*UPDATE* SharePoint 2016 Auditing

Question: I find myself scratching my head as I know there are audit reports for the site collections, which is good, and I know there are third-party applications that can collate the audit data and present it nicely, but I want to collate all the data from each site collection and store it in a single csv file every 60 minutes... or even better, 'simply' store all SharePoint audit data(view, download, create, delete, etc) in a custom event log file (similar to system or application or setup for Windows Logs).
Is there anyone out there that uses custom code to do either of the above?
or do you have any advice? it's not that I don't want to use third-party solutions, I'm just looking for a way to capture it using the simplest possible method.
Thank you for your help.
UPDATE(source at bottom of scipt)
So I found this site and script and its almost perfect. what its missing is the direct URL to the library/list/document that I was hoping for and the audit comments are missing specifics of the audit event (like what document was viewed/ updated for example) the export functionality is great, but I need to figure out a way to specify times...
have a look below and give it a try, any improvements you make, please share
Thanks again
<code>Add-PSSnapin Microsoft.SharePoint.PowerShell

$tabName = "AuditLog"

#Create Table object
$table = New-Object system.Data.DataTable "$TabName"

#Define Columns
$col1 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn SiteUrl, ([string])
$col2 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn SiteID, ([string])
$col3 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn ItemName, ([string])
$col4 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn ItemType, ([string])
$col5 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn UserID, ([string])
$col6 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn UserName, ([string])
$col7 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn Occurred, ([DateTime])
$col8 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn Event, ([string])
$col9 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn Description, ([string])
$col10 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn EventSource, ([string])
$col11 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn SourceName, ([string])
$col12 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn EventData, ([string])
$col13 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn MachineName, ([string])
$col14 = New-Object system.Data.DataColumn MachineIP, ([string])

#Add the Columns
$table.columns.add($col1)
$table.columns.add($col2)
$table.columns.add($col3)
$table.columns.add($col4)
$table.columns.add($col5)
$table.columns.add($col6)
$table.columns.add($col7)
$table.columns.add($col8)
$table.columns.add($col9)
$table.columns.add($col10)
$table.columns.add($col11)
$table.columns.add($col12)
$table.columns.add($col13)
$table.columns.add($col14)

# ===================================================
# ===================================================
# ===================================================

$site = Get-SPSite -Identity 'http://spsql/'
#$web = Get-SPWeb -Site $site
$wssQuery = New-Object -TypeName Microsoft.SharePoint.SPAuditQuery($site)
$auditCol = $site.Audit.GetEntries($wssQuery)
$root = $site.RootWeb

for($i = 0; $i -le ($auditCol.Count) - 1; $i ++)
{
     #Get the Entry Item from the Collection
     $entry = $auditCol.item($i)
     #Create a row
     $row = $table.NewRow()

           #find the Current UserName
           foreach($User in $root.SiteUsers)
{
                if($entry.UserId -eq $User.Id)
{
                     $UserName = $User.UserLogin
}
}
           #find the Item Name
           foreach($List in $root.Lists)
{
                if($entry.ItemId -eq $List.Id)
{
                     $ItemName = $List.Title
}
}
#Define Description for the Event Property
     switch($entry.Event)
{
AuditMaskChange { $eventName = "The audit flags are changed for the audited object."}
ChildDelete { $eventName = "A child of the audited object is deleted." }
ChildMove { $eventName = "A child of the audited object is moved." }
CheckIn { $eventName = "A document is checked in." }
'Copy' { $ eventName = "The audited item is copied." }
Delete { $eventName = "The audited object is deleted." }
EventsDeleted { $eventName = "Some audit entries are deleted from SharePoint database." }
'Move' { $eventName = "The audited object is moved." }
Search { $eventName = "The audited object is searched." }
SecGroupCreate { $eventName = "A group is created for the site collection. (This action also generates an Update event.See below.)" }
SecGroupDelete { $eventName = "A group on the site collection is deleted." }
SecGroupMemberAdd { $eventName = "A user is added to a group." }
SecGroupMemberDelete { $eventName = "A user is removed from a group." }
SecRoleBindBreakInherit { $eventName = "A subsite's inheritance of permission level definitions (that is, role definitions) is defined." }
SecRoleBindInherit { $eventName = "A subsite is set to inherit permission level definitions (that is, role definitions) from its parent." }
SecRoleBindUpdate { $eventName = "The permissions of a user or group for the audited object are changed." }
SecRoleDefCreate { $eventName = "A new permission level (a combination of permissions that are given to people holding a particular role for the site collection) is created." }
SecRoleDefDelete { $eventName = "A permission level (a combination of permissions that are given to people holding a particular role for the site collection) is deleted." }
SecRoleDefModify { $eventName = "A permission level (a combination of permissions that are given to people holding a particular role for the site collection) is modified." }
Update { $eventName = "An existing object is updated." }
CheckOut { $eventName = "A document is checked Out." }
View { $eventName = "Viewing of the object by a user." }
ProfileChange { $eventName = "Change in a profile that is associated with the object." }
SchemaChange { $eventName = "Change in the schema of the object." }
Undelete { $eventName = "Restoration of an object from the Recycle Bin." }
Workflow { $eventName = "Access of the object as part of a workflow." }
FileFragmentWrite { $eventName = "A File Fragment has been written for the file." }
Custom { $eventName = "Custom action or event." }
default { $eventName = "The Event could not be determined." }
}
     #Enter data in the row
     $row.SiteUrl = $web.Url
     #$row.SiteID = $entry.SiteID
     $row.ItemName = $ItemName
     $row.ItemType = $entry.ItemType
     #$row.UserID = $entry.UserID
     $row.UserName = $UserName
     $row.Occurred = $entry.Occurred
     $row.Event = $entry.Event
     $row.Description = $eventname
     $row.EventSource = $entry.EventSource
     $row.SourceName = $entry.SourceName
     $row.EventData = $entry.EventData
     $row.MachineName = $entry.MachineName
     $row.MachineIP = $entry.MachineIP

     #Add the row to the table
     $table.Rows.Add($row)
}

# ===================================================
# ===================================================
# ===================================================

     #Display the table (Optional)
     $table | format-table -AutoSize

$date = get-date -format "dd-MM-yyyy HH-MM"
$sDtae = [string] $date
$FileName = "AuditLogReport_For_" + $sDtae

#Export the CSV File to Folder Destination
$tabCsv = $table | export-csv C:\$FileName.csv -noType
</code>
source: http://shokochino-sharepointexperience.blogspot.com/2013/05/create-auditing-reports-in-sharepoint.html?m=1
Comment: Are you using SP Online or On Premise?
Comment: I apologise, I am on SP2016, June Patch On-Prem
Answer: You should add to your code the  DocLocation property of Audit Entry i.e. add one more column to your data table and assign to it the value $entry.DocLocation.
Based on my experience, in order to better understand Audit entries, I suggest to save the Audit Entries to a csv file and identify each event details there.

*UPDATE* SharePoint 2016 Auditing


Optimize lab report grading rubric to minimize grading time

Question: I will be teaching a new course with a new grading rubric. All of my students will write a lab report at the end of each 3 hour lab session. Each lab report will have an abstract, introduction, data, results, and conclusion sections. How can I prepare my grading rubric to minimize grading time for all lab reports I will grade at the end of each week?
Comment: Handed in = Pass. Not handed in = Fail.
Comment: Even easier: Pass.
Comment: Not clear what is happening... are you going to "receive" the rubric or are you going to "prepare" the rubric?
Answer: When I was teaching physics classes in grad, grading got easier after creating a key (or rubric) that was really concrete. By creating a specific set of things to look for, grading took less time and students were happier with their grades.
Here is what worked for me.

Explaining figure etiquette: axis labels, include units, have the data points take the majority of the graph area.
Communicating the expected details: clarity of answers, showing work, including the data sheet, etc.
Giving examples of deducting points for poor quality.

I found same-day grading took less time (since the material was fresh in my mind) and created a great deadline for late work. I accepted work for full credit until I grading was finished; afterwards, I awarded late labs 50% (without grading).
Answer: The more that grading is turned into a box ticking exercise, the quicker you are going to be able to do the grading. The more easily you can determine if students have ticked a box, the quicker you will be able to grade. In many ways using a box ticking rubric approach may transform the lab reports into an exercise of gaming the rubric instead of learning the concepts and material.
My biggest problem when marking lab reports with a rubric are the good reports that have gone in a different direction. The rubric says they should do bad, but the report seems good. I think by showing the students the rubric you can transform the lab report into a true box ticking exercise. It might be best to even reformat the lab report to not use traditional sections, but only require "short answers" to the key components.
Potentially the introduction could be 6 (12, 24 depending on the level) references and one sentence stating why it is relevant. The results could be the relevant numbers (with units) and any statistical tests. The conclusion could be bullet points. The less the students write, the quicker you will be able to mark the reports.


Latent heat and global circulation

Question: What is the relation of latent heating and the global circulation of the atmosphere?
Do you know some references about this relationship?
Comment: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_equations
Comment: Thanks but there is no even a mention to latent heat in that link.
Answer: Latent heat is released when water vapor turns to liquid\solid water.  So latent heat is released where there is precipitation.  So you're looking primarily at places where there is lots of moist convection... the ITCZ near the equator and then the midlatitudes.
I would believe that all of that latent heat release aloft should mean more heat is moved Poleward in the upper atmosphere branches of global circulation than would be moved by dry convection.  And would therefore make the circulation more efficient, perhaps having a long-term effect of allowing reduced horizontal wind magnitudes in comparison to a dry world (the resulting reduction in instability means weaker updrafts and the better transport Poleward means smaller temperature\pressure imbalances and thus less wind than a world without moisture).
Offhand I don't know the literature well... Google Scholar helps though you run into a lot of climate model parameterization articles using most terms.
The nature of the global circulation of the atmosphere should be fairly stalwart, as Lorenz was pretty big in the field I believe.  It talks about how latent heat in the tropics enhances the updraft winds in the ITCZ on page 17 a small bit.  The paper seems to suggest it would increase the global circulation strength by increasing those velocities.
Response of the Hadley Circulation to Convective Forcing in the ITCZ
looks like it might have potential too.
My most successful search term set seemed to be
"global circulation" "latent heat" -simulation -co2
though it still wasn't amazing.  But probably some other good articles to find if you thumb through them.
I'm certainly not a top expert in the field, but hope these thoughts and links add at least a little potential help or a starting point for you.
Answer: Latent heat release is critical for the general circulation, in particular the tropical overturning circulation (Hadley & Walker circulations). The release of latent heat is the dominant diabatic heating of the tropical atmosphere, and provides much of the upward mass flux in the deep tropics (the ascending branch of the overturning circulation). In contrast, at higher latitudes the radiative cooling becomes the dominant diabatic term.
This is discussed in some of the standard text books. One example is in The Physics of Climate by Peixoto and Oort, in their Chapter 13. Here is a paraphrase of their section 13.3.1:
Diabatic processes are the sources and sinks of internal energy within the atmosphere, so they play a crucial role in many phenomena like convection, fronts, etc. Following Newell et al. (1970), estimates of the zonal average diabatic heating terms are shown in a figure (13.2). The net radiative heating is generally negative, but in parts of the tropical stratosphere it becomes slightly positive because of absorption by ozone. The latent heat release (estimated from precipitation) have three local maxima associated with strong convection in the ITCZ and with the polar fronts in both hemispheres. Boundary layer heating is confined to the lowest levels, as expected. The release of latent heat dominates in the tropics where it leads to net heating. At high latitudes, radiative cooling becomes dominant.
Comment: Can you summarize the discussion in Peixoto and Oort?
Comment: Sure. Here's a quick paraphrase of their Section 13.3.1 "Diabatic heating in the atmopshere"

Latent heat and global circulation


Why we do not put tefillin on our hearts?

Question: Devarim 11:18 says to put "these words" on our heart and soul. While soul is definitely allegoric, the heart is probably not. So why we do not wear heart part of tefillin?
Comment: "Probably not" Actually, probably yes. The Tefillin go on our hands and between our eyes. Heart is clearly metaphorical. (Though the idea that the arm Tefililn is near our heart and the head is near our throat=nefesh should not be overlooked.)
Comment: BTW allegorical is a bit misleading. The word "lev" likely refers to the mental faculties (this discrepancy arising from the association between the heart and thoughts). Accordingly, literally having the words in one's mental faculties, does not require one to wear a physical object.
Comment: note that in the text the commandment to put them on your heart, is separated from the commandment to put them on your arm and between your eyes, and on your doorpost. This strongly opens the door (no pun intended) to reading it differently than the latter examples. The latter examples meaning concrete acts, and the former being allegorical.
Answer: This is a good question and worth looking at carefully. Devarim 11:13-17 is addressing the subject of reward and punishment. Verse 11:18 begins as you say but is not talking about tefillin. The 'heart' is spelled with a double 'bet' (לבבך), as contrasted with a single 'bet'. (לבך)

שַׂמְתֶּם אֶת דְּבָרַי אֵלֶּה עַל לְבַבְכֶם וְעַל נַפְשְׁכֶם וּקְשַׁרְתֶּם אֹתָם לְאוֹת עַל יֶדְכֶם וְהָיוּ לְטוֹטָפֹת בֵּין עֵינֵיכֶם:

It is actually talking about the dual inclinations within each human being, the inclination for good and the inclination toward bad. We are to place these words upon our inclinations. The concept of being rewarded for good is to be placed upon our inclination for good, our 'Yetzer HaTov', in order to promote alacrity (זריזות). And the concept of punishment for bad behavior is placed upon our inclination for bad, our 'Yetzer HaRah', in order to encourage it to refrain from bad acts.
You 'bind them', meaning your two inclinations, through these words about reward and punishment as a sign over your 'weaker hand' and your 'soul'. The 'nefesh' is referring to that aspect of soul which connects with the physical and action, the 'animating soul' and your 'hand' means your actions. And they, the concepts of reward and punishment, will be a double sign 'between your eyes, meaning over your thoughts.
Comment: So you are saying its allegorical? What about Aaron's breastplate that was on his heart for remembrance before God?
Comment: I'm not sure I would use the word "allegorical". The operative words are not spelled normally. The abnormal spelling has a different meaning. When people are translating into English, or any other foreign language, they are usually trying to go for simple word for word translation, not accurate meaning. Regarding Aaron's breastplate, if you have another question about that sentence, make a separate question. Bli neder, I'll take a look at it.
Comment: Nice catch on double bet. I did not notice that. Perhaps you are right and it does not mean physical. I need to think about it.
Comment: It's important to note in regard to this discussion that the language of the written Torah does not necessarily connect to tefillin. Tefillin being a 'beged ish' according to some poskim. As a consequence, if it only related to tefillin, a male garment, all women would have no relationship with the recital of 'Shema'. But the truth is that Torat Moshe is for both men and women. And so the concept, as presented by Moshe Rabbeinu, relates to both men and women.
Answer: this doesn't refer to tefillin but in regards to our commitment to the commandments which apply to us every day. They should be so important to us that we "take them to heart". The part of the shema that is the source for the mitzvah of tefillin is, "You shall bind them as a sign upon your hand, and they shall be for a reminder between your eyes."
This is why we have toirah shebaal peh so we don't have to invent the meaning ourselves. G-d has already told us how to interpret the commandments.


Theme Location empty

Question: I have a problem. I have a  WordPress theme which supports two navigation menus. The primary menu shows all the pages, and the secondary menu displays the categories by default. When I go to Appearance->Menu to change the settings it says "The current theme does not natively support menus, but you can use the "Custom Menu" widget to add any menus you create here to the theme's sidebar". Could anyone please tell me how to solve this?
Comment: Are you want to have wp_nav_menu (http://codex.wordpress.org/Function_Reference/wp_nav_menu) support in your theme? Is it correct?
Comment: ???shall i get you the theme???could u do it???
Answer:
"The current theme does not natively support menus

This is your problem. Your Theme does not implement the core WordPress custom navigation menus feature.

The primary menu shows all the pages...

I assume that it is doing so via a call to wp_list_pages()

...and the secondary menu displays the categories by default.

I assume that it is doing so via a call to wp_list_categories().
How to fix
You will need to modify your Theme to accommodate the custom navigation menus feature. Fortunately, doing so is not hard at all. It involves two steps:

Registering Theme Locations for your custom nav menus
Outputting the custom nav menus in in the template

Registering Theme Locations
You register Theme Locations via register_nav_menus().
Add the following to functions.php, ideally within a setup function:
function wpse73875_setup_theme() {
    // Register nav menu Theme Locations
    register_nav_menus( array(
        'primary' => 'Primary Menu',
        'secondary' => 'Secondary Menu'
    ) );
}
add_action( 'after_setup_theme', 'wpse73875_setup_theme' );

Outputting custom nav menus in the template
You will need to find where your Theme calls wp_list_pages() and wp_list_categories(). You will probably find one or both in header.php. We'll let both menus fallback to their current output (pages and categories), by wrapping our call to wp_nav_menu() inside a has_nav_menu() conditional.
Replace this:
wp_list_pages( /* there may or may not be args here */ );

… with this:
if ( has_nav_menu( 'primary' ) ) {
    wp_nav_menu( array(
        'theme_location' => 'primary'
    ) );
} else {
    wp_list_pages( /* exactly as it was in the Theme previously */ );
}

And replace this:
wp_list_categories( /* there may or may not be args here */ );

...with this:
if ( has_nav_menu( 'secondary' ) ) {
    wp_nav_menu( array(
        'theme_location' => 'secondary'
    ) );
} else {
    wp_list_categories( /* exactly as it was in the Theme previously */ );
}

You may need to play around with the arguments passed to wp_nav_menu() in each case. Have a look at the Codex entry for more information.
For more precise instructions
For more precise instructions on converting your specific Theme's menus to support custom nav menus, you'll need to update your question to include the exact code that calls wp_list_pages() and wp_list_categories().

Theme Location empty


How can I tell someone a character is taken?

Question: I'm really bad at turning people down. In a role play I'm hosting, someone asked to be a character that's already taken. How do I nicely let them know the character is taken?
Comment: My understanding is this is a roleplay with either a defined roster of available player characters *and/or* a defined roster of roles (a ship won't have two captains) and a user has picked a player character someone else picked or a role that is already occupied  to the limit. Is that correct?
Comment: It might also be helpful to know the system you're using. As a comment to one of the answers suggests, the way this is handled can vary enormously between different systems
Comment: What is it about telling someone that a character is available that is causing you a problem?  I get the feeling that there is more going on here than choosing which character to play.  Also, what game are you playing? That can make a difference in how this gets answered.
Comment: Hello and welcome. The answers that already came seem to make a lot of assumptions about things that Doppelgreener and Wibbs asked you, but you haven't probably had the time to answer to (yet). I'm voting to put the question on hold as "unclear" - basically we need some more information to be able to answer _properly_. - This does not mean that the question is bad, just that we can get better, more focused answers with a little more info ;)
Comment: Could you clarify what is meant by 'taken', please? Is it a feature of your system, a personal preference, or something else?
Answer: Just say: "Sorry, that character is taken. Here's the ones that are still available."
Having played various games online or in person this is all that really needs to be said. It's fine and polite and should be non-confrontational. If the person kicks up a huge stink about it, it indicates they'll probably be a bad fit for your environment anyway, and you can disinvite them from the game or otherwise not proceed with them. The player is now informed about their remaining options and can make a new choice.
If there is a public list of available characters, it helps to mark which ones are taken and/or which ones are still available so as to help avoid clashes like this. It's been the norm for my online games to have a document listing the players and the characters they have chosen. The same document provides the remaining available roster.
If you've got a potential enormous world, e.g. you're all playing on a large spaceship but it's the Chief Engineer role that's already taken, it is helpful to give a brief overview of what kinds of roles are available and list which ones are filled/taken.
Answer: Understand the transaction here
I gather they know the character is taken.
Regardless... The transaction is "Even though this character may be taken, I would rather play that anyway.  Will you be able to effectively DM this game if two of this type of character are in the party?"
So it's not "asking for permission on a matter where you have fiat". It's "asking if your planned adventure will be able to support this and if you will be able (and willing) to facilitate that".
That is more of a self-assessment question, with an answer "yes" or "no".
No different than a private pilot "can we bring my weightlifting set on our trip".  The pilot doesn't need to agonize over saying no, merely assess whether it exceeds flight minimums or his personal minimums.  So it is for you: either this adventure works that way or it doesn't.
Answer: Characters can't be taken...
In most RPGs, there is no rule specifying that two players cannot have similar characters. It is entirely permissible to have multiple players (or even an entire party!) of the same class, race, or race/class combination.
Because those players will give their characters different backstories and personalities, roleplaying them differently, the characters will diverge significantly, despite some similar mechanical elements. Not every dwarven barbarian is the same!
Unless you decide they can
Of course, the exception to any rule is 'if the GM decides otherwise'. If you, for some reason, don't want this to happen, then the correct way to express your preference is as a preference: "Hey, I'm sorry, but I'd prefer if you chose a race/class/race-class combination that was unique—someone is already a _____ and I'd rather not have two.'
If no-two-characters-alike is a rule of your particular RPG, then point them to the rulebook.
Finally, if some feature of your game makes it possible for characters to be 'taken' (e.g. there's a list of pregenerated characters they must choose from) then it should be obvious to them that they may have chosen an unavailable character. Telling them someone already picked that one is unlikely to cause significant surprise (though disappointment is a possibility).
Comment: FWIW,   number of RPG's have characters/roles by name (Lady Blackbird comes to mind) so this may be one of those kinds of games.


How do I know if I need to use a resistor in a circuit?

Question: I have been trying to find answers on Google to this question but cannot seem to find any answers that actually pertain to what I am wanting to know.  I would consider myself a beginner in the area of electronics having some experience but not understanding how everything comes together outside of the some of the basics.  What I am wondering is this; How can I tell if I need to use a resistor in a circuit?  More specifically, When I am hooking sensors up to an Arduino, how can I determine if I need resistors in the circuit?  Anywhere I look I typically see the default LED/Resistor example but that is not helpful.  It doesn't explain how Arduino/Raspberry PI modules and sensors fit into the equation.  I know the data sheets for the various modules/sensors explain how much current is needed/used by the device but how do I take that and apply it to an Arduino circuit?  Thanks in advance.
Comment: the answer it ... it depends. resistors are used to limit current mostly, so it depends if the sensor needs this (and on which pins). The best way is to read into the datasheet, there are mostly examples shown for a typical circuit.
Answer: From the specifications of the sensor, you know the maximum current the sensor should be allowed to draw. Suppose you need to put 5v across the sensor.
Then write down Ohm's law: E = IR (the voltage across a component is given by the product of its resistance and the current through it. You need to know the value of a resistor to put in series with the sensor to limit the current to that maximum value or less. So solve Ohms law for resistance (R) of voltage (E):
R = E/I or 5v / maximum current.
That gives you the values of a series resistor to limit the current to the maximum, assuming the sensor has no (or very little) internal resistance of its own.
Or let's look at an LED, where the spec sheet gives you both the maximum current and the internal voltage drop (called "forward voltage"). If you don't need the LED to run at full power (and you probably don't), it will last longer if you limit it to less than that, so let's take 75% as a working figure and calculate the serial resistor to give 75% of maximum current. Red LEDs typically have 2v forward voltage and 15 milliamps max current (but don't build for "typical" parts - build for the part you have). We'll assume a 5v power supply:
R = E/I = (5v - 2v) / (.015 X 0.75)  = 3 / .01125 = 266 Ohms.
So we'd pick an available resistor value close to 266 Ohms (no need to be exact here - we've already left a safety factor by reducing the current 25%).
If you calculate the voltage (again, using Ohm's law) across the 266 (or whatever you used) Ohm resistor, you'll find a voltage drop of about 3v, and adding the LED's forward voltage of 2V, you'll get the power-supply voltage of 5v.

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
Update:

Why do we need a resistor on an LED which draws 15mA of current which
the Arduino can supply nicely, but we don't on a sensor like the
HC-SR04 which draws 15mA of current?

It's about the behavior of the component or module itself, and that needs a datasheet for the component and spec-sheet for the module. An LED has a forward voltage drop but otherwise looks like a nearly short circuit, so it requires a resistor to protect it from over-current. A module often provides some circuitry around the component to help the user integrate into their project. Of course, how much help it provide is up to the designer. One module may offer nothing more then breadboard-compatible pins where another one - for the same device - may have power-conditioning or power supply components, 3.3v <-> 5v logic-level shifters, and protective circuitry to help protect an expensive component from misuse.
Why does this component need a resistor and another one doesn't? It's up to the electrical behavior of those components. Here's a trivial, but I hope illustrative example:

The device on the left might be considered an LED module, compared to the one on the right which is just an LED. Obviously, all I've done is to solder a current limiting resistor in place on one leg to make a ready-to-go breadboard LED. It is designed for 5v circuits; putting it in a 12v circuit would fry the LED. Here is where I (as the "module designer") used the LED's datasheet to know what circuitry it needed to protect it, and as the "consumer", would need to consult the spec sheet for the module to know how to apply it. If I were selling these things, they'd come with a Spec Sheet: "Only use this LED module in 5v or less applications."]  Hmph - pretty trivial example, but you get the idea.
Comment: Thanks for the response.  I think I understand the part of ohms law, however, Where my confusion has been coming in is, we put a resistor on an LED but some of the 'starter' kit tutorials like the ones from SparkFun use different sensor modules such as the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor, without putting resitors into the circuit.  That is what I don't understand.  Why do we need a resistor on an LED which draws 15mA of current which the Arduino can supply nicely, but we don't on a sensor like the HC-SR04 which draws 15mA of current?  What determines I need a resistor here but not there?
Comment: Also, do modules and sensors work differently in determining the need for resistors?  I notice that some modules have resistors built into them.  Does that mean I don't need to add a resistor into the circuit from my Arduino to my module?
Comment: The HC-SR04 is an entire module with lots of components on it. It is, itself, an entire circuit.  The LED is a single component. It needs other components with it to make it a circuit. One of those is the resistor.
Answer:
How can I tell if I need to use a resistor in a circuit?

You can tell because the circuit includes a resistor.
If a circuit needs a resistor the circuit diagram will include a resistor. If it doesn't, then it won't.
The circuit for connecting an LED to an Arduino consists of an Arduino, an LED and a resistor.  Because of that you know it needs a resistor. Because it says it needs a resistor.
A resistor drops a certain voltage across it when a specific current flows through it (Read up on Ohm's Law...). If you need to drop a specific voltage with a specific known current, or if you need to cause a specific current to flow with a fixed voltage, then you use a resistor for that job.
You don't just throw resistors willy-nilly into every circuit you make simply because you see one being used with an LED.
If a device says it runs off 5V and uses 300mA current then you know that you need to hook it up to a power source that is 5V. You also know that the module will use up to 300mA of current from that source, so your source has to be capable of providing at least that much current.


What are the rules for "Extra Time"?

Question: In my previous ranked battle of Splatoon the scores were quite close to each other. We were ahead and the time ran out, so we should have won. However, there was something about "Extra Time" on my screen, and we kept on playing. Was this because the scores were too close to each other? What are the rules for this, and when is the winner decided?
Comment: Do you mean Extra time like in this question: [How do Splat Zones work?](http://gaming.stackexchange.com/a/222008/51332)  Or as in Overtime? (When the 5 minute match timer has ended)
Comment: No, that is the double counter as shown in a previous [question](http://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/222636/whats-up-with-this-double-counter-in-ranked-mode) of me. I am referring to extra playing time, not countdown time. So the overtime you mention.
Answer: From the Splatoon Blog:

If neither counter reaches zero by the time limit, The team with The lower counter wins.
The match time will be extended if the losing team has the Splat Zones captured when time runs out.
Don't give up until it's over!

And here's a redditor's experience in battle:

If the losing team currently dominates the splat zone, the game goes
  into overtime to give them the last stretch chance to overtake the
  opposing team.
Let's say your team is losing with 60 : 30. Now your team has the
  splat zone and time's up. It goes into overtime because you have the
  splat zone and thus have a chance to still win. Now if you keep it
  until 29, the game ends and you win. However, if the opposing team
  takes back the splat zone, the game ends and they win.

From my experience, Splatoon's Splat Zone shares this same trait with TF2's King of the Hill mode.  The game will end after 5 minutes (match timer) if both of the following criteria are met:

Neither team managed to bring their own team counter down to 0
The dominate team (based on whoever has the least amount of time on their team counter) currently owns the splat zone, or the zone is neutralize (and not counting towards either team).

Because of this, It is possible to go into Overtime if the losing team takes control of the Splat Zone before the 5 minute match timer is up. As long as they hold the zone(s), their team counter will continue to count down, even after the match timer is over.  As soon as the losing team manages to get 1 second below their opponent's timer, then both of the previous match criteria will be met and the win will go to the new dominate team.
Comment: One more detail: If during overtime the Splat Zone goes neutral and stays neutral, that is no team has control, the game will wait for about 10 seconds and then end. The team with the lower counter will win. I don't know exactly how long this neutral grace period is, but in my experience it's around 10 seconds.
Comment: I've had Rainmaker go into overtime once, does anyone know if this works similarly? I've had lots of games when the losing team's held the rainmaker at game end and it _didn't_ go into overtime, could it be something to do with how close they are to retaking the lead?

What are the rules for "Extra Time"?


No sound at all in elementary OS Loki

Question: I installed Pot Player using Wine in Elementary OS 0.4 Loki, it didn't work so I uninstalled it. The icon was still in the applications list, so I removed Wine thinking that it might help, I followed this forum. After that I could hear no sound, no sound at all, no sound in vlc, videos and other players and no notification sounds at all.  I can't even hear any sound in sound test, even in bluetooth speakers or headphones. How to get it back? I'm running Elementary OS Loki.
Comment: Have you tried installing pavucontrol? `sudo apt-get update` and afterwards
`sudo apt-get install pavucontrol`
Comment: You might want to check which output device is selected in _System Settings/Sound_
Answer: Step 4 of this doc at https://help.ubuntu.com/community/SoundTroubleshootingProcedure
includes installation and starting pavucontrol and helped me restore sound on a Dell Lattitude laptop.  I had system sounds like trash and test front left/ front right but Noise Music player and videos on the browser did not have audio.
Answer: In Elementary Loki systems settings I no longer have Sound. Not sure what I installed to loose it. Anyway Jorge R. Marin's solution above to install pavucontrol via Terminal got sound back on my Toshiba Satellite laptop running on Elementary Loki. Thank you Jorge.

No sound at all in elementary OS Loki


Does the ability from Sorcerer's Wand deal combat damage?

Question: If I were to equip Virtus the Veiled with Sorcerer's Wand and used the Sorcerers Wand's ability, would that be considered combat damage allowing Virtus's ability to trigger?
Comment: If it's done as an ability, it's not combat damage, combat damage is dealt by an attacking or blocking creature as part of combat.
Answer: Sorcerer's Wand does not allow the triggering of Virtus the Veil's ability
From the Comprehensive Rules Glossary:

Combat Damage
  Damage dealt during the combat damage step by attacking creatures and blocking creatures as a consequence of combat. See rule 510, "Combat Damage Step."

Damage from spells or abilities such as the ability granted by Sorcerer's Wand is not combat damage because it is not a consequence of combat.
Answer: Combat damage is damage that is dealt as a result of combat. Any other damage from spells or abilities is not combat damage. The ability that Sorcerer's Wand grants deals damage directly, so it is not combat damage and will not trigger Virtus the Veiled's triggered ability.
Answer: Sorcer's Wand does not deal combat damage, so no. Combat damage is a very specific type of damage that's dealt by creatures in the Combat Damage step. Virtus only triggers on combat damage, which isn't happening here.


Selling custom electronic projects online in the uk

Question: (Sorry if I am posting in the wrong forum) I am wanting to have a go at selling some of my projects (mostly lighting: epoxy, led strips) after doing a search, it sounds like there are a lot of regulations about this sort of stuff. I have also read about CE which it sounds like I would need in order to sell online (I am looking at eBay), the product would use an led strip that most likely already comes with a CE mark. So I am here to ask if that would allow me to sell this lighting product straight to eBay without problems occurring with regulations? If there are problems with regulations would it be an idea to think about selling it as individual parts that the end user builds?
Answer: If you are selling "low voltage" (meaning under 1000 volts) equipment across an EU border then it requires CE marking. It sounds like your products qualify.
If you merely resell equipment that someone else has produced then you can rely on the CE marking of that equipment, but if you are manufacturing something using CE marked components then your product has to be CE marked. You can't just rely on all your components being CE marked because your product as a whole might not comply. Selling the components as a kit also does not avoid the need to CE mark your product.
A CE mark is simply a declaration that your product conforms to all the relevant EU regulations. How you demonstrate this depends on the product. You may be able to demonstrate "minimal risk" if, for instance, you use a CE marked transformer that outputs 12 volts to the rest of the lighting, and there is no possibility of anything getting hot enough to burn someone. In that case you can just record your reasoning and stick the CE mark on the product.
If you are merely selling in the UK then I don't think you don't need CE marking. However as a practical matter you should still consider getting it because it will help avoid possible negligence claims and/or prosecution if something bad happens due to one of your products. You might also want to consider legal insurance against such an eventuality.


make - ontopic or SO

Question: I know make has long been a unix tool, but me thinks it's too close to programming (at least anything beyond how do I build software X). This question prompted this, I think it should be closed... opinions?
Comment: the link is no longer available
Comment: @tshepang that's because the question was closed... point? technically if you have enough rep, you can still view it
Comment: Considering that the reference to that link isn't really important to the Question, and that the rest of us have puny reps, can you remove it (the sentence).
Comment: Did you mean closed/deleted?
Answer: I'd say - depends:

"How to create Makefile for program" and similar goes to stackoverflow
"How to build in parallel with make" (answer make -j2) and similar is on topic

make - ontopic or SO


can you cool manicotti noodles off completly before stuffing

Question: Can I cool off the manicotti noodles completely before stuffing them?
Answer: What is your method for cooling the pasta? Is the goal to have it cool enough to work with? Or to stop the cooking process, keeping in mind it's going in the oven later?
My opinion is that the only cases when you should rinse pasta after cooking is if you're making a cold pasta salad, or if you're going to serve it plain. The reason why you should avoid this method of cooling it in virtually every other case is because in a great majority of the time you'll be adding a sauce to your pasta and you want the starch that's covering the surface of the pasta to help the sauce stick. This way all of the ingredients in your dish will be well incorporated and just give it that little nudge that makes all the difference.
Ultimately if you end up with overcooked pasta out of the oven you can always reduce the cooking time in the pot and if your sauce has enough moisture the pasta will keep cooking through in the oven (which would most likely be the cause of your problem in the first place, but we're clever, we'll work around it, take advantage of that!!).
Answer: I generally let shells cool 'til thy're comfortable to work with (running them uner cold water, then draining).  I've never chilled them in the fridge, though.  I don't know what that would go to their elasticity.
I would fear that for manicotti, they'd firm up too much and keep their crushed shape if they're not pliable enough when filling (thus, not acepting the same amount of filling).
If you're looking for a way to speed up your manicotti production, and hoping to split up the cooking the noodles and filling them to dramatically different times -- I've never had issues filling things the day before I bake them.
Another option for faster filling is to use crepes instead of noodles; you can still use a bag to pipe out the filling before rolling so that they're all of a similar size, but it's not as finiky as you don't have to shove it all in from the ends ... although making a lot of crepes can be time consuming.
Answer: Sure.  Lots of recipes actually recommend that you let them cool:
Disclaimer, this is just a list of recipes.  I have never tried them and do not necessarily recommend them.
Beef and Cheese Manicotti, Giada De Laurentiis:

Using a slotted spoon, transfer the manicotti from the pot to the oiled baking sheet and cool.

Easy Baked Manicotti, Kraft Foods

cooked manicotti shells, rinsed in cold water

(generally, rinsing pasta is not recommended)


Why isn't CiviMail tracking my opens?

Question: It happened after a recent upgrade to 5.27+, using Drupal 8.
Answer: I notice this: https://github.com/civicrm/civicrm-core/pull/17312 added some nice new callbacks, but since it didn't actually remove the old ones, I suspect this is only affecting Drupal 8 installs that don't have the extern/ directory working.
The key is that these emails are going out with the following at the end of the html:

In other words - the new callback is not being used when generating the civimail.
After more digging, I found this:
https://github.com/civicrm/org.civicrm.flexmailer/issues/65
Conclusion: update your flexmailer to "master" until there's a new release.
Also: upgrading civicrm to 5.29.1 also fixes it - that release pulls in a new flexmailer.
Comment: I think you need to do 'something' to switch across though? ie disable, remove the copy from the ext dir & re-enable? We should probably make that easier
Comment: Well, in theory you could have both paths working, the issue here isn't that the new path doesn't work, it's that it's not being used by flexmailer in it's current release (and the old path doesn't work on Drupal 8 out of the box). If you're not using flexmailer then I'm not sure it would even be an issue.

Why isn't CiviMail tracking my opens?


volume entropy for manifolds with boundary?

Question: Recently I learn the volume entropy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_entropy I wonder if one can define volume entropy for a manifold with boundary. Does anyone come up with a reasonable definition of it and obtain some results in this direction? Or it doesn't make sense at all to talk about it? If yes, why is that the case?
Answer: Imagine that you can complete your riemannian manifold M with boundary into a connected riemannian manifold N without boundary, by gluing certain pieces, denoted by P.
Now, consider the universal cover of $N=M\cup P$.
Call "universal cover of M" the universal cover of N minus all the lifts of P. (It is a priori not simply connected)
Now, you can define the volume entropy of M as usual, as the exponential growth rate of volume of balls, in the universal cover of M. (Even if the balls of this space are not simply connected, they are balls and have a volume)
I would guess that you still can prove that the volume entropy is  an upper bound for the topological entropy of the geodesic flow, following Manning ideas.


Outdoor Table - What type of wood

Question: I will be building an outdoor table in the near future.  It will probably be outside most if not all of the year (i'm in the midwest so it will get snowed on).  Should I use pressure treated wood for this to be able to handle the harsh elements?
Answer: PT, cedar, teak, or redwood. The latter is getting more rare and expensive. PT is a bit harder (more resistant to dents and scratches), but tends to warp more due to its extremely wet nature.
Also, PT has chemical concerns for some. The newer versions may be less concerning, but that's for you to decide.
Comment: Hardwood (oak, maple, hickory) would look beautiful, but would not last more than 5-10 years. It'll soak up moisture and rot from the inside.
Comment: If it doesn't have much ground contact then PT isn't really necessary, is it? It seems any hardwood would also do nicely (like a classic Adirondack chair).
Comment: If you're absolutely sure that you and yours will never get a splinter, and you don't mind oily (potentially carcinogenic) residue around eating utensils, then PT could be a great choice. In seriousness, though: cedar and redwood would be great. Teak/ipe/ other exotics would be lovely, though pricey. Spruce/pine/fir (in other words, construction lumber) would work if you accepted a finite lifespan or were prepared to apply finishes regularly.
Comment: @isherwood Interesting. I've seen some *old* hardwood (oak, primarily) outdoor furniture and that was in Minnesota, outside year-round.
Comment: How did you know its age? I'm not saying that it can't happen. It's just not ideal.
Comment: I don't mind having to seal or finish the table every few years. Cost is a concern.
Comment: Unless you seal every component on all sides (before assembly), and seal every fastener hole (somehow), oak will develop black streaked stains and rot as I've described. Even if you accomplish that, inevitable cracks in the finish will result in the same. It's your project. You make the decision.
Answer: Location and cost are going to be the largest factors in your choice. The lowest cost "outdoor woods" are redwood, cedar, and cypress. Redwood is cheaper on the west coast, while cedar and cypress are more common on the east. Finding out what's the best value in your exact location will require some phone calls. (And you really should seek out a nearby sawmill or lumberyard rather than the home center if you're at all concerned about price.)
The next step up would be imported hardwoods such as teak, ipe, mahogany, etc. Of course there's a certain minimum quality for a table made of them. A traditional plank picnic table would be really expensive in mahogany and look fairly silly, think marble floors in your garage.
A step down would be pressure-treated and/or composite decking, which offers the worst look and best durability. The biggest problem is the mismatched weathering so common on decks, the PT will always be clearly different than whatever you top it with. Or the entire thing will be PT green.
Whatever you decide you can get a fairly dramatic increase in life by avoiding end grain contacting the ground. Failing that sealing it with a clear epoxy or cyanoacrylate glue will help. Otherwise the wood will draw moisture directly from the ground.
Edit - There are a number of ways to keep the cost down, beginning with materials. It's important to know that many of the "expensive woods" found in a home center are the higher grade because they're meant for finish work. They're also surfaced four sides (S4S). Local sawmills and supply yards offer lower grades and rough cut lumber which is substantially cheaper. Around here I believe cedar is about 70% cheaper away from the big orange store. (But framing members are cheaper there than at the sawmill.)
Apart from materials there's also the finish to consider. You've likely seen grey wood which is the result of ultraviolet radiation breaking down the lignin in the outer layers. Any finish intended to preserve the appearance of wood will need to block UV light. Clear marine finishes contain absorbers that react with UV slowly clouding the finish. They're expensive, and need to be reapplied every few years.
Other clear finishes protect against liquid water (but not water vapor) and don't prevent discoloration of the wood. Examples include deck sealants which are applied annually and cheap spar varnishes. A spar varnish is a long-oiled varnish that's more flexible than other varnishes, to be used on wood that experiences changing humidity levels. In the same category are "teak oils," marketed as an annual coating for brightwork and patio furniture. Not that while a teak oil or spar varnish may claim "UV resistance" on the label that says nothing about what percentage of the finish is absorbers. It's not unusual for a dedicated marine finish to hold up for years while the teak oil needs attention every six months.
On the other hand, it's not uncommon that objects such as patio furniture have much less UV exposure than boats, particularly if they're under a canopy or tree, stored indoors in the winter, or shaded by the house for half the hours of daylight. In those cases the cheaper clear finishes can be an adequate low-cost solution.
The lowest cost finish is the granddaddy of them all, paint. Paint easily recommends itself as the premier outdoor finish since it offers great ultraviolet and water protection. Painted homes last hundreds of years. (Provided the paint is maintained, of course.) The obvious drawback is that the "wood table" ends up looking like a "painted table." That may or may not be an issue; bright red or white picnic tables made of rough-sawn pine were common sights before pressure-treated lumber was a thing. It's tough to get cheaper than dimensional lumber and paint from the home center if you don't plan on your table appearing in Architectural Digest.
"Danish Oil" is a marketing term for wiping varnishes generally consisting of an oil, coloring agent, and dilute varnish. The Watco brand is built around asphaltum. They're easier to apply and offer better protection than genuine oil finishes, but the "in the wood" claims are marketing hype. Much of their appeal is that you can wipe over a new topcoat when you need to restore the finish. Traditional varnishes require the existing layer to be abraded before they'll bond and build to thick films which requires periodic stripping.
Comment: Pressure treated 4x4s are prone to checking (opening along the grain) which is fairly ugly. Avoiding 4x4s would help. You should also be aware that home centers don't carry every kind of pressure treated lumber. It's also available kiln-dried after treatment (KDAT) which costs more but has a lower moisture content. (If cost is the biggest concern it may be cheaper to paint it, which offers outstanding protection.)
Comment: Cost is definitely a concern.  I want to make the legs and frame out of 4x4's.  What do you think about using PT pine like in this link?

http://www.homedepot.com/p/4-in-x-4-in-x-8-ft-2-Ground-Contact-Pressure-Treated-Southern-Yellow-Pine-Timber-194354/205220341
Comment: Also it will not be directly on the ground.  It will be on a patio
Comment: I think i am going to avoid the 4x4's.  What do you think about using regular pine that has been treated with danish oil.  Some people recommend it because it absorbs into the wood.  They say the down side is that it would need to be reapplied every 2-3 years but I am okay with that.  I really can't afford an expensive wood like cedar for my project

Outdoor Table - What type of wood


Updated drush, but status shows old version

Question: I have a D7 site running in a Vagrant VM.
I was getting the following error when attempting to run drush updb from the site folder:

Command updatedb needs a higher bootstrap level to run - you will need
  to invoke drush from a more functional Drupal environment to run this
  command.
The drush command 'updb' could not be executed.

I simply couldn't figure out why this won't run, so I thought I'd update drush. It was on 8.0.0-rc4.
I updated via composer on my local machine, and when I type drush --version it shows 8.1.12.
But, when I run drush status it still shows 8.0.0-rc4, and to top it off, I still cannot run drush updb
What is going on here?
I have tried running drush --uri=mysite.local updb but that doesn't help either.
Answer: In Vagrant, you need to SSH to the machine and run Drush from there.
Comment: I am doing this.


What temperature and time do I need to bake a 35cm Madeira cake?

Question: I am cooking a very large wedding cake (35 cm or 14 inch) and can't get the cooking time right. Is there a specific temperature I should use?
Comment: related : http://cooking.stackexchange.com/q/10387/67
Answer: It's very difficult to cook a cake that large without a heating core.
Basically, it's a metal cup that you put in the middle of your cake so that you can get some heat conduction in the middle of the cake, like you would with a bundt pan or other ring-shaped pan.  Unlike the ring pan, as it's a cup, you also fill it with batter so you have a plug to fill the hole that's created.
(and you generally need to fill the cup with either batter or something else heavy so that it doesn't float in the batter).
You also want to go with a lower temperature and bake it for longer -- this is not only because of the size of the cake, but you also want it to be more dense; if you're going to be stacking on top of it, you do not want it spongy, and you need to reduce the amount of open spring from a high temperature.  I'd highly recommend looking for recipes specifically intended for large stacked cakes.
As medeira cakes tend to be slow cooking to start with, you might be looking at 1.5 to 2hrs to get it fully baked through.
Answer: According to Wilton and Ultimate Baker who both offer the same advice, a 14" cake should be baked at a somewhat lower temperature than normal, 325 F (163 C), for 50-55 minutes.
Rose Levey Berenbaum recommends in The Cake Bible a baking time of 40-50 minutes for a 1 3/4" (4.5 cm) deep 14" (35 cm) layer, based on a standard butter cake formula.
The general principal is that the larger the layer, the longer the baking time at a lower temperature.
I would caution you that like all baking times, these estimates cannot be exact, and you should rely on the appropriate doneness test for your particular recipe, such as the toothpick test.

I reviewed the Cake Bible by Rose Levy Beranbaum which to me is probably still the most authoritative source on cake baking, despite originally being published in 1988.  Beranbaum does not specifically mention times for 14 inch cakes in her detailed recipes (her wedding cake recipes are for 6, 9, and 12 inch tiers which she indicates will serve 150 people), so the information above comes from the chart for recipe scaling (page 490).
She does indicate that the diameter of the cake pan does matter for the recipe, specifically that the larger the cake, the less baking powder is required proportionately.  That is, each tier would then receive a specific amount of leavening depending on its size.
Beranbaum does not mention cake cups, but instead recommends cake strips or magic strips, which help promote baking even layers.
She also provides formulas for scaling various types of base cake recipes to various sizes, including the baking powder scaling.
Modifying cake recipes for large sizes is fairly detailed; I recommend consulting recipes or formulas specifically for this purpose.   The Cake Bible remains a fantastic source, but does not have a recipe for the particular Madeira cake you have mentioned.
Comment: cake strips slow down the cooking out the outside edge, so that they don't set before they've had a chance to rise ... it makes for a less domed top (which is why I'm surprised at the pictures on the page you linked to) ... but it doesn't help the center set.
Comment: @Joe At the KA site, note that the pan with the cake strips has far less doming than the one without.   I agree they have no effect on the center--but that is going to cook from above and below anyway.  Beyond an inch or two from the perimeter, that is true of any diameter cake, yes?   I never heard of a heating core until your post--Beranbaum certainly doesn't mention them.  Not saying that they don't exist or work, just they haven't come to my attention.
Comment: After more research, evidently heating cores and cake strips achieve the same end, through different means, which is to ensure the center cooks before the edge overcooks.  Heating cores due it by speeding the cooking of the center, and the cake strips by slowing the cooking of the edge.   This also reduces the doming.  So same goal, lower differential, handled via different means.   Sources also indicate a couple of inverted flower nails can be used in lieu of a heating core.
Answer: Modifying cake recipes for large sizes is fairly detailed; I recommend consulting recipes or formulas specifically for this purpose. The Cake Bible remains a fantastic source, but does not have a recipe for the particular Madeira cake you have mentioned.


Find tangent line of curve that intersects point.

Question: How do I find the tangent line of the curve $y=x^2$ that intersects the point $(8,2)$?
Comment: What does the equation of a generic tangent line of your curve look like?
Answer: Let the point of tangency be $(a,a^2)$. Then the slope of the tangent line is $2a$, and the equation of the tangent line is
$$y-a^2=2a(x-a).$$
Substitute $x=8$, $y=2$, and solve the resulting quadratic for $a$.
Answer: Starting with Andre's equation of
$y-a^2=2a(x-a)$,
$y=2ax-2a^2+a^2 = 2ax-a^2$,
or $a^2-2ax = -y$
or $a^2-2ax + x^2 = x^2-y$
or $(a-x)^2 = x^2-y$
or $a = x \pm \sqrt{x^2-y}$.
Note that this requires $x^2 \ge y$,
which means that the point that the tangent goes through
has to be below (or on) the parabola
and that, if the point is below, there are two tangents
going through it - see if you can visualize why.
Also note that the two values of $a$ are equally spaced around $x$.
Also$^2$ note that if $y < 0$
then there are always two values of $a$,
one of which is negative.
If $x=8$ and $y=2$,
$x^2-y = 62$,
so $ a = 8 \pm \sqrt{62}$.
Answer: Find $\frac{dy}{dx}$(derivative with respect of x) and substitute the point$(8,2)$ then you will get $\frac{dy}{dx}$ at $(8,2)$ which is slope of tangent line and you have slope and point$(8,2)$ then find equation using formula y - y1 = m(x - x1)
Answer: It is y-16x+64=0
y(x)=x^2
y'(x)=2x
y(8)=64
y'(8)=16
Tangent Equation: y-y1=m(x-x1)
y-64=16(x-8)
y-16x+64=0


How to tell Google only crawl direct links?

Question: I have some links that want to Google index it so I put those links in a separate simple HTML file, updated my sitemap to Google know about this page and just link my desired pages on that now I want to Google just index direct links, not page itself how can I achieve it?
Answer: On the "separate simple HTML file" you created, add the following to the
<meta name="robots" content="noindex">

That will instruct Google and other search engines who respect the directive to not index that specific page but will follow the links on that page.
If you really are only interested in Google's index, then use
<meta name="googlebot" content="noindex">

Indexing and crawling is a surprisingly complex subject, and if you want to learn more, I quoted the above information directly from a Google help page, so you may want to start there.
Comment: thanx mate exactly what I looking for


Melodic or tonal pitch contour tracking?

Question: What algorithms or methods can be used for the tracking of audio pitch contours?  (Such as in musical vibrato and glissando, or for tonal vowels in languages such as Chinese?). Will a PLL work even for pitched tones that have a weak or missing fundamental?  Or is there a more suitable tracking method?
Answer: I think a PLL would be hard to use for pitch detection in singing or speech. For the reasons you mention (classic phase/frequency comparators output garbage when the waveforms are too different due to a missing f0), but also because you'll need another method anyway for tracking the large changes in pitch or the switch to voice/unvoiced that would put a PLL off the tracks.
A baseline system could be to extract a pitch on small frames with a classic f0 detector (autocorrelation, AMDF, YIN, or any auditory model), and then use dynamic programming (or from another point of view, the Viterbi algorithm on a HMM whose states are discretized pitch values) to recover a pitch track. A ready to use Matlab implementation for this (auditory model + viterbi) is available here or (fancy autocorrelation flavour + dynamic programming) here.
This will be discretized on both the time and pitch axes, but you could then interpolate.
Answer: There are $n$ number of methods readily available to determine pitch track but a simple way is to use PRAAT tool to get the pitch track and it is easy to visualize pitch track...
                   Hope helpful


Estimation of your backlog

Question: How far in advance should you estimate stories in your backlog?
My concern is that estimates that are 6 months out will become out of date as you develop features in the current sprint. I thought that with agile you re-estimate your current sprint.
Answer: Estimates do become out of date. We gather more information and learn new things, and some jobs will seem easier than they did a week ago and some will seem harder.
Why do you think that's a problem?
An estimate is nothing more than an educated guess, based on all the information available to you at any given time. It can be changed. If you find that jobs that involve file access always take longer than you estimated back in June, increase the estimate on all jobs that you know involve file access that you estimated back in June. Reestimate any other jobs that involve file access that you've estimated in between.
Or, when the business decides to add something to the upcoming sprint, if you look at it and think "We must have been mad when we estimated that!" then don't be afraid to tell the product owner that. It keeps their expectations under control.
The fact that estimates are going to change is never an excuse to not estimate them now. If you don't then you'll never spot that tiny job with medium business benefit among the massive jobs with massive business benefits.
Answer: It will change.  That's okay.
Your backlog will most likely become out of date during and after every single sprint.  This is why backlog grooming is important.  Your PO should see to this along with help from the team.
If your backlog is manageable, it's good practice to re-estimate the entirety of it during pre-planning / planning meetings, to give a more updated overview.  Along with a well estimated and established velocity, this should be enough to give the stakeholders a high-level overview of the project and it's future - as long as they accept the iterative nature of agile development.
Answer: Our practice was to estimate stories as they were created (if possible) and to add a flag to the fib number to indicate that it will need to be resized closer to implementation.
In our case, the flag was a .1. (ie 13.1 means that "we think this is a 13, but we should revisit that later.)
Answer: How far ahead you should estimate depends a lot on the needs of your business.
If the product owner wants to know when feature X could be expected, then you need an estimate of feature X and all features that come before it on the backlog.
If the product owner wants to know what he can probably release for the Christmas sales, you need to estimate the stories until you have enough to fill the sprints till then.
With that said, the estimates do not all need to be equally detailed and must not be cast in stone. The product backlog should contain approximately two sprints worth of stories that are fully detailed and where the team has a reasonable confidence in the estimations. Any stories that fall beyond that can do with less detail (more uncertainty) and estimates that are correspondingly less confident. As you go further in time, the stories are likely to become larger (more like epics) with according estimates. This isn't a problem, as those stories and their estimates will/should be revisited as they come nearer implementation and the knowledge about them grows.
The reason for having two sprints of fully estimated stories is to lessen the workload during the sprint planning (you don't have to estimate the stories as well) and to ensure that the team can pick up new work from the backlog if it turns out that they have time left at the end of the current sprint.
The reason for not casting estimates in stone is because they should only be used as an aid to the team to determine how much work they are committing to for a sprint. The only thing that should count at the end of the day is whether the team made good on their commitment.

Estimation of your backlog


Permanent metadata for videos

Question: Is there any existing container (video format) in which the metadata is immutable?
I am new to this topic and my use case is that once a video is recorded, I want to preserve the metadata (for ex location, time, some caption used while sharing it, etc) in such a way that no one can alter this information, or worst case, only the original creator can do so.
Comment: Can't think of one, but there really should be.  Photographers have been asking camera manufacturers for ages to build encryption into cameras to help protect their IP. Immutable metadata/self destructing tamperproof files or blockchain custody ledgers would all empower creators.
Answer: Containers don't support encryption of metadata, and without encryption everyone may change what he wants (even damaging by his action the whole multimedia file).
There is a possibility to make a checksum of your file (as SHA-256), but it will not protect to change it, it only helps detect if the file is in its original state (not changed).
Answer: No.  Metadata can always be changed. Even if there isn't a commonly known program to do so, an experienced person could always hex edit the file.

Permanent metadata for videos


Chromatic Triangles on a $K_{17}$ graph

Question: If the edges of the complete graph $K_{17}$ (on 17 vertices with no three collinear) are each colored one of three colours can it be proven to have two or more monochromatic triangles?
Comment: @FPE But three colours are being used, and so any $K_6$ subgraph potentially does as well.
Comment: It will definitely have at least $2$ monochromatic triangles. Just consider two copies of $K_6$ in the graph, and each of these copies will have a monochromatic triangle. I'm sure one could refine this simple argument to exhibit more of these triangles.
Comment: @Casteels: Sorry, misread the question. My mind only works with red and blue, are there other colours out there?
Comment: To be fair it's related so it can work.
Answer: Yes.  Choose one vertex.  It has sixteen edges going out, so six of some color, say yellow.  Now consider the $K_6$ composed of those six vertices.  If it has no yellow edges, it has two monochromatic triangles and we are done.  If it has two yellow edges, we have two monochromatic triangles and are again done.  If it has only one yellow edge we have one monochromatic triangle.  Now choose some vertex not involved in this argument-we have only used seven, so there are ten more.  It must invoke at least one monochromatic triangle by the same argument.
Comment: I can't seem to prove your Case2 (If it has two yellow edges, we have two monochromatic triangles) see the image: http://i.imgur.com/W46VnWy.png
Comment: Because there are yellow edges going from each vertex of thre $K_6$ to the first vertex chosen.  Each yellow edge in the $K_6$ completes a triangle with two of the ones from the first vertex.
Comment: As someone taking their first Discrete Mathematics course your solution is hard for me to justify. Is it possible for you to add more detail? Some questions: How can you assume there will be 6 edges of the same color connected to the same point?
Comment: By the pigeonhole principle.  With only five of each color you have fifteen total.  The sixteenth will have to match one of the sets of five.
Comment: You could present this argument a bit more simply by assuming that the chosen vertex is not in a monochromatic triangle. (If every vertex is in a monochromatic triangle then you've got at least $6$ of them.) Then the $K_6$ contains **no** yellow edges and you're done.
Answer: Yes, Sane & Wallis have proved in 1987 that there are at least 5 (!) monochromatic triangles in the 3-edge-colored K_17: see https://doi.org/10.1017/S0004972700026733. Optimal colorings which achieve this lower bound are known, as show the results of Al Zimmermann's Programming Contest "Monochromatic Triangles".
Answer: Here's my attempt, using a result (stronger cousin as well)from a $K_6$ which Numberphile showed:
$$4\\3_\nwarrow\hspace{6 pt}\uparrow\hspace{6pt}\nearrow^5\\\hspace{-2pt}2\leftarrow1\rightarrow6$$
Imagine we have an arbitrary $K_6$ (not that I can create one properly, without rotate or turn, or using an image). If we examine it from one vertex, and do a coloring with at most 2 colors (key words there are at most), by pigeonhole principle, we have 1 color with at least 3 of the 5 connecting lines to the other vertices. Let us assume they are red ( blue being the other for consistency with the video), then we get the following(labelling is arbitrary here, graph isn't supposed to be directed):
$$4\\3_\color{red}\nwarrow\hspace{6 pt}\color{red}\uparrow\hspace{6pt}\color{red}\nearrow^5\\\hspace{-2pt}2\leftarrow1\rightarrow6$$
We then have, the following observations:

If the connection from 3 to 4 is red we have a red triangle 1 to 3 to 4 to 1
If the connection from 3 to 5 is red we have a red triangle 1 to 3 to 5 to 1
If the connection from 5 to 4 is red we have a red triangle 1 to 5 to 4 to 1

This then forces a blue triangle 3 to 4 to 5 to 3. Thinking about the other connections from 1, if either is red, all other connections to it from the blue triangle vertices, will need to be blue, forcing a monochromatic $K_4$ (containing 4 monochromatic $K_3$ subgraphs). On the other hand, if they are blue, the connection between the endpoints, needs be red to stop another blue triangle.
From the above, both other connections now have both colors (works regardless if they have both blue or both red to avoid a second triangle). If a vertex, in the blue triangle, sends both 2 and 6 the color connecting them. That forces a second triangle as well. If two blue triangle vertices send blue to either vertex 2 or 6, we have a second triangle (at least). By pigeonhole principle, that means of the 3 uncolored lines connecting to either 2 or 6, two must be red. No way of selecting 2 pairs from 3 items without overlap, Therefore 1 blue triangle vertex, must give both 2 and 6 a red line, forcing a red triangle. So every $K_6$ has at least 2 monochromatic $K_3$ subgraphs. It then follows, for all higher $K_n$.
$K_{17}$ 3 color case:
For the $K_{17}$ case with 3 colors, 16 vertex connections from a vertex, we have at least 6 are forced to one color ( pigeonhole principle). This forces either a $K_6$ using the other colors, or at least 1 monochromatic triangle of the first color, There are at least 2 distinct $K_7$ in a $K_{17}$, so this happens twice. QED.

Chromatic Triangles on a $K_{17}$ graph


Boot from external USB stick / drive?

Question: I know it's not possible to directly boot from an external USB stick / drive, but instead you have to boot from the SD card and then the external device can take over. What's the easiest and preferred way to set this up, therefore boot from SD card and then let an external device take over?
Answer: If you have an existing OS running on the Pi, then firstly it would be useful to know if the USB device is supported. You can do this by mounting it like normal:
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt

If that fails then you wont be able to use the USB device as a root partition without enabling the kernel modules for it. And for that you may need to compile your own kernel.
If it suceeds then it should work fine with some tweaking of the boot parameters that the Pi uses:
On an existing image, open cmdline.txt, which can be found on the boot partition, and enter the following lines:
dwc_otg.lpm_enable=0 console=ttyAMA0,115200 kgdboc=ttyAMA0,115200 console=tty1
root=/dev/sda1 rootfstype=ext4 rootwait text

All you must then do is flash that image to the SD card and boot the Pi. If all is well, /dev/sda1 should be the location of the USB drive when the Pi boots, and thus it should attempt to use that location as root. The rootwait parameter is important as it will make the boot process hang until the USB drive is recognised. Without it the Pi may complain that the location doesn't exist.
I suggest that you copy the root partition from an existing Raspberry Pi image to your USB drive and use that to boot from.
Let me know if you need any further information.
Comment: Thank you very much Jivings, I "flashed" the official image to my USB stick, then copied the stuff from the FAT partiiton to an SD card and adjusted the cmdline.txt. In my case the root partition is then /dev/sda2, because /dev/sda1 is the (unused) boot partition on the usb stick. I didn't need the rootwait in my case, but good to know this parameter!
Comment: Also, can you use UUIDs on the command line?
Comment: Yes I provided the whole file and where are you talking about using UUIDs?
Comment: @stefan.at.wpf (and Jivings) You can use UUIDs instead of `/dev/sdx` - at least in `/etc/fstab/` - then it doesn't matter if the `x` changes.
Comment: @AlexChamberlain Can you find a source that says the firmware can understand UUID? Because I have no idea if it will work in `cmdline.txt`.
Comment: It depends on the kernel... http://en.gentoo-wiki.com/wiki/Initramfs#UUID.2FLABEL_Root_Mounting
Comment: @AlexChamberlain In that case it should be fine.
Comment: can i somehow check if an usb drive is avilable and then according that let it decide to boot from SD Card or USB? (with the Bootmanager/Bootloader on the SD Card ofc)
Comment: @Jivings I am able to mount my USB stick within OS (/dev/sda1), I then replaced `root=`'s value with `/dev/sda1` inside of `cmdline.txt` from boot sdcard (`rootwait` already there), yet kernel panics while booting with message `Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(8,1)`
Comment: @Jivings you said "mount /dev/sda1 /mnt" but where i should add it?
Comment: @watonis What do you mean by `add it`?
Comment: What do you mean by "boot partition," the external USB drive or the microSD card? Where is `cmdline.txt` located, on the external USB drive or the microSD card?
Answer: The easiest way to set this up would be to use BerryBoot. It supports installation to, or from, one or more images on a USB stick (or on the SD card itself) out of the box through a nice GUI interface.
To set it up all you have to do is copy the ~70MB of install files on to a FAT32 formatted SD card, insert it into your device and boot away. It even has a list of preconfigured images that it can automatically download and install for you over an ethernet or wi-fi connection.
You then select the OS you would like to be booted by default from your available images, and if you want to add new images or change the default at a later date you simply hit enter during the boot process to reconfigure!
Comment: move the image to the SD card ? I thought we want to install it on a USB stick ?
Comment: As the OP stated it's not possible to boot directly off a USB stick on a Raspberry Pi - You need an SD card with a bootloader installed that can hand the process over to another device once powered up.
Answer: ok, to clarify  -
further to @Jivings answer -
There are several ways that you can refer to a disk in the fstab.  Using /dev/sdXX might not always be safe, as the order that scsi disks appear may not be guaranteed.
What I do not know, is if the boot configuration understands anything but basic device labels.  "root=/dev/sda1" is an abstraction however, so in theory root=LABEL=TEST might work.  I need to investigate.
I apologize if I am not being very clear.  I've got some skill gain to do in explaining linux to new folks, obviously.
Comment: Jivings: could you explain some of the parameters in your comand line example for us nubies? Thanks.
Comment: He never mentioned fstab. The target device/partition name is a kernel parameter. I believe other naming conventions like UUID are possible with modern kernels, especially if they have initrd/initramfs modules.
Answer: Assuming this is about RPi 3b and not RPi 2 or even older models: ~9 years later the answer is that you can use an USB device just like a SD card. Just dd the image onto the USB medium or use the flashing tool from the Raspberry website.
Comment: I am not sure if this is correct. Your answer is based on a raspberry model 3. Model 2 firmware is said to not support this feature. Can you give me some source if I am wrong? Because your suggestion is not working with raspberry 2 B
Comment: @benni that's right, I was referring to model 3

Boot from external USB stick / drive?


Can we make rain on Mars?

Question: Farmers use dry ice(CO2) to seed the cloud on Earth, can we do the same for Mars? The acidity doesn't matter it can be any element or compound as long as we can recognize it as precipitation, as usual ban magic and FTL tech. (Actually I'm trying to do a selfie there with a rainbow in the background.)
Answer: No.
How cloud seeding works.
Cloud seeding cannot make it rain if the air isn't already saturated with water vapor. Rain requires a tiny, tiny, tiny nuclei for the water dissolved in the air to condense around. This can be dust or tiny particles of ice. Cloud seeding artificially introduces those tiny nuclei into humid air to make the water fall out of solution.
For a dramatic demonstration, drop Mentos into Diet Coke. The Mentos contains many nucleation sites (microscopic nooks and cranies on the shell) and causes the supersaturated carbon dioxide in the water to rapidly exit the water. But if you drop another Mentos in nothing happens. The soda is flat. There's not enough dissolved CO2 left.
Cloud seeding can't make rain if there's no dissolved liquid to precipitate.
The Martian atmosphere is too thin, too cold, and made of the wrong stuff.
The atmosphere of Mars is very thin. The average pressure is 0.006 bars (1 bar is the average Earth atmosphere). Best we can get is 0.011 bars in the depths of Hellas Planitia. Martian temperatures vary from 130 to 300 Kelvin (you'll see why I'm doing this in Kelvin in a moment). It's 96% carbon dioxide with 2% argon and 2% nitrogen.
At these temperatures and pressures, there's no dissolved liquids in the Martian atmosphere to make fall out of solution. They will immediately sublimate, convert from solid to gas. To understand why we need to look at some phase diagrams: the temperature and pressures at which various substances are solid, liquid, gas, or other.
Carbon Dioxide

Martian pressure is so low it's off the bottom of the scale here. That means CO2 can never be a liquid.
Argon

Argon is a noble gas and very difficult to liquefy. While Mars does get cold enough to make argon a liquid, again, the pressure is far too low.
Nitrogen

(Sorry, this one is in Celsius). Again, the pressure on Mars is so low it's off the bottom of this graph. Nitrogen cannot be liquid at Martian pressures. It's also too warm on Mars for liquid nitrogen.
Liquids are pretty rare in the universe. Most substances have a relatively narrow temperature/pressure window in which they're liquid. They much prefer to be solid, gaseous, or plasma. You might be able to make it snow, but you won't be able to make it rain.
Answer: Divert a small comet so it impacts Mars.  I've seen this idea used to make an atmosphere for the moon, and it ought to be applicable to Mars too.
Imagine that it rains quite a lot for a few years as things settle down.
The easiest way to get a rainbow though is inside a domed habitat. Perhaps it's not a huge domed city, but just a domed park/garden attached to an underground habitat.  Water is sprayed via irrigation and could be arranged to make nice rainbows viewed from a picnic area.
Comment: Well Mars doesn't have much of an atmosphere for a reason, but I guess a rainbow or two might help.
Comment: @Skye I don't understand your point.
Comment: My thought was that the gravity of Mars which couldn't contain its atmosphere well would lose water vapor in a few hundred years or so. Which I'm probably wrong right?
Comment: More like millions of years. I added a link to earlier moon discussion, and Mars has twice the surface gravity.
Comment: See [this presentation](http://www.seti.org/weeky-lecture/attempts-explain-water-loss-mars).  Suppose that it applies anew to a newly introduced atmosphere.
Comment: Desperate times call for desperate move! I like your extreme measure... thumb up

Can we make rain on Mars?


How do you calculate the area of polygons which overlap a buffer around a point?

Question: I'm new to QGIS (Dufour 2.0.1) and have plotted nests as points on a googlemaps base-map and have created buffer zones around the nests. I've also plotted ponds as polygons on the same base-map. I want to know how to calculate the area of the ponds which fall within the buffer zone PER NEST.
Comment: Do your nest buffer zones overlap each other?  If so, then in effect you want to run an intersect of ponds with each nest buffer, right?
Comment: Yes they do overlap. I think you understand me correctly. I've already tried an intersect of the ponds layer and nests layer but i'm struggling to work out how to calculate the area of ponds PER NEST rather than included in all buffers. Thanks.
Comment: The only way I can think of to do it is programmatically, unless you separated each nest buffer by a query or export, and ran an intersect on each iteration. Not sure how to do either of those methods in QGIS though.  Hopefully, some gurus will chime in. Good luck!
Answer: Its been a while since you posted your problem, but in case you haven´t solved the problem yet, here´s my go at the issue.
Your problem is much the same as mine. I got two answers, which both, in their own different ways, solved my problem. Your nests=my map sheets and your ponds=my land use parcels. I don´t know if this functionality exists in QGIS, but OpenJump has a tool for this. And just like QGIS, it´s open source software. The only (possible) downside (if your datasets are big) is that OpenJump requires quite a bit of RAM. See the anwers on my question for instructions.


Hijab and Freedom Of Choice

Question: According to the Islamic viewpoint Is the government entitled to force women to observe Hijab in the society?
knowing that "there is no compulsion in religion" why Hijab is being enforced in some Islamic countries?
Comment: There is no compulsion in religion, but once you have made the choice, you are bound by its rules.
Answer: I don't know if there is a law in Islam that allows enforcement of women (an men) to be covered at legal proportions.
I know there is a hadith that talks about muslim women at the end of time that will dress while being undressed. The prophet then sais to curse them, since they are cursed by god. (so it seems like he didn't state a physical/legal punishment for that, but rather a social one). This is the point where the answer of @Ali786 becomes relevant: if people reject them, the society perceives them as disturbing cursed elements, chances of the behavior getting expanded are greatly reduced (as long as people will reject them)
Not long ago it was against law in Europe/US to be dressed shorter than a certain Cm count from the knees. There were laws for molestation, and it was clearly visible that the society didn't want undressed people. Their solutions were maybe too radical, and their beliefs too week, since Edward Bernays made nudity fashionable through Marilyn Monroe and some other stars, and people didn't know why they disliked nudity, so decency fastly disappeared from that part of the world (also thanks to the main stream media).
So to answer you even if I don't know about legal rules, the society should be the one who chooses laws that rule it, in a society that has a majority of muslims, the law should democratically, fairly, by revolution etc... inevitably fall into muslim rules.
The good point in islam is that you cannot add rules to override islamic rules or even complete them : if something has no clear evidence of being ruled by islam, you cannot say that islam didn't think about that point and invent something new :
ex:  women getting more and more naked because of TV and media influence, so => we should stop by by adding a law that punished women without hijab
We know the book is from God, and God knows the future, so if something is not stated, it's not because God didn't know, but because the answer is elsewhere.
To get back to the Hijab subject, if the prophet didn't state a punishment for not wearing hijab, he stated that people should curse these women, which is a drastically better and more durable solution. And since we are here only for the exam, and each person will get rewarded for what he've done and the consequences of his acts (even thousands of years after his death), each person should follow the rules to be able to justify himself the day he will face God.
p.s: cursing is a behavior that is quite incompatible with islam, there is here a strong subtility that you cannot understand from where you seem to be. Anyway, keep in mind that cursing a muslim is always a kind cursing to remind him he is in a wrong way, it's not just to insult and feel better.
Answer:
Allah says: "Let there be no compulsion in religion. Truth has been made clear from error. Whoever rejects false worship and believes in Allah has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that never breaks. And Allah hears and knows all things." [Sûrah al-Baqarah: 256]

This ayath stating about forcing one to convert his religion and follow Islamic rules.
But here the rule is forced by government see the answer of brother @Zied Hamdi. in whatever country or region you live you have to follow there rules. and why this hijab is forced by some Islamic countries have the following reasons. And They are not forcing to live with respect to there religion. and no religion says that they should not wear hijab so they are not forced to leave there religion.
And Hijab will give protection to women's. The philosophy is if you don't see something you wouldn't think good or bad about that and you will be safe and the women will also be safe.
No one will do the things directly.
First you see something, Then you think about that thing may be eatables or electronics etc you think about what is it how it is what benefit will I get when I take this etc, Then you decide to purchase it,
and finally you purchase it.
same applies to women if the women is in hijab then nobody will see it and nothing will happen.
Today you are telling not to wear hijab tomorrow you will say allow to wear western culture dresses It will not be allowed.
See the links this might be helpful.
http://www.islam-watch.org/masghar/quran-on-hijab-or-veil.htm
http://www.sunniforum.com/forum/showthread.php?44891-Importance-of-hijab
http://religiondispatches.org/17-reasons-why-women-wear-headscarves/
Comment: @DavidWallace thanks for comment but First He has not Mention non-Muslim women(and i think no islamic country is forcing non muslim to wear hijab if yes let me know the name) and  for this also I have given  answer since we are also not allowed to see the womens. and later you will say that allow to wear  western culture dresses you know what are dresses that western women wear.?
Comment: @David Wallace Thanks, I should not write my personal views in answers i removed have removed that.
Answer: I think you are confusing "no compulsion in religion" with "no compulsion within religion". Read the rest of the ayah and it becomes clearer what it means inshAllah.
As for governments enforcing this, it'll be interesting to read some of the views of the more learned folks who visit this site. It also may be worth getting in touch with some of the scholars of the respective countries who have some say in what rules the state applies.

Hijab and Freedom Of Choice


Does CiviCRM VERP work with a mailbox on Microsoft Small Business Server 2011?

Question: If an organization is using Microsoft SBS 2011, can they configure it to support Variable Envelope Return Path (VERP) for the required CiviMail mailbox(es)? What implications will this have on bounce handling if not?
Answer: No version of Exchange supports subaddressing.
Comment: You could have a workaround by using a catchall. but honestly at that point, is this really a battle worth fighting?
Comment: No, it's not worth the effort IMO ... We have a dedicated domain that we use for clients who lack decent mail support, and we could MX crm.example.org there, so yeah we'll probably sidestep the issue rather than engaging it directly.
Answer: It shouldn't be too complicated to modify civicrm to be able to process bounces without VERP:
We've added the same information that the VERP contains (basically who was the intended recipient) into the header of the message.
Most (but not all mail servers return these into the bounce notification message).
So if:

you add a config "no VERP"
you modify the smtp code to not add the VERP (so instead of firstname.lastname@example.com, just firstname.lastname@example.com)
you modify the parsing code for bounce messages to read the blablabla both from the mail address or from the header

It should work for most recipients mail servers, from the (dis)comfort of your exchange server.
PR welcome and all that
Comment: This would be a useful feature to get into core?
Comment: Personally, compatibility with exchange isn't high on my list, but I see the benefit (that's why I added the "verp header" in the core already). The risk is that folks will use that inferior option even if they have a mail server that can actually handle VERP.
Comment: @Graham perhaps, but that means some org or devs putting further effort into implementing an (inferior, since reduced functionality) no-VERP approach, in a world where VERP-capable mailboxes are plentiful and cheap/free. Time better spent elsewhere IMO.
Comment: Whilst I understand, and in many ways agree with Xavier and @Chris-burgess in that we do live in a world where VERP-capable mail systems are plentiful, we also live in a world where many potential users of CiviCRM already rely on Exchange. As a consequence of not supporting Exchange don't we make it harder for those orgs to successfully implement CiviCRM?
Comment: CiviCRM supports using Exchange (http://civicrm.stackexchange.com/q/2322/149), but Exchange doesn't support VERP. CiviCRM can have even better Exchange support if/when someone contributes energy towards it. "Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot, nothing is going to get better. It's not." :) Scratch your own itches; if that seems like a good place for your org to contribute, go for it!


Is the cast keyword triggered from the graveyard?

Question: If Conduit of Ruin or any other card states that when it is cast, does this mean that it can trigger when it returns from the battlefield? Such as Conduit of ruin is in the graveyard, I return it to the battlefield from the graveyard. Does the first ability trigger and allow me to search my library for an eldrazi card 7 or more to place on top of my library?
Answer: No, "casting" a spell has a more specific meaning
What does casting mean?

601.2. To cast a spell is to take it from where it is (usually the hand), put it on the stack, and pay its costs, so that it will eventually resolve and have its effect.  [..]

Normally, you are only allowed to cast spells from your hand, unless a card says otherwise. There are cards that allow casting spells from somewhere other than the hand, such as Bring to Light (casting from exile), Descendants' Path (casting from library), or Karador, Ghost Chieftain (casting from graveyard). The Commander game variant allows you to cast your commander from the Command zone.
Casting a spell or ability with a reanimation effect such as the namesake Reanimate never counts as casting the reanimated creature itself. It is simply an effect of that spell or ability.
Comment: Flashback is perhaps a more common example of casting from the graveyard.
Comment: @Jefromi Yes, there are actually like a dozen keyword abilities that allow a card to be cast from elsewhere, but I specifically chose the examples that allow *other* cards to be cast from other zones, to tie them to OP's question about Conduit of Ruin.
Comment: Sure, those would let Conduit of Ruin (or other things) get cast from elsewhere - I figured it was also useful to have some idea what it looks like if a card actually lets you cast *itself* from elsewhere, i.e. what Conduit of Ruin would have to say in order for the OP to get what they want. I guess something like [Gravecrawler](http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=409635) might've been a more obvious example.
Answer: If you are returning the Conduit from the graveyard straight to the battelfield as a result of another spell or ability (such as Reanimate), then it will not trigger, as 'when you cast' triggers are not the same as 'when this enters the battlefield' triggers.
If, on the other hand, you played a card that specifically allows you to cast a card from your graveyard (such as Havengul Lich), then it would trigger, as you are actually casting it.
Answer: No. "When it is cast" means "when the cast keyword action is performed to it". To cast something involves putting it on the stack, paying costs and making some choices. It has absolutely nothing to do with the battlefield, and even less with returning (putting) on the battlefield (which is an unrelated keyword action).


Bone Heat Weighting: Failed to find solution for one or more bones?

Question: Whenever i try adding automatic weights to my model i get that error. i recently had this problem with another model, however that didn't help me with this one. I have tried various things like dissolving vertices in Non Magnifold mode with only boundries ticked. I've removed all doubles and i have no clue anymore. Here's the blend file
Answer: One of the problems that the automatic algorithm is not good at is dealing with characters maden of spare parts and not an unique closed manifold mesh.
You can separate all spare parts and rig them one by one: it works but you'll have to tweak  the automatic weights manually, because the algorithm doesn't know which part should be moved by which bone.
As your beautiful character is so complex, I would absolutely go with manual weighting, which is less complex than it seems, see this answer for some weighting tips: Rigify : skin overlapping clothes