Making a touchpad without buttons like a normal touchpad with buttons

Question: Assume a synaptics compatible mousepad that has no physical buttons, but where the whole surface is physically clickable (not a tap, but physically clickable). A particular touchpad with these features is the one found on Macbook Pro (BCM5974).
How, if possible, can this device be configured to act like a normal touchpad, with physical buttons?
<code>+---------------------+
|                     |
|   Touch sensitive   |
|        area         |   (Note that the entire area including buttons
|                     |    can be physically clicked on this type of
|                     |    touchpad).
|                     |
+----------+----------+ <- AreaBottomEdge, touchpad disabled under this line.
| Button 1 | Button 2 |
+----------+----------+
</code>
I can get the area of the touchpad below "AreaBottomEdge" disabled as touch sensitive simply by giving synclient this argument. The pad can still be clicked (again, not tapped) in this area though, which is what I want. I can also easily disable tapping, which I don't want, I do this with TapButton=0. For AreaBottomEdge I have it set to 4000 which seems reasonable on my particular setup.
However, the problem is that click and drag doesn't work. Touching any two arbitrary points on the touchpad (even under AreaBottomEdge) simply doesn't move the cursor. To make it clear what doesn't work: Touching the area "Button 1" (even without clicking) while trying to move the cursor on "Touch sensitive area" does not work. I need to not only be able to touch the area on "Button 1" while moving the cursor, but to click it.
I've looked at the various options for synaptics, I've tried some of them, including LockedDrags and TapAndDragGesture, but it doesn't do what I want.
Can it be done? If not with synclient, then how?
Answer: This is by no means a full answer, but the arch manual(Buttonless touchpads (aka ClickPads)) has some info on how to fix it. I will look into it more when I have time.


Can the first emergence of consciousness in evolution be replicated in AI?

Question: At some point in time during the evolution, because of some factors, some beings first started to become conscious of themselves and their surroundings. That conscious experience is beyond some mere sensory reflexive actions trained. Can that be possible with AI?
Answer: Current limitations in our knowledge mean that the question is not directly answerable:

There is no scientific consensus on what consciousness is. Therefore any device designed to "be conscious" is necessarily going to be built on the premise of unsupported, maybe fringe, theory.
There is no robust measure of consciousness. If any AI system was built in order to exhibit conscious behaviour, there would be no way to prove it is conscious. There is no general agreement or theory on whether any particular animal species is conscious for example. This is often limited by communication. Of the few animals smart enough to be trained in communication with humans, there appears to be conscious behaviour. Researcher opinion ranges from "all non-humans do not possess consciousness" to "all animals have some degree of consciousness".
There is incomplete understanding of what the components of consciousness are. A bottom-up build of a conscious machine requires a baseline theory of what those components are.
We may be able to ignore lack of knowledge and take a very high level of abstraction, such as A-life or evolutionary approach where nothing is assumed and the hope is that consciousness would spontaneously emerge from a complex enough simulation (as we assume it has done with organic life in the real world). However, this would seem to require many orders of magnitude more computing power than is currently possible.

To answer the question as written:

Can the first emergence of consciousness in the Evolution be replicated in AI?

Despite the many books, articles and posts written on this subject over many years, the answer is two-fold:

We do not know of any fundamental reason why AI could not be conscious.
We have no theory or experimental proof that AI can replicate consciousness.

I would go further than this, and say that anyone who tells you otherwise on these two points has already subscribed to some unproven theory of consciousness.
As well as well-thought-out peer-reviewed theories and experiments by scientists and researchers, there is a lot of pseudo-scientific junk published on the internet on this subject. So take care if researching reading material.
Comment: @Bobs: Potentially. However, that is *already* a statement from "some unproven theory of consciousness". There is absolutely no evidence that consciousness cannot be achieved physically via evolution. In that regards, all we have is a big question: *How did life on Earth result in conscious systems?* The answer to date: We don't know.
Answer: It partly depends on the framing of the question, in terms of how you are defining consciousness.
Neil Slater's answer is comprehensive, and his warnings about pseudo-science and junk publication should be heeded.
However, since you frame this in the context of "Can the first emergence of consciousness in evolution be replicated in AI", I feel like I can provide an answer.

If we define rudimentary consciousness as simple awareness of the environment, distinct from higher functions such as self-consciousness, then yes.

Under this definition, any algorithm that takes input is "conscious".  This in no way represents human-level consciousness, or even the consciousness of higher animals, but is more akin to simple organisms such as microbes.
Comment: I personally have no doubt human reactions are largely mechanistic, and would surely be deterministic if quantum theory didn't open the door to true randomness in nature (validity of free will tbd.)  But thank you for recognizing my reduction of the question.  This is a complex problem, so starting small is likely the way to go.


Fedora 23 Freezes after login

Question: Fedora is my first Linux-based OS I've ever installed and everything seemed to be going well until I tried to log in. I enter my credentials and the login disappears leaving only the background image and the cursor. I've reinstalled 3 times and still have the same problem. Any suggestions? I've already looked at Fedora 19 freezes after login, but I do not understand any of it.
Comment: Are you able to successfully login via a virtual terminal and get to a shell prompt? Use Ctrl-Alt-F1 to get to a virtual terminal.
Comment: I login through the terminal and everything seems fine, what's next?
Answer: I had a similar issue with 24. Very strange. I rebooted, clicked on 'not listed' and entered my root user login. That got me into the desktop! Then I went to settings/users, unlocked it, and enabled autologin for my main account. Just to be safe I added myself as 2 different new accounts, 1 as administrator. But they turned out to be unnecessary (I think), because thereafter booting brought me straight to the desktop.
Answer: This used to happen to me as well, my issue was graphics drivers, the only thing that solved it for me was to install the Nvidia drivers.
That stopped the freezing and even speeded up the login process.
Comment: How did you install the nvidia drivers? Without bwing on the desktop

Fedora 23 Freezes after login


Error 'Target out of bounds' when connecting through XBee to a server with Node.js/serialport

Question: I have an XBee module that accepts data on ttyAMA0 of a Debian server that is running Node.js with 'serialport' installed.
I keep getting an out-of-bounds error from the following code which take an XBee packet up to the length it should be. It then gets sent to another function for checksum validation. But the problem is the darn buffer.
var receivingPacket = false;
xbee.on('data', function (data) {
    if(receivingPacket == false && data[0] == 0x7e){
        receivingPacket = true;
        buf = [];
        bufLen = 0;
        bufUsed = 0;
        if(data[3] == 0x90){ //Received Transmission
            bufLen = data[2] + 4; //Start byte, start length byte, end length byte, checksum byte
        }
    }

    if(receivingPacket == true && bufUsed >= bufLen){
        var pBuf = new Buffer(bufUsed); //In case we get another packet right behind it
        var pos = 0;
        for(var i = 0, len = buf.length; i<len; i++){
            try{
                buf[i].copy(pBuf, pos);
            }
            catch(e){ //Sometimes we get a corrupt packet, discard and wait for the next one
                receivingPacket = false;
                console.log(e);
                return false;
            }
            pos += buf[i].length;
        }
        receivingPacket = false;
        processPacket(pBuf);
    }
    else
        if(receivingPacket == true){
            buf.push(data);
            bufUsed += data.length;
        }
});

I added the receivingPacket as part of testing, it should not be necessary. The problem seems to be the line with copy, buf[i].copy(pBuf, pos);. I don't know if I need to clear the buffer somehow.
The error is

[RangeError targetStart out of bounds]

which would be pos in my case.
Answer: You get that error when you try to manipulate a position not allocated within the buffer. In this code buf[i].copy(pBuf, pos); the position given by pos is not in pBuf.
Buffers are fixed in size, so you cannot treat them like strings (append/write as much data you like), so when the targetStart argument of copy happens to greater than BufferLength you get that error.
Not only this, you should check if the copy operation before this error was valid. Most likely it was partially written, due to insufficient space.


Criticism of augmented Dickey-Fuller test

Question: I am looking for literature that suggests the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is not completely accurate, or in general criticizing the test.
Comment: A natural source would be papers proposing new unit root tests that appeared after the Dickey-Fuller test was proposed. The authors will normally try to address the weakness of the established tests (ADF test being a prime example) to set the scene for the new test that should hopefully be better than the existing competition.
Answer: There are various criticisms, some of which, in my opinion, are more pertinent than others:

Lack of power: When testing $\rho=1$ against $|\rho|<1$, it is argued that many macroeconomic time series may be expected to be well-described by a $\rho$ close to, but less than 1. The test lacks power to detect this. To some extent, that criticism is invalid, because all tests have low power when the actual parameter value is close to the null value. To some extent, it is valid because there are tests that apply under broader sets of assumptions, or are simply more powerful than the ADF test.
Size distortion: as for most tests, the null distribution is only available asymptotically, and the finite-sample distribution is often argued to differ substantially from the asymptotic one, leading to actual rejection rates that differ substantially from the nominal level $\alpha$.
General scepticism towards the usefulness of testing point null hypotheses, fairly common among Bayesian statisticians.
Comment: (+1) But isn't ADF a one-sided test (i.e. it has a composite null) as usually applied to test against a stationary alternative? - then objection 3 wouldn't apply.
Comment: I do not disagree with you - as I said this is a list of criticisms I remember to have come across, that I do not necessarily endorse (that said, I should provide proper references). But at least when it comes to *interpreting* the test, my impression is that people mostly see it as a point null $\rho=1$, not as $\rho\geq1$, as explosive processes are typically considered irrelevant in economics (although there is a burgeoning literature on bubbles that are studied with explosive processes). Of course, a left-tailed ADF test indeed has no power statistically against explosive processes.
Comment: Size distortion is a thing one encounters frequently in statistical tests. Is ADF test particularly bad or notorious in this respect (at least compared to its competitors), or is it just a general criticism?
Comment: There is probably a point in the nuisance parameter space of most tests where empirical size is particularly bad, so in that sense it's probably general criticism. For adf, such cases have been identified through large negative ma components, which are not implausible. I would not dare to say if these points in the nuisance parameter space are generally as plausible for other testing problems.


Finding another case manager's cases

Question: Is there a way of using advanced search to find another case manager's cases? I find the reports really complicated but would like to find another person's cases so I can update the notes. It's really easy to find mine as I just search my cases only. Is there an easy way to search for someone else's cases too? Thanks
Answer:
Go to search - advanced search.
In the dropdown where it says "display results as" choose "Cases".
Expand the relationships section.
For relationship type choose the case manager type (e.g. "homeless services coordinator is").
For target contact put the name or partial name of the manager.
Click search.

Another way is:

Go to the manager's contact record.
On their relationships tab look for the manager type (e.g. "homeless services coordinator is").
On the far right under the "More" link it will say "Manage case #7", and you can click that to go to that case.

Finding another case manager's cases


320 Grit Sandpaper TOO fine for oil based finish?

Question: I have been working on a very rustic bookcase made from 100+ year old fence pickets, and I decided to use some red oak for the actual shelves themselves. I have already begun the staining process for two of them, at least two or three hours ago. Every time I go to check on them, there are a bunch of little droplets of tacky stain seeping up from under the wood. My final sanding on these was with 320 grit sandpaper. Would this be enough to keep the wood from absorbing the stain (it is oil based)? Also, I should point out that I used mineral spirits to clean the boards about 20 minutes before I began staining. I am basically a total beginner, so if the answer is extremely obvious, try to be patient with me. Thanks for the help.
Answer: 320 is fine to sand to if using an oil-based finish.
For staining though 320 grit is a bit fine, it isn't the source of this effect it's just that the smoother you sand the surface the less the wood will take the colour.
Oaks are coarse-grained or open-grained species and some oil will generally exude from the pores and grain structure for a time after application. This generally occurs mostly within the first hour, sometimes over a few hours and more rarely it continues overnight.
American red oak in particular has a pronounced pore structure which tends to make this occur even more than in other oak subspecies.


Is there any way to 'turn off' science and convert it into something else?

Question: I am late on in a game and don't need science any more (as I have researched everything). Is there any way to 'turn off' science and convert it into something else e.g. Gold, Culture or Production. For example is there any way I can sell my science buildings (such as University, Public School etc) to raise some cash?
Comment: Awesome question title, BTW.
Comment: If you want to be able to disable science completely, go to Civilization V\Assets\Gameplay\XML\GameInfo , and open CIV5GameOptions and in there you will find a row like this GAMEOPTION_NO_SCIENCE
The third line under it which is written 0 , must be deleted, in order to make the option disable research available in the game, then you save the file, and done.
Just go on the set up game menu, choose advance setup, and mark the disable research option.
Answer: I think the best way is to manually allocate citizens in your city to work for things that generate more gold / production / food / culture over science.
For example, if you leave your citizen allocation for the "governor" (the AI), it will surely prefer a "2 production / 5 science" hex to a "2 production / 1 gold" hex, even though the latter is better for you. Remember that for manual allocation you must first open the citizen allocation menu in the city screen, and also remember you can allocate citizens in buildings, for the buildings that allow it (called specialists).
You can also leave the allocation to the AI and only direct his effort by choosing something to focus on, via the radio buttons in the manual allocation menu. Those work better when you want something specific, though, not when you want to avoid something specific.
Finally, remember that even after you have researched everything, you can continually research the repeatable "future tech" technology for extra points. It gets harder and harder to complete it every time you repeat it, so you can never have too much science if you go this route.
By the way, if you have built any academies you can now override the hex containing them with some other improvement / great person structure, that can also help if you want to redirect your efforts elsewhere.
EDIT the newest version of civ5 allows you to sell buildings - which is perfect for this case! Just sell all your research labs, universities, libraries etc. - sell all buildings that only give you science. Since you can sell only one building per city per turn, I recommend you start by selling the buildings with the highest maintenance cost.
Comment: I've already done all your other suggestions, but replacing the academies is something I hadn't thought of, thanks
Comment: If the future techs get harder and harder to reach, then eventually, it should be more efficient to convert your citizen-turns into points by some other method. I think some math is called for...
Answer: No, you can't turn off science.
Unlike Civilization 4, there is no economy that gets split into gold/science/culture/espionage. Instead, science is created directly as science.
So you're not directly losing anything be leaving your science on. Instead, you're actually gaining additional score each time you complete a future tech, so your victory will be all the greater!
The best you can do is what Oak suggested: switch your citizens to working on something else, either through focus or manually stopping them from working on science squares or as specialists in science buildings. Where your citizens work is about the only way you are losing other resources from producing science, so changing what they work is all you need to do.
Answer: I've just discovered another feature - which is when you have no money, rather than go into debt it comes off your science. So this is a way to convert the excess science into cash... sort of!


How to describe collaboration?

Question: I am looking for ways to describe collaboration in Latin.
My main interest is scientific collaboration, if the type matters.
I would like to have both a verb "to collaborate" and a noun "collaboration".
These English words have obviously a Latin origin, but I have been unable to find collaborare or collaboratio in Latin dictionaries, so I assume they are not found in classical literature.
Are there better words for this kind of thing?
I prefer attested classical expressions, but later ones are also welcome.
Answer: I have found collaboro/collaborare in the Gaffiot (lit. work in concert) with reference to cum, laboro and Tertullian On Repentance :

Non potest corpus de unius membri vexatione laetum agere: condoleat
  universum et ad remedium conlaboret necesse est.
De Paenitentia, Tertulliani

A translation uses "join with one consent". The same dictionary provided collega (colleague) and collegarius (one of the colleagues), refering to cum, lego and noting conlega sapientae from Cicero's De natura deorum :

Metrodori vero, qui est Epicuri collega sapientiae, multa inpudentiora
  recitabat; accusat enim Timocratem, fratrem suum, Metrodorus, quod
  dubitet omnia, quae ad beatam vitam pertineant, ventre metiri, neque
  id semel dicit, sed saepius.
De natura deorum, Cicero

A translation says co-partner in philosophy, which feels like some colleague...
Comment: Finding a fitting word, good classical style but not prone to misunderstandings in modern use, is not easy. I'm hesitant with "associate" as well, since it is not clear (to me) if working together is involved. But if *collaborare* is fine, one should be able to derive *collaborator*, attested by itself or not. I'm not sure there is a better choice.
Comment: @JoonasIlmavirta It exists later [it seems](http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/LIBELLIFIUS), but _duCange_ is completely obscure to me. It is indeed not easy. The _association_ (adsocietas) may be too tight a partnership to describe what you mean...
Comment: I am now convinced that *collaborare* (or *conlaborare*) is good, but *collega* might not be what I'm looking for. My understanding is that it is closer to "colleague" than "collaborators". For example, all mathematicians are my colleagues, but only few of them my collaborators.
Answer: collaboro  or conlaboro is also in L/S, with the same unique reference to the early Christian author Tertullian (who writes fairly decent classicising Latin). It is a correctly formed prefixed verb and I would think it mere chance that it is not attested in classical authors.
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dcollaboro
Answer: For referring to a collaborator, have you thought of socius or adiutor? The latter does not necessarily imply a subordinate role and can quite well be used of equals in a partnership. Each has a wide range of application, but the sense is always of working together in the same enterprise.
To describe a collaboration on matters scientific, it's probably better to try working round the subject. This would allow you to use such words/phrases as una experire to imply the relationship between co-workers: e.g. Gaius et Marcus una operabantur.
None of this is in the way of objecting to collaborare, etc., which strike me as perfectly valid but not quite the thing for a scientific dissertation in proper classical style - if that's what you want.
Comment: Thanks! I think *socius* is an excellent word. It might be good to work around *collaborare*, but having such a verb available just in case is useful.
Answer: My suggestion may or may not fit the spirit of your question, but the Creator ineffabilis (Student's Prayer of Thomas Aquinas) is beautifully written and includes a request that God collaborate with the three stages of a student's work:

Ingressum instruas,
  progressum dirigas,
  egressum compleas.

These are all classically attested words (obviously), though they certainly are not stand-ins for the more prosaic "collaborate."
Comment: This is more in the spirit of a student-advisor collaboration than collaboration between peers. Not exactly what I looked for, but still useful.

How to describe collaboration?


Custom Widget Development

Question: I am using magento 1.9.3 version. I  tried to develop the custom widget for displayed the simple text content. I tried various development Tutorials to completes that processes. But end of that process created widget name doesn't shown on CMS->Widget->New Widget options. So please recommend so tutorial for this development.  And also there is any rules for "every widget related extensions are placed on app->code->Community file. Please give the suitable solution for this problem
Comment: Did you get your solution or did you looking for this still?
Answer: You can check this module for create custom widget in magento 1.9.
https://github.com/dhrumin44/magento19_CustomWidgetType
Answer: 1). go to your extension etc folder
2). create widget.xml file
<code><?xml version="1.0"?>
<widgets>
    <widget_instagrampro type="instagrampro/widgetblock">
        <name>Magecomp Instagrampro</name>
        <description type="desc">Magecomp Instagrampro</description>
    </widget_instagrampro>
</widgets>
</code>
put this code in that file and your widget will display when you create new widget

Custom Widget Development


Putting stationary variables through Johansen procedure

Question: Is it okay to feed $I(0)$ variables into the Johansen procedure? I've read three sources that seem to state that this is not what you're supposed to do. However, whenever I've done this, I notice that $\Pi$ is full rank and so it leads me to a VAR and therefore I don't see any problem with this.
Answer: Having I(0) variables is not a theoretical issue. Please see pp 5-6 Hjalmarsson and Österholm (2007) on this.
Answer: This is an expected result. The matrix $\Pi$ has full rank, when the process is stationary. Of course Johansen procedure usually requires that the time series should be checked for unit roots first. The null hypothesis is that time series are unit-roots and they are cointegrated. If your variables are $I(0)$ then the first step should eliminate the need to use Johansen's test. I would hesitate to use Johansen's test for testing whether the processes are $I(0)$, since it was not designed to be used as such.
Answer: Don't deliberately difference the data to induce Stationarity. While using Johansen Trace Test to test for co-integration ALWAYS take the the data in levels.Then the number of co-integrating vectors obtained from Pi Matrix will give correct results


Help me identify this Mini Bonsai

Question: I bought this mini bonsai from home depot, but it didn't have a specific bonsai name, so I'm trying to guess what is this kind of bonsai?
Answer: It looks like Ficus benjamina, though its hard to be sure of scale in terms of size of the leaves from the photo - image and info here https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_benjamina. Your plant doesn't look like a bonsai, it just looks like a Ficus benjamina that's lost some of its leaves, but instructions as to how to make a bonsai from this plant can be found here http://guide.makebonsai.com/bonsai_species_guide_training.asp?SpeciesID=5018
There is another, much smaller leaved version of this plant which is very similar, and would likely be more suitable for bonsai, and that is Ficus benjamina 'Too Little', image here so you can compare leaf size https://www.rareflora.com/ficusben2lil.htm
Comment: Nope, I think you are right the regular Ficus benjamina and this is no Bonsai unless it was transplanted into this black, nursery pot, WEIRD.  Anyone that wants to grow Bonsai needs a 'hands on class' with a bonsai expert.  Good luck trying to grow a Bonsai by book.  Being able to keep a bonsai alive is the sign somebody knows plants.  Even us oh so educated and experienced plant people have a TOUGH time with growing Bonsai.  Other wise you'll have a sweet Ficus, but get that saucer emptied everytime you water.  Don't overdo or underdo the watering.  If you purchased this as a bonsai....
Comment: The roots will not do well with this much soil.  Too few roots for this size plant.  I'd repot it in a pot half this size.  Find a well lit spot, use distilled or bottled water, no drafts (unusual sporadic puffs of air of a different temperature).  Keep it in that spot.  This pot will be fine when it grows decent roots and doubles its canopy.  Very very careful with fertilizer.  Right now I am not seeing deficiencies.  I also see new growth.  Perhaps leaving it in this pot is fine but do not overwater!!  If it continues to fail, then I would repot in a smaller pot with potting soil.
Answer: This is a Ficus, A Benjamima I think. This is suitable for inside as it is semi tropical. You must repot this tree, buy a packet of Bonsai soil mix and add some gravel , gravel is essential to let the soil drain , a little bark chips would help. Get a pot which you fill to just below the rim , otherwise excess water will lie in the pot and start to rot the roots.
Luckily this species does not mild getting dry from time to time. But it must have lots of light , a light bulb is not enough. Put it by a bright window. The bathroom is ideal as this plant likes moist air.
Outside Bonsais are easier as they get Moisture, strong light , and fresh air , and rain for free. Never let your Bonsai dry out . Good luck.

Help me identify this Mini Bonsai


BLDC Stuttering when attached to Arduino Nano

Question: I am working on building a quadcopter with an Arduino nano. I am currently only working with 2 motors. However, I am experiencing an odd issue. When I try to run my motors, one of them runs fine, while the other stutters - it turns on and off extremely quickly to get this stuttering effect, all the while emitting a quick beeping sound. I know the motor and the ESC are both perfectly fine because when I isolate the problematic motor and run it without the Arduino using a Servo consistency master, it works perfectly normally. It also cannot be the signal pin pf the Arduino which the motor is attached to because I switched the signal pins of the two motors, but the issue still persists with the same motor. I'd really appreciate some help, thanks!
Answer: If you ran the setup with servo tester, connection between motor and ESC is fine. Therefore, check with oscilloscope if your Arduino generates proper signal. Typically, ESCs proper input is 50Hz PWM with 1000-2000us duty. Ensure, that you have these values correctly. Moreover, ensure that high and low voltage levels are correct - 5V/3.3V (depending on Arduino version) for the high state and 0V for the low state.
If you have your PWM generated by the software you created, the signal will not be consistent and may cause some problems. I'd rather use hardware timer set to generate PWM signal. Also, if you use 8-bit timer, resolution of the output PWM signal will not be good: 20ms period divided by 256 is 0.07ms. The signal you want to generate has a duty between 1 and 2ms, therefore this 1 millisecond used for control is divided in 13 possible positions. Use 16-bit timer instead, to get better results.
The problem with one particular motor can also be caused by tolerance between ESCs; ie. you generate with your Arduino signal, that has slightly low frequency (like, 49Hz) and one of the ESCs gets it and works correctly, the other however does not "understand" the signal you generate. That is why you should precisely check PWM's frequency, duty cycle and voltages. Also mind the timers I mentioned above.
Lastly, your question is more related to the Arduino, than robotics. There is an Arduino Stack Exchange with far superior number of visitors and Arduino programmers/designers.


Android 4.0.4 bluetooth dongle pairing

Question: I have a problem with an Android device when it pairs with a Bluetooth dongle. This device (Honda Connect) shows up a dialog asking to put a certain pin on the bluetooth dongle to pair (0000) ... unfortunately this dongle has a different pin and it's not possibile to 'change' such pin (AFAIK). Is there a way to change the default pin from 0000 to a different one?
Answer: In the specific case of using Honda Connect (Android device) this problem can be fixed trough Honda Connect WiFi / Bluetooth settings. This form (NOT Android Bluetooth settings) allows to change the pairing code. After this maneouvre (and a soft reset if required) the bluetooth pairing will be completed succesfully without pairing code request.

Android 4.0.4 bluetooth dongle pairing


The Clone Wars mentions of Old Republic

Question: Are there any mentions or links, for example people, places or events that connect the Clone Wars series with anything in the era before the sacking of Coruscant?
Comment: In the Clone Wars cartoon, while in a large battle, Plo Koon mentions to Kit Fisto that they haven't had battles like this since the Old Republic. In the novel *Plagueis*, Darth Plagueis mentions people such as Darth Nihilus, Darth Sion, and Vitiate. I'm not sure the source, but Darth Sidious mentions Darth Malgus somewhere.
Answer: Sidious mentioned Malgus in Book of Sith
Meebur Gascon mentions Malachor as an expletive. Malachor V was the planet devastated by Revan's Mass Shadow Generator, which was also responsible for Darth Nihilus's birth.
Answer: The only thing that I can think of is Pre Vizsla (its a weak connection). In his his fight with Obi-Wan Kenobi with the Darksaber, he makes a reference to his ancestor fighting against the Jedi (Mandalorian Wars perhaps) and one of his anscestors taking the Darksaber from the Jedi Temple.

"For generations my ancestors fought proudly as warriors against the Jedi.

And

This lightsaber was stolen from your Jedi Temple by my ancestors during the fall of the Old Republic.

Perhaps he was referring to Shae Vizla during the Sacking of Coruscant? The problem is the names are spelled differently. This could be an oversight, a way to keep it from being too obvious or an example of how names change over the centuries. Much like George Lucas's reasons for changing the name of the planet Korriban to Morriband in the clone wars series.

In the Clone Wars series, we also get to see Darth Bane's force ghost.

The catch is of course that

Bane isn't pre-Sacking of Coruscant like you mentioned but he is specifically Old Republic era.
Bane looks quite different than he is depicted in Drew Karpyshyn's trilogy.
We don't know how much Bane showing up in the Clone Wars actually canonizes the events of his life as written about in the Darth Bane trilogy of EU books.

Ultimately, we don't have much from before the prequel movies that can be considered canon at this point. I'm sure Disney will continue to pull in references here and there but they will not be likely to add anything that already exists to the canon entirely because this way they can cherry pick what they want and don't want. And with the canon as massive (and sometimes messy to connect) as it was, can you blame them?
Comment: ok must have overlooked him there in that episode^^' tnx!
Comment: in which episode does bane appear? oO I don't remember any episode where a force ghost appeared so clearly I seem to have missed that one.
Comment: Season 6 episode 13 (The last episode of the Clone Wars)

The Clone Wars mentions of Old Republic


Calories in a lava crunch cake

Question: From where do the most of the calories in a chocolate lava crunch cake come from? From the crust or the molten chocolate that's inside?
Comment: I know lava cake, in "normal" recipes the answer would be the cake and "lava" would have the same calorie density by weight, the "lava" would have a slightly higher calorie density than the cake by volume. However, I don't know lava "crunch", can you provide a recipe?
Comment: Hmm, I dunno - I was mostly thinking of the Dominos lava crunch cakes which have extremely sweet lava and the outer cake part is not that sweet which gave me the impression that the lava part had most of the calories.
Comment: I don't know Dominos cakes. Traditional "lava cakes" are really just kind of *underdone* so that the center remains liquid, but is made of the same ingredients as the *lava*, which remains liquid because it isn't really *cooked*
Comment: Oh, huh. Why's the cooked part so much less sweet then?
Comment: Sometimes lava cakes are made by baking a lump of ganache into a chocolate cake. This is a slightly more foolproof method: as long as the cake is warm-ish, the center will stay "molten", and there's no chance of it becoming solid via carryover cooking. The ganache would also probably be sweeter than the cake.
Answer: From online comments, this copycat recipe seems pretty accurate.
So, they're not dissimilar to traditional lava cakes. The soft, flowing "lava" is just batter that isn't cooked. From the copycat recipe:

Domino's makes their cakes in the pizza oven. The secret to the gooey center is that the cake is baked at a high temperature to solidify and crisp the outside. Meanwhile, the chocolate lava center stays liquid and gooey. They make for an elegant, yet really easy to make dessert.

So by weight (the leavened cooked batter is lighter), the lava and the cake have the same ingredients, same calories. The "lava" seems sweeter because it is denser, so it has more sugar by volume.
Answer: According to the Domino's nutrition guide, the cake includes both "fudge" and "cookie cake". The center is probably the fudge, which is basically a mixture of chocolate, sugar, and fat so that it stays soft as long as it is warm, and would contain much more sugar than the cake.
Domino's Nutrition Data
Comment: From this (unfortunately somewhat blurry) [picture](http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/O-E1bXpu9TI/maxresdefault.jpg), it looks like we may both be right. I can't find a single other picture that shows two distinct types of fillings, but I have seen some that just seem to be too runny to be normal lava cakes. It seems like maybe it's a standard "not done in the middle" lava cake, that's also got additional liquid chocolate stuff. Weird. I may have to order one just to see what the hell it is!

Calories in a lava crunch cake


What does 自个 mean: "since a" or "onself"

Question: As a title, I have found to meanings for 自个:  "since a" or "oneself", what is correct and how to translate it?
Comment: Better gives the whole sentence.  Translating word by word usually produces odd sentences.
Answer:
自个儿 zìgěr
pronoun colloquial
oneself, by oneself
不要只顾自个儿。Don't just think about yourself.

自个儿 is the a colloquial way to say 自己. On top of my head, I couldn't see any example where they are not interchangeable. The only difference between them perhaps is just that 自己 can be used in formal context while 自个儿 is rather colloquial.
Literally the word is composed with "self" "one" (儿 is just there to mimic the colloquial adjustment of pronunciation). So it's simply means self and one which could be understood as oneself, by oneself, oneself's etc. depending on the context.
It's can be used as a pronoun alone like the example given above.
More than often it would follow another noun part, subject or object and etc, to stress that it's object carry out the action alone. This can also make the reference more clear since 自个儿 itself only means oneself buy doesn't specify who the one is.
For example:
你自个儿 means "you and oneself", which in turn means "yourself".
So when you encountered 自个儿, just keep in mind it means that the object it refers to is finishing the sentence by itself and add appropriate adverb (by adding alone, by oneself) or change the pronoun (you->yourself) that fits other parts in your translation.
Comment: @RuslanGerasimov: It's because it mistaken it two words. 自 itself as a preposition has the meaning of from/since. 个 itself as a word means one, a, ones (and pronounced as gè). You see tokenization (breaking sentence or sentence segments in to words) is a very complicated subject since there is explicit boundaries between words like space in English.
Comment: thank you, and why does google translate it as ["since a"](https://translate.google.com/#auto/en/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%AA)?
Answer: Zhongwen.com illustrates the different phrases one can put together with the  character  自 (zì). Note that "oneself" and "since then" are valid possible meanings.

Jukuu.com provides many sample sentences for both of these phrases, here are two:

She was humming a tune to herself.
她自个儿哼着小调。

(note that 從 cóng is simplified here as 从)

He hasn't been home since last year.
自从去年至今他未回过家。
Answer: ABC dictionary defines it as:

oneself; by oneself
VARIANTS
自个儿〔自個兒〕 zìgěr
自各儿〔自各兒〕 zìgěr

Basically it's the same as 自己 - it's just a regional thing.
Here's what Baidu says, with some example sentences.

【自个儿】zìgěr
〈方〉自己。也作"自各儿"。
例:①不陪了,自个儿玩吧,您。
②不要客气,就当是自个儿的家。
③躲在门背后头吃馍馍——自个儿哄自个儿
④你自个儿的事,我怎么好插手?
⑤你们自个儿看吧,看中哪个跟我说。
Comment: 自 I guess is short for 自从 meaning since - 个 means one = since a
Comment: thank you, and why google says it's ["since a"](https://translate.google.com/#auto/en/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%AA)?


Sparkling Blackberry Wine

Question: Can I add priming sugar to a finished wine to carbonate it when I bottle it? I plan on fermenting about a month before I bottle it, would the yeast still be alive at that time?
Answer: Yes, it is entirely possible to make a sparkling fruit wine by adding sugar to the fermented brew before bottling it. I prefer to use glucose but table sugar(sucrose) or syrup(invert sugar) can be used as preferred. If a strong glass bottle is not available I recommend using PET fizzy drinks bottles. I do not recommend using "normal" beer or wine bottles as they are not designed for the higher pressures found in carbonated wines - but it does depend on how fizzy the wine is made. It is also important to make sure the wine has FULLY fermented before adding priming sugar and bottling. If the fermenting wine was left in the brew bin (or whatever the wine is being fermented in) for about 4 weeks then that is a good "rule of thumb" but it is better to use hydrometer to the determine the Specific Gravity. The fermentation has finished when the specific gravity remains constant over three or so days.
As a guide I use 350g of sugar or glucose to 24 L of fruit wine. That produces a fizz but not an eruption on opening the bottle. If you like it fizzier then 400 g of sugar can be used for 24L. Increasing the priming sugar to 450g usually produces too much carbonation to safely or usefully open the bottle inside the house. On the other hand it is perfect if you plan to celebrate winning a F1 Grand Prix.
In normal conditions after a month fermenting at "room temperature" the wine will contain enough yeast for successful secondary fermentation and carbonation. There is normally no need to add any yeast.
Comment: Wow, is sparkling wine put at such a pressure? 350g to 24L is 14g/L. For beer, 8g/L is already considered a high value.
Comment: IMHO the term "sparkling wine" can cover anything from the frizzante like. Mateus Rose to the gushing, cork popping Champagnes. The 14.6 g/L I use produces a good "fizzy" but not too "gushy" red sparkling wine. I do not exceed 6 g/L for beer.
Comment: You mention "normal" bottles, I am using 750ml Homebrew bottles, with the flip tops, the vendor said they are good to bottle condition in, does that qualify for wine, would you think?
Comment: 750ml flip tops are normally good for sparkling wine. I use 500ml flip top bottles (used by "Hovels" beer). They have been used for over 6 years without problem. But they are a thick walled bottle. I previously used 500 and 750 ml standard walled flip tops without problem to condition the wine over 6 months or so. IL PET fizzy drinks bottles also work well and have added safety while getting the priming formula right!
Comment: Wine bottles with corks can be fine with very little pressure (like a vinho Verde).  With higher pressure you need champagne cork, PET or swing-top bottle.  Otherwise the pressure will pop the cork out!  Tested by me ;)

Sparkling Blackberry Wine


Regarding "a human brain can hold enough information to fill 10 libraries", can we quantify the memory required for a given task?

Question: It is not the exact phrase, but I have heard variations of this claim. I am wondering whether such claim is supported by a study or experiment. I am also curious if there is a way to sort of vaguely quantify memory. In other words, is there a way to know how much memory/resources a type of task occupies? For example, is it possible to know experimentally whether the muscle memory required to play a piano needs more memory/resources than the memory needed to read a piano sheet?
Comment: Depends a lot on [information theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory) factors like efficiency of storage. [*Chunking*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunking_%28psychology%29) may improve efficiency in organic memory, much like digital encoding improves efficiency in physical memory. I wouldn't pit a person against ten libraries filled with terabyte hard drives unless that person could chunk at savant level. Note the implied influence of individual differences here too. Anyway, performance on secondary tasks may serve to operationalize free attentional resources adequately.
Comment: Define "library"
Comment: And just as a comment- the term "chunking" applies to short-term working memory. Long term memory is a bit fuzzier, relying upon associations within a schema to be able to access. But, long term memory is also mutable, in that it is read and re-written every time it is accessed. So, I think this question cannot be answered given how little we know about how memory works.
Comment: @rmayer06 I know it's vague, but it simply means a large amount of information. Say, at least 400 books? But even so, I don't think it is that important to know what a "library" is for my questions. After all, all I am asking is how someone determined how much the human brain can hold. Of course, the amount must be finite. But the method of approximation that the researchers used is what I am after (if such research did indeed happen)
Comment: @rmayer06 Also, I have tried looking up chunking but couldn't find a source which claims that it only applies to short term memory. Could you show me where you got that information?
Comment: I'm not sure whether this source is reliable, but it appears to suggest that chunking is not exclusive to short term memory. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/741942359#.UvT6sIXMJGw
Comment: Interesting source. Probably worth a read. My point is that we don't understand much about LTM.
Answer: First, consider that those questions can potentially be answered only in animals, like mice. There is no way to test such things in humans, because methods like fMRI give resolution of $\approx$1,000,000 neurons. In order to test your hypothesis, you need resolution below the neuronal level, because what your need to see is how the connections (synapses) between neurons are established. Theoretically, you can train mice to run a maze. Then, with a microscope, one can count how many synapses were created. I think, to date, you cannot do this without killing the mice. If so, then you will take other mice and teach them to play piano :) So, the difference between change of connections might be your estimate. But you cannot know whether two tasks are equivalent, so you may end up comparing apples and tomatoes. Overall, the term "memory" is not something that is precisely defined on a biological level, like RAM or hard-drive capacity on a PC. There are prominent hypotheses about how memories are created (connections between neurons), but those are still hypotheses.
You might be interested to read this book; hopefully it is not too complicated without much background: Connectome: How the Brain's Wiring Makes Us Who We Are (Seung, 2012)
Reference
Seung, S. (2012). Connectome: How the brain's wiring makes us who we are. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade.
Comment: 'Synaptic connections created' is a pretty bad metric for memory, since most memories are created by changing the weights of existing connections rather than creating new connections.
Comment: OK. Fair enough, I simplified the things. But is there a way using e.g. two-photon microscopy to detect changing these wights? For example, some changes in dendritic spine.


What is same site scripting and what are some exploit scenarios?

Question: I know it is an issue with how DNS is configured , but is it really dangerous if the attacker couldn't access your network?
Answer: Based on the link from Julian's answer, it's pretty straightforward. It does seem a little dangerous but nothing critical.
How the web works
Imagine you have a website. Browsers send HTTP traffic to that website. This traffic includes session cookies. The site should be TLS protected, or your session cookies are going over the internet in cleartext, for anyone to read. You also need to protect your session cookies (and any other sensitive cookies) with the 'secure' flag to prevent them from being sent over http traffic, or your browser will just send them to any server that intercepts your cleartext http requests. And you can use HSTS to prevent usage of http to your server.
When the browser tries to communicate with the web server, it communicates via IP -internet protocol. Internet protocol doesn't use host names, but rather uses ip addresses - 4 decimal separated values such as 127.0.0.1.  the browser uses dns* to learn the ip address for the hostname to which you want to connect. The web server has an associated dns server whose job it is to respond to 'what ip address is this host'. Every named host on the internet is supported by a dns server.  Assuming dns is secure**; the browser gets the server's real ip address from the real dns server.
The class of misconfiguration in question
But what happens if the dns server is misconfigured and returns the wrong ip address? If the desired server is www.example.com at 220.127.116.11 and the server sometimes returns 18.104.22.168, which may belong to evil.com, what does the browser do? The browser connects to 18.104.22.168, evil.com.
Now, this isn't so bad at first blush. Remember how the traffic is TLS protected? Well, TLS lets the browser detect that 22.214.171.124 is not example.com because 126.96.36.199 does not have the private key that goes with example.com's certificate. The browser rejects the connection attempt to evil.com.
Ah, but what if TLS isn't used to connect to 184.108.40.206? In that case, there is a risk. The cookies don't get sent, because you remembered to use the secure flag on your cookies. However, the same domain policy that protects pages served from one domain against pages served from another domain breaks down - these servers are both in the same domain. In theory, malicious JavaScript on 126.96.36.199 should be able to interact with the page served by 18.104.22.168. This is bad. There may be other attacks that suddenly start working as well.
Thankfully, this misconfiguration shouldn't happen in practice.  The DNS server owned by example.com has no reason to serve evil.com's IP address as though it represents example.com.  Typos causing this are unlikely. Even if a typo did occur, users would notice outages before the attacker would likely have the time to make use of the window of opportunity.
The specific misconfiguration in question
But what if there were a common misconfiguration? The security focus message lists one: forgetting to put a period at the end of the definition for localhost. Due to the way the server parses the configuration file, localhost then becomes interpreted as a hostname within the current domain instead of a fully qualified domain in and of itself.  Going back to example.com: if example.com defines localhost incorrectly, we get a resolvable ip address for localhost.example.com.
This routable address for localhost.example.com, which exists within the example.com domain, is assigned a loopback ip address. The loopback address is a special address that computers know means 'myself'. When you try to connect to the loopback address, you are always connection to the machine sending the message, by definition.  In fact, most operating systems will not even send the message to the network when the loopback address is used - then traffic stays entirely on the local machine.
Impact
Just like evil.com could attack your usage of example.com in the original misconfiguration, your computer can now attack your usage of example.com.  The main thing that really seems to lower the risk is that the attacker has to be on the same machine as you are. If they're not, they can't open a network port over which to serve HTTP traffic to your browser from the local machine.
If the attacker is not on your local machine, they cannot make use of this specific misconfiguration.
Example
Let's take an example to try and help understand how this works. Victoria, our victim, is logged with shell access to vicki.com, IP 18.104.22.168. Mallory,  our attacker, is also logged into vicki.com with shell access. Evelyn, our other attacker, controls evil.com at 188.8.131.52.
Vicki opens her web browser within her vicki.com shell,  and browses to example.com, which has a misconfigured DNS entry to include localhost in the example.com domain. Vicki clicks around and does stuff,  and eventually,  for whatever reason follows a link to localhost.example.com.
Mallory prepared for this eventuality.  He is running an HTTP server on vicki.com, with malicious JavaScript. Vicki's browser loads Mallory's malicious page and executes the JavaScript payload. Mallory's JavaScript can now access vicki's account in example.com and do anything that vicki could d,  as vicki. If vicki could read a private message that was sent just to her now so can mallory. If she could delete a user account, now so can mallory. Mallory,  quite literally, the same level of access to Vicki's account that Vicki does -  until she closes her browser*** . Mallory has,  quite literally, delivered a cross site scripting payload using a different attack vector.
Note that Evelyn didn't do anything here and that evil.com didn't come into play. Same site scripting requires the attacker to be on the exact same machine that you are on. Evelyn doesn't have that type of access to vicki.com.   evil.com doesn't have that kind of access to vicki.com.
Note, also, that Vicki had to load localhost in her browser.  Servers don't normally include links to localhost,  so there would likely have to be some social engineering to get vicki to load that malicious page.
Risk: medium
Between a misconfiguration,  the attacker already being on your system,  and the need for social engineering to accomplish the attack,  this isn't all tht serious.  If I had to score it with CVSSv2, I'd give it 6.0(AV:L/AC:H/Au:S/C:C/I:C/A:C),  assuming that vicki is an administrator of example.com,  and her web access includes full administrative access. NVD ranges for cvss would call those medium (https://nvd.nist.gov/cvss.cfm)
About the name 'same site scripting'
Like many names in the security field, this is a bit of a misnomer. It's not really the same site that's performing the xss attack. It's the same domain, but the site happens to be the local machine, not the website in question. This is also not an xss/JavaScript injection issue, but a DNS misconfiguration that bypasses the same domain policy and allows non-injected JavaScript from the local host to run in the context of pages served by the misconfigured domain.
It would have been more accurate to name it something like 'Same-Domain Policy Bypass via DNS Misconfiguration', but that's not nearly as sexy.
End notes
* I intentionally omit all details of using the system's resolver to keep this answer a reasonable length and avoid losing the reader in the details.
** We know it's not totally secure, but just pretend it is so that the answer can focus on the question asked
*** Assuming no other vulnerabilities that allow Mallory to persist his access.
Comment: Hi atk. Good explanation. However, would be great if you could explain :-
what do you really mean when you say, "your computer can now attack your usage of example.com." in the impact section of your answer.
So taking the case of evil.com,as an attacker,  i can have java script on evil.com to interact with example.com, because due to the vuln. both are in theory on the same domain, and thus the same origin policy breaks.

How does the above relate to "my computer can now attack example.com" in the case of localhost specific misconfiguration ?
Comment: @geek_ji, to the contrary,  same site scripting doesn't enable evil. com to attack you unless you are also evil.com. Instead, same site scripting allows your computer to attack you -  or others on your computer to attack you.  I'll see if there's a way to make that a little clearer...
Comment: @atk Usually same site scripting it described as the (sub-)domain resolving against CIDR 127.0.0.1/32 as described in RFC 5735. But shouldn't resolving against any private IP address such as CIDR 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 and 192.168.0.0/16 as described in RFC 1918 be considered as same-site-scripting? Local (127.0.0.1) access is one thing, but access from another machine in the network and a (sub-)domain resolving against that private IP address, is enough to do the same trick.
Answer: Although I can't pretend to understand all the details of this, it does appear that this is dangerous.
See the original post here.

While superficially this may appear to be harmless, it does in fact allow an attacker to cheat the RFC2109 (HTTP State Management Mechanism) same origin restrictions, and therefore hijack state management data.

The result of this minor misconfiguration is that it is impossible to
  access sites in affected domains securely from multi-user systems. The
  attack is trivial, ...
Answer: I know that this may not be what you are looking for since you mention DNS, but IMHO, same-site scripting (SSS), by interpolation from the definition of XSS (cross-site scripting), is a class of attack whereby a malicious user injects javascript code on the HTML page of a website targeting the same domain. Any website that is vulnerable to XSS will also be vulnerable to SSS.
SSS is usually manifested in the form of SSRF (same-site request forgery) attacks that are harder to detect and at the same time much more effective than a CSRF (cross-site request forgery).
For example, one user, Alice, logs in to perform online banking on sillybank.com. The bank website has a public profile page where customers who never sleep can view individual profile of other customers. Suppose another customer, Joker, crafted the following on his profile page:
Name: Joker
About: Thank you for your $1,000 donation.

Since Alice is already authenticated when she logs in to the website, her session token in the cookie will be used by the bank to identify her when she perform any operation (deliberately or otherwise) on the website, such as a fund transfer.
Common methods (such as referrer checking) to safeguard against a CSRF attack would not work as all requests are made from the same origin. The above attack requires a flaw in the website that allows user to insert arbitrary javascript. However, even without javascript, SSRF is equally devastating with GET request on  tags such as:

provided that sillybank.com allows GET request for fund transfer. Any website that is vulnerable to CSRF will also be vulnerable to SSRF.
Comment: Umm... What you describe is exactly standard CSRF. Just like with XSS (e.g. Stored XSS), it doesn't matter if the payload is really launched from another site or not. The SSRF you expanded is also wrong - that stands for *Server Side* Request Forgery, not "same site".


In what Marvel paperbacks do Toad's Brotherhood of Mutants appear?

Question: As far as I know, Toad's Brotherhood of Mutants was first introduced in X-Force and included the characters of Blob, Phantazia, Pyro, and Sauron. I was therefore wondering which paperbacks I should read to explore this version of the Brotherhood, as Toad is personally one of my favorite Marvel villains.
Comment: Seems like this is more of a recommendation question at present, that can't be answered with anything other than opinion, which isn't allowed, or a mere list of every TPB they appear in which is, I guess, but is a bit of a chore for potential answerers so you should be clear if that's what you want.
Comment: What I want is to see what paperbacks Toad's Brotherhood originates in and ends, nothing more. Also, don't quite see how this is too broad as the Marvel Wiki states that this Brotherhood was short-lived.
Comment: Just to be clear, I am simply looking for a list of paperbacks they appear in. As I stated earlier, this Brotherhood was apparently short-lived, so shouldn't be too much of a hassle
Comment: Voted to reopen as, upon reading what OP is looking for precisely and some research, this is a pretty short list (similar to [this question](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/q/201613/98028), which was left open): less than 10 appearances between 1991 and 1993. Short enough to be on topic, I reckon.
Comment: This has nothing to do with Toad's saliva as such. Therefore I've removed the tag.
Answer: Toad's Brotherhood of Evil Mutants was indeed short-lived (less than 10 appearances between 1991 and 1993). The issues featuring it are listed below. For the sake of readability, all panels are linked to but not included, as it would distort the formatting.
X-Force
This Brotherhood was created in X-Force #5 (1991). Toad, already in league with the Blob, manages to bring Sauron out of Karl Lykos, in order to "fullfill his dreams" of a new Brotherhood of Evil Mutants. By issue #6 (1992), Phantazia and Pyro have already joined (we don't get to know how).
They're battling X-Force in issue #7, Sauron is on his own in issue #8, he's rejoined by Blob and Phantazia in issue #9. They're defeated and none to be seen again in X-Force. Well, technically they do appear on a monitor in X-Force Annual #1, but that's not really relevant.
Collected in the paperback print of the "Under the gun" arc (Amazon link).
X-Factor
They serve as "villain of the week" in X-Factor #82 (1992). They try to enroll people, are stopped by X-Factor fairly easily, and that's a day.
It's really a one-issue thing, and is printed as such, although I'd imagine the issue is also collected with other X-Factor issues not featuring Toad's Brotherhood.
Darkhawk and Sleepwalker
In Darkhawk #19 (1992), the Brotherhood plots yet another scheme, "saving" Portal to get him to join them. That fails (surprisingly), Portal helps in pushing them back. They get their payback in the next issue, when they mind-control Portal as a taxi driver. He's saved from the Brotherhood by Darkhawk and Spider-Man in Sleepwalker #17 (1992), right after teleporting the evil team to an unknown place.
As far as I can tell these three aren't collected in one paperback, but they're available in single-issues on Amazon, ComicBookRealm and the like.
X-Men Unlimited
The team is sunbathing on a boat in X-Men Unlimited #2 (1993), when Exodus comes and states that Phantazia is eligible for a place in a brand-new sanctuary. Phantazia goes team player and declines.
Collected in single-issue, although I guess it's the same situation as X-Factor one above.
X-Men
In X-Men Annual #2 (1993), the Brotherhood faces (among others) Jonathan Chambers, an energy vampire (ask the Blob). Toad has a minor role in the issue.
Printed in one-issue thingy, sold by various individuals throughout the Internet. X-Factor situation from above applies once again.
As far as I can tell, that's it. Toad's Brotherhood doesn't appear after that, so it's rather safe to say Toad's Brotherhood disbanded after the events listed above. Given their success rate, that had to happen at some point.
Comment: Thank you for saving us from multiple Rob Liefeld panels.


Will one flawed grade outside of my major from my freshman year affect graduate school?

Question: I'm an English major and planning to apply to graduate schools. My freshman year I originally planned to be a bio major due to pressures from my family. I had to take chemistry and biology, which soon enough turned into a disaster. I dropped chem, but since I needed enough credits to be considered full time, I was forced to keep with bio. I ended up with a D- in the course. If it wasn't my freshman year, I honestly would have probably done better, but I was having a rough time settling into college with homesickness and depression. Aside from that one hiccup, however, the rest of my grades are As with a couple B+. So what I'm wondering is would that badly affect my application or even receiving scholarships?
Comment: I think this has been asked and answered, but I'm not sure exactly where.  At any rate, your experience is very common, and admissions committees know that.  Also, the farther back in time a grade is, the less it matters.
Answer: It is extremely unlikely that a graduate admissions committee/potential supervisor would look at your first year courses in any amount of detail. They are going to focus on the higher-level courses you take in later years, whether or not you do an honours degree/undergrad thesis, etc.
The only way I can see this affecting you is by lowering the overall average grade for your degree (measured in many places as a GPA). Many departments have a minimum GPA/grade requirement to be considered for admission to grad school. However, as long as you get consistently good grades for the rest of your degree, this little slip-up isn't going to matter much.
Answer: No, nothing to worry. Graduate committees understand that students have rough patches, and the first year of undergraduate is certainly a rough one for everyone. Rest assured that the majority of students have had a semester with problems in their lives. What matters is that you are on the right trajectory, as you apparently are. It makes it matter even less because it's not even in your major.
In my 4 or so years on the graduate committee, a single slip-up (or even a single bad semester) has never been an issue.


NFS Datastore Appears Empty!

Question: I've got an NFS server problem.
The datastore connected and seems to be a valid datastore in both the vSphere client and under /vmfs/volumes.
The issue is that it appears to be empty!
I can create files (eg: touch /vmfs/volumes/nfs_common/thefile) and it is correctly written to the nfs store.
I can verify this by looking on the nfs server itself.
But the vmkernel only sees an empty datastore; the file disappears.
Another freebsd box can mount the same NFS share and see the files correctly.
Some useful data:
ESXi 4.0.0 Build 208167
NFS is unfsd running on a Buffalo Linkstation Pro Duo (a bit hacky I know).
The share has file system permissions set to 777 at the moment.
My /etc/exports is as follows, and as I say it connects fine.
/mnt/array1/ESX_Shared 192.168.16.0/255.255.255.0(insecure,rw,sync,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check)
The ESXi servers can also successfully mount NFS shares from other NFS servers.
Any ideas guys?
Thanks,
Tom
Answer: Change the file encoding to BIG5.
I had the same problem with ANSI encoding. After changing it to BIG5 everything worked.

Don't forget to modify your C:\WINDOWS\msnfs\\.maphost file

NFS Datastore Appears Empty!


How long are Debian stable releases supported? like Debian Wheezy

Question: I am Ubuntu user; while I know that Ubuntu 12.04 is LTS and will be supported until April 2017, I'd like to know what the projected support lifetime of Debian Wheezy will be.
Comment: [DebianReleases](https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases)
Comment: It would be better if the question be rephrased to be more general like "How long are Debian releases supported?". In a few months the answers which are correct now will be invalidated and in a few years no one cares about Wheezy any more.
Answer: There is no set date. From the Debian Wiki:

oldstable is a codename for the previous Debian stable repository, as long as security updates are provided.
  It is not just a name of the old stable version(s) of Debian.
  ...
  Q) How long will security updates be provided?

  The security team tries to support a stable distribution for about one year after the next stable distribution has been released, except when another stable distribution is released within this year. It is not possible to support three distributions; supporting two simultaneously is already difficult enough.

This means that Wheezy will be supported for about one year after Jessie's release. At the time of writing, there has been no set date for Jessie's release.
Comment: They announced the freeze to be Nov 5th 2014 recently. I would expect a release between May-June 2015.
Answer: As discussed the Debian releases are supported for about 3 years, then one year after the next stable release as shown here:
https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases
There is now a LTS repository of Debian which you can swap over to get 5 years out of a release, ref:
https://wiki.debian.org/LTS/
The LTS repo takes Debian 7 "Wheezy" support to May, 2018 & "Jessie" to May, 2020.
Answer: Very hard to say. I tried to get a general lifetime for Debian myself and ended up with a rough estimate of currently three years support.
This is much less than the five years for Ubuntu LTS. My feeling is that Debian will go into that direction, too.
If they want to stick to their policy of "not more than two active versions at the same time" (see Joseph's answer), they should release a new major version only every four years.


How can I stack my toolboxes stably?

Question: I have two toolboxes that look like the picture below, with handles which lie down but still make a "bump" about a 1/2" high in the middle of the top so I can't make a stable stack when not in use.  I'm considering doing something to make up the height, a ridge along the ends of the bottom of the top one.  I was thinking maybe I'd epoxy a short length of 1/2" tubing.  Any thoughts?

Comment: If you add 1/2" high *feet* to each box, you will not only be able to stack them, but they will be raised above any damp floor or ground and thus minimize rusting.
Comment: What meaning of *secure* do you mean?  Safe from burglars, safe from falling over, safe from kids, etc.?
Comment: Safe from falling over.  I updated the question.
Answer: In addition to the comment of adding feet to the bottoms by pop riveting rubber bumpers or cushions

and doing the same with 4 furniture cups. They are soft or hard plastic that you can fasten to the top top keep the newly aplied feet in place.
Answer: Alternative: n the lower chest, remove top handle and add side handles. You might also want to design something so the two interlock, to prevent the top case sliding off too easily.

How can I stack my toolboxes stably?


common header and footer for all pages in drupal7

Question: i use different layouts for different pages for a large website, which share common header and footer. how can i create common header and footer templates and link the templates to these pages.
Comment: I think you will need to customize the header and footer in your page.tpl.php file
Answer: The most common is to structure your header and footer using the core block system. Another solution would be to place the structure in the page.tpl.php. If you have a lot of page.tpl.php files and still want to use templates, then it might be better to place the header and footer in the html.tpl.php template.
Personally I would recommend using the blocks system.
Answer: Way to do this, creating region--header.tpl.php and region--footer.tpl.php, which contains the html structure for header and footer region. Make sure tat base template file region.tpl.php file is included.
For dynamic header and footer, use blocks. And for static header and footer section, write  html code in the header and footer template files. And for semi-dynamic portion, combination of both can be used.
However there should be a block atleast in the header and footer region to take effect.


Do the makers of Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle consider the film to be science fiction or fantasy?

Question: I've been in an argument with one of my teachers. I'd like to know if there has been any definitive statement from the makers of Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle as to whether they consider the film to be science fiction or fantasy?
Comment: Since opinion is everywhere, I submit mine - call it modern fantasy.  Magic in the real world is a common theme these days.  I don't really understand where sci-fi comes into it, unless one of you is fixated on the game console, or the timeline changing, which OK, sure, there's a sci-fi element there, but it's mostly a proxy for magic to use.
Comment: @Radhil I would tend to agree, particularly since wikipedia lists it as a fantasy movie and it was nominated for a Saturn Award in the fantasy category rather than the science fiction category. Plus it's based on the original Jumanji, which was very clearly fantasy.
Comment: I'm curious as to which of you is backing the science fiction argument? I'd like to think it's you & not your teacher, if only because the idea that someone employed to educate could have such a wrong-headed opinion is a little depressing, it's not a promising indicator for the education of his/her students :)
Comment: Unfortunately, My teacher is the one who considers it a science fiction movie. But, I showed him your comment as well as all the others, and I have a feeling that he is going to change his mind. Thank you!!  @Pelinore
Answer: The film, although containing some slight elements of science fiction (the characters, for example enter a fantasy world via a framing story involving a magical games console) was marketed exclusively as a fantasy / adventure story.
The initial casting call sheet is a good example of this;

Jumanji is an upcoming American fantasy adventure film directed by
Jake Kasdan and written by Scott Rosenberg. It is a reimagining of the
1995 film of the same name, and will have a tribute to the late Robin
Williams.

The blurb released to pre-reviewers

Summary: JUMANJI: WELCOME TO THE JUNGLE is a US fantasy action
adventure comedy in which four high school students are drawn into the
jungle setting of a video game.

The press-release issued at various comic-cons where the film's trailer was previewed

JUMANJI: WELCOME TO THE JUNGLE (also known as JUMANJI 2) is an
upcoming American fantasy adventure film, directed by Jake Kasdan and
written by Scott Rosenberg. Starring Dwayne Johnson, Kevin Hart, Jack
Black, KAREN GILLEN, and Nick Jonas, the tables are turned as four
teenagers are sucked into the Jumanji board game world - pitted
against rhinos, black mambas, and an endless variety of jungle traps
and puzzles. To beat the game and return to the real world with their
lives, they'll have to start seeing things in an entirely different
way... The film is scheduled for a Christmas release, hitting screens
in the US on 22nd December, 2017.

The categories self-selected by the filmmakers when issuing the film for BBFC categorisation

GENRE(S) Fantasy, Comedy, Adventure
...
SUMMARY JUMANJI: WELCOME TO THE JUNGLE is a US fantasy action adventure comedy in which four high school students are drawn into the jungle setting of a video game.


Is lying to prevent a great sin allowed?

Question: Is it permissible to lie in order to avoid a great sin? For example, a person was invited to an inappropriate party, so he acted sick to slip away and not attend it. So in such cases, would lying be allowed/encouraged?
Comment: Compared to just saying "I do not want to go to the party" which would achieve the same result *without* lying?
Comment: For that case maybe yea, but I mean generally, is it permissible to do so in order to avoid a bigger sin?? @goldPseudo
Comment: Only when there is no other option...
Answer: you cannot do it with the example you listed above because saying you don't want to go will have the same effect , in islam you can only lie to prevent to prevent hatred between people who have had a fight eg. he didn't mean to hit you etc.
Comment: Salam and welcome to Islam SE the Q&A site about Islam. Please consider adding a reference to support your claims and read [answer]. I strongly recommend you to take our 2 min. [tour] and check our [help] to learn more about our model.
Answer: lying is OK if it rightfully saves your life ( I mean it saves it from a tyrant. You can't lie to save your life from justice) or if reconciles the relationship between two Muslim brothers or sisters.
For such a situation you mentioned you have 2 options I'd say:

Tell another reason, like I need to be at my house to clean my house. I need to study. I have some work to do. And even if you have work to do for 1 minute then still that's not lying
EXPLAIN and elaborate why—to the extent they can understand. However if you think they will not understand at all, just say I'm not interested in such events. Period.

The general rule of lying is OK if prevents something greater, is only acceptable if there is No other alternative and that which you intend to protect is actually great. I don't think it applies to your situation because you have alternatives.
Answer: Its not advisable to commit a sin to avoid another sin. This makes no sense, as you disobey Allah's commands regardless in which way.
Lying is never encouraged in Islam and is one of the bigger sins.

The Prophet(s) said: "Lying leads to immorality, and immorality leads to
  hellfire.[Kanz al-Ummal,8217]

Imam Ali (as) said: "Cast aside lying, for it opposes faith. A
  truthful person is on the verge of salvation and dignity, whereas a
  liar is on the point o falling down and humiliation [Nahj-ul-
  Balaghah, Sermon 86]
Comment: I read here https://islamqa.info/ar/154955 that lying is permitted if it is to prevent a greater sin. Which contradicts what you're saying.
Comment: when you know the answer than why not post your own answer and accept it?
Answer: Take this question away from the thought of shading the true to prevent someone from being hurt or feeling bad. It is more a case of communication and being able to express yourself with those you would consider friends. Add to this what you cause within your own self that carries on after the event takes place. If you care about your friend and you want to build a deeper relationship with this person, look to there to answer this question.
Comment: Huh, i don't get you??
Comment: People need to look at the basic ability to communicate and treat each other honestly. If a person is someone you care about and they understand you, should you have a need to lie? We need to look at a basic ability to be open and real with each other. This would prevent any type of issue of having to lie or even concern themselves with how they come across. This would allow this world to begin to see people who care will be real, honest and thankful for words that help.


Rhythms notes for didgeridoo

Question: I'm learning to play didgeridoo and have a question - How can I write the rhythms on paper?
It's overtone musician instrument and I don't know how can I apply musical notation or something other. I have the same problem and with jew's harp.
Answer: I like to approach this kind of question from the perspective of a composer: considering I want to write for an instrument that does not traditionally use notation, but will be played presumably by someone who is familiar with it, how best can I communicate what I am looking for to this person?
I definitely agree with Kevin that adapting existing notational practice is an appropriate tactic. I found this page that contains some discussion on the needs of didgeridoo notation: http://blog.didgeridoobreath.com/info-education/didgeridoo-notation-sheet-music/
In light of that, I think you might want to try using a line of "lyrics" underneath your traditional staff or rhythm notation to communicate the different kinds of sounds you can make with the instrument.
Answer: Since it's rhythm I would suggest adapting drum tab to your purpose.
Something like:

or:

     HH|x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-||
      S|----o-------o---||
      B|o-------o-------||
        1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +

Whatever you're most comfortable with.  Just replace the "HH" and other voices with an abbreviation for whatever effect you want to notate.
Answer: I dont know anything about the jaw harp. But i play the didgeridoo. They are probably very similar. Most didgeridoo players that is also into notation or talking vocaly about rythms use something refered to as anatomape. I dont know if i write it right or if the word is right. It means, to write down a rythm we use the letters that sounds like the sound that is made, said or comming from the didge... and they are also the same in relation to how and where we put tongue lips, mouth volume and throth when we play. That means when saying a high pitch overtone in the didge like english 'Eeee'. The mouth is shaped in the same position when you play it in a didge as you also would say.
Now look up onatomape and perhaps didgeridoo in google.
https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/onomatope
Also there is something similar in the indian way of writing or saying rytms for tablas and other indian percussion instruments... witch has similarities too didgeridoo onatomapea.
I think its called konnakol
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konnakol
https://goo.gl/images/YdmQBV
https://www.musical-u.com/learn/talking-rhythm-the-kodaly-method/
Watch this exaple of rythms for didge on youtube:

I can further say that the most didgeplayers i learned didge notation too rythms from write a sircle around the letters/words that is made while the cicular breath is made.
For a wobble breath most players use the letters 'wa'. Thats because wobble cicular breath sqeeses the air out of the cheeks or mouth in a rapid motion casing a 'wa' similar sound.
For a  bounce breath tecnique i personaly use a 'h' that is added to the sound of the airpush it follows.
This is because the bounce breath is played as a push of air. then the crircular breathing happens shortly after this push... the mouth is full of air after the push... then that airpressure by it self keeps the lips vibrationg and continues the didges sound, giving the player time to breath in the nose... main diference to wobble is that you dont sqeese the air out... that makes the vibrating sound not having spesifick vocal, similar to a 'h'... that is mute or silent. For instance a puch/blow/attack starting with tongue up as in making the sound T... can be a T folowed by a mouth volume that resembles the sound 'o' or 'a'.... in the youtube video, you see this in the first pronontiation Toh... where the 'h' means the mute, countinous vibrating. I guess it could also be written with an extra o... but that is less clear perhaps... then i would make a sircle around the 'h' to show that here is possible with breath if needed. (Didge player dont always need to breath where he can)
Now this was about the sounds. I dont know the art of writing music notes very well so I didnt know how to write about the length of rythms and so on yet. But i gues its can be done in a way similar to a singer/vocal notes. In general, i think notes for a didge needs to be written down together with the didgeplayer... in a way it is his or hers responsability. Because every didge player is so different and have very different abilities and playing styles... it is even difficult for me, to understand how i play and how i make the different sounds... we mostly all learn from practical playing. We learn to play rytms by just plaing and listening our own sound often without realising exactly what we are doing.
I tried ad a pic of some rytms that i am playing. My pic on cell was too big so I write down some exaples:
Po wa
(Simple attack(push) simple wobble(i put sircle around wa, because of the breath))
Tu ho wa
(Double attack(first with T(tongue up))-simple wobble)
Po wa wa
(Simple attak, dobble wobble(2 wa indicates a special tecknicque with a 2 shortly wa sounds that is done with a double breath/air intake))
A longer rythm with 3 sentences/lines/rythms:
Ta ka wa ee ta woooo
Ta ka wa ee ta wo dee
Ka wa ee ta wo
Toh ha ha hee hee ho wa
(A rythm where the 'h' indicates the possibiltumy of a bounce breath)(ha ha hee hee is all just diaphragma pushes, witch will be understood by the h to start a sound, witch means the lips start in a open position and also the tongue is open as when saying the silent/mute 'h' to get a push then, it is only from the diaphragma.
I am going try ad more details to this system. For instance, when adding voice/vocalization into the didge. Big letters can be used.
Hope this gives some idea.
Answer: In order to answer your question, 'How can I write the rhythms on paper?', we really need to ask, 'for what purpose?'. Is it for learning?; an aid to memory?;for composition?; for publishing?, or is it for sight reading in performance? Please, oh please don't let it be for playback on music notation software, because that way lies madness. Australia's most notable  'orchestral' didgeridoo player learns a piece by playing it fifty times, but then he still improvises. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/10/05/1065292466402.html?from=storyrhs . My suggestion would be to use drum notation for the pulse and rhythms (including the tapping of a clapstick on the didgeridoo) and then characterise, rather than codify, the vocalisations. If you are like me, you will have developed a repertoire of vocalisations, such as 'the kookaburra', or 'the dingo'  and these are more easily memorised than notated. Guitar tab is really of no use in live performance. Similarly, all but the most basic of written indications will be impractical for 'sight reading' by other didgeridoo players. For an accurate reproduction of a didgeridoo performance, it's hard to go past a recording, but then again, improvisation is part of the style and appeal of the 'didge'.

Rhythms notes for didgeridoo


What happened to "proceed" and "precede"?

Question: As far as I can tell, these words have practically identical etymologies, both with the suffix coming from the Latin cedere, which means to "go", then to the Old French "proceder" and "preceder" respectively. What happened that caused "proceed" to be spelled this way, instead of "procede"? Why did one diverge, but the other didn't?
Answer: When proceed entered English in the late 14th century, it was spelled similarly to Latin and French: procede, and until the 18th century, this spelling competed with the original. Precede is first attested somewhat later, but the spelling preceed soon arose, and to judge by the results in a Google Books query, there are still modern writers confused by the spelling. In the 16th and 17th centuries, there was no recognized authority capable of regulating the chaos of English orthography, so authors were free to choose any spelling, which might vary even within one work.

It is fit that the Lords of Session, who have but a Temporary Precedency, should not preceed them.  — Sir George Mackenzie, Observations Upon the Laws and Customs of Nations, as to Precedency, 1680.
And warn the foresaid S. that then he be there to preceed in the plea foresaid, and to doe and receive what our court shall consider in the premises.  — Anthony Fitzherbert,  The New Natura Brevium of the Most Reverend Judge, Mr. Anthony ..., 1652.
…and howe I should in loue procede. — John Stow, ed., Woorkes of Geffrey Chaucer, 1561
…we now procede to the bodye of Antichriſtianiſme… — Theophilus Gale, The Court of the Gentiles, 1672.

By the time this chaos reaches Samuel Johnson's dictionary of 1755 it has become ordered into the modern — but often still confused — spellings that dictionaries prescribe. Both precede and proceed are consistently spelled as today, but in the entry for celestial, Johnson duly notes Pope's alternate spelling in an illustrative verse:

Thus affable and mild, the prince procedes,
And to the dome th' unknown celestial leads. Pope's Odyssey.

After Johnson, alternative spellings become quite rare, mostly appearing in citations from older works, or, of course, from the French. Whether this normalization into contrasting spellings was due to Johnson's influence or trends in orthography to which his dictionary is a witness, it's pointless to search for a specific reason why precede won out over preceed or proceed over procede — even more remarkable with the word procedure floating about. Orthography, like virtually all features of language, is a matter of one writer or speaker simply imitating another, and these spellings are the result.
Answer: I doubt a complete explanation can be had.
But, it is clear that the spelling of precede was more or less codified before the final syllable "collapsed".
Sometime between 1500 and 1700 a great many words lost their final syllable when the final e after a consonant stopped being pronounced. It is generally thought The Great Vowel Shift precipitated the sound changes that brought this on. There is no question sound changes happened, but there is only reasonable guessing as to why syllables were lost.
Proceed was, and is, spelt differently.That could mean next to nothing, as there were no dictionaries to consult, or, that the root "ceed" was pronounced differently from the "cede" in precede. But, there is no solid reason to think that.  The quality of the vowel in the prefix might have influenced the pronunciation of the root, but, again, there is no hard evidence.
Another explanation might be that proceed did not gain enough currency to have a codified spelling until after The Great Vowel Shift had ended; that is, ended where printing was done. There would have been no reason to spell a word with three syllables that had only two, not that English always "makes sense".
A lot of words got caught in the advance of mass printing. Spelling was sort of "mummified" even as the sound of words was changing. The sounds evolved in different places at different times, and in different ways. There are some things about English that reason and logic will not explain.


LEO insertion altitude

Question: Does anyone know what would be the exact or approximate altitude for the stage separation and spacecraft separation of LEO insertion? Moreover, does anyone has a picture including all step of LEO insertion? Thank you very much :)
Comment: LEO is not a well defined term.  It expands to Low Earth Orbit.  Different satellites are placed in different orbits depending on their mission.
Answer: What you want to search for to get this information is 'launch sequence'. It depends on the rocket and the payload. What happens up to first stage separation is pretty standard, what happens with second stages is more variable.
If the rocket has boosters (the thin cylinders that are strapped onto the sides), they will separate between 30 to 60 kilometers altitude depending on what rocket it is and its configuration. With or without boosters, the first stage will separate at 100 to 130 km, again depending on what rocket it is. For the most part, what the first stage does is get the vehicle out of the atmosphere.
The second stage gets the vehicle up to orbital speed. Therefore what it does exactly depends a lot on what the payload is. On some rockets and with some payloads, once it has done that it's job is over and it separates. In other cases it burns twice, once to get up to orbital speed, and again on the opposite side of its orbit to raise orbital height and make it circular. What height that is depends on the payload. Then it is discarded.
Comment: A Google image search for the phrase 'launch sequence' will return many graphics showing the phases of a rocket launch along with the time, altitude and range, for instance: http://library.sciencemadness.org/library/books/ignition.pdf
Comment: Although this is for a planetary probe (Mars Science Laboratory) instead of a LEO launch, it's artfully rendered, uses large type and contains no acronyms, so it's a good place to start.

LEO insertion altitude


I can swim a lot of breaststroke, but not freestyle. Why?

Question: I can swim a mile (66 lengths, 1650y) of breasstroke in about 40 minutes - 45 mins. But I cant swim more than 3 or 4 laps of freestyle. They use the same muscles. Why is this?
Answer: Without actually seeing your stroke, I am going to make the guess that it is related to breathing.
Breastroke, it is easy to do a slow stroke (and a 40 minute mile qualifies) and breathe in and out regularly while your face is above the water. In freestyle, the tendency for people that are not competitive swimmers is to hold their breath while their face is in the water, and then try to breathe out and in while their face is out of the water. This leads to hyperventilation and early fatigue.
A proper freestyle is breathing out completely while your face is in the water, then breathing in during the recovery phase when your face comes out of the water.
Lastly, while they do use many of the same groups of muscles, they use them in different patterns which can also contribute to fatigue.
Comment: I got the same response from my brother (who is a lifeguard, and has seen my stroke). So basically, just practice breathing?
Comment: @XaNaX Yes, practice breathing, and unless your training to compete in a long distance event, breathe every 3-5 strokes (i.e. R-L-R and vice versa or R-L-R-L-R and vice versa).
Comment: Lifeguard screening. I do every 3rd
Answer: Get someone to watch you and see what you are doing wrong. If it is breathing start with every two strokes (but change sides each length or you will get a bad neck, that might also be an issue) even do as a friend did to begin with get a snorkle. You can work on stroke, such as a pull boy between your upper leg to stop legs wondering out. Start from the beginning, get someone to watch you and don't worry of you go slower to start. When I train I am often mid pack in training and drills but top few on pace, all about the drills and training, speed is the sum total. But do do look after your shoulders/neck as you increase your distance as I managed to lock mine and that hurts!
Answer: They don't use the same muscles, and certainly don't use them in the same way, so I'd dispute that premise.
In any case, the breastroke motion is not as naturally explosive than the other strokes in its movements, so it makes sense that you'd be able to go further without getting as fatigued.  I can't think of any stroke where you'd be able to keep going as much as breaststroke.


What is the inner dashed line on this helicopter chart?

Question: Inside the delta for KSGR is another blue dashed circle. What is this?
Comment: Where did you get this image from? It looks like a composite of two charts...
Comment: Oh good point, yes it's from foreflight. and there's actually three charts superimposed, the sectional in back, then the US helicopter route chart with the white background (https://aeronav.faa.gov/content/aeronav/heli_files/PDFs/Houston_Heli_9_P.pdf) and finally overlayed on that is Foreflight's aeronatutical. What I'm concluding is that the US Helicopter chart has the wrong Delta airspace size for SGR
Comment: Did you check the chart legend for the different line types?
Answer: First of all, sorry for the confusing original image. It comes from foreflight and has three charts superimposed. 1) the sectional, 2) the houston helicopter route chart (white background) and 3) the foreflight aeronautical chart showing the airpace again. I'm attaching a simpler one which shows just the sectional and the helicopter route chart.
It turns out that the helicopter route chart is simply out of date (!?). I called the Sugarland tower and they confirmed that 2 years ago the Delta expanded from a 4.2 mile radius to a 5 mile radius. The Helicopter route chart still depicts this as 4.2 (https://aeronav.faa.gov/content/aeronav/heli_files/PDFs/Houston_Heli_9_P.pdf) Hopefully the next edition will correct this.
Comment: The new map comes out in September, and since the airspace modification is outlined in the Chart Supplement, I'd be pretty confident that this change will make it into the new chart.