What are the main causes of whether a person becomes introverted or extraverted?

Question: Genetics is obviously an important cause of whether someone becomes extraverted or introverted. But what percentage is genetics and what percentage is the environment? What factors in the environment are most important in determining this trait?
Comment: It may seem like the definitions of introverted and extroverted are clear enough, in reality I don't think they are. Do you mean the way I would define it: Does a person re-energize by being alone and doing their own thing (introvert) or do they re-energize by socializing (extrovert). OR do you mean a person is shy and quiet versus outgoing and/or talkative. In the first definition, I think that is all genetics. In the second definition it is almost all environment.
Comment: @Dunk: Interesting point. I mean the first one as that appears to be the psychology definition
Comment: @Casebash-I don't know any studies, just my personal experience with my kids and can certainly say that within the first few weeks/months you can definately tell what the child's personality is going to be. So it has to be genetics. We have one very, very outgoing child and one far more reserved. We have worked hard at getting the reserved one to be sociable and it has been working but I know it is always going to feel like work to him, throughout his life. While for the sociable one, that is what he likes to do. That is his fun.
Answer: Heritability estimates of Extraversion (and other Big 5 factors)
The introduction section of  Loehlin et al (1998) provides a narrative review of heritability estimates of big 5 personality traits (i.e., one of which is extraversion).
A brief extract gives a flavour of some of the research that has been conducted:

A recent heritability analysis of the Big Five dimensions as measured
  by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory of Costa and McCrae (1992)
  used a total of 660 monozygotic (MZ) pairs and 380 dizygotic (DZ)
  pairs from pooled Canadian and German twin samples (Jang, McCrae,
  Angleitner, Riemann, & Livesley, 1998). For all five traits a simple
  model involving only additive genes and nonshared environment fit the
  data. Estimates for the heritabilities of factor scales for [Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness,
  Neuroticism, and Openness] were .50, .48, .49, .49, and .48, respectively. These
  estimates are obviously very similar—in partic- ular, the heritability
  of Agreeableness is quite in line with the rest.

They also mention other twin studies, with heritability estimates for Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness respectively as:
<code>                       E    A    C    N    O
Waller (1999):        .49  .33  .46  .42  .58
Riemann et al (1997):  60  .57  .71  .61  .81
</code>
Thus, in summary, it seems that such estimates for the heritability of extraversion are around 50%.
Side Point

While inventories like the Myer-Briggs Type Inventory often categorise individuals, into categories, I find a continuous approach to personality traits provides a more accurate description of an individual. Using such an approach, people have a score on an extraversion dimension that is roughly normally distributed (or at least continuously distributed) in the population.

Limitations

I realise this only partially answers your question. It doesn't discuss the dynamic environmental-genetic interactions that cause personality traits , nor does it take a critical perspective on issues related to the measurement of extraversion, and the estimation issues related to heritability. Hopefully, it is a useful starting point.

References

Jang, K. L., McCrae, R. R., Angleitner, A., Riemann, R., & Livesley, W. J. (1998). Heritability of facet-level traits in a cross-cultural twin sample: Support for a hierarchical model of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1556–1565.
Loehlin, J.C. and McCrae, R.R. and Costa, P.T. and John, O.P. (1998). Heritabilities of common and measure-specific components of the Big Five personality factors. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 4, 431-453. FREE PDF
Riemann, R., Angleitner, A, & Strelau, J. (1997). Genetic and environmental influences on
personality: A study of twins reared together using the self- and peer report NEO-FFI
scales. Journal of Personality, 65, 449–475.
Waller, N. G. (1999). Evaluating the structure of personality. In C. R. Cloninger (Ed.), Personality and psychopathology (pages 155-197). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press. FREE PDF


Which types of woodworking of woodworking are we focusing on?

Question: From perusing the dreaded 'tube, I've come to the conclusion there are a small number of (often overlapping) "types" of woodworker, and I'll use some of the known youtubers as examples where possible.

The traditional, professional, hand-tool woodworker. Paul Sellers is probably the prime example: the only power tools I've seen him use are a band saw and a cordless screw driver (for jigs etc). I'm calling out "professional" specifically here as they have larger budgets and larger workspaces.
The craftsman/hobbyist hand tool woodworker. Here you likely have, for example, most people who live in cities. Hand tools require much less space for a workshop (a corner of a bedroom and a workmate can be enough), are usually far quieter to use, and are more accessible to those on a small budget. (Again, Paul Sellers' later videos address this group)
The "rural" woodworker. Someone with a garage or shed large enough to have a dedicated workspace in which they can set up tools like jointers, planers, stationary table saws, and so on. They might not make a living from woodworking: instead it might be part of (say) running their farm or maintaining their house, or a hobby. There are quite a few of these on the 'tube, and they often include a lot of tool reviews/unboxings etc.
The primarily power-tool based - I think Steve Ramsey is the best example. Large workshop, rarely picks up a hand tool, very focused on the end product and less so on the experience and sensations of working the wood.
The mixed user. Here, think Rob Cosman and "Stumpy Nubs".
The homeowner doing an occasional DIY job which actually (and primarily) needs woodworking skills and knowledge. Think about building a full-height wooden shoe rack into a closet.

I'm coming at it from the tools direction (there are other, probably better, criteria), because I think that is likely to drive the type of questions you see (and the type of people available for answering them).
Someone who is a house framer, for example, would have a very different approach to joining two pieces of wood at a right angle than a pure hand tools person. Heavy power tool users might drive a lot of discussion around dado blades, kickback, lathe techniques, and so on. A craftsman/hobbyist might want help choosing their minimal toolset (a #4, #4 1/2, or #5 plane for example): advice which is not sponsor-driven can be hard to find.
And this is before we consider artists who work in wood: sculpture/carving, marquetry, and so on.
Answer: Why would we focus on any one of them? Woodworking is large enough for all of them.  You yourself can focus just on the questions that fit your style or what not, but as a group we are open to all woodworking questions.
That being said, there is also a DIY group and things like framing a garage or designing a deck should probably be sent over there.
Comment: Yes there are plenty of questions that could reasonably be in either one.  To me, those should stay in where they were asked, because that is where someone thought to try and find the answer they were looking for.  To me only the more obvious ones that don't fit in should be the ones that get moved.
Comment: The question was prompted by my own question about coping. There is some reasonable discussion about whether it belongs here or on DIY because I am  currently coping base-/skirting- boards and my question reflects that. But coping is also a general woodworking technique, potentially used in cabinetry. And if you intend to address all of the above groups, then you will need to accept a much broader range of questions.


Recognition of finite simple groups by number of Sylow p-subgroups

Question: Let $G$ and $G'$ be two finite simple groups and $p$ be a prime divisor of $\vert G\vert$ and $\vert G'\vert$. Also suppose that every Sylow p-subgroup of $G$ and $G'$ is a prime order subgroup($C_{p}$. If the number of Sylow p-subgroups of $G$ is equal to the number of Sylow p-subgroups of $G'$, then can we say that $G\cong G'$?
Answer: A good place to look for counterexamples might be nonisomorphic simple groups of the same order.
And indeed we find that $A_8$ and ${\rm PSL}(3,4)$ both have $960$ Sylow $7$-subgroups.
The next such pair is ${\rm PSp}(6,3)$ and ${\rm P}\Omega(7,3)$ and they both have the same numbers of Sylow $p$-subgroups for $p=5,7$ and $13$.
More generally, for odd $q$ and $2n \ge 6$, ${\rm PSp}(2n,q)$ has the same order as but is not isomorphic to ${\rm P}\Omega(2n+1,q)$, and I would expect there to be many more resulting examples.
Of course it is very likely that there are examples coming from simple groups that do no have the same order - why not?
Comment: @ Derek Holt. I would prefer to restrict our simple groups to $A_{p}$,for some prime $p$, $PSL(p,q)$ and $PSU(p,q)$ for some prime $p$ and some prime power $q$. What about nwo?


Do classes excel with different weapon types, or are they all the same?

Question: In Mass Effect 1, each of the classes had a few weapon types that they specialized in and could get better with.  Mass Effect 3 has done away with weapon skills.  Does this mean that weapons will function the same and do the same damage regardless of what class is using them?  Or are there still inherent bonuses for using certain weapon types with certain classes?
Answer: There are definite synergies between various classes and certain weapon types. First of all, many powers and abilities only work with specific weapons, or give special bonuses when used with specific weapons. For instance, Vanguards have access to a number of bonuses to Shotgun damage, and Soldiers have access to several Assault Rifle upgrades. Infiltrators have access to lots of Sniper Rifle synergies.
Additionally, only Soldiers and Infiltrators experience the 'time dilation' effect when looking down the scope of a Sniper Rifle -  this is invaluable for setting up headshots.
Finally, different classes have different weight allowances. Because some weapon types -  notably Assault Rifles and Sniper Rifles -  are much heavier than others, trying to carry one with a class with a low weight capacity (like an Adept) will result in a large penalty to your power recharge times. This is an important tradeoff, since these classes essentially live and die by effective use of their powers.
TL;DR: While you aren't required to use certain weapon types, there are definite rewards for specializing in something suited to the combat style of your class.
Comment: Does the time-dilation increase with level? I swear I haven't noticed it yet on my infiltrator.
Comment: @BruceConnor it increases with ranking up your class skill power.
Answer: There is definitely a difference in the way damage is calculated for some weapon and class combinations.  You may not be able to see the math on your character page in this version, but if you want to get really nerdy and attach a debugger to the program you'll see it.
Comment: Sounds interesting.  What is your source for this?  Have you done some tests?
Comment: Just a bit of tinkering here and there.  I don't want to anger the Origin police yet.


Dead lawn, need help

Question: I recently bought a new house in northern PA. This year when spring hit my backyard was a disaster. Most of it looked dead. None of my neighbors lawns looked like mine. As the weeks/months went on it started to look a bit better, but still a mess. Tons of weeds everywhere. Dead patches. So, I decided to take a soil sample and have it tested.
Answer: The most obvious problem is that the nitrogen phosphorous and potassium levels are all completely off the scale.
If I had to guess a cause, somebody (not necessarily you!) applied some fertilizer and got the concentration completely wrong. The high levels have killed off the grass but the tougher weeds survived.
The other problem is that the pH is low (too acidic) but that might just be a side effect of the insane NPK levels. For example the pH of ammonium nitrate is around 5.25 and the level in your sample is maybe 20 or 50 times higher than it needs to be to grow a good lawn.
The high sulfur level will also lower the pH.
We don't know what type of grass your lawn used to be, but a reasonable target value for pH would be 6.5 to 7.
Probably the easiest way to get the NPK back into a sensible range (if it works) is deluge the lawn with water for several months and hope you wash them out of the soil. Otherwise, you will be looking at removing all the top soil (maybe to a depth of a foot or more) and replacing it, which won't be cheap.
Trying to get the grass growing before you sort the NPK levels out is most likely a waste of time - and a waste of money, if you buy seed or turf.
Comment: Hmmm. P won't leach out of your soil anytime soon, as it moves very slowly through the soil profile. K moves quicker, but not as fast as N. The rest of the minerals make absolutely no sense - Low Mg is much much more common than high Mg. Same with Sulfur and Manganese. Because these numbers are so off-the-charts, I recommend submitting a soil sample to a different agency. In Wisconsin, our Extension performs soil testing - is that the same in PA? If so, it would be worth the money to have a second opinion.
Comment: Looking at the website, those soil tests are pretty cheap, so it would be worth doing another one after say 3 months of "wash out the NPK" watering to see what the effect was. Don't worry about the NPK levels getting too *low* - that is cheap and easy to fix with the *correct* amount of fertilizer.
Comment: The house sat empty for about 2 years. The grass was insanely overgrown when I moved in. I don't think anyone was putting fertilizer on it. Is there anything else that could have caused these insane numbers?
Comment: I lived in a house with some numbers similar to yours (off the chart P and K, and high sulfur, but low N). The "soil" (calling it "soil" is actually an insult to soils everywhere) was truly horrible - it was so clayey that we could've opened a pottery. This was caused by the builder removing (and presumably selling) all of the wonderful topsoil that was originally there, leaving only the subsoil in place. It's conceivable that your soil was always horrible, due to the builder dumping "fill soil" or subsoil after finishing the house.
Comment: The house was built in the early 40's. I'm really at a loss about what to do other than saturating it with water for months like the suggestion above.

Dead lawn, need help


Schengen visa application in Romania

Question: I'm going to be an Erasmus student in Romania and i do not have a schengen visa but i'd love to get it for travelling all around the Europe. my question is that is it possible to get an schengen visa during my student mobility in Romania for some EU countries that are included to the schengen area?If yes, How? Thank you in advance!!
Answer: Generally speaking, yes. You will have to convince the visa officials that you can afford the trip, that you are actually coming for tourism, and that you will leave the Schengen area again.

Your Erasmus program might help to convince people that you want to return to Romania. Make sure that your tourism does not interfere with your studies.
You should have a clear idea what you want to do in the Schengen area and how much it will cost you. It should be an amount that is credible for sightseeing purposes. You will have to document the source of the funds.

Schengen visa application in Romania


What is the expected target age for a YA (Young Adult) novel?

Question: I'm curious about what the expected age for a YA young adult novel is, because it seems to have a huge range.  I think most people believe these books are targeted at roughly 12-16 year olds, but to me young adult really means something more like 18-25.  (An adult -- in US -- is 18, so a young adult would be in the range of 18-25.)  In light of all this, what ages are normally targeted for YA?
Comment: Books aimed at the 18-25 range are typically called "New Adult", specifically to contrast with the teen-focused "Young Adult" moniker.
Answer: In psychology, "young adult" means people between around 18 to around 25.
Adolescence, which is the time from the onset of sexual maturation until full adulthood, is subdivided into two parts. The first half of adolescence is called puberty and is defined by the development of the capability for sexual reproduction. Puberty today typically begins around ages 10 (girls) to 12 (boys) and is completed around ages 18 (girls) to 20 (boys). From a biological (brain development) and psychological (personality development) standpoint, full adulthood is reached around age 25. The phase from the end of puberty (18 to 20) until full adulthood (around 25) is called "yound adult" in science. The exact ages of course vary between individuals, scientific discipline, culture, and scholar, and these divisions are highly debatable, but the above is a common view held by many scholars today.
In book publishing, on the other hand, we have the marketing categories of

children's books (0-8)
middle grade (9-11)
young adult (12+), and
adult fiction (18+).

The term "Young Adult" in publishing is not a scientific description but a marketing term. It takes up the feeling of many adolescents that they are no longer children but mature and capable of personal responsibility. Since Young Adult fiction is sold to young adolescents, the positive term "young adult" sells better than more realistic monikers like "dazed and confused" or "drunk and violent". "Young Adult" is an euphemism chosen to flatter your customers, a common strategy in persuasive communication ("You are worthy of this wonderful product.").
If you look at the age range for Young Adult fiction as it is given by many publishers, you will note that they do not give a maximum age. This is no conincidence, as young adult fiction is not a category limited to pubescent readers and often read by adults (who apparently make up around 40% of YA readers). The age range of Young Adult means nothing but that Young Adult fiction must be interesting to and "appropriate" for persons 12 and up.
This means that Young Adult is not a reader age category as much as it is a content category. Ignoring the hot debate that rages on many internet forums, I think it is appropriate to say that Young Adult fiction features protagonists that are typically between 14 and 19 years old (that is, a bit older than the core target audience) and deals with the typical experiences and problems of persons during the last years of school and up until the summer after the last year of high school and before college starts. Also, young adult fiction is stylistically still somewhat more simple than literary adult fiction.
New Adult is a very recent category. It was introduced to label books that could very briefly be described as "Young Adult + hot sex". Young Adult fiction, although it may deal with the problems of teenage sexuality, is usually very cautious and low-key when it comes to depictions of having fun with sex. YA may deal with rape or sexual guilt, but usually the actual sex in YA is only hinted at and not described in an arousing manner, to make those books palatable to the parents who often buy those books or (want to) control what their kids are reading. New Adult books have the same level of stylistical simplicity and feature similar topics and settings as Young Adult, but they provide the sex that has been left out of YA.
Authors, readers, agents, and publishers, have spoken up about a missing marketing category for college age readers, featuring college age protagonists having typical college age problems. They attempt to call this category "New Adult", too, so that in effect there are currently two somewhat overlapping (college age protagonists), somewhat differing definitions (erotic fiction versus main stream fiction), but if you look at what is currently published under that label, it is mostly erotic fiction by self-publishing authors and small presses.
tl;dr
Target age for YA is 14 to 19.
Why not 12 to 17? Because kids read up. 16 year olds want to read about 18 year olds. So if you write YA, write about kids at the end of high school. (Protagonists in MG fiction, with readers aged 9 to 11, can be as old as 14.)
The most often used setting in YA fiction is the last summer before college. If you go beyond that, you are no longer in Young Adult.
Comment: An excellent and thorough explanation.
Comment: Great detailed answer. I upvoted and marked as answer. Totally agree about readers "reading up".
Comment: @what-Young Adult fiction is generally made interesting to and appropriate for teenagers (people aged from 13 to 19 years),I think it is appropriate to say that Young Adult fiction generally features protagonists that are typically between 13 and 19 years old
Answer: Technically, a "young adult" is someone aged 18 (just having reached majority), to about 25.
But for books, a "young adult" audience starts at a somewhat younger age range, 12-14.
That's because an audience for a genre is larger than a genre itself. Or put another way, young adult readers include not only actual young adults, but people who will soon be (and are looking forward to being) young adults. That's why the target age range is lowered somewhat.
Answer: @TomAu Young Adult fiction is generally made interesting to and appropriate for teenagers (people aged from 13 to 19 years). I think it is appropriate to say that Young Adult fiction generally features protagonists that are typically between 13 and 19 years old.


Can Features package its dependencies?

Question: I have just created a Feature that has about 10 module dependencies.
I installed the feature on the target Drupal instance, and discovered that the dependencies were not included in the feature tarball. Is there a way to tell features to package dependency modules into the feature so that they will get installed along with the feature?
Or am I misunderstanding what the features module is supposed to do?
Answer: I think the latter is true, and you're misunderstanding what Features does.
Features takes any database-stored configuration (Views for example), and exports it to code.  The generated module is essentially just a package that then contains the code version of your configuration.
For example, if you create a Feature containing a Blog content type, and a View that show all Blog articles in a list - the generated Feature is simply a module with that configuration stored in code, and exposed to Drupal.
If you want all of the modules packaged, you are looking more towards a distribution - which is a completely different kettle of fish.
To cut a long answer short, Features is a module builder - so as with any other module, dependencies must be retrieved seperately.
Comment: I think you are missing the point of features. A feature is a module. It will not allow you to enable it until it's other module dependencies are downloaded too. Just like you cannot enable views until you download and install ctools (Does this make views "semi-pointless"?). if you want something that goes and fetches it dependecies automatically then create an app http://drupal.org/project/apps Read more about apps at http://chocolatelilyweb.ca/blog/drupal-apps-answer-plug-and-play-drupal-site-building
Comment: Ok, that makes sense. What I don't get then is the following: when creating the feature, I am shown a handy list of all module dependencies. But if these modules are not enabled on the target system when the feature is installed, then the feature install is semi-pointless, and there's no system feedback to reflect that fact.
Comment: I think my confusion around the 'semi-pointless' comment is that the features UI shows how fields, views, etc configurations are packaged into the feature, but the module dependencies are shown as a list. So I was under the impression that those dependencies were somehow packaged, but now I understand they are not. Thanks for the help. I hope this can help someone else.
Answer: This may be a bit late, but if you are using drush (the command line Drupal tool), the dependent modules will be downloaded when you enable the feature.
So if you have a feature called "MyFeat" which is dependent on modules A, B and C, you can copy the MyFeat folder to the target site (at sites/all/modules). Then from the websites/myDrupalSite directory, run the command "drush en MyFeat". Drush will detect the dependencies and ask if you want to download A, B and C.
May be not as elegant as Distros or Apps, but works for me and hope this helps you as well.
Alan

Can Features package its dependencies?


What can I do when my Samsung NX1000 won't turn on and there is no green light?

Question: I bought a NX1000 off eBay used about 8 months ago and haven't had any issues with it. A few days ago I went out with my friends, shot some pictures and came home. Tonight I tried to power on the camera but it wouldn't turn on and no light on the back would come on either. I've tried 3 fully charged batteries: removing them, leaving it without a battery for a while, and just about everything you can imagine, but it just won't turn on and no green light lights up on the back. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Answer: Did you try a factory reset ?  Normally there is a way ( described in manual ) to completely reset a camera to out-of-the-box settings.
Have you tried to start it without a lens, in case the lens ( or mount ) is an issue ?
Did you at any point try to upgrade the firmware, as an incomplete firmware upgrade would "brick" the device.
Check the battery compartment for dirty connections or similar.
Take out the memory card while trying some of those things as well.  Just in case.
That's about all I can think of off-hand.
As you had it for 8 months since purchase without problems, it cannot reasonably be related to the seller.
Comment: Tried everything you described. I'm probably just gonna throw the lens, batteries, and accessories on ebay as a bundle and upgrade to a new a6000. I got the camera used for 90 dollars so it's not really that big of a loss.
Comment: I hope you're going to mention on eBay that it doesn't work.  Sell "for parts" presumably ( at least the body ) ?  If possible check the lens and batteries in an other similar system so you can work out if they're OK ( and maybe get a better price ).
Comment: I'm not even going to sell the body for parts or anything. The lens and batteries were tested on a friends setup and work fine so I went ahead and listed them.
Comment: Good luck with that.  Better luck with the next one.  The A6000 has a nice EVF as well, so good move.
Comment: Yeah, it's one of the main reasons I choose the a6000. It was very annoying on the NX1000 when out in bright sunlight and about 9 / 10 times would leave me with an either overexposed or underexposed image.
Answer: I have been trying to fix my NX300 for over a year with this same issue.I talked to several support people at Samsung and didn't get a resolution, and was getting very frustrated.
Finally, Joshua at Samsung walked me thru a firmware/bodyware update which was NOT easy to do, but fixed the problem.
You have to first install the update to your camera, but then you have to open that update from the camera device and UPDATE from that point - both the firmware and bodyware. The bodyware update was the one that fixed the issue. And you must select that as the update, the camera will not find it automatically!


Davening not in Hebrew

Question: Isn't it better to daven in your first language rather than davening in Hebrew and only knowing part of what you're sayig?
Answer: [Effectively] everyone agree's all else being equal it is preferable to daven in loshon Hakodesh (see M.B. 101:13), the holy language. It also must be borne in mind that in other languages one must understand what is being said while in loshon hakodesh  you have fulfilled your obligation even if you did not (M.B. 101:14)
The issue is that we are told that the malachei hashareis, ministering angels, do not understand Aramaic (See Shach Y.D. 335:3, Taz Y.D. 335:4, M.B. 101:15), which some (such as the Rif) understand to applies to all languages other than loshon hakodesh. While HaKadosh Baruch Hu certainly doesn't need to be informed by the angels of our prayers (He doesn't even need our prayers to inform Him of our needs or wants, or what we think we need or want), He created the world to be administered in a certain orderly fashion (See Derech Hashem 2, 6:1-3)
As such at times when our audience with Hashem is more direct, as it were, then it is easier to grant licence to pray in a foreign tongue. For example when one prays with a minyan an individual may pray in his native language (O.C. 101:4, MB. 101:17). Likewise when one is praying before a sick person it is permitted to pray in any language (Y.D. 335:5, M.B. 101:16) since the Divine presence resides there so to speak (See Taz 335:3, Shach 335:3, M.B. 101:17 based on Shabbos 12b).
An individual making personal petitions alone should pray in loshon haKodesh. (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 101:4)
The Biur Halachah on O.C. 101:4 explains that one who has yiras shamayim and wishes to pray in their native language specifically to  improve their intent/concentration it is better to do so if they do not understand loshon hakodesh, otherwise loshon hakodesh  has advantages which make it preferred.
I should add that in Hilchos Krias Shema the MB raised the issue of it being difficult to translate the text of the Shema in such a way that one has clearly fulfilled the Torah obligation. (I will try to add a more precise source).
On a practical note, after a couple days praying in English [for example] can easily become route if one isn't very careful. Being easier to understand doesn't mean it is easier to concentrate, indeed sometimes it is just the opposite.
Comment: check out this article as well, which breaks this all down very nicely: http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/806311/jewish/Must-I-pray-in-Hebrew.htm#footnoteRef13a806311
Comment: and this article: http://doseofhalacha.blogspot.com/2017/05/daven-in-english.html
Answer: One is permitted to pray in any language that one understands. But why not just learn the translation and say it in the original?
Comment: It isn't easy to just learn the translation of all of the davening-shacharis, mincha, maariv, shabbos etc.
Comment: I hear you. With the disclaimer ("Like Wikipedia, mi.yodeya makes no guarantee of validity, and does not offer professional (particularly rabbinic) advice. Treat mi.yodeya information like it came from a crowd of your friends.") in mind, I would say that you should get a siddur with translation and daven in your native language until you are comfortable with the Hebrew.
Comment: Though I am davening in Hebrew entirely at this point, I find Artscroll's Schottenstein Interlinear Siddurim to be extremely helpful from time to time. Just a tip. I also don't understand every word, but I'm working on it :)
Comment: A person is yotzei on prayer in Lashon Kodesh with or without understanding. It is not the case when you pray in your native language. @shlomo Studying Pirush HaMilos (Simple mearning of davening) for 15 minutes every morning after davening will show you that not only is learning the words of davening in your grasp (words constantly repeat and you only need maybe a 100 word vocab), but it will transform your davening into another realm.

Davening not in Hebrew


Can necessary medication be permissible even if it contains haram ingredients?

Question: I don't mean to bother you. I am not Muslim, but I have deep respect for your faith and work and study with Muslims on an almost daily basis. I have noticed that some of my Muslim friends do not eat certain foods. Can truly necessary medications--insulin, for example--be exempt from Muslim dietary rules? I know God would never want a person to actively harm or kill him- or herself without very, very good reasons. I have learned that people who are ill or very elderly are not expected to fast during Ramadan, and people are asked to go on the hajj only if they can afford it. My true interest is the core of Islam. As a Quaker, I believe any religion that leads a person to find the love and truth within and live it with all people has something precious from which I can learn and enrich my own faith. I was just curious about the dietary laws.
Comment: Welcome to Islam SE the Q&A site about Islam. Please consider leraning more about this site and our model by taking our [tour] and visiting our [help].
Comment: If it's to save a life, a muslim can eat and drink anything, and permanent harm or serious illness also qualifies. As for diabetic muslims who need to eat, I have seen - but don't have time to look for now - religious edicts saying they are exempt from fasting, if necessary. I think even saying that you don't believe in god is permissible to save a life, but I'm uncertain of this statement.
Answer: In general, necessity overrides prohibition.  This comes from Qur'an verses such as:

... But whoever is forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing [its limit], then indeed, your Lord is Forgiving and Merciful. -- Qur'an 6:145

Other examples are: Qur'an 5:3, Qur'an 2:173, Qur'an 16:106.
Then the question becomes: when is something necessary enough to override prohibition?  Unsurprisingly, there's differences of opinion on the matter.
Islam Q&A describe it as:

Necessity means cases in which a person will be harmed if he does not take the haraam option, in which the harm will effect the five essentials which are: religion, life, honour, reason and wealth.

listing two conditions by Shaykh Muhammad ibn 'Uthaymeen:

We are compelled to do it; there's no alternative.
The haram thing must meet the necessity.

But other places describe it differently, e.g. Sunnah Online.
When it comes to medication, deciding if we are compelled to do so and  if the haram thing would help with the disease appropriately would require medical expertise.  Generally, a trustworthy Muslim doctor should help decide:

We would also advise you to consult a trustworthy Muslim doctor; if he tells you that your case requires treatment and that there is no suitable alternative in your case apart from this type of medicine, then there is nothing wrong with you using it, in sha Allah.  -- Islam Q&A
Answer: The basic rule on using medication with haram substance is that it is forbidden. This is evident from various ahadith such as:

ليس بدواء ولكنه داء
It (wine) is no medicine, but an ailment.
— Muslim

نهى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم عن الدواء الخبيث
The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prohibited unclean medicine.
— Abu Dawud

إن الله لم يجعل شفاءكم فيما حرم عليكم
Allah did not make your cure in what He made Haram (unlawful) to you.
— Bulugh al-Maram

فتداووا ولا تداووا بحرام
Treat disease but do not treat it with anything that is haraam
— Abu Dawud

Some of the jurists however admit exceptions to this when certain conditions are met, such as:

When it is necessary to cure the issue, such as when it could lead to death
When there is no other alternative medicine
When it is known with reasonable certainty that using the medicine will cure the problem.
Some have allowed the case where the haram substance is not pure but is mixed with other things

Ref: Mawsoo'ah al-Fiqhiyyah 1, 2, 3  and islamqa.info


Feeling the Need to Take A Deep Breath After Developing Concentration

Question: I am new to this site and am not entirely sure if this is an appropriate question to ask, if it is not forgive me. I practice Vipassana meditation and after some time observing the breath, I feel the need to take a deep breath in, as if I'm fixing to suffocate and require a large inhalation of Oxygen. This sensation always arises after I really feel like I have pinpointed the breath and my breathing becomes more shallow. It seems to be creating an impasse in my practice, for as I begin to feel the first Jhana arising, my mind immediately shifts its focus to the satisfaction that occurs after I breath in heavily.
Comment: A technicality, but I believe focusing on the breath - that's samatha, not vipassana. Jhanas are the result of samatha (concentration meditation).
Comment: Welcome to Buddhism.SE... You haven't asked a question... Please clarify what exactly you are asking.
Answer: If your breath becomes shallower faster than the extent you have calmed down the fabrications this tend to happen. Sometimes the breathing stops and suddenly after someone time you gasp to breathe. But again these inconsistencies reduce after some practice so might be safe not to pay attention to it and keep your focus on the breathing process.
Alternatively you might be trying to control the breath even without your knowledge. You might be "forcing" the breath to be shallow causing a gasp to breathe.
Answer: This sometimes happens to me during shamatha meditation. Through trial and error I found the best way to deal with it is to let it happen, let it come and don't resist it. If I need to take a deep breath, I notice the need, take the breath and bring my attention again back to my breathing (minding the breath). At most, what I am experiencing is just a distraction. It could be an itch, a pain, an emotion, and image in my head, a thought, or in this instance, and urge to inhale deeply. So once you notice it, just return to the breath and proceed with the practice.


TDD and Refactoring

Question: Re-factoring code seems to be the more time consuming area of TDD, is there a way of knowing if you have spent too much time doing so? Or maybe a way of limiting the amount of re-factoring that must be done in order to continue testing?
Comment: If a question is to help with home work, you need to mention it in the question.
Answer: Short answer: Limit refactoring to "removing duplication". This is Kent Beck's summary of the refactoring step in Test-Driven Development by Example.
Long answer: the time spent refactoring because of TDD is a blessing, not a curse. It's not a problem that TDD's refactoring takes time ... because in many languages refactoring is only possible because of TDD. TDD enables refactoring in an anxiety-free, predictable way. It's an amazing opportunity that doesn't come from other methodologies.
As you advance in your career, and work on problems you've seen before, you'll develop a feel for how much refactoring is necessary, and when.

TDD and Refactoring


Is there a Microsoft Office theme for LibreOffice?

Question: Is there a Microsoft Office 2007/2010 theme for LibreOffice? The interface of Libreoffice slightly confuse me.
Answer: It appears unlikely, if a quick Google search doesn't pick up simple things like themes for programs it's unlikely they exist without it requiring some substantial programming experience. Just use LibreOffice for a month and before long you will likely loose that confusion. If you want help with finding stuff in LibreOffice press 'F1' and use the help provided. Or you could just look through the menus under the headings, 'file' 'edit' etc. Good question though, I'm sure many have at least asked themselves that.
Answer: What you are searching for is a Ribbon style menu for LibreOffice, which doesn't exist yet. You can find an overview of all current design changes being worked on here.
Also check this Q&A on asklibreoffice out for some more information.
Answer: There is an icon set for Libreoffice that looks like the icons of MS Office 2013: http://charliecnr.deviantart.com/art/Office-2013-theme-for-LibreOffice-512127527


How to get an Array from "select" field in advanced custom fields

Question: I have a field with cities in ACF, Its a multi-select (ajax enabled ).
So a user can choose different cities (delivery areas in this case).
With this cities i want to populate woocommerce checkout field.
So i need an array with the advanced custom fields selected cities only.
I try to get the object but i get all cities and not the selected ones.
How can i do this?
i tried:
<code>$field_name = "acf_cities";
$field = get_field_object($field_name);

echo $field['label'] . ': ' . $field['value'];
$a = get_field_object('field_5a18ee424e883', ['4229'], [false],
[$load_value]);
print_r($a);
</code>
Answer: Solved.
<code>$value = get_field( "field_5a18ee424e883", 4229 );
print_r ($value);
</code>


Where can I find all SSL CA certificates

Question: I am working on an SSL implementation project and ofcourse I need to verify the certificate presented by the server. To do that I need CA certificates or at least root CA certificates (correct me I am wrong) but I cant seem to find any source which can give me certificate database. Where can I find all these certificates, preferably from single source? I know I can get certificates from all CAs separately but I am not comfortable with that method as it would make update process a mess.
The closest thing that I could find was this file from mozilla http://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/source/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt. Is this the right source for certificate database and if it is, how frequently this gets updated.
Comment: Try IE , Firefox browser keystores for a start !!
Answer: It seems there is no single source to get all the keys. But looking at your requirements, starting with a credible browser's certificate database could be a good way to approach. The link you mentioned seems to be a good source. This perl script can download the certificates from the site and converts them from txt to PEM format.
Answer: This is not a very good idea. Collecting all CA's public keys from a single source brings up a few issues.

You don't necesarrily want to trust all CAs. If you trust the public key of all CAs then anyone signing anything by way of any "CA" would appear valid. I could sign a certificate stating that my webserver was actually gmail, for example.
Getting the public key of all CAs from a third party would allow that third party to change public keys around and then sign certificates using the name of an actually trustworthy policy. Things like this exist for personal public keys (email, etc) because you're supposed to verify the key with the person you're looking to communicate with. I'm not aware that this infrastructure exists, but even if it did you'd still need to verify the keys with each individual CA which is exactly what you state that you don't want to do.
Answer: The list of CA root certificates that your TLS implementation accepts is crucial to the security of your implementation's users. All it takes is one bad actor or front-for-NSA in that list to enable the compromise of all your users' connections.
While mozilla's list is a place to start, the best thing you could do for your users would be to vet all the CAs whose root certificates your implementation accepts.


Howto wildcard SELECT * to query all fields of objects in APEX?

Question: I have created sObject and I need all the fields and I have many. Is there a way I can directly get all of them rather then typing each one of them.
Comment: you got lots of great suggestions here. Note that some fields have restrictions from being selected in the dynamic SOQL when more than one row can be returned - notably fields of type base64 such as Attachment.body
Comment: As of the Spring '21 release this is possible using FIELDS( ALL )! You might want to update the accepted answer
Answer: Update:
Spring '21 Release (API v51+) adds new SOQL FIELDS function can select all fields of an object.
Refer to documentation
Knowing that new FIELDS function must have a LIMIT of at most 200, when used with ALL or CUSTOM keyword, the workaround below can still be useful.

There is no way to Select * with SOQL.
You can however work-around this limitation by using dynamic SOQL and describe methods to get all of the fields on the object. This is described in detail in this post by Cory Cowgill:
Building Dynamic SOQL - Select All Query
Comment: You can't use `FIELDS(ALL)` or `FIELDS(CUSTOM)` in Apex even with a `LIMIT` clause.  These new features are essentially useless in Apex, as far as I can see.
Answer: I suggest that rather than relying on some utility class, you become familiar with the platform's APIs so you can compose the appropriate solution each time you want to query all the fields, particularly if your queries are simple and only involve one object. Whoever gets to maintain the code in the future will thank you for keeping things simple and direct too.
Its as simple as this:
List<String> fields = new List<String>(Contact.SObjectType.getDescribe().fields.getMap().keySet());
String soql = ''
        + ' select ' + String.join(fields, ',')
        + ' from Contact'
        + ' where ...';
for (Contact c : (Contact[]) Database.query(soql)) {
    // ...
}

and the only part I would consider moving into a helper method would be the creation of the fields list.
PS
SOQL now includes the FIELDS keyword so select * is now just:
select fields(all) ...

but with the huge gotcha that FIELDS(ALL) and FIELDS(CUSTOM) are not allowed in Apex.
Comment: I found it helpful to cache the results of each field-describe since this again is limited to 100 and you may need the field-list elsewhere too. Queries often start simple and grow complex. The need of related fields like Account.WhatEver__r.* and the ability to exclude fields happened to me quite often. But eventually the reason for using a helper-class was the uneasy verbose syntax of the describe calls. During maintenance or extension of work, it burned us time simply to read our own code and took us back to the manual again and again... So a reusable SELECT * was really some kind of relief
Comment: @UweHeim I agree with your points. This seemed likely to be a simple case where the questioner would benefit from some insight into what the platform has to offer before they moved on to any framework or utility classes.
Comment: @UweHeim Describe limits were [removed](https://developer.salesforce.com/releases/release/Summer14/New+Apex+Enhancements) since Summer 14 release
Comment: @mast0r that's very cool! Strangely `system.limits.getLimitFieldsDescribes()` still reports that limit to be 100 but you can simply go above and no governor throws an exception ;-)
Comment: @KeithC yeah, you're right, it certainly helps a lot to understand the backgrounds.
Answer: I created some helper classes for this. You can find them here.
There are 3 classes: xt, xs and xr. They contain also some other tools I couldn't separate for this answer, but the method you need is xs.query() in xs.cls. To get all straight into your Org, just use the "Deploy to Salesforce" link.
The usage is very simple. Just go somewhere to Execute Anonymous (e.g. in Eclipse), put ALL log-levels to WARN (to make the output readable) and try:
xt.log(xs.query('SELECT * FROM Opportunity LIMIT 2'));

or:
xt.log(xs.query('SELECT *, CreatedBy.* FROM Opportunity LIMIT 2'));

or even:
xt.log(xs.query('SELECT *, CreatedBy.*, Account.Owner.* FROM Opportunity LIMIT 2'));

to exclude some fields use:
xt.log(xs.query('SELECT *.not(Name|Probability) FROM Opportunity LIMIT 2'));

The results should come close to your expectations. If you just want to compose the soql-string, you can use xs.soql(). xt.log() is just for demonstration purpose and very similar to system.debug().
Hints:

Supports relations for standard (Account.*) and custom fields (YourFile__r.*).
Supports distant relations like Whatever__r.WhateverElse__r.AndMore__r.*.
Queries work in non-prefixed and prefixed Orgs (Managed Packages).
The included tests are very poor and only to get some coverage.
There is a platform-limitation of the maximum length of the soql-string (about 20 000 characters). So if you use SELECT * ... on objects with too many custom fields, you will run into this limit.
To pass security reviews, you may have to change without sharing to with sharing in xs.cls.
Take care on FLS if you go without sharing.
If you use subselects, you need to do something like xt.log(database.query(xs.soql('SELECT* from Whatever') + ' WHERE WhateverField IN (yourSubQuery) '));
Comment: Einfach genial. Great job Uwe!
Answer: With Spring '21 Release (API v51+), the new SOQL FIELDS function can select all fields of an object.
Note that FIELDS function must have a LIMIT of at most 200, when used with ALL or CUSTOM keyword.

FIELDS(ALL) — to select all the fields of an object.
FIELDS(CUSTOM) — to select all the custom fields of an object.
FIELDS(STANDARD) — to select all the standard fields of an object.

Examples:
SELECT FIELDS(ALL) FROM Account LIMIT 200
SELECT FIELDS(CUSTOM) FROM Account LIMIT 200
SELECT FIELDS(STANDARD) FROM Account
SELECT Name, Id, FIELDS(CUSTOM) FROM Account LIMIT 200
SELECT someCustomField__c, FIELDS(STANDARD) FROM Account

More details from documentation
Answer: I have also written a utility class to achieve this behaviour. No tests, although naturally you would get coverage indirectly when testing other classes that use it.
https://github.com/lukemcfarlane/apexqueryutilities
Answer: An alternative is create custom query selecting all fields from workbench:

Enter this URL https://workbench.developerforce.com
Login with your credentials
Go to queries tab
Select SOQL Query
Select your object and all its fields
Once the query is generated, copy and paste it. If you need it.


Switch Private- and Public- key for Identification

Question: Today at the University we learned if Alice gives Bob her private key and vice versa, they can identify them self.
It make sense but is this good practice?
I always thought that Certificates are made for this scenerio?
Comment: Nobody should ever give anybody their private key. In PGP people exchange what are called public keys, but are really public keys with signed metadata attached which effectively function as certificates even though the word certificate is not used. (But they are not at all the same as the X.509 certificates used for SSL/TLS/HTTPS/etc S/MIME and codesigning.)
Answer:
if Alice gives Bob her private key and vice versa, they can identify them self

I think you've misunderstood something. For identification Alice does not give Bob her private key to identity herself.
Instead Bob issues a challenge (i.e. some random message) and Alice signs this challenge with the her private key. Bob then can verify this signature using Alice public key (which is public as the name says, i.e. known to Bob). And since Bob had control of the challenge he can be sure that Alice is currently in possession of the matching private key. Since only Alice should know this secret private key this can be used as a proof that this is Alice at the other end of the connection, i.e. proof of Alice identity.
Comment: thanks for your answer,
It was an exam question, and the only answer possibilities were, public/private key of bob/alice.
Question was like: alice verify bob with: ... bobs private key, that's why i was confused, but maybe he meant what you said.
Answer: In the real world you have a double wrapped message.

Alice encrypts the plaintext with Bob's public key so only Bob can read it.
Then Alice encrypts the cryptotext with her private key to generate cryptotext2.
Bob then uses Alice's public key to decrypt the cryptotext2.
Bob then uses his private key to decrypt cryptotext into plaintext.

It is Step 2 and 3 that validate that Alice is the one who sent the message.
Comment: Although often misdescribed as such, signing is _not_ 'encryption with the private key' -- that is kind of partly approximately true for RSA, but for DSA (and ECDSA) there is nothing even resembling encryption at all. And 1 depends on the fact that Bob (securely) gave his publickey to Alice, and 3 (corrected to verification) depends on the fact that Alice (securely) gave her publickey to Bob.


Why does the attitude indicator gyro not precess the same way that a directional gyro does?

Question: The directional gyro needs to be realigned every so often, but the attitude indicator does not, and I have a hard time finding why.
Comment: ... I don't have a specific make and model in mind, let's say 'traditional' vacuum-driven ones. PHOAK specifically calls out the directional gyro, but does not mention the attitude indicator.
Comment: knowing which brand/model instruments you are talking about might help us answering you, as not all are guaranteed to be the same.
Comment: Are these truly just gyros? Because the typical reason is that your attitude gyro has an absolute reference with which another instrument can be used (such an accelerometer, for example) to correct long-terms errors against: gravity.

Your directional gyro doesn't have such a thing unless it also involves a compass.
Comment: @DKNguyen I think the OP is referring to old school AIs & DGs from back before they were known as steam gauges. There was a time before we had accelerometers, magnetically slaved instruments, or flux gates. Six-packs were powered by pitot-static systems and vacuum pumps solely. Some even dispensed with vacuum pumps and were powered by Venturi tubes. The backup instruments of some glass panel trainers still rely on old-school technology. They are not all Aspen, glass or evening electric driven like your 1970s Turn Coordinators. These aircraft are still flying. Especially in the training fleets
Comment: @DeanF. Even so, I imagine it would be much easier to gang an attitude gyroscope to a weight than to mechanically link any kind of absolute heading reference to a heading gyroscope.
Comment: @DKNguyen - I am really not sure what you mean by your comments. Of the aircraft I rent, those with accelerometers, HSIs that are slaved to magnetometers or glass cockpits, rarely to never require the need to periodically adjust or align the DG or AI after initial alignment. However, the Cherokees, Arrows, C150s, C152s, and C172s that are old enough to have nothing more advanced than a G530 or less in them, most of them have AIs and DGs that are solely powered by vacuum pumps. One C140 has a Venturi tube instead. There are no accelerometers nor magnetometers integrated into the six-pack.
Comment: @DKNguyen - That is why I made the point that there are a multitude of aircraft flying in the training fleet that would have their DGs and AIs as "truly just gyros". Now, as previously mentioned, gravity and load due to things like centripetal force on gravity switches and pendulous vanes may effect AIs more than DGs to keep them from precessing in straight and level, unaccelerated flight. Yet, they are still just gyroscopic instruments.
Comment: Heading indicators can be slaved to a magnetic sensor giving them the ability to continuously self adjust similar to the attitude indicator. (More commonly found with the HSI style)
Answer: The self erection device in the attitude gyro that levels it when you start up on the ground also keeps it erect (its axis pointed at the center of the earth) when precession tends to send it off kilter during flight.
Air driven gyros use a pendulous vane arrangement that controls the exhaust ports for the air being sucked through, and which always work to keep the gyro aligned with vertical when stabilized in non-accelerated flight.  This system is imperfect, because the pendulous control system is influenced by accelerations and causes its own errors, but works well enough for light aircraft.
Comment: Precession and pendulous vanes operate on a scale magnitude of around a degree per minute, and maneuvers with significant acceleration last less than 1-2 minutes so the max error is limited by the slow response of the vertical correction. And the significance of the error is limited by the useful display resolution.
Answer: I am no expert. My understanding of the Gyroscopic Attitude Indicator is that it is free to move relative to the fuselage in all three axis of motion until you go past 60° in any of the directions of motion. No outside force is applied to the gyroscope until the mechanical limitations of the instrument are reached. Once the mechanical limitations of the instrument are exceeded, the attitude indicator may tumble.
In the case of the Directional Gyroscope, on the other hand, it is constrained to move freely only upon one axis relative to the fuselage. Movement upon the other two axis is possible, but more constrained due to mechanical limitations. When the fuselage reaches attitudes that will exceed those limitations, force will be applied to the gyroscope. That force will be translated to movement in the plane of motion displayed along the axis of freedom of movement. In other words, a pitching motion of the longitudinal axis around the lateral axis, will be translated into precession or yawing motion of the longitudinal axis around the vertical axis.
Answer: In the artificial horizon the spin axis of the gyro is tied by the earth's gravity to remain in the earth vertical. That's the reason why this gyro is also known as an Earth gyro. As John K said, this gyro uses a system of erection. Air driven uses pendulous vanes and electrical gyros use a system with electrical motors with gravity switches (with mercury) to orient and continuously maintain the axis to local vertical.
This type of gyro has two degrees of freedom. Those system are not free of errors. In air driven gyros for example, the pendulous system can give you false indications when doing manoeuvres. Basically there are acceleration and turniing errors.
Examples:
During an acceleration phase at constant altitude, the resetting principle of the artificial horizon results in the horizon bar indicating a nose-up attitud.
Following 180° stabilised turn with a constant attitude and bank, the artificial horizon indicates too high pitch-up and correct banking.
These errors are related to mechanical gyros. In the new electronic system these errors doesn't exist anymore
See this link to fully understand the erection system: https://www.theairlinepilots.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=35&t=905&p=1204&hilit=artificial+horizon#p1204
Comment: "These errors are related to mechanical gyros. In the new electronic system these errors doesn't exist anymore".  That depends on the accuracy.  Differentiating drift from a slow banked turns is still tricky for an AHRS, particularly on the low-end without GPS aiding.
Comment: @Cody P, yes you are right, in purity all systems have errors, but from the pilot point of view I would say they are minimal compared to the old mechanical gyros.
Comment: Yes, I agree that especially from a pilot perspective theses errors are much smaller than for mechanical gyro, especially with GPS-integration on AHRS becoming more and more common.
Answer: Both attitude and directional indicator are using a gyroscope to remain stable inside the aircraft. This means that their orientation is not perturbed by the aircraft evolutions, the horizon of your AI will remain on the real earth horizon whatever the plane attitude and your DI will keep it's internal orientation constant thus helping you in a turn to evaluate your real heading.
On one hand your attitude indicator is aligned with the horizon and display your pitch and inclination. Those informations are only related to your airplane and gravity (normally the horizon is perpendicular to gravity). Most AI have mechanism that keeps them aligned with the gravity otherwise you might develop small error in your pitch angle due to the curvature of the earth on long trips covering large distances.
On the other hand the directional indicator should be aligned with the earth magnetic field to display your heading. Those informations are related to the airplane orientation and the magnetic field. And this field is rotating 15°/hour due to the earth rotation. This information has no other way to be transfered to your system than manually realign the display with a magnetic compass (or electronically in new ones).
Comment: The gyroscope keeps an absolute orientation. Your aircraft is following the earth rotation but not the gyroscope. The fact that your flying on the same longitude doesn't change. Let's say you can be in space looking at the earth and gyroscope, 1h later the earth will have rotated 15° but the gyroscope on its surface will have kept the same orientation from your point of view
Comment: ... regarding the DG, it makes sense in the context of a cross country flight, what about - say an 1.5 hr flight of shooting local instrument approaches, where the aircraft operates within some 20 nm corridor between longitudes?
Comment: "Some AI have mechanism that keeps them aligned with the gravity" – I thought *all* AIs had such mechanisms. What's one that doesn't?
Comment: @terran Swett I've seen some old ones that you might now encounter in flight schools display for learning purpose that didn't had this, but they were from early ages of aviation ^^


Removing Old Application from Apple Store to Upload a new with same name?

Question: i have had an application on Apple App Store for quite some time now with latest version reaching upto 3.3. i was wondering with further changes increasing the version number wont look good for new and old users alike.. Can i remove this application from sale and upload a new App with same name and functionality with version 1.0 ??
Comment: I don't know if it's possible or not, but you might end up confusing customers if you do that.
Comment: Version numbers should never go down.  It's confusing for the user and for you when someone contacts you with a problem and you can't figure out if this is a new 1.0 or the original 1.0.
Go ahead and increase your version.  Everyone does it.  Apple is at 10.7.1 and 4.3.1.  It just shows you're responsive and are continuing to work on the app.
Answer: What's wrong with increasing the version number? That just tells people that you support your app and that you're continuing to improve it with new features and bug fixes. If you don't want the number to grow too large, just use a smaller increment for each new release.
Answer: Apple prevents you from setting the version number to the same or a lower number in a subsequent release. And you can't reuse a bundle identifier. So, in short, to go back to version 1 you'd have to pretend you were making an entirely different application (especially with In-App Purchases, you'd have to re-enter all of that information on the new app).
Then, in an update for your old app (its final update), notify your users of the old application that they need to remove this version totally AFTER they install a new version and do a settings migration (ideally you'd want to have a migration process which takes data from your old installed app and copies it into the new one).
You can try the above. But I think Apple would probably take issue with you doing it. The best thing to do though is what @Caleb is saying, just start using a third version number (revision, like 3.3.1, 3.3.2, etc). Or you can always switch to the new 'marketing-focused' versioning of Mozilla products and Google Chrome: release version 4 now and version 5 in a few months' time, etc. A single version number looks less "complicated" and "technical" to the end user.


main two pole 32 amp breaker tripping problem

Question: my question is why every morning where i switch on geyser after some time main single phase 32 amp two pole breaker is tripping.if i use afternoon or evening its working properly and some time breaker was not tripping.i install new geyser then also i got same problem. sometime breaker trip and sometime working properly. electrician check lose connection but there no any lose connection at all.this issues of that 32amp MCB ?how can i find out this problem and solve?
Comment: please anyone giving me the answer of this problem
Answer: Normal breakers (not GFCI/RCBO or AFCI) trip because you are drawing too much power.
If it sometimes trips when you turn it on, and sometimes doesn't, that means either you were using more power elsewhere on that circuit during the times it tripped, or it is right at the edge of what that circuit can handle and it drew more power than usual or was on for a longer time.  Or the breaker is defective.
A clamp on ammeter can tell you how much power is being draw on a particular circuit.  If you had an electrician out to fix this, why did they check for lose connections and then stop looking?


Asking ID for no apparent reasons

Question: I do know that there are jurisdictions in which police officers can ask for ID for no apparent reason (here in Italy they can just ask a person for ID without any reason or any legit ground, just for formality), and there are jurisdictions wherein it is illegal to do so (seemingly the UK, but correct me if I'm wrong). For the cases in which asking ID with no ground is illegal, it seems that the definition of "ground" changes according to any police officer, because any police officer can bypass all this thing and just say "I checked your ID because you look like a drug dealer", by making it pass as a legit ground while it is not.
Is it correct to say that the laws stating checking without grounds is illegal, pragmatically, are just rendered meaningless by how any officer perceives the notion of "ground" or can samely make up a new one? As I said, if a cop checks illegally a person without any ground, they can just say that they suspected the checked individual to be a drug dealer and get away with it.
So as I see it, I can say that these laws are circumventable with any excuse that a officer may give, and the latter can be undisputed and unverifiable, since (fake) suspicion is not verifiable.
Comment: @BlueDogRanch this does not answer my question.
Answer:
Is it correct to say that the laws stating checking without grounds is
  illegal, pragmatically, are just rendered meaningless by how any
  officer perceives the notion of "ground" or can samely make up a new
  one?

Whether that is correct or not entirely depends on the ability to get the officer's actions judicially reviewed. This depends on the jurisdiction. Where such an ability exists, you can use it to legally tell the officer where to get off. In this case "the laws stating checking without grounds is illegal" are definitely meaningful.
For instance, in New Zealand you can file a judicial review of what the officer did. He would have to articulate that what he did was justified and not an abuse of power/discretion. If he fails to convince the judge, his actions will be declared illegal.
Comment: New Zealand I assume it is a total different reality in which police officers are generally professional and nice, and for the few bad apples a justification can be asked by a judge, and all of the latter just happens rarely in that country I guess, but I'm asking about other circumstances, when it comes to fascist and injustice-based systems such as the US.

Asking ID for no apparent reasons


What does "Fight through the pain" mean?

Question: What does sentence "Fight through the pain" mean? I heard this sentence in XBox360 game Gears of War. Can the sentence be also used with other verbs - can it be simply expressed as pattern "Do something through the pain"?
Answer: Phrases starting with "Fight through the/it", are telling the subject to stay strong and bear whatever trouble or pain they are enduring.
Fight through the pain - means to struggle onward with whatever is being suffered, despite the pain.
You can use other words than pain for other difficulties.  Occasionally it can be seen with the word bureaucracy, to mean getting past all the obstacles that an infrastructure, forms and procedure put in the way of a goal.
Comment: @Ladislav Generally the verb that replaces fight would be an action verb such as "play" or "work" or "run".
Comment: @Ladislav Mrnka: It is possible to replace the verb, providing the switch is to something that would make sense in that context.  "Learn through the pain" sort of works, though usually it is only replaced with a small set of action words, *work* being one of the more common replacements.  Generally though, the phrase is always *fight through the pain*.
Comment: So the "pain" part can be occassionally replaced but replacing "Fight" part will completely break the meaning? For example saying "Learn something through the pain" is not correct?


Will 12" studs work for a TV mount designed for 16" stud mounting?

Question: I've moved into a new location and I have 12" studs rather than the 16" studs my TV mount was designed for.  The TV mount comes with lag bolts (M8x55).  Getting the lag bolts and pilot holes drilled don't seem to be a problem; the mount is around 25 lbs and my TV is around 35 lbs.  I know that in a broader situation (e.g., 24" studs) I'd want a plywood backing behind the mount.  Am I correct that I shouldn't need one in this case with the studs being closer together as long as the lag bolts are correctly placed in the center of the studs?
Answer: You haven't told us what mount you're referring to, but most aren't designed for specific stud centers. Instead, they have a range of available mounting area (and many will accommodate 24" centers as well). It's very likely that your mount will work just fine on 12" centers.
You should be able to put a tape measure on the mount and verify. Can you position two bolts 12" apart? If so, the only question is whether you'll be able to mount the TV exactly where you want it, or if you'll have to shift to the side a bit.
Comment: And if not: attach 1x3 boards   to studs, attach mount to boards.
Comment: The same weight, distributed across the same number of studs, should be the same independent of the stud locations. The plywood is typically used in situations where the mount does not fall on the studs.
Comment: I'm mainly concerned with whether or not the load is functionally different.  The mount mentions 16" and says "if not 16, you may need a plywood board".  The holes are broad and the mount does have a range; I was wondering if the load would be higher or lower on 12" centers for the same weight.
Comment: That, and we're talking about 35 lbs. I can't imagine a scenario where that much weight would be an issue. It would probably hang fine with one stud and a couple hollow wall anchors.
Answer: Yes it will work on anything less however you might want to move it one and a half inch right or left. With commercial toggles it doesn't matter. They hold up to 280lbs on drywall.
Also remember you will usually have 3-4" of play. If articulated then you need to be center unless your willing to a lot more for a adjustable wall mount plate.
Comment: That 280 lbs. claim makes me chuckle. It implies that I could screw a chair to the wall and have a seat. Maybe in 5/8" drywall with weight dead tight against the wall and which never moves. I'd cut that by 75% for this use case.


Did Michael suspect Fredo before?

Question: Did Michael suspect Fredo before finding out he was the traitor in the family in The Godfather: Part II?  Two scenes that made me think of this possibility are when Fredo asks if he knows any one in Havana and Michael says "oh I don't know... Hyman Roth? Johnny Ola?".  Also there's the scene when Fredo pretends to meet Ola for the first time and Michael kind of looks on appearing suspicious.
Answer: It's my understanding that Michael didn't know Fredo was the traitor until they were at that strip club and Fredo, who previously stated he'd never met Ola, said something to the effect of, "I come here all the time with Johnny".
Comment: I felt it was a complete shock.  Just watch the look on his face when Fredo slips up about Ola and the club.  You could tell that was the moment of impact.  He knew there was a rat, but until that point he didn't think it was his own brother.
Comment: I know he didn't know but was he suspicious or did it come as a complete shock?
Comment: You are way off on this one.  As mentioned throughout other answers and comments here and on other questions, it was not a complete shock.  Michael kept ticking off boxes until he knew for certain.  The look he gave was him realizing what he didn't want to believe.
Answer: I think he has already been suspicious. He called Fredo to Havana. He could've asked anyone else loyal to him to bring the money. I don't think any soldier would risk stealing from Michael. He wanted Fredo to come in order to find out whether Fredo knows that sicilian messenger-boy :) Ola or Roth.
Now watch the scene where Michael and Fredo order drinks together. Fredo said before that he has never been to Cuba. However, when ordering drinks Fredo doesn't seem like someone who is first time ordering drinks in Cuba. You can briefly see the cold expression on the face of Michael when he realizes that.
Also when Fredo asked whether there is anyone he knows in Havana, Michael asked specifically about Ola and Roth out of all the people who attended the meeting.
It's just he probably was hoping to be wrong and was struck deeply when his suspicions were finally confirmed.

Did Michael suspect Fredo before?


Is there any "Word of God" or solid references proving that Parasytes cannot reproduce?

Question: Throughout the series, the more scholar-inclined Parasytes (Reiko Tamura and Migi) state that the Parasytes cannot reproduce (and they do not know their own origin).
Is there any canon reference or proof that this is indeed true?
Comment: ...isn't those characters saying it proof enough? Also they don't have the anatomical necessities required to reproduce - they are just "intelligent muscle" if I remembered the quote right.
Comment: @Tsugumori-704 I expect the answer to go beyond what was provided in the question.
Answer: The fact that it was mentioned in the show means that it is canon reference. So in fact, no, parasytes cannot reproduce. At least technically so...
If you remember, Tamura Reiko did in fact reproduce via the human body and gave birth to human offspring. However, what about parasytes? Well, no, parasytes cannot reproduce, however, there isn't anything against them splitting into multiple organisms.
The below answer is contradictory to the show, see the answer below by Mindwin.

For example, Tamura Reiko can split into two separate parasytes. So let's consider that if a parasyte split into two separate parasytes and both latch onto two separate organisms, or parts of the same organism. Both would cultivate and grow from the nutrients, and both would have different experiences, and thus develop different personalities. In this sense, parasytes can multiply like cells via cell division and in the process creating successful offspring. Sources? None for this, it's hypothetical, however highly possible and an interesting concept.
What supports this idea though? Both the fact that Tamura Reiko split into two separate parasytes with two separate personalities, and the fact that the parasytes can indeed grow - as seen when a parasyte infects a human and takes over that human or part of that human's body.
The parasytes are made up of cells which is explained by Dr. Yui. In this sense, this supports my hypothesis since cells can perform cell division, which ultimately is a form of reproduction. So we can't necessarily rule out the fact that parasytes have the ability to divide.

In case you're wondering, reproduction is covered in episode 15. Tamura Reiko splitting into two happens in episode 17. Dr. Yui explains the neuron idea in episode 10.
Short Answer: No, parasytes cannot reproduce, and there is nothing that supports that they can reproduce via sex organs.
Comment: Though the hypothesis is interesting, I don't think splitting and multiplying is a possibility for parasytes. I think Tamura Reiko could not have reproduced by multiplying, since she was fully matured. What I mean is, though she could split into two, those two halves (most likely) could not grow back to full size, since they were two matured halves. Plus, we saw that once she split herself into two both half were kinda dimwitted, and could not retain the same level of consciousness as she had had as a single parasyte.
Comment: Totally agreed after looking into the show more. I also marked off my answer as it is contradictory to the show.
Answer: I have to disagree with @FatalSleep on one point:
It seems Parasytes cannot grow new cells. Since they are alien in origin, and the series cover only a couple years (Shinichi high school life), we have no info on the lifespan of parasyte cells. But we have info proving that parasytes cannot grow new cells:

Migi's 30% lost inside Shinichi.

If Migi could grow new cells (and we can believe he can have a precise enough cell count, or he would not get to this 30% figure), he would not be too concerned with the retrieval of those cells. Also the fact he has to sleep for 4 hours out of every 24-ish is caused by being not whole anymore.
And indeed, it is shown several times (his invading of Shinichi's dreams for example) that he is very concerned about this loss of cells. Since there was more than an year between the current anime episode and the heart wound, if he could perform cell division like animal cells he would have done it.

Reiko's burrowing split fighting technique

Reiko would also have split into several copies during these years if she was able to grow new cells (and given her personality, she would act like Agent Smith in Matrix II if "Me, me, me... Me too!" If she could make clones of herself. But when she splits in two during her fight with the other parasytes, it is shown that her intellect is greatly diminished.
A parasyte brain power is dependant on his cell count. When Migi splits in several smaller versions to show the ability to Shinichi, he clearly says so that each smaller portion is dumber, and if he did not give straight orders to rejoin after a few moments, that portion would be lost forever, just like the 30% inside shinichi. Also there is the fact that a split strand of hair is only able to panic while it writhes without nutrients.
Parasyte cells can diferentiate back and forth from stem to specialized cells. The degree of fine control the Parasyte has and this fact may be a pointer to a infinite lifespan to the parasyte cells (contrary to animal cells that have finite lifespan).
So from the facts above, it is very unlikely that parasyte cells undergo mithosis. This leads to an incapacity for assexual reproduction, aside the incapacity to sexual reproduction exposed by @FatalSleep's answer.
Comment: The fact is, Migi seems rather desperate to recover those cells, during those dream sequences.
Comment: Awesome answer, thank you for the information. I didn't take into account Migi's 30% cell issue, which would have changed my answer drastically.


Adjust shipping cost based on product Variation?

Question: We're using Store to sell magazines that have three variations: Print, Digital and Print + Digital. We're currently using Flat Rate shipping with a base rate and a per-item cost. However, if the visitor selects only the Digital version of an individual magazine, can we override the shipping costs for that particular product, while keeping Flat Rate shipping costs in place for any other products in the cart?
Answer: At the moment you would need to write an extension or a custom shipping extension to have per variation specific shipping rates. I would recommend sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.com with the feature request so they can add it to the Feature Request list to see about getting it added to a future release.
You can find the extension hooks documentation here.
Answer: It's not possible to add different shipping prices to product variations using Store's built in features. You have two options:

Write an extension using the extension hooks to change the shipping price based on what the customer has selected.
Create separate products for digital/print versions of your magazines, and use categories to separate them. That way you can add additional handling charges to the print versions.


To pulse or not to pulse

Question: It is accepted practice to maintain lead acid batteries at a float voltage of roughly 2.3 Volts per cell. The precise value depends on battery type and battery chemistry and ambient temperature. We have all done this for decades. Some charger manufacturers use a pulse scheme where they have a comparitor with hysteresis that turns the current off at say 2.3V and on at say 2.2V per cell. This is done at relatively small currents like C/100. I can see that this should represent a energy saving and I know that it is easy to implement by hardware or software. The question is: What is best for the life of the battery?
Comment: @pipe You can run the charger for ten minutes at 1A (plus 0.5A idle power) or for five minutes at 2A (plus 0.5A idle power) then turn it off entirely for five. Which uses less power in total? (All numbers entirely made up in this comment)
Comment: @pipe It demonstrates the principle the OP is trying to tell you, which is that the charger uses some power when turned on, regardless of the charge rate. So by turning it off except for short bursts you save energy. By "made up" I merely mean that I didn't get those numbers from any actual charger or battery.
Comment: Pipe ..Most power supplies take a idle current ,Example chinese artesyn 1500W pulls 22W to do nothing .If the circuit can spend most of its life shut down there will be an energy saving or average power saving .
Comment: The battery is alone but the SMPS say non china has 90% full load efficiency that is say 80% at 5% load but at 1% load it is 30% efficient .In a nutshell you set up the current where charger efficiency is reasonable .I will charge my leaf and smoke my pipe.
Comment: if you want the battery to last you need a periodic equalizing charge in addition to the float charge.
Comment: I heard that with the time sulphate starts to cover the electrode and with the short pulse they blow it away.
Comment: Did you? This might make an interesting comment on one of the earlier posts. It hardly qualifies as an answer.
Comment: Why do you think this will save energy?
Comment: But if you let the battery discharge, you have to increase the charge current during your pulse, until it is fully charged again.
Comment: @immibis I can also make up numbers. That is irrelevant.
Answer:
Flooded lead acid batteries are full at 12.7V and empty at 11.5V. Charging at more than 0.5V over the full charge "on the charger" is unnecessary and damages them. Each cell is about 2.1V and charging at 2.25V and watching the battery itself does not go over 2.1v is the way to go. Multiply by 6 for a 12V battery.
So, 13.2V to 13.8V on charger and be sure the battery does not rise above 12.7 V. Keep the batteries topped off and never discharge below 11.5V will keep them pretty good. I think a constant voltage is the way to go and as the battery fills it will naturally reduce current as above . I don't see pulsing it will help anything or save any power unless maybe you are in a float charge state ie ,holding it at 2.25V
Comment: As I understand it, the OP is specificially asking about the regulation in the float phase and effects on battery life. While you give good advice in general, I think you do not answer what was asked.
Comment: "I don't see pulsing it will help anything or save any power unless maybe you are in a float charge state ie ,holding it at 2.25V" The chart is pertinent to establish where the true float stage is.
Comment: A PID control would be able to use a nearly constant current in float phase. Would that prolong battery life?
Answer: From Wikipedia's Lead-Acid Battery page, here are two quotes:

"Starting batteries kept on a continuous float charge will suffer
  corrosion of the electrodes which will also result in premature
  failure. Starting batteries should therefore be kept open circuit but
  charged regularly (at least once every two weeks) to prevent
  sulfation."

and

"There are commercial products claiming to achieve desulfation through
  various techniques (such as pulse charging), but there are no
  peer-reviewed publications verifying their claims. Sulfation
  prevention remains the best course of action, by periodically fully
  charging the lead-acid batteries."

So, the answer to your question, "What is best for the life of the battery?" it seems, has a surprise answer -- Don't Float Charge -- because it reduces battery life.  And there is corrosion on the deep-cycle batteries too, it just doesn't affect them as much because their plates are thicker.
You could implement a "Smart Float Charge" feature that will allow the customer to still just keep your charger plugged in, turned on, and battery attached, for their convenience and peace of mind; but your charger wouldn't actually float charge, instead it would turn the charge completely off and wait the two weeks (as suggested in block quote #1 above), and then initiate a full charge.  This will keep the battery ready for use whenever it is needed, which is the main purpose of the float charge, but it will cause much less corrosion, causing the battery of the customer to last much longer.  A button to manually bring up the charge a few hours just before use might be nice.  Also, don't forget to adjust your charge voltages for temperature -- Arizona charging is probably different from Alaska charging.
Also, during the main charge, you may want to pulse, because it supposedly knocks off the sulfation, also increasing battery life.  Do google searches for this, because there's research (I saw it in passing, in searches to try to answer your question, but didn't read it -- just know it's there, and probably very helpful).  You may need to pulse in a very specific way during your main charge to knock the sulfation off most effectively.
Since your answers are really in the realm of chemistry, if you want more information, I suggest that you ask further questions on the Chemistry stack exchange.  They should be able to confirm or clarify what Wikipedia said (sometimes Wikipedia needs confirmation), more able to point you in the right direction, or answer your original question (which I am going to bet is "if you're going to float charge anyway, it's a low power charge and does not matter whether it is pulsed or constant".)
Hope this helps.
Comment: .Interesting Answer .+1 .So you say it is good to pulse and bad to float.
Answer: Lead Acid batteries simply dissolve the lead and release a voltage. Charging a lead acid battery will stop the lead-acid re-action.  Charging a lead acid battery will not cause the lead to Re-Bond to the surface of the lead element.
Many years ago Sears paid an engineer to build a lead acid battery that would fail at 32 months use, this was accomplished by calculating a build up of lead at the bottom of the case and shorting the remaining field.  Therein Sears would refund a 4 month credit on returns and yield themselves a continued profit on the 300% mark up.  Today lead acid batteries are based upon this paradigm, using individual cells that can shortout.  One could extend a lead acid battery life by placing a constant positive charge to supply electron bleed-off to the surrounding environment.  By placing the battery in a non-conductive environment the positive charge will not be drained as easily.  A simple solar cell source of 14-15 volts and as little as 1 watt will maintain the battery in storage.  While a larger wattage is required to charge the battery after or during use.  A good lead acid battery has an ambient voltage of 12.3 volts or more. When starting your vehicle the battery should not load below 10.3 volts; if below this you have a problem with size or age of the battery, or the starter motor.
Replace auto batteries every 32 months, they can last longer depending on usage, but keep in mind that today's expensive computer components do not like drops below the 2.3-2.7 threshold of component designs that can be affected.  The charging sinusoidal waveform acting tickler voltage is not nearly as important, except to tighten lead outer valence electrons.  This information does not apply to Lithium, Nickel Hydride, Magnesium, Silver Oxide, or others.  Each other type have unique concerns also.  But more over each other utilizes memory characteristics due covalent or valence potentials.  Over charging or over tasking these others can induce extreme heat and unstable elements.
Comment: I'm not sure your answer makes sense and it does not seem to be very well based on the actual implications of battery chemistry. It is also rather poorly formatted.
Comment: I count 18 statements. 15 are wrong.

To pulse or not to pulse


Does PDF preview and export in Careers support Unicode?

Question: It looks like Unicode range for Gujarati is not supported. When I import projects from Github which has Gujarati text as main project description, the text appears as '?' characters. Are other unicode character ranges supported?
Comment: It looks like this problem is not limited to the PDF, it shows the ??? on your regular profile too. It's in the GitHub repo description. I changed one of my repo's to use your description and it seemed to work.

Try removing those projects from your profile and re-importing?
Answer: It looks like it's a GitHub API specific issue that comes up after a day or two after importation. I've tested this out with Traditional Chinese throughout my profile and it seems to be specific to this one section (both in the profile and in the PDF). I'll bring this up with the other devs to see how we can get it fixed.
Comment: Does GitHub's API not support the latest Unicode yet?
Answer: This bug has been fixed.
Non-latin descriptions are now fully supported for Github projects in profiles. The PDF preview also benefits from this fix.
Thank you for your report !