What does the phrase "as in all the churches" modify in 1 Corinthians 14:33-34?

Question: In 1 Corinthians 14:33-34, does the phrase "as in all the churches" refer to "God is not a God of confusion, but of peace," or "let the women keep silent?" Specifically, in the manuscripts that place verses 34-36 after verse 40, where is the phrase "as in all the churches" found, with "God is not the God of confusion," or at the end with "let the women keep silent?" Also, if it is true that verses 34 - 36 are found in the margins of many manuscripts, is the phrase in question in the margin or not?
Answer: Metzger points out in Textual Commentary that it is primarily western witnesses that transpose v.34-35 to appear after v.40.  He also addresses your question about the verses being found in the margin (pp.499-500):

Several witnesses, chiefly Western, transpose verses 34–35 to follow
  ver. 40 (D F G 88* itd, g Ambrosiaster Sedulius Scotus). Such scribal
  alterations represent attempts to find a more appropriate location in
  the context for Paul's directive concerning women.
The evidence of the sixth-century Codex Fuldensis is ambiguous. The
  Latin text of 1 Cor 14 runs onward throughout the chapter to ver. 40.
  Following ver. 33 is a scribal siglum that directs the reader to a
  note standing in the lower margin of the page. This note provides the
  text of verses 36 through 40. Does the scribe, without actually
  deleting verses 34–35 from the text, intend the liturgist to omit them
  when reading the lesson?

It would seem that in the 4th century Greek-speaking Church, the phrase in all the Churches of the saints related to For God is not a God of confusion, but of peace.  We see this in the context of John Chrysostom's Homily on the passage:

For God is not a God of confusion, but of peace, as [I teach] in all the Churches of the saints.
Do you see by how many reasons he leads him to silence and soothes
  him, in the act of giving way to the other? By one thing and that the
  chief, that he was not shut up by such a proceeding; for you all can
  prophesy, says he, one by one. By a second, that this seems good to
  the Spirit Himself; for the spirits of the prophets are subject to the
  prophets. Besides these, that this is according to the mind of God;
  for God, says he, is not a God of confusion, but of peace: and by a
  fourth, that in every part of the world this custom prevails, and no
  strange thing is enjoined upon them. For thus, says he, I teach in all
  the Churches of the saints.
Homily XXXVI on 1st Corinthians

The editors of The Orthodox New Testament Praxapostolos  note in the apparatus that Theophylact (11th c.) and Vincent of Lerins (5th c.) also relate As in all the churches of the saints with v.33 rather than v.34, but that the 1904 Patriarchal Text and related lectionaries have the verse relating to v.34.
Answer: Regarding the Bassler and Rowe questions, it's not a matter of total silence, rather as Paul says elsewhere in regard to 'teaching and authority' over men.  Or in I Cor 14 the context is if 'there is anything they desire to learn' not whether they can speak, or pray, or prophesy, or have fellowship, et al.
Women can we co-workers, deacons, host a church, edify others with their gifts of the spirits (most of which require speaking) sing, and even function in leadership roles over other women and children without having authority over or teaching men.  This distinction can be easily made and applied in the context of a local church and actually contributes to order in the Church if applied correctly, rather than causing any disorder in the Church.  The few denominations/sects that have required total silence of women are an extreme minority in the Church.
And there are other phrases in the context, such as that women should keep silent 'in the churches' - plural.  And 'as the Law ALSO says'.  These additional contextual clues support a universal principle not a local teaching.  And even 'has the Word of God only reached you' in the next section, and how he repeats 'anyone', these also indicates Paul's teaching here is not merely local.
And I don't agree there are 'too many examples' of women taking leadership roles in regard to the only 2 leadership roles reserved for men - elder in the church, and husband in the home.  Can you site any clear examples of either of these?  Hosting a home-church, co-worker, and Deacon are not the same as Elder, conflating them is misrepresenting the other side.
Comment: John S, while you stated your opinion clearly, this is not the focus of this forum. Hermeneutics is the discipline of correctly interpreting scriptures with support for each point from other scriptures, Greek or Hebrew words and sentence construction, contextual analysis, scholarly works, historical documents, and so on. Using these as support, you can build a strong case for an interpretation. Hope this helps. Best wishes,
Comment: Indeed, it was to Roman law that he appeals:  https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/122/what-does-the-prohibition-against-women-speaking-in-church-in-1-corinthians-143/32133?s=1|116.1825#32133
Answer: Dr. Kroger and similar START with a conclusion, and attempt to find support for their thesis, no matter how assumptive. Consider:  What some would consider poor Greek construction, others see as repetition for emphasis.  Often the more important word in a clause is moved to the beginning of the clause for emphasis.  That the conjunction in Greek is never first in its clause and has fluidity in location (sometimes to the fourth word)  should affect the way the verses are understood.  It would seem repetitive or poor linguistic usage to say, "As in all the churches of the saints the women are to keep silent in the churches."  Yet if the conjunction "for" (gar) is moved in English (not Greek) to the front of the clause as we often do and the translators do here, perhaps this makes sense:  For God is not a God of confusion, but of peace. As in all the churches of the saints, the women are to keep silent.  (For) in the churches for they are not permitted  to speak but are to subject themselves, just as the Law also says.   Understood in this construction "for" further explains the preceding concept and churches is placed first in the Greek clause for emphasis.  Relocation of the conjunction is quite common in Paul's writing, and may be seen in the earlier passages in chapter 11 (verses 6, 7, 8, 9, [a conclusion in verse 10 and a caution in verse 11] and more explanation of the preceding concept in verse 12).
... One textual principle is that "the more difficult the reading, the more likely it is to be the original."  The idea is that a later revisionist may have tried to "smooth out" the reading by making an alteration.  On that basis, the seeming contradiction between 11:2-16 and 14:33b-36 would lend authenticity to the text.  The main point is that essentially all manuscripts have the verses (two 10th century Latin manuscripts may be an exception).   Unquestionably, in the consensus of the textual scholars, the verses are genuine.  It is likely that if there were not a "theological axe" to grind, these verses would never be challenged as original.
Comments taken from "As in All the Churches - A Close look at the Call for Full Female Participation and Leadership in the Church."  Available on Amazon.  John A. Fewkes, Author
Comment: The question doesn't ask anything about Dr. Kroger. It's fine to copy and adapt your own content for this question, but please [edit] and actually adapt this into an answer format. It's confusing that you start of with something irrelevant to the question.
Answer: The way that modern Westerners read this in translation is something like this:
"Women should remain silent in the church buildings".
But that is not what the Greek says or means. The word translated "churches" is better translated "assemblies":

ἐκκλησίαις - an assembly, a (religious) congregation
  https://biblehub.com/greek/1577.htm

In the Roman empire it was illegal for women to speak out in an assembly. Please see my answer to this very, very related post:
What does the prohibition against women speaking in church in 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 mean?
Bottom line:
What Paul is saying is that it is just as inappropriate for a woman to address the Roman assembly as it is for her to address any Christian assembly.
Answer: It has long been debated whether the phrase "as in all the churches" refers to "God is not a God of confusion, but of peace," or "let the women keep silent", yet there is still no consensus. For example, Ellicott, Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and David Brown believed the phrase belongs with what follows, whereas Albert Barnes, Matthew Poole, John Gill and the Geneva Study Bible saw it as referring to what preceded. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges does not take a position, simply remarking on what Paul might have meant in one case or the other.
All this becomes moot if verses 14:34-35 were not written by Paul himself, but were added some time later. No extant manuscript omits these verses, although a few, rather late manuscripts place them after 14:40.  Catherine Clark Kroeger and Mary J. Evans (The IVP Women's Bible Commentary) say that many scholars argue that verses 14:35-36 are an interpolation, pointing out that verse 14:36 actually continues the argument of 14:33. It is therefore worth investigating this view even if, once again, there is no conclusive evidence either way.
David E. Garland (1 Corinthians, ebook) cites Bassler and Rowe:

How can women like Euodia and Syntyche (Phil 4:2-3), Prisca (Rom. 16:3;1 Cor. 16:16), Mary (Rom. 16:6), Junia (Rom. 16:7) and Tryphaena and Tryphosa (Rom. 16:12) function as co-workers in the churches if they cannot speak in those churches?  How can Phoebe fulfill her role of deacon (Rom. 16:1-2) if she cannot speak out in the assembly? How can a woman like Nympha, who is influential enough to host a house church (Col. 4:15) have been required to remain silent in her own home (cf. also Prisca, the wife of Aquila, 16:19)?

Although uncommitted to either side, Garland goes on to say, "In recent years, an increasing number of scholars judge 14:34-35 (sometimes including v. 36) to be written by someone other than Paul and inserted into the text," explaining:

Intrinsic evidence weighs heavily in making this textual judgement. In addition to questioning how Paul would contradict himself so quickly in the same letter about the role of women in worship, many note the instructions in 1 Cor. 14:34-35 interrupt the flow of Paul's thought dealing with tongues and prophecy. Omitting them does not disturb the sense of the paragraph.

Returning to the question in hand:
If Paul did write 1 Corinthians 14:34-35, about women remaining silent in church, he could scarcely have suggested that this was the case in all churches, as we see above in the citation from Bassler and Rowe. Whatever his instruction to the Corinthians, there are too many examples of women taking leadership roles for Paul to have believed that in all churches they remained silent. Therefore, the phrase "as in all the churches" would not refer to "let the women keep silent".
If Paul did not write 1 Corinthians 14:34-35, then the phrase "as in all the churches" could not have referred to "let the women keep silent".
This means that whether or not 1 Corinthians 14:34-35 is original to the epistle, the phrase "as in all the churches" does not refer to "let the women keep silent".


What is Considered Transformative Use in Fiction Writing?

Question: I have been reading some material about E.L. James and her Fifty Shades of Grey series. It seems she originally wrote this novel as fan-fiction, and how she decided later in life to make it an original piece of work. Does anyone know what she changed from her fan-fiction to original work? Did she just change the character names and remove direct references from the Twilight Saga for which that fan-fiction was based? I have a couple of fan-fiction screenplays that I would love to re-create to make them original. How can I achieve this that won't be a red-flag with respect to copyright infringement? I'm actually working on a project now and I changed all the character names to something more original, and changed the entire world/background to something that I made up. I also created original scenes for that fan-fiction and am now bringing it over to the original work. Is this okay? Am I going far enough in making sure I'm writing something wholly original?
Comment: *Fifty Shades* abandoned THE defining concept of *Twilight* – a vampire in a high school. I personally would never have associated the two unless there had been an advertising campaign to inform me over and over that one is fanfic of the other in a shallow attempt to parasite off the former's name-recognition. What did carry over is a "nice girl dates bad boy" plot – stock characters from any Romance novel of any century; see **Byronic Hero**. If you scratch beneath the surface of your source material, I'm sure you'll find the stock elements that appealed to you in the first place. Good luck!
Comment: I actually think I read (the first few chapters) of the fanfic that later became Fifty Shades. It was fanfic only in the sense that it used existing characters and their relationships, taking place in an Alternate Universe, in which all characters were human, and instead of high school students the main characters were a CEO and his assistant (?).
Answer: It's certainly been done before, but without knowing the details, it's hard to say whether your changes are big enough.
Find some beta readers who don't know your connection to the fandom and ask them to read your stories. If you get feedback that the story/characters etc. remind them of the original story, you might need to make further changes.


Magento 2.2.6 - New categories not showing products

Question: After created new category products not showing, it shows blank page with no error. But for other categories products shows. Any help should be appreciated.
Comment: Hello. Have you tried do re-indexing using php bin/magento indexer:reindex command?
Answer: Magento usually shows message, that there are no products in your category. But you have only blank page. In most cases this is error. Try to switch to developer mode and in file app/bootstrap.php re-comment this code ini_set('display_errors', 1);
Now you should see error on your category page instead of blank. Also you can check error log files.
Answer: In this category some products prices are set to 0.00, that's why it shows blank page. I ain't sure why Magento doesn't show any error regarding product price.
Thank you Amasty and Raj for your contribution.


A basketball team fields 6 players and scores 4 points before the extra player is noticed. What should the officials do

Question: A basketball team fields 6 players, they score four points before the violation is noticed. What is the correct decision by the officials?
Answer: Which league is that?
In FIBA, the points are valid, a technical foul is given to the coach, registered as "B1", and 1 of the players must leave the court
Source: FIBA Interpretations 36-7 and 36-8

36-7 Statement.
After it is discovered that a team is participating
  with more than 5 players, it is also  discovered that points have been
  scored or a foul has been committed by a player of this team  while
  participating illegally. All such points shall remain valid and any
  foul(s) committed by (or  against) that player shall be considered as
  player fouls.
36-8 Example:
With the game clock running, team A has 6
  players on the playing court. This is  discovered and the game is
  interrupted after: (a) A1 commits an offensive foul. (b) A1 scores a
  field goal. (c) B1 fouls A1 during his unsuccessful shot for a field
  goal. (d) The sixth player has left the playing court. Interpretation:
  (a) A1's foul is a player foul. (b) A1's field goal shall count. (c)
  A1 shall attempt 2 or 3 free throws. (a), (b) and (c) The sixth team A
  player must leave the playing court. In all cases, in addition a
  technical foul shall be charged against coach A, recorded as 'B1'. (d)
  A technical foul shall be charged against coach A, recorded as 'B1'.

In the NBA instead, after the free-throw for the technical foul, the coach of the other team (the one who had the correct number of players) is given the option to nullify the points or to resume the game as it was
Source: Rule no. 12 (A) Section III

Section III—Number of Players
a. If the ball is put into play and
  remains in play with one team having six or more players on the court,
  a non-unsportsmanlike technical foul will be assessed on the team with
  too many players and such team would lose possession if it had
  possession at the time the violation was discovered. Immediately
  following the free throw awarded for the technical foul, the team with
  the correct number of players will instruct the Crew Chief to:
  (1)resume play from the point in time when the technical foul was
  assessed, under the same conditions as would have prevailed had there
  been no error with a throw-in, jump ball or foul shot, as appropriate.
  If the ball is to be put into play with a throw-in, the  team who shot
  the free throw will be awarded possession unless that team just scored
  and the error was discovered prior to the throw-in being released by
  the team with six  or more players. (2) nullify all play that occurred
  from the point in time when the ball was put into play with one team
  having six or more players on the court and ending when the technical
  foul was assessed, reset the game and shot clock to the point in time
  when the ball was put into play, and if the ball was put into play by:
  (a) a throw-in, the ball shall be returned to the original throw-in
  spot with the ball  awarded to the team with the correct number of
  players, or (b) a missed free throw that remained in play, a jump ball
  shall be held at center court  between any two players in the game, or
  (c) a jump ball, the ball shall be returned to the original jump ball
  spot and a jump  ball held with the same two players. EXCEPTION: Acts
  of unsportsmanlike conduct and all flagrant fouls, and points scored
  from any resulting free throws, shall not be nullified. b. Other
  errors involving the wrong number of players at the start of play,
  four or less,  will be penalized with a non-unsportsmanlike technical
  foul and play shall resume from the point-of-interruption. EXCEPTION
  to a and b: If the violation occurs on (1) a free throw attempt which
  is to be followed by another free throw attempt, or (2) a free throw
  attempt that is not going to remain in play, (3) throw-in before the
  ball is released, (4) prior to a personal foul being assessed, or (5)
  jump ball before the ball is released.


Is the Decalogue (Ten Commandments) legislation for all the world?

Question: It is popularly believed and taught in the Gentile world that the Ten Commandments/Decalogue (Exodus 20:1-17; Deuteronomy 5:5b-21) should be kept/observed by all. For example, the Council of Trent in the Reformation made them binding upon Roman Catholics with this exception: the fourth commndment concerning the Shabbat was changed into a command to observe Sunday, the first day of the week ('the Lord's day').  Is the Decalogue for Jews and Gentiles, or only for Jews?
Comment: Non Jews are considered *B'nai Noach* and are bound to obey the 7 Noahide laws. Of the 10 Commandments, I can think of only two that "overlap" - Prohibition against idolatry (Which IMO, many Christians are violating as they believe in Jesus as a god) and the prohibition against murder. Many of the rest are commandments that they **should** follow with the exception of Sabbath observance in the same manner that Jews do. (I.e., no work on the 7th day of the week.)
Comment: DanF Rabbi Michael Skobac, education director at Jews for Judaism in Canada, just sent this answer to me:  'No, it is addressed specifically to Israel. Some of its laws are also congruent with the Noachide laws, but the Decalogue is not universal.'
Comment: also testifying falsely would presumably violate Dinim @DanF
Comment: The problem I have is at the beginning "It is popularly believed and taught" -- but by whom? Not by Jews, so once that isn't relevant, then the followup question seems out of placed: "What do Jews think about what other people think?"
Comment: @DanF what about adultery? also kidnapping, which would presumably fall under the Noahide prohibition of theft.
Comment: Which Christians other than the 7th Day Adventists believe they should keep the 4th commandment?
Comment: Some of the Decalogue is binding on all, but certainly not all of it. Notably, a non-Jew isn't allowed to keep Shabbos.
Comment: @HeshyThe Seventh-Day Baptists also do not work on the Sabbath (Shabbat); also so-called Messianic Jews (I would venture to say, but I am not certain about their doing so).
Comment: @HeshyRoman Catholics and Greek Orthodox Christians have substituted the first day of the week, Sunday, as their Sabbath.
Answer: Non-Jews are held responsible by seven laws, known as the Seven Laws of Noah. All of those laws are contained within the Decalogue, with exception to the third law1, the seventh law2, and to an extent, the fifth law3.
The Decalogue contains several laws not found in the Seven Laws of Noah, namely the fourth command4, the fifth command5, the ninth command6, and the tenth command7.
Clearly the Decalogue was written to be legislation for the Jewish people, based on the inclusion of the fourth law, which is to keep the Sabbath day. Maimonides writes that a non-Jew is forbidden from keeping the Sabbath day, and this idea also has roots in the Talmud (Sanhedrin 58b).
One could ask whether a non-Jew is obligated to honor his parents, etc. even though this is not explicitly written in the Seven Laws of Noah, but that is a separate question entirely.
TL;DR: The Decalogue is for the Jewish people to follow, non-Jews follow a different set of commands known as the Seven Laws of Noah.

1. "To establish courts of justice."
2. "Not to eat flesh torn from a living animal."
3. "Not to commit adultery, bestiality, or sexual immorality." The reason I say "to an extent" is although the prohibition of committing adultery is laid out in the seventh command of the Decalogue, technically that command makes no mention of other sexual immorality.
4. "Remember the Sabbath day."
5. "Honor your father and your mother."
6. "Do not bear false testimony."
7. "Do not covet."
Comment: @ezraMasterpiece of an answer!  Your good and hard work is appreciated.
Comment: 1)What does TL;DR stand for? (2) Please also specify what the third, fourth fifth, ninth and tenth command are in your answer for me. There are different ways of enumerating the commands.  I come from a Roman Catholic background, and the Ten Commandments in the Catholic Church are differently numerated from the Jewish enumeration. Thanks.
Comment: @CliffordDurousseau "TL;DR" stands for "too long; didn't read" and generally proceeds a one sentence summary of the paragraphs above. I also specified each command in footnotes.


Can I dry digested protein sample over weekend in a vacuum concentrator?

Question: I have digested with trypsin the tissue protein extract for mass spectrometry, and forgot to transfer the sample from the SpeedVac to the -80C freezer. As I did this on Friday, I can transfer the samples only on Monday. Will this temper with my sample and subsequent protein identification?
Comment: I doubt there is any quality literature on this question, so the only way to find out is to try it. I suspect it would be fine but you should do some kind of risk analysis to determine whether you should just start again (ie the hassle of preparing a new sample versus the hassle of failed mass spec).
Answer: If your sample dried in the speed-vac then it should not cause to much damage to the sample. But if Speed Vac stopped and there was some liquid left, then incubation at room temperature would result in hydrolysis and sample degradation ( also depends on the pH, neutral would be slower). Also you would have modifications to the amino acid side chains like oxidation and deamidation


What does this 1960 West German political cartoon mean?

Question: I have recently seen a [caricature][1] in which a blindfolded man goes along a cliff. The caption was "The German citizen in the 1960's". I thought it may have something to do with the economy, but in the 50's the economy in Germany was actually very good, so, any ideas?  Why is it exactly in the year 1960 and what is the background?
Comment: To me, it indicates that the German citizen was proceeding blindly along a precipice.  The implication is that there was no strategy, no vision, no fundamental direction.
Comment: I _suspect_ it may be in the aftermath of the collapse of the 1960 Paris Summit, which was part of the build-up to the [1961 Berlin crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961).  But without further context, it's impossible to know for certain.
Comment: Welcome to History:SE.  Where did you see the picture?  Do you think it might have been in the context of the Cold War?
Comment: @sempaiscuba I have seen the picture in a report of a very famous german cartoonist. They have just shown some examples of his work.
Comment: @MarkC.Wallace In terms of the strategy after rebuilding germany after the second world war? Why is it exactly in 1960?
Answer: This a caricature (05:30) bei Vicco von Bülow, pen name Loriot. The title says "Bundesbürger 1960", and means 'West-German citizen 1960'. This man makes a Gratwanderung blindfolded. Gratwanderung being an idiom, meaning not only alpine hiking, but also being in a precarious situation, in which no deviations are 'advisable', if not incredibly dangerous.
But in most of his work, no special political event is picked up upon. He was more of a chronicler of the humorous absurdities of life.
If one really wants to go down into exegesis of a cartoon: the West-German citizen is (again) up high, amidst the clouds, in terms of political re-recognition, economic recovery after the war, being  now democratised citizen, etc. But this middle to upper class citizen is inexperienced in being such a creature, hence the blindfolds as this doesn't come naturally to him, and is more like tightrope walking. That's only one interpretation.
As already commented below the question, and equally likely:

To me, it indicates that the German citizen was proceeding blindly along a precipice. The implication is that there was no strategy, no vision, no fundamental direction. — Mark C. Wallace

But I highly doubt there will ever be one, correct. Equally possible is a simple reading of "awwh, these modern days…"
The works he published in those years are "Loriot lies true stories" 1959 and "In case of…" 1960. Both roughly as current events political like Gary Larson.
The latter seems to be the book this cartoon is published in.
It had the subtitle: "The modern helper in difficult situations" and is now advertised with:

In this epoch-making book, Loriot pointed out that "not only the faulty hibernation of sensitive garden gnomes has always been a problem that has caused many marriages to fail prematurely. It was also clear that, apart from this quite ordinary case, there would have to be a number of other questions which, although less well known, would be no less important.

The backside of this book has a similar cartoon:

While an easter egg is revealed when one removes the cover:

It's worth remembering that "walking along the edge of a precipice" was a fairly common trope throughout the Cold War, but especially from the late 1950s. — sempaiscuba

That is on the hand quite true. As for the broad general background. But then it is particularly noteworthy that in this case the artist is seldom interested in global political observations. His takes on nuclear power for example look like an all ou attack on the dangers of said technology. But it is more the salient features of how people deal with such absurdities that he analyses. One of the arguably more political cartoons of him shows this:

A potato nose man clad in a federal eagle — and pathos. Wearing a medal, probably a civilian order. Very 'stately making'. That seems to be the most important feature of the cartoon in question: It is the West-German citizen, quite individualised, the year seemingly almost superfluous.
Comment: It's worth remembering that "walking along the edge of a precipice" was a fairly common trope throughout the Cold War, but especially from the late 1950s.
Answer: The West German citizen must plot an exact but wandering course of left and right deviations or fall off a precipice.
West Germany while nominally a democracy had extreme restrictions on left wing political organisation combined with a failed de-Nazification that barely acknowledged mass killing of non-combatants in Europe in the 1940s. Moreover, West Germany was wedged between "right" wing powers such as France, the United Kingdom and the United States all of whom had a political interest in BRD remaining right wing, while seeking to prevent Bonn Germany becoming non-parliamentary right wing. Correspondingly a large bloc, dominated by the Soviet Union, feared a right wing Germany or a puissant Germany and sought to keep West Germany locked into certain behaviours, some of which could be called left. A latent incapacity for Bonn institutions to express ultraleft sentiment meant that West Germany students and young workers were building organisations and apparatus which would, for example, oppose the American war against the Vietnamese people, or fund and execute the exploding of bombs and shooting of civilians by the end of the decade.
In this situation the burger, the comfortable city dwelling bourgeois minded middle class member is blind to the realities of the left right movement of policy and to the cliff of the KAPD and NSDAP: of revolution and reaction; on which they blithely wander.
One false move and the Bonn republic falls.
Comment: It is a projection plane, so I won't dispute this, too much. But west-integration was a done deal in 60, 'being right-wing' as well (if I get your drift, which I think I do, except for "non-parliamentary right-wing": you mean 'even more right-wing, like 'they' were a few years before; ie openly fascist?); and 'Vietnam' in 1960? Please resolve acronyms like KAPD (SRP or KPD may even better working examples for this A; again: if I do get your drift). External forces (SU) & wishes seem too large in  this interpretation? In case you missed it: this is not a bad analysis.
Comment: The RAF is inconceivable *before* Spiegel-affair and resulting student awareness movement (~7 years too early? While all the while right-wing underground was re-armed officially & clandestinely, with guns and media). Earlier than Spiegel, slightly more left-wing dissent had a very hard time visavis pacifying anticommunist SPD=worker's alliance (as you seem to note). What is noteworthy is that any left idea, no matter how domestic, was painted as Moscow puppets (and indeed some had coffers quite amply filled in East-Berlin (just as US did with like-minded orgs, with more $s to spend ;))
Comment: Thanks for this expansion on your thoughts. I want to point to the illegality/difficulty of ultra left legal organising combined with the animating Weimar-again and Soviet subversion elements to indicate that a left "cliff" existed even if as an imaginary, and that compared to systems of hegemonic repression the bans created the space where illegalism could (and later did) develop: again that the imaginary cliff has some basis. I also need to indicate more clearly that the ridge line here is the lawful "right" and "left" coalition leading parties and legal to advocate policies. +1
Comment: No. I mean the KAPD as the revolutionary threat from the left which characterised late second reich and early Weimar non parliamentary working class leftism. The SED was an obvious puppet of an external power and the KPD replicated the parliamentary cretinism of the second reichs SPD.
Comment: Will note RAF/Anarchist armed left as an example of failing to navigate more clearly: in 1956 an armed student ultraleft in BRD over the Indochinese war or in 1960 over Algeria was incomprehensible. Link with BRD denazification and ultraleft guilt motivation to be spelled out. KAPD will be spelt out and the choice over KPD: the 1917-21 threat. Correspondingly Weimar Republic -?-> Bonn republic comparison will be more clearly spelt out. Will note the nominal existence of the SPD and partial legality of language only ultralefts / tension over  Soviet Union suddenly reversing German settlement.
Comment: You mean the KPD (which was forbidden in 1956), not the [KAPD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany).


2002 chevy silverado 1500 4.3L V6 short bed 2door soft brake

Question: I have replaced left front caliper, installed new master cylinder ,installed new power booster, and replaced all the brake pads, when not running the brake pedal is pretty stiff when I start the truck up the pedal seems to be soft and then gets hard towards the end and that's when the brakes barely stop the vehicle I have to push hard don't know what else to do. would the ABS might cause the problem I have no brake or abs warning lights
Answer: It sounds as though the entire system may not be bled properly.  The vacuum booster is fighting with the spongy feel of trapped air.
I would start with a thorough bleed, including the ABS activation (which always seems important on Chevys) and see if the problem changes.
Comment: I will bleed brakes again ,what are you meaning by activation of Abs are talking about scan tool, I do not have that particular tool on hand, any other suggestion besides the bleeding or do i need to have the Abs done with scan tool
Comment: the abs system can trap air in it or the pipes and bleeding the system **properly** is the only way to get the air out.
Comment: You can get at least some of the air of the ABS by making a few panic stops on a soft surface like grass or loose gravel. The idea is to get the ABS to activate. This doesn't remove the air but may move it towards a wheel. Then rebleed the brakes. The best option if this doesn't work is to have it towed to a shop and have it power bled.


Why can't default minimum fee rate be changed to 0.1-0.2 sat/vByte?

Question:
Main question (focus on this incase you are looking to close it as "needs focus"): Why can't we change default minimum fee rate to something below 1 sat/vByte?

It was done in past: https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/3305 why not again?

Why does nobody respond to comments in this pull request? https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/13990 Do I need to be from some OG devs group or from blockstream or chaincode labs to contribute and discuss? Or some PRs are intentionally kept pending because a certain group doesn't want things mentioned in it?

Do you think it will result in spamming? I don't think so and few other people as well: https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/kjrbny/should_default_minimum_fee_rate_be_01_satvbyte_now/ggyym67
Answer:
The primary reason for the minimum feerate (and related things like the discard feerate) is preventing the use of the P2P network as a cheap global broadcast system. If it's easy to produce transaction that will never confirm yet will relay across the network, it'd open the network to abuse. I don't know what the right level is to make sure that doesn't happen, but 1 sat/vbyte seems pretty low.

That was before the network and mempool logic had floating fees. Now the feerate is primarily set by market pressure, and lowering the minimum would at most have an impact during times when there is ~no demand for block space. I personally think the ecosystem should expect to function fine when there is continuous back pressure, so I'm not sure what is gained by reducing it.

I can't speak for anyone else, but I don't think it's interesting to spend review time on. Note that the PR you link to is just to increase precision of the internal data types used for feerates; it doesn't change any relay policy.

I don't think spam is the problem. Lately the feerate has been significantly higher than 1 sat/vbyte anyway, and long term I hope that whatever the minimum is set to, it's effectively never hit. What matters is the discard feerate, which is not set by the market (it's the "additional" feerate you need to pay to replace a transaction in the mempool through RBF or mempool limiting, in order to make sure there is some cost to relaying the transaction that is now expected to not be mined anymore). That discard feerate is by default set to 1 sat/vbyte as well, which seems low.
Answer:
Why can't we change default minimum fee rate to something below 1 sat/vByte?

I think I'm reading in sipa's answer the number is simply set arbitrarily low enough so that spam is not a problem.
If that's the reason, I suppose the answer to your question is "we actually can change it".
We could set it to 0.2 sat/vByte like you were writing about, then wait and see if that's still preventing spam.
If that still prevents spam, people would be saving in fees. That's good, pretty good. And if it doesn't disincentivize miners from mining, I suppose it'd be just good enough.
But, would the maintenance effort be worth it?
I suppose a majority of current participants can agree that wouldn't be worth it.
The future is unwritten.
Comment: [Minimum fee is policy](https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/112841/), can be lowered and raised with low disaster risk.


Intermittent Wiper Wiring Nomenclature

Question: !
I have drawn up a schematic using instructions and schematics from my car and components I am installing.
My question is in regards to the gray wire at the left side pin 6 of the Rain & Light Sensor Control Module KC-R608.
The instructions say to connect it to "Common Wiper for low and high Speed" " Positive trigger voltage motor. +12vdc."
I have run a jumper from the orange wire from the Wiper switch going into the intermittent Wiper module. Is this correct, or do I just connect the gray wire to 12v ACC wire?
Comment: When, well before, you start testing this fit an extra in-line fuse in the supply feed...
Comment: Also, if you can provide the manufacturer data, or even better, a link to the exact item, I'd be able to give a valid answer. I haven't found anything useful searching just with the data provided thus far.
Answer: You should connect the orange wire from the common of the wiper switch to pin 4 on the right side of the 'detroit speed wiper switch connector'. What could be corresponding pin on the left side of that connector (it's not exactly clear just from the drawing) goes to a connector on the 'intermittent power module' according to your drawing. You should be careful if you're jumping or bypassing the 'switch connector' on your own. The same pin from the connector of the 'intermittent power module' is connected to the gray or rather white wire which connects it to pin 6 of the KC-R608 control module. That's the path for the common wire of the wiper speed switch? According to the drawing this common is also connected to the ground or schasis of the car. So definitely don't connect it to any 12V supply or if you're lucky you may only have to replace a fuse.

Intermittent Wiper Wiring Nomenclature


How do you know which layer-2 protocol is in action?

Question: We know that the packet contains an IPv4 header, by reading the EtherType field. My question is, how does the NIC know the Layer 2 protocol is Ethernet to begin with? If there are two different Layer 2 protocols in the channel, how do you know which one you are dealing with?
Answer: A NIC is built for Ethernet. Or Fibre Channel. Or Wi-Fi. Or Bluetooth. Or (formerly) either FDDI, ATM, or ARCNET.
I don't think there's ever been a multi-protocol NIC outside a lab.
(Recently though, some storage NICs have become bi-lingual, Ethernet or Fibre Channel, depending on the SFP module fitted).
On the channel, you've only ever got a single L2 protocol. There's no way multiple protocols can coexist.
Answer: I think this is mentioned in Ethertype field of Ethernet Frame: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EtherType
Comment: No. The EtherType field specifies the L2 payload type, ie. the layer-3 protocol or the one sitting right on top of L2.


What is the Product Owner's role/responsibility in a proof of concept with an external vendor?

Question: The team is conducting a proof of concept related to checking the capabilities of an external software solution to be added/integrated into our platform. Of course, the PO needs to have all Epics and Stories ready and prioritized for team planning, but are there any other responsibilities that this specific PO should own in this situation? For example, who should communicate/coordinate/liaise with the vendor, set a plan, etc.? Should there be a Project Manager assigned? Or does the Product Manager or Scrum Master own that part?
Answer: The Product Owner role as defined by the Scrum Guide says nothing about working with a vendor.

are there any other responsibilities that that PO should own in this situation?

That depends on a number of factors, including:

The skill set of the Product Owner
How much time they have available
Whether they are interested and want to get involved in non-traditional Product Owner activities
The capabilities of other team members

Or does the product manager or scrum master own that part?

Again, the Scrum Master role as defined in the Scrum Guide says nothing about working with a vendor.
My suggestion would be as follows:

The Product Owner continues to do their role as defined unless they specifically want to get involved with working with the vendor
The Scrum Master does their usual role in the team: supporting the Scrum process and helping to facilitate the removal of impediments
The development team takes responsibility for dealing with the vendor

If the development team does not have the skill set needed to work with the vendor, then it may be worth considering adding a team member with the required capability. I have worked with Scrum Teams that have included somebody with a background in Project Management, and they were often the one that got involved with vendors/clients.
Answer: In a POC the Product Owner ought to be the decision maker, the person who will assess the suitability of the product being evaluated and make or recommend the purchase - or someone nominated by the decision maker(s). It's most important that they keep the team's focus on demonstrating the required evidence or learning the lessons that the POC is intended for.
I'd also suggest that Scrum may not be the best choice for a POC unless the expected duration is more than, say, one month. For a shorter piece of work Kanban may be more appropriate. The nature of a POC is that it's about discovery, learning and adapting continuously as you go. Scrum is all about iterative delivery, cadence and works well only if the outcome of each sprint can be defined during sprint planning - difficult to achieve on a short POC I would have thought.
PO seems like the right person to own the relationship with the vendor. Collaboration and adaptability is usually more valuable than planning but that might depend on the nature of the work and the relationship with the vendor. No Project Manager in Scrum because the PO is responsible for setting scope and priorities and the team as a whole is responsible for planning.
Answer: A Proof of Concept (POC) cannot be estimated in terms of story points, hours, nor any sizing you use, since it is all about trying to prove if a suggested model works or not. That's why, it cannot be included in a Sprint.
As far as I understand, the need to include it in the Sprints arises due to:

some of the Developers in the Scrum Team will be working on that POC
the output of the POC will be epics, stories, and/or tasks for the Scrum Team

You should approach this POC just like how you approach a bug from the production environment; have a Kanban board for these kind of activities and add the POC there. In terms of the workload of the Scrum Team members, you can use the same model you use when a member uses paid time off (vacation).
I would recommend the PO do the communication between the external and internal teams because the POC is mainly done for the PO; the outputs of it will define what needs to be done. While the PO does the communication, they can do the planning to act faster.
Answer: First, I would argue there is no such thing as a POC in an agile organization. You merely create an iteration of the product with the vendor's solution. Then if you don't like the results, the next iteration pulls that solution out.
Liaising is easy. The PO and team together only create the user stories for their part of the process--creating specs to give the vendor, assessing the results after the solution is in--and put impediments ("blockers") on the ones they can't do until the vendor delivers something. Any team member can take on the role of answering vendor questions; logic suggests it be the person with the most relevant technical knowledge. Then focus on other stuff until the vendor delivers something, clearing the blockers on the post-delivery stories.
The Manifesto provides some answers in the "Individuals and interactions..." and "Customer collaboration..." lines. There is no need for a "plan," and it doesn't matter which job title does what. For your part, you need only break the data mapping process into small enough stories that you can deliver a portion within a sprint, and if forced to do points, only estimate for that one story. (That said, your company is missing the point of points if it includes time required in the consideration. But then, I stopped using points years ago!)
Finally, it is not the PO's job to assess the solution. Teams are self-managing, which means it is the team's call. The PO is just one equal voice in that discussion.
Comment: "First, I would argue there is no such thing as a POC in an agile organization.". What?  Seriously, what?  You don't think Proofs of Concept exist in an agile organization?
Comment: A PoC is not a waterfall concept at all.  I have a stack of Lean, Lean Startup and Agile books on my shelf behind me and I could easily find dozens of references to a Proof of Concept, or, it's more formal term, a Proof of Principle.  What an absolutely absurd statement.  Also, your absolute statement is easily disproved.  I am in an Agile organization right now and we use Proofs of Concept, therefore, your hypothesis is disproven.
Comment: What absolute rubbish and bereft of any kind of evidence or logic.  You don't have a single compelling reason to declare "your position" other than you want to try and be edgy.
Comment: That is correct. I have never used them since leaving the waterfall world a decade ago. It is a waterfall concept: build a POC in order to gain funding for full development and data for building the project plan.
Comment: I am aware that POC continues to be used in supposedly agile organizations, and I consider this one of many ways that waterfall thinking continues to pervade the Agile Industrial Complex. I have been doing both waterfall and approaches meeting the agile principles since before the Manifesto was written, and stand by my position. For the past decade I have coached software, firmware, and hardware teams to success without POCs, and therefore stand by my position.
Comment: I provided the logic in my answer, but to expand, what used to be a POC is the Agile concept of a Minimum Viable Product (as opposed to the later concept of the Minimum Sellable Product). Iterative development creates an MVP. If the customer or stakeholders do not consider that useful or profitable, you simply revise iteratively until it is. I also provided evidence: I have coached successful Agile new product development without ever creating a POC. Though anecdotal, that at least proves it is *possible.* I used POCs as a waterfall PM, where I was taught them; now I find them unnecessary.
Comment: If I understand it correctly, the rationale for no longer using PoCs in agile environments is because one can shift directly into an MVP (which is an actual _implementation_ of a PoC idea). Is that the case?
Answer: A Proof of Concept (PoC) is a demonstration of an IT-based project's basic feasibility for one or more representative use cases. A well-planned and well-executed PoC ensures that a new IT solution's technical functionality works as expected. A product's bloodline and nucleus of product leadership is the product owner. The PO has power over the kind of features and functionality to construct, as well as the order in which they should be built. The PO also in charge of providing the team with a clear vision.
The PO is solely responsible for the overall success of the solution being produced or maintained as a product owner. Whether it's an external product or an internal application, the focus is the same. The product owner is nonetheless responsible for ensuring that the most possible work, including technically focused work, is always completed. The product owner engages with the scrum master and the development team to ensure that what the team develops meets the requirements.
In scrum framework there's no mention of the product owner liaising with the vendor but that doesn't mean if the product owner has the skills to do so s/he shouldn't do so.
Responsibilities of a product owner include but are not limited to: Participation in planning, Manage economics, Backlog grooming, Collaborate with the development team, Collaborate with the stakeholders, Conveys and the vision to the team and leading the team, Prioritizes work based on business value, Product owner negotiates with the team.etc. (reason for my comment above)
On the otherhand, the software engineer and the project manager complement one other's skills and collaborate on common tasks. Organizational liaison, personnel management, and project monitoring and control are the three key responsibilities of the project manager.
The project manager's role as a go-between for the technical team and non-technical agents is discussed in the "Liaison" portion of project management (such as project sponsors, users, IS management, vendors, and so on).
Some persons may argue that the product owner has no business with the vendor but rather a project manager is the best fit reason is mostly because: The Project Manager (and SE) create a Request for Proposal (RFP) document to obtain bids from possible providers. A contract must be negotiated once a vendor has been chosen. Negotiations may take place with the marketer, but they could also take place with a financial representative or the marketer's manager. Similarly, the project manager may handle all or part of the negotiations with the help of a financial expert or his or her manager.


Free Database to Verify the Accreditation of any College or University in the World?

Question: Is there a free, authoritative, trustworthy online database where one can look-up the accreditation of any college or university in the world?
Comment: As I think the answer to this question is "NO, but there are many smaller ones", the question doesn't appear to be a good fit for the SE format.
Comment: What type of accreditation are you looking for? Engineering Colleges, Nursing Colleges, Medical colleges all have their own specific accreditations that they maintain -- in addition to the University's own.
Answer: For information about European institutions, the best starting point for such an online search is possibly the ENIC-NARIC network (European Network of National Information Centres on academic recognition and mobility) which lists the national accreditation organisations.
A list of accredited Swiss higher education institutions can be found at the site of the Rectors' Conference of the Swiss Universities CRUS.
A database of accredited study programmes in Germany can be found at the site of the German Accreditation Council.
The Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders NVAO has a similar database of Dutch and Flemish study programmes and institutions.
Answer: There is an international database called UNIVCHECK that allows to validate whether a university is accredited or not. It is both a white list and black list.
Answer: In US, US news college rankings will give you this information
http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges
Other databases that you can search are
US Department of Education databases
http://ope.ed.gov/accreditation/
http://ope.ed.gov/accreditation/search.aspx
Comment: Thanks for the links for U.S. colleges and universities, but are there similar databases for worldwide colleges and universities? thanks
Comment: I think each country will / should have their own. Are there any specific countries you are looking at?
Answer: The Council for Higher Education Association has a Database of Institutions and Programs Accredited by Recognized United States Accrediting Organizations listing schools accredited by US accrediting agencies, but this also includes schools in other countries that are also accredited by these US organizations.
Answer: The World Higher Education Database contains around 18,500 institutions from 186 countries. It's maintained by the International Association of Universities, a UNESCO-affiliated NGO.


subdivide at line at the selected location (vertex) of that line?

Question: how can a lose vertex "P" be made a part of selected line in "image 2". So that the mesh act as one entity?
Answer: Here is how I accomplish this when I am modeling:
First, select the edge you want the vertex to be added to.  Then hit W > subdivide.  This will add a new vertex on the edge, then select both the new vertex and then the original one (making sure to select them in that order) and hit Alt + M > at last.  This will merge the two vertices to the location where the original vertex was.
Answer: You can also accomplish this by using Ctrl+r loop cut and sliding it over to the point and using w -> Remove Doubles to 'weld' the two sections together.  If the piece happens to be aligned with one of the axis (x,y,or z) it's very easy to get the alignment perfect by selecting the vertex and using Shift+s -> 'Cursor to Selected' and making sure that the Pivot Center is set to 3D Cursor as shown here.  Then press s for scale and use z and 0 which will constrain the scaling operation to the z-axis and it will scale to zero.  Since the pivot was set to 3D Cursor, it will scale to the point that was used to position the cursor.

I imagine you can also scale a line to a point by using local space/custom transform axis.
Here's an animation.


Sorry 7 split rule

Question: In Sorry, when using the 7 split card, am I allowed to split the 7 to bump an opponents pawn to home and finish the count with another pawn of mine. It doesn't really specify in rules of the 7 split but I am allowed to bump opponent if I land on their spot in bump rules. Please clarify.
Comment: Possible duplicate of [In Sorry can I split a 7 move card to a single pawn and move it only 2?](https://boardgames.stackexchange.com/questions/34708/in-sorry-can-i-split-a-7-move-card-to-a-single-pawn-and-move-it-only-2)
Comment: Not a duplicate... the linked question is answered by pointing out that there is no legal move that adds up to 7 in that situation, which is not the case here. The answer here may be the opposite of the other question, but even if it's the same, it's for a different reason.
Answer: Yes, you can split the seven between two pawns. If one of the pawns ends on a space occupied by another player's pawn, that other pawn is sent back to Start (not Home).
The only restrictions noted for the split are that you must use all of the 7, and you cannot start your own pawn.

7 - Moves one pawn forward 7 spaces or can split the forward move
  between any two pawns. Using this card to start a pawn is against the
  Sorry rules. The instructions do state that you can part of the 7 to
  get a pawn Home but that you must be able to use the balance of the
  move for another pawn.

http://www.boardgamecapital.com/sorry-rules.htm
If you mean "split" the seven into two moves with a single pawn, then no. That's not splitting the seven. (again by the quoted rules)

Sorry 7 split rule


How to convert particles to mesh

Question: I need to convert a Particle System to a mesh object, so I can export it to Unity 3D. How could I do this?
Comment: Go to *Modifiers* and press *Convert*
Answer: The following assumes that you are using 'Particle System-> Render-> Object -> Dupli Object'.
Option 1) You can press the Convert button for the Particles Modifier.

Option 2) If you would like to keep the particle Emitter intact, you can use the 'Make Duplicates Real' Tool Shift+Ctrl+a.
This will create object particles at every particle position just as if you applied the Modifier but the particle emitter and its particle system will still be intact in case you would like to make further changes.
Answer: This is pretty easy to do for hair particles. In Blender, particles are "stored" in a Modifier, which means it can be applied like any other; This only works for hair particles, for obvious reasons.
To convert your Particles, go to the Properties editor and navigate to the Modifiers tab; Here, you'll find all modifiers applied to the selected object, including the Particle System modifier. You can then press Convert to convert your particles into a mesh.

How to convert particles to mesh


Unable to import shapefile into PostGisDatabase - problem of connection

Question: I have been trying to import/load a shapefile into a PostGis database without any success despite many trials and searching an answer in the documentation.
Configuration
I'm running Windows 64 bits Home (in japanese )
pgAdmin 4
PostgreSQL 12.1
postgis 3
I used 2 differents methods without any results
METHOD 1 - using the  shp2pgsql-gui.exe/postGis shapefile import gui
*Here are the connection details
username postgres
password : i put the same password I usually input in pgadmin4
server host "localhost" then for the port  "5432"
database : gis_analysis  (a postgis database)
*And I get the following error message :

"unable to connect to the database - please check your connection settings"

and the log message

"Connecting:  host=localhost port=5432 user=postgres password='*********' dbname=gis_analysis client_encoding=UTF8
Connection failed."

*I checked TCPIP to check if the port 5432 was opened
I got 3 sessions of pgadmin4 running on remote port 5432  with a state "established" and some sent packets
METHOD 2 - using psql/the windows prompt command
I was planning to use something like this kind of syntax :
shp2pgsql -I -s SRID -W encoding shapefile_name table_name | psql -d database -U
user
But even when I'm running the following command in the prompt command

psql -d gis_analysis -U postgres

*I first get a enter the password : the password does not show up in the terminal  but my understanding is that it's normal.
I typed slowly the
I also copied pasted to make sure I don't make a mistake)
*Eithe way I then  get the following error message (for clarity sake,  I get a japanese message but I put here the standard message in english that seems to be used)

'psql: FATAL: password authentication failed for user "postgress"'

BOTTOMLINE
I can use (import, export, select, alter) a variety of database/tables in pgadmin4 without connection trouble (at worst sometimes it fails because it's too slow but it seems unrelated to me).
I can specifically create a table within my gis_analysis postgis database. I can both import csv file into this table, I can alter/update the table, I can select data from it.
But somehow I cannot import a shapefile
Nor can I use the command prompt, either for the postgis database or any other database.
I am inclined to think it's a username/password problem based on the fact there is no port problem and that I cannot access any kind of database with psql.
But I don't understand why I don't have this connection problem with pgadmin4 and yet when I run either shp2pgsql-gui  or psql  it doesnt work.
I am at my wit's end.
Any insight ?
EDIT : as requested in answer, I m adding a snapshot of connection settings
Comment: Shapefiles or PostGIS have nothing to do with this. Show all the values you've entered on the "Connection" and "SSL" tabs in pgAdmin4.
Comment: @CL  As requested I took a snapshot of all the values in the tab connection and ssl it's in the original post. Truth to be told, I never looked into that/wasnt aware of that. I'm learning through a postgresq book that is really strong on showing how to practically use postgresql/for what purpose but seems light on the settings side. I had to figure out on my own other problems of the same kind before. I'm just stuck on this one and I would really like to move forward on postgis (and psql later on). If you can take a look at the values and give me some insight it would be very helpful!
Answer: The pgAdmin4 connection goes to the database named "postgres".
Apparently, a database named "gis_analysis" does not exist, or is not configured to accept connection.
Comment: Thanks for the feedback! I'm not quite sure though of the exact meaning/the change to implement. No explanation at all in my book about those aspect.
Comment: Did you create that database? Or does your data show up in the "postgres" database in pgAdmin?
Comment: If my memory is correct, postgres was created automatically.  And my understanding it is by design. I did not touch anything/input any data directly in this default database. I created another database called "analysis" to perform all my other manipulations. And yet another one for the Gis data "gis_analysis".  To come back on your earlier comment  : how am I supposed to configure gis_analysis to "accept connection" / how was the earlier page supposed to look like ?
Comment: That would be the [pg_hba.conf](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/auth-pg-hba-conf.html) file.
Comment: I'm coming back late to you. I eventually solved it by granting access to every database to any user in the pg_hba.conf . It's far less elegant than I'd like to and would be a huge no no from a database security standpoint If i understand right. But at least it got me through it for the time being. Thanks for pointing out the pga_hba file. I cannot upvote you because my reputation is too low if i understand right but anyway thanks for the tip.


General Form for Kinetic Energy Given Velocity Independent Potential such that $\mathcal{H}=E$

Question: Suppose the potential energy is independent of $\dot{q},$ i.e $\frac{\partial V}{\partial\dot{q}}=0$. What is the most general form of the kinetic energy such that the Hamiltonian is the total energy? My thoughts are that since $\frac{d\mathcal{H}}{dt}=0,$ this implies
$$\mathcal{H}:=p\dot{q}-\mathcal{L}=E.$$
For a lot of systems, the Lagrangian is simply the difference of the kinetic and potential energies, but I'd rather not make that assumption here. How do I apply the given condition of a velocity independent potential to make the necessary conclusions?
Comment: @WetSavannaAnimalakaRodVance I've been looking for the origin of the words scleronomous and rheonomous but I haven't found it. Your guess is very reasonable and I thank for that!
Comment: In Classical Mechanics, a sufficient condition for $H=E$ is that the system is [scleronomous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleronomous) and the potential does not depend on velocities.
Comment: @Diracology well, that's a new word for Scrabble I've never known! I'm guessing it comes from "σκληρός"  for "stiff / hard" *i.e.* unmoving in time, and its opposite rheonomous from the Greek word for "flow" (which I can't remember - but it's "rheo.." something-or-other, since there is "rheology" for fluid mechanics).
Comment: @Diracology your first comment probably should have been posted as an answer
Answer: If the system is scleronomous and the potential does not depend on generalized velocities, then the hamiltonian equals the energy.
By being scleronomous it means that there is no explicit time dependence in the transformations between Cartesian and generalized coordinates, $\vec r_a=\vec r_a(q_1,\ldots,n)$. In this case, the kinetic energy is written as a quadratic form
$$T=\frac12\sum_{i,j}A_{ij}(q)\dot q_i\dot q_j,$$
which is a homogeneous functions of degree two on velocities.
Since the potential does not depend on velocities, then
$$\sum_i\dot q_i\frac{\partial L}{\partial\dot q_i}=\sum_i\dot q_i\frac{\partial T}{\partial\dot q_i},$$
and by Euler homogeneous function theorem this equals to $2T$. Therefore,
$$H=2T-(T-V)=T+V=E.$$
Comment: is the converse also true? In other words, is it true that if $T=T_2$ (where $T_2$ is the part of the kinetic energy that is homogeneous of degree two on velocities) then the system is scleronomous?


Growing seeds outdoors

Question: I live in the San Francisco / Bay Area and have a few raised vegetable beds.  I have tried growing seeds outdoors (recently I sowed carrot, beet and cilantro) but have not had any luck with germination.  I have done this indoors in a heating mat without issues.  What am I doing wrong?
Comment: I assume that's actually Fahrenheit, about 22 degrees Celsius.
Comment: What's the soil temperature?
Comment: Have not measured the soil temperature.  Should I?  Ambient temperature has been ranging between 40 and 60 degrees Celsius
Comment: Yes, I meant Fahrenheit
Comment: Is the soil the same indoor and outdoor ?
Comment: No. Inside I am using fresh potting soil. Outside is my existing soil.
Comment: probably just a bit early... be patient, even 50f is pretty cool. stuff will germinate, but it takes longer if it is cool...
Answer: If the soil temperature is adequate, the seeds are good, the depth is correct, then likely the seeds are rotting in the ground or are being eaten by animal life.
That's why people use seed mixes to plant seeds into, to avoid bacterial and fungal pathogens, to avoid competition from other plants (allelopathy), and for good drainage.
Comment: (out of votes). I find that it's less the temperature I have to wait for in the spring, but I have to wait long after it warms up for the moisture to go. If you squeeze a handful into a ball and it keeps it's shape, that's too wet. Sometimes you can lay an inch of seed starting mix onto wet soil and sprout the seeds in that.
Comment: Thanks both.  You mentioned seed mixes (seed starting mix).  I have never heard of it or is this just a fancy name for fertilizer?  What is it and how exactly do I use it?
Comment: @JStorage It comes in a bag like potting soil.  It's lightweight, drains fast, and is good for germination.
Comment: @J.Musser So you are suggesting I mix it in with the soil when I plant my seeds in the raised bed right?
Comment: Not mix, layer a thin layer of seed raising mix on top of the soil, and plant into that.
Comment: Thanks. About a 1 inch layer?
Comment: Depends on the seed depth.

Growing seeds outdoors


Why don't breadcrumbs appear on views generated pages?

Question: I'm maintaining a site I didn't build and I'm running into an issue with breadcrumbs. Pages generated by views don't seem to conform to the existing bread crumb system. For example I have a members section page, which has a sub page with a list of links. The links created from basic pages show the correct breadcrumb trail (i.e. home->members->subpage1->subpage2), while the views generated pages only show a breadcrumb trail back to home. So what is causing this? How I work the views pages in the breadcrumb system? Does each views page need it's own template?
Answer: Have you tried Views Breacrumb / Custom Breadcrubs / Views breadcrumbs modules?
Answer: Just so that other people don't run into this issue: I'm using the context module, which lets you sent custom breadcrumbs for each context, supremely useful, better UI than the programmatic approaches.


What is a "new member" in Google Groups?

Question: I have joined a Google Group in which "Messages from new members are moderated". What determines a new member? Join date? Post count?
Answer: http://groups.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=47792 says only:

Check the box next to "Messages from new members are moderated," and you'll be able to review messages from the members who've recently joined your group before they're posted.

No indication of what "recently joined" means.


How to disable Top Sites in Safari on macOS Lion

Question: How do I disable the auto-updating of the Top Sites in Safari?  I don't want to turn the feature off altogether, I just want to prevent auto-update.  I know this may seem like an attempt to defeat the purpose of Top Sites in the first place, but I find that if it auto-updates any of the Top Sites that are forum-based, all of the unread topics are marked as read.  So, an even better solution would be the ability to exclude the auto-update of certain URLs/domains, etc.  Does that functionality exist?
Comment: I don't know of any method of making it *selective*. There is a method for turning it off altogether, and this is chiefly used by people that don't want to have disk space taken up by the huge Top Sites image cache.
Answer: I found this somwhere else which may solve your problem:

Quit Safari
Open Terminal (Applications/Utilities) & paste:
defaults write com.apple.Safari DebugSnapshotsUpdatePolicy -int 2

then hit return & quit Terminal.

To reactivate:
defaults delete com.apple.Safari DebugSnapshotsUpdatePolicy

Answer: To disable TopSites, quit Safari, open Terminal and type or paste:
defaults write com.apple.Safari DebugSafari4IncludeTopSites false
Press Return key. Relaunch Safari.
Answer: If you use Safari's Private Browsing mode, Top Sites will not update at all. However, this solution might not completely address your original question - I haven't found any solution that could turn-off auto-updates of Top Sites, either completely or selectively for certain URLs/domains.


How to copy table data from one db to another?

Question: How can I do this when the table has a constraint and already exists in both databases? I need to rewrite the data in the table on my server with the data in the table on my development computer.
I have tried various forms of pg_dump, using both plain-text and binary formats. I have also tried using the --clean and --data-only options, but what always gets me when I try to restore is the constraint on the table.
pg_restore -O -d database_name dump.pg

Results in this error:
pg_restore: [archiver (db)] Error while PROCESSING TOC:
pg_restore: [archiver (db)] Error from TOC entry 2409; 0 56001 TABLE DATA attendees
pg_restore: [archiver (db)] COPY failed for table "attendees": ERROR:  duplicate key value violates unique constraint "attendees_pkey"
DETAIL:  Key (id)=(237) already exists.
CONTEXT:  COPY attendees, line 1
WARNING: errors ignored on restore: 1

I'm trying to do this using just pg_dump/pg_restore with no editing of the server db between running the two commands. In other words, I don't want to have to go in and manually drop table attendees cascade before running the restore.
Is this possible? If so, how?
Answer: No, you probably can't do that automatically.  If you are trying to dump and restore only fragments of the dependency chains, pg_dump and pg_restore have no way of knowing what your intentions are.  You are most likely going to need to spell them out for it, by supplying your own supplementary pre/post commands.
It is possible you could make a custom file to supply to pg_restore's -L command which correctly drops and recreates the constraints you need.


Is it possible to get duplicates of the log events on Ethereum when we have a fork of the chain?

Question: Let's suppose we have 2 chains of ethereum blockchain. When I fetching contract's log events from x block to getBlockNumber().
Will i get two or one the same log events from each block? Or getBlockNumber returns last block before forking?
Answer: You will get the events from the blocks in the canonical chain, nothing from chains that are not leading.
In case you are listening to events in real time, the same confirmation guidelines apply to log events as you would use to collect sufficient confirmations for transactions. In addition, the status field will indicate mined on the first confirmation, or removed if a previously emitted event is no longer valid after a reorganization.
Hope it helps.


Basis calculation

Question: How does one calculate a fair value for a futures contract whose underlying is an Index? For example, how would fair value for ES futures be calculated using the prices of the S&P 500 constituents? I know it's related to dividends and interest rate but not sure exactly how.
Also, what if the index is based on commodities like precious metals or oil?
Comment: Google cost of carry model.
Comment: If it's a stock index model, I'll need the dividend amounts if the ex-dividend date falls between now and the futures expiration date. For the interest rate, would it be the borrowing cost per stock (from the prime brokerage if we were shorting) or would it be the borrowing cost of capital i.e, if we had to finance a long position?
Answer: What your are looking is the cost of carry model. That is an equivalence relationship emerging from a no-arbitrage argument. The future price is linked to the current price with
$F=S_0 e^{(r-q)t}$
Where $q$ is the percentage of the income streams, in your case the continuously compounded rate of the dividends. Equivalently, you can substract the present value of dividends from the current price.
$F=(S_0-I) e^{rt}$
If you are dealing with commodities, then you should add the costs associated with storage, freight rates and insurance of the underlying.

Basis calculation


Why does my gel have such poor resolution?

Question: Brand new user to bio stack exchange here. I ran this gel (0.9% agarose, run starting at 60V then to 105V over ~30-45 min) with DNA samples containing 20uL of DNA and 1X tracking dye in each of the wells. I do not know why the resolution of this gel is so poor. I'm assuming it's from DNAse activity, as this is what my lab tech said it probably was. I'm pretty sure I did everything right regarding the procedure. I'm not sure what other info I could provide, other than the samples were prepared and stored at -20C a week prior to the gel being run. Here's a picture of the gel below.
Comment: Are you running the products of a restriction digest? How clean is the water that your DNA is dissolved in (e.g. nuclease free)? What size fragments are you hoping to see?
Comment: My diagnosis: no buffer added when the gel was cast. I see this every year when a class of students pours and runs gels.
Comment: Yes, we used nuclease free water in the samples. I was expecting ~5.8kbp and 0.7kbp fragments in the second lane, ~6.8kbp fragment in the the third lane... I could go on to explain all of them if its necessary, but fragments were expected in each lane.
Comment: That your marker is also poorly resolved suggests that your gels system is the problem. Can you assign sizes to the marker bands?
Comment: @canadianer By marker do you mean my ladder in the leftmost lane? If you're asking for a picture of what the ladder sizes should look like [heres a picture.](http://imgur.com/a/62Vem)
Comment: How did you set up your gel?
Comment: @AlanBoyd My suspicion, too.
Comment: @AlanBoyd, oh, so using water instead of buffer? I always thought that made the gel just melt when voltage was applied. (Or so we've been warned)
Answer: Although your tech is referring to your DNA samples, your ladder also indicates there is some room for improvement of your running technique. -20C for a week should not have impacted the quality of the DNA assuming that it was good quality going into the freezer. You can mitigate DNAase activity by adding EDTA to your storage buffer, which will pull metal ions out of solution. Just make sure to take that into account if you're doing a reaction later that requires metal ions (like PCR).
DNA
Focusing first on the DNA samples. There are a few things to check.
How much did you load? I see you stated 20uL, but what was the concentration? It it more important to know the amount of ng being used as the sample. Various stains have different concentrations they can detect (EtBr, SYBR, etc.) I would check the specifics of the stain you're using to make sure you're loading an appropriate amount of DNA.
Are these PCR products? If so, how many cycles was your PCR run? I have seen similar results from PCR if the samples are run for too many cycles. Non-specific products begin to be produced in later cycles, and will cause degradation of your specific products. I would also re-check your primers, the extension time, and the polymerase you're using. It is more difficult to do extensions of the 5.8kb and 6.8kb sizes you mentioned, but not impossible.
Are these restriction digests? Do you have a control well showing the undigested plasmid, or other source? Your source should have a clean band first to expect a clean band in the results. If your source is clean and bright, and the digest looks like the samples above, check your digest buffer and enzymes.
Electrophoresis
There are several things which can improve the quality of an agarose gel. Thermofisher provides a guide for their tips and tricks. Below are things that I have found useful in my own experience.

The time between casting the gel and running it. A common practice is to make gels and store them in TBE/TAE buffer until they're ready to be used. In my experience, the quality of the gel will degrade over time, yielding diffuse bands. The best results are achieved with a freshly poured and cast gel.
Loading technique. Carefully loading the samples into the wells so that they settle as closely to the bottom without mixing with the surrounding buffer is key. The best results are achieved by having your pipet tip touching the bottom of the well, and slowly pulling it out as you release your sample so the sample does not have to settle down into the well on its own.
Run immediately after loading, and image immediately after running. Diffusion will cause nice tight bands to become poor the longer the samples sit in the well.
Voltage, timing, and agarose concentration. Getting these right takes practice. You'll want to try to run your gel as quickly as possible. The more time it sits in the gel, the more diffusion will occur. However, have the voltage too high, and you risk melting your gel. Vary the concentration of agarose to target the size of DNA you're after. I have previously used anywhere between 0.5% and 1.5%.
Prestaining the gel or poststaining? I prefer prestaining for the stains that work well, as it reduces the time the samples will sit in the gel allowing diffusion to occur.
I am looking at your ladder, and the link to the provided standard, and it is difficult to tell which bands are which. The 3.0kb fragment should stand out as the brightest, however the bottom band in your gel is the brightest. Is this the 3.0kb band? Maybe. It's difficult to count the number of bands above it to confirm. If it's not, which might be indicated by the fact that none of your samples seem to have run to the end of the gel, then this would be the 0.5kb band. If it is the 0.5kb band, the ladder intensity doesn't match up with your expected intensity. Double check your ladder so you can know what sizes you're looking at.


Why is the autofocus not working on my Canon EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS II USM?

Question: I bought the EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS II lens and the autofocus is not working. It's non-functional. I can use the lens in manual mode but not in autofocus. What could be the cause?
Comment: Jus a picky question: there is a switch on a left side of the lens labeled AF/M. Have you tried both positions?
Comment: Are you able to test the lens on another body?
Comment: On which camera body? Do you use an adapter? Have you bought a new one or used?
Comment: I've read that the autofocus doesn't work on the Canon EOS 70D. Is that your camera body?
Answer: Possible reasons why the AF on your EF 70-200mm f/2.8 L IS II lens isn't working:

The AF/MF switch is set to MF (manual focus).
You are attempting to focus an object at a distance from the camera, as measured from the focal plane mark on the camera body, that is less than the MFD (minimum focus distance) of the lens or is less than the distance limited by the Focus Limiter switch. If the FL switch is set to 2.5m-∞, you will still be able to manually focus from between the MFD of 1.2m and the limited distance of 2.5m, but the lens won't AF in that range.
The connection between the lens and camera is not being properly made when the lens is mounted.
You are attempting to use AF on a target that is too dark or too low in contrast to allow your camera's AF to function.
You are using the lens with an incompatible camera, or via a "dumb" or incompatible adapter.
You are using the lens with an incompatible or broken teleconverter or extender.
The AF in the lens is broken.
The AF in the camera body is broken.


Can't see data packets when capturing in monitor mode

Question: On Kali Linux, I have an Atheros wireless adapater. I'm trying to capture data packets off the air and decrypt them as an exercise. The problem is that when I turn on the wifi monitor mode and choose an appropriate channel, Wireshark can catch 802.11 management packets such as beacon, probe_request, but it can't catch any user data packets such as the TCP packets. After I turn the wifi back to managed mode and connect to an AP, I can catch user data packets again. Is this the way I should expect Wireshark to behave?
Comment: What security mode does the target network use?
Answer: This behavior isn't specific to Wireshark but is due to how wireless network cards work. Keep in mind that in monitor mode, your wireless card is completely passive and has no concept of being connected to any particular network. So, if a network is secured with encryption, the card itself won't know how to decrypt those frames and you should just see them identified as 802.11 QoS in Wireshark. Without any additional configuration, you will only be able to see the network traffic of an open (unsecured/unencrypted) network.
However, if it's your own network, you already have the network's PSK, and should be able to decrypt the traffic the way you expect using Wireshark. Note that in order to decrypt a particular session between a device and the access point, you need to capture the 4-way handshake that is performed during initial connection with the network. This can be forced by reconnecting the device(s) or by kicking the target device(s) off the network with a deauthentication attack.
Also, it is likely that you are only capturing your own wireless traffic if running Wireshark while connected to the wireless network.


H1b city tax, multiple locations of work

Question: I am on an H1b visa in the United States and on my LCA(Labor Condition Application), multiple work locations are mentioned, out of which I work at one of the locations the most. The question is, which city should I be paying the city tax to given that the locations mentioned in the LCA are different cities.
Answer: Generally, you pay tax to two sets of jurisdictions:

Where you're resident
Where you perform the work

In the US, most jurisdictions tax their residents on their worldwide income, so if the city you're tax resident of has income tax - it is likely to tax your whole income.
If you are not the tax resident of the city in question, they will only tax your income earned while working there, which means you need to maintain a log where you write down what days you work where, and how much you earned at each place. Year-end - a lot of accounting to do.
Your employer should report each jurisdiction you worked in on your W2 at the end of the year, and you should verify that it matches your log. The tax authority will go by the report on W2.
For most cities that have income taxes, the respective States are tasked with the collection and audits, and the city tax return is part of the State tax return.
In many States, like California, cities are not allowed to impose income taxes at all.
LCA? Irrelevant.
Comment: So if you live and work in different cities that both have income tax, you pay double?
Comment: @phoog Usually you don't.  I work in New York City, which has a tax (though I am not sure if it's city or county) but I am not a subject to it because I do not reside within the City Limits.  My township has a tax but as long as I didn't earn within the township limits I wasn't a subject to the tax.  At least that's how it used to be.
Comment: @Karlson I live in New York City and about a year ago started working in New Jersey.  I will know a lot more about the tax implications of this arrangement when I file my 2015 returns.  The NYC income tax is indeed a city tax; the city comprises 5 counties so it is a bit of an odd case.  I believe that there is only one other municipality in NY that imposes income tax, which is the city of Yonkers.  Yonkers does tax nonresidents; NYC seems to have repealed nonresident income tax in 1999.
Comment: @phoog usually relatively close jurisdictions have reciprocity agreements to avoid double taxation. Some jurisdictions provide blanket credits for foreign taxes paid (foreign to the jurisdiction). But in some specific circumstances, it is (at least theoretically) possible that you'll end up paying taxes to two different jurisdictions on the same level for the same income (almost everyone pays to two different jurisdictions, at least, on different levels - Federal and State).
Answer: Most cities have no income tax.  For those that do, however, the amount of tax you pay will generally depend on how many days you actually work in that city.  For example, if you work 25% of your work days in a given city, then roughly 25% of your income will be taxable by that city.
The same principle generally applies to states, too, in case your places of work are in different states.
Comment: Great. Thanks for the answer phoog. Any idea how to prove that I worked in a certain city? Not sure if this would be questioned.
Comment: @Aspirant it will only be questioned if your tax return is audited by the tax authority.  I suppose you should keep a log or diary.  If you have evidence from your commuting (public transit or toll roads), or from credit card use, that would obviously be helpful, too.
Comment: -1 This is quite misleading. Please see my answer.


What is the significance of the "date designation expires" on a temporary airman certificate?

Question: I recently received my temporary airman certificate and it says that it expires in 120 days. However, there is a section that says "date designation expires". The date under "date designation expires" is not 120 days. So my question is, does it expire 120 days after the date of issuance or on the date under "date designation expires"? Thanks for any help!
Answer:
"date designation expires"

Assuming your temporary certificate is issued in the United States.
Is the date that the Designated Examiner's designation expires (assuming it was a "Designated Examiner" who issued the temporary certificate).
A Designated examiner's authority has to be periodically renewed.
This is not the date your temporary certificate expires, which is 120 days from issuance.
Answer: This answer assumes you are in the United States.
I can't find one of my temporary certificates sitting around at this moment, but I'm 97.2% sure that Date Designation Expires is the date that the examiner or inspector who gave you the certificate's designation expires.
I can 100% guarantee you that your temporary certificate expires 120 days after the date of issuance, unless it is otherwise renewed, superseded, or revoked as stated in the limitations on the certificate itself.


NLA Action of material Mix Shader node FAC value

Question: I'm creating an animation where regions of the brain light up and turn off, cued to  video and sound. Many many keyframes of essentially "fade on / fade off" switches for each of the 6 highlighted regions.
I started keyframing the Mix Shader node FAC values using a transparent shader to "turn off" the highlight, but there are too many keyframes to do and it's getting out of hand.
This feels similar to NLA actions - drop "cerebellum on" action strips where I want to turn "on" the cerebellum; and more easily adjust timing and add transitions to suit video...
...but I'm not able to create an action strip of a material! Is this possible? Is there a trick to do it?
I then thought of using an empty's x location to drive the FAC value of the mix node in the material and create action strips of the empty, but don't know how... does this require a Python script?
Is this something the fabled animation nodes could help resolve?
Answer: Found the answer:
Fade in action applicable to all objects (in cycles)
Keyframe the object's pass index from 0 to 100, use the object info node:object index output, connect to math(multiply) node with value of .01, connect to FAC value input on mix node.The object's pass index gets recorded in the NLA editor, so I have my action strip!


Who wrote about Hermes Mercury?

Question: Which Latin writer wrote about the assimilation of Greek gods? I need more concretely for Hermes-Mercury. Which Latin writer said (assumed) that Hermes was identified with Mercury? I can find this identification in dictionaries on the web or in books, but I need a Latin quotation.
Comment: Ahem... Mercurius @PieterGeerkens :-p
Comment: @SJuan76: Igpay atinlay erhapsay?
Answer: I'm not sure why you need a quote with these particular constraints, but a trivial search of wikipedia references Interpretatio romana, which is the core of what you want.  Assimilation of foreign religions through mapping their gods to Roman gods wasn't something any individual did, it was a social practice. Asking who mapped Mercury to Hermes is like asking who decided that Football would be the US National Sport, or that the Beatles were breakout musicians; these aren't determinations made in advance, they are ex post facto observations. The first person to make the observation doesn't deserve any credit.
If however, you need to supply a name, then Interpretatio romana suggests Tacitus.

Who wrote about Hermes Mercury?


custom DaVinci Resolve key mapping does not work

Question: I've changed the key binding for the edit page, such as by hitting backspace (the default) or by hitting x then the selected clips are deleted. I made sure that DaVinci Resolve is using my custom saved profile and yet it is still not working.
Answer: The solution turned out that if a key is already mapped to something else then it won't work. Davinci usually points out errors if something is already mapped however as seen from the attached image, no warnings are triggered so I assumed it should work.
Answer: EDIT: I was able to assign and de-assign 'c' to be the same as backspace. That's weird. When I added 'c', it showed up on the right of the backspace in your screenshot, but when I closed and reopened, it have moved to the left as in your screenshot. I'm using 16.2.3 on a Mac. Sorry I don't have any tips. Maybe your preferences are corrupted somehow?
Comment: There doesn't seem to be a way to type in lower or upper case letters. In any case, I tried every single character in my keyboard, **including periods, commas. etc**, none have worked except for **numbers**. Pressing shift did not help either.


Why didn't the Chinese repeating crossbow dominate?

Question: Why didn't this devastating machine gun dominate the world? This fires faster than early musketeers.
Comment: It didn't dominate for the same reason that sub-machine guns like the MAC-10 don't dominate the modern battlefield. Short range, low penetration power and high ammo consumption don't make for an ideal all-round battlefield weapon.
Comment: @KillingTime: if you made that an answer rather than a comment, I would upvote it.
Answer:
The repeating crossbow, with its smaller and lighter ammunition, had neither the power nor the accuracy of an arbalest, however. Thus, it was not very useful against more heavily armoured troops unless poison was smeared on bolts, in which case even a small wound may prove fatal.1 Since the repeating crossbow was shot from the hip, accuracy was poor, but the aim could be adjusted very swiftly since the next shot was only a second or two away. wikipedia

Not very useful against opponents wearing armor
Ten shot magazine
Not very accurate
Short range.

Rate of fire is meaningless if all the bolts are repelled by armor.
Comment: So gun dominates war because it can penetrate armor.
Comment: And because it has a decent chance of hitting its target @JimThio.
Comment: Guns dominate because they kill more people faster, if you want to condense it into a sentence. The reason the repeating crossbow doesn't kill more people faster is covered in Mark's answer above - less accuracy, low penetration etc
Comment: Maybe add point 5. Armies would have to carry a lot of bolts or else their supplies would be quickly exhausted.
Answer: "Devastating" is not the only characteristic which makes a weapon useful. Already ancient Romans experimented with repeating ballistae, but there is no evidence of their use in battles. A weapon must be convenient and handy to use, and transport,
and there are many other characteristics which make a weapon useful.
There are many similar examples in history. Type "Dardanelles gun" on Goolge or Wikipedia to see
a picture of a Turkish 15 century cannon. You can imagine how devastating it was. But this type of weapon was soon displaced by much smaller guns.


Change lookup dialogue's record display format

Question: How to change the lookup dialogue's record display format. Whenever I click on a lookup field to display the list of records, it only displays me "Recently Viewed" records, however I need to view all the records at the time I click on lookup icon.
Can I also add other columns in my lookup results (as in lookup dialogue box, only Names of records are displayed, what If I want to add another field/column as well here).
I checked "Search Settings" but it didn't solved my problem. Please help.
Answer: if you want to add other column in lookup dialog then open any sobject detail page go to search layout there is Lookup Dialogs option edit Lookup Dialogs and add column which you want to display . i show you one example check
Comment: Thanks. That solves my one problem. Is there any way to display all records in lookup dialogue box instead of just displaying "Recently Viewed" records.
Answer: Description
Why does Lookup Search without any search string not return all records?
Resolution
If the user does not enter a search string before clicking the Lookup Search button, it doesn't return all but just the 20 most recent items the user has clicked on. This is because this display will be a dynamic entry if we do so on the salesforce search engine, therefore it will make the display based on each organizations private settings. This will cause a delay on our servers because of so many individual queries. This means to ensure the top performance on speed and data retrieval we have decided to leave the default to the most recent ones. So in short, a full list of all records for an object is not available in Lookups for performance reasons.
Setup>Customize>Search>Search Settings contains a "Use Recently Viewed User Records for Blank and Auto-Complete Lookups" which can be disabled.  This would probably fix your problem, which means that article is probably outdated...
salesforce not support Showing all the available records in Lookup Dialogue by default instead the recently viewed records.
u check here and vote for idea
https://success.salesforce.com/ideaView?id=08730000000YfjZAAS