Who cleans up the space junk?

Question: All the junk that floats in space above planets like Coruscant, old satellites, garbage, destroyed starfighters, metals, etc. Do they clean that stuff up with special craft? I checked Wookieepedia and I came up with nothing.
Comment: Why would it need to be cleaned up?  Space is BIG after all.
Comment: There are probably space junk scavenger (space jawas?)
Comment: My guess: R2-D2 had a spare day.
Comment: Probably specialized garbage men stationed in space. Also known as spaced junkies.
Comment: Plot twist: WALL-E does it.
Answer: Star-Wars has shield technology.  There is no need to clean up space junk.  Shield = no risk of damage from impact of junk in orbit.
Eventually it all comes down and burns up (or crashes), so gravity cleans up orbital junk.
There are several questions on Space about problems we have.  For the most part these are not issues in the Star Wars universe.
Comment: @matts In the first *Star Wars* movie, *Millennium Falcon* came out of hyperspace into the middle of the remnants of a recently exploded *planet*.  If that kind of debris field wasn't a problem for their shield technology, wrecked spacecraft and little flecks of paint aren't worth cleaning up.
Comment: I don't think shields are a complete answer to the space debris problem. There is already enough debris orbiting the Earth to cause non-negligible problems for our satellites and spacecraft; there would be tons of debris generated around a planet like Coruscant. The debris impact frequency on satellites would be extremely high, and shields require energy and maintenance. Also, [this answer](http://space.stackexchange.com/a/1007/269) on Space indicates that space debris can hang around a long time.
Comment: NASA's [orbital debris FAQ] says the average debris in low orbit is traveling at 8km/s.  That means that for a 1kg piece of space junk, the [kinetic energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy) is on the order of 30 million Joules, or about 8kg [TNT equivalent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalent).  I'd think having to fly through a field of that would be taxing on a ship or satellite's shields.
Comment: Not every ship has shields.
Answer: There are two races who specialize in garbage collection, according to published  sources.
The bad garbage guys are the Ugors, soupy, space-armored religious fanatics who are the SW equivalent of hoarders. They have an entire stellar system which they run as a junkyard/religious shrine. Customers can pay to "make a pilgrimage" and search through the debris for their desires.
The good guys are the schnauser-like, super-recycling Squibs, whose wheeler-dealing culture has been featured in several works. They love to make complicated bargains which wind up making everyone feel like they got away with a great deal.
These two races appeared first in "Scavenger Hunt: An Adventure for Star Wars the Roleplaying Game" by Brad Freeman, published by West End Games (1989). Squibs have appeared subsequently in several works, usually as comic relief.
See also http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Squib for a complete bibliography.
Comment: There are also scavengers who make money by collecting salvage of derelict craft.

Who cleans up the space junk?


How to make my English conversation fluent?

Question: I can read/write English well but a problem arises when speaking and listening. I am not a native English speaker. I know English; my vocabulary is strong enough to speak but I get stuck when speaking to someone in English. What is a way to improve this?
Comment: Hi and welcome to Language Learning Stack Exchange. Could you please add a few more details? For example, what have you tried so far to improve your conversation skills? What sort of problems do you experience? (Understanding other speakers, finding the right words, using appropriate grammar, something else?)
Comment: Could you please [edit] your answer to add that information? Comments may get deleted.
Comment: For example I am talking to my friend or someone in English sometime I forget how to express what I want to say. Sometimes I think in my own language(urdu) and then translate it into English.
Answer: Just from reading the text of your question, I think you probably could learn a lot more from reading. I.e. you have a few minor errors which, although they don't hinder comprehension, are the sorts a native speaker would not make, and that would immediately peg you as a non-native speaker:

"but the problem arises" (you cannot omit the article "the" here)
"I am not native English" (you must say "I am not Native at English" or probably even better "I am not a native speaker of English".)
"What is a better way..." (another missing article!)

That said, if you still can read and write more easily than you can speak, you would do well to focus on your speaking and listening.
There is a ton of audio and video content available in English. I don't know how much you already listen to, but if you're at the level where your listening comprehension is good enough to listen to stuff, I'd try to watch or listen to things every day. Pick stuff based on your interests, with a particular focus on topics that you want to connect with other English speakers about; it will be easier to follow something you are interested in, and the vocabulary you learn will be more useful to you this way.
You might also want to try a tool like Clozemaster, if it's available from Urdu or from any other language you are fluent in, to get exposure to sentences and vocabulary. I have found Clozemaster super useful for "passively" correcting my grammar just by exposing me to a lot of sentences, while it also helps to build vocabulary in a "word recall" context, i.e. I have to think up a word to fill in a gap in a sentence, and this is the context in which I am typically trying to recall words when speaking. So, even though it only has one main exercise type, I have found it surprisingly helpful for improving my speaking. So you might find that using it addresses two of your weak points at once!
The best thing though, is for you to speak with native speakers. If you have access to a group setting where you are surrounded by native speakers, that's great. One-on-one is okay. You can also do this online if you don't have access to any native speakers locally, hire a tutor, or find a language exchange (might be tough as far more Urdu speakers want to learn English than vice versa.) I would avoid settings though (like a classroom) in which you are one of many learners and there is only one or perhaps two native speakers.
And then, ask the native speaker(s) to correct you! This is where you will really start to learn to sound more like a native speaker.
Lastly I want to talk about phonology. English phonology is superficially close enough to Urdu that you can get away with just pronouncing a lot of sounds the way you do in your language, but you will gain a lot (and sound much more natural to English speakers) if you do more work to really master English phonology. It's a bit different, too, if you're learning American English vs. British English, or some other form of English. Pick a target dialect based on where you think you will be or who you want to interact with, and then focus on really mastering the sounds.
Don't give up improving your pronunciation just when you reach the point that you are able to communicate. Keep trying to get better at it.
You may find that if you master the phonology, it improves your listening comprehension which improves your ability to pick up vocabulary. I have certainly found this to be the case in languages (like Russian) that have tricky pronunciation. English has a lot of vowel sounds in particular, and the consonants also do not correspond exactly to the consonants in Urdu even if a lot of them are close-ish. Understanding exactly how they are different will help you a lot.
Good luck! You seem highly motivated, which is going to make it a lot easier!
Answer: Speaking and listening skills are two of the most difficult skills to master as a language learner, especially if your goal is to sound as fluent and natural as possible. However it is not impossible and there are a couple of tips that I have to help you master this skill.
Speak as much as possible
While this sounds counterintuitive practice truly helps even if you are making a lot of mistakes. Your mouth needs to develop the muscle memory to form the sounds for the words you are trying to produce. So practice even if you are speaking to yourself.
Immersion in the language
Surround yourself with English speaking content. Music, movies, commercials, podcasts, etcetera. All of these things should be utilized as much as possible. You are training your ear to hear these sounds which will help when you try to speak. This also helps with grasping colloquial language.
Language learning is a long and challenging process I wish you luck!
Comment: Welcome to Language Learning!
Answer: I have this problem too. Schools in China focus on reading, writing and grammar because they're easier to teach. It's like I know what I want to say but the words don't match my thoughts.
I realized that I had all this dead time in the day when I was washing the dishes or showering etc. I'd just talk to myself in English, and because I have a high level I could hear the mistakes as I was making them. It wasn't anything complicated. On my way to work, I'd describe what was happening in front of me, or the plot of a tv show I watched the night before on Netflix. People in the other cars just think you're talking on a hands-free phone!
Obviously, the best thing to do is hire an English teacher to act as a speaking partner, but not all of us can afford to do that, so for now I use my 'crazy-person' method, and it works.


Any gotchas for using multiple SMTP servers for a single domain?

Question: We want to run the majority of our mail (inbound and outbound) through a third-party service provider. We also want to keep an SMTP server running onsite that will be used with existing automated senders tied to internal projects. A colleague thought there might be problems (getting spam blacklisted, for instance) with operating multiple SMTP servers for one domain. Is there some additional setup (for the domain/nameservice, etc.) that needs to be done to make this work?
Answer: To expound on what Halfgaar has said:
You can operate multiple ourgoing SMTP servers and what you probably want to do is to set up an SPF record in your public DNS namespace that identifies all SMTP servers that are authorized to send email for your domain. Also set up appropriate A and PTR records for any SMTP server sending email for your domain. This is not a guarantess that you won't be blacklisted, but it will go along way to making sure you're not. Make sure that any MX records set up for the domain only point to the third party email provider as you don't want any inbound email going to the onsite SMTP server. Also make sure that any email sent from the onsite SMTP server goes out with reply to addresses that are valid so that replies are sent to legitimate recipients at the third party email provider.
Answer: I'm not really sure I understand what you mean, but here's my two cents:
You can easily use different outgoing SMTP servers, as long as their hostnames resolve properly (otherwise it is a spam suspect).
As for incoming, you can set multiple MX records on a domain, but it is not configurable which one is used; you can only set multiple servers for fall over. In other words, for a domain example.com, you have to add MX records specifying which servers to use whenever you send mail to email@example.com.
Comment: MX records are to tell the world where to deliver email destined for one's domain name - Incoming. Kyle's question is about multiple SMTP serverrs for _outgoing_ delivery.
Answer: In addition to previous answers from joeqwerty, you should also make sure of the following:

Your ISP will allow you to make SMTP connections to the rest of the world.  Most ISPs will only allow TCP port 25 traffic to/from their SMTP servers.  If that's the case, you can set your internal SMTP server to relay all email through your ISPs email server.
Make sure the IP that your internal server is using is added to the DNS SPF record for your domain.


iTunes Match - No More Backups Needed?

Question: I subscribed to iTunes Match the other day (it just came to the UK) and was thinking - now that iTunes Match is backing up my library, ratings, playcounts and all that awesome stuff, I no longer need to include it in my time machine backup, right? It's matched 99% of the songs in my library and I'm not going to miss the others a great deal - I use Spotify very heavily as well, and if I don't need to backup my music (~100gb) I no longer need a larger backup hard drive :D
Comment: 100GB?! Did you store your music as Apple Lossless? iTunes Match has a 'quality limit' of 256 kbps AAC. Thus, I would not regard it as an identical backup because I use 320 kbps encoding or higher.
Comment: I stopped and thought about that too, after I submitted the post. I actually have around 45gb of music and another 50ish of Apple-purchased film / tv which managed to find it's way into the same folders. My music is mainly from iTunes and Amazon MP3, which AFAIK is 256kbps anyway, and backed up in purchase from whence it came anyway - I'm most concerned with ratings and playlists.
Answer: No, you don't need a backup any more. iTunes Match stores nothing in the Cloud, it activates your songs in the iTunes Store, and only the songs iTunes doesn't have are uploaded to the Apple Server.
But if your HDD suffers damage, you have to download all your 50 GB again.
Answer: At this point in history, it seems unlikely that Apple is going anywhere, what with their gigantic cash reserve, profits, market capitalization, etc. That said, many apparently successful companies have collapsed and closed quickly, and the data they hosted sometimes disappeared. Less dramatically, individual accounts can get deleted, passwords lost, or access revoked for one reason or another.
In a nutshell, iTunes Match should serve as a backup. How much peace of mind would it gain you to have your own backup of your music in the unlikely but not impossible event that it fails you?
Answer: I have a rule which I apply to backups: Use more than one approach. I have an iPod Classic with an 80 GB HD, this is used as an external HD to store my entire iTunes Media folder and is backed up weekly using Carbon Copy Cloner.
I back up everything on my Leopard & Lion Macs with Time Machine and alternate between two different external HDs, on of which is kept off-site at a location I visit each at least twice per week. This HD is only at home for 36 hours at the most.
I also use two Carbon Copy Cloner external HDs so I have a bootable clone should  it be necessary.
I have copies of my Web Receipts folders stored on Dropbox so I can refer to receipts from one Mac while using another.
Answer: Yes, but only as long as you NEVER expect to unsubscribe from iTunes Match, or to transfer to another ecosystem. Personally I would keep a backup.
Comment: What happens if you unsubscribe from iTunes Match? Will your track list be deleted, or will it only be disabled until you renew your subscription?

iTunes Match - No More Backups Needed?


What's the most efficient mining pattern?

Question: Assuming that you are going to start mining from surface to underground, what is the most efficient mining pattern that guarantees the highest probabilities to find mineral? It would be nice to have a pattern that allow also to go back to the surface easily.
Comment: Would you object to using mapping tools? There are a couple available: [this one](http://www.terrariaonline.com/threads/terraria-map-viewer.4226/) which is quick to generate and gives you an overview, highlighting where chests and minerals are; or [this one](http://terrariamapgenerator.codeplex.com/) which will generate a highly detailed map, but takes a lot longer to generate. Using one of these tools would certainly mean that you could mine efficiently (knowing exactly where the minerals are), but takes away from the fun of exploring. However, I'm not sure that this is what you're asking for
Comment: The best pattern is to use TNT. Nothing can go wrong, except for the possibility of getting blown to bits...
Comment: @EpicKid Except for the fact that Dynamite and TNT cost much more than what is received through mining. Economically it isn't worth it.
Comment: How about Spelunker potion + ropes? Just dig a hell hole and grab anything usefull on the way. Add rope for quick get-back techique. Also finding a decent cave is usually better then just digging randomly.
Answer: Personally i'm using a grid of tunnels. The vertical tunnels are using every 5 block a wooden platform to jump up or down.
<code>  |L|  M  |L|
 _| |_____| |__
 _ L _____ L __
  | |   M | |
  |L|     |L|
  | |     | |
</code>

L = Wooden Platform (you can jump through up or down)
M = Minerals
Comment: I play for the fun of exploring the underground. I go where my mood takes me. Sometimes, after days of not going underground, I would stumble on my old shafts and recollect the memories of what I did there, and what I stashed in chests nearby.
Comment: i build my mining house when i reach the magma... and now i spawn here every time...
Comment: +1 I never thought of doing it this way. :D In addition, if you have a bed and you've set your spawn point, you could always Save & Exit after mining. You'll end up right back in your house.
Comment: you can build houses only above 0 not underground
Answer: the best pattern is running through natural caves, that is until you get stacked.. then you mine your way the the next cave..
Answer: Like Joe, I also use the grid of vertical/horizontal tunnels techniques.
Horizontal shafts are 3 blocks tall with periodic dams to minimize flooding if I pop an underground lake. My horizontal shafts are roughly 300 - 400 ft apart (using the depth meter) and line up with where the background textures change (dirt -> rocky dirt -> all rock.)
Vertical shafts are 2 blocks wide with wooden platforms every 6 blocks up to act as a ladder. I space them apart by counting aloud between 10 to 15 seconds while running in the horizontal shafts.
Digging the tunnels takes a long time but it helps if you craft a good pick (demonite or better) and/or get some friends. Be careful about digging though the dungeon (skulls) and flooding your tunnels with the oceans on either edge of the map. The fire imps in the underworld also make tunneling a PITA. I suggest building your bottommost horizontal tunnel right above where they start spawning.
I guess this isn't really the most "efficient" pattern, bit it is thorough. And it's convenient once you have a highway to run from one side of the map to the other. I also have used it to flood hell, which was funny.
Answer: Piggybacking on what jaminja said on comment about map viewers, I can state the following:

Ores are generally well distributed on the overworld, with exception of where the game spawned certain structures (i.e. the Corruption, the Dungeon).
As you go lower, you will get more valuable/advanced ores (i.e. from copper to iron and gold)
The jungle has an increased chance to spawn more ores than other biomes.

Eventually, if you dig straight down, you will reach a cavern. And due to the distribution of ores, creating a pattern such as the one showed by Joe can probably not be worthwhile. I say this because I've done something similar, to the whole map (although it was to eventually seal off the hard-mode map).
Making a pattern in the jungle is hard, mostly due to the presence of enemies and because the jungle has already several empty spaces.

The only place where I needed to make a pattern was in the Underworld, as the lava that comes from the Hellstone is cumbersome to deal with, alongside with the Fire Imps.
Taking advantage of the Imp's spawning algorithm, I design my Underworld mine with the following criteria:

Horizontal corridors can't have more than 3 blocks height.
Vertical corridors can't have more than 2 locks width.
Rooms need to have some "hanging" blocks, such that the before mentioned is verified.
Leave an ash border 1 block thick around Hellstone, as to contain the lava.

Having any sort of wide pattern is prejudicial when hard-mode ores come into play, as the spawning algorithm, instead of spawning a block of ore, replaces several blocks to the corresponding hard-mode ore. Also, since at that time you may have access to the ingredients needed to make Spelunker Potions, having a pattern is only helpful if it helps you reach lower levels.


Non-elementary examples of nearly normal subgroups

Question: $H$ is called a nearly normal subgroup of a group $G$ if it is of finite index in its normal closure, $H^G:=\cup_{g\in G} gHg^{-1}$, in $G$. Clearly, every normal subgroup or subgroup of finite index of $G$ is nearly normal. I am not interested in finite subgroups either. I am looking for infinite nearly normal subgroups of infinite index in well-known groups. By a well-known group, I mean a group that some of its basic properties like amenability, growth or its geometric nature (the spaces it acts) have been studied in the literature.
Answer: Take any infinite group with an infinite-index normal subgroup. Say, the free group on two generators with the commutator subgroup. Then take a finite index subgroup of the normal subgroup. This particular normal subgroup is the free group on countably infinite generators, and so has many finite-index subgroups. Most are not normal, but all are nearly normal.
This feels somewhat unsatisfying, though. Presumably the only way to get something satisfying is to find a nearly normal subgroup whose definition is more natural than the corresponding normal subgroup. I do not know any subgroups like that.
Comment: @ Will: Thank you for your answer. It is stimulating. But I am looking for very concrete examples. For instance, is $SL(2,\mathbb{Z})$ nearly normal in $GL(2,\mathbb{Q})$?
Comment: @Vahid: SL(2, Q) is simple modulo its center, so SL(2,Z) is not nearly normal in GL(2,Q). If you want concrete examples, take any finite index non-normal subgroup H<G_1. Then H is nearly normal in G=G_1\times G_1. For instance, take G_1=SL(2,Z) and H<G_1 be the subgroup of matrices which reduce to upper-triangular modulo some prime p.


Display Ubercart sell price in Apache Solr search results

Question: I manage an ubercart store that is indexed by Apache Solr. The search indexes the sell price and it's one of the facets. However, the price is nowhere in search-result.tpl.php. It's also not available in the search results preprocess hook in template.php. Is there somewhere else I can inject it into the search results without performing a separate database query for each search result.
Answer: You can index it using solr's dynamic fields (see your schema.xml in the solr conf directory) and a custom module hook, namely hook_apachesolr_update_index().
Then you can, at search time, add the field you have indexed into the fields being fetched. For this you have three hooks or 'hooks' to choose from: hook_apachesolr_prepare_query(), hook_apachesolr_modify_query() and CALLER_finalize_query().
For further information on the hooks, see the README.txt in the apachesolr module directory.
Then in your search-result.tpl.php you'll have available the custom indexed field as $result['fields']['your_field_name'].
Comment: Just discovered that  http://drupal.stackexchange.com/a/5088/5678 pretty much covers the same basics, although not the search result template.


Negotiating for a higher hourly rate for RA position?

Question: I am a Ph.D student. A professor from another university is interested in hiring me part-time for a project that he just received funding for. I am interested in the work (to hone my own skills) but I have asked and he has said that a co-authorship is unlikely to come out of this. The hourly rate is a bit lower than I have been used to—would it be appropriate to ask for a higher hourly rate? I'm having trouble thinking about how I would phrase it.
Comment: Are you moving to that university, or are you remaining at your current one, trying to work in two places for two professors? If the latter, this could end badly...
Answer: I think that under the circumstances you could just state your requirements. It doesn't seem like he is offering you very much professionally so you should ask for what you want to make it attractive.
Of course, he may not be able to offer what you want, or may be unwilling to do so. But you are giving up your current position to do this and the rewards seem a bit nebulous.
Other considerations might apply, of course. Is he a superstar that can/will advance your career otherwise? Is his position on co-authorship firm?
Think about the whole package.


Does a Firbolg's Hidden Step count as a spell or cantrip?

Question: I am making a Firbolg Druid, and I was wondering if the racial feature Hidden Step (Invisible as a Bonus Action) counts as a Spell or a Cantrip? I can't find anything that specifically says. I want to possibly use a spell and then use the Hidden Step and move away.
Comment: Related on [Can Fade Away be counterspelled?](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/136117/can-fade-away-be-counterspelled)
Comment: Related: [What counts as a spell?](//rpg.stackexchange.com/q/131495)
Answer: Neither.
The ability states that you magically become invisible. You do not have to cast the Invisibility spell to do so.
Answer: It does not count as either a spell or a cantrip.
An ability is a spell if it says it counts as a spell, or if it references a specific spell in the book.
For example, the Drow's Drow Magic ability says:

You know the dancing lights cantrip.  When you reach 3rd level, you can cast the faerie fire spell once per day...

That hits on both points: those are specific spells from the book referenced by name, and the description uses the words 'cantrip' and 'spell' just to be extra clear that they are in fact those things. So you can't, for example, use your racial faerie fire if you already used a bonus action to cast healing word this turn.
But the firbolg's Hidden Step doesn't say any of that, so it isn't a spell or a cantrip, and doesn't restrict your ability to cast other spells during the same turn. It's just a special bonus action you can do, like a rogue's Cunning Action.
Answer: Feats and spell-like abilities are not spells
Jeremy Crawford, lead rules designer for D&D 5e, says:

Want to know what spells look like? See "Spells" (PH, 211–89). Nothing else is a spell unless it is presented as a spell or called one. (Crawford)

See this answer on a related question for a detailed discussion of what is a spell.
Since a racial feature is not a spell, there is nothing preventing you from casting a spell and then using Hidden Step.
Answer: Neither
As Destruktor pointed out, Hidden Step is not a spell or cantrip, but a racial ability. A feature is only a spell or cantrip if there is text in the rules saying it is.
That being said, I think you're misunderstanding the rules on bonus action spells, since you said that the reason you wanted to know if Hidden Step was a spell or cantrip was:

I want to possibly use a spell and then use the Hidden Step and move away.

Note that cantrips are examples of spells, and the rules say that:

A spell cast with a bonus action is especially swift. You must use a bonus action on your turn to cast the spell, provided that you haven't already taken a bonus action this turn.  You can't cast another spell during the same turn, except for a cantrip with a casting time of 1 action. (PHB., p. 203)

So if Hidden Step had been a cantrip that took a bonus action to cast (like shillelagh is), you also couldn't use your action to cast another spell (other than another cantrip). So it's a good thing that Hidden Step is not a spell (cantrip or otherwise).

Does a Firbolg’s Hidden Step count as a spell or cantrip?


Bank statement requirements for UK standard visa

Question: I've read multiple answers regarding this question here on stack flow but still I want some clarification on my case.
I want to apply for UK standard visa next year to sit some tests.
One of the most important things as I understood was bank statement and other things that prove you have ties to your country that will force you to return to your country by the end of the visit.
My income is about $1650 monthly from 2 jobs and my wife's income is $800 monthly from 1 job in a public hospital.
I work in a public hospital as a doctor earning $750, and as part-time pharmaceutical salesperson in a private company earning $900.
I can provide a proof for my income from my job in the hospital with all legal certification and stamps from a governmental regulating body, but not from my second job since I can't authorize or certify the letter from my employer because it's not a properly regulated business in my country and there are no official documents regarding this, I can only provide a simple letter in English language from this employer explaining (my role, my salary, the period I've been employed) with their stamp only but no other official stamp from a governmental or a regulating body.
My bank account currently have a $700 after I have drawn about $6000 for house renewals.
I will restart depositing money again next month, and I want to reach like $12000 by next year to appear financially stable and capable. So what are my options?
Can I declare I have 2 jobs and I can deposit like $1250 monthly? Or keep my second private job a secret and that I only earn $750 monthly and deposit a monthly amounts of $500-$600 in proportion to this income?
Should I deposit and draw money regularly, or can I explain that I deposit about 75% of my monthly income because I keep %25 of it as it's enough for my monthly living specially that I live in family-owned house and I don't pay any rent?
Is it enough for me to have a bank statement so me and my wife can travel together to UK, or we should have separate accounts and both present a bank statement? Or we can have a joint account where we deposit like $1300 monthly together and both apply to visa using a bank statement for this joint account?
I'm short of time and need to do things properly and accurately starting next month so please help me.
Comment: Do you not have pay slips?
Answer: I believe most companies in private sector can provide just a simple letter stating the needed information with a company header and a company stamp. This is what my husband and I attached to the application earlier this year and it was apparently enough. Also, we have a joint accout and it was fine too.


Comment Deletion guidelines?

Question: What are the guidelines and/or time table for comment deletion? I feel some comment threads get pruned way too early compared to deletions on other stacks. While comments are not meant to stay forever, on here they disappear too soon. Maybe overzealous comment deletion.
Comment: I have had a few times on this site where I could tell that comments had been deleted because the ones that remained made reference to ones that had been deleted. In all cases, this within a couple of days after the comments had been made (in almost all cases I was looking back through posts on a Monday that had been posted over the weekend). That might be a bit quick.
Comment: Not jealousy. Overzealous means too strict or trigger happy in deleting comment threads. I don't feel targeted, just see an overall trend to delete comments very very quickly.
Comment: @djmadscribbler Though, when deleting comments I try to make sue that any other comments still make sense and if they are the basis for other important comments which wouldn't work without them, they'll likely not get deleted (in full). But if a day or a year, a useless comment is a useless comment.
Comment: Comments which have no significance anymore can be deleted anytime. But only mod and owner can do that. There is not automated script for it and we are not that strict with comment either, so there is no fix formula for it. But flagged comment got handled on priority, jealousy have nothing to do here, as invalid flags got rejected.
Comment: Have you faced any problem with comment deletion?
Comment: Ok, Anyways , if comment have no significance anymore, i don't think  deleting quickly will do any bad. Specifically seen in ID, asker mostly adds additional information in comments and this comment have no use after question updation.
Comment: @NapoleonWilson I agree completely. In the cases I'm referring to they didn't make sense to me as without the other comments that were referenced in the remaining comments the thread was indecipherable. I suspect that one of the folks who was part of the exchange was the one who cleaned up the comments so it made sense to them. But coming in cold the remaining comments could have been removed as well because they made no sense on their own.
Comment: @djmadscribbler In this case I'd rather suggest people to flag the remaining comments that are not theirs, too, otherwise there's no chance moderators will even notice that. But thanks for bringing this up, I might add that into the answer.
Answer: The same guidelines as everywhere on SE, which means not so many other than that comments are not for extended discussion irrelevant to the question.
There are many comments that are downright useless or obsolete on the matter:

Impolite comments that may not be downright offensive but scratch the boundary of constructive criticism. (Flag as not constructive if not offensive.)

Comments asking for clarification and/or edits that have already been incorporated into the actual post. (Flag as obsolete.)

Old comments discussing long-decided policies inspired/related to the question but which have since been resolved. (Flag as obsolete.)

"Thank you" and "+1" comments that don't mention any actual specific reasons why the post is so valuable (or stupid reasons like "+1 for that funny phrase that made me chuckle"). Those users have already expressed their appreciation by voting on the post or accepting the answer. (Flag as obsolete or too chatty.)
Though, it can be useful to leave "Thank you" comments alive when they point out that the answer is absolutely correct but it hasn't been accepted. In this case those comments can serve as entry points for enlightening the likely inexperienced users about the acceptance feature.

Overly annoyed complaints about unexplained downvotes. While asking why your post was downvoted and where its problems are can help to clarify matters and improve your post, doing so in a rather annoyed and huffy tone rarely helps the cause at all. (Flag as not constructive.)

Diverging discussions inspired by the question but rambling on about a topic entirely irrelevant on the matter. Those tend to clutter up the comment section leading to an extended trail that is of no actual use for anyone interested in the question. For such discussions chat is the perfect tool. (Flag as too chatty or even not constructive.)

Answers to closed questions in comments. Those are discouraged on SE due to being detrimental for encouraging users to improve their questions and adapt to the site's rules. (Flag as not constructive.)

Now this doesn't mean that any side comment that's not about the question is to be deleted immediately. Sometimes there are interesting side notes on a question, providing related, if not directly relevant, information. If it has actual information value and touches a topic related to the question, then it sure has some value and as long as they don't devolve into extended discussion, they don't pose much harm. That doesn't mean they couldn't ever get deleted, but it lowers their chances to be.

As for when they get deleted, there's no actual guidelines on that either. The moderators likely won't just surf old questions/answers and see if they can delete some comments. However, there are some factors that might favour comment deletion:

A flag has been issued on the comment. This of course sheds light on the comments and the validity of the flag has to be assessed and acted upon accordingly. This may result in additional comments on the whole thread to get deleted due to the attention spent on its comments.
A question has an unnaturally large comment section. This could point to extended discussion that more often than not is of no use anymore and can thus be pruned for conciseness and relevance if necessary.
There is additional attention spent on Hot Network Questions, which often attract many 101 users that might have something "interesting" to say on the matter (while not interesting enough for an actual answer). Not all of those comments are useless of course, but they can sometimes be of very marginal and chatty nature, especially due to our supposedly "trivial and funny" site topic in general. So we keep an eye on those questions and try to inhibit such discussions early on before they get out of control, especially since those questions have to show us from our best side.

But at the end of the day, it's still a game of luck when a comment is deemed irrelevant and deletable. This is not to say that the moderators just throw a dice for each comment, only that pondering about why this comment got deleted and that comment was allowed to stay when you think it should be the other way around is of not much use for your sanity. Don't grow too attached to your comments, especially if they are of rather marginal nature.
This however doesn't mean you should not bring it to meta if you really feel a highly valuable comment has been deleted without any reason or if your flag has been declined while you strongly think it should have been validated. Don't feel discouraged to bring up any specific examples where you see the moderators possibly violating a sane comment policy (as long as it's not just "but my joke was totally funny, why you no let me express myself?" ;-)).

As a further note, if you yourself choose to delete your own comments for any of the above reasons, please try to keep an eye on the surrounding comments and if they still make sense without yours. Feel free to flag any of the other users' comments as obsolete if they are no longer relevant then.
And in general, if you choose to help in comment moderation by appropriate flagging and happen to come across a huge comment discussion under a single post that's largely irrelevant, feel free to just flag the post itself with a custom moderator flag and an appropriate message if you don't want to indulge into flagging each and every single comment.

Comment Deletion guidelines?


How indistinguishable is blue from green really?

Question: 青 ao seems to be used very much interchangeably for both blue and green. Why is that so, and how does 緑 midori play into this?
Comment: The distinction of blue from yellow-green is one of the last "basic" color terms (one word) to evolve in most languages, according to the seminal studies of Kay and Berlin: See this [Wikipedia text and chart](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms) for info.  You can even see it in English: Apparently, once upon a time in Old English, we did not distinguish between _yellow_ (yellow-greenish) and _blue_; if you  check the etymologies, one finds that they go back to the same PIE root, _*bhle-was_.
Comment: @hippietrail: ブルー is definitely used in modern Japanese, but I usually hear it in reference to the emotion rather than the color.
Comment: I'm sure I heard somebody saying gairaigo "blue" in the last 2 or 3 days also...
Comment: @Derek: Ah that could be, it was among volunteers cleaning up Kesennuma/Minami Sanriku and I could by know means follow the rest of what was being said.
Comment: @hippietrail *Otsukaresama!* `_(_ _)_`
Comment: @deceze: That's also a word I learned over the weekend! (-:
Comment: @deceze what's that sign _ ( _ _ ) _ ?
Comment: @Pacerier An *[emoji](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji)* bow.
Comment: @deceze cool do japanese use these alot when texting? (the image in the link shows 5 in just one short msg.. normally we'd only use 1 or 2?)
Comment: @Pacerier `―(T_T)→` Man, do they ever! `_| ̄|○` There are so many *emoji* it's hard to keep track! `(゚Д゚≡゚Д゚)` A lot of them are really awesome, too! `( ̄▽ ̄)ノ_彡` *Emoji* are a distinguishing factor for choosing mobile phone providers, for crying out loud! `∑(O_O;)` http://club.pep.ne.jp/~hiroette/en/facemarks/
Comment: @deceze lolz gd link
Answer: Beside some of the historical examples mentioned by Derek, there is also an inherent nuance that separates 青 from 'blue', as it is commonly understood in Western culture (and similarly, albeit less strongly, for 緑 and 'green'). This is not unique to Japanese-English and probably applicable to any pairs of sufficiently separate cultures: colours are, for a large part, an artificial construct and there is only limited reasons two people should pick the same arbitrary frontier along the green-blue continuum (or red-orange, or yellow-green etc). I recommend digging in Google Scholar for more on that, but it's worth mentioning that there is much debate on what the causes and extent of these differences between cultures are.
Anyway, back to 青/緑:  leaving aside the fact that the past 100 years of intermingling with Western culture have no doubt influenced the native Japanese perception of these colours, there is still a real difference between the range of what a Japanese will call 青い and a Westerner call 'blue' (talking about pure colours here, not objects' traditional colours, which might be tied to historical reasons). 'Blue' for 青 and 'green' for 緑 are just approximations (as are probably most other native colour translations).
A diagram might be the easiest way to put it. Assuming that horizontal line represents the true continuum of hues from blue to green, and the vertical bars, the separation between the two colours in Japanese and English respectively, you'd have:
<code>    青い        |  緑
ーーーーーーーーーーーーー
  Blue  |  Green
</code>
As a result, when talking about something on the far left (say, the sky) or the far right (say, fresh verdure), both English and Japanese words agree quite well. If you pick things that are in that middle area where the definitions do not match, you get these quizzical looks and people arguing "what do you mean green? it's obviously blue!" etc.
Sorry for the longwinded answer to what is a fairly basic/obvious point... ;-)
Comment: Don't apologize this is a great answer!
Comment: For more (completely Japanese-unrelated) musings on the subjectivity of colour perception *and naming*, I strongly recommend checking this awesome [xkcd project](http://blog.xkcd.com/2010/05/03/color-survey-results/) that surveyed internet users on how they view colours and analysed their results (unfortunately without nationality information)... particularly the [colour naming map](http://imgs.xkcd.com/blag/satfaces_map_1024.png), which is a 2D version of what I tried to do above...
Comment: The link to the paper at `springerlink.com` is broken. I'm also unable to find any copy saved on the Wayback Machine.
Answer: This page in the 日本語Q&A over at ALC addresses this question. Apparently the historical definition of 青【あお】, even when defined narrowly, covered an entire range of colors which are today separated as 青【あお】, 緑【みどり】, and 藍【あい】 (indigo). This trend carried into the modern language, and many words which refer to things that are actually 緑【みどり】 still use 青【あお】: 青葉【あおば】 and 青竹【あおだけ】 are two examples given on the linked page. (This in spite of the fact that 緑【みどり】 has existed alongside 青【あお】 all this time.)
Apparently when traffic signals came along, 緑信号【みどりしんごう】 was the official name at first, but it was eventually overtaken by 青信号【あおしんごう】 in common use and this latter name became the official term.
Comment: [More on color (non-)universality](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Color_Terms:_Their_Universality_and_Evolution).
Comment: This actually happens in all languages, it's one of the puzzles of linguistics. They're still trying to figure out how and why Latin colour words were applied.
Answer: This partially also has to do with the fact that in old Japanese they only used four colours: あか・あお・しろ・くろ.  Obviously, with this limitation, あお came to represent a wide range of different cool shades.  Then once more "colours started to be used", a lot of things retained their original descriptions as あお.
Edit:  Here is that handout I have from my Japanese teacher which I describe below in the comment.  It is from a book she has, but I don't have the reference for it.

まめ知識

昔の日本では、あか(紅)・あお(緑)・しろ(白)・くろ(黒)の四色
  この四色は、「青く[ない]、青かっ[た]、青い[。]、青い[物]、青けれ[ば]...」と活用するように、
  「青い・赤い・黒い・白い」といずれも形容詞になります。
  それに対して、緑は形容詞として「緑い」とは使えません。
  また「青々と」「赤々と」「黒々と」「白々と」のように副詞にできるのに対して、「緑々と」という表現はありません。
  このような点から、青・赤・黒・白の四語と緑は、別なのではないかと考えられます。
  文献上で「緑」が用いられるのは、平安時代ごろからです。 *注)平安時代:794〜1185
  それ以前は、青いが黒から白までの間の広い範囲の色を表したようです。
  (特に現代の青・緑・藍の三色を表すことが多かったようです。)
1930年に日本で初めて信号機が設置されたとき、
  法令では緑色信号だったのですが、新聞が「青」と掲載してしまったことや、
  色の三原色、赤・青・黄にあてはめると理解されやすかったために「青」信号が定着してしまいました。
  1947年には法令でも青信号と呼ぶようになりました。
  日本語の青を表す範囲は広く、「青りんご」や「青葉」など緑のものも青と呼んでいます。
  ちなみに現在の信号機は緑ではなく青緑色で点灯前は青になっているはずです。
あお   青・蒼・藍 → 空・顔色・信号・草
  みどり  緑・翠・碧
Comment: Would love to hear more, thanks... At the risk of stirring up some old controversies, I'd recommend taking any statement that starts by "Japan always had/has X of Y, unlike all other cultures" with a huge grain of grain of salt, regardless of what native authority figure utters it. In my personal experience the love of 日本人論 way too often trumps critical sense and fact-checking in these instances...
Comment: @Dave: An alternative analysis is that there are only four (surviving) Yamato words that are *only* colour words: _aka_, _ao_, _shiro_, _kuro_.  _Murasaki_ originally referred to "wisteria" the plant, as suggested also in the etymology (_mura_ from 群{む}る "to group together", _saki_ from 咲{さ}く "to bloom").  _Midori_ originally referred to new plant buds, and this term likely also has a compound derivation.  The other various colour words are (I think) all borrowings from Chinese, such as 黄{き}色{いろ} or 銀{ぎん}, or obvious compounds of native words, such as 狐{きつね}色{いろ} or 鼠{ねずみ}色{いろ}.
Comment: @istrasci: Do you have any sources for this claim? I must admit this sounds a little sketchy... Even if you discount the numerous "○色" compounds (茶色 etc.), which I see no reason to, I am pretty sure you would still have more than 4 colour-defining words in older Japanese. 紫【むらさき】 to pick one at random, is pretty old. The Jp Wikipedia for [dyes](http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/染料) lists many more, in use since "ancient times"...
Comment: Yes, admittedly it sounds very questionable.  The only source I have is a type-up I received from my Japanese teacher.  I know she didn't make it up, but I don't know where she got it from.  I'll add it later (during my lunch hour) as a comment.
Comment: +1 for stressing the importance of sources. I very much agree with Dave in this. Personally, I call it the "Cultural Blackhole argument".
Comment: @istrasci: thanks a lot for taking the time to type this up. Regarding the first bullet point (rest makes sense and only applies to usage in very specific instances): seems your teacher's claim is that pre-Heian (literature?) only has 4 colours (assuming one even considers white and black to be so). This is factually and verifiably wrong: to pick one example out of many, Asuka era's [冠位十二階](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Level_Cap_and_Rank_System) (more info on the Jp link), clearly uses 紫 or 黄 and predates Heian by a century...
Comment: An even more exhaustive list is provided on [this Wikipedia page](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan): although no exact date is provided, it is indicated that most of the names come from China, and would therefore be about as old as Japanese literature itself. | One last point: your teacher seems a bit confused on colour theory when she presents 青 as "spanning" a spectrum between white and black in ancient times. Regardless of language idiosyncrasies, I'm certain even Japanese of that era understood colour theory enough to know better.
Comment: Hmm, interesting.  Like I said, I know she didn't just make this up and give it to me.  I know she copied it out of one of her many materials, so who knows where it came from.  One a tangential note, does anyone else besides me **LOVE** the alternate kanji for blue and green??  I used them whenever I can.


Best way to invest money as a 22 year old?

Question: I currently have a small sum of money of less than $1000, but will be reaching greater than $1000 over the summer due to a summer waiter job. I have been reading about the stock market, but so far I heard that it is pretty much pointless to invest unless you have a larger sum of money, so what do I do here? Keep saving and not invest or put towards a smart investment?
Comment: Do _none_ of the already answered questions shown as _linked_ or _related_ in the right-hand column have anything useful for you?
Comment: People seem to be offering some U.S.-specific advice. What country are you in?
Comment: What goal would you have for investing this money: Education expenses, a house, a vacation, or retirement?
Comment: You might want to look at [this question](http://money.stackexchange.com/questions/1625/best-way-to-start-investing-for-a-young-person-just-starting-their-career).  I'm not sure it's a duplicate as your question seems to be more specifically what to do with a relatively small amount of money, but the answers there may give you some ideas.  As it is, your question is pretty vague.  Where did you hear that it's pointless to invest with only $1000?  It may be more difficult with less money (in that some funds require minimum initial investment), but I wouldn't say it's pointless.
Answer: What is the goal of the money?  If it is to use in the short term, like savings for a car or college, then stick it in the bank and use it for that purpose.
If you really want this money to mean something, then in my opinion you have only one choice:  Open a ROTH IRA with something like Vanguard or Fidelity and invest in an index fund.  Then do something that will be very difficult:  Don't touch it.
By the time you are 65, it will grow to about 60,000.  However, assuming a 20% tax bracket, the value of that money is really more like 75,000.
Clearly this will not make or break you either way.  The way you live the rest of your life will have far more of an impact.  It will get you started on the right path.
BTW this is advice I gave my son who is about your age, and does not earn a ton of money as a state trooper.  Half of his overtime pay goes into a ROTH.  If he lives the rest of his life like he does now, he will be a wealthy man despite making an average income.  No debt, and investing a decent portion of his pay.
Answer: Most important: Any gains you make from risking this sum of money over the next few years will not be life changing, but if you can't afford to lose it, then losses can be.
Rhetorical question: How can you trust what I say you should do with your money?
Answer: You can't.
I'm happy to hear you're reading about the stock market, so please allow me to encourage you to keep learning.  And broaden your target to investing, or even further, to financial planning.  You may decide to pay down debt first.  You may decide to hold cash since you need it within a couple years.
Least important: I suggest a Roth IRA at any online discount brokerage whose fees to open an account plus 1 transaction fee are the lowest to get you into a broad-market index ETF or mutual fund.
Answer: Hopefully this $1000 is just a start, and not the last investment you will ever make. Assuming that, there are a couple of big questions to consider:
One: What are you saving for? Are you thinking that this is for retirement 40 or 50 years from now, or something much sooner, like buying a car or a house?
You didn't say where you live. In the U.S., if you put money into an IRA or a 401k or some other account that the government classes as a retirement account, you don't pay taxes on the profits from the investment, only on the original principal. If you leave the money invested for a long period of time, the profits can be many times the original investment, so this makes a huge difference.
Like suppose that you pay 15% of your income in state and local taxes.  And suppose you invest your $1000 in something that gives a 7% annual return and leave it there for 40 years. (Of course I'm just making up numbers for an example, but I think these are in a plausible range. And I'm ignoring the difference between regular income tax and capital gains tax, etc etc. It doesn't change the point.) If you put the money in a classic IRA, you pay 0% taxes the year you open the account, so you have your full $1000, figure that compound interest for 40 years, you'll end up with -- crunch crunch crunch the numbers -- $14,974. Then you pay 15% when you take it leaving you with $12,728. (The end result with a Roth IRA is exactly the same. Feel free to crunch those numbers.)
But now suppose you invest in a no-retirement account so you have to pay taxes every year. Your original investment is only $850 because you have to pay tax on that, and your effective return is only 5.95% because you have to pay 15% of the 7%. So after 40 years you have -- crunch crunch -- $10,093. Quite a difference.
But if you put money in a retirement account and then take it out before you retire, you pay substantial penalties. I think it's 20%. If you plan to take the money out after a year or two,  that would really hurt.
Two: How much risk are you willing to take? The reality of investment is that, almost always, the more risk you take, the bigger the potential returns, and vice versa. Investments that are very safe tend to have very low returns. As you're young, if you're saving for retirement, you can probably afford a fairly high amount of risk. If you lose a lot of money this year, odds are you'll get it back over the next few years, or at least be able to put more money into investments to make up for it. If you're 64 and planning to retire next year, you want to take very low-risk investments.
In general, investing in government bonds is very safe but has very low returns. Corporate bonds are less safe but offer higher returns. Stocks are a little more. Of course different companies have different levels of risk: new start-ups tend to be very risky, but can give huge returns. Commodities are much higher risk. Buying on margin or selling short are ways to really leverage your money, but you could end up losing more than you invested. Mutual funds are a relatively safe way to invest in stocks and bonds because they spread your risk over many companies.
Three: How much effort are you willing to put into managing your investments? How much do you know about the stock market and the commodities market and international finance and so on, and how much are you willing to learn? If your answer is that you know a lot about these things or are willing to dive in and learn a lot, that you can invest in individual stocks, bonds, commodities, etc. If your answer is that you really don't know much about all this, then it makes a lot of sense to just put your money into a mutual fund and let the people who manage the fund do all the work.
Answer: The classic answer is simple. Aim to build up a a financial cushion that is the equivalent of 3 times your monthly salary. This should be readily accessible and in cash, to cover any unforeseen expenses that you may incur (car needs repairing, washing machine breaks down etc).
Once you have this in place its then time to think about longer term investments. Monthly 'drip feeding' into a mutual stock based investment fund is a good place to start. Pick a simple Index based or fund with a global investment bias and put in a set amount that you can regularly commit to each month.
You can get way more complicated but for sheer simplicity and longer term returns, this is a simple way to build up some financial security and longer term investments.
Answer: First off, monozok is right, at the end of the day, you should not accept what anyone says to do without your money - take their suggestions as directions to research and decide for yourself.  I also do not think what you have is too little to invest, but that depends on how liquid you need to be.  Often in order to make a small amount of money grow via investments, you have to be willing to take all the investment profits from that principle and reinvest it.  Thus, can you see how your investment ability is governed by the time you plan to spend without that money?  They mantra that I have heard from many people is that the longer you are able to wait, the more 'risk' you can take.  As someone who is about the same age as you (I'm 24) I can't exactly say yet that what I have done is sure fire for the long term, but I suggest you adopt a few principles:
1) Go read "A Random Walk Down Wall Street" by Burton G. Malkiel.  A key point for you might be that you can do better than most of these professional investors for hire simply by putting  more money in a well selected index fund.  For example, Vanguard is a nice online service to buy indexes through, but they may require a minimum.
2) Since you are young, if you go into any firm, bank, or "financial planner," they will just think you are naive and try to get you to buy whatever is best for them (one of their mutual funds, money market accounts, annuities, some flashy cd).   Don't.  You can do better on your own and while it might be tempting because these options look more secure or well managed, most of the time you will barely make above inflation, and you will not have learned very much.
3) One exciting thin you should start learning now is about algorithmic trading because it is cool and super efficient. quantopian.com is a good platform for this.  It is a fun community and it is also free.
4) One of the best ways I have found to watch the stock market is actually through a stock game app on my phone that has realtime stock price feed.  Seeking Alpha has a good mobile app interface and it also connects you to news that has to do with the companies you are interested in.
Comment: -1 Algorithmic trading.
Comment: Frankly that part of the answer looks and sounds like spam, buried in an otherwise non-spammy post.


First batch of wine, forgot the Campden - did I just mess up the whole thing?

Question: I just tried to make wine for the first time. Manderin oranges, sugar, water, yeast,  tea for tannin the whole kit and kaboodle! In a rush, I forgot to add the Campden tablet prior to doing all this and just added it after mixing all my other ingredients together. Did I just mess up my whole batch of wine, or Will this ferment? And please be clear. Do I add the tablet before or after the wine is finished?
Answer: The Campden tablet is used to remove wild yeast from the wine "must" (juice), so the only yeast fermenting the beverage is the one you add.   If you add it after the yeast it will kill or severely inhibit all the yeast.
It's likely that the introduced yeast will out-compete any wild yeasts in/on the Mandarin Orange juice.  If not, it should still be OK.  You might just get some extra subtle flavour differences.  If you made a ginger-beer via a ginger "beer plant" or "bug", these are exactly the wild yeasts you're fermenting with, so I don't think it's a big deal.
Normally the Campden tablet is introduced 24 hours before the yeast.


Redirect *.example.com to example.com

Question: I have some valid subdomains in my httpd.conf file. Now how do I redirect anything that's not a valid subdomain to the main website? What I mean is, if I have a valid subdomain hello.example.com, it should go to hello.example.com and if its blah.example.com which is not a valid subdomain, it should go to example.com. How can I make changes in my httpd.conf file to follow everything I just mentioned?
Comment: which server is that?
Comment: Sorry for late reply. It's Linux CentOS 64 bit using Apache(httpd) process.
Answer: Setup a new default site in your apache-config and rewrite the url via .htaccess if this default site is called. Maybe something like /var/www/invalid-subdomain/.htaccess:
<code>RewriteEngine on
RewriteBase /
RewriteRule ^$ http://example.com/ [R,L]
</code>
The above example is working well for my apache2 squeeze server.
Comment: Well.. Thanks for the reply. But I need to use this in the config file itself. There might be a rewrite rule to point wrong hosts(blah.example.com) to the root host(example.com) but I don't have any idea about it.
Answer: If you use Apache and if you have virtual hosts enabled, you got it automagically:

First virtualhost will be default host, which will serve all requests for hosts, not defined as virtual hosts
Known in Apache virtual hosts will be used on request

PS: hello.example.com and blah.example.com are hosts, not subdomains
Comment: Oh. Thanks for the help. I'm a newbie in this area, please forgive the mistake. I'm not sure about what you mentioned.

Redirect *.example.com to example.com


Deploying Shared MS Access DB -- Summer Intern first time with Access

Question: I've got a summer internship and was asked to modify and add features to an already existing MS Access DB. I don't actually take databases until next semester, so I was just kinda thrown into the fire here with a "here are the backup files, figure it out, we don't really care" mentality. The DB admins don't seem eager to help me at all honestly (union factory problems? idk).
Long story short, after lots of research and googling I think I've figured everything out pretty well now and am ready to deploy the newly updated db. I'm not sure how to best do this though, and would like some opinions on my current approach so far.
It's a shared user environment. I think I want to split the DB where everyone will have their own copy of a front-end DB file on our local network server, which is linked to a single backend db file also on the local network server.
Keep in mind, I haven't experimented with this next idea at all, and it's exactly that; just an idea I have for how this whole thing will work.
There's a replicated server that I have access to which runs some form of SQL Server. I'm currently using a pass-through query to pull the required data from this server. I have an update query
SELECT * INTO myMainTable FROM myPassThru(uploadQuery)

which I'm planning on having run after the front page form of the DB is opened (and after the myMainTable's contents are deleted via VBA script SQL command). So every time a user opens their front-end db, myMainTable will be updated with the most up-to-date records from our replicated server. Will this work?
Maybe just having a linked ODBC table would be better, and then make a query to pull the required records and columns from it (the replicated db has wayyyyyy more fields and records than I actually need to pull)?
I've added 6 linked tables that I need to pull from and join together into my database. I'm now trying to use the same code from my old working pass-through query but with modified table names to reference the linked tables ('_dbo' appended to front). I'm getting a syntax error now when I try and save the query that my form uses stating

Syntax error (missing operator) in query expression 'dbo_orsrg.afldat "FulfillmentDate"'

My code is below:
SELECT dbo_orsrg.afldat "FulfillmentDate", dbo_orkrg.syscreated "SODate" , dbo_orkrg.docnumber "CusOrdNum", dbo_orkrg.ID "ID", dbo_orkrg.syscreator, dbo_orsrg.ordernr "SONum1", dbo_orsrg.regel "LineNum", dbo_orkrg.debnr "ShipTo1", c1.cmp_name "Name" ,dbo_orkrg.debnr AS "CUNum2", dbo_orkrg.ordbv_afgd AS Confirmed1, hr.fullname, dbo_Items.Class_03 As "Product Line", dbo_Items.UserField_04 AS "BPEX Code", dbo_Items.Description_0 AS [Description], (CASE WHEN dbo_Items.IsFractionAllowedItem = 0 THEN ROUND(dbo_orsrg.esr_aantal,0) ELSE dbo_orsrg.esr_aantal END) AS "ToBeDelivered1" , dbo_orkrg.represent_id "CSRep", dbo_orsrg.requesteddate "RequestDate",dbo_orkrg.cscredhold,dbo_orsrg.CSFulfillDateRequired, dbo_orsrg.prijs_n, dbo_orsrg.esr_aantal, dbo_orsrg.magcode "WH#", dbo_orkrg.valcode, dbo_orkrg.koers

FROM dbo_orsrg WITH (NOLOCK)

INNER JOIN dbo_orkrg WITH (NOLOCK) ON dbo_orkrg.ordernr = dbo_orsrg.ordernr

INNER JOIN dbo_humres hr WITH (NOLOCK) ON hr.res_id = dbo_orkrg.syscreator

INNER JOIN dbo_cicmpy c1 WITH (NOLOCK) ON c1.debnr = dbo_orkrg.debnr

INNER JOIN dbo_cicmpy c2 WITH (NOLOCK) ON c2.debnr = dbo_orkrg.verzdebnr

INNER JOIN dbo_Items WITH (NOLOCK) ON dbo_orsrg.artcode = dbo_Items.ItemCode AND NOT Type IN ('C','P')

INNER JOIN dbo_grtbk WITH (NOLOCK) ON dbo_grtbk.reknr = dbo_Items.GLAccountDistribution

 LEFT OUTER JOIN  ( SELECT SUM(aant_gelev) AS Received, ordernr AS PoNum, artcode FROM dbo_orsrg  GROUP BY ordernr, artcode  ) AS recv

ON dbo_orsrg.purchaseordernr = recv.PoNum AND recv.artcode = dbo_orsrg.artcode AND dbo_orsrg.purchaseordernr IS NOT NULL AND recv.PoNum IS NOT NULL And recv.artCode IS NOT NULL AND dbo_orsrg.artcode IS NOT NULL

 WHERE dbo_orsrg.esr_aantal > dbo_orsrg.aant_gelev

   AND dbo_orsrg.uitgifte = 0

   AND NOT dbo_orsrg.artcode IS NULL

   AND dbo_orkrg.ord_soort IN ('V','P','N')

   AND dbo_orkrg.status='V'

   AND dbo_orkrg.afgehandld=0

 AND dbo_orsrg.magcode in ('1224','1223','1222','1221','1220', '1219','1218','12z3','12ZB','12zl') AND (dbo_orkrg.selcode <> '98' OR dbo_orkrg.selcode IS NULL) ORDER BY dbo_orkrg.afldat, dbo_orsrg.ordernr, dbo_orsrg.artcode

Answer: You are trying to execute SQL SERVER sql syntax in msaccess. Need to remove the nolock hints. The column and table alias need to b prefixed with AS. And more. Executing your query as a pass-through is probably a better option anyway.


How to be awarded the Cleanup badge?

Question: The Cleanup badge is defined by "first rollback". It's not the first delete of a post or a question, but something else - question is what do you have to rollback to get the badge?
Answer: "Rollback" refers to edits. So once you've rolled back your own or someone else's edit, you'll be given the badge.
Comment: Thanx! Didn't quite get that from the description, maybe it needs a change? *hint* *hint* :)
Comment: @BennySkogberg The bigger problem is no one goes to the revisions page/knows it exists. The badges are a little vague to encourage poking around in the interface so you learn
Comment: @BenBrocka That's why the badges exist, to guide the user to unknown features, right?

How to be awarded the Cleanup badge?


What is the meaning and etymology of 본 적 (없다/있다)?

Question: In my continued adventures through K-pop, I've been hearing the phrase "본 적 없는" a bunch lately. http://endic.naver.com is unusually unhelpful - though it references the French phrase "jamais vu", which is in English, apparently "never seen" (rough counterpart to deja vu I guess). Song translations render it as some variation on unseen, so I'm assuming that's what the whole phrase means. However, I can't find much on just 본 적, if that's equivalent to just the single word 본적 or two separate words put together. Which is it, and if it's the latter, what do the composing words mean (if anything)?
Answer: This can almost be literally translated:
본 is the past tense adjective for (literally) have seen. It is the verb 보다 (to see) with the past tense post-fix -ㄴ. The verb 보다 is commonly used in conjunction with another verb to mean "have tried" or "have done." (Have 'seen' in a very loose sense).
적 can mean an instance or a time.
So literally, 본 적 없는 means "no instance of being seen." Sort of awkward sounding in English, but this gives a feel for the meaning.
We could say "한국에 가 본 적(이) 있어요?" which means "Have you ever been to Korea?"
The usage is VerbStem + 아/어/여 본 적(이) 없다/있다.
Answer: 적 means a time, or an occasion.
보다 means to see, so 본 적 means an occasion on which something was seen.
해보다 is to try, so 해본 적 is an occasion of having tried or experienced something.
에픽 하이 - Love Love Love is a great song to learn this:

있나요 사랑해본 적 ?
영화처럼 첫 눈에 반해본 적 ?
전화기를 붙들고 밤새본 적 ?
세상에 자랑해본 적?

Have you ever been in love before?
Falling at first sight, like in the movies?
Spent the entire night talking on the phone?
Bragged to the entire world?
(it continues...)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdr0fZbuffY


How do I change the default Blender controls to allow for left click drag/box select? Like in the Maya preset controls

Question: When you use the Maya preset controls scheme left click and dragging allows you to use a drag/box select but in the default Blender control scheme left click and dragging edits the geometry of the mesh. How would I change the Blender controls to allow for left click to be drag/box select?
Comment: Press Shift + B for the box select tool
Comment: I did figure that out, however it is slightly different than the left click preset for the maya controls. But If I cant figure it out I may just have to start using the Shift + B version.
Comment: This is the default for Blender 2.8, so you could just upgrade to that right now and it would solve your problem.
Answer: Open Blender, go to the splash screen, click on interaction, then on the drop-down menu, press Maya.
Answer: When trying to figure out the changes between presets, it's actually quite easy to reverse engineer once you know how. In the user preferences, navigate to the input tab, and (searching for Name, not Key-Binding) search for Border, and find the one under the 3D View heading. This is the one we'll need to modify. If you compare the differences between the two presets, you can figure out what's been changed.
By default, Border Select is mapped to the B key. Switch it from Keyboard to Tweak, and change it from Left to Select. If you want the exact behavior of the Maya preset (as in selecting with Border Select replaces the selection instead of extending it) simply disable the Extend option.
Here's an image of the original setting:

And here's the adjusted settings:

You may need (or want) to further emulate the Maya preset, in which case there are the Gesture Border settings located just below the main settings. These will affect how the tool behaves once you've activated it. You may have to play around with these to find a method that works with the default setup.
Here's how the Gesture Border settings are setup for the Maya preset:

Don't be afraid to play around with the inputs either. Once you edit the input for a tool Blender gives you an option to reset it back to whatever preset you're using.


String or byte32 type in solidity?

Question: Which type is more expensive for a smart contract? If I just have static text messages to display which type is better?
Comment: bytes32 uses less gas because it fits in a single word of the EVM.
Answer: Bytes32 is going to be better in gas if its not changing. If you want to play around with it, I built a little fiddle of it https://ethfiddle.com/70ipaEIFdk
Byte used 21465 gas
String used 21897 gas
pragma solidity ^0.4.18;

contract SampleOverflow {
  string constant statictext = "HelloStackOverFlow";
  bytes32 constant byteText = "HelloStackOverFlow";
  function  getString() payable public  returns(string){
    return statictext;
  }

  function  getByte() payable public returns(bytes32){
    return byteText;
  }
}

Get Byte

Get String

https://ethfiddle.com/70ipaEIFdk
Answer: You could use Remix and test the folowing contract
pragma solidity ^0.4.8;

contract TestContract  {

bytes32 byt;
string str;

function setByte(bytes32 value) public {
   byt = value;
}

function setStr(string value) public {
   str = value;
}

}

For the string, this is the output:

transaction cost     42975 gas
  execution cost  20871 gas

But I have no idea how to pass bytes32 via Remix
Answer:
If I just have static text messages to display which type is better?

Clearly if you have static text message,bytes32 is better in terms of Gas.

pragma solidity ^0.4.0;
contract Sample {
     string constant statictext = "Hello";
     bytes32 constant statictext1 = "Hello";
    function  getStatictextasString() constant public  returns(string){
        return statictext;
    }

     function  getStatictextasBytes() constant public returns(bytes32){
        return statictext1;
    }
}

From executing the sample contract in remix,the gas cost is less when
  you use bytes32 compared to string.
bytes32 :21506
  String  :21934

String or byte32 type in solidity?


When were the Peverell and Slytherin families joined?

Question: Voldemort was a descendant of Salazar Slytherin and Cadmus Peverell.
Is there any source stating when the two families joined?
Comment: this question is not a duplicate, since this is not about whether they are related, but since when this joined line existed. and the answer in the marked question doesn't even address this point...
Comment: We couldn't find it in a previous discussion, but it's been a few weeks and Rowling appears to randomly generate HP canon.  It had to be sometime after 1214 AD.
Comment: @Axelrod it was clear, that there was an upper bound, but is there also a lower bound, which is before Marvolo Gaunt is born or proofs that he was the first descendant of both families?
Comment: There's a lower bound of Corvinus Gaunt, who was a descendant of both houses and defended the location of the Chamber of Secrets in the 1700s. That's from Pottermore. So between ~1200 and ~1700.
Comment: @Axelrod if you make an answer out of it (with the source) I can mark it as answer, because this would be the correct answer
Answer: We aren't sure of the exact date or descendant, but we have upper and lower bounds; it was somewhere between the 13th and 18th centuries.
As Cadmus Peverell lived in 1214, we can say for sure that the two families were not united before that time, despite Salazar Slytherin being alive in the 10th century.
As Corvinus Gaunt is the descendant of both houses and was said in Pottermore to have defended the location of the Chamber of Secrets when Hogwarts first had plumbing installed, we can definitely say that the families were united by his lifetime.
As such, that leaves us with a range from the 13th through 18th centuries.  This is a large space of time, but it's still the best answer we currently have.


Measures to study working memory level related to physical activity

Question: I want to do a study on the effect of physical exercise on working memory. Can you suggest measures for working memory assessment that differentiate levels of memory functioning amongst "normal" adults?
Answer: A very common test of working memory is the N-back.
In the N-back, the subject needs to remember what happened some number (N) of steps earlier. For example, imagine seeing the following numbers one at a time on a computer screen. Your task is to press a key whenever the number on the screen is the same as the number that was there 3 steps earlier:
1 4 5 2 6 3 4 5 6 4 2 5 3 2.
The numbers in bold are when the subject should respond.
There are many variations of the n-back, and it is easy to adjust the difficulty of the test by changing how many steps back subjects need to remember.


Does IEEE 802.11ac imply Wi-Fi Direct compatibility?

Question: Since IEEE 802.11ac is a new thing heavily marketed by Intel, I wonder if it supports Wi-Fi Direct? My question is about standards overlap: is Wi-Fi Direct a subset of IEEE 802.11ac?
Comment: @RyanFoley My question is about standards overlap, I'm not asking for hardware recommendation.
Answer: The answer is no, the two are separate technologies. 802.11ac is the next generation of wifi, one step passed 802.11n. WiFi-Direct is just an on-demand autonegotiated ad-hoc wireless network. It could, in theory, be conducted over 802.11a, b, g, n, or ac.
Answer: The short answer is no, it does not.
The 802.11 standard and it's amendments are developed and maintained by the IEEE.  802.11ac is "Very High Throughput" standard amendment.
Wi-Fi Direct is a standard developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance for which they also provide certification.  This organization was originally formed to test and certify devices as adhering to certain aspects of the IEEE standards.  This was done to provide a level of assurance to consumers that devices would be able to interoperate.  It is a voluntary certification process and they can test and provide certification for a number of aspects of wireless.
So the longer answer is that Wi-Fi Direct is not a standard created or maintained by the IEEE and as such there are no current plans to incorporate it into any IEEE standard officially.  If it were to be included in the future, it would become the basis for an amendment and go through the normal process any amendment goes through to get approved by the IEEE.


Import currency type with Feeds import

Question: Is there a way to import a currency type when doing a Feeds import?  I have tried using the Feeds Tamper add on and am currently looking at this solution.  It seems that I am trying to reinvent the wheel :)  I have created a cck field that was called "price" as a text field and it worked beautifully.  I created this as a currency field and the new "price" currency field doesn't show up as an option to map to on the mapper UI.  I exported the Feed Import and added the field manually and then imported it back in.  When I run the import it doesn't bring over the value that is mapped.
Comment: It's not clear what your trouble is. I recommend you spell it out rather than asking others to replicate/research it. Not sure if this will help, but are you aware of the Feeds Tamper module? It solves a lot of issues.
Comment: I apologize for the slacker question.  I hate it when people do that on SO.  I will try to modify it to show more info.
Comment: I modified the question.  Thanks for the feedback.
Comment: Line 18 of feeds/mappers/content.inc

`if (in_array($field['type'], array('text', 'number_integer', 'number_decimal', 'number_float')))`  I think this is where the issue lies.
Answer: I believe I found a fairly hacky answer for now. In feeds/mappers/content.inc I modified the function content_feeds_set_target after I added the money type to the array of included field types in line 18
<code>function content_feeds_set_target($node, $target, $value) {

  $field = isset($node->$target) ? $node->$target : array();

  // Handle multiple value fields.
  if (is_array($value)) {
    $i = 0;
    foreach ($value as $v) {
      if (!is_array($v) && !is_object($v)) {
        $field[$i]['value'] = $v;
      }
      $i++;
    }
  }
  else {
    $field[0]['value'] = $value;
    //added these two lines to take care of the Money field
    $field[0]['amount'] = $value;
    $field[0]['currency'] = 'USD';
  }

  $node->$target = $field;
}
</code>
I know that this isn't the way to develop in Drupal and most likely I need to set up another content type or something along that line but this helped me (who am a complete noob to Drupal) to get started importing the price field.

Import currency type with Feeds import


How long does a teen science fiction novel need to be?

Question: How long/how many pages does a teen science fiction novel need to be in order for a publishing agency to take it seriously?
Comment: Hi, and welcome to Writers. You have two separate questions. I recommend you separate them into two different posts so that the community can help you with each one.
Comment: I left the primary question, and edited out the "how do you kick this off?" question (which is probably too broad for us anyway, without going into further detail and specific difficulties)
Answer: I will answer your first question, as it seems to me like you are asking two questions. How long should a sci-fi Young Adult Novel be?
First of all, the number of pages in a book does not matter. Adjusting the margins, font size, or spacing even slightly could alter the page count. What matters is the word count.
A novel is classified as any book with 40,000 or more words. For adults, about 80,000 seems to be the sweet spot. However, Sci-fi novels tend to be longer, averaging 100,000 to 115,000 words in length.
On the other hand, Young Adult novels are usually between 60,000 and 80,000 words, probably due to shorter attention spans or something else about the target audience. Balancing these two figures is also a question I struggle with.
I would say that once you hit about 50,000 you should be good, as in long enough that publishers would "take you seriously". However, it would be a pretty short novel. If you are aiming to be average-sized, I would suggest that your novel be in the range of 75,000 to 90,000, because of the average longer length of sci-fi novels in general.
Publishers take a lot more into consideration when publishing a novel, and word count ends up being one of the smaller factors when publishers decide if they want to publish your novel. Factors like writing quality are immensely more important, so remember that. If you're writing is stellar, your characters deep, your plot intricate, your world developed, then publishers will usually be willing to forgive any grievances on the word count front. Unless, of course, you're novel is really short. Again, I would caution against going below 50,000 or 55,000 words.
Comment: This is my first answer, so let me know how I did :)
Comment: That's what the votes are for.


WP_Query vs get_posts

Question: I have read a number of questions on SE regarding these but I still can't figure the exact difference wrt usage. Would it be true to say that I would probably use WP_Query for the majority of secondary loops and only use get_posts if I need the results returned in an array, or to put it another way is the main difference between the two the array vs object return, or is there some other major factor I should be aware of?
Answer: The difference between get_posts & WP_Query
You can view get_posts() as a slimmed down WP_Query. In fact looking at the source:
//... prepares query array $r
$get_posts = new WP_Query;
return $get_posts->query($r);

get_posts() use WP_Query, but only returns an array of posts - nothing more. Furthermore it sets:
$r['no_found_rows'] = true;

Normally (by default with WP_Query object) - WordPress queries how many posts there are in total - even if you are only after the first 10. It does this so it can perform pagination. So get_posts() is actually (slightly) quicker (it also ignores sticky posts).
Which to use...
If you only need an array of posts, and don't need the query object -use get_posts(). Otherwise, if you do need the access to the query object methods, or pagination, or sticky posts at the top,  you should use WP_Query.
Answer: One important thing to note is that get_posts() has a bunch of default arguments that new WP_Query() doesn't have, which include post_type and post_status. The function's defaults are configured to facilitate getting published posts. If you want something different, you'll need to pass in thos parameters explicitly, whereas with WP_Query() you wouldn't have to do that.
For example, if you want to get all posts, regardless of their post status, you would need to call: get_posts( array( "post_type" => 'any' ) ); (leaving "post_type" blank - or anything that empty() would evaluate to true will cause get_posts() to apply its default value of "publish").
Comment: `WP_Query` has those same post type and status defaults.
Comment: @Milo Are you sure? Look at class-wp-query.php lines 1742 - 1746. I believe the default for `post_type` is "", or "any" for tax queries. The docs seem to support this as well.
Comment: Post type defaults to `any` in certain circumstances, like a search or some tax queries. Run a new `WP_Query` and pass only `posts_per_page`, it will default to post.

WP_Query vs get_posts


Question about blinding factors in Confidential Transaction

Question: In the paper about Confidential Transaction, it is said that the blinding factor for the range proof can be deduced with the shared secret using HMAC. But i didn't understand how the receiver can find the 'main' blinding factor, the one which is linked to the output commitment. I assumed he would do it using the same method as for the blinding factor of the range proof but i am not sure. Can someone explain ?
Answer: There are many ways an implementation could do this.
For example, the blinding factor of the output could just be set to a hash of a shared secret.
But this has a complication that there is normally one fewer degree of freedom than there are outputs because the blinding factors must sum to zero. Due to this it's not possible for all outputs to just have their blinding factors be set as the result of a shared secret.
The obvious answer would be to just include an encryption of the relevant blinding factor.  However, in my implementation the randomness in the proof can be used to form an encrypted communication channel, so the blinding factor (and value out the output) can just be communicated via that.
Another alternative would be to include a dummy output with a range of 0 (which is very efficient to prove).


sort order for sizes like S,M,XL,..etc

Question: I have various sizes for my configurable products to display it in order in product view page i used array_reverse for number 1,2,3 so now sizes with numbers are arranged in order.but how to do this in S,M,XL,XS..kindly help me
Comment: are you want to different sort order type for  different configuration
Comment: no same order for all products some static format like s,m,xl,xs app\code\community\OrganicInternet\SimpleConfigurableProducts\Catalog\Block\Product\View\Type\Configurable.php
Answer: Magento 1.9.1 (1.14.1 EE) has a bug where it ignores the position data that Amit suggested. There is a PHP solution and I also have a temporary JS solution here: Why are my attributes showing out of position order on Magento 126.96.36.199 frontend?
Answer: Magento is managed this sort by from attribute option field position if you change this sort order  from here then it is automatically change dropdown sort order at frontend

This setting you need to go at admin>Catalog > Attributes > Manage Attributes > [Your Attribute] > Manage Label / Options
Answer: Although this may not be the exact answer to your situation one of the possibilities might be that the sort order of the attributes are set incorrectly on the configurable product level.  If you look under the Associate Products tab for the configurable product check to see that the order is correct.  If it is incorrect you will have to recreate the configurable product.

sort order for sizes like S,M,XL,..etc


How to recover logical volume deleted with lvremove

Question: I am on CentOS 5.5 and am running Xen.  I have a large volume group that I create logical volumes on using lvcreate.  Today I had a customer cancel her account, then change her mind about an hour later.  Unfortunately I had already removed the LVM her Xen image resided on.  (just using a standard lvremove ).  There has been no other LVM activity on this disk since then (nothing else added or deleted).  Is it possible to "undo" a lvremove, or recover logical volume?  If so, how would I go about it?
Answer: " Could you please be more specific abut finding EFROM and ETO from the backup file? All the lv have a "start_extend" from 0 in my backup file so I'm a bit lost :) Thanks! –  user186975 Aug 24 '13 at 17:06 "
Ok, I will be very specific...with the Most simple way to recover a logical volume.
Example:
1 - I have removed my logical volume!
$ sudo lvremove /dev/vg1/debian.root

2 - First thing to do is, look for the archive file at /etc/lvm/archive/vg1_(xxxxx).vg.
I can do that, just looking the date that i have removed the logical volume!
$ sudo ls -l /etc/lvm/archive |more

3- I found it!
-rw------- 1 root root 16255 Mar 20 14:29 vg1_00223-235991429.vg
-rw------- 1 root root 16665 Mar 20 16:49 vg1_00224-748876387.vg
-rw------- 1 root root 17074 Mar 20 16:49 vg1_00225-931666169.vg
-rw------- 1 root root 17482 Mar 20 16:50 vg1_00226-1238302012.vg
-rw------- 1 root root 18081 **Mar 20 21:57 vg1_00227-2048533959.vg**

Date where i did the lvremove!!!...it was a minutes ago..
4 - Let's see the file!
$ sudo head /etc/lvm/archive/vg1_00227-2048533959.vg
*# Generated by LVM2 version 2.02.95(2) (2012-03-06): Thu Mar 20 21:57:58 2014
contents = "Text Format Volume Group"
version = 1
description = **"Created *before* executing 'lvremove /dev/vg1/debian.root'"**
creation_host = "server"    # Linux server 3.8.0-35-generic #50-Ubuntu SMP Tue Dec 3 01:24:59 UTC 2013 x86_64
creation_time = 1395363478  # Thu Mar 20 21:57:58 2014*

5 - Make a test before recover it!
$ sudo vgcfgrestore vg1 --test -f /etc/lvm/archive/vg1_00227-2048533959.vg
Test mode: Metadata will NOT be updated and volumes will not be
(de)activated.   **Restored volume group vg1**

6 - Ok, now repeat the command line, without the (--test)
$ sudo vgcfgrestore vg1 -f /etc/lvm/archive/vg1_00227-2048533959.vg
**Restored volume group vg1**

7 - Check it!
$ sudo lvscan |grep debian
ACTIVE            '/dev/vg1/debian.root' [7,81 GiB] inherit

8 - If the logical was not active, do it!
$ sudo lvchange -a y /dev/vg1/debian.root

It's All
I hope this can help other people who are looking for this solution!
Answer: LVM does backup it's metadata to /etc/lvm/backup and /etc/lvm/archive.  At the top of each file it will tell you the time/data when the file was generated so chances are you'll have a copy of the older metadata as it was before you deleted the LV.  I believe the backup is automatic anytime the metadata changes.
The following can be dangerous and destructive so be very careful and if possible have a full backup.
The command to restore these volumegroup metadata backups is vgcfgrestore.  Make sure you make a current copy of the existing working configuration using the vgcfgbackup command with the -f flag to specify a different file for the output so that you don't alter any files that are in the /etc/lvm/backup or /etc/lvm/archive folders.  Make sure you diff the current configuration with the configuration you wish to restore to verify that the only changes you're about to apply are to recreate the recently deleted LV.  Having a full backup of your data probably isn't a bad idea either.  You may also want to consider contacting your Linux vendor for support/guidance if you're under a support contract before proceeding as I've never had to do this myself.
Good luck.
Comment: Reading deeper into the vgcfgrestore, it looks like I would need to shutdown every VM on that box before attempting this, or risk corrupting the whole array.  It looks like your instructions would work so I'm accepting the answer, but the data is not worth the risk.  Thanks
Comment: @John P Yeah I kind of figured with the VM's and all that this would be a difficult thing to do in an environment like that.  I guess one take away on this is that in the future perhaps the procedure for removing an account should involve a 30 day no delete period.
Answer: The easiest thing to recover from lvremove (assuming you didn't write to the extents the LV was residing in) is:
Just find the backup of your metadata in /etc/lvm/archive and figure out
a) which extents the LV was residing in (EFROM, ETO)
b) which PVs your LV was residing on and which extends on that PV it was using (PFROM, PTO)
After you have this info you create a new LV of the exactly same size on the exactly same PV extends without wiping the first 8kB of the LV:
lvcreate --extents EFROM-ETO --zero n --name customer007 YOUR-VG-NAME /dev/yourpv:PFROM-PTO

Comment: Could you please be more specific abut finding EFROM and ETO from the backup file? All the lv have a "start_extend" from 0 in my backup file so I'm a bit lost :) Thanks!
Answer: (As answered by thermoman earlier) the easies way to recreate a deleted LVM volume is by creating it with lvcreate without zeroing and making sure it will be in the same position on the disk. (The command from thermoman's answer didn't work.)
Check the size and position of the deleted logical volume as they were before deletion by reading the files in /etc/lvm/archive.  The size of the volume is in extent_count of the segment1 (or sum of segment*/extent_count values if it had several extents). Position is in the stripessection after the physical volume alias (e.g. pv0).
For example, the volume section might look like this:
    physical_volumes {
            pv0 {
                    device = "/dev/somedisk" # Hint only
                    ...
            }
    }

    logical_volumes {
            ...
            example {
                    ...
                    segment_count = 1

                    segment1 {
                            start_extent = 0
                            extent_count = 1024     # 4 Gigabytes

                            type = "striped"
                            stripe_count = 1        # linear

                            stripes = [
                                    "pv0", 30720
                            ]
                    }
            }
            ...
    }

The size of this example volume was 1024 and it was located on /dev/somedisk starting from extent 30720.
Calculate the last extent as start + size -1 = 30720 + 1024 - 1 = 31743. To recreate that volume issue following:
lvcreate --extents 1024 --zero n --name example vgname /dev/somedisk:30720-31743

Comment: This answer just saved my night yesterday!
I had a broken XenServer which was deleting wrong LV because of an API error... :o
Answer: I had a similar situation. I had all of the PVs containing the desired LVs, but my VG showed missing PVs and 0 LVs. I recovered by doing the following:

Become root
Run pvs to collect UUIDs for all the drives.
Review the files in /etc/lvm/archive until I found one that listed all of the same UUIDs.
Make a working copy of archived config file, and start editing.
In the physical_volumes section, set the device = lines to match the current device/UUIDs reported by pvs, clear any "MISSING" flags, and remove any pvN sections that actually were missing.
In the logical_volumes section, remove any listings that had stripes on the pvN sections that no longer existed.
That was it, then I ran
vgcfgrestore --test vg -f /root/dangerously_edited.vg
When that worked, I re-ran without the --test option.

I achieved my particular situation by extending the VG with PVs sdg and sdh. Then I created a new LV, specifying /dev/sdg /dev/sdh on the command line so that I knew the new LV was on those drives. Then I moved just those drives to a new machine. The old machine was very upset about the missing drives, and when I force-removed them, it also removed ALL the LVs. Bummer.
Next time, of course, I'll create a new VG to avoid this problem.


Cleavage of minerals

Question: What is the difference between 3-dimensional cleavage and cubic cleavage?
I think, they are the same, but I am not sure about if I was right or not.
Answer: The short answer: cubic cleavage is a specific example of 3D cleavage.

A cleavage plane is a direction along a crystal splits preferentially when exposed to mechanical stress.

3D crystals are objects where the spatial arrangement of atoms is described in  a parallelepiped (a unitcell) with three outer dimensions $\vec{a}$, $\vec{b}$, and $\vec{c}$.  The crystal literally builds by translating this unit cell along $\vec{a}$, $\vec{b}$, and $\vec{c}$.

The relative lengths of $\vec{a}$, $\vec{b}$, and $\vec{c}$ and the angles these vectors enclose define the outer symmetry of this unit cell.  Any of the following seven crystal classes is possible: triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, rhombohedral, hexagonal, and cubic.  In this set, starting from triclinic and moving to cubic, the inherent symmetry increases.

With $\vec{a}$, $\vec{b}$, and $\vec{c}$, equally crystallographic planes may be defined; some of them parallel to / coincide with the cleavage planes observed at macroscopic scale.

Thus, as listed e.g., in Wikipedia you may discern:

Basal or pinacoidal cleavage occurs when there is only one cleavage plane. Graphite has basal cleavage. Mica (like muscovite or biotite) also has basal cleavage; this is why mica can be peeled into thin sheets.

Cubic cleavage occurs when there are three cleavage planes intersecting at 90 degrees. Halite (or salt) has cubic cleavage, and therefore, when halite crystals are broken, they will form more cubes.

Octahedral cleavage occurs when there are four cleavage planes in a crystal. Fluorite exhibits perfect octahedral cleavage. Octahedral cleavage is common for semiconductors. Diamond also has octahedral cleavage.

Rhombohedral cleavage occurs when there are three cleavage planes intersecting at angles that are not 90 degrees. Calcite has rhombohedral cleavage.

Prismatic cleavage occurs when there are two cleavage planes in a crystal. Spodumene exhibits prismatic cleavage.

Dodecahedral cleavage occurs when there are six cleavage planes in a crystal. Sphalerite has dodecahedral cleavage.

Intentionally, the description above was constrained to 3D crystals which eventually are (typically) described in one of 230 3D space groups. Note, there equally are seven planar space groups, and a growing body of work about 2D crystals, too.

Cleavage of minerals