Reverting back to Mavericks from El Capitan

Question: Ever since I downloaded El Capitan I have lost the ability to Drag & Drop photos into Pages documents I am creating.  Also in Pages, Certificate templates, for example, are not able to be edited.  I can open the template but can not do anything with it, cannot edit any changes.  Also cannot edit my own created files.  I also don't like how in Photos my photo labels are not visible underneath the photo like they used to be.  I don't know what other unpleasantness might still  be in store for me so I want to revert back to Mavericks.  How do I do this?
Comment: If you want help in solving the problems you are facing in Pages and Photos, please use "Ask Question" to ask a specific question *for each* of the problems.
Answer: There is no real way to easily downgrade any version of Mac OS. You have two choices here.

If you made a backup image of your HD before you upgraded, back up the files that have changed since then, boot from that image and restore it to your boot drive.
Back up your current HD, Wipe it and reinstall the previous OS. Then reinstall your apps and restore your data from the backup.

Honestly sounds more like an issue with Pages than with the OS, but since I don't use Pages I have nothing useful to suggest other than removing and reinstalling the app. Perhaps if you edited your question asking for help with Pages on El Cap....


Corpora for extractive summaries

Question: I am looking for corpora of extractive summaries. I am mostly interested in English, and any type of document.
Answer: A list of extractive summary corpora can be found over on ResearchGate.
Additionally, a quick search revealed multiple papers on supervised extractive summarization (for example, this one), using the DUC or TAC datasets. Although I've not personally worked with these datasets, if they're used in supervised learning approaches they should contain the information you need.

Corpora for extractive summaries


What are some good softwares to simulate rocket trajectories ?

Question: I am working on a college project which is based upon a experimental sounding rocket and it would be really helpful if the community could refer me good softwares to simulate trajectories of a rocket.
Comment: You can try http://openrocket.sourceforge.net/
Comment: Sprinkle a little Runge-Kutta on your favorite language and you are good to go.
Answer: The principal software that I found (and free) is the "Comprehensive General-Purpose Simulation of Attitude and Trajectory Dynamics and Control of Multiple Spacecraft Composed of Multiple Rigid or Flexible Bodies" from the NASA Technology Tranfer program. More alternatives in the same catalog:
Answer: OpenRocket is free based on JAVA runtime. I have personally used this. So long so good. http://openrocket.info/
RockSim is a paid version.
RAS Aero is an other option.
Answer: I believe you can specify a custom rocket and flight plan in flightclub.io
The examples below give you some idea of how it works. The big image is the first launch of the Falcon Heavy, you can see the two side boosters land on the left and the center booster over the horizon on the right.
Here are some example images found on the following pages. The developer of the site can be reached through the site and is also an occasional visiter here: @DeclanMurphy

this answer to What is this debris on the CRS-10 reentry at T6:30?
this answer to What is the velocity profile of a Falcon 9 first stage landing?
this answer to How can Flightclub.io Camera Tools be used to simulate launch photography geometry?
this answer to Understanding Flightclub.io simulation of SpaceX's Bangabandhu launch
Answer: For a free download of a Rocket trajectory design and analysis program, go to this web page: http://trajectorysolution.com/zoom%20program.html
The ZOOM program works with Windows operating systems and is used for the conceptual design and analysis of rockets and their missions.


building timers in strategy games

Question: I've got a web-based strategy game in which you build a city. Coding is smooth, but I'm kind of hung up on how long it takes my buildings to build. I want to keep the user playing, but have them long enough to keep them having to come back to the game. I've currently got it where each building has a base build rate that is exponentially increased by the building's level. I can adjust the times by changing the base build rate, but I was wondering if there is a better, or perhaps more widely-accepted way of doing this. I worry that a 113 day build on a level 10 building before reaching the next city level where the user has to start over will discourage further playing.
Comment: Why not look at some of the current strategy games similar to the one you're building, and get guidelines from them? Games like Clash of Clans, Boom Beach etc... 113 days is absolutely ridiculous IMHO and I doubt the majority of people who play your game would play it for that amount of time. We are ever so changing creatures and we struggle to stick to things, especially games, for long periods of time.
Answer: The question is "why do you have timers at all? What's the gameplay purpose?" When your answer is that you want to force the player to revisit the game later ("long enough to keep them having to come back to the game"), you need to consider how often you want them to revisit. Ideally you want to convince your player to make a habit out of playing your game and incorporate it into their daily life. To enforce this usage pattern, design your timers in a way that there is something to do in the intervals you want the player to interact with the game.

When you are targeting school kids, make the timers exactly 45 minutes long, so the players can visit the game in the breaks between lessons. (Your game does work well on lower-range smartphones, does it?)
When you are targeting adults and want the player to check in on the commute to work, in the lunch break, on the commute back from work and just before going to bed, then a 4-hour rhythm will work.
When you want the user to incorporate one daily game session into their real-life schedule, then slightly below 24 hour timers are the longest you should go with most of your timers.
Timers which are several days long can work to give the player some long-term anticipation, but only when you combine them with lots of shorter timers to ensure there is always something to do at every regular player visit. I would argue that one could even make one single 113 day timer work. It could serve as a tool to motivate players to become long-term community veterans. But only if you have enough shorter timers to keep them busy during this long period.

Also, make sure that your timers coincide. When there are multiple sources of timed events in your game, try to make sure that they all enforce the same rhythm. When you have like 8 pending timer events which are 30 minutes apart, the player won't know when to visit. It would be far better when they would all finish at roughly the same time, so the player can schedule a session shortly afterwards. That means that depending on the current progression of the player all timers should have roughly the same length or multiples thereof.
Comment: Just please be careful when doing this, because it's a slippery slope from this kind of optimisation to totally Skinner-boxing your players, exploiting their psychology to make them stay, instead of making a good game. [More such reasoning in this *Extra Credits* video](https://youtu.be/GArkyxP8-n0).

building timers in strategy games


Sharepoint 2016 on-premise User Profile Synchronization and Ad Import

Question: If I have a domain that is trusted with another domain, can i use User Profile Synchronization to sync users in the the Local AD and use AD Import to import users from the trusted domain?
Answer: If you have two trust (i think), then you can have sync connect with it. All you have to do is create a separate sync connection with each domain.
also check this for people picker: https://thesharepointfarm.com/2014/01/powershell-for-people-picker-properties/
Answer: Yes, you could perform the sync.
Check this article for more:https://blog.tallan.com/2013/04/18/setting-up-an-external-domain-trust-in-a-simple-sharepoint-2010-extranet-with-separate-ad-domains-and-completing-a-profile-sync/


First Job, should I save or invest?

Question: I just got my first real job and I'm wondering how much I should start saving. Is there a good percentage to start at based on personal experiences? And is it better to save my money or invest in a company?
Answer: There is no absolute answer to this as it depends on your particular situation, but some tips:

Invest as much as you can for retirement. In your first job you may be on the low end of the pay scale, but you have something much more valuable...Time. Don't underestimate how much impact compounding can do to your retirement savings by putting the bulk of it in a decade sooner.

As to investing versus saving, you need to do some of both:

First accumulate 3-6 months of living expenses in a savings account and don't touch it unless you have a bona-fide emergency (like losing your job or major medical expenses)
Next,  Contribute at least as much to your 401k as your company will match, any less and you are turning away free money.
Next, Pay down debt as quickly as possible on credit cards and depreciating assets (like cars).
Max out the 401k and/or other tax sheltered retirement accounts as much as possible. You may be at the low end of the pay scale now, but believe it or not you probably have more disposable income than you ever will later when kids/family get into the picture. Also you have TIME on your side and money invested over time is a very powerful tool to get rich. Do not wait until you "make enough" to save for retirement. Save whatever you can now.

Be careful about stockpiling too much in bank accounts. Inflation will eat that money up over time to the tune of 3-4%/year. You are young and have a longer investment horizon for retirement, take advantage of that and accept a little more risk while you can.
Comment: Nice comprehensive answer. I'd just add - in my opinion. I'd deposit to the 401(k) up to the match as a highest priority. Say a $15k emergency fund is the goal. In the 25% bracket, one would have been. Le to deposit $20k instead. And matched to a $40k total. I'd much rather have that $40k tied up than just $15k in the bank.
Comment: @user3730892 JohnFx suggested to invest money in his answer but to do it in a retirement account (401k).
Comment: @user3730892: Money in a 401k can be (and usually is) invested.
Comment: Thanks for the answer, very helpful! I notice that you do not bring up investing money. Is this not a good strategy while I am younger? Is it a better practice to be more focused on saving a chunk of money for the future now instead of risking my money with investments?
Comment: @user3730892 I think the general consensus is that until you have done the first key points (401k match, emergency fund, and debt elimination, retirement contributions), asking about investing is a moot point, since it's not that high up on the priority list.
Comment: Great answer.  I agree with @JoeTaxpayer, about the match though.
Answer: Save enough to build an emergency cushion of 4-6 months total expenses. After that, invest everything you can in areas where you are well researched and have carefully formed your own opinion on the subject.
Those who save do not reach financial freedom, those who learn to invest and make their money work for them do.
Invest in learning how to invest.
Answer: Since you seem to be interested in investing in individual stocks, this answer will address that.  As for the general question of investing, the answer that @johnfx gave is just about as good as it gets.
Investing in individual stocks is extremely risky and takes a LOT of work to do right.  On top of the fairly obvious need to research a stock before you buy, there is the matter of keeping up with the stocks to know when you need to sell as well as myriad other facets of investing.  Paid professionals spend all day, every day, doing this and they have a hard time beating an index fund.  Unless you take the time to educate yourself and are willing to continually put in a good bit of effort, I would advise you to stay away from individual stocks and rely on mutual funds.
Answer: Congrats on your first real job!
Save as much as your can while keeping yourself (relatively) comfortable.
As to where to put your hard earned money, first establish why you want to save the money in the first place. Money is a mean to acquire the things we want or need in your life or the lives of others.
Once your goals are set, then follow this order:

Get Protected: Health and life insurance is good way to protect yourself and your love ones from financial hardship. Ensures that you/your family will still have a good chance of reaching the goals you have set.
Control/Reduce Debt: Control your debt, live within your means, and do your best to reduce debt. If you do acquire more debt, make sure it is an investment (eg. education) or for something that is productive.
Establish an Emergency Fund: At least 3 months of cash. If you can do more, even better. Hey life happens, having cash that is easily accessible to attend to an emergency will make your life a lot easlier.
Invest: Once you have all the things that prevents your investment from being wiped out, then you can start having your money work for you. As to where to put your money... that is an a topic on its own. The short answer, just make sure it can grow faster than inflation, has tax advantages, and not too risky.

First Job, should I save or invest?


Please recommend an open source project with quality comments in good English

Question: English is not my mother tongue. However, I have to write comments in English. I want to improve my "comment English" by studying a piece of code which is commented in a good English. Please recommend an open source project which contains a lot of meaningful comments written by people with an excellent command of the language.
Answer: I don't think comments are a good place to learn, even if you have to emulate this style. Comments are often not even correct English and good projects will not have too many comments anyway, hence, not much to learn from.
If, on the other hand, you take a project that is commented extensively you can be almost sure that it's not a great role model since the programmers were incapable of conveying terse meaning. This is a generalization, of course. However, I believe it's (almost?) always true. YMMV.
Instead, learn English by studying the experts. There has been a question about this. I recommended "On Writing Well" by William Zinsser and I will do so again.
(By the way, English isn't my mother tongue either.)
Comment: Isn't that the whole point, though? He wants to learn the "comment dialect" of the English language.
Comment: @Jon: of course. But "do as I say, not as I do." Meaning that comments just aren't apt to demonstrate *even how to write comments*!
Answer: I can recommend Simon Tatham's Puzzle Collection.
The comments I've read look like correct English to me.  Also, they're clearly written and contain useful information about why things are done the way they are.
The developer documentation is also easy to read and understand, and as a side benefit you'll be reading the documentation of a system with a good and simple architecture.
If you aim to read something and then emulate it without explicitly understanding why doing so is a good idea, I can definitely recommend ST's puzzles.  If you want an explicit understanding of what good writing is, I think ST's puzzles will serve as a good example, but you really want to read something like Strunk and White.
Answer: I've only ever looked at small pieces of it, but I hear the linux kernel is very well commented.
Answer: I've always thought Angband is well commented.
Answer: I fairly well commented open source project is Drupal . Check it at Drupal.org . I've developed several portals in it and you can actually learn quite a bit by reading comments in the modules and themes. Actually they are some times more informative then the documentation.
Answer: Minix is quite well commented. They can be a bit terse in some places but the comments are very helpful.
Answer: Also, if you want to improve your writing... There are a lot of confusing things about the english language.  How you master these points is what distinguishes a mediocre writer from an excellent writer.  The best, smallest, and most concise book to get (everyone should have a copy!) is called the Elements of Style by Strunk and White. Note that you can get it for 2 bucks on Amazon.  Best $2 you'll spend!


Is the FreeBSD login program compatible with AFS?

Question: Is FreeBSD's login program compatible with AFS, so you can just login normally instead of using the kinit method (this is possible according to the OpenAFS manual)?
Answer: No, this is not currently possible on Freebsd 10.1
As per
http://www.eyrie.org/~eagle/software/pam-afs-session/
the required pam-afs-session pam module has been orphaned for about four years now.  At some point before 10.1 freebsd shipped it, but it has definitely been removed from 10.1 in ports and packages.
Despite the orphan announcement, RRA's github for pam-afs-session does contain bug fixes and similar small updates, its not entirely abandoned.
The linked instructions at spinlock are awesome and work perfectly, if you have a system that ships pam-afs-session, like Debian, etc.  So the linked instructions are correct and workable, just the software no longer exists as part of 10.1
It should theoretically be possible to manually compile and manually install pam-afs-session.  My machines have a completely automated hands-off config system (like puppet but different) so doing that kind of manual labor dozens of times on headless machines is not really an option for me.  I could hand compile and hand install it once, and rely on my config mgmt system to copy binaries to all the other machines...
Some things I've tried are using pam_exec to run aklog, this does run aklog and successfully obtain a working afs ticket, although its "out of order" such that pam_krb5 has tried to determine the homedir and failed to obtain access, so I'm dumped into root / then the valid afs token is obtained and I'm left with my homedir kinda being / instead of /afs/whatever/user/me/.  This is little comfort to XDM which cannot access my homedir so it fails at login.
What does work, is dropping to console CLI which doesn't require xdm to be happy, logging in, getting dumped into root / because my AFS homedirs are un accessible, then manually running aklog, then logging out of the console CLI, then switching to and logging in using xdm, this actually works, although its clumsy and I'd like to improve it.
I'm contemplating writing a very small shell script for pam_exec.so to implement what I need.
Answer: Yes, FreeBSD's login program does/can use PAM, as discussed here.
To do this, you need to configure PAM to authenticate to Kerberos/AFS. There are a few guides and examples for how to do this, like this one.
Most guides you find will be for Linux, but the PAM configuration will be very similar on FreeBSD. The way of installing the relevant PAM libraries and setting up the AFS client itself on FreeBSD will be very different, but the PAM configuration should be the same.


Existence of equilibria in infinite two players zero sum extensive form games with perfect information

Question: I am looking for a study that has examined whether and under which conditions (if any), an infinite and of possibly infinite horizon two person zero sum extensive form game with perfect information and finite discrete action space, has a value. I would appreciate very much any tips.
Comment: This question doesn't seem to have strong connections to computer science. Why are you asking this question here and not in math.SE or math overflow?
Comment: I think there are several communities inside computer science working on related topics.
Comment: @PeterShor, I think that's not true. This topic has been heavily studied by computer scientists in the last decade. The work of Marcin Jurdzinski, Krishnendu Chatterjee, Luca de Alfaro, is in this space.
Answer: By the Ky Fan minimax theorem, if you can identify the strategy spaces of the two players with convex compact subsets of a locally convex topological vector space, and the payoff function $M(x, y)$ is convex and continuous in $y$ for any $x$, and also concave and continuous in $x$ for any $y$, then the minimax theorem holds.
Answer: I know of several variants of zero sum games with finite arenas and an with infinite time horizon, e.g. parity games, stochastic games. Infinite state variants of these have also been considered in several places, though I do not know of a good survey.
Examples of such games can be found in Krishnendu Chatterjee's works or in Nathalie Bertrand's works. A more classical work can be found here http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F3-540-44685-0_36
This list is certainly not complete, but it might give you a starting point.
Answer: You may have a look at the following book
Automata, Logics, and Infinite Games, A Guide to Current Research, E. Grädel, W. Thomas, T. Wilke (Eds.), LNCS 2500 (2002)


Raw material for 3D printed injection mold

Question: If I have to make an injection mold (for resin based raw material) using 3D printing, what raw material should I choose – PLA,  ABS, HIPS etc.
Comment: My gut instinct is that it doesn't matter what material you choose, and that any 3D printable material would be equally unsuitable for this.
Comment: @arvind-gupta None, injection mold is based on Metal Dies. Some polycarbonates may help but they aren't printables.
Answer: P20 mold steel is one standard. Hardened parts are required for long life, depending on the service and material (some materials are quite abrasive).
You can get a small number of relatively poor quality shots out of epoxy if it is properly supported by a metal box. Your best bet if you want to include 3D printing in the equation is probably to use epoxy or lost plastic casting from a 3D-printed master. Aside from the requirements of core and cavity with sufficient strength, there are requirements for vents, cooling tubes (bubblers and such like) ejector pins and slides that complicate most real molds. Productivity demands a high heat transfer rate, for very small quantities of expensive parts, thermal design may be less important.
Temperatures and pressures are very high in injection injection molding- high enough to melt the materials you mention, and the pressures are in the 10K PSI range, so a 4" x 4" projected cavity will have a pressure in the 80 ton region.
If you have sintered and filled metal 3D parts they may be suitable, but from the prices I've seen you'd be better off to use conventional machining. Finish is also very important if you want the part to come out of the mold, with hours of semi-manual polishing not uncommon. If you don't have fine surface finish you will need extreme draft angles.
The requirements can be considerably relaxed if you are molding soft parts such as the PVC or TPE overmolds on cables. The pressure is less and the finish less important because the plastic is soft, but the temperatures are still quite high. This is sort of a sub-category of injection molding and specialized machines are used.
Answer: Answers above are correct that no plastic mold will work for actual injection molding. Injection molding by definition requires pressure, pressure that would explode a plastic mold. If on the other hand you really just want to print a mold that you can pour epoxy into to get a shape, then you just need to consider a couple factors.

How hot things are going to get since epoxy is exothermic and the thicker the cross section the hotter it'll get.
How to keep the epoxy from sticking.

For issue 1 I would pick the material that's available to you with the highest glass transition temperature so it doesn't melt or deform.
For issue 2 I would use mold release compound before you pour in the epoxy and probably pick the plastic with the lowest surface energy.


What is the downside to installing faced fiberglass insulation in a dirt floor crawlspace vs non-faced?

Question: I have a vapor barrier on the dirt floor already.  The insulation will go in the floor joists above, paper side down.
Answer: "When fiberglass batts are installed in the ceiling of a crawlspace, gravity always wins in the end" source
Faced or unfaced, it is almost always a bad idea to insulate the floor above a crawlspace, especially with fiberglass batts. Insulate the crawlspace walls and seal the vents instead. The one exception is if you are in a flood zone.
A sealed crawlspace will be drier, healthier, and usually more energy efficient than one insulated at the floor.
Comment: @ojait, yes, putting the rigid foam below the fiberglass is a good solution if you really need a vented crawlspace. The foam is a much better vapor retarder than the paper facing. Nice diagrams and discussion of that and other solutions here: http://buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-009-new-light-in-crawlspaces
Comment: That's nasty.  Never had this particular problem.  It's all about (well, mostly about) the cost.  Fiberglass, rock wool and even sprayed in foam insulation are less expensive then a concrete rat pad.
Comment: @littleturtle- I've insulated floor joists in crawlspaces on 2 separate jobs and neither ended failing. What the reference source you posted didn't account for was to fill the joists completely and meticulously. No gaps nor compressions. If warm air doesn't leak from the thermal boundry into a cold crawl space no condensate is produced. The insulation remains dry and intact. I admit that for the two crawl space jobs we added 2" polystyrene to cap the joists after filling them with R-19 batts.  Also, it's not always economically possible to insulate the walls under the house.
Comment: @littleturtle-But I do agree with your answer in regards to making the crawl space as insulated as possible.
Comment: @DavidC, I'm not talking about a concrete rat pad. I'm talking sealing the vents and insulating the crawlspace walls instead of the crawlspace ceiling. You could use fiberglass, rock wool, rigid foam, or spray foam (in order of increasing cost), but regardless, an unvented crawlspace will be drier and have fewer moisture issues
Answer: The problem often overlooked is that the paper vapor barrier on the insulation should be oriented to face towards the room. Also, the paper must be in complete contact with the floor bottom to function correctly. So now the only way to secure the insulation in each joist bay is with metal push rods. Try to fill each joist bay fully and completely.
Comment: Paper side up.  Is this incorrect?  I was thinking paper side down and then tacking the paper on each side of the insulation to hold the insulation up against the floor.  I have 2x10 joists and want r30 insulation.
Comment: Using the what, David?
Comment: Whoops. Typing on my phone. Hit enter by accident. Check the edited version out now.  Thx!
Comment: No problem. The object of the paper face on insulation is to stop moisture from entering the wall cavity (thus "vapor barrier"). Insulation with paper face is always positioned towards the warm (in winter) side of the room. But that may not be the case if you live in a warm and humid location. Fill each bay to its fullest and cap with polystyrene panels screwed to floor joists.


What is the index formula to calculate water stress index using multispectral sensor (Red, Blue, Green, Red edge, NIR)?

Question: I am having a multispectral sensor with Red band, Blue band, Green band, Red-edge band and Near-Infrared band. I need to find water stress using these bands, is it possible to find and if yes what will be index to calculate ? I am using UAV for this task.
Answer: Depending on the camera you are using, and what bands, (Sounds like the micasense), you may want something that reaches towards the SWIR to see water characteristics.
Anyways, from what I know- it is best to pair thermal imagery (measuring canopy temperature) with atmospheric temperature, and use something like the crop water stress index (CWSI) - see paper by Bellvert et al. 2014 as an example.
With the typical VNIR (Visible to Near Infrared) indices you will be able to detect vegetation stress... whether that stress is associated with water, or something else entirely, will have to be verified by ground truthing. There are no VNIR indices for discretely detecting water stress (at least that I know about).
Comment: Thanks for the help ! Yes I am using micasense's rededge sensor. I can understand that without SWIR info I cannot get water characteristics. But if I use a thermal sensor along with this MSS, can I get water stress. The spectral range of thermal sensor is from 800 nm -1400 nm, so this covers the whole IR band. Is there any way to get particular SWIR band out of this.
Comment: What index can be most useful to get vegetation stress , apart from NDVI ?
Answer: I advise you to do more reading of academic journals. Another good paper is by Calderon et al (2014) : Detection of downy mildew of opiumpoppy using high-resolution multi-spectral and thermal imagery acquired with an unmanned aerial vehicle.
What you ask now is a tricky question that many Agro-consulting companies are still researching. This is cutting edge stuff. Consider your thermal resolution, and thermal sensor's spatial resolution as well. A lot of factors can influence and contaminate temperature at the canopy level - as noted by many researchers - thus it is a hard experiment to control. Read up and make a sound methodology.
As for veg stress - there are countless combinations of indices asides from NDVI which can potentially detect stress. This indicates that you should do more reading and literature review. Note that I have experience with micasense, and such a sensor has trouble isolating stress by type (fungal, water, nutrients) in cereal crops. Thus, perhaps thermal will aid in your research.
Comment: Welcome to GIS SE @Alexander! As a new user be sure to take the [Tour](http://gis.stackexchange.com/tour) to learn about our focussed Q&A format.
Answer: You can use the Disease-Water Stress Index (DSWI-4) which in short is used to detect water-stressed crops at a canopy level and can be computed as follows:
<code>DSWI-4 = Green / Red
</code>


Cone of uncertainty in cyclones

Question:

Whenever I look up the track of a cyclone on the map, I always notice that the cone of uncertainty bulges as it moves towards land/ target. I have inserted two images to show you what I mean, you could look up any other image but its always the same. Is there any specific reason for this phenomenon?
Comment: Please edit the question to reduce the image size, if possible. I'm not sure how to do that.
Answer: As the name suggests it is a region of uncertainty.
There are many uncertainties when modeling and predicting weather systems.
When meteorologists model the path of a cyclone/typhoon/hurricane they never know for certain where a cyclone will actually end up. At any point along its path a local variation may cause it speed up, slow down, rotate at a slightly different rate or slightly change its path, left or right.
Meteorologists run several models for such cyclone systems on computers. Each uses either a different algorithm and/or different weather parameters. The results of all the models are then used to determine a region where the cyclone is likely to be in with a given time frame.
The greatest certainty is closest to the cyclone. The further away the projected path is from a cyclone the greater is the uncertainty. This results in a larger spread of possible locations where the cyclone could eventually be. When drawn on a map this region looks like a cone.
Comment: Perhaps a better way to say it: The further forward in time the forecast is, the greater is the uncertainty.

Cone of uncertainty in cyclones


Is there a way to automate texting based on a group a contact is added to in Google Contacts

Question: I'm wondering if there's a way to send a generic pre-written message to any/every contact that's added to a Google contact group.
Answer: If you have an Android phone, you should be able to get something done with If This Then That.
Start with the Google Contacts channel and the New contact added to group trigger.
For your action, you'll want the Android SMS Channel and the send an SMS trigger.
Simply use the {{PhoneNumber}} ingredient from your trigger as the Phone number in the action, along with whatever your message is. You should be able to customize the message with other ingredients from the trigger.
One downside is that there's only one {{PhoneNumber}} field available and, as I'm sure you know, a person could have multiple phone numbers. There's no way to designate one as a mobile number and only use that.

Unfortunately, while there is a generic SMS channel, it's only for sending messages to yourself. Can you imagine the havoc someone could cause by automating the sending of SMS messages, especially when there are still people in the world who have to pay for incoming messages? By using the Android phone (and the IF app on it) you'll be using your own device and data and, if necessary, IFTTT can cut you off.


ListBox displays "System.Windows.Forms.ListBox.Items.Count..."

Question: My assignment started with displaying 100 Random numbers in a listBox. This works fine. Next, we use StreamWriter & StreamReader to write and read back the results to a 2nd listBox. Here, a couple of things are happening. Each of the 100 lines is prefixed with ...
System.Windows.Forms.ListBox.Items.Count.
If you try to Google such a phrase, the MSDN library labrynth is all that shows, and I've found nothing that applies to this.  I was referred to  http://www.dotnetperls.com/listbox , but found no solution there either.  Also, each of the 100 entries read back is only the first Random, not all 100. I know that's a separate issue. It's the_System.Windows.Forms.. part I need to fix first.
I called off work today to concentrate on this. Time is flying and I'm getting nowhere. I've dissected my textbook, Googled like mad and found a .NET user group on FaceBook that is of no assistance either.  ..I don't know where else to go.
My code thus far is as follows...
/*  Matthew A. May  June 17th. & 22nd POS/409
 * This application simulates the roll of dice 100 times. The output is displayed in
 * the listBox.  The Results can be saved (written) to a text file.  This txtFile can
 * then be read back and redisplayed.  **  Some code is derived from...
 * Gaddis, T. (2012). Starting out with Visual C#® 2010 (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.....
 * Page #s' are referenced accordingly throughout where applicable.  *
 * */
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;    //required for the StreamWrite & StreamReader classes for txtFile functions.

namespace WindowsFormsApplication1
{
    public partial class Main : Form
    {
        private int diceSide1;   // private accessor
        private int diceSide2;   //  Field Variable Declarations.
        private int SUM;         //  SUM = diceSide1 + diceSide2
        const int Roll_MAX = 100;
        public Main()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
        }

        private void groupBox2_Enter(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
                //GroupBox...
        }

        private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {

        }

        private void btnWrite_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            /* When the user clicks a Write button, the program will write the sum of the dice for each roll into a sequential data file.
            the SUM is an int= dye1 + dye 2. SUM cannot be a constant since its' value wil change with each roll.
             */
        }

        private void btnRollEm(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
        Random rand = new Random();  //creates new object from Random Class. Gaddis, T. (2012)Chptr5Pg321.

                for (int lineNum = 1; lineNum <= Roll_MAX; lineNum++)
                {
                    diceSide1 = rand.Next(6) + 1;
                    diceSide2 = rand.Next(6) + 1;
                    SUM = diceSide1 + diceSide2;
                    lstBoxOut.Items.Add ("On roll , " + lineNum + " ,You rolled a " + diceSide1 + " and a "  + diceSide2 + " for a sum of "  + SUM);
                } //end For-Loop. At this point, output is exactly as expected.

        } //End btnRollEm

        private void btnWriteToFile(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            StreamWriter rollLog;  //create StreamWriter object reference Variable.
            rollLog = File.CreateText("Roll Results.txt");  //creating the File.

            for (int count = 1; count <= 100; count++)
                {
                 rollLog.WriteLine(lstBoxOut);
                //changing (lstBoxOut) to (count) shows 1-100 vertically.
                //Example Pg.298 & 301, showing where to write to.
                }   //End Write ForLoop

                 rollLog.Close();  //close file after creation.

            MessageBox.Show ("Your results have been successfully Saved to File.");
        }   //reviewing the txtFile, only the 1st line is written 100 times.

        private void btnReadFile(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
              //btnRead From File. Hides Main Form, Shows 2nd Form for txtFile OutPut.

             Form2 form2 = new Form2();
             form2.Show(); //Show // StreamReader. Read txt File.
             //// Declare a StreamReader variable.
             //StreamReader rollResults;

             //// Open the file and get a StreamReader object.
             //rollResults = File.OpenText("Roll Results.txt");
        }

        private void lstBoxOut_SelectedIndexChanged_1(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {

        }

        private void btnClear(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            lstBoxOut.Items.Clear(); //doesn't work.
        }
        private void btnExit(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            this.Close(); // Close the form.
        }
    }    //End Class Declaration
}       //End NameSpace Declaration

Comment: Start by changing your output line to `rollLog.WriteLine(lstBoxOut.Items[count]);`
Comment: Where is  `lstBoxOut` declared? This code appears to be incomplete
Comment: I rolled it back to the original question.  If you need to add something, add the information to the question, don't replace the existing information.
Comment: As @LarsTech said, please refrain from editing your questions to such an extent where they are no longer your original question. Doing so prevents future readers from finding answers to their similar problems.
Comment: You need to get to each item in the listbox so maybe think about 1stboxOut.Items[count].ToString() may get you going in the right direction.
Answer: To write the items, change the line that does the write to:
rollLog.WriteLine(lstBoxOut.items[count]);

To read it back in:
private void btnReadFile(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
    lstBoxOut.Items.Clear();
    foreach (string line in File.ReadLines("Roll Results.txt"))
    {
        lstBoxOut.Items.Add(line);
    }
}

The reason you're getting that output "System.Windows.Forms.ListBox...." is because the statement rollLog.WriteLine(lstBoxOut) is equivalent to rollLog.WriteLine(lstBoxOut.ToString()). The ToString() method returns

A string that states the control type, the count of items in the ListBox control, and the Text property of the first item in the ListBox, if the count is not 0.
Answer: Every item in the listbox is contained in the Items collection. When writing these items you should loop over the items collection, read the string and write it to disk
 using(StreamWriter rollLog = new StreamWriter("Roll Results.txt"))
 {
    for (int count = 0; count < lstBoxOut.Items.Count; count++)
    {
        rollLog.WriteLine(lstBoxOut.Items[count].ToString());
    }
 }

Notice also the loop start at index 0 and ends at Items.Count - 1 because in NET the array are zero based. The using statement is also very useful because in case of errors (exceptions) it ensures the correct closing of the file
The reading operation is similar
 using(StreamReader rollLog = new StreamReader("Roll Results.txt"))
 {

    while (rollLog.Peek() >= 0)
    {
        lstBoxOut.Items.Add(rollLog.ReadLine());
    }
 }

Comment: But as you are using < than sign only you wont be able to capture the last element in the row
Answer: Please modify your code as per follows
 private void btnWriteToFile(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {
        StreamWriter rollLog;  //create StreamWriter object reference Variable.
        rollLog = File.CreateText("Roll Results.txt");  //creating the File.

        for (int count = 0; count <lstBoxOut.Items.Count;  count++)
            {
             rollLog.WriteLine(Convert.ToString(lstBoxOut.Items[count]));
            //changing (lstBoxOut) to (count) shows 1-100 vertically.
            //Example Pg.298 & 301, showing where to write to.
            }   //End Write ForLoop

             rollLog.Close();  //close file after creation.

        MessageBox.Show ("Your results have been successfully Saved to File.");
    }   //reviewing the txtFile, only the 1st line is written 100 times.

Comment: you'll want 'count' not 'i'
Comment: @Jonesy Ya i meant that only
Comment: No need for the `Convert.ToString` there. `WriteLine` will call `ToString()` on the object.
Comment: Ok.. first off, I sincerely do thank everyone's feedback and suggestions. Everyone has given me some excellent insight to the 'behind the scenes' of C#s' isms'.  I'm still working on this.

(lstBoxOut.Items)   produces similar output "System.Windows.Forms.ListBox+ObjectCollection"
rollLog.WriteLine (lstBoxOut.Items[count]);
rollLog.WriteLine(lstBoxOut.Items[count]);
  and...
rollLog.WriteLine(Convert.ToString(lstBoxOut.Items[count]));
all  produce an "Argument Out of Range Exception" when btnWriteFile is clicked.  "Invalid argument, value of 100 is not valid for Index".  Guys I'm tryin'..
Comment: @MateoeMayo may I know why you remove all your code. Its hard to see and understand
Answer: for (int count = 1; count <= 100; count++)
{
    rollLog.WriteLine(lstBoxOut);
}

This is probably the source of your problem. For each iteration of the loop, you're writing the same thing to the file (hence the 100 identical lines). A big clue to seeing this, by the way, is that most of the time (not always) when you have a loop variable ('count' in this case) you should be using that variable in the body of your loop somewhere.
Next up, the odd-looking "System.Windows.Forms.ListBox.Items.Count" data. This is happening because of what you're writing to that file. You're writing "lstBoxOut", which is the listbox itself, rather than the contents. By default, the majority of WPF types will just convert to the name of the type when you do this. What you're probably wanting to write is something like this:
for (int count = 1; count <= 100; count++)
{
    rollLog.WriteLine(lstBoxOut.Items[count]);
}

Answer: In your "Write to File" method, you specify the following:
rollLog.WriteLine(lstBoxOut);

I'm going to assume that lstBoxOut is a ListBox item because of some previous code, notably:
lstBoxOut.Items.Add ("On roll , " + lineNum + " ,You rolled a " + diceSide1 + " and a "  + diceSide2 + " for a sum of "  + SUM);

That being said, that's not how you obtain the items from a listbox. Consider using
lstBoxOut.Items[count].ToString()

within the WriteLine command or, for better practice, use a foreach loop instead of a for loop.


Fastest Large Directory/Folder Delete Method

Question: I need to delete a large directory on one of our Windows 2003 servers containing around 1TB of data. Would the quickest way to delete this be to use cmd > rmdir?
Comment: See also the following questions on StackOverflow and SuperUser: [What's the fastest way to delete a large folder in Windows?](http://stackoverflow.com/q/186737/87698), [Mass deleting files in Windows](http://superuser.com/q/19762/14517).
Answer: Really, the fastest way I've discovered to do it has been, "rmdir /s [directory]". It seems to involve a LOT less meta-data operations than a, "del ." does, which makes it very zippy. I use it regularly to remove home directories with many thousands of files. Absolutely way faster than a remove-directory from Explorer, which seems to feel the need to count all the files before removing.
I haven't gone up to 1TB yet. If that 1TB involves less than, say, 10K files the big metadata operations would be marking vast swaths of space as free in the MFT. If that 1TB involves millions of files, then the metadata operations start to really slow things down on a file-by-file level.  In that case, rmdir /s beats the pants off of Explorer.
Comment: still brought our server to its knees, when deleting a folder with 24k files using `rmdir /q /s {folder}` ..
Answer: As sysadmin said, deleting individual files has massive overhead, so delete the folder. Regardless of the delete method you use, if you're going to delete a large number of files and/or folders it's worth temporarily disabling the AV software first. As a delete operation is both a read and a write the AV software is going to kick in and really slow things down, assuming of course you are running a real-time scanner.
Answer: I guess
<code>rd /S /Q FolderToDelete
</code>
is the fastest option you have.
Warning: /S deletes all files and folders (tree) and /Q is the switch for "don't ask for confirmation."
Answer: Can I ask what you are trying to achieve ?
Unless you need the space back as quickly as possible then maybe the right method is to move the directory to a different location and spawn a thread that deletes files and directories slowly. This way the directory is not in the way and the server is not brought to its knees.


If I'm just starting the keyboard, what would the good & knowledgeable folks here recommend?

Question: I've not gotten myself a tutor. I have not bought any books as of yet. I do not know where to start. Should I begin with gaining the technical know-how of the workings & keys of the keyboard, or should I simply dip my fingers in the water by playing any fairly easy song? I wish to be a fast learner. Please, help & thank you!
Comment: The fastest way to learn is weekly lessons and daily practice.
Comment: I recommend not waiting for answers before doing something. Start playing now. Turn on the keyboard and press down a key so that sound comes out. Why are you still reading this.
Comment: It depends on how much you know already.  Can you read music?  Do you play any other instrument?  Getting a tutor should be a priority.  Better to start learning good habits now rather than having to break bad ones later.
Answer:
I wish to be a fast learner.

Why? you will have the time of your life.

I've not gotten myself a tutor.

This can depend of the money or the place where one lives. To start a music career as pianist it is important to have a piano teacher!
But learning piano just for a hobby today this is possible with all the information you can get from the web, wiki, forums like this here and especially from Youtube tutorials. Even piano rolls can be useful to play a song you like.

I have not bought any books as of yet.
  You don't need to buy books, just search  for a piece and look up images, there is millions of sheet music available from Pop music and Classic music:
  https://imslp.org/
Should I begin with gaining the technical know-how of the workings & keys of the keyboard, or should I simply dip my fingers in the water by playing any fairly easy song?

Both!
 1. It is always for benefit just playing a song by ear to get orientated at the keyboard, to enjoy that you found out a tune by yourself (this is the best way for ear training and to keep you motivated).

It is very helpful to learn the basics of harmony: the triads, the scales and the circle of fifths.
There is sheet music with notated easy chords or also only the lyrics with chord symbols. Try to practice both and notate yourself some chords, lead-sheets and also music in a staff system. There are many useful advice given here: Look up the tags and questions mentioned above.
If you like to play classic music start with Sonatinas, (Clementi, Kuhnau, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven) or the Little Preludes and Two-Part-Inventions  by Bach. (You could even start with the C-major Prelude of the WTC). I still pretend this would be the best introduction to keyboard reading and playing - of course not without other exercises (learning clefs, studying chords and harmony functions).
Would it benefit a beginner pianist to start by learning Bach's Prelude in C?
There are very helpful answers and comments there. I still haven't answered myself as I'm planning an entire introduction for beginners - stage and sequence - and analysis of this piece ...)

Like this you can acquire the basics to play Pop songs, Blues, with a group or to accompany another instrument - or yourself when singing. A good approach to music is also writing your own songs: the melody of your heart.
But as said (like Tim): If you want to reach more (Classic or Jazz) you need a professional teacher.
Comment: This 'find  professionl teacher' is something we all preach. Thinking about it - I had several professional teachers over my teens years, and they pretty well all nearly killed any enthusiasm for 'proper piano playing'. True, they got me through grade VIII, but then I (thankfully at the time) went on to other instruments only playing piano when it was needed in some schools. Rather a double edged sword, this! Refer to a question about how does one know if a teacher is good? It has some interesting answers. But, from my experience, a glib 'find a teacher' (pro or not) is just that - glib.
Comment: Tim, I agree with you: My teachers have been concerned of fingering and phrasing but didn't tell me anything about the composition, the harmony, the chord reduction, or reading bass clefs - all things that would be helpful and short cuts for learning and understanding! I've found out that also professional teachers today who had studied harmony are not able to link this knowledge with the music they are playing. But   in one point it is different today: We had just our 2 or 3 albums and couldn't take other information any where, also the chord symbols weren't known ore used in sheet music.
Comment: Just dug out some old sheet music from the 50s/60s. 2s > 2/6d each! All the chords seem to be marked in for guitarists to use. Those were the days!
Answer: Always a difficult one. Some people need a structured approach, learning with music, and being told what to do by what the music says. Others will be better served by 'messing about' with the black and white bits (keys, which is confusing!) until they make p some music of their own and find which notes go with which others.
Learning music is in two parts at least. One is the music itself, the other is the instrument itself. While the two are obviously related, they are in need of two different things.
On piano, it's pretty obvious that the keys have to be pressed in order to make it sound. The keys are set out in an orderly fashion, with an easily understandable pattern.
The music itself (if you want to go that way), is set out in a similar way to most music, except that it uses two staves, one for right, one for left hand. Quite complicated initially (and the same for ever..!).
I favour getting to know the instrument first, otherwise two separate skill sets have to be tackled simultaneously. Just mess about with the keys, and listen to what happens. Maybe stick to white keys and try to pick out some tunes you know. See how you can play things in different octaves. Learn what the notes are called - 'D'always lives between the two black keys, etc.
As we always say, a teacher is your best bet - but different teachers have different ways, and finding an appropriate one for you won't be an easy task.
Answer: Get someone to show you the basic techniques - hand (arm, body) position,  independent finger movement, effecient fingerings for a run, a chord...
If you really have no alternative, get this from video instruction.  But it's easy to misunderstand.
Then decide what music you want to play.  When we know, we can suggest a strategy.  If you're aiming to perform Chopin in concert, it pretty well HAS to involve a teacher.  If you want to play tunes over the auto-accompaniment feature of a home keyboard, perhaps you can do it by yourself.
Answer: I very much recommend a good teacher. It's worth the search to find one. Lessons each week or two can really pay off.
I also recommend book 1 of Alfred's Piano Method, until you find one, as you are obviously keen to get started.
And listen to good piano players lots as well.


When idling in Team Fortress 2, do items build up?

Question: I have been idling for a couple of weeks now, and I would like to know if when you idle overnight, and receive drops, do they build up on the "You have received a new item" page, or do you have to click 'ok' to get more items? If they don't add up, does the time you spent on that new item screen go towards your 10 hrs of weekly idling time?
Comment: Related: http://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/2082/idling-in-team-fortress-2?rq=1
Answer: According to this wiki items are dropped between 30 and 70 minutes.  There is a weekly cap of 10 hours, which gets reset on Thursdays as 00:00 GMT.
If there it time left over after the reset, leftover time will be added to the next week.  This is also capped, though.  Leftover time can only max the current week to 20 hours.
As a side note, Mann Co. Supply Crates and other usable items drop on a separate timer, meaning that these items do not affect the interval between regular drops.
Also relevant information from here:

the amount of items a player can earn in a week is estimated to be around 8-12 items

and

As of the July 11, 2013 patch, the above method does not work anymore. Idling in textmode will not get you items. You must click on the item notifications as they come up or you will only get one item.
Comment: So, does that mean this is the end of idling? Are there any other methods?
Comment: You can still idle, you just have to open your new item when you get one.  I don't think valve was every all that on board with idling (though they were never against it per-say) so this is likely them just trying to stop people from doing this.  Especially now that the marketplace is going live.
Comment: have any auto-clicking programs come out?
Comment: None to my knowledge, but I'd imagine it wouldn't be too hard to get one working.  There may even be some generic ones that might work.


How does Superman avoid deafening everyone with his sonic booms?

Question: I recently read that military jets don't normally go supersonic over land because their sonic booms would cause disruption, which I didn't know. It got me thinking about how fast Superman goes. He'd pretty much deafen anyone within a few hundred metres of him if he went supersonic over land. Is this ever addressed?
Comment: Because Superman's abilities are entirely natural and therefore he's really just brute-forcing it. Where The Flash, for instance, could be excused because his speed is a lot more complicated. There could be reasons why he doesn't create that sonic boom, same as anyone who flies or runs using magic.
Comment: Why ask this question of Superman, and not the Flash, who is considerably faster (despite *The Simpsons*)? It would seem like this would be far more of a problem for the latter, or one of the many other superheroes who focus on super-speed rather than the variety of abilities Superman has.
Comment: That makes sense... I think. It is a head-scratcher. To be fair, most superpowers don't make any sense whatsoever. *Cracked* did an article on all the superpowers that would have undesirable side effects once, and Superman clearly inspired most of them.
Comment: I'll have a look at that. I actually did some quick calculations for this question to see what other side effects there would be. To go half the circumference of the Earth in 20 minutes he'd be going at 16,000 M/S. That's around 0.01% the speed of light.
Comment: @JamesSheridan part of the Flash's abilitiesis the creation of a "friction-less aura" that protects him from the negative side effects of extreme acceleration and deceleration, like wind sheer, constant impacts to the bottom of his feet etc.  That aura also protects his environment from things like sonic booms. Supes doesn't have that so like PointlessSpike said, he's using brute strength.
Comment: Superman's powers are magical too. Remember the aura which protects his costume?
Comment: @Sacin Shekar: there's no such aura, it's a super-strong fabric: http://scifi.stackexchange.com/q/22729/4918
Comment: @b_jonas There are several continuities of Superman..
Comment: @b_jonas See this: http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/34718/how-does-superman-get-indestructible-costume-everytime-after-he-loses-existing-o
Comment: @SachinShekhar that's not magic, it's an extension of his invulnerability.
Comment: @Monty Magic is high level science...
Comment: @SachinShekhar I think you mean "magic is just science we don't understand yet", which is probably true.
Answer: The question is overtly addressed in Superman #217.  Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen are being held hostage and Superman's way of dealing with the terrorists is to blow through the region without regard for collateral effects.  The sonic boom in his wake acts as a flashbang might and disorientates and disables the terrorists so that Superman can rescue Lois and Jimmy without incident.
Comment: An excellent answer. You have my +1. So the answer is that the writers hand-waved it away.
Answer: Related: this comment on my earlier question about Quicksilver's lack of sonic booms.
Let's ask NASA about sonic booms

There are several factors that can influence sonic booms - weight, size, and shape of the aircraft or vehicle, plus its altitude, attitude and flight path, and weather or atmospheric conditions.  A larger and heavier aircraft must displace more air and create more lift to sustain flight, compared with small, light aircraft. Therefore, they will create sonic booms stronger and louder than those of smaller, lighter aircraft. The larger and heavier the aircraft, the stronger the shock waves will be.
Altitude determines the distance shock waves travel before reaching the ground, and this has the most significant effect on intensity. As the shock cone gets wider, and it moves outward and downward, its strength is reduced. Generally, the higher the aircraft, the greater the distance the shock wave must travel, reducing the intensity of the sonic boom. Of all the factors influencing sonic booms, increasing altitude is the most effective method of reducing sonic boom intensity.
The width of the boom "carpet" beneath the aircraft is about one mile for each 1000 feet of altitude. An aircraft, for example, flying supersonic at 50,000 feet can produce a sonic boom cone about 50 miles wide. The sonic boom, however, will not be uniform. Maximum intensity is directly beneath the aircraft, and decreases as the lateral distance from the flight path increases until it ceases to exist because the shock waves refract away from the ground. The lateral spreading of the sonic boom depends only upon altitude, speed and the atmosphere - and is independent of the vehicle's shape, size, and weight.
The ratio of aircraft length to maximum cross sectional area also influences the intensity of the sonic boom. The longer and more slender the aircraft, the weaker the shock waves. The fatter and more blunt the vehicle, the stronger the shock wave can be.
Increasing speeds above Mach 1.3 results in only small changes in shock wave strength.
The direction of travel and strength of shock waves are influenced by wind, speed, and direction, and by air temperature and pressure. At speeds slightly greater than Mach 1, their effect can be significant, but their influence is small at speeds greater than Mach 1.3. Distortions in the shape of the sonic boom signatures can also be influenced by local air turbulence near the ground. This, too, will cause variations in the overpressure levels.
Aircraft maneuvering can cause distortions in shock wave patterns. Some maneuvers - pushovers, acceleration and "S" turns - can amplify the intensity of the shock wave. Hills, valleys and other terrain features can create multiple reflections of the shock waves and affect intensity.

The size and strength of sonic booms are affected by the size and shape of the object. While Superman certainly does create sonic booms, the ones he creates would be relatively small and non-dangerous. How non-dangerous?
NASA continues

Overpressure
Sonic booms are measured in pounds per square foot of overpressure. This is the amount of the increase over the normal atmospheric pressure which surrounds us (2,116 psf/14.7 psi).  At one pound overpressure, no damage to structures would be expected. Overpressures of 1 to 2 pounds are produced by supersonic aircraft flying at normal operating altitudes. Some public reaction could be expected between 1.5 and 2 lb.  Rare minor damage may occur with 2 to 5 lb overpressure.
As overpressure increases, the likelihood of structural damage and stronger public reaction also increases. Tests, however, have shown that structures in good condition have been undamaged by overpressures of up to 11 lb.  Sonic booms produced by aircraft flying supersonic at altitudes of less than 100 feet, creating between 20 and 144 lb overpressure, have been experienced by humans without injury.
Damage to eardrums can be expected when overpressures reach 720 lb. Overpressures of 2160 lb would have to be generated to produce lung damage.
Typical overpressure of aircraft types are:

SR-71: 0.9 lb, speed of Mach 3, 80,000 feet
Concorde SST: 1.94 lb, speed of Mach 2, 52,000 feet
F-104: 0.8 lb, speed of Mach 1.93, 48,000 feet
Space Shuttle: 1.25 lb, speed of Mach 1.5, 60,000 feet, landing approach

Even crafts much larger than Superman do not typically create pressures large enough to damage people or property (granted, they are typically at higher altitudes).
Comment: For the record, the sonic booms that a human-sized object would create would be both instantly and long-term hazardous to human health; http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lzsbbgOzPo0C&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=sonic+boom+inside+a+room&source=bl&ots=NIUH_x39rQ&sig=c6QSfx-ljW6UUwkgwTXDU-3r0LM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=50ZWVMa3Go_e7AbE4YDQCw&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=sonic%20boom%20inside%20a%20room&f=false, not to mention damaging to property (especially plasterboard) and any glass in the immediate and non-immediate vicinity
Comment: Further to Richard's comment, Superman would likely be able to accelerate much quicker than an aircraft, increasing the overpressure.


How to create rule to display multiple users in People Picker control

Question: I have an IP 2010 List form. Below is the controls that I'm working with:

I have two controls. A dropdown that shows a list of Schemas. As shown above, I have rules made for if the  Schema Test (TST), or any other Schemas for that matter, is selected then it populates the Assignee people picker control with the user associated with that schema.
The above works as expected with no issues. The challenge is this:
What rule, if there is any, can I use to populate the Assignee control if there are more than one user associated to the Schema?
For example, let's say that Test(TST) has users John Doe and Jane Doe assigned. The expectation is that when Test(TST) is selected that the Assignee people picker would get populated with both John Doe and Jane Doe.
The issue is that I have tried to set the Assignee people picker control to allow to enter multiple users. The  issue is that it will not populate more than one user when a Schema is selected with more than one user belonging to it.
Is it possible to accomplish?
Answer: In the Properties dialog of the control, select the General Tab and then select the Allow Multiple Selections check-box.
Have you tried using different names to see if there is a problem with that particular name?
Hope this helps.
Please refer this Link


ringtones volume increase Lumia 640xl

Question: The built in volume scale is 10/10 and barely audible in any noise environment. How can I work around this for greater volume. For instance this same phone has a music volume scale of 30/30, a much louder volume.
Answer: Sorry. There is no way you can get around this.
If there's an important call you're waiting for and the environment is noisy, you can plug in your earphones.
Answer: sorry, i windows phone maximum is 30.
for ringTone and notification Maximum : 10/10
for music player : 30/30
i understand your needs. windows phone defaults tone available and its more louder.
or use ringtone maker app, because compare with music player its more louder.
if not only once choice vibrate.
for more find this site:  https://www.windowsphone.com/en-us/how-to/wp8/settings-and-personalization/ringtones-sounds-and-volume
Answer: No. You can't and doens't do it without interop.
Search in the XDA-Developers forum for a tool for registry editor, then good hacking!

ringtones volume increase Lumia 640xl


Can I use tires of the same dimensions from a Ford on a Honda?

Question: I'm looking to buy tires off a friend (new and unused) with rims fitted and balanced. They're of the size 215/50R17 , which is exactly what my Honda Civic Touring has. He bought it for his Ford Focus, can I use it on my car? Is matching the size the only requirement?
Comment: Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair!
Answer: If it's just the tires, then there's no reason why you cannot use them. This is as long as you are talking about the tires. If it's tires & rims, then the rims may not be alike. The bolt patterns & offsets are most likely not going to match.
Comment: Its both rims and tire, they're fitted together. I assume that's a no go then?
Comment: @NaurozeHoath - You'd have to check the fitment, but most likely not. Not sure which Ford vehicle you're talking about, but more than likely the lug nut pattern will not match between the two.
Comment: Have the tires moved onto your rims, problem solved.
Answer: I would love to add this as a comment, but I don't yet have enough reputation. I would just like to add to Paulster2's answer regarding wheel fitment. It is possible to check if wheels from different cars are compatible, when I was looking for new alloy wheels for my car, I used https://www.wheel-size.com. As you don't list the specific models or years of the cars you are reffering to, I can't look them up, however you should be able to find what you need here.
As others have said, the tyres will be compatible if you choose to have them swapped on to your wheel rims.


Are TD e-Series Funds worthwhile, or am I better off with ETFs? Why or why not?

Question: I'm looking at e-Series funds offered by TD.  They have low MERs and seem to offer a good low cost alternative to traditional mutual funds.  What do you guys think?  Am I better off with ETFs?  Why would one choose one over the other given that my investment portfolio is not that large.
Comment: Depends on your objectives and profile and a million other things.  More information necessary.  Mutual funds aren't going to perform any better than an otherwise diversified portfolio (J. Malkiel, 1995), so whatever minimizes fees is what you (read: everyone) should be looking for.  There are commission free products available with TD.
Answer: M Attia, the advantages of the TD e-series are that they are a low cost way to index your portfolio as well it gives you to opportunity to invest small amounts at a time.  With ETF's, purchasing small amounts at a time would simply get too expensive.
Comment: There are ways to trade index ETFs at no cost through various  brokers.  This would also allow you to trade small amounts frequently.
Answer: TD e-series index funds are great for regular contributions every paycheck since there is no trading commission.  The personal finance blog "Canadian Couch Potato" has great examples of what they call "model portfolios" and one consists of entirely TD e-series index funds.  Check it out:  http://canadiancouchpotato.com/model-portfolios-2/
The e-series portfolio that is described in the Model Portfolios (linked above) made returns of just over 10%.  This is very similar to the ETF Model Portolio.
One thing to remember is that these funds have a 30 day no sell time frame, otherwise a 2% fee is applied to the funds you withdraw.


What is the purpose of non-spiking and anaxonic neurons?

Question: What is the purpose of non-spiking neurons and anaxonic neurons in neural tissue?
Comment: Do you mean in terms of what types of computation they enable?
Answer: The standard textbook neuron receives input at its dendritic tree, fires action potentials and has a single, long output axon to send the message off to distant locations.
However, non-spiking, anaxonic neurons are not a rarity; in various sensory systems there are bipolar cells present that lack a clearly defined axon and are non-spiking, such as the amacrine cells and the horizontal cells in the vertebrate retina (Fig. 1.) and the granule cells in the mammalian olfactory bulb (Hisada, 1989).
Generally, non-spiking neurons work as analogue integrators. Where a spiking neuron can only transmit a spike, or no spike (binary signal), a non-spiking neuron can convey an infinitesimal number of membrane voltages instead. Hence, it is well suited to integrate the input from various other neurons. Amacrine cells and horizontal cells lack clearly defined axonic elements and are thus non-spiking anaxonic neurons. Their dendrites, however, do form synapses with other neurons, generally on their dendrites too, forming dendro-dendritic connections. The function of the bipolar cells in the vertebrate retina are unclear.
There are other non-spiking anaxonic neurons identified. A notable example are the interneurons seen in the ganglia of the motor systems of various arthropods, including crayfish, locusts and cockroaches. Here, they are coupled to neurons that convey descending output to motoneurons, and they are thought to be involved in selecting the adequate information to be gated to the motoneurons (Takahata et al., 1981), or to be necessary for generating oscillations in the system (Pearson & Fourtner, 1975). But again, their exact functions are unclear. One reason why may be because they are local circuit neurons. In other words, they do not send their signals far off to distant locations because they lack clear axons. For example, the role of the retinal ganglion cells becomes readily apparent when you sever their long axons that are bundled in the optic nerve (one becomes blind in that eye).

Fig. 1. Retinal circuitry showing the non-spiking, anaxonic horizontal and bipolar cells. Source: David Hubel's Eye, Brain, and Vision
References
- Hisada, Arch Histol Cytol (1989); 52(Suppl): 139-46
- Pearson & Fourtner, J Neurophysiol (1975); 38(1): 33-52
- Takahata et al., Brain Res; 226: 309-14
Comment: @Silmathoron - afaik via unconventional synapse-like structures using conventional neurotransmitters such as GABA
Comment: Thanks for the answer; just to clarify: do they interact via gap junctions or do they implement special chemical synapses?


How do you hold a bow without getting finger cramps?

Question: Whenever I play the cello, my hand tends to get sore the longer I hold my bow. I try to bend my thumb, but whenever I do, the bow slips.
Comment: Loooooosen your grip. If you're getting cramps, you're holding it too tight.
Comment: https://www.cellobello.com/cello-lessons/right-hand/bow-hold-principles-part-1/ this might help!
Answer: There may be multiple problems with your grip.  You didn't say whether you're taking lessons or not, so I'll just emphasize that you need a teacher or an experienced cellist to look at your grip and make sure it's correct.  You want most of the pressure (and not much at that!) to be applied with your first and pinky fingers while the other two provide stability. The thumb should just help balance against the fingers.  I know teachers who use the "eensy weensy spider" exercise: hold the bow vertically and practice manipulating it with just the thumb, forefinger, and ring finger to "climb" up and down the length of the bow.
Beyond fingers, the wrist and elbow positions are critical as well.  You want the weight of your arm to help set the bow, rather than trying to do everything with the fingers.      If you can find a copy of Chris Bunting's books ,grab that-- there are a lot of diagrams and discussions of hand and body positions.
And finally,  when you feel tired or cramped, stop and rest. Shake your hand loose.  Keep things as relaxed as possible to avoid the risk of long-term injury.
Comment: That last point is important. I've given myself tendonitis on my left wrist by "playing through the pain."
Answer: Carl Witthoft has a good answer, here are just a few complements:

Try to think about your bow as a pen for drawing or writing. If you hold it right, with the best angle and position, moving it and producing sound should feel almost effortless, guiding it, not pushing or pulling forcefully.  There are people holding their pen very tight but they end up writing quite slowly and not very legibly.
Are you fingertips mostly on the stick, or are they in contact with the frog (the (usually dark wood) block behind the stick) ? Check that at least your middle and ring finger reach down to the frog so that you can use this support to guide the bow.
Do you apply a reasonable amount of rosin on the hair of your bow ? Insufficient quantity of  rosin will make you want to apply more pressure to produce sound, and in response one tends to hold one's bow quite too strongly. (Also take time to clean your strings after each working session).
What is the slope between your instrument and the ground ? You will find producing a large sound is often easier when the cello is more horizontal so that gravity helps you.
Try with different tension of your bow's hair and see if you can manage to release some pressure on the bow while moving it. Practice releasing some pressure on the bow once you have started producing sound, and do that both on open strings and on stopped strings (the sensation and result is quite different).


Needs to restrict accessing to webadmin (Icewarp merak)

Question: I want if there is a way or option to restrict accessing to webadmin panel (like i want someone with certian IP can logIN into webadmin and blockings anyone else) .
BTW i'm using version icewarp merak 9.4.2 on RedHAT 5.3
Answer: I don't WTF this "icewarp merak" thing is (Google suggests it's a mail server), but it should have the ability to restrict access to a particular URL to a specific IP (or range of IPs).  If it doesn't, you can either get a real web server, or proxy access to the webadmin panel through a real web server.  Given that this thing looks like it's proprietary software, why not ask the vendor for the support you're (presumably) paying for?
Comment: I second the apache / other web server proxy idea


Logic Pro X Gate Stutter

Question: Is there an easier way to use create a stutter effect in Logic for something like a riser or anything else WITHOUT side-chaining to the noise gate plugin? I've only seen tutorials like this. By the way, I know that they're NOT using Logic Pro X in the video. They made their gated effect so easy and it seems like you have to do way more work in Logic to get the same thing done.
Answer: Tremolo?

A tremolo plugin may be exactly what you need. It's under the modulation plugins and creates a stuttery type effect. The higher the depth the higher the on/off jumps in level will be.
You may be able to use automation with this to get the "speed up" stutter effect.
Hope this helps.
Comment: Thanks for the response. Unfortunately, it doesn't really approximate a gating plugin because it's never really off for any responsible amount of time. Thank you though.

Logic Pro X Gate Stutter


Bacteria in our colons

Question: During my education in Iran, until now, which I must say that I'm graduating high school this year and will go to college next year, our biology book has said that there's some bacteria in our colons and those little cells live there and use the celloluse of our food and because mostly they are anaerobic they produce methane or hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide and so on and sometimes they are the reason of the smell of our farts. Also they produce little amounts of B and K vitamins which is good for us and also, by using cellulose they make the rejection of feces better and easier. Anyway I wonder that where do these bacterias come from? I mean are they with us since birth? Then it means they come from our mother's body but, wait how our mothers have them? But maybe they are not there since birth and they come to colon from the food we eat during our life, but why don't they die in stomach. Even if we think that they go there by eating food, passing stomach easily, what if we don't eat the "food that can have those bacteria", then could it be possible to some humans don't have those bacteria? But they can't have a good release of feces.
Comment: Please read about your [microbiota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiota). The organisms both come from your mother and are acquired from the environment, including via food consumption.
Answer: It has been demonstrated that there are common patterns of microbiome composition evolution during life. In general, the diversity of microbiota composition of fecal samples is significantly higher in adults than in children, although interpersonal differences are higher in children than in adults. Much of the maturation of microbiota into an adult-like configuration happens during the three first years of life.
As the microbiome composition changes, so does the composition of bacterial proteins produced in the gut. In adult microbiomes, a high prevalence of enzymes involved in fermentation, methanogenesis and the metabolism of arginine, glutamate, aspartate and lysine have been found. In contrast, in infant microbiomes the dominant enzymes are involved in cysteine metabolism and fermentation pathways

evolution of the vertebrate gut microbiota :
Multi-cellular eukaryotes have existed for at least a quarter of Earth's history, or 1.2 billion years. Thus an already long history of interaction between multi-cellular lifeforms and microbial communities preceded, and likely shaped, the evolution of the vertebrates. The legacy of ancient associations between hosts and their epibiotic microbial communities is evident in the present day effects that the gut microbiota exerts on host biology, ranging from the structure and functions of the gut and the innate and adaptive immune systems, to host energy metabolism. Host responses to microbial colonization are evolutionary conserved among diverse vertebrates including zebra fish, mice and humans
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664199/

"the human body is made up of about 10 times more microbial cells than human cells . Further, there may be millions more microbial genes than human genes in this human+microbiome system (which is often thought of as a human 'superorganism'), and it is the ways in which these microbial genes interact with the human host that describe their ultimate role in our health. Scientists now believe that infants are sterile (meaning free of microbes) in the womb and receive their first inoculum of microbes from the mother during natural childbirth. This inoculum goes on to colonize the newborn and initiate a succession of events leading to the development of the child's own microbiome. The newborn relies on this maternal vaginal microbial inoculum and the additional inoculum of microbes from mother's breast milk for microbial colonization of all exposed surfaces in and on the infant's body (e.g., oral, nasal/airways, gut, urogenital, skin).2 This is a dynamic process in which microbial abundances increase from effectively zero at birth to over six orders of magnitude (that's more than a million times!) within just the first few weeks of life, with wide swings in the microbial membership of these communities until the microbiota largely stabilize in composition and numbers after approximately three years of life."
http://www.actionbioscience.org/genomics/the_human_microbiome.html

you can read about Gastrointestinal Tract Microflora here:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7670/
and normal flora :
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7617/
Answer: It's true -  you are given a starter colony by your mother during a vaginal birth, covering your skin surface and intestinal tract.
The population of your gut is likely to change throughout life, depending on the environment you provide (food, exercise, antibiotics, etc).
It's also unlikely all bacteria are killed in your stomach when you eat, and only one cell is necessary to start a colony.
we've seen correlation of bacterial populations in the gut with certain disease states. I won't go beyond that since it's not my field.
try checking out an amazing paper my prof gave me - The Gut Brain Axis
have fun with your studies.
Comment: Which is a problem for caesarean births.
Answer:
I wonder that where do these bacterias come from?

I'll answer this question since your post revolves around this question and the rest are follow-ups.
The infant gets its first bacteria (commensal or mutualist) from the mother's vagina as the amniotic membrane ruptures during parturition and gradually the diversity increases from its contact with other organisms and environment.

Nolte (1977) suggested that the body acquires its first microflora of the
  skin, nose, mouth and conjuctiva from the mother's birth canal during normal
  vaginal delivery. The local environment is also important as a source from
  which neonates acquire bacteria (Mortimer et al., 1966; Nolte, 1977; Harvey,
  1979; Shinebaum, Cooke and Brayson, 1979). The colonisation of the skin
  surface starts at the umbilical stump (Mortimer et al., 1966)
The normal commensal flora of the oral cavity is more complex. The
  mouth is sterile at birth but is rapidly colonised by bacteria derived from
  attendants and the local environment. By the second day of life, aerobes and
  facultative species can be detected, but strict anaerobes do not appear until
  after the eruption of the deciduous teeth (Hurst, 1957; McCarthy, Snyder and
  Parker, 1965).

Reference: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BACTERIAL FLORA
IN NORMAL NEONATES
Also (updated)
A research published in 2013 has found that colostrum contain more than 700 species of bacteria! It being the only source of food for an infant also contributes to the infant's normal flora, though the composition of the bacteria colonising an infant's oral cavity is inconsistent with the composition of the colostrum.
Answer: The birth canal origin of the bacteria is not the whole story. It appear that most of the bacteria are acquired from the environment, which in naturally born infants does include the birth canal, but also included the mother's skin and dozens of other environmental contacts. The mature population of bacteria in the gut seems to be the same in both natural born and cesarean infants however the cesarean infants take significantly longer to develop this population indicating the birth canal is not the only factor.
It also appears that certain factors in breast milk encouraging the growth of the most desirable bacteria, and may have a stronger effect then form of birth.

Bacteria in our colons


Can this valve be removed?

Question:
Where would wrenches go?
Does it need to be cut?
Comment: I have not seen galvanized pipe soldered, are you sure there is not a liquid pipe dope that has dried and you think it's soldered. I would verify this before cutting, a pipe wrench to hold the pipe and a crescent wrench on the flat sides of the valve may be able to unscrew the valve.
Answer: It looks like galvanized pipe but I think it's tind copper due to the valve not having a hex shoulder. I'd say take a sharp blade and carefully scratch a layer off the pipe to confirm that it is copper. If so. Cut back after shutting off the water. Clean it with sandpaper until it shines better then new. Then clean it again. Flux and solder. If you are not comfortable soldering, you can use a push on fitting like a Sharkbite.
Answer: The valve is soldered onto the pipe. To remove it, you would need to cut the pipe just behind the valve. The new valve would also need a solder connection.
Comment: While it looks like it is soldered it also looks like it could be on galvanized pipe and that would mean it could be threaded. Also if it is soldered on copper it does not mean a new one has to be also soldered, a compression fitting would work.  **TURN OFF THE WATER SUPPLY BEFORE CUTTING**.
Comment: That which is soldered can be **unsoldered** by application of heat, without cutting the pipe and making it shorter.
Comment: <>Yes, it certainly can be removed. It looks solderd on, not threaded. A threaded fitting is usually thicker where the threads engage with the pipe. I would guess you have a 1/2" copper stub out pipe which has been covered with either a patina or some dirt, grime, etc. You can either solder it off or cut it off with a pipe cutter wheel or a mini hacksaw. What do you want to do with once it is off?
Comment: @Alaskaman  is it possibly lead pipe?
Comment: Lol it looks like it might be urine tarnished.

Can this valve be removed?


Why did Peeta suggest that they wait Katniss out?

Question: In the movie Hunger Games when the gang was chasing Katniss and she climbed a tree they started shooting at her. However, Peeta suggested that they wait for her to get down, why would he do that if he liked her?
Comment: To prevent her immediate death...
Answer: The alternative was to watch her be killed right then and there. Also, bear in mind that while Peeta has a thing for Katniss, like most human beings, he has a thing for preserving his own life first. I'd push everyone except my wife and daughters under a bus if it saved my own life, and I'm a grown man, not a teenager. The instant he stops being useful to the gang, they will turn on him; this actually happens in the film, though we don't see it. Sacrificing Katniss helps preserve his own life, and saying to wait her out has the possibility to preserve hers. It's a win-win from his viewpoint.
Comment: could be - convincing the group to wait - he stops them from thinking of other ways to bring Katniss down (that might succeed). It buys Katniss (and Peeta) time to think calmly of a way out. Also Peeta is exploiting a basic human weakness of the group laziness. Probably also part of Careers training "dont expend too much energy in killing opponents"
Comment: I understand that, but looking how they shoot (I'm an archer myself) they won't hit her, Peeta just gives them an idea which is great since she can't do anything about it. It's sad how people would save themselves instead of protecting their loved ones
Comment: @user36610: As an archer, you are probably a lot more knowledgeable than Hollywood wants n audience is meant to be.
Comment: @user36610 "looking how they shoot (I'm an archer myself) they won't hit her" << so could he be preserving the arrows for Katniss? Probably much harder to retrieve if they're all shot into the trees, but if they're in the quiver then they're easy to steal later.
Comment: @JamesSheridan I'm never standing next to you at a bus stop.
Answer: Peeta told them to wait, because it was the logical decision to make them lay off fighting her and make himself seem useful. From the book he was just trying to survive and since he wasn't huge like Thresh, couldn't hide in trees like Rue and Katniss and wasn't sly like Foxface, he needed allies.
From the Wikia:

They find Katniss and chase her up a tree, with Peeta suggesting that
  they make camp under it, as none of them are able to climb after her.
  In the morning, they wake up to a tracker jacker attack after Katniss
  unleashes a nest of them.

He was giving her time to figure it out, because he knew that he couldn't stop them and they would both be killed.
He wasn't trying to save himself.

Peeta finds Katniss at the scene of the attack as she is removing the
  bow and arrows from Glimmer's body, and he urges her to run due to
  Cato's impending attempt to kill her. Cato witnesses this exchange and
  cuts Peeta in his upper thigh for his actions, severely wounding him,
  then relegating him from the Career pack.

He risked it all for her, after he couldn't hide his true intentions anymore. He could have killed her there(or attempted to) and they would have trusted him a lot them. But instead he risks his life for her.
He saves her for several reasons:

He had a crush on her

It was not as simple as he wanted to save her.

He was trying to seem helpful so that they didn't kill him. They knew that if was in "love" with her, if he tried to save her and seemed even less likely to want to kill her they would have instantly chose him for the next target. But appearing to throw her under the bush gave him a reprieve.

Also, it was part of a plan to save Katniss he was helping her and simultaneously helping himself by saving her(so he had a ally) and so that they both got more sponsors.
Answer: I found this to be one of the many huge mistakes in the movie (I haven't read the book). Waiting under the tree until she either gets tired and falls off, or gets desperate and tries to make a run for it.
It's almost understandable, but camping under that tree was plain dumb.
Even if there wasn't something

 a wasps or hornets nest

In that tree for her to throw down, she had a knife and could have flung that down at anyone sleeping below her tree. Or she could have sharpened a branch and flung that down.
The Rule of Three suggests she could have gone three days up there without fluid (assuming it didn't rain).
Why Peeta suggested they should wait her out, is a good question. (the answer is he liked her and wanted to give her a chance that didn't involve arrows) It's the: why did they just went a long with it that is mind boggling. They had options like continue shooting arrows at her (if they really wanted her dead), or moving on to hunt someone else or curse at her, shake their fists, then walk of, only to hide and wait out of sight for her to come down.


Should I pre-boil then rinse chicken bones before making stock?

Question: I'm told this releases the impurities, i.e scum, so you don't have to skim while simmering.
Comment: interesting discussion here http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/714443
Answer: This sounds counterproductive. Making stock means that you let the boiling water leach nutrients, flavors, and other stuff from the bones. Then you remove the solid parts (bones, scum) and are left with the gelatine and flavors dissolved in the water.
Now, if you preboil the bones and throw away the water, you throw away all the flavor which has been leached in this boil. Sure, some flavor will remain in the bones for prolonged boiling, but it will be less, and it won't be the same flavor (some tastes will cook out sooner than others). In short, the process which creates scum is the same which creates stock; you can't have one without the other.
In your home kitchen, you can mostly live with cloudy stock if you don't feel like skimming. Clear stock is more desirable, but you can keep that for special occasions. And exactly these occasions are the one when you want the most flavor, so don't compromise by preboiling.
Comment: This is completely normal to do with beef or other red meat due to all of the "blood". But yeah, never heard of it being done with chicken, you just simmer slowly and skim any fat.
Comment: You shouldn't boil stock. It should be gently simmered. It allows impurities from the bones to rise to the surface to be skimmed leaving a clear stock.
Comment: Side-note: apparently, years ago doctors would prescribe meat for certain poor patients. Their family would spend their money on the meat. Boil it for hours. Throw away the 'water' and give the nutrition poor meat to the patient. Hospitals all over the world do the same thing, it seems.
Comment: @questie760 you are right, I used "boiling" where I should have said "cooking" without giving it much thought.
Answer: If you wish to remove surface impurities and coagulate the surface proteins* for a clearer stock, then you might choose to do that. Keep in mind you might be sacrificing taste over aesthetics. It will most likely not totally prevent scum from emerging anyway.
You could try to make a stock without skimming and see what you think (related question - Why skim "scum" from the surface of a simmering stock?). I bet it will still taste great.
*If you are making a brown stock by roasting the bones, you have already coagulated the surface proteins.
Comment: That actually doesn't make sense. To remove the impurities and end with a clear stock you should start with cold water and slowly simmer the stock. Then skim the top where he impurities will go.  It is also important to take care in straining the stock carefully.
Answer: Pre-boiling can create a lighter-colored stock, especially with beef or pig bones. See: http://www.seriouseats.com/2012/02/how-to-make-tonkotsu-ramen-broth-at-home-recipe.html. This didn't create a clear stock (both versions were opaque), but boiling the bones changed the color of the stock from brown to milky.
I doubt that you'd get as much benefit from doing this with chicken bones, and I'm quite happy using brownish chicken stock for cooking at home. If you're trying to make something as clear as consommé, you'll need to do more than just rinse the bones off.
Answer: I make stock from all animal bones (chicken, beef, pork, haven't tried fish but I just may). Every time icook anything with bones, i make sure I get enough bones to boil for stock. Therfore each stock has all the flavor from how I prepared the mask that time. I never pre boil, you want all those flavors to not be cooked off. If you want a clearer stock, after you've drained the broth from the bones (I boil for about 5 hours on a very low boil, but that's just so I know I get the marrow too) then put some egg shells in the water for another hour or so, and the egg shells will attract the grime and leave the stock looking clearer. Once done boiling, then strain the stock from the egg shells, cool, and I put the broth in ice cube trays and freeze it, then put the cubes in a zip lock in the freezer so I can choose how much I want each time. I also use some stock to make BBQ sauces -primarily pork and beef. It's yummy.


How long would it take for me to mine a bitcoin with a TItan XP nvidia

Question: How long would it take me to mine 1 bitcoin with an nvidia titan xp graphics card?
ty for helping if u do.
Comment: Wait so if this isnt good what should I use to be able to result in the maximum efficient to get bitcoins. I am willing to spend around 2k-3k dollars.
Comment: See the link in my answer. It's a bitcoin mining hardware guide that gives you the price for each piece of hardware along with how much bit coin you can expect to mine. Keep in mind this is constantly changing.
Answer: In short: don't.
The hardware comparison page on the (mostly outdated) Bitcoin wiki does not have information on the Titan XP card, but lists around 200 Mhash/s for the GTX 590. A GTX 590 has 1024 CUDA cores, while the Titan XP has 3840. Extrapolating using this, we can estimate the performance at around 750 Mhash/s.
At the current difficulty, that amount of hashrate will let you mine a block on average once per 135000 years. If you use pooled mining, you can get incremental payouts for shares (partial proof of work). You may earn 1 BTC around once per 10000 years, while paying around $2000000 in electricity costs during that time (at 10c/kWh).
So don't. GPU mining has been superseded by FPGA and ASIC mining since around 2013.
Comment: And this is even assuming that the rewards and difficulty remain constant. So the reality is even worse than this.
Answer: A long time. It's not really feasible to mine bitcoins with gpus anymore as there are special purpose asic chips now used to mine.
According to this link

CPU mining eventually gave way to GPU mining (where 1 GPU = ~28 CPUs)¹
GPU mining eventually gave way to FPGA/ASIC mining (1 ASIC first-gen = ~33 GPUs)¹
ASIC mining rapidly improved until running headlong into Moore's    Law (1 ASIC today = ~212 ASICs first-gen)

Here is a list of what's currently used to mine bitcoin (2017).


Is there any way to convert an Adobe Pagemaker file to PDF?

Question: Is there any way to convert an Adobe Pagemaker file to PDF? Are there any plug ins or any third party softwares?
Answer: I am not familiar with Pagemaker, but if it allows you to print you could always install a PDF printer like CutePDF.
Then simply select "print" in Pagemaker and select the PDF printer as the printer to print to and it should generate the printed output as a PDF file.