What are techniques for romantic subtext in a first-person novel?

Question: In a first-person narrative, how do you effectively make it clear to the reader that a second character likes your protagonist, before it dawns on the protagonist herself?
Comment: Have you not read many romantic novels? Why isn't Barbara Cartland your go-to resource?
Comment: I don't actually write romance novels, I'm talking here about subtexts in other genres. I was asking because I'm looking for something more subtle than might be needed if romance is the whole drive of the plot. You're absolutely right though, I should check some out for reference.
Answer: Interesting.
In real life, it happens very often to some people that other people can see that someone is attracted to them, but they don't notice it, or they are afraid that what they think they see is not true.
In a first person narrative I see only three possibilities:

The viewpoint character sees the cues that someone sends who is attracted to them (so they narrate them), but they don't notice them (that is, they don't think about them) or they misinterpret them or (if that fits your tale) they interpret them correctly but are afraid to act on them because they think they are wrong.
This method is a bit of a risk for you as the author, because you are relying on the reader to be perceptive enough to pick up the cues the attracted person is sending and to interpret them correctly. This won't work if your reader is one of the persons who don't notice this type of cue.
You can certainly make the cues unmistakeable (Sarah told me that she wanted me to kiss her.), but if the character doesn't understand such obvious cues, this gives them a personality you may not want for your story. You'll have to play with the cues a bit to find out what works best for you.
Another option is to have the viewpoint character tell the story in retrospect. They are an omnisicent narrator in the sense that looking back on their lives they know what mistakes they made or how things turned out eventually. All you have to do for this is write in past tense and you can have the viewpoint character say things like: At that time I didn't notice it, but Sarah was sending me all these signals that she wanted me to approach her.
The third option is to not tell the story chronologically. Many thrillers or action novels start with narrating the moment immediately before the climax first, and then take the reader back to the beginning and show him how the characters ended up there (and possibly that the climax didn't turn out the end of the first chapter suggested). You can do the same in a love story. Just show some scene that lets the reader know the characters eventually get together (or fail at getting together or whatever your climax is), and then, with the reader knowing that romance will happen, take them back to when the viewpoint character didn't yet notice the interest of the love interest.
Comment: I think I like the sound of misinterpretation. I'm happy to take the risk as in my experience so far with writing, you can trust the reader a lot. More in fact than I did when I first started out. I've even started enjoying it; relying on my readers to read into the text as much as they can.
Answer: There are many roads, all leading to Rome. So let's look at a few.

Cultural differences. If in her culture all men treat all women a certain way? If this guy is treating her like that, she'll attribute it to him just being a guy (nothing romantic about that).
All men in this culture treats her this way. It would stand out more, compared to the above situation. Only this time, it's more annoying because she isn't used to it.
Mixed signals. She just has no idea what to make of this guy. I mean, it was so sweet that he brought her flowers, but he offers flowers to a dozen girls where she can see(not exactly making her feel special, now is he). Or he offers to hold a door open (to him, he's being so chivalrous. to her it's mostly annoying because she now has to speed up to make sure he doesn't wait too long). This will usually play out as her telling one of her friends she just can't get a read on him.
"He's always like that." This is going to make so many guys roll their eyes so hard. But it's a fact that women study the guy she's interested in (or just studying people around her in general). If he's different with me than he is with everyone else, that's a sign (maybe good, maybe bad, but a sign). Enough signs and she'll start agonizing over the reason for them (doesn't mean she immediately understands)
Low emotional intelligence. It could just be that she is clueless as a general rule. She's great with her niche (Ask her to break into the pentagon, no problem. Ask her to explain what the person beside her is thinking and she'll only have guesses.)
Too busy to notice the signs. People like to think that all women are on a hair trigger for subtle cues regarding romantic attraction in all people around them. Fact is, many are completely clueless. This is why so many women (though most learn this sooner rather than later) hear from their friends who has a crush on them.
Low self-esteem. It's not that she doesn't see, she simply doesn't believe. "I mean, a cutie like that? Strong and upstanding and smart and so this and so that. Why would he be interested in me? I must be imagining it."
Doesn't want to see. "There are none so blind, as they who will not see." Something happened. It doesn't matter what, when, or why. Something happened,, and she simply never wants to go down that road again. So she ignores everything she can. And if someone forcefully brings it to her attention, she goes out of her way to sabotage it. This isn't happening, and even if it is, it won't survive long.

It all depends.
Answer: Your protagonist would either have to be clueless ("why is he hanging around all the time?") or always find other explanations ("I guess he's interested in my room mate"), and quite likely both.
Obviously, this only works if the admirer doesn't approach her directly or act in a way strongly connected to romance. Flowers, for example, would be a pretty big clue and hard to ignore. And even then you could have him get cold feet and come up with some kind of alternative explanation. (For example, when invited to a party hosted by your protagonist, "My mom taught me to always bring flowers if I'm invited somewhere." While that seems a bit old-fashioned, it's still believable, but could later be contradicted by him not gifting flowers to someone else in a comparable situation.)
If he's nervous enough, he could deliberately send mixed signals, so that for some time, it's not entirely clear even to the reader whether he's interested in the protagonist or someone close to her (her sister, best friend etc.) That would make it easy for your protagonist to assume all his affections to be directed at someone else. If this other person is already in a relationship (and the admirer knows this), your protagonist could even judge him negatively for trying to break up said relationship. Maybe all her friends know what's going on and react accordingly (eye rolls, jokes, sarcastic agreement: "Yeah, he must have been so disappointed that Janet wasn't in today"), but it takes a while until one of them actually points out the obvious. If your protagonist is clueless enough, it might require several conversations until she no longer thinks they're the ones misreading the signs or alternatively joking.
You also could have the admirer act vastly differently (but not necessarily in a romantic fashion) when the two are alone and in a group. Maybe he always ignores her when there are others around, so when he talks to her when they're alone she thinks it's because he's bored and just needs someone to talk.


Insert blank page into a large PDF file

Question: I've got a very big PDF file with over 10,000 pages.
I need to insert a blank page after every 3rd page in this file.
Is there a way to do this in Acrobat DC? Or PostScript it in a special way?
Comment: There are many tools that can add pages, but manually adding several thousand pages is probably not what you're looking for. Did you generate the PDF yourself? What is your source format? Otherwise you'll have to look for scriptable tools or maybe something like a Python PDF library.
Answer: You can create an Action in DC with the Action wizard.
The Action can use JavaScript to add a blank page after every 3 pages.

In the Tools pane, select Action Wizard.
Under Action wizard, click Create New Action. The action will run on the currently open document by default.
In the Create New Action dialog, on the left side under "Choose tools to add", click "More Tools".
Under More Tools, select "Execute JavaScript" and click the "Add" button in the center.
On the right side, under Execute JavaScript, click Specify Settings to open the script window.
Delete the contents of the script window.
Add the following script:

var start = 3; // start at page 3
var jump = 3;  // jump every 3 pages

for (var i=start; i<this.numPages+1; i=i+jump) { // Loop until past the end of the file
this.newPage(i); // Inject the blank page after the current page
i++;             // Advance a page to account for the one we just added
}

Click OK to close the script window.
Uncheck the "prompt user" checkbox.
Click "Save" to save your Action.

11.Add a name like "Add blank pages" and click save.

To run the Action:

Open the document in which you want to add blank pages.
Under Tools, select Action Wizard to show the list of defined Actions.
Locate your new "Add blank pages" Action and click on it.
Click Start to run the Action.

The Action will run quickly and silently and show "Completed" when it is done.
The above script does not Save the file after the pages are added.
Open the Pages panel on the left to ensure your blank pages are in the right place.
Answer: I do not have Acrobat DC... merely because I much prefer Acrobat X. And Adobe won't allow DC and X to exist on the same drive. So.. this answer is written based upon Acrobat X... it should translate to Acrobat DC, but menu locations/options may be titled differently.
Open the PDF...
View > Tools > Pages...
More Insert Options >
Insert Blank Page

You would need to do this for each page you want to insert. So offhand it's not ideal, I realize. Maybe you can comma separate multiple pages in DC? (you can't in X). I'd imagine this could be scripted via javascript, but that's kind of out of my wheelhouse.
There is a keyboard shortcut in Acrobat X, so that would possibly speed up the process a bit Shift+Command/Ctrl+Q -- seems a really odd place to use the Q key in a command, but that's what's there. On the Mac, the shortcut implements the OS Log Out feature so it's pointless to use, but it could be edited to something other than the Q.
If you have multiple large PDFs, you can use the Action Wizard to configure an action. In Acrobat X, you'd still have to add a step for each blank insertion in the action. I don't know if Actions have improved in DC.
Comment: Thank you for your reply! I tried the javascript by Ovaryraptor. Worked like a charm. :D

Insert blank page into a large PDF file


Changing the preview image when sharing a news article on Facebook?

Question: I want to share an external link (news article) to my company's Facebook page, but the thumbnail is just a generic image showing the name of the news site, so it looks like I'm advertising the newspaper. Is there a web-app or browser extension that allows me to change the preview image to something more relevant to the topic of the article?
Answer: You would need to change the meta tags of the page you're sharing. If you can't do this (because you don't have access to the site's HTML code or you're sharing an external page), you could try ShareKit.io, which is a web app for changing the Facebook link preview. It also works for other social platforms like Twitter and LinkedIn, as well.


Can Elderflower cordial ever become alcoholic?

Question: My partner made Elderflower cordial with elderflower, sugar, lemon, a very small amount of cider vinegar and water about 3 months back. Last night I drank about 3/4 pint of it instead of booze as I am trying to go dry for September. This morning I feel as though I have a hangover? Can the sugar have turned to alcohol? It was ver sweet. Help?
Answer: As far as I was able to find, nothing in elderflower would really stop yeast, and acidic nature might hamper them a bit, but is not enough to stop them entirely. So yes, a bit of fermentation might happen.
Comment: Dear Molot thanks - that might explain the feeling this morning. Just to be clear though there was no yeast in the mixture to start with. How strong do you think it would have been? Thanks again for your help! Ian
Comment: Yeast are common in nature, especially on flowers and fruit. Wild ones, without nutrient, and taste was sweet? Not much. Few %abv. And quite a lot of higher alcohols responsible for hangover, that's my best guess.
Answer: A short google search reveals: How to make Elderflower Wine
There really isn't that much difference between what you did and the recipe described in the article. Yes; if it has sugar, yeast can turn it into ethanol.
Also, as you created less-than-ideal fermentation conditions (lack of proper nutrients, not enough o2/ppm, unknown cell count), the production of methanol, fusels and all other less-than-ideal alcohols would actually increase - so, you may have inadvertently created hangover fuel.
On the other hand, the vinegar may contain acetobacter, so it might eventually turn into vinegar.


sendFrom with fee inclusive

Question:
I am using Bitcoin JSON RPC 14 version so how can I use sendFrom
  command in the case of fee inclusive.
Answer: sendfrom has these parameters:
sendfrom "fromaccount" "toaddress" amount , minconf, "comment" "comment_to"

As you can see there is no subtractfeefromamount boolean parameter.So you can't deduct fee from the amount itself.
You can use sendmany option with single destination address. sendmany has these parameter:
sendmany "fromaccount" {"address":amount,...} ,minconf, "comment", subtractfeefrom
Here subtractfeefrom in above parameter accept array of address from which fee will be deducted.
example:
bitcoin-cli sendmany "1521" "{\"n3jYBjCzgGNydQwf83Hz6GBzGBhMkKfgL1\":0.01}" 1 "" "[\"n3jYBjCzgGNydQwf83Hz6GBzGBhMkKfgL1\"]"

n3jYBjCzgGNydQwf83Hz6GBzGBhMkKfgL1 will get 0.0098(approx) and not 0.01
Comment: question is about sendFrom command not about sendmany. :)
Comment: Yes you are right. But `sendfrom` has no `subtractfeefromamount` option but `sendmany` does. `sendmany` with single recipient address is equivalent to `sendfrom` . also `sendtoaddress` has no `fromaccount` option
Comment: Thanks Ajit sendmany has subtractfeefromamount option and sendfrom does not have and this helped me to fix my problem.

sendFrom with fee inclusive


What is the fatigue life of a fuselage based on?

Question: The fatigue life of the fuselage is based on the number of what? Pressurization cycles?
Comment: [Related](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/q/2263/62)
Answer: Most (large) aircraft life times are measured in cycles.

"Aircraft lifespan is established by the manufacturer," explains the
  Federal Aviation Administration's John Petrakis, "and is usually based
  on takeoff and landing cycles. The fuselage is most susceptible to
  fatigue, but the wings are too, especially on short hauls where an
  aircraft goes through pressurization cycles every day." Aircraft used
  on longer flights experience fewer pressurization cycles, and can last
  more than 20 years. "There are 747s out there that are 25 or 30 years
  old," says Petrakis.

But that only applies to pressurized aircraft, there are large planes that are un-pressurized and their life is generally measured in flight hours. However most large aircraft like say the DC-3 don't have any imposed hourly limit on the fuselage but other parts may be hour/life limited.
Answer: The safe/fatigue life of a structure is the number of events
during which there is a low probability that the
strength will degrade below its design ultimate
value due to fatigue cracking. The events may
be flights, flight hours, landings, pressure cycles
or engine cycles.
Safe life may be determined by using a similar
structure (usually called a fatigue specimen)
which is tested to establish the minimum number
of events which should elapse before a major
structural failure occurs. For example the safe
life of the Cessna 310 wings is 19,190 flying
hours.
Comment: wings and fuselage operate under the same system when it comes to fatigue life and how its calculated
Comment: Often based on G pulled as well.  Some aircraft have G meters in the fuselage and a fatigue index calculated from the G counts.
Comment: "The events may be flights, flight hours, landings, pressure cycles or engine cycles." The text covers all structures and just gives an example of wings..
Comment: Don't forget the fuselage of most semi monocoque aircraft are made up of multiple structure each of which will have it;s own safe life or may not have a safe life at all, using instead single or multiple load paths or failsafe structures which negate the idea of safe life.
Comment: @Simon Yup, helps with those troublesome heavy landings as well ;-)
Answer: Metal fatigue is measured in cycles, indeed, but not necessarily in flight cycles. However landing cycles are a good measure of fatigue life, as can be seen in an iron bird set-up at an aircraft manufacturer. Complete cycles are simulated:

A row of actuators are connected to the wing. They start with a bit of rumbling downwards pressure, simulating taxiing.
Then more pronounced rumbling, followed by a sharp wing up deflection, simulating take-off. You can hear the structure groan when this occurs.
A hissing sound gets more and more pronounced: the fuselage is being pumped up like a beach ball. More groaning, it's literally a strain.
When pressure differential is at maximum cruise altitude, we're descending again, after a while we can hear the air escape and the fuselage settle in.
SLAM! A sudden sharp downwards kick on the wing, we've touched down.
And back to the beginning.

These birds make hundreds of flights a day, simulating all that happens during a flight. The wing experiences lots of smaller cycles during taxiing, and two huge ones during TO and landing. It is the number and the magnitude of these cycles that determine fatigue life.
Your question was specifically about fuselages, they are subject to taxiing cycles and pressure increase/decreas cycles. So if we take a decent cross section of runway surfaces and average taxi time, we can tie the taxi cycles to a flight cycle, and continue flying the iron bird again and again...


How do I reduce a negative hint with multiple possibilities?

Question: This is a hypothetical question about grid-style logic puzzles. I know that when there are positive clues, you reduce the puzzle by eliminating possibilities that don't come in pairs; for example, if the clue is "The one who likes rain plays the flute", you remove all flutes that don't line up in the same columns with rain and all the rain that doesn't line up with a flute. But what about negative clues, such as "Ryan doesn't eat steak" with multiple possibilities for each? If either Ryan or steak is already known, I can eliminate the other from the column they have in common. But I don't know how to treat a clue with multiple possibilities for "not"! How can I glean useful guidance from such a confusing hint?
Here's an example of what I'm talking about:
Comment: I've actually played this specific mobile game. There is nothing to be done until you know the sax or the basketball. But there are many hints, so the expectation is you'll skip to the next hint and utilize this one when it becomes relevant after the sax or ball locations are revealed.
Comment: what game is that?
Comment: I think I just found it in the Play Store. "Einstein's Riddle Logic Puzzle"
Answer: The more conclusive way to solve these puzzles is using a grid with more possible interactions - not only the interactions with, say: name and hat; and name and drink; but also hat and drink. Try a grid like this:

What you call a "positive clue" say "The coffee drinker likes dogs" would be incorporated by ticking the box that intersects "Coffee" and "Dogs", and crossing out all the other possibilities like "Coffee" and "Cats", "Horses", ...
A negative clue like "The coffee drinker does not like dogs" would be incorporated by crossing this box.
Then things can start to interact
 - if there are all but one crosses in a row/column, the remaining one must be the answer.
 - if the British has White ticked, and White has Tea ticked, then you can tick White and Tea, and all other in those rows and columns can be crossed.
This method has everything the other method has, and more.
Comment: I'm unfamiliar with the app that you are talking about. I was talking about how to solve one of these puzzles in general.

I'm not really suggesting anything - To be honest when I do the above method to these puzzles it completely takes the fun out of it, because then you aren't figuring anything out yourself, you are just marking ticks and crosses on a piece of paper, and it works out the solution for you.

As far as I know this is an exhaustive algorithm that will always give you the answer with no thought.
Comment: There are definitely puzzles where simple application of this type of grid doesn't "give you the answer with no thought" - it helps, but additional reasoning is needed.
Comment: That may be, but I'm seeking to solve the puzzle using only the tools the app has given me. You seem to be recommending that I discard this app and look for a different one; is that what you're suggesting?
Answer: One method I use is something I learned from Sudoku.  If there is a pair of the same 2 items in two different boxes, you can eliminate those two items from all other boxes in that line.  It even works for trios and quartets, even if all 3 or 4 boxes don't have all of the items.  As long as all the boxes don't have anything else.  For a trio, it might look like this:
ABCDEFGH, AB, AC, ABC, ABCEF, ABCGH
You can reduce down to
DEFGH, AB, AC, ABC, EF, GH.
Comment: What kind of grid are you referring to here? The rectangular type shown in the question or the stair-shaped type shown in the first answer?
Answer: Actually the solutions are pretty straight forward.
1)
You want to set one  row fix. To choose one count the number of green leads (Filter positive + row) and choose the one with the highest  amount. In case of tie do the same for negative hints. Form the experience this row is mostly in the lower area.
2)
You can fully eliminate all hints for the row from 1). Keep the filter on this row and eliminate all hints until it says no lead left, filter resets automatically  at this point.
3)
Keep eliminating leads for all rows now just as you did in 2)
4) synchronize green leads. The Highlights  in the grid must be in both rows of one Column. Die example you can reduce
GGGX
XGGG
to
XGGX
XGGX
5)
Repeat 3 and 4  whenever possible. Look out for Icons which can be only  in one Column left and have an eye for passively fixed  icons since the don't remove the Icon passively from other  Column. Keep it clean.
6)
In most Cases repeating 3-5 already leads you  to the solution. If not , then not much is left.  I don't why  but I went very well by guessing the Icon with the least obvious impact. For example you have
XRRX
RRRX
then I guess
XRRX
RXXX
Especially if several hints would lead to this same guess. Obviously repeat 3-5 after.


login problem with Subway surfers

Question: Since yesterday I am unable to login to facebook account from subway surfers game,while network is o.k & ms facebook app is working as usual. I tried to logout, login from main app but with no luck. I contacted killoo support team but they sent me a link to windows phone support website. They also mailed me on that matter & says it is a device related problem.
Anybody faces same problem?
From Bing search I came to know that in android such problems occurs but for those problems only android specific solves are available.
Is there any WP related solve?
Comment: You should try contacting their support.
Comment: Uninstall the Facebook app, restart the phone and login on Subway surfer. It was given as a solution to the same problem on Android. Since this solution is not specific to Android I hope it works on WP.
Answer: Step 1

Reinstall Subway Surfers
Try to log in. If it doesn't work, continue to step 2.

Step 2

Uninstall Subway Surfers
Uninstall Facebook
Restart the phone
Install Facebook
Log in to Facebook
Install Subway Surfers
Log in to Subway Surfers using Facebook

If it still doesn't work, you can try resetting your phone (remember to back up before).

login problem with Subway surfers


Why are all my edges darker when using texture paint

Question: when using texture paint I can colour the whole object (in this case its a lightsaber) but when I go in to add detail with a black or any colour the edges become darker all over the object and I don't know why. I first thought it might have been the UV unwrap and when selecting another UV unwrap option like Cylinder Projection it doesn't happen but the texture doesn't go on correctly as in it goes through the other side or something else. I am wanting to do a very basic texture paint with just black in the gaps and I can't figure out how to fix it. If you have any ideas on how to fix it please can you let me know, I have played around with different UV unwrapping but that doesn't seem to take away the problems? Thanks
Comment: At first glance that seems to be a problem with the margin. Cycles doesn't need a huge margin (the space beyond a seem/island in the UV map) but realtime renderers do. So try to render it in Cycles and see if it goes away.
If yes, use your unwrap again and use a higher margin.
But if all you're after is darker crevices, may I suggest Vertex paind and select Paint -> Dirty Vertex Colors
Comment: Thanks, Frederik. I tried it rendered and it showed up :(. So annoying. I tried a higher margin and didn't do anything, I tried the vertex paint and that seemed to not get the darkened edges but it wouldn't put down the texture like the texture paint. I was playing around with another object to see what was making this happened and it seemed to be caused by the Offset edge or the Loop cut and slide. This is what I found to cause the problem but might be something else that I haven't found. Do you or anyone know why this is the case? Thanks
Comment: It could be lack of topology, try adding a bevel modifier, limit it to angle and increase the resolution to 4, if it's gone, you need more geometry
Comment: That didn't seem to work. It seems to also go away if I take away the subsurface modifier, is their something wrong with the modifier or do I need to add something maybe take something away?? thanks
Answer: Since it goes away with a subsurf it is a problem with too little geometry - too few edge loops to get a good interpolation across the edge.
You can

Use manual loops along the discs
Use edge split modifier to not interpolate across the sharp edges
Use the Bevel Modifier (if it doesn't work, google how to use it, or
send me a screenshot of your settings)

EIDT: I just realized, the subsurf modifier you mentioned might also mess with your UVs, try toggling split UVs in the settings.


What are these grilles in the passenger cabin of this 787?

Question: Below the windows, ahead of the seat, there are small grilles. Look:

Source: Airliners.net
What are those for?
Answer: The answers to this question indicate that these are the exhaust vents for the cabin air circulation. I think they appear to be much too large for just that purpose. I don't have a technical reference for this, but I believe those vents also prevent the cabin floor buckling in the event of a sudden pressurization failure.
The cargo hold is beneath the passenger cabin, and both are pressurized because the cylindrical hull can resist pressure better than the flat cabin floor. If the cabin suddenly loses pressure the air in the hold could buckle the floor upward, or if the hold loses pressure the air in the cabin could buckle the floor downward. The floor must be generously vented to prevent this.
US patents # 6129312 and # 5137231 claim systems for combining the cabin air circulation vents with the depressurization relief vents. From the '9312 patent:

An air return grille mounted below the passenger cabin sidewall
  comprises openings to allow return airflow from the air conditioning
  system. The grille openings are covered by a single thin baffle with
  cutouts within its periphery that slip over and are held in place by
  fasteners on the molded grille. During normal operation, the thin
  baffle restricts flow through a small opening in the grille. During a
  sudden decompression of the cargo compartment, the baffle is dislodged
  from the fasteners. This allows the airflow to pass through all of the
  molded grille openings in order to achieve rapid pressure
  equalization.
Comment: The panels are usually referred to as "dado panels". As an example of what happens when an explosive decompression is too violent for the dado panels to equalise the pressure (and protect the floor structure), see [AA Flight 96](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_96).
Comment: @Lightsider will that blow away passengers legs?
Answer: In short: They are special air paths named the dado panels or decompression panels:

In normal conditions they are partially open to allow air entering the cabin from the ceiling (crown) to exit into the cargo holds.

In case of rapid decompression from a hole in the cargo holds, they fully open to accelerate pressure equalization between the two levels and prevent the cabin floor to collapse down under the effects of high pressure differential.

They are standard safety equipment since a NTSB recommendation after a DC-10 explosive decompression in 1972, due to a cargo door opening in flight. The cabin floor collapsed:

disrupting various control cables which were routed through the floor
beams to the rear engine and to the empennage control systems

In the principle they are similar to the louver panels found in restroom doors (doors may be undercut instead). They play a secondary role as firewalls.

In the architecture lingo, the dado is the lower part of a wall below the dado rail. The grille portion of a passenger aircraft wall is called the dado module. It consists on a louvered air grille over a decompression panel (sometimes called the dado panel) which can be open or closed.

Boeing patent for a decompression panel, source
The cargo compartments on a pressurized aircraft are not always fully heated, but they are always pressurized, being part of a single pressure vessel (a cylinder sealed by two bulkheads).
Air from the packs (conditioning system) enters the cabin usually from the ceiling and leaves it by the dado modules, e.g. (A320):

Cabin air distribution, source Airbus

Longitudinal flow, schematic principle, source
There are recirculation ducts in the cargo section with fans drawing air from the cabin. Air is then reconditioned and sent back to the cabin. A fraction is dumped overboard though the outflow valves to regulate pressure in the aircraft.
In case of decompression
In case of rapid decompression in a cargo area, there is a risk of cabin floor collapsing due to the pressure difference above and below it. This happened in 1972, as @krmezljavKuza mentioned. The related NTSB investigation report included this recommendation:

Require the installation of relief vents between the cabin and aft
cargo compartment to minimize the pressure loading on the cabin
flooring in the event of sudden depressurization of the cargo
compartment.

The decompression panels open to act as pressure relief vents and allow a larger quantity of air to flow into the cargo compartment. Pressure can equalize before the floor is damaged.
There are similar decompression panels in the triangle areas indicated in the picture above, between the different sections of the cargo level. There are also louvers in various panels, e.g. lavatory doors.
Comment: TIL "dado rail" = "chair rail". I'd only ever heard the latter term. Thanks for the additional education.
Comment: This answer was quite informative.
Answer: The grilles are almost certainly meant to equalize pressure between the cabin and cargo bay, particularly in case of rapid decompression. As far as I know, the design feature stems from two consecutive accidents with the DC-10, American Airlines 96 on 12 June 1972, and Turkish Airlines 981 on 3 March 1974. Though the cause of both of these decompressions was a poorly-designed (and poorly-maintained) cargo door, in both cases, the real damage was caused by the collapse of the cabin floor, which  severed control cables, and on Turkish Airlines, broke hydraulic lines. After these accidents, the grilles were added to equalize pressure and prevent the floor from collapsing. The floor itself was also strengthened.
If I remember correctly, one of these accidents was the subject of an episode of Air Crash Investigation.
Answer: Air Crash Investigation S7E1 "Shattered in seconds" about China Airlines flight 611 on 2002-05-25 (decompression due to fuselage rupture caused by a faulty repair after a tail strike on 1980-02-07) mentions dado panels and an accident with a Turkish Airlines flight in 1974 (together with reconstruction footage of that accident), and it is said that the Turkish Airlines accident led to a NTSB recommendation about adding more dado panels to the cabin. All of this is in sum a good indication that there also is an episode about that particular crash.


Difference between Main and Entry

Question: Sometimes, I see while disassembling a binary that there is the main function. but sometimes, instead of main, there is entry function.
I want to know what is the difference between entry and main.
Answer: Main is usually a programmer-defined entry point, while entry is defined by the compiler, it's doing many other operations such as libc initializations, heap allocation, and so on, and eventually, call the user-defined main entry point. You can see main as a callback function that defined by the user and eventually called by entry.
Answer: The entry function you mentioned is the function where the entry point of the program is located. This entry function contains the first instructions of the program executed when you run the program.
The main function recognized by disassemblers is the the function where the main function of the program which code is compiled directly from the the developer's main function code.

Difference between Main and Entry


Nagios vs Icinga: which should I use?

Question: I'm looking to install a server monitoring application on my web server (CentOS, LAMP setup). After some reading, it seems that Nagios is the most popular solution, but it was forked to Icinga a year or so ago. Which should I use? Is Nagios still actively developed? Are Nagios plugins compatible with Icinga? Is configuration still a nightmare in Icinga? (this seemed to be the major complaint against Nagios). If you've used both, what are the pros/cons of each?
Comment: I think you're going to find that most people here use and prefer Nagios.  If you are considering Icinga, you're the only person who can truly answer as to whether or not it serves your needs.
Answer: I would recommend taking a look at Icinga. It's a very active spark of nagios with regular updates. On top of that, it's 100% compatible with nagios-plugins.
The advantage of Icinga is that the make one API available to talk with, instead of a bunch of them. In Nagios you can get info from the Core, Cache, NDOMod, NDO2DB, the MySQL DB, Command line,...
Icinga also has a beautiful and easy-to-use web interface.
You can also use NConf with it, which is awesome. Here is a video explaining the differences:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLqhXvGTazI
(It's from Icinga, so it might be a bit biassed)
Answer: I use nagios exclusively, and I find configuration to be a piece of cake.  I simple create a directory for each "type" of device being monitored, and then a new file for each device.  By doing it that way, it's REALLY easy to manage.  Plus, I love the ease in writing new plugins...  And yes, as far as Nagios goes, it is still in active development (As far as I can tell, they are releasing new versions)...
Comment: Also, check out NCONF.  Makes it a breeze to manage.

http://www.nconf.org/dokuwiki/doku.php
Comment: "...I love the ease in writing new plugins": Icinga has exactly the same plugin handling. Nagios plugins work on icinga.

Nagios vs Icinga: which should I use?


Do two 5k BTU air conditioners produce the same cooling power as one 10k BTU unit?

Question: Could you interchange 10k BTU air conditioner with 2 5k BTU air conditioner and get the same result? Or is there a reason why buying one 10k BTU air conditioner is better than having 2 5k BTU air conditioners.
Comment: Efficiency wise, one large unit + an oscillating or ceiling fan would probably be better. In terms of your back, two smaller units would probably be better ;)
Comment: the most likely answer would be power draw I would say I'm not a sparky but I'm guessing running two unit would be less economical than running one, but this would depend on the individual situation, like is there a need to cool only one part not both etc.
Comment: Are you referring to window units? You want to size them based on the space being cooled. 2 5k units would be better at cooling 2 rooms than one 10k unit would be.
Comment: @DA01 Yep they are both window units, and it's a one large room I need to cool
Comment: Isn't it about this : There is one big room I want to cool down. When I have one 5K BTU unit and would add a second 5K BTU unit will it a) cool down the room double as fast ? b) not cool better than just one 5K BTU but use double the electricity? c) cool down the room double as fast with double the electricity cost? d) cool down room double as fast with less electricity cost? I have the same question trying to find an answer before I am throwing my dollars into the wind so to say. Any thermo-dynamical-physics-knowledgeable person out there ?? Thank you
Answer: The 10k A/C will have a larger compressor, but only one fan, one control circuit, etc.  Two 5k A/Cs will have two smaller compressors, two of everything.
I suspect that as a result, the 10k will be more efficient overall.  What you should look at is the power consumption of each - then double the 5k.  I expect that overall the 10k will run for less than 2 5ks - but I may be wrong.  Depends on the power drain of the various components...
Comment: If you are talking about central A/C units. It would also depend on the configuration of zones, if zones were used. One unit might be cooling a shaded section of house, while the other cools a sunny part of the house. One thermostat might be set slightly warmer than the other, or there might be more heat producing appliances (and/or people)  in one zone.
Comment: Well he's talking about window units... so zones are somewhat dynamic...
Comment: The advantages of two units would be zoning the house to best balance the temperatures, as well as avoid 100% down time. If one needed repair the other could could possibly still run, and offer some comfort in the down time.
Answer: If one 5k unit will often be sufficient in your climate/room situation, it would be more efficient, as it will run longer cycles and lower the humidity better than the 10k unit (humidity is a key function of warm-weather comfort).     If it's likely that both will be required often, then I would look at the specs; Greenbo is probably right in his analysis, but the specs would tell you for sure.
Answer: Each window unit partially obscures a window so if you value the natural light or the view, get a single 10 kBTU/h unit.


Between these two options of new contact form design, which one is better, and why?

Question: People usually told me that they prefer the second one. But I just want to know why from design / UX theories viewpoint, because for me, the first one is not inferior to the second one, at least in terms of clarity.
Answer: The second one is better for the following reasons:

It follows Material Design guidelines, so users are used to how it works and its element's affordances
Second form elements' are clearly defined. For example, in your first form, your dropdown (control) has exactly the same treatment as icons
It's more consistent and elements are aligned on the same axis which doesn't happen with the last name field
It has clear labels, which the first option hasn't (inline labels and placeholders with no labels are a no-no in UX)
It has way more contrast, making it more accesible. First option has very low contrast
Phone no has a lot of friction, it's unclear why do you have a negative word there.

Conclusion
There are many ways to go with forms, and I'm not a big fan of Material Design input fields myself (I use boxes no matter what MD guidelines says), but if the choice is between these two, then the second one is the one you should go with, without question
Comment: Thanks for the input and the link for the inline label and placeholders!
Answer: The problem faced in first design is in terms of usability. Since you have not used labels instead you have an inline label that makes difficult to fill in data.
So second design is a preferable choice because in second design there is clear distinction between each field.
Try to avoid inline labels in forms.
Comment: Thanks. I never thought that using inline labels can be damaging. I just thought that it's clean and cool.
Answer: I will comment on two important aspects.
Usability : Form 1 is superior because :

Clearly defined labels for action points.
Clear differentiation between different consoles
There is more clarity between phone addition option and droplist to select contact type as compared to the Form 2

Aesthetics : This is where confusion starts

Form 1 is old fashioned but very usable
Form 2 partially follows Material Design Principles and hence looks latest or trendy
Form 2, as you observe has input label for Phone and below that there is a mobile selection button and same goes with add more phone. There is no clear distinction between actionable controls like phone type selection, adding another phone and a non-actionable label Phone

Conclusion :
You need to realign and work on Gestalts(You can google it) to improve the appearance and let your design communicate what exactly you want user to do.
There is however no single solution to a problem. You need to chose what best suits your product and audience.
You can check how iOS and Android contact apps as to how screens can be designed. Do write to me for any confusion.
Comment: Oh wow, the Gestalt principle is interesting! Thanks for mentioning it! :D


Is it possible to use gmail as the smtp server for sending e-mail from ExpressionEngine?

Question: Is it possible to use gmail as the smtp server for sending e-mail out from ExpressionEngine? It looks like you need to be able to set a different port and i'm not sure you can do it from the  E-mail config page in the EE admin area?
Comment: Do you specifically want to use Gmail, or would you be open to the idea of using a transactional email service like Sendgrid or Mandrill? Only reason I ask this, is I have a lot of experience using other email services within EE, just no experience with Gmail.
Comment: Gmail specifically, especially without using a third party add-on, i'm sure you must be able to do this natively in the config.php somewhere perhaps?...
Comment: I won't make this an official answer, as it's untested and more or less a suggestion. But go to Admin > Email Configurations and enter your SMTP information for Gmail. I bet that works. If so, answer your own question based on my comments (or I can make an official answer).
Comment: Why are you using Gmail to send email? If you are just testing, use MailTrap.io. If you are looking for a cheap/free production solution, use Mandrill.
Answer: With Google's move toward stricter security measures regarding how third-parties connect with their services, there's now another step required to set up ExpressionEngine to send email through Gmail. Beginning to end, here's how to do it.
Step 1: Allow "Less Secure Apps" to Access Gmail
Sign in to the Gmail (or Gmail-powered Google Apps) account you want to use and open up the "less secure apps" section under My Account.
Turn on access for less secure apps.
Step 2: Configure ExpressionEngine
In your config.php file, copy over these config items and modify the username and password. Note that the username must be the full email address, and the value for $config['email_newline'] must be enclosed in double quotes.
$config['mail_protocol'] = 'smtp';
$config['email_newline'] = "\r\n";
$config['email_smtp_crypto'] = 'ssl';
$config['smtp_server'] = 'smtp.gmail.com';
$config['smtp_port'] = '465';
$config['smtp_username'] = 'firstname.lastname@example.com';
$config['smtp_password'] = 'xxxxxxxxx';

This has been tested thoroughly in ExpressionEngine 2.10.1, though given the availability of config overrides, it should work with EE 2.6+. For older versions, just omit the line for $config['email_smtp_crypto'] and use ssl://smtp.gmail.com as the value for $config['smtp_server'].
Step 3: Test
Make sure it works before you push these changes live. I haven't tested in all possible network configurations or with all possible EE versions. If you find a scenario that requires something different, drop it in the comments.
Answer: Pretty sure because of Gmail's forced use of SSL connections this work around is still required in EE 2.  I don't remember this being corrected in recent releases of EE v2 but I could be mistaken:
https://expressionengine.com/forums/archive/topic/169641/is-smtp-configuration-for-gmail-possible
Comment: It would be great if someone could copy the actual workaround here, rather than linking to a forum thread people need to dig through to find the solution.
Answer: I don't know if this will work for you or not, but I was able to set up Google smtp over TLS with a few additions to the config:

$env_conf['mail_protocol']    = 'smtp';
$env_conf['smtp_server']      = 'tls://smtp.gmail.com:XXX';    // Use :XXX to set the port number.
$env_conf['smtp_username']    = 'email@example.com';
$env_conf['smtp_password']    = 'xxx';
$env_conf['email_newline']    = "\r\n";
$env_conf['email_crlf']       = "\r\n";
$config['smtp_port'] = "xxx"; //replace with your port number

In my particular case I just added the last 3 to a config bootstrap and set up the rest through the cpanel.
Most of this came from this Gist https://gist.github.com/experience/2557044 and the EE hidden config vars docs: http://ellislab.com/expressionengine/user-guide/general/hidden_configuration_variables.html#smtp-port
Hopefully that works for someone :)


Disambiguate [tarfile]

Question: It appears that 61/66 tarfile questions are related to Python's tarfile module, but the tag excerpt doesn't suggest that at all. Should we fix up the other 5 (which all refer to actual tarfiles in the more general sense) and change the wiki? Or should there be a new tag for Python's tarfile?
Comment: I'd generally be in favor of making [tag:tarfile] Python-specific, but how should non-Python questions be tagged? It looks like [tag:tar] is for the actual *program* (which is fine for bash script questions) but what if you wanted to ask about tar files in the context of, say, PHP? The [tag:tar] tag could be used as a "generic" tag (in which case, perhaps the tag wiki should be updated to indicate this), or various language-specific tags could be created. Personally, I'd lean towards the former option unless a language has a specific API for handling tar files built-in (like Python does).
Comment: @GoBusto: I think a single other `tar-files` tag might be doable. It's not worth it to create four or five tags for five questions.
Answer: I would make, if we need it, a single python-tarfile to refer to the module. That would prevent confusions and make the tag unambigous. Then, do we really need a tarfile tag for all questions about... tar files? I don't picture a question about the tar file format being on topic, also, for a programmers point of view, it isn't very relevant that is a tar file, a gz file, or  file you are dealing with. As long as you specify in the question the module/library you are using and use those as tags, or you are using the tar binary, should be enough.
Comment: I disagree, we definitely need a tag for the tar format itself. You're saying to instead use the tag related to the library used for dealing with the file... but what if I'm implementing my own library instead of using an existing one ?
Comment: @AndréDaniel lets do this exersice, ask a question were the tarfile tag as sole tag of the question would be valid. I scaned through the ones already asked, and none fits the category. So, instead of trying to argue that we need the tag, maybe it would be more desirable that you show that we actually need it.
Comment: @AndréDaniel language your library is developed?
Comment: The language tag alone would be pretty useless since only a small subset of the language's experts will also be experts in the domain of whatever file format I'm dealing with, so a tag specifically for that file format is also required. Plus, we have tags for major protocols like HTTP, IMAP, etc... so why not have one for tar files as well ?
Comment: @Braiam: http://stackoverflow.com/q/17917982 is just about there already; the fact that it's using C++ or trying to parse HTML is irrelevant for most purposes. http://stackoverflow.com/q/16166592 cannot use a library tag, and tagging it with nothing but [java] is silly. http://stackoverflow.com/q/14202414 is similar after rephrasing to avoid closure. 3 out of 5 ain't bad.
Comment: @NathanTuggy [How do I extract a tar.Z file in java?](http://stackoverflow.com/q/16166592) is not about uncompressing a tar file, but a .z file (whatever that is), tar file format isn't relevant (he can deal with plain tar already "I can extract the zip, **tar**, tar.gz and tar.bz"). [java library to read/write sparse tar files](http://stackoverflow.com/q/14202414) is just off topic (recommend or find a book, **tool, software library**, tutorial or other off-site resource are off-topic for Stack Overflow). Still not seeing the need of a tag for the file format itself.
Comment: @Braiam: I did say after rephrasing to avoid closure, which I think can be done. Well spotted on the first one, though.

Disambiguate [tarfile]


What does STERILE RUNWAY mean?

Question: When a pilot receives the message : THE RUNWAY IS STERILE, what is the meaning?
Comment: It means the runway has been thoroughly cleaned using detergents and wiped with alcohol towels.
Comment: Where did you hear that?
Comment: I heard on the liveATC, and also I had read on this link: http://www.avherald.com/h?article=44e8c132&opt=0
Comment: @kevin, I wouldn't explain better than you, very clever answer!
Answer: A "sterile runway" indicates that all traffic has been cleared from the runway.
This can include both traffic currently active on the runway as well as potentially other inbound traffic on approach, or even elsewhere on the tarmac - if it is deemed disruptive.
A sterile runway is often used in emergency situations, such as when an airplane is coming in for an emergency landing. For the safety of both that plane as well as the others, the runway is cleared of any traffic.
That said, this term is not exclusive to emergencies. For example, the FAA requires 250 feet on either side of a runway to be clear of airplanes when a Commercial Airplane lands. An airport that is smaller and has tight taxiways might have an aircraft taxiing closer than that. To be within FAA compliance, they would need to ensure that the runway was sterile and that there were no active planes taxiing within that 250 feet at the time of the commercial plane landing. An example of this rule being observed includes this notice posted by Friedman Memorial Airport in Hailey, ID, where they adjusted their procedures in response to FAA determinations in order to accommodate commercial traffic and maintain a "sterile runway".
Comment: That's an excellent looking answer. If you can link in the FAR for the 250' clearance, that would _be_ an excellent answer!
Comment: Thanks @FreeMan. I have gone ahead and added an example of the 250' clearance, by linking directly to a memo submitted by an airport noting this change, in accordance with FAA regulations to maintain a sterile runway.
Answer: It means that aircraft are not allowed to takeoff/land in that runway. From a British Antartic Survey Document on the Rothera Research Station:

BAS  procedures  require  a  sterile  runway  and  airspace  at  Rothera  for  all  periods where  the  BAS  DASH  7  has  passed  PNR  until  it has  landed.  Aircraft  will NOT be allowed to takeoff, land, hold in the overhead or the vicinity of the airfield during this period.

What does STERILE RUNWAY mean?


Why is acceleration variable in uniform circular motion?

Question: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. In the uniform circular motion the acceleration is produced due to change of direction of the velocity(the magnitude remains same). The direction is changing at a uniform rate depending upon the speed of the body. Then why is it said that acceleration is variable?  What is that thing that is variable?
Comment: Didn't you just explain how the acceleration vector is changing direction constantly? Something changing is variable. The acceleration *magnitude* is constant and non variable. Similarly, the velocity vector is variable, while the velocity *magnitude* (the speed) is constant.
Answer: Acceleration is a vector quantity. It has both magnitude and direction. Just as you said in the question, the direction of acceleration is changing in uniform circular motion. Therefore acceleration is variable, as a vector quantity is said to be variable if either its magnitude or its direction is changing.
Comment: @KushagraShukla - "Uniform acceleration" that doesn't change direction means linear motion, not circular. In circular motion, only the magnitude of the acceleration does not change. The direction of acceleration always points towards the circle center, which is a different direction at each point on the circle.
Comment: Then what about uniform acceleration?  I said that everything is changing uniformly then why is acceleration variable, not uniform?
Answer: The acceleration of a body travelling at uniform speed, $v$ (constant speed would be clearer) in a circle of radius $r$ is given by$$\vec a=-\frac{v^2}{r}\hat r$$
in which $\hat r$ is the unit radial vector joining the circle centre to the body at the time when its acceleration is $\vec a.$ Because $\hat r$ is continuously changing (I think this is clearer than 'variable', which, to me, means 'might change') so is the acceleration.
The acceleration is changing at a rate$$\frac{d\vec a}{dt}=-\frac{d}{dt}\frac{v^2}{r}\hat{r}=-\frac{d}{dt}\frac{v^2}{r^2}\vec{r}=-\frac{v^2}{r^2}\frac{d\vec r}{dt}=-\frac{v^2}{r^2}\vec{v}=-\frac{v^3}{r^2}\hat v$$
$\hat v$ is the unit vector in the direction of the velocity, so tangential to the circle. Because $\hat v$ is continuously changing, so is the rate of change of acceleration! And so on.
Answer: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity and velocity is a vector quantity which means that it has both a magnitude and a direction.
So there is an acceleration if:

the magnitude of the velocity will change but not its direction
the direction of the velocity will change but not its magnitude
both the magnitude and the direction of the velocity will change

In the context of uniform circular motion that is taken to mean the the magnitude of the velocity (speed) of the object does not change whereas its direction does so as it moves along a circular trajectory, the object is accelerating and the magnitude of this acceleration is constant but the direction of the acceleration is changing at a rate equal to the angular speed of the rotating object.
Comment: @KushagraShukla I said the **magnitude** of the acceleration is constant. The **direction** of the acceleration changes at a constant (uniform) rate equal to the angular speed of the object.
Comment: So you are saying that the acceleration is constant but in my book it is written that the acceleration is variable. However, I am not convinced that the acceleration is variable. I think that it is uniform(as direction of velocity is changing at a uniform rate)
Comment: You've shown perfectly well that there is an acceleration in uniform circular motion, but you haven't addressed the OP's question as to why that acceleration is not constant.
Comment: @NuclearWang Thank you. I have added a little extra to my answer.
Answer: This is a common point of confusion for students. As other answers have stated, velocity, being a vector quantity, has magnitude and direction. We know that an object's velocity will normally be in a straight line, and the only way to change the velocity is to accelerate or decelerate the object (i.e. we must use force). To make something go in a circle, we have to constantly change the direction of the force, so we have to constantly change the direction of the acceleration. Therefore, acceleration is constantly changing.
Simply because we know how something changes, and that it changes continuously and uniformly, does not change the fact that it is changing. Similarly, a quantity which is changing continuously is, by definition, variable. Thus the acceleration of a particle in 2D space is changing continuously, and is also variable, because the value of acceleration is not the same at all points in time.
To look at it from mathematical perspective, consider a particle with position $\mathbf{s}$. The velocity is $\mathbf{v} = \dot{\mathbf{s}}$, and the acceleration is $\mathbf{a} = \dot {\mathbf{v}} = \ddot{\mathbf{s}}$. If the particle moves in a circle, then $\mathbf{s} = (\cos \omega t, \sin \omega t)$, where $\omega$ is the angular velocity (rate of change of angle per unit time). For simplicity, let $\omega=1$, so $\mathbf{s} = (\cos t, \sin t)$.
Taking this component-wise, we have $s_x = \cos t$ for the $x$ coordinate. This $\cos$ term may be seen from the unit circle. So for the $x$-component, the velocity is $v_x = \frac{d}{dt} s_x = -\sin t$, and the acceleration is $a_x = \frac{d}{dt} v_x = -\cos t$. Clearly, the acceleration in the $x$-component is not constant, but changes over time. Similarly for the $y$-component we have $a_y = \frac{d^2}{dt^2} \sin t = -\sin t$, which is also not constant.
Thus the acceleration for a particle moving in a circle at angular velocity $\omega = 1$ is $\mathbf{a} = (-\cos t, -\sin t)$, which we see directly is not constant over time, but changes continuously (it is variable).
Comment: I tried to adjust my answer a bit after writing. In the second paragraph, it should be clear. As long as we agree on a definition for the term "variable" (I used it as a synonym for "changing") there shouldnt be any confusion.
Answer: I think you are confusing uniform circular motion with uniform acceleration. The book you are talking about is right in saying that the acceleration is variable. This is because although the magnitude is not changing, the direction is constantly changing. Furthermore, the rate at which the direction is changing is constant (hence, the use of the word "uniform").
Answer: Uniform circular motion can be well-illustrated by swinging a tennis ball on a string in a circle over your head at a constant speed. The tension on the string is what accelerates the ball, so that acceleration vector always points from the ball to the center of the circle. The tension in the string remains constant, so the acceleration has constant magnitude, but as the ball and string moves, the acceleration vector changes direction. The acceleration vector is considered variable because its direction changes, even though its magnitude is constant.
Answer: It's only variable if you're using a fixed orthogonal coordinate system fixed to the ground. (As other answers have explained).   But, if you choose a moving coordinate system fixed on the moving object, the acceleration is fixed.  That is, choose axes Tangential and Radial, and the acceleration will be constant, in the radial direction.
Answer: Consider an object moving around a clock face. When it is at the 3'O Clock position it is moving down, and when it is at the 9'O Clock position it is moving up.
Now, if this movement is a uniform circular motion then the speed (magnitude of the velocity) is constant, but the velocity is constantly changing because, as you say, it is constantly changing direction.
Now consider the 3'O Clock position when it is moving downwards again. At this point it is being accelerated to the left. This results in a change of velocity so that it is moving less quickly downwards, and slightly to the left. Likewise when it is at the 9'O Clock position, it is being accelerated to the right, resulting in a decrease in how quickly it moves up, and an increase in how quickly it moves to the right (which it was not doing at all until this point, indeed just before it reached the 9'O Clock position it had a slight leftwards motion).
Hence just as the velocity is of constant magnitude (the speed) but constantly variable direction, so too the acceleration is also of constant magnitude but constantly variable direction (always at 90° to the motion). Because acceleration is a vector, just as velocity is, if you change the direction then you have changed it.
Answer: I agree with the basic definition of linear acceleration as a vector quantity (a = change in velocity/change in time). When an object is in UNIFORM circular motion, its magnitude of velocity (linear speed) is constant but the direction of this velocity is continuously changing. As a result, centripetal or radial acceleration arises(aᵣ= v²/r). This acceleration is the effect of a net force (centripetal force) that tends to pull the object towards the center of curvature. Relative to an outside inertial frame, both net force and acceleration have changing directions (even if their magnitudes are constant).


Where to find the documents matching the dao proposals hash?

Question: In each proposals of the DAO there is a hash that I guess is here for us to check the proposal document matches the submission. But where to find these documents? Any official link where links to each proposal are listed? How can we vote if we can't read the original paper? Thanks.
Answer: No, it's not that the meaning.
Proposal hash is actually formed by recipent, amount and transaction data:
<code>proposalHash = sha3(_recipient, _amount, _transactionData);
</code>
where

recipient: The recipient of the transaction. This is an address, which can only be the address of the DAO itself, the Curator or an
address on the whitelist allowedRecipients. Any other address will
throw an exception, blocking you from creating a new proposal. The
whitelist is curated by the Curator, and only they can add/remove
addresses to/from that list. There is an exception to this rule. When
making a proposal for a new Curator, the recipient is the address of
the proposed Curator (typically a multisignature account of trusted
people, or in the case a user is splitting to form their own personal
DAO, their own account address).
amount: The amount of wei (1 = 10^-18 ether) to be sent from the DAO
to the recipient in the proposed transaction.
transactionData: The data of the proposed transaction. This is used
to call functions in the case the recipient is a smart contract, and
optionally to provide the function parameters of this smart contract
to the DAO itself.

See more about how to create proposal at the official GitHub Wiki Page
Comment: You can use different sites. The main sites I currently know are http://vote.daohub.org, https://forum.daohub.org, https://dao.consider.it. Remember that the DAO is a Decentralized Autonomous Organization, so everyone need to find a way to convince the crowd controlling it to spend money on their proposal. You can do it like-a-boss as Slock.it, with competence, documentation, videos and media coverage, and so it is more likely that your proposal will pass the quorum and it will be voted yes. Like Kickstarter, money are out there but you need to find your way to reach them and fund your project
Comment: Ok, so where can I find for instance what is the 14th proposal ?
Comment: So the document hash is the field hashOfTheProposalDocument that we can see on Slock.it proposal https://live.ether.camp/account/f8c35f1cf2dc4dbeaeeb2ecb298a80b506a5781d I guess, but not anyone created a contract in their proposal. That should be mandatory as a field of the DAO proposal creation method IMO.


Why do light aircraft stall their wings to land?

Question: What's the advantage compared to large commercial aircraft that don't stall their wings on landing?
Comment: This is a question based on a false premise - the vast majority of planes do not stall to land
Comment: Just because the stall warning horn is going off, doesn't mean the aircraft is stalled.
Comment: Light aircraft DO NOT "stall their wings in order to land". To allow this question to remain open will only add credence  to this incorrect misconception.
Comment: Related: [Is it okay to purposely stall a small single-engine aircraft just before touch down to get a good flare?](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/q/70093/14897)
Comment: Go out and practice stalls. Note the IAS and nose up attitude in degrees. Now go practice your landings and compare. The vast majority of aircraft are not stalled when they land. It is almost not possible as most tricycle gear aircraft would strike the tail and most tail draggers would touch the tail wheel and then cause the nose to lower before the stall actually happened.
Comment: My apologies, I was told the technique for light aircraft such as cessnas was to stall the wings at the moment of touchdown, and the horn sounds at the moment of stall, my apologies, I'm assuming it sounds to the lead-up of a stall.
Comment: @MikeSowsun Not sure why you think that it is a misconception. A great landing has minimum forward and vertical speed and the way to accomplish that is to be just at stall speed when you touch down. If you do your roundout right, the wings stall just as the wheels touch down. It's easier to do on a low wing airplane than a high wing, but either way, that's the goal.
Comment: What makes you think small aircraft stall to land? You may elaborate this point by giving examples so that the answers can be more specific (I suspect this is done for a really small number of aircrafts and examples can show what types of aircrafts are concerned)
Comment: Does this answer your question? [Is it okay to purposely stall a small single-engine aircraft just before touch down to get a good flare?](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/70093/is-it-okay-to-purposely-stall-a-small-single-engine-aircraft-just-before-touch-d)
Answer: A full stall landing is generally a bad idea for everyday flying, regardless whether you're in a Piper Tomahawk or a 747.  The slightest error can lead to stalling well above the runway surface, resulting in a drop that can injure the pilot and passengers, damage landing gear, and in some cases even damage the fuselage structure or main wing spar.  Even if perfectly executed, it also leaves you in a very bad position if, for some reason, you need to go around -- you've given away all your energy and have to get enough of it back to not only keep flying, but climb, and do it before you run out of runway or obstacle clearance.
A full stall landing is a special STOL technique, and most pilots require intentional retraining to do it, because the approach is flown much more slowly than normal -- normal approach speed, what pilots are trained to do routinely, has a significant margin above stall for safety (because a stall at low altitude, even in absence of a spin, is likely to result in a potentially fatal crash).
Even a "three-point" landing in a conventional gear aircraft isn't usually flown as a full stall -- the airplane can assume the three-point attitude and still be below stall AoA, assuming the descent angle isn't too steep.
Comment: The stall warning in most airplanes that have it is based solely on angle of attack, and is set up to sound several degrees before actual stall occurs.  The stall horn in a Cessna 152 will sound during flare after a minimum speed approach, but that means you're *approaching* stall condition, not that you're stalled.
Comment: When I started training (the rules have since changed), slow flight was to be done with the stall warning activated but without actually stalling. Do that for a while and you discover there's a fairly large margin between them.
Comment: @James Davis:  A stall warning (it's a light in my Cherokee, not a horn) wouldn't be much use if it didn't activate until you actually had stalled.  With a little practice (should be part of basic training), you can fly as long as you want right on the edge of stall, with the warning going off, and that's slower than I would actually land, even on a really short field.
Comment: Then why does the stall horn sound before landing in cessnas?
Answer: When you land you want to be as slow as possible to minimize ground roll, maintain control, and reduce stress on the landing gear. Ideally, you will stall the airplane a few inches above the ground. If you stall the airplane a few feet above the ground you will "drop in" and have a hard landing. Ask me how I know.
If you are much above stalling speed you have more energy to dissipate on the landing roll. This could be a problem if there is a strong crosswind or a short runway. One of the things the FAA stresses is to always fly a stabilized approach and landing—even if you don't need to for a particular runway. You may not need the precision on a 6,000' long 150' wide runway but it comes in handy when you land at a 2,500' long 50' wide grass strip.
As the FAA explains in the Airplane Flying Handbook:

Touchdown
The touchdown is the gentle settling of the airplane onto the landing surface. The round out and touchdown are normally
made with the engine idling and the airplane at minimum controllable
airspeed so that the airplane touches down on the main gear at
approximately stalling speed. As the airplane settles, the proper
landing attitude is attained by application of whatever back-elevator
pressure is necessary.

Edit:
Wolfgang Langewiesche and others disagree with Zeiss Ikon. Talking about taildraggers, "The exact length of the landing gear legs depends therefore on just how much the designer expects the pilot to slow the ship up before setting it down. In most airplanes, the designer goes pretty near the limit in this respect; he expects the pilot to slow the ship up to actual stalling speed before letting it touch the ground, and he proportions his landing gear accordingly."
Michael Love in his book Better Takeoffs and Landings, writes about tailwheel three-point landings. "In the textbook full-stall landing, the airplane touches down on the main gear and the tailwheel at the same time. The airplane should be fully stalled as it touches down…"
He writes that "Tricycle-gear aircraft should be landed in a nose-high position, touching down on the main landing gear, with the nosegear off the ground. Figure 4-6 shows a typical tricycle-gear airplane correctly executing a full-stall landing.…The aircraft is approaching a full-stall just as it touches down."
I have taken instruction from instructors certified by the Bonanza Society under the Beechcraft Pilot Proficiency Program. They teach that you should aim for full-stall, full-flaps landings every time.
Comment: Touching down at "approximately stall speed" isn't at all the same as "stall the airplane a few inches above the ground."  Minimum control speed is above stall speed for many aircraft, also -- and you need to have good roll, pitch, and yaw control available during flare and touchdown, *especially* if there is any crosswind at all.
Comment: It might be a good idea for "designers" to actively communicate with pilots and to utililize their experience as a database for improvements.


WebDAV issues since moving SQL instance

Question: We are currently running a SharePoint 2013 farm on-site, and one of our intranet sites is used for file storage & collaboration. For one specific business case, users use a mapped drive to quickly upload files to a given location. The process has worked well for the past few years with no issues.
A month ago we moved our databases to a new SQL instance. We are using aliases for everything, so it was pretty much just a question of updating the alias on each SharePoint server. Everything seems to have gone smoothly, but now I'm detecting what may be a problem.
Out of 400 or so users, I've had four users report that they can no longer upload files via WebDAV. Small files seem to work ok, but anything larger than 450-500MB returns the error "Can't read from the source file or disk." The problem is intermittent even with these users, and therefore difficult to troubleshoot. The new SQL instance has plenty of room, the content database is large but hasn't hit any size limits, and manually increasing the WebDAV file size limit in the registry (say, to 1024MB) doesn't resolve the issue.
In case it's relevant, we moved from MS SQL 2008 to MS SQL 2017.
Has anyone here encountered this sort of issue before?
Note: Yes, I know using WebDAV and/or storing 400+MB files in SharePoint isn't ideal, but for the purpose of this question that's irrelevant. We've been using this system for long enough that I know it worked and was stable before the SQL move.
Answer: MS SQL 2017 is not supported for SP2013
REF: https://blog.stefan-gossner.com/2016/11/04/sharepoint-2013-and-sql-server-2016/

WebDAV issues since moving SQL instance


Sharepoint 2013 App won't retract when debugging stopped

Question: I'm trying out simple SP 2013 SharePoint hosted apps against an Office 365 2013 dev site.  When I start debugging the apps install fine; when I stop debugging no retraction occurs, I'm having to manually remove the app from the site.
Comment: +1 as not sure why this post got a down vote.
Answer: Make sure that in Visual Studio under "Project->xy Properties" under the "SharePoint" section the option "retract after debugging" is checked.
Answer: You need to retract or uninstall app, Simply stopping debugging won't going to retract or uninstall the app automatically.
If you tried to retract and uninstall app and got error then,

You need to change the ProductID in the appmanifest.xml file to
  something else.  This will deploy another app with the same name.
I guess this is a known issue and at this time there doesn't appear to
  be any way to remove the old instance.

Source
Remove app for SharePoint instances from a SharePoint 2013 site


Meaning of time signature

Question: In time signature, is the duration of a bar a fixed amount of time (like for example 1 second) or is it completely arbitrary? If the latter is the case, I don't see how time signature has any meaning at all since you can make 3/4 and 4/4 sound the same just by extending the duration of a measure/bar, putting the same amount of beats in the same amount of time.
Answer: A time signature tells you two things in a concrete obvious fashion 1) the number of beats in a measure and 2) what note gets a beat.
For example in 4/4 there are 4 beats and the quarter note gets a beat. In 3/8 there are 3 beats and each one is an eight note.
To your point if you play a song in 4/4 very fast it will take less time than a bar of 4/4 played very slowly. This is why songs usually also have a tempo marker of some sort, either written out like quarter = 120. Or with some other less exact way like "allegro" or "fast".
Now to your second question. Why can't we just write a song in what ever time signature and play it at the tempo that works for that song so we play the same number of beats per minute. Well that is because the time signature also tells you stuff that is less obvious. It tells you the strong and weakly stress beats of a measure.
So, in 4/4 the down beat (beat 1) is the strongest beat. 3 is also strong but not as much and 2 and 4 are weak.
In 3/4 again, 1 is strong and 2 and 3 are weak. This is a main reason we write songs in different signatures.
Another is ease of reading and playing.
If we can hear the strong beats and feel them it will be much easier to read along while playing and know where in the measure you are. If the strong beat starts on 1 and then is on 4 and then in the next measure is on 3 and then 2 you can easily get lost while reading along. This would be the case if we wrote in 4/4 but were playing a song in 3/4.
Answer: Time signature has nothing to do with seconds or time. In German we say Takt: 3/4 Takt or 4/4 Takt (this means beats/measure or bar.
(The term "time" was confusing to me when I started working with notation programs written in English.)
Comment: *Takt* comes from Latin *tactus,* meaning *touch,* deriving from the practice of keeping time in the late middle ages and the renaissance.  Since the tactus denotes regular time intervals, it's not quite correct to say that it has nothing to do with time.  It's not explicit, but it is indeed related to time.
Comment: This makes no difference that in German it means Takt ;) and that time signature was confusing to me. Time signature really suggests something like speed, (velocity)  what we call tempo ...
Comment: Well I can't tell you what "time signature" does or does not suggest to you, of course, but it certainly does not suggest velocity or speed to me; it just says how the time is organized. But then I learned the term when I was 7 or so. (In fact, long before the term "time signature" existed, these numbers were proportions that *did* indicate speed relative to the more-or-less standard tactus, but that use was completely abandoned, I think during the 17th century.)
Answer: To (over) simplify, the time signature tells us how many beats there are until the next strong beat.   A march goes ONE two, ONE two (think LEFT right, LEFT right).  So 2/4 would be an appropriate time signature.   A waltz goes ONE two three, ONE two three, so 3/4.  Much rock music is in 4/4 - that's ONE two three four, ONE two three four.
These are beat counts, not absolute timings.  There are slow marches and quick marches, slow waltzes and faster ones.

Meaning of time signature


Can "refrain" and "avoid" be used interchangeably for everything?

Question: "Refrain" feels like something to use about "verbal behaviour", whereas "avoid" feels like it's about something physical. Is it?
Comment: I think you're right about _avoid_, but I think _refrain from_ has more to do with "not doing" than with anything specifically verbal. A person might sit at a bar with friends for hours and refrain from drinking, but a person who wanted to avoid drinking might not go into the bar at all.
Answer: No, of course they are not interchangeable for everything. They are different words. Two different words are by definition not interchangeable for everything.
Beyond that, refrain from refers to not doing something. Avoiding something is not the same. Avoiding doing something is less strong/absolute than refraining from doing it.
You can avoid overeating, but still overeat sometimes. If you really do refrain from overeating then you do not overeat, period.
A better synonym for refrain from is abstain from, not avoid.
Comment: to *refrain* from something is to choose not to do it when confronted with the opportunity.  To *avoid* something is to ensure that you are never confronted with the opportunity.
Answer:
It's also easy to get avoid confused with a similar word, evade.
Refrain is to resist doing. Avoid is to stay clear from.
Answer: "To refrain" is to hold something back.  In modern usage it's used purely to refer to holding oneself back.  "He refrained." means he stopped himself from doing something and "She refrained from smoking." means she stopped herself from smoking.  There no particular connotation of verbal action.
"To avoid" is broader.  It can mean abstaining from an activity, but it can also mean trying to remain away from something which need not be an activity, or if it is an activity, need not be performed be the subject.
"He refrains from dancing." means he doesn't dance.
"He avoids dancing." could just mean he doesn't dance or it could mean that he stays away from people who dancing as well.
"Refrain" can also be used as a noun to mean something which is repeated: typically either repeated section of verse like a chorus in a song or a commonly repeated saying.


Is belief an intentional act?

Question: In what respect are we to understand the proposition, "I choose to believe x", and is there a significant difference between the proposition, "I choose to believe x" and "I choose to drive to San Diego this weekend"? Which epistemological systems tackle the question of the relation between belief and intention?
Answer: Both "belief" and "intentional act" are ambiguous terms, so the answer may depend on specific meanings, even for the same author. Ordinary factual beliefs, as in Plato's "knowledge is justified true belief", are typically not considered to be freely chosen, and therefore not intentional on the common meaning of "intention" (but see the last paragraph). They function rather as constraints on intentions to act, see Belief, Intention, Intentional Action by Speaks. "Choosing to believe" is quite different from ordinarily believing, try choosing to believe that the Sun will not rise tomorrow. However, "belief" is also used equivocally for "beliefs" in values ("faith"), and often both types are mixed. Values, like hope, love, etc., or some vehicles for values, like God, karma, etc., are open to choice, and on the traditional account require intentional acts, the acts of faith. There is also perennial controversy about the nature of volition ("free will"), and hence reality of "intentions", but in practical terms the difference between libertarian and compatibilist interpretations is mostly verbal.
As examples of "spiritual beliefs" indicate, it is not always straightforward to draw the line between factual and value side of beliefs. Moreover, some factual beliefs can be subject to choice, which would make their adoption an act of will (again on the traditional account). The simplest case is the liberty of indifference, when there is no preponderance of evidence for or against a belief. One is literally free to choose, and act on it. Situations of "hoping against hope", internal conflict, when core beliefs clash with acknowledged facts, etc., show that one can even choose to believe against compelling facts. Justification of willful belief choices in the face insufficient information by necessity to act is the central theme of James's lecture The Will to Believe:

"Our passional nature not only lawfully may, but must, decide an option between propositions, whenever it is a genuine option that cannot by its nature be decided on intellectual grounds; for to say under such circumstances, "Do not decide, but leave the question open," is itself a passional decision—just like deciding yes or not—and is attended with the same risk of losing truth."

In the light of recent neuroscience experiments it has also been argued that it is the action itself that is chosen, and the accompanying belief or "intention" is a confabulation (apparently, in experiments people often time their "intention to act" to after their muscles already start contracting, if not later), see How Does Neuroscience Affect Our Conception of Volition? by Roskies.
There is also a more general meaning of "intentional act", coined by Brentano (but with roots in medieval scholastics), and turned by Husserl into a centerpiece of his philosophical phenomenology. On this view all conscious activity, "the stream of consciousness", is a flow of interpenetrating intentional acts with intentional objects, at which the consciousness is directed (in reflection intentional acts themselves may become intentional objects of other acts). On this understanding all beliefs in particular are "intentional acts" (or perhaps chains of intentional acts), for the consciousness always "intends" its objects, see Consciousness and Intentionality in Phenomenology.
Answer: In psychology, I learned in a class that there's a principle of choice that divides choice into two classes: conscious choices and subconscious choices.
In my Buddhist training, I was taught that belief is nothing more than the result of our interpretations of experiences. People believe in science, for example, because science offers concrete and demonstrable examples which allow people to duplicate these direct experiences for themselves.
Most of the religious world does not do this, though until about 600 years ago (the Holy Roman Inquisition) this was in fact the norm for religion. With the rise of the Inquisition, reason was considered evidence of witchcraft, especially if it was reasoning that contradicted what the Catholic church said. The charge of heresy against the Catholic Church was not levied against anyone in history prior to the year 1156, save those who were actually clergy who were teaching things that opposed the core teachings of that faith.
Our discernment today has come a long way, but still has yet to invalidate the actual experiences that people have, because of the general tendency to be dismissive of religious beliefs as little more than a choice, rather than accepting that there may in fact be an underlying experience that the person clings to. It may be misinterpretation, but going on the offensive (from the perspective of the believer, who in today's world likely feels just as persecuted as any of our religious forebears) causes a further entrenchment into the idea that they have, and can actually inhibit the ability of the believer to reason fully and accept alternative ideas.
So yes, there is a choice that occurs. But there are actually several qualities of choice: conscious, informed, well-reasoned choices are almost always at odds with those which are spontaneous, reactive, or intuitive choices. And many choices are made before we're even aware of the choice to begin with: why did you choose the shirt you wear today? Why do you choose to buy your socks where you do? Why is one shirt preferred more than another? What will you eat for breakfast tomorrow? Hundreds of choices per day.
There are conscious choices. There are unconscious choices. There are choices that are preferences. There are choices we must choose for the sake of self-image. There are choices for health, just as there are choices for the lack of it. Every choice brings an experience.
Experiences result in analysis (where lots of people are lacking, including those who really shouldn't be). The result of analysis is a belief. We then build our thoughts on those beliefs, which create ideas. The ideas further what we look at in the world (e.g., perceptions), and these in turn motivate us to take actions. The graphic below should illustrate this paragraph.
Answer: My approach to this would be to use a synonym to: "I believe."
I believe that "I am convinced" is pretty much the same thing as "I believe."
The Merriam Webster dictionary  also shows belief to be a synonym of conviction.
Now you CAN convince somebody of something. That means it does not just happen unconsciously but with conscious interaction. Also see unconvincing which is defined as:

not credible or plausible

Plausible in turn is defined as:

having an appearance of truth or reason;

Meaning if something is reasonable, agreeable to reason or sound judgment, it is useful for convincing somebody enough that they eventually believe you.
Now if you convince yourself through your own experience or you experience somebody else convincing you is just a difference in semantics.
So in the same way you can choose to be convinced by something or chose to intentionally ignore sound reason.
Answer: Most beliefs, like love and hate, are spontaneous: it is as impossible to believe the sort of thing one does not believe as to love those things that inspire hate. Yet, there are chosen beliefs, but beliefs that are chosen are actually entirely different from the spontaneous ones. The difference is such as between "p" and "p is true."

A belief, in the case of a man, is a mental state.
A proposition expresses a mental state.
Given a proposition p, when a person is in a state of mind which can be expressed as p, we say this person believes p; otherwise this person does not believe p.
In the case of "Robert chooses to believe p," when Robert is not in the state of mind that can be expressed as p, Robert actually believes "p is true" in which p is merely verbal.
4.1 Let p = "there is a monster standing behind my back." If one believes p, he should have many bodily reactions that do no submit to the command of will, such as hair standing on end, goosebumps, chill, alertness and nervousness. If this person does not have this set of reactions, he is merely believing "there is a monster standing behind my back is true."
4.1.1 Let p = "I am sitting on the edge of an overhanging rock cliff," and ask yourself if you are believing p or "p is true."
4.1.2 Let p = "A yellow bird is about to swoop down on me." It is very likely that the accusers in Salem witch trial believed p, not "p is true," because they had all the unconscious reactions that corresponded to this belief; they are marvellous pretenders, but nevertheless they believed p, not "p is true."
4.1.3 It is very likely that Emily Rose saw something that others could not see. She believed p, not "p is true." Sincerely yours had often walked alone in the Black Forest during the darkest hours, bypassing the most Gothic cemetery and wondering why he was not slightly spooked. This sense of security was forever lost after he watched *The Exorcism of Emily Rose."
188.8.131.52 A false believe can nevertheless be an existent belief, i.e. a full-blown mental state; hallucination is a case in point.
188.8.131.52 The belief caused by hallucination is not true but real, so are the concomitant anguish. That is why, when there are signs of intention and skill of psychological abuse, a sensitive person should extract himself from such an environment as soon as possible instead of toughing it out because it takes only a few quiet snyde remarks to trigger schizophrenia in an otherwise normal person. American military explicitly asks their leaders to talk straight because, when the leader is snyde, those who look up to him  are always snyder.
4.1.4 John Nash later in life said he still saw those things but he chose to ignore them. This attitude is similar to that of a normal person's towards his own reflection in a mirror.
4.2 Most of the knowledge passed down from books are actually of the type "p is true" where p is merely verbal; the most familiar beliefs of this type are those listed in the multiplication table. See what's the difference between p and p "is true"?
4.2.1 Take addition for example, when dealing with scalars, e.g., weight, we choose to follow arithmetic rules; when dealing with vectors, e.g., speed, we choose to follow the parallelogram rule.
Since beliefs are mental states and most beliefs are formed spontaneously, it is possible that a belief can be planted in a person's head before his conscious judgement; this is why brainwashing can be so effective, and why the likes of Honest Iago have been so successful in human history.See politically motivated movies.

This answer demonstrates how modern philosophers do philosophy.

Is belief an intentional act?


Directx 11 How to set Texture2D in constant buffer

Question: I have a texture2D packed within my constant buffer. how do i set the texture using ID3D11DeviceContext::UpdateSubresource or another method?
Answer: Constant buffers can not be used this way, constant buffers are holders for global constants and are not used for buffer\texture data types.
It is imposable to have a texture packed inside a constant buffer.
Constant buffers have a very small size limit, well not super small but I really don't think even if you could put a texture into it that it would be of much use.
Constant buffers are also optimized so that there can be a few in flight on the GPU at any time so having a texture packed inside of it would be very bad for performance as you would end up with many copy's of the texture flying around the GPU taking up memory.
You want to keep the constant buffer size down so as not to use up all the constant buffer renaming memory that the driver uses to update them while they are still in flight on the GPU.

Organizing constant buffers
Constant buffers reduce the bandwidth required to update shader constants by allowing shader constants to be grouped together and committed at the same time  rather than making individual calls to commit each constant separately.
The best way to efficiently use constant buffers is to organize shader variables into constant buffers based on their frequency of update. This allows an application to minimize the bandwidth required for updating shader constants. For example, a shader might declare two constant buffers and organize the data in each based on their frequency of update: data that needs to be updated on a per-object basis (like a world matrix) is grouped into a constant buffer which could be updated for each object. This is separate from data that characterizes a scene and is therefore likely to be updated much less often (when the scene changes).

Some reading for you on constant buffers
Comment: What you _can_ do is upload all your textures in a texture array and then use the constant buffer to select an index into the array, which is basically a "poor man's" replacement for D3D12 bindless resources.
Comment: Hmmmm. I like that idea!


How do plant cell divide without centrioles?

Question: Most plants do not have centrioles, so what organelle enables them to multiply?
Answer: There are many different ways to make a spindle in plant cells:

Mitotic spindles may be organized at centriolar centrosomes (only in final divisions of spermatogenesis), polar organizers (POs), plastid MTOCs, or nuclear envelope MTOCs (NE-MTOCs).

Of these, only the latter has been observed in angiosperms (flowering plants). For more info (and the source of the quote), see Brown & Lemmon, "The Pleiomorphic Plant MTOC: An Evolutionary Perspective"
Answer: Plant cells without centrioles build special vesicles from their Golgi apparatus which are important for cell division.
This website has a nice comparison of different modes of cell division. Look for "Cytokinesis by Phragmoplasts" to get to the relevant part. Phragmoplasts are not exactly a replacement for centrioles, but the whole process is a little different.
Answer: Spindle formation in plants is very different from most other eukaryotes owing to the fact that plant cells lack centrosomes or spindle pole bodies, which act as the microtubule organizing centers in animal cells. The evolutionary advantage that animal cells gain due to the presence of centrosomes is the ability to direct drastic changes in their shapes during mitosis. On the other hand, plant cells have a rigid cell wall that does not undergo any major changes in shape during mitosis; and the cell wall itself can organize many of the microtubules that form the spindle during mitosis.
Comment: Please add some references to your answer.
Answer: Animal cells under go cell division in two phases karyo-kinesis and cyto-kinesis.
During cell division (anaphase) the chromosomes are pulled away by structures called microtubule's which are formed by centrioles , just before this the centrioles line up on two opposite sides of the cell . in plant cells microtubules are made by the Golgi bodies. Animal cells are much evolved than plant cells that's why they have centrioles . Spindle formation is very much different in plant cells than in animal cells due to the absence of centrioles .
Comment: Welcome to Biology.SE! Please add some references to your answer.


Which aircraft is this?

Question: I was curious if someone could help me gather some more info on this aircraft.  I have looked it up in the FAA.GOV site and it does not match.  Is there a way to find out info on this plane that flew around the Springfield Illinois area around 1946, possibly before?  Also, this is a Stearman?  Is there anything else interesting or remarkable about this aircraft?  Thanks!
Answer: Looks like a Boeing Stearman to me.
I couldn't find anything based on the registration (NC55383) of the aircraft.

Source: wikimedia / scan from Robert L. Lawson (ed.): The History of US Naval Air Power. The Military Press, New York (USA), 1985. ISBN 0-517-414813, p. 72. US Navy cited as source.

Which aircraft is this?