one left-hand note at occasion
and so on.

And of course, we talk about sound. So take constructively into account the effects from pedal/damping. E.g. I almost always prefer damper on all the time on our piano, as I like that sound more. But that's my preference for the kind of music I play.


Is Cas9 unique in it's ability to act in response to a specific DNA sequence?

Question: As a computer scientist, I'm interested in the ability of the Cas9 protein to function as an if-gate for DNA. It opens up so many questions for me. Right now the protein works as "if the sequence matches, cleave", but perhaps you could customize it to do "if the sequence matches, [do arbitrary action]". However, I'd feel very dumb if I got all excited about this and it tuned out "no... there are plenty of things that function as [if sequence matches], the real revolution of CRISPR/Cas9 is... [something else]". Is my fear qualified?
Answer: There are two classes of proteins that I can think of off the bat that are DNA sequence-specific. First are restriction enzymes, which recognize a specific (usually short) sequence of DNA and cleave it, sometimes through both strands at the same spot (blunt ends) and sometimes leaving an overhang or "sticky end".
The other class is transcription factors. Instead of altering the DNA, these proteins bind to a consensus sequence and act as a gathering point for the transcription machinery to bind and begin transcribing the following gene into RNA.
What makes the CRISPR/Cas discovery unique is that the binding sequence can essentially be an arbitrary sequence, defined by the scientist, allowing for cuts just about anywhere. Transcription factors and restriction enzymes depend on the local sequence of the DNA itself, so they only bind in certain spots.
There are other sequence-specific technologies available, such as TALEN, but they are basically a combination of a site-specific transcription factor and a fairly non-specific restriction enzyme or nuclease fragment engineered into it that cuts at a specific, user-defined site, depending on which subunits are used. CRISPR is a much more powerful (and easier to implement in vivo) technology, though, so while TALEN still has a place in the molecular biology toolbox, CRISPR is rapidly eclipsing it.
Comment: Just a minor thing but the TALEN class of nucleases are actually transcription factors with a FokI nuclease domain attached to it. They resemble the old zinc finger nucleases in that they are DNA recognition proteins with a nuclease attached to it. CRISPR is unique in that it is a nuclease in its original form.
Comment: @mimat yes, you're right. I wrote that last section quickly, based off my reading on TALENs a little while back. I didn't remember that they actually have TF activities as well. I reworded that section a bit.
Answer: OK, if you want analogy, you can think of Cas9 as comparing device: if sgRNA (guide RNA) matches DNA, then cleave. You can pick this up from Wiki article or publications on CRISPR/Cas9
Read about DNA restriction enzymes. If in case of Cas9 template is provided by sgRNA (guide RNA), in case of restriction enzymes template is built-in this enzyme.
Cool thing about Cas9/CRISPR is that you can engineer guide RNA to match 20 bases of DNA for high specificity.


In Catholic art imagery, how is hell symbolized?

Question: In Catholic art and imagery how is hell symbolized? If a symbol does exist for it, why was this particular symbol chosen?
In other words, does hell have a symbol?
Answer: In Catholic art and imagery how is hell symbolized?
In Catholic imagery hell is symbolized with the Labyrinth. The labyrinth can equally symbolize other things also.

Background:
In Greek mythology, King Minos of Crete defeated King Aegeus of Athens and threatened to destroy his country unless, every nine years, he sacrificed seven boys and seven girls to the Minotaur -- a half-man, half-bull monster -- who lived in the labyrinth in Crete. King Aegeus's son, Theseus, decided to go to the labyrinth and kill the Minotaur, releasing the captives and ending the sacrifices once and for all.
On the way to fulfill his mission, he met King Minos's daughter, Ariadne, who fell in love with him and promised to help him find his way back out of the labyrinth if he would marry her and take her back to Athens with him. She gave him a sword and a ball of thread and told him to fasten one end of thread at the labyrinth's entrance and unravel the spool behind him as he walked through to find the Minotaur and kill him with his sword. Following the thread in reverse, he'd be able to find his way out of the dark, twisting passages. Theseus did as Ariadne told him, killed the Minotaur, and followed the thread back out to safety (neither here nor there with regard to our purposes, he left Ariadne behind when he went back to Athens! (The classic-style, seven-circuit, Cretan labyrinth is shown at right.)
From 19th c. archaeologist Rodolfo Lanciani's "Pagan and Christian Rome":

Theseus killing the Minotaur in the labyrinth of Crete, and labyrinths in general, were favorite subjects for church pavements, especially among the Gauls. The custom is very ancient, a labyrinth having been represented in the church of S. Vitale at Ravenna as early as the sixth century. Those of the cathedral at Lucca, of S. Michele Maggiore at Pavia, of S. Savino at Piacenza, of S. Maria in Trastevere at Rome (destroyed in the restoration of 1867), are of a later date. The image of Theseus is accompanied by a legend in the "leonine" rhythm: Theseus intravit, monstrumque biforme necavit ["Theseus entered, and killed the bi-form monster"].

The classical world's labyrinths were at first seen by Christians as metaphors for sin and the powers of Hell, as can be seen from this inscription which was originally found at the center of the Chartres labyrinth:

This stone represents the Cretan's Labyrinth. Those who enter cannot leave unless they be helped, like Theseus, by Ariadne's thread.

Though originally seen as metaphors for the dark powers of Hell and our need to rely on Our Lady to show us her Son, over time labyrinths came to be seen quite differently. During the Crusades when Christians couldn't make visits to the Holy Land, and in the same manner that the Way of the Cross devotion developed as a sort of substitute "pilgrimage" to the Holy City, labyrinths came to be used as substitute "Chemins de Jerusalem." Christians, barred from earthly Zion, would walk the labyrinths, often on their knees in penance, meditating on the Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ. - Labyrinths:
Symbols of Hell & the Pilgrim's Way

The labyrinth can symbolize many things to the Early Christians.

Many Christian labyrinths appear relatively late in history, around the 20th century. The first labyrinth in a Christian church appeared in the forth century. When Christians could no longer make physical pilgrimages to their spiritual home in Jerusalem, they walked a symbolic pilgrimage on a labyrinth built in to the floor of the nave of a cathedral. They turned a physical journey in to a spiritual journey.
To early Christians the labyrinth symbolized many things.
§ Some thought that if they could not get to Jerusalem, they made believe that they were
walking to Jerusalem on the Labyrinth.
§ Going into the labyrinth also symbolized a trip to the underworld, and the trip was a
resurrection; heaven and hell are both invoked in its pattern.
§ Some thought the labyrinth to represent the soul's journey to Christ.
One of the most famous Christian Labyrinths that is still intact is found on the floor of the Chartres cathedral in France. The circle on the floor repeats the pattern of the stained-glass circle of the western rose window. This window symbolizes heaven with Christ at the center surrounded by four rings with twelve circles in each. Twelve is the number of Apostles. When the sun hits the window, which is composed of nothing but colored lights, it cases its image down to the earth and the maze. - Labyrinth

Chartres Cathedral Labyrinth
The largest ever built in France
Comment: Oh that's nice, the witches in my home town erected city-supported a labyrinth down the street from my parents house.  I thought it was weird, but I didn't know it was demonic!


Adding 駄 on the beginning of the word

Question: I've met a word 駄女 だおんな though not sure if wrote it well in kanji.
Can I use this 駄 with other words? For example, like 駄先輩 or 駄宏 (with the name of a man)?
Are there words that suit this scheme most and those, that can not be used for any conditions? Could you please provide some examples?
Comment: You sure it wasn't ダメ女?
Comment: Did you run into 駄女 in writing or in speech?
Comment: @snailboat in speech. So maybe mistaken with a kanji.
Comment: @kuchitsu pretty sure, as ダメ is often used, so I probably wouldn't notice.
Answer: Having lived in Japan all my life, I have never seen or heard the word 「駄女」, so I could at least assure you that it would not be a common word at all even if you have actually seen/heard it used.  (I highly doubt that you have encountered the word in real life.)

Can I use this 駄 with other words? For example, like 駄先輩 or 駄宏 (with the name of a man)?

Again, never seen/heard 駄先輩 or "駄 + personal name" -- never.
「駄{だ}」 simply is not used as a prefix to random words.  It is basically  only used in a fixed group of words to mean "cheap", "low-value", "low-quality", etc.
Most common among those words would include:
駄菓子{だがし} (cheap confectionary)
駄賃{だちん} (small amount of money given to kids for running errands)  This word is becoming more uncommon by the decades.
駄じゃれ (boring pun)
駄馬{だば} (workhorse, horse of inferior breed)
Answer: 駄 in established words such as 駄馬, 駄文 and 駄菓子 clearly means "bad" or "cheap", but it's basically not a productive prefix, and you should not attach it to an arbitrary word. In particular, you can never attach it to a proper noun like 宏 (although something like ダメ宏 is occasionally heard).
That said, 駄 is occasionally used by native speakers as a slangy/nonstandard prefix; for example I have seen 駄ゲー ("trashy game") more than a few times. If you absolutely sure you heard だおんな, it should mean "bad woman", as you suspected. (Still, I feel there is a high chance you misheard something...) I won't be surprised if a native speaker used 駄先輩 in a blog article, but it should be fairly rare.

Adding 駄 on the beginning of the word


Can we use an under mount sink as a drop in?

Question: We got a great deal on a sink, but then found out it is an undermount model.  Our current one is a drop-in.  We would not be able to add the support needed for an under mount.  Has anyone installed an under mount sink as a drop in?  It is a Kohler (K-5805-2) cast iron, and it's obvious we will have to do something with the larger pre-drilled holes (2 3/8").  Hope you have some advice for us.
Comment: Can you post a photo?
Comment: booklet lists several #s, but believe it to be K-5805-2... What are we going to do with these bigger pre drilled faucet holes?  2 3/8.  i was hoping to use this until we do a remodel on the kitchen in a cpl of yrs.  May have to store it!
Comment: According to the spec sheet the holes are 1 3/8". Do the holes look like they were recut? the porcelain should go into the holes, not stopping clean at the edge
Answer: According to your model number it is a Kohler self rimming, surely made for drop in, not undermount
Comment: What to do with the bigger holes? You may be able to find a faucet that suits you that will have a big enough bottom to cover your issue.
Comment: Or you can get a washer either already with the proper finish, or get one made that will match the finish of the faucet you decide on. It may not be in all cases but Moen seems to have smaller bottoms than Delta, 2 5/16" vs. nearly 2 5/8" on the few that was checked out.
Answer: I have installed an undermount stainless steel sink. Kohler. As a drop in. It actually looks great. I like the look of the narrow flange versus a wide bulcky rim of a drop in and the faucets installed in the counter top itself. The address were not sharp at all and was embedded and sealed with a good quality clear silicone. This allowed me to get an absolute watertight seal and it is extremely easy to clean. After install the lip is barely a 16th of an inch it's almost flush with the countertop. It looks great. I would recommend taking your time with measurements. When cutting the counter. Mine was formica I'm sorry. There is no room for error and needs to be is tight as possible allowing the narrow rim as much support underneath as possible.
Answer: Undermounts are missing a mounting rail and brackets to hold it from shifting.
If you've got 1" or more of counter under the lip of the sink, you can embed it in waterproof adhesive-caulk.  It won't be fun to remove, but epoxied undermounts aren't fun to remove either.


How did Wittgenstein reject the Cogito or Cartesian dualism? Can I get the specific sources?

Question: I have heard of the fact that Wittgenstein rejected Cartesianism by the Private Language Argument. But the connections are not clear for me. Also I'd like to know if there is any other piece of writing by Wittgenstein that criticized Cartesianism.
Comment: You can see Saul Kripke, [Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language: An Elementary Exposition](https://books.google.it/books?id=N5I3hNIS_yIC&printsec=frontcover), Harvard UP (1982); ref to Descartes at page 121-122.
Comment: Of course, we have [On Certainty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Certainty), but it seems to me that the text has no ref to Descartes; we can find some indirect link through [G.E. Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._E._Moore)'s [Certainty](http://selfpace.uconn.edu/class/ana/MooreCertainty.pdf).
Comment: See literature: Rush Rhees, [Wittgenstein's On Certainty](https://books.google.it/books?id=KurA2uyZzHUC&printsec=frontcover), Wiley-Blackwell (2003), Daniele Moyal-Sharrock, [Understanding Wittgenstein's On Certainty](https://books.google.it/books?id=VljNCwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover), Routledge (2004), Annalisa Coliva, [Moore and Wittgenstein Scepticism Certainty and Common Sense](https://books.google.it/books?id=9h9-DAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover), Routledge (2010),Andy Hamilton, [Wittgenstein and On Certainty](https://books.google.it/books?id=NYvZBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover), Routledge (2014)
Comment: @Bathon Ban Hset. An answer to your question on Wittgenstein and Cartesian dualism.
Comment: @MauroALLEGRANZA: IIRC, there are at least two major different interpretations of the Private Language Argument and Kripke runs with one of them—maybe not even acknowledging the other. If my recollection is correct, anyone reading Kripke ought to keep in mind that he _might_ not have interpreted Wittgenstein correctly.
Answer: There are several ways of answering this question - Wittgenstein never makes things easy. I offer the following.
Cartesian dualism - or just dualism - draws a distinction between mind and behaviour. The mind thinks or knows; the body acts. We don't need to go into the infinite varieties of behaviourism to see what Wittgenstein's basic thrust against dualism is.
On Wittgenstein's account in the 'Brown Book' and later in the 'Philosophical Investigations' is that mind and body are not distinct; there is a logical connection between mind and behaviour. ('Mind' is not a favoured term of Wittgenstein's; he is more apt to refer to 'the mental' but it does not affect the main point here.)
First thing to note is that for Wittgenstein it makes sense to ascribe mental phenomena only to beings that can exhibit such phenomena in their behaviour. 'Only of a living human being and what resembles (behaves like) a living human being can one say : it has sensations; it sees; is blind; hears; is deaf; is conscious or is unconscious' (PI, §281). There is no sense in saying that a plant feels pain since it has no way of manifesting pain in its behaviour.
Next up, our mental terms would have different meanings from any they now have if they were not tied to behavioural criteria. For instance if I say of my four-year-old child, 'She can read', I mean not simply that she has a certain mental capacity; I mean that she can behave in certain ways : pick up a newspaper, book or comic and read out the words (behaviour) or tell us what she has read (another form of behaviour). She might choose not to engage in the relevant behaviour but if she really could not do so, 'She can read' would only be true if we changed the meaning of 'read'. In the standard case the mental capacity to read implies some form of behaviour and not just the occurrence of certain private, non-behavioural occurrences 'in' the mind.
Useful guides for further reading : AC Grayling, 'Wittgenstein', Oxford Past Masters series, 1996, 85-6, 90-1, 94, 96, 97; and Hans-Johann Glock, 'A Wittgenstein Dictionary', Oxford : Blackwell, 1996, 55-8. esp. 57-8.


I want to combine several textures... Bump, displacement, diffuse, specular but I don't know the node combination. A screenshot would be nice

Question: I have 4 textures. Bump, displacement, specular and diffuse. Please what node combination would help me get the best render for this mixture. A screenshot after the node setup would be nice.
Comment: The Mix shader is to mix nodes.
Comment: https://blender.stackexchange.com/a/18162/2217
Answer: If i understood the question here the answer
With the powerful addon Node Wrangler in built in Blender you can set the node automatically.
Make a folder and paste all the images (Bump, displacement, diffuse, specular).
With the Principle BSDF Node selected Press Ctrl+Shit+T
A pop-up which need to access all the images made above folder. Select all (Press A)
Press Principle BSDF Setup and your done . Render it with F12
Answer: Just use new principled shader (Tutorial):

And if you want to use displacement, you can connect it directly to material output node.


Type inference with imports

Question: I understand how a type inference algorithm infers types within a single file by building on top of already inferred types and identified constraints (e.g. in the Hindley-Milner type system).
I am wondering about how this process works/is implemented for languages where some bindings are imported from other files. I wasn't able to find any useful information elsewhere, so I figured I'd just test my luck here.
The trivial approach would obviously be to leave the imported binding type-less (e.g. substitute a type variable) and continue adding constraints. Then, when the actual definition of the binding is encountered in the other file, it is checked that the constraints and actual type can be unified.
This approach has the major drawback that it basically discards all type information regarding a binding that may be present where it is defined.
Building on that first approach one could start by identifying an optimal order of analyzing files. In the case where there are no circular dependencies, this additional step would solve the problem. But in a lot of cases there are circular dependencies.
In TypeScript for example (afaik), circular dependencies are allowed without any loss of type information.
How is this problem usually handled in type inference algorithms?
Are there any resources/papers that describe this problem?
Answer: The first option is to simply process all the imports and see what is in them. This is not what you are asking, because it is equivalent to having everything in a single file, more or less. And it can be prety expensive to process all the dependencies.
What you are looking for is the notion of interface, also known as signature. To simplify things, an interface lists all the constants that are implemented in a given unit (file, module) together with their types. Thus, given that some file imports file X, all we need is an interface for X. Such an interface may be written by the programmer, or generated automatically and stored somewhere by a compiler, there are many ways to accomplish this.
Comment: Exactly this: in SML for example, structures have signatures (which can be defined separately, inline, or inferred) just like functions (vals are a bit different). Thus when you include the structure (such as via the compilation manager CM) you get both the structure and the signature for type-checking.
Comment: Right, I didn't want to mention too much theory, but definitely the place to look for a good treatment of structures and signatures is ML, be it Standard ML, OCaml, or some other variant of it.

Type inference with imports


ExpressionEngine database redundency

Question: I've been looking to see if it was possible to use ExpressionEngine with an Percona XtraDB cluster, I have yet to find a verdict, the closest thing was the post below but there does not seem to be consensus as to whether or not it worked. Does anyone have experience using EE with any galera based replication tools. Further Does anyone have experience setting up EE in a redundant DB environment? We are deploying on AWS and would like to have a copy of the database in each availability zone. Thank you!
ExpressionEngine with Percona Cluster?
Comment: What about MariaDB with galera? Is this board usually this quiet?
Answer: A few things to make note of when switching to Percona, MyISAM replication is experimental and disabled by default. I would be surprised if it ever becomes fully supported.
MyISAM replication is done at the statement level and as such, causes data inconsistencies when you have a query that utilizes a non deterministic function.
The CI MySQL drivers included in EE are capable of handling InnoDB, and I have not seen any issues with converting the engine across the board.  EE isn't set up with connection pools in mind, so if you intend to be clustering your database you will need some sort of Master-Master replication.  Also with the connection pools in mind, if you want to utilize all of your databases make sure you put them behind a load balancer to make it easy for EE to understand.
We had a slightly painful release process as a result of Percona due to the fact that some extensions decide MyISAM should be the storage engine rather than just falling to the default. I hooked in to the database classes to log DDL statements to later inspect and see if they created a MyISAM table rather than InnoDB.
I've used EE on a Percona cluster for over a year now. I went down the avenue of writing a database driver implementation for split connection pools, but it wasn't worth my time then when we could just throw a load balancer in front of it. I recently switched to AWS and now use RDS as the database, but we still use Percona for development and testing. All of our automated testing (acceptance, behavioral, and functional) that utilize a database connection hit Percona through a custom database driver to allow nested transactions via InnoDB SAVEPOINTs. With that I can't give much feedback on 2.9 other than it still works.
When you are load balancing your Percona Cluster you want to make sure the health check is doing a query to check the replication health, e.g. SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep\_local\_state';
Additionally, ensure your connection lifetime for your load balancer equal to the session length configured in MySQL. You may want to consider setting up server affinity on for your databases as well if you have multiple web servers. Not at all a necessity as the gains you may have from it can be addressed other ways.

ExpressionEngine database redundency


How are ketone bodies used?

Question: While searching for literature on ketone bodies, I can only seem to find how they are synthesized, but not how they are broken down.
I'm looking for the series of events with enzyme names and intermediates. Does anyone have this?
Answer: First, there are three ketone bodies: Acetone (top), acetoacetic acid (middle), and beta-hydroxybutyric acid (bottom), see the illustration from the Wikipedia:

The second and the third are taken up by heart and brain cells and then converted into Acetyl-CoA which is fed into the citric acid cycle where it is further metabolized. Acetone is mostly excreted. See here for some more information.
Aceto acetic acid is either converted into acetone and removed from the body or enzymatically converted into beta-hydroxybutyric acid by the beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.
The third possibility is that it is converted into Acetyl-CoA. See the figure for the scheme:

For a more detailed explanation of this process (both, the generation and the metabolization of the ketone bodies) see here.
Comment: You say the second and third are taken up by heart and brain cells. Aren't they also used by muscle cells during starvation?
Comment: During starvation/fasting*
Comment: @Paze - muscle cells predominately continue to oxidize fatty acids in the fasting/starvation state

How are ketone bodies used?


Do hosting companies, usually, allow running custom made server software?

Question: I am starting a new project that includes subscriber registration and emailing them daily.
For my project I created a server application written in c#, a website written in PHP, and a database managed by PHPMYADMIN and MySQL
My question is, do hosting companies, usually, allow running custom made server software? and how do I know if a specific hosting company allows for all the technologies I use to create my project? Thanks
Answer: Hosting companies will usually list all of their available technologies on a page that describes their hosting plans. Go to Hostgator and click on "compare all hosting plans". You will see a list of what their hosting plans support. If you see it, you can use it.
PHP and MySQL are very common and offered by most hosting companies. C#, when used in .NET, is also common although you have to look for Windows hosting for that to work (mono availability is not very common). In your case it is not very common to use both C# and PHP/MySQL in the same website so you may find getting hosting that supports both a little more difficult to find.
As far as custom software goes, usually custom written binaries are not allowed to be installed or run in a shared hosting environment. Typically you need a VPS or dedicated server to do this.
Comment: @user7705 I don't think you can run a PHP daemon which is running in the background all the time. But you can typically run PHP [cron jobs](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron) which run at set intervals set by you.
Comment: I know it's not really related to this forum, but can I write a PHP application instead? like a php program that will be constantly running as a server? or php is only for web pages?
Your answer is really useful by the way, mostly the hostgator part. thanks
Comment: @user7705 You can make a PHP script run pretty much indefinitely so long as you can call `set_time_limit` repeatedly to reset the timeout.
Answer: Some hosting companies, such as the one I use, LiveHosting, allows hosting .NET and PHP (and offers also MySQL and SQL Server database hosting too) on the same account, even the same domain.
This usually means that you need Windows hosting since this supports PHP but Linux usually (maybe if they support Mono) doesn't support .NET.
An example :

http://andrei.rinea.ro is a small test page that I wrote in .NET (ASP.NET, C#)
http://blog.andrei.rinea.ro and http://foto.andrei.rinea.ro are blogs of mine that run on Wordpress (PHP) with MySQL storage.


What do CPUs do when a program aborts with an error?

Question: If a very severe interrupt occurs, say a divide by zero, this will quit the program. How is this done, is there a special instruction in the processor or is it a software routine? And after quitting the program, where will the CPU jump to?
Answer: CPUs don't have a notion of "program aborting". Some CPUs have features that help operating system manage separate programs, but the concept of separate programs exists primarily at the level of the operating system.
The specification of the CPU specifies what happens for each instruction for all data. For example, it might specify that div r1, r2, r3 divides the integer value stored in r2 by the integer value stored in r3, stores the result into r1, and then moves the instruction pointer to the next instruction. It might furthermore specify that in case r2 is zero, the CPU executes a trap — this is what most CPUs do on a division by zero. Typically, on a trap:

The CPU saves the current value of the program counter into a register assigned to this purpose.
The CPU sets the reason for the trap (a constant that means "division by zero") into a register assigned to this purpose.
The CPU reads an address from somewhere and sets the program counter to this address. This address is called the trap vector. This "somewhere" is usually either a register, or a memory location which is calculated from a value in a register.
The CPU switches to a privileged mode (e.g. kernel mode, ring 0).

(Note that details vary from CPU to CPU, I am only describing typical behavior.) Traps are very similar to interrupts; the difference is that a trap is due to an event happening in the CPU whereas interrupts are triggered by external events.
The operating system decides what happens when a trap occurs by providing some code and setting the trap vector to its address. The trap handling code typically analyses the reason for the trap and decides what to do, which may or may not include terminating the current process. For example, some operating systems allow application code to react to trap (e.g. with signal handlers on Unix) — then the kernel's trap handler looks up the address of the application trap handler in some internal kernel data structure and jumps to that after setting the processor in the appropriate mode.
An example of a trap which often doesn't result in the death of the application is a memory fault, when the application tries to access a virtual address which is not mapped in the MMU. On operating systems that implement swap, the trap handler looks up the virtual address to see if there is actually data that is mapped there in the application but that is currently swapped out to disk. If that is the case, the trap handler loads the content of the page from disk and updates its memory management data structures. Then it jumps back to the application, arranging to cause the application to execute the memory access instruction again. This time the instruction will succeed, and the application is unaware that the first attempt fails (except via some indirect means such as timing).
If the trap handler decides to terminate the program, it does so in pretty much the same way as if the program had called the exit system call: it frees the resources allocated to the process, then invokes the scheduler to execute whatever other threads have something to do.
Answer: There are traps, faults and aborts. Divide-by-zero is a fault which means that it is potentially fixable.
On x86, the CPU will save some registers on the stack (CS, EIP, EFLAGS, SS, ESP) and maybe an error code and then start the fitting Interrupt Service Routine. The adress of the ISR is found in the Interrupt Vector Table which is located in the first kilobyte of  RAM and is setup by the OS. From here on the OS takes over. After the handling is done, the OS may make the CPU return to the program that caused the error.
Comment: And what if the error was fatal? Say a current interrupt is being handled (its return address is on a stack), and the fatal interrupt occurs and the program cannot continue. The return address of the first instruction will never be popped of the stack (you quit the program), how is that fixed?
Comment: When the process is being killed due to a fatal error the kernel will of cause free all memory allocated by this process and pop all register values and so on from the stack. How this is handled in detail is kernel business.
Comment: So the return address is actually saved on the software stack and not a dedicated hardware stack? Because you wouldn't be able to pop the address, except by using a "Return from exception" instruction, which you don't want.
Comment: As said, CS and EIP (which work together as CS:EIP) are saved on the (one and only) stack (in RAM). After handling the exception they are popped and set by the ISR using the _iret_ instruction. In case of a fault CS:EIP points to the error causing instruction.
Comment: @modelworld Beware that this answer is specific to a particular type of CPU (the x86 family). While the core principle is universal, the details can be very different.
Comment: I think because of your reference to "the software stack" and "the hardware stack" you may think that there is such a thing as a stack. There isn't. There is only memory. The stack pointer is a pointer into memory, with some convenient properties (such as fast decrement-pointer-and-store and load-and-increment-pointer instructions). So you don't destroy a stack or worry about leaving it lying around. You just point the stack pointer somewhere else and the old stack stays what it always was: just anonymous memory.
Answer: A processor usually have several modes. Let's take a modern processor, with no legacy of 16-bits mode while being on a 64-bit processor (ie: get rid of x86). On an ARM Core, you've got the following modes:

User
FIQ
IRQ
Supervisor
Abort
Undefined
System

Usually, programs run as User. When something happens on the hardware (incoming IP packet, for instance), you get an interrupt, and you go either on IRQ or FIQ (the difference between IRQ and FIQ doesn't matter here). The OS uses System and Supervisor modes (once again, we don't care about the difference between those two). Abort and Undefined are used for error handling.
What does an OS ? It manages resources and prepare User mode in order to run processes. This includes setting stacks, MMU mapping, and so on.
When a runs an undefined, CPU detects the error and goes in Undefined mode. OS set a routine on Undefined, it may checks for an handling mechanism (for instance, this may be a call to a co-processor, the OS may power it up, and then re-run the instruction). If there is no such mechanism, it marks the program as dead, and then goes to Supervisor mode. On supervisor mode, the OS code is run, it frees the dead task memory, loads an other task, and goes back on User mode on the newly loaded task.
Each mode has its own stack, memory, and place to run. OS are designed to protect their own memory from the User mode tasks (commonly named User land), if the hardware allows to do so.
And what if there is an issue in Undefined routine ? If there is an undefined instruction in the Undefined routine, the processor return to the first instruction of the Undefined routine, and there is an infinite loop. Bugs in the OS are painful.


nginx rule to capture header and append value as query string

Question: I have an interesting problem I need to solve in nginx: one of the sites I'm building receives inbound traffic on port 80 (and only port 80) which may have a certain header set in the request. If this header is present I need to capture the value of it and append that as a querystring parameter before doing a temporary redirect (rewrite) to a different (secure) server, while passing the paramater and any other querystring params along. This should be very doable, but how!?
Many thanks,
JS
Answer: <code>return https://example.com$uri?my_header=$http_my_header&$args;
</code>
If I understand you correctly.

http://nginx.org/r/return
http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html#variables


Equipment ground

Question: I am helping family with finishing and upgrading the service to a separate garage 30ft from the house. Currently, there is 12-2 NM w/ground on a 20 amp breaker cord-capped and plugged in to a receptacle under the deck. The pvc is just stubbed up and unfinished under the deck and outside the garage. I'm going to j-box it up and pipe it all in. I intend to pull #6 THHN and install a two pole 60 amp breaker. My question is can I use the EGC there at the 200 amp panel in the basement or do I need to get my own out there at the garage? Is this treated as a separately derived system?
Comment: What would make it a *separately derived service* woild be having a transformer, e.g. If you kicked it up to 600V for a long haul.  The transformer isolates, so it needs a ground reference to not rattle/float.  In that case you would not be obliged to carry a ground wire, or even a neutral.
Comment: One comment, based on experience -- consider drawing some extra conductors through the conduit. This would be useful if you want to be able to switch a light on (or in) the garage from inside the house, for example.
Answer: Pull an EGC and put a ground electrode in
You'll need to pull an equipment grounding conductor (although it doesn't have to be a 6AWG -- a 10AWG bare copper wire will do as per Table 250.122, and also saves on conduit fill) with the garage feeder from the main panel, and put a grounding electrode such as a ground rod in at the garage since it's a separate structure.
The EGC will provide a conductive bonding path to the main panel for fault currents, while the grounding electrode makes sure that the garage wiring doesn't get elevated to a high common-mode voltage relative to the earth itself (say by a nearby lightning strike).  Tie the garage grounding electrode to the EGC at the garage disconnect/subpanel (which will need its bonding strap/screw pulled) with more 10AWG copper wire (250.32(B) says this connection is an extension of the EGC).
Comment: Man, you just nailed it.
Answer: To confirm, you indeed need to pull four wires (if you want 120/240V):

an equipment safety ground wire
an insulated Neutral
a 120V "hot" wire
the other 120v "hot" wire on the other pole, presuming you want 120/240V at the site.

If you only want 240 (no 120) you can omit neutral.** If you only want 120V you can omit one of the hots.
Some types of metal conduit can serve as the ground wire.  A ground wire must be copper.  You can consider aluminum for the conductors.
In addition to the ground cable running back to the house, you also need to have a local grounding sustem, i.e. Ground rods.  The ground rods take lightning and ESD to earth.  The ground wire assures that fault current can return to source, and flow enough current to assure a breaker trip.  (Dirt alone is too poor a conductor to be relied on for this.)
In your sub-panel, you must have separate neutral and ground buses which must be isolated from each other.  Typically you need to buy an accessory ground bus for your panel, and remove the screws and straps that connect the neutral bus to the metal box.   If you're used to working in main panels where they all (can) go on the same bus, that can be a real habit-breaker.
** often people run /2 cable to a remote location where they have lights, then later, they want to add a 240V device, typically a pump.  Many tell them to trench a new /3 cable.  I tell them to change the lights to multivoltage 120/240 LED types and reclassify the circuit to 240V-only.
Answer: Not to insult your intelligence, but some ppl do confuse neutrals w/ equipment grounds. You're running 4 conductors. And for your grounding electrode system, it's pretty common to put 2 ground rods in at least 6 feet apart.
Comment: A "proper" ground rod  system is two 8 foot ground rods at least 6' apart, that setup bypases the rule requiring you to test the efficacy of your grounding system.   That's nothing, some on this forum used to routinely refer to neutral as the "ground**ed** conductor" and the ground as "equipment ground**ing** conductor". Because those are the formal names in the NEC.  Names only lawyers could love :). Other than that, NEC claims ground is not a conductor at all.
Answer: This is an interesting question. Article 250.32 (B) covers this and actually it is one of the few times it gives you the ability to either to connect the grounding conductors in the main building service equipment or install a separately derived ground at the remote building.
The separately derived system was originally accepted and used, but fell out of favor during the 1980's. Then the grounding from the main building system seemed to become the standard. What is important is that you do not do both as it will violate the single point of ground rule.
If you want to know more about grounding I recommend the "Soares Book on Grounding" which is the International Association of Electrical Inspectors "Bible" on grounding. It's direct and to the point and an easy read.

Equipment ground


When will a human see Allah?

Question: Is it right after we die in soul form? Do we see the angels in soul form or no?
Or only on the Day of Judgment?
Or only if we enter paradise?
Answer: It is said that the inhabitants of Jannah will be allowed to see Allah's face.
May Allah make us among them.
Allah Knows best
Answer: It's possible to see the Angels even in this world, but nobody are able to see Allah.

«و لا یحیطون به علما؛». (طه / ۱۱۰)

If you look at somebody, it means that you are able to access his/her body, so with respect to this fact, you are able to see something that has a physical body, Allah doesn't have a physical body.
But you can see Allah by looking at its signs in this material world as what the Quran said.
Answer: Abu Huraira reported: The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said, "Do you overlook a crowd to see the full moon? Do you overlook a crowd to see the sun?" They said no. The Prophet said, "Verily, you will see your Lord just as you see the full moon and you will not need to overlook a crowd to see him."
Source: Sunan al-Tirmidhī 2554
The Prophet (ﷺ) said: INNALLAHA JAMILUN YUHIBBUL JAMAL – "Allah is beautiful and He loves beauty." [Muslim]
So nothing will be more joyful than Looking at your creator who is the most powerful, beautiful, merciful.
At judgement day, our body and soul will be combined so we can enjoy the reward or punishment of our doings in this world. Body is required so we can feel the pain in hell or enjoy the blessing of paradise.
Angels will treat us according to our result. If we will pass then they will respectfully take us towards paradise. If not then they will grab a person from his jaw and push him with force and take him to hell with humiliation.

When will a human see Allah?


Samsung galaxy S7 edge from HK soft/firmware

Question: I am a massive novice when it comes to this, please can you help? I bought a S7 edge SM-G9350 from hongkong but it did not GooglePlay etc. I live in the UK and wondered how to get my phone software to be the same as UK phones? I saw this link but it is a bit advanced for my understanding. Thank you.
Comment: Well, the answer will be quite the same as those you referred to. You can try some stock ROMs from Sammobile and check if they have English onboard. If you bother particularly about Google Apps, they can be installed separately.
Comment: thank you. I only need to get access to Google play store. if I can get that then I won't need to change ROM. can you tell me how? thank you
Answer: Obtain Gapps from here, and then in fact you have two alternatives:

Install custom recovery via Odin and then flash Gapps with it.

Try to install Gapps via adb sideload. Not all devices/vendors allow this, but you can try.
Firstly you need enable ADB, then drop the Gapps zip-archive into folder with ADB and run
adb sideload gapps.zip

There is also manual way of install (described for example here), but it's rather cumbersome.
Comment: Thank you. I flashed my rom from the China version to HK version, which has googleplaystore. There are some issues now however- can't send SMS, can't use dial pad during calls. Is this a common problem when flashing Roms? Can I flash a UK rom (different model number) onto this phone?
Comment: At least, you can try to flash UK ROM. And **no**, it is NOT common problems, unless the regional versions of phones have significant differences which [might be your case](http://techbeasts.com/list-of-samsung-galaxy-s7-s7-edge-model-numbers/). SM-G9350 seems to be compatible only with SM-G9358, and only *partially*.


What is camping in a first person shooter?

Question: How do you define camping in a first person shooter?
Is it a different than holding a position for a time?
Or, is it only a matter of degree?
Comment: If -you- do it, you're camping. If -I- do it, I'm being strategical.
Comment: This is really hard to define.  Holding positions like this is -sometimes- used strategically in actual warfare, but is considered unsporting in gaming.
Answer: Camping, in a first person shooter (or any other pvp genre, really) is the act of waiting in a particular area to take advantage of the same players repeatedly.
Spawn Camping means lying in wait just outside the area where players respawn, killing them as soon as they are alive again.
Camping might have some overlap with holding a position, but most places considered "camping" aren't areas that would necessarily benefit from being held in the first place.
It is, however, a pretty subjective definition that multiple players will disagree over.
Comment: Really its just staying in one place for longer than is reasonable.  Usually one is only called a camper if the spot is used to unfair advantage and has no back entrance.  Alot of people will call you a camper for no reason, so its easy to get confused with the definition. Its just something people do when they get pissed off in games. (Especially MW2)
Personally to avoid people claiming im playing unfairly I rotate between spots at regular intervals.
Comment: Agreed, it's hiding in the same places for the purposes of generating the highest score for yourself, rather than actually helping your team win the game.
Answer: You've pretty much answered yourself. Technically, camping is staying in one particular (and usually advantageous) position for prolonged periods of time.
This can sometime be legitimate (snipers are prone to camping, once they find a good position from which they can pick off enemies and not be too exposed to retaliation) and sometimes illegitimate (spawn camping, for instance, which is the act of laying siege on an enemy spawn point to pick off newly spawned enemies which are usually disoriented by your unexpected presence there).
Of course, the legitimacy of the above examples is ultimately subjective.
And finally, as always, there's wikipedia.
Answer: I'd say camping is exactly how you'd use the word in ordinary context, when you go some place with a tent and a campfire:
Staying at the same place for a long period of time.
Of course, this is subjective in a FPS, but it's primarily used when that given player simply stay that without moving much (like a roof or a building, or a ledge above an entry point).
Answer: A camper is a person that sits in a corner or place where it is easy to frag people, but being fragged is difficult.
For example, in Chemical Reaction for Quake 3/Quake Live, a decent camping spot is the alcove in the shotgun teleport room -- I'm not talking about the easter egg "door". People coming from the nearby passage will turn left and turn you the back, at which point they will become easy targets.
Comment: Would there still be campers if the game didn't have `corners`? /s
Answer: A camper is a person that stays in the same place for a long period of time, fragging people or shooting people that come in to your "tent"
Comment: As opposed to someone who waits a minute or two for you to run by and traps you.  A camper has no intention of moving, but since we're talking about judging intention, the definition of a camper is subjective.  I vote to close this question as subjective and argumentative. :D
Answer: TL;DR: if it is an advantage to be there - it is camping, if it is (at least temporal) disadvantage it is holding.
I've read all answers but havent seen an direct comparison between these two (camping and holding).

How do you define camping in a first person shooter?

Camping is an process of passive occupying one single retaliation-safe point (really small area) with no intention to go anywhere else.

Is it a different than holding a position for a time?

Holding position is a process of defending one or more points with disadvantage with clear intention to leave it ASAP to closest cover or continue attack.
Except little bit subjective "intention part" main difference is "occupying" vs "defending" and advantage.
I would call occupying if you can safely take your left hand off keyboard and only use mouse. You do not expect something to happen to you, only shooting ducks when they enter crosshair. Defending requires local position change (at least strafing etc)
Retaliation-safe zones usually are covered from 5 sides, and only one for shooting left open. Depending on weapon they can be outside of enemy retaliation (at least accurate) range, or to close to them to react. Hold positions are most likely goal zones - flag room, checkpoint, other objectives, so you are in disadvantage by default (everyone on server knows this areas before even starting the map) and expects you to be there.


Estimating latency via distance and betweenness

Question: I want to compute the relationship between delay (latency) with distance and betweenness. More specifically, if I know (let's assume) that the distance and betweenness values for two different autonomous systems (one sender & one receiver) is 2 and 3 respectively, is there a formula or something like that to estimate the latency between these two ASes? I would appreciate any help.
Comment: Distance does have a direct relationship to latency on a single, direct link, but having network devices between your two devices can add variable latency based on how congested the links are, and how busy the routers and/or switches in between are, and this can manifest itself during particular times of day, or at random times. Traffic will be queued (delayed, increasing latency, for seemingly random amounts of time).
Comment: Resource recommendations are explicitly off-topic here, so we can't recommend "_relative papers_".
Comment: Ok, sorry didnt know it. But maybe someone can still give me personal advices for my issue.?
Comment: Also, the latency of the single, direct link will have a relationship to the medium of the link (e.g. copper and fiber have different latencies, and wireless has a different latency from either of those).
Comment: Did any answer help you? If so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you could provide and accept your own answer.
Answer: Not really.
Firstly "Latency between AS's" doesn't really make much sense as a concept. Many AS's span the globe. The latency between two geographically close points in dfferent AS's can easilly be far less than the latency between two geographically distant points in the same AS.
The default way of keeping traffic between two globe-spanning ASs local was/is to use "hot potato" routing. Basically you get the traffic out of your AS as quickly as possible and let the destination AS worry about where in the world the user is.
Some ASs may instead chose to request and respect "multi-exit discriminators" in the routing information they receive so that local traffic stays local while long distance traffic remains in the source AS for longer.
Given that AS's can range from something that sits in a single room to something that spans the globe the number of AS's involved isn't really going to be a good indication of latency either.


Creating negative automation test scripts

Question: When creating a negative automation test script, should this be separated from my positive script, or can I also include the negative scenario in my script. I am using protractor for this. Thanks
Comment: Do you mean happy vs sad paths?  I'm not sure exactly what negative means.
Answer: In my opinion you should not mix positive and negative paths because every test has to be independent and give a clear result.
Suppose that you create 100 scripts both positive and negative and all tests with negative paths fail, in theory you'll never know if they would fail even with positive ones until you fix your code. My suggestion is having a reasonable granularity of the test suite but focus mainly on maintenability of the suite itself e.g. balancing the amount of automated and manual tests.
Comment: so it means for a login app - positive test would be the entry of valid credentials(this would be now a separate test script). Then I would also create a separate test script for negative test which would be the entry of invalid credentials. I would execute them separately. I am not sure if this is my correct understanding of what you said? Thanks :)
Answer: The trade-off is between script length and diagnostic value:

Script length: one script with everything in it may be shorter (and should never be longer) than a positive script plus a negative script, because multiple scripts will duplicate setup steps.  Because it has fewer steps, the everything script will probably be faster to execute than multiple scripts.
Diagnostic value: diagnosing bugs is a narrowing-down process; you try different variations on a test until you find the shortest possible variation that reproduces the bug.  The script with everything is probably not the shortest possible variation, and so it has less diagnostic value than the positive-only or negative-only script.

None of us can tell you how to make that trade-off.  If you have lots of developers and only one tester, you may choose to optimize for script length.  If you have enough testers, and it tends to take a long time for a developer to narrow down a bug to its cause, you may choose to optimize for diagnostic value.
Most likely, you have both problems, i.e. not enough testers and too long to narrow down the bugs, and so you will have to make the trade-off using your own judgement.
Comment: Imagine two scripts: one with only a single step and one with ten steps.  If the single-step script fails, you know which step triggered the failure.  If the ten-step script fails, you don't know which of the ten steps triggered the failure.  You may need to try variations of each of the ten steps to narrow down the problem.  In that sense, the one-step script has more diagnostic value than the ten-step script.
Comment: I am the only tester in the team, and 5 of them. Could you please explain more about the Diagnostic value trade-off? I am already thinking of separating positive and negative test scripts.


Valuation of Bermudan option as maximum of relevant European options

Question: Assume I need to price a Bermudan option which can be exercised at following dates: $t_1$, $t_2$, ..., $t_n$. I think that the price of such an option will be maximum of the prices of European options with maturities $t_1$, $t_2$, ..., $t_n$. Am I right or wrong?
Answer: You are wrong. Using the maximum of the prices of the European options is equivalent to choosing (and making that choice final) on $t=0$ the date $t_i$ on which you will exercise. As such a choice would be sub-optimal, you would be giving up value. Therefore the Bermuda option is worth more than the maximum of the prices of the European options.
Comment: This can be made a little more precise. For example, let $\mathscr{T}$ be the set of stopping times with values in $\{t_1, \ldots, t_n\}$. Then, the Bermudan option value is given by \begin{align*}
\sup_{\tau \in \mathscr{T}}E\big(Discount(\tau)\,Option(\tau)\big) \ge \max_{1\le i \le n} E\big(Discount(t_i)\,Option(t_i)\big),
\end{align*} as $t_i$, for $i=1, \ldots, n$, are particular stopping times.
Answer: Without the math, look at it this way: I give you a die to toss. You can toss it thrice and take the payoff as the number on the die. On each turn you can either accept the payoff or move on. At the last throw, you must accept the payoff.
Your logic would state that this product has value equivalent to tossing a die once and only once (here, all 'Europeans' are equally valuable, so your 'bermudan (3 tosses)' should equal the most expensive european (any one of the 3 tosses). You can see that this is wrong. To convince yourself more, think what would happen if I was allowed to toss the coin an infinite number of times.


Papers and books related to "Forex" market microstructure

Question: There are lots of papers and books on this topics but haven't seen much specific to forex markets nowadays.
Any recommendation on recent papers or books?
Answer: Maureen O'Hara starts her recent paper "High frequency market microstructure" by the following paragraph:

Markets are different now in fundamental ways. High frequency trading (HFT) has clearly made things faster, but viewing the advent of HFT as being only about speed misses the revolution that has happened in markets. From the way traders trade, to the way markets are structured, to the way liquidity and price discovery arise – all are now different in the high frequency world. What is particularly intriguing is the role played by microstructure. One could expect that when things are fast the market structure becomes irrelevant, but the opposite is the case. At very fast speeds, microstructure takes on a starring role.

So you should probably look for research of high frequency trading in FX markets.  In particular, you could start from chapter 4 "High-Frequency Trading in FX Markets" of "High-Frequency Trading - New Realities for Traders, Markets and Regulators".
The chapter is authored by Richard B. Olsen, who founded OLSEN in 1985,  Alexandre Dupuis, who worked at OLSEN since 2006 and was head of their quantitative research unit, and Anton Golub, a member of OLSEN research team since 2012. They summarize the content of the chapter as follows:

This chapter provides an overview of the landscape and the basic mechanics of the foreign exchange (FX) markets and their organised exchanges. We explain algorithmic trading in the foreign exchange and analyse trading frequencies of different types of market participants. We continue with an overview of the key insights of academic literature of the impact of high-frequency (HF) traders in the foreign exchange market and discuss actual market events where there have been short-term price disruptions. We focus on the behaviour of the high-frequency traders involved.


What to do with unwanted URLs that link to my website?

Question: A few days ago, my site was affected by malware. There were lot of URLs that linked to my site and the malware used to redirect to some place. I have gotten rid of all the malware, but still there are a lot of URLs that appear as, linked to my website and is being reported as 404 errors. How do I get rid of those, so that I stop getting these 404 errors in my webmaster tool.
Comment: As a side note, NEVER NEVER NEVER mark a valid 404 error as being fixed in Search Console. DON'T DO IT!!! **Ever!** Getting my drift? ;-) (*You have suffered enough already.*) Cheers!!
Comment: @closetnoc What would it do?
Comment: @BalinKingOfMoria Google will retry a page that gives a 404 error a certain number of times over a period of time. After that, it will stop and every long period of time check again just in case. If you mark a 404 error for a page that does not exist as fixed, you are telling Google that the page should exist and to try again. Essentially, the counter/clock gets reset and the process starts over again. It is one of those confusing things Google never explains. Thanks for asking! Cheers!!
Comment: @closetnoc Thanks for the explanation :) Makes sense!
Comment: @BalinKingOfMoria Anytime! We are always here for you.
Answer: Unfortunately there's not much you can do. You can't prevent these other (hacked) sites from linking to you. Besides, once Google has found these (now erroneous) URLs, it is likely to continue crawling them for sometime to come, even when the inbound link is (eventually) removed.
You are already doing the correct thing, in returning a 404. A genuine 404 is not a bad thing, but (as you have found) it is annoying that they unnecessarily pollute your reports.
You can try returning a 410 Gone instead, but if the URLs aren't actually indexed anyway then it probably won't make that much of change to the GSC report (at least initially).
Comment: That's a "410 Gone", not a "401 Unauthorized" btw. Yes you could do this in .htaccess - if there is a certain pattern to these invalid URLs (that could be the tricky bit). You don't necessarily want to convert all 404s into 410s - although you could.
Comment: Thanks for your help! I like the idea of returning 401. Would it make sense if I set up an .htaccess rule for links like these and return a 401?
Answer: You may also want to disavow these links.
It could potentially appear like you purchased links from a garbage SEO provider helping to sell you links to increase your rankings. This behavior gets penalized commonly, and you'll need to disavow those links to Google knows that you were weren't hoping to get any ranking benefit from the added backlinks.
You can find the links you need to disavow a variety of ways (Google's Search Console, Majestic, Ahrefs, and OpenSiteExplorer.org are some sites that come to mind). And then go into Google's Search Console in your webmaster account and open up the disavow tool. Remember, if it's ultra spammy stuff, you'll  likely  want to disavow from the domain level and not just a specific URL.
Answer: Probably you will find the procedure in here:

Disavow backlinks
This is a two-step process. First, you'll need to download a list of
  links to your site. Next, you'll create a file containing only the
  links you want to disavow and upload this to Google.
Download links to your site
Choose the site you want on the Search Console home page.
On the Dashboard, click Search Traffic, and then click Links to Your Site.
Under Who links the most, click More.
Click Download more sample links. If you click Download latest links, you'll see dates as well.

Note: When looking at the links to your site in Search Console, you
  may want to verify both the www and the non-www version of your domain
  in your Search Console account. To Google, these are entirely
  different sites. Take a look at the data for both sites. More
  information
You'll download a file containing all the pages linking to your site.
  Use this to create a text file (the file type must be .txt and it must
  be encoded in UTF-8 or 7-bit ASCII) containing only the links you want
  to disavow—one link per line. If you want Google to ignore all links
  from an entire domain (like example.com), add the line
  "domain:example.com". Your text file can include additional
  information about excluded links, as long as each line of description
  begins with the "#" character (all lines beginning with # will be
  ignored). Don't upload the entire list of links to your site: the text
  file that you upload is the list of links you want Google to ignore.
Example
Here's a sample of a valid file
-example.com removed most links, but missed these http://spam.example.com/stuff/comments.html
http://spam.example.com/stuff/paid-links.html
-Contacted owner of shadyseo.com on 7/1/2012 to
  -ask for link removal but got no response domain:shadyseo.com
If you want Google to ignore all links from an entire domain (like
  example.com), add the line domain:example.com.
Upload a list of links to disavow
Go to the disavow links tool page.
Select your website.
Click Disavow links.
Click Choose file.

# Note: Uploading a new file will replace all previously uploaded ones.
It may take some time for Google to process the information you've
  uploaded. In particular, this information will be incorporated into
  our index as we recrawl the web and reprocess the pages that we see,
  which can take a number of weeks. These links will continue to be
  shown in the Search Console inbound links section.


sObject type 'MetadataComponentDependency' is not supported

Question: If I understand correctly MetadataComponentDependency supports standard and custom fields on standard objects, but neither on custom objects. Will it eventually support standard and custom fields on custom objects as well?
Answer: It is my understanding that custom objects and fields are already supported by the dependency API.
Based the the title of your question, ensure you are using the Tooling API to run the SOQL query and that they API version is v47.0 (Winter '20) or higher.


Dark GTK theme for Ubuntu 14.04

Question: I am using the zonColor DarkNight theme on Ubuntu 13.10 and am quite pleased with it. I would like to have a similar theme for Ubuntu 14.04 but so far I could not find a single dark theme available. Is it possible to port a theme from Ubuntu 13.10 to 14.04? Or must I wait for zonColor (or whomever) to release new themes for Ubuntu 14.04?
Comment: Good question!  There are lots of references and questions all over about themes for Ubuntu.  I have spent about a week trying to get some to work, but none of them works with 14.04,.  The various ones I've found will show up in gnome-tweak-tool, but switching to them don't do anything.  There are also a number of themes in the synaptic repository.  However, there aren't any official specifics of how to make them work.  If you get anything figure out, please bring this information back to the group.  Also look at: http://askubuntu.com/questions/454858/using-the-themes-in-the-repository-14-04
Comment: @L.D.James they have to be gtk-3 themes. Metacity is now depreciated so if you want window buttons in the theme, you must choose a theme that included this in the gtk-3 theme. One example is delorean dark 3.6 that has OSX like buttons (not shown in the picture) http://killhellokitty.deviantart.com/art/DeLorean-Dark-Theme-3-6-G-vs-2-56-342067457
Comment: @mchid Or use the answer provided here: http://askubuntu.com/a/463060/29012
Answer: NoobsLab has made available through their PPA a new theme entitled Ambience-Dark-Red. It retains the default Unity decorations and icons and simply tweaks colours. Although not as good, it is at this stage the closest to DarkNight you can get for Ubuntu 14.04.

To install Ambience-Dark-Red:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/themes
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ambiance-dark-red

The original Ambience-Dark theme is also available from NoobsLab. It is a low contrast theme that may be hard to read without the appropriate lighting/brightness.

It can be install with the following terminal commands:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/themes
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ambiance-dark

An alternative, also from NoobsLab is the GnomishDark theme:

Note that it was a bit buggy on Ubuntu 13.10. To install:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/themes
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gnomishdark

Update
A few more styles have been made available by NoobsLab:
The Mediterranean package includes some nice blueish themes worth trying. They also impose great changes to window decorations and icons that may not be to everyone's taste.

To install the Meditarranean package:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/themes
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mediterranean-theme

Numix Bluish is a variation of the Numix theme, with what to my eyes seem violet and green hues. There is again a good deal of customisation regarding icons and window decorations.

To install Numix Bluish:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/themes
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install numix-bluish-theme

Comment: Just adding that ["Numix"](http://www.noobslab.com/2014/05/numix-theme-for-ubuntulinux-mintother.htm) (not the Bluish one) is very good also.
Comment: Here is the correct link for [Numix](http://www.noobslab.com/2014/05/numix-theme-for-ubuntulinux-mintother.html). From the snapshots it does not appear to be a dark theme.
Comment: Could we have an updated list for 16.04? noobslab/themes has none of these themes for Xenial.
Comment: @ArcaneDominion There is a [separate question for 16.04](https://askubuntu.com/questions/800730/dark-gtk-theme-for-ubuntu-16-04-unity).
Answer: Basically, you can use any one of the same styles from 13.10 as long as there is a GTK-3.0 theme included in the style. The Standard "window themes" are not applied if they are metacity themes like they did in 13.10.
To install a theme, download and unzip the file in your ~/.themes folder to make the theme available. You can even do this with the zoncolor theme.
Open a terminal and execute the following commands to install zonColor themes in 14.04 14.10 or any other distro as well:
mkdir ~/.themes
cd ~/.themes
wget https://launchpadlibrarian.net/144070639/zoncolor-themes_1.6.5%7Esaucy%7ENoobslab.com.tar.gz
tar zxvf zoncolor-themes_1.6.5~saucy~Noobslab.com.tar.gz
cp -R zoncolor-themes/* .

Now, the theme should be available through gnome-tweak-tool or unity-tweak-tool.
To download and install delorean dark theme 3.6 green execute the following commands (assuming you already have a ~/.themes folder. if not, execute mkdir ~/.themes)
cd ~/.themes
wget http://fc04.deviantart.net/fs70/f/2012/344/0/4/delorean_dark_theme_3_6_g__vs_2_56_by_killhellokitty-d5nnoxt.zip
unzip delorean_dark_theme_3_6_g__vs_2_56_by_killhellokitty-d5nnoxt.zip

The window buttons on deviantart are nolonger the ones shown and are OSX style.
To show the "~/.themes" folder in Nautilus, press ctrl + h to show hidden folders.
Here's a link to the file page.
Here's a link to killhellokitty gallery page

Dark GTK theme for Ubuntu 14.04


Do empty tatkal quota tickets get allotted to wait-listed passengers?

Question: This question is specific about indian railways.
I've a train today evening. My ticket status is RAC33 and I don't think 33 cancellation are gonna happen in the next 8 hours. However, 73 tatkal quota seats are still available. Should I cancel my ticket and get another one in tatkal quota (and pay 200 extra)?
I was hoping that they'll fill those empty tatkal quota seats with RAC and waiting list passengers at the time of chat preparation but am not sure. What should I do?
Comment: You will be charged for cancelling your RAC ticket. And if 73 tatkal are still available, chances are your RAC might get confirmed. And isn't RAC more or less confirmed. I believe you will loose money without any gain. If it was W/L then it owuld be a different matter altogether.
Comment: I don't understand what your question is? Are you asking for probability of your ticket being confirmed? I doubt anyone can tell you that...
Answer: It did get confirmed indeed. That happened only at the time of chart preparation, not one minute before that.
I also asked the TTE about this and he confirmed that empty tatkal seats, if any, get allotted to RAC and wait listed passengers.
Comment: Good information. Select this as your answer since this is the right answer.
Answer: The information you have provided is both valid and correct, but just to add an insider perspective so to say (though technically I am no longer employed in the Indian Railways).  I will also try and add a scenario where your thought process can backfire for others.
Indian Railway has a (in)famous quota system which is complicated but in all fairness works fine for the requirements.  Examples of such quota are

Headquarters Quota - Allocated by the Commercial Manager at his discretion
Wayside Station Quota - this is almost non-existent but was given to those stations which do not have computerised reservation system, a legacy from a bygone era of manual reservations and telegraphic messages.

These two are relevant here there are others which you can lookup here.
Why are they relevant, because in addition to the vacant seats that are visible to you as unbooked Tatkal tickets these are two "quotas" of tickets that are "pooled" together at the time of "Charting", so the process of charting involves releasing any un-booked wayside station quota (in some cases) and un-booked headquarters quota to the common pool, then comes tickets that aren't booked in Taktal quota. There could also be seats from other quotas being released to this (say a Ladies quota ticket, though such cases are less lilely).
There could be waitlist/RAC in the general pool whereas there are seats vacant in another, all of these are pooled together.  Anyone with a confirmed accommodation is obviously given their share, the others fall in one long queue and as per their chronology of booking, they are allocated seats, so the chances of you getting a confirmation were actually higher than what you thought originally.
Having said that, in a train formation, when there are some coaches that require maintenance, the staff wait for opportunities to remove one or more coaches from the train to maintain them, in such scenarios where there are more than 72 berths free (in case of Sleeper class) technically one full coach would run without any passengers while the other coach requires maintenance, as this would not make full sense, they can remove the coaches and you could be "stuck" in an RAC ticket.
Comment: @JoerNano thanks once again for the edit, I should get into the habit of making this links fit naturally
Answer: Short Answer Yes and quota's will be used to clear Tatkal Tickets.
Long Answer:
I had a similar experience. Booked Ticket around 1 Month back and got WL5. Then till two days before the train it had moved only one spot. I was about to go for booking tatkal the next day. But then based on reading on the net and other i decided not too.
When tatkal window opened it had 12 Tickets in that Class (2nd AC) our Waiting list now was RLWL4. When i checked normal ticket status (i.e. trying to book a new ticket) it was WL6. Meaning total 6 People in waiting and mine ticket at 4th. Since there were 12 Tickets in tatkal and most of them were non booked i decided not to book tatkal.
Now 6 Hours before the train Tatkal tickets remaining were 9. As soon as chart got prepared Ticket was cleared.


Performance -> Caching

Question: In Configuration > Development > Performance, in the Caching area, [Cache pages for anonymous users] and [Cache blocks] are unchecked. When I check them and save, the page reloads and both boxes are again unchecked. Is this wrong? Shouldn't they "remember" the state?
Comment: Is this a site you had total control over, or did you inherit it?
Comment: How'd you guess. It's an inheritance :(
Comment: @MPD Hah, I thought exactly the same thing :) Rick, have a look in custom modules/themes for anything implementing `hook_form_alter()` or `hook_form_FORM_ID_alter()`, and see if anything's targeting the `system_performance_settings` form. If that fails look in the `system_performance_settings()` function, and the associated validation/submit handlers, and see if that's been changed by the previous devs. If you're unsure, install [Hacked!](https://drupal.org/project/hacked) to help out with that.
Answer: In general, yes, the form should update with the values you set.  However, there are few different ways you can override form settings.
The two in question are cache and block_cache.  You need to search the files for lines that look like:
$conf['cache'] = FALSE;
$conf['block_cache'] = FALSE;

The integer 0 or the string '0' or "0" may be used instead.  Checking the settings.php for the site, and any custom modules.
Comment: @Clive User Agent detection on the server side, views w/ random sorts, and tricky invalidations are three things that complicate the standard page cache.
Comment: Actually this is more likely than what I said. Can't imagine why someone would disable caching except to cover up a mistake, though
Comment: Yeah there are plenty of valid use cases for having cache switched off, but doing it in such a way as to _disable_ it being turned back on again is a new one on me

Performance -> Caching


Shimano GRX lever with cantilever brakes

Question: Will Shimano GRX levers work with cantilever brakes? Related question here but answers more about shifters.
Comment: [Another](https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/73756/magura-rim-caliper-and-shimano-hydraulic-road-lever-compatibility) related question.
Answer: No. GRX levers are only designed for hydraulic brakes. All cantilever brakes that I know of are actuated by cables.
Edit: per Adam's comment, Magura does make hydraulic cantilever-style rim brakes, e.g. the HS33. However, these pair to Magura's own flat bar brake levers. I was not aware of this fact, and I didn't consider these brakes.
In Googling the Magura brakes, it does seem like some people used them on mountain bikes in the mid to late 2000s as disc brakes were growing in prevalence but many older MTBs had fittings for V-brakes. Thus, they might have sufficient power for cyclocross. However, to pair them with GRX shifters, I am not certain that the mineral oils that Magura and Shimano use as hydraulic fluid are completely inter-compatible. Mineral oil refers to a general class of hydrocarbons, so the composition and additives might differ between manufacturers. If they are not compatible, you would risk damaging the rubber seals or other components of the brake calipers and/or the shifters. A Magura rep in 2013 swore that the fluid they used then was incompatible with Shimano fittings. I have seen people on forums say they use Shimano oil in Magura units, but I am honestly not sure I would chance it. I'm more writing this out of general interest.
Comment: This is a tangent, but Magura does make hydraulic rim brakes that mount to canti bosses (although they are not cantilever brakes, properly speaking). The general consensus seems to be that it is OK to mix Shimano and Magura parts.
Comment: @AdamRice You know, I knew that SRAM made (now discontinued) hydraulic caliper brakes in its last generation of groupset. I may have been aware that Magura made some sort of hydraulic rim brake, but I did not realize that they fitted to cantilever posts. You are correct that Magura and Shimano do both use mineral oils as their brake fluid, but the oils are different, and Magura has sworn that Shimano oil will destroy their own seals. This could be interesting...
Comment: The "Shigura" setup is not uncommon in the MTB world. Shimano levers and Magura caliper.
Comment: While the magura rim brakes are incredibly powerful, they are unlikely to work with the GRX levers due to the amount of fluid required to activate them compared to a disc caliper. The fluid compatibility is not an issue if you do not wish to preserve the warranty.
Answer: If you want mechanical cantilever brakes with a GRX crank and derailleurs you can use mechanical brake road shifters.
Tiagra 4700 series shifters are compatible with with 10 speed GRX
105 (5800 and 7000 series) and Ultegra (6800 and 8000 series) shifters are compatible with 11 speed GRX.
You also have the option of using mini v-brakes with road shifters as these match the cable pull of the brake levers in the shifters. Note regular MTB v-brakes should not be used with road brake levers as they use a different cable pull.
Comment: @juhist This is incorrect. *standard* V-brakes have the wrong cable pull for road levers. *Mini*-Vs have the right cable pull.
Comment: @WeiwenNg Mini v-brakes work surprisingly well with normal v-brake levers. They do not often work well with road levers. I'm sure they are "supposed to" but my experience with various types does not suggest they are a good solution.
Comment: A mini v-brake does not match the cable pull of the brake levers in the shifters. All it does is reduce the mismatch to such a level some cyclists could consider it barely acceptable (but I wouldn't consider the setup acceptable): https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/71954/what-is-the-mechanical-advantage-of-mechanical-rim-brakes-and-levers