What is "Playing For Top or Bottom" In Bridge?

Question: Apparently it relates to duplicate bridge. Initially, I thought it meant playing the hand in a risky way to score overtricks, and taking the chance of sacrificing a potential game. But then someone said that you could "play for top or bottom" by making a safety play that others don't make. The term he used was "going against the field." What did he mean by this?
Answer: This answer is specific to Matchpoints. In Matchpoints, playing for top or bottom means that if you succeed, you get a top, otherwise you get a bottom. (Note: I haven't heard of people talking about top/bottom in other forms of duplicate).
Any play could potentially be called this way, including safety plays.
To give a specific example of where a safety play might be considered playing for top or bottom, consider the following hand:
<code>♠: AT8xx
♡: AKx
♢: AKx
♣: Kx

♠: K97x
♡: Qxx
♢: Qxx
♣: Axx
</code>
You are playing matchpoints and have reached the contract of 6♠. You also think that the rest of players in your direction will do the same. Say you get a club lead.
Now if this were rubber bridge, you could almost ensure 12 tricks by winning the club K and playing a low spade towards the 7. If RHO follows, you play the 7. If RHO shows out, you win the K and play toward the AT. LHO can only get one spade trick (barring really bad breaks in other suits).
Basically, ducking the first round of spades is a safety play to cater to QJxx spades with one of the opponents.
At Matchpoints, however, the normal play is to bang down the AK, making 13 tricks if trumps are 2-2 and still have chances for making 13 if they are 3-1 with a singleton Q or J.
Assuming the field will not take the safety play, by taking the safety play ("going against the field"), you get a top if QJxx is held by one opponent (and rest of the field goes down by guessing to cash the honour in the wrong hand first). You will get a bottom if trumps are 2-2, or there is a singleton Q or J (you make exactly 12 tricks, while the rest make 13).
We ignore QJx, as we expect opponents to split QJ and ensure a trick. You get an average in that case (everyone makes exactly 12 tricks).
Comment: @TomAu: Playing safe is different from Safety Play. Safety play has a specific meaning. Safety play would be a form of playing safe, say in Rubber Bridge.
Comment: OK, if you play DIFFERENTLY from others (safety play or gambling), you will get a different score from others, i.e., "going against the field." Which means a top if your score is higher, and a bottom if it is lower. You usually won't be "average."
Comment: @TomAu: Even a safety play could be gambling when it comes to Matchpoints, as the example above shows. And yes, the way matchpoint scoring works, if you beat the other pairs in your direction you get a top. If you get lower than everyone else, you get a bottom.
Comment: then "playing safe" is going WITH the field, up or down, as the case may be, right? Put another way, "it's all relative."


Locker Succulents

Question: So my friend and I want to grow succulents in our locker. They will have no natural light but were thinking of getting them some form of battery powered grow lights and a fan to keep air circulation. With no natural light does anyone have suggestions of what type of Grow light kind of thing we should get? As I'm sure you were wondering her plant is named baby and mine are named spiky Mikey and Lina
Answer: Mikey and Lina.
Yes, you can grow a plant, even a succulent with just artificial light, as long as you have have the correct heat, meaning something around 20-25°c (70-80°f)  A little higher or lower is fine.  The temperature can drop at night, but the temperatures should stay above 10°c (50°f), you have the air circulation, and water.  With all those components you can grow succulents in a locker.
This is to assume you can create the battery power to keep a grow light with the right type of light going for 16-20 hours each day.  You might be able to get away with less time.  I would look for an LED Full-Spectrum white light that is minimum 100W equivalent.  This is minimum.  If you want the plant to really grow and thrive I would start with a 300W, maybe 200W.  Once you go over 100W most grow lights have fans to keep the lights from getting too hot and burn out.   This fan is usually what draws the most power.  You might be able to find a fanless light strong enough, but the heat it makes needs to go somewhere.  If you were in a grow tent with lots of extra room the temperature would not get too high, but a closed locker might.   Is the front mesh like a locker room or completely sealed with a couple vents on top.
I think you need to try to buy two 100W LED lights.  That way you can avoid buying one with a fan.  That way you can see what the heat is going to be like without spending a fortune on a project that may not work, but I think it can.
With the air circulation you mentioned, you may be able to keep it cool enough.   You can probably get some kind of rechargeable battery.  To have the battery power to keep a light that will keep a plant happy will be a high cost  for you.    You also need to figure out how to turn an AC light to operate on DC batteries, which is doable.
The whole project is doable.  But, you have a lot of hurdles to cross first.  You will probably kill the first plant while you are test, maybe the the first two plants, but you will not figure out what you are missing unless you have some failures.  The best gardeners kill plants.  That's how they learn.

Locker Succulents


Cancel other person plane ticket that I bought

Question: I bought two plane tickets, one for me and one for my now ex. I don't want her to be able to use it, can I do something about it? I want to stress again that I am the one who paid for them.
Comment: Just call the airline and cancel the reservation.  It's really that simple.  You may be due some refund or credit but it seems like that's a secondary concern.
Comment: Related: https://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/38257/would-the-same-name-different-person-trick-actually-work-with-international-t
Answer: Did you try to call your airline? IMHO you should not mention about the ex.
But many airplane tickets cannot be really cancelled, reimbursement is also seldom on usual fares, but eventually you can change the person name.
On the other hand, if you gave the ticket to your ex, she owns the ticket. You did the error. Past is past.
Comment: I'm not sure that last part is true, without checking with a lawyer. I think someone would have a hard time making a legal claim over a cancellation of a ticket someone else paid for, unless it was given in return for something.
Answer: Any ticket bought can be cancelled by the purchaser. Not all tickets are refundable though, so you may not get your money back. Many airlines (but not all) allow name changes on a ticket, so you could call and see if you can have it changed to someone else. There is usually a fee associated with this; expect to pay $100-200 USD for standard carriers.
The Airline is going to be your easiest point of contact. No need to give them any reasons. Call and ask to cancel the ticket in question. If it is refundable, they will let you know and ask for information to process the refund. Even if it is refundable, you may not get all money back but it will not be usable by anyone.
It is possible to have a travel agent do that for you. Mostly, if you purchased the ticket through them. Again, they do not need reasons, just to know that you are cancelling that ticket.
You did not specify the itinerary but in some cases the ticket cannot be used without the presence of the purchaser who must show the card used to buy the ticket at check in. Personally, this has never happened to me, but it is apparently a common practice of some Asian and Middle Eastern airlines.
Comment: The airline might says that the ticket is non-refundable, but they might only mean that the money you paid them is now theirs, you might get the money that was airport taxes and other fees back. I was once in a situation where I couldn't use a ticket, and had come to terms with having lost the money, then the airline contacted me about another flight, and when I was talking with them, I thought it would be nice to tell them that I wouldn't be using that ticket. I ended up getting ~50% of my money back.
Comment: That's what I said in my first sentence. Cancellable and refundable are not the same but you can cancel a non-refundable ticket.


What backer board for Kohler Choreograph in the shower - osb or greenboard?

Question: I want to install Kohler Choreograph sheets in my shower over tub.  It currently has a full fiberglass unit.  Should I use osb, greenboard, or possibly cement board, and do these have to be water-proofed?
Answer: According to this video produced by Kohler, you should use greenboard or other water resistent backer material.  I wouldn't use OSB, and cement board seems like overkill but could help if you needed to stiffen up the walls I guess.
https://youtu.be/4-s-pfbj0YU
Answer: Kohler recommends water resistant drywall or green board. Make sure you have blocking at the height needed if installing things like hand rails.
Comment: Do you have a source? I'm having trouble finding installation docs.
Comment: Found a video from kohler by searching kohler Choreograph. They stated the requirement and the need for backers, I haven't used this product so I had to look it up. I just noticed jphil 1618 posted the link I was watching we must have been there about the same time.
Comment: Would purple board be preferred over green board?
Comment: Purple is a little better because it is water resistant + mold and mildew resistant. Green is not mold and mildew resistant so yes purple would be better in a shower stall area.


Uninterruptible battery power for a Raspberry Pi

Question: Is it possible to power a Pi using battery power alone, such that you have two battery packs; one primary and one secondary? To ensure non stop running the Pi should run from the primary until the primary is disconnected at which point the secondary replaces it, becoming the primary, with the the primary becoming the new secondary when replaced. At no time can the Pi be shutdown, either because of power loss or voltage disruption. Also only one pack should be depleted at anyone time.
Comment: They make dual input voltage regulators, that will use input A if available, if not, switch to B.   This could be used with two battery sources, or one battery and one hard-line source. You even get output pins to tell the pi which source it is using, and can manually switch sources with an input pin. http://www.analog.com/en/products/power-management/switching-regulators/step-down-buck-regulators/high-input-voltage-buck/ltc3126.html#product-overview
Answer: Yes, it is possible to power the Pi with 2 battery packs, keeping the Pi alive at all times.  I do this in my travel trailer and Pi-powered alarm clock. I can't afford to miss a fishing date so I have a two battery system.
Key factors:

The Pi.  Mine, with touch screen display, needs approximately 2 amps at 5 volts.  This is 10 watts, a moderate amount of power in this day and age.
The primary battery.  My RV has a hefty 12V battery rated at 220 Amp-Hours, good to power the Pi alone for 10 days +.  It is recharged by solar, or battery charger when at a powered campground, at which times the voltage in the trailer circuits is around 13.8V.
The secondary battery.  Internal to the clock is a pack of 8 AA size NiMh cells rated at 2 Amp Hours at 10 volts, good to power the Pi for an estimated 2+ hours.
A "buck" voltage regulator.  This cheap (Chinese) device converts the battery voltage(s) of 10 to 13.8 down to Pi 5 volts.  It does so very efficiently - 90% - while able to provide 2 or more amps.  Exactly what the Pi needs.
A couple of Schottky diodes to connect the two batteries together but at the same time keep one from charging the other.  This is important since one battery is 10 and the other is 12.  Think of the diodes as one-way devices for the current.
Battery charging.  The RV battery is charged by its own systems so this is of no interest.  The internal 10v NiMh battery pack is trickle charged by a resistor and diode (the diode to keep the 10v pack from trying to run the rest of the trailer in the unlikely event that the main battery is disconnected.

Overall connections:
Use your imagination a bit since I can't draw a diagram.
Inside my clock the main 12v battery positive and the secondary 10v positive each go through a diode and then connect to the buck regulator positive.  All the negatives are tied together at a convenient location.  The buck regulator is set (by the user) to 5 volts and output power goes to the correct terminal on the Pi.  Also, from the main 12v power connection, run a resistor (have to experiment with the value to get about 20 milli-amps.  Over 20 ma and you risk long term damage to the little NiMh AA batteries.) and a diode to the positive of the AA battery pack.
Concepts:
The primary battery runs the system 90% of the time.  When I unplug the clock - mainly to show off my programming skills to someone - the internal AA batteries take over with no user intervention.  This is because the diodes act like an "OR" circuit with the higher voltage always getting through with no delays.  The buck regulator nicely converts the voltages down to Pi 5v.  Bonus, since a buck regulator (switching regulator) is a DC-DC converter, it can take 10V at 1 Amp and convert it to 5V at 2 Amps, with very little loss.  10 watts in, 10 watts out.
Note, it is possible to use 4 AA NiMh batteries to get a 5V battery pack but this is inefficient and can't make good use of a voltage regulator.  4 AAs will last less than half the time of 8 AAs.  I would dismiss this possibility in the interest of "doing it right".
It really does work and I have never slept through a fishing date.
Comment: "Use your imagination a bit since I can't draw a diagram" If that's true, you may need to read the documentation, or [at least read this post that provides a quick summary.](https://raspberrypi.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2074/how-do-i-add-a-schematic-to-my-question)
Answer: A simple and cheap solution can be had with a car battery, a cheapish Black&Decker battery charger with maintenance- and float-charge modes, and 50-100W step-down converter (eBay) set to output 5.25V. They're pessimistically about 80% efficient, giving you a little loss. Pull your 5V from there to a male microUSB jack. If the charger loses power, its float charge will no longer feed the converter, nor does it matter. The battery will amply provide.

A deep-cycle lead-acid battery will serve you better and longer. Costs a bit more.

To calculate how long you can power your Pi, you should have some idea of how many watts it uses. Let's say sourcing 12W (5V*2.4A) with peripherals, running from an ~800Wh battery - through a 80% efficient step-down converter, ~640Wh. 640/12 = 53 hours, ~20 minutes.
You should observe a low voltage cut-off (for 12V S/LA) of 11.5-11.6V for battery longevity, but you don't need anything fancy for overdischarge protection; you can just use a timer app on your phone.
A 50$ S/LA battery, a 25$ charger and a 10$ step-down converter = 85$.


Will everyone be punished?

Question: Everyone has sinned and we sin all the time so will we be punished for these sins? Or will we enter heaven without a punishment if we repent out sins?
Answer: Allah say in Quran:

On the Day We will say to Hell, "Have you been filled?" and it will
  say, "Are there some more,"(Surat Qāf,verse 30)

And:

... "I will surely fill Hell with jinn and people all
  together.'"(Surat As-Sajdah,verse 13)

This verses emphasize that the promise of Allah will happen, and Allah will fill Hell with jinn and people; and of course they will be punished there. This punishment is for jinns and people who err from the right way without repent out sins.
And what will happen for people who repent out sins? If it be a real repentance, with regret and leave the sin forever; then Allah is tawab and will forgive him/her; and He/she can go to heaven without punishment, as Quran say:

And those who do not invoke with Allah another deity or kill the soul
  which Allah has forbidden [to be killed], except by right, and do not
  commit unlawful sexual intercourse. And whoever should do that will
  meet a penalty.
Multiplied for him is the punishment on the Day of Resurrection, and
  he will abide therein humiliated -
Except for those who repent, believe and do righteous work. For them
  Allah will replace their evil deeds with good. And ever is Allah
  Forgiving and Merciful.(Surat Al-Furqān,verses 68,69,70)

Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (a.s.) said:"some times some one does a sin and Allah will send him/her to heaven because of that sin."
Means that person will become fear about that sin and does real repentance which Allah will accept it and won't punish him/her.
But pay attention, It isn't for those who sin all of their life and want to repent out sins near their death.

"But repentance is not [accepted] of those who [continue to] do evil
  deeds up until, when death comes to one of them, he says, "Indeed, I
  have repented now," or of those who die while they are disbelievers.
  For them We have prepared a painful punishment."(Surat An-Nisā',verse
  18)
Answer: Bismillah.
Allah accepts repentance from any Muslim so long as his soul has not left his body. I.e, as long as he is still alive. That being said however, Allah will stop accepting repentance from any Muslim once the sun rises from the west and sets in the east. This is one of the major sins of al akhira (the day of judgement), in which every Muslim's book will be closed, and his dua'a will no longer be accepted by Allah.
However, only Allah can forgive anyone's sins, and only He knows whether your sins can be forgiven. There is not any sin that Allah cannot forgive except for shirk (associating anything with Him). Keep in mind that before ibless got kicked out heaven, he asked a favor from God. He asked Him to keep him alive until the day of judgement to guide the human race astray, and God accepted his favor. Therefore, God accepted the favor of the worst of Allah's creatures, and therefore can accept any dua'a or favors of any of his human creatures.
Just make sure that when you make repent or make a dua'a that you are sincere to Allah, and that you will try your hardest not to repeat the same sin again. Surely Allah knows best, and He loves to forgive your sins. Allah is the All Mighty and Kind.
Please inform me if I've made a mistake. Allah knows my intention and only He can forgive me for anything that I may be in fault.
Comment: Well that's what I mentioned. If Allah were to punish someone, He might punish them in this world, in which they might be purified for the afterlife, and not be punished then. Others may have more sins, in which they will be punished in their grave, which will purify them before jannah, and thus not be punished in hellfire. Others however, will still have many sins on them after all these punishments, and will have to ensure further punishment in hellfire to be completely purified. So all in all, it depends on the accumulation of a muslim's sins that will determine his punishments
Comment: Does it say in the Qur'an or is there a hadith stating sins will not be forgiven when the sun rises from the opposite direction. Also I know sins are forgiven however does that mean we will not be punished at all, well will enter jannah as long as we repent. I have heard that some people will go to Jahanum first to wash their sins then they will be let in Jannah if their sins are less.
Comment: I'm sorry I'm not sure of hadith or ayat in the Qur'an (that is why I urge people to correct me if I'm wrong), but I believe that not one Muslim will enter Jannah if they have so much as a grain of salt of sin in their body. Although, as far as I know, Allah will either punish a Muslim in this world, in which they will be left with no punishment in the hereafter. Or, a Muslim will be punished in their grave, or in the day of judgement. But, of course, all sins my be forgiven by Allah at any time, including the day of judgement (I believe), in which no punishment will be undertaken.
Comment: Please inform me if I've made a mistake. Allah knows my intention and only He can forgive me for anything that I may be in fault.
Comment: I'm saying he might forgive us only after punishing us e.g. puting us in hell but not eternally, just to make up for our sins.

Will everyone be punished?


Overpaid on paycheck. How to proceed?

Question: I was overpaid on my recent paycheck by an amount that bumped me up to a higher tax bracket. My company wants me to pay them back the net overpayment but now my check is lower than it would have been should I have been taxed in my correct bracket? How should I proceed?
Comment: Taxes can make the situation complicated, and different locales may have different rules.  For instance, [in Australia](https://www.ato.gov.au/Business/PAYG-withholding/In-detail/Allowances,-leave-payments-and-repayments/PAYG-withholding---repayment-of-overpaid-amounts/) you would only need to repay the net overpayment that was left after taxes were taken out (presumably the employer gets the remainder back from the tax office).  As for the extra amount that was withheld from your normal base pay, you probably can't get that back until your next tax return.
Comment: Do you have the option of returning the full amount you were paid and getting a check for the correct amount in return?
Comment: If this question was posted on [money.se] it would need to include the  country in the question and/or tags
Comment: Voted to close. As-written the question is too open-ended which means that answers would have to handle potential legal issues as well, which is off-topic.
Comment: Possible duplicate of [Previous employer overpaid me](http://workplace.stackexchange.com/questions/55479/previous-employer-overpaid-me)
Comment: You have to understand that the tax payment was already sent to the government and they can't get it back.
Comment: In the UK, this would be dealt with correctly under PAYE.
Answer: You could claim the excess tax paid as refund while filing the tax return. It is easiest to pay back by deducting the excess amount from the next month's salary since this means that your total annual salary is automatically corrected. If this cannot be done, you should obtain a suitable "receipt" from your company, which your tax department will accept.
Tax rules vary by location, but usually the entire income does not get taxed at the highest tax bracket rate. Instead only the income above the upper limit of next lower tax bracket gets taxed at that rate. To illustrate with an (oversimplified) example, consider the below tax brackets:
$0   - $100 ==> 10%
$100 - $500 ==> 20%
$500 -      ==> 30%

If you income is $400, then your tax is:
10% x $100 + 20% x ($400 - $100) = $70

If you were paid $600 in error, your tax becomes:
10% x $100 + 20% x ($500 - $100) + 30% x ($600 - $500) = $105

You could thus pay back $200 to the company, and claim a refund of $35 in your tax return. Unless the tax department pays you a substantial interest on the excess tax paid, you will still end up making some loss.
Comment: Actually, disregarding interest, any tax differences should by settled by the tax return - that, after all, is the point of filing one. In most countries, all your taxes for the year are calculated from scratch for the tax return, and compared to what you paid during the year - then you pay (or are refunded) the difference.
Comment: @sleske Right, although as some comments on [this question](http://money.stackexchange.com/q/60368/27336) show, a lot of people do not really understand tax returns. :-)
Answer: Unless the amount is excessive (they paid $48,829.50 instead of $4,882.95) a reasonable company would inform you about the error, pay you less the next month, and your tax would be adjusted automatically. The only difference is if you had the excess payment in the last month of the tax year, where you would arrange with them to pay back the excess within that tax year.
Moving into another tax bracket will in most countries have very little effect on your taxes in most cases. The higher tax rate usually only applies to the amount in the higher tax bracket. And if you file a tax return, everything will be sorted out anyway.
Comment: @aroth: In that case the ones staying in the 15% bracket are overpaying as well. And the ones that are regularly in the 25% bracket. Everyone would be overpaying. If I was just $1 into the 25% bracket (with regular income) the company would be sending 10% of my gross income to the tax office for no reason at all. That would be an absolutely ridiculous way to run your payroll, and the employees will probably bring burning torches to the payroll office.
Comment: "The higher tax rate usually only applies to the amount in the higher tax bracket" - While generally true in terms of the amount _owed_, for the purposes of withholding sometimes the employee's highest marginal tax rate is applied to their entire income.  That can be a big hit if, for instance, the increase moved you from the 15% tax bracket to the 25% tax bracket.  Yes you get it all back, but not until tax time.
Comment: @aroth I've never experience having taxes withheld at my highest marginal tax rate.  Where were you that you experienced this?  Seems like a big, interest free loan to the company doing the withholding.
Comment: @Myles - I was at a large (NASDAQ-listed) tech company in the mid/late 2000's.  They used SAP to manage HR/payroll/withholding.  And I don't think it was a current/up-to-date version of SAP, as trying to do _anything_ in it was an exercise in frustration.  The default withholding rate was the employee's highest marginal rate.  It was possible to go into SAP and adjust your withholding (within certain limits), though I (and perhaps many others) never did because doing anything in the SAP system was _so incredibly frustrating_.  Instead I just got massive tax refunds every year.

Overpaid on paycheck. How to proceed?


User unintentionally deletes whole web part whenever she tries to delete single word in a text

Question: A certain user can't properly delete parts of text or even just simple words from a content editor web part.
Whenever she's editing a page and she selects one word from an entire piece of text inside a CEWP, and she then presses either the backspace button or delete button, it deletes the whole CEWP with everything in it. She has this in Internet Explorer, FireFox and Chrome.
Why is this? Is this a setting on her computer? I couldn't duplicate the problem (tried with my account and my dummy account in three different browsers) so I'm thinking she might have done some sort of keyboard combination that causes this.
Any idea how I fix this? She needs to edit a lot of text on this particular page and she hasn't had this problem before. I can't find anything about this on Google, so any help is greatly appreciated!
Comment: Does this occur in all browsers?  It does sound like some keyboard custom configs.  You could also try another keyboard just to rule that out.
Comment: It does indeed occur in all browsers. However, when she uses my dummy account to edit the page, it doesn't occur anymore at all. Can such things be account-related?
Comment: I've never seen anything like that on a per-account basis.  What if she uses her account on another machine?
Answer: Turned out it no longer occurs if I give the user full administration rights on the subsite in which this page is present. Strange fix, but it does the trick.
Comment: Have her edit the web part first.  In order for me to edit the text in a CEWP on Wiki pages (not enterprise wiki's), I have to edit the web part (any web part, actually, as long as there's a web part properties open somewhere).


Is there a tool to covert any template to drupal 7 theme?

Question: Is There any tool to convert any template (wordpress, joomla, static html/css etc) to a drupal theme
Comment: Are you referring to an update from a 6-7 theme? or are you just referring to any random template (wordpress, joomla, static html/css etc) to a drupal theme?
Comment: @Nigel  the second one, any random template (wordpress, joomla, static html/css etc) to a drupal theme
Answer: Nope! :)
There is, however, a nice page full of information to convert Drupal 6 themes to Drupal 7: link
Answer: I don't think there is an easy way to convert a "template" into a Drupal theme. At least not something that is going to do all of the heavy lifting for you. If you are new to Drupal, start with a base theme, such as Fusion, Adaptive Theme, Omega or Zen and that will give you a good start. And depending on the complexity of the theme, you can sometimes get away with doing just css.
Themeing also just got easier in 7. I have recently been experimenting with pure css themes and its works nicely and keeps it lightweight.
Answer: As far as I know, there is no easy process to convert a custom html/css project into a Drupal theme. One of the reasons is that a Drupal theme needs to have files that describe how specific blocks look like, Views etc and that's not something that you can easily automate: someone knowledgeable needs to do the conversion.
However, if you have some time and you would like to try some things out this podcast, helped me a lot when I started theming back in Drupal 6.
The basic ideas remain the same, but a slideshow that I found about some of the new things in D7 theming, can be found here.
Ideally, you want to watch the whole podcast that I mentioned above, and then, after getting the idea of Drupal Theming in general, you can check the slides for some more D7-specific information.
Answer: I think there is not such tools of converting form Drupal x to Drupal 7. Theoretically, the process is not so complicated (depends of your theme practically) you can do it yourself following the suggestion of @Alex.
However if the question is to convert form WordPress, Joomla and other themes to Drupal there are nice tools to create a Drupal theme such as Artisteer and maybe it will convent also.


Exchange 2010, user access logs?

Question: Where can I locate log data for exchange 2010 that will show me data such as users accessing the db, or failed logon attempts.
Thanks!
Answer: Login-attempts are filed with the normal Windows login attept log, in the Security event-log. I don't believe there is a way to disambiguate Exchange logins from normal Windows logins, but your Client-access servers shouldn't be seeing any plain-windows logins anyway, so it's safe to assume that everything there is Exchange-related.
I don't believe, though may be wrong, that there is a way to audit database-access. That kind of log would get insanely spammy in an organization of any size due to the amount of activity Outlook does just sitting there apparently doing nothing. The default Outlook connection mode is based on a pull model, so Outlook polls the Exchange server periodically (the interval can be tuned, but by default it is pretty short) which would be the kind of thing to get logged.
Answer: As far as I am aware, there isn't a way to audit access to the Mailbox databases.  If a user is logged in and connected to Exchange (via OWA, Outlook client, or mobile device with ActiveSync), you can basically assume that they're interfaced with the mailbox servers.
User authentication for Exchange is handled by Active Directory.  The Security Log in the client access server may contain some security auditing information, but the best place to look would be the security logs on the domain controller.  This will only tell you who was authenticating when (and possibly the client they were connecting from).  However, tracking when/where a user logged in can be difficult if you have multiple domain controllers because you would need to search the security logs on EVERY domain controller to find the information you're looking for.  There are some 3rd party programs that will do this for you.
Answer: Assuming you're running Exchange 2010 SP1, you might be looking for Mailbox Audit Logging.  You'll have to turn it on, and configure it for what you're looking for.  Once you do, you'll definitely need to take care to watch out for the growth of this because it can get to be a lot of information pretty quickly.
As far as where you can find the logs, you'll need to run the powershell commands found in that article to see the logs, but I believe the info is stored in the individual mailboxes.  I can't point to documentation on that one, so I might be mistaken about where they're stored.
Answer: I found the IIS logs to be most helpful in tracking down authentication failures since the logs just show the IP address for the Exchange server.  Remember they are for GMT time... I was able to find the invalid login attempt and work out the employee had TWO different email clients installed on a mobile device, but was only updating one...so the other one was locking out their account.

Exchange 2010, user access logs?


What is the optimal mean correct on a multiple choice test in order to maximise the measurement of individual differences?

Question: What is the optimal mean correct on a multiple choice test item in order to maximise the measurement of individual differences?
Answer: My understanding is that in general a percentage correct of 50% is optimal where there is no scope for guessing.
However, on multiple choice tests there is a certain number of response options. Thus, the probability of getting the correct answer if you know nothing, is one over the number of response options.
In this case I believe that the optimum is:
$$1/k + \frac{1 - 1/k}{2}$$
where k is the number of response options.
So the optimum for different values of k would be:

k = 2: optimum proportion correct = 0.75
k = 3: optimum proportion correct = 0.67
k = 4: optimum proportion correct = 0.625
k is infinite: optimum proportion correct = 0.50

That said, I'd still like to find the classic references where I obtained these ideas from. And I imagine item-response theory might have a little more to say about this, particularly regarding the common recommendation to vary the proportion correct over a range.
Furthermore, none of the above recommendations address the issue that setting the difficulty at the above level for most items can be intimidating for some test takers.
Comment: If you believe that "the probability of getting the correct answer if you know nothing, is one over the number of response options", then would you not just expect 0.5 instead of 0.75 for two options? Could you explain a little more why you would add the second part of the formula?
Comment: If responses to a test are purely random (i.e., the mean correct is 50% on a TRUE/FALSE question) then you are most likely learning nothing about the test takers. It is only when some people are able to answer the question and some are not that you learn about individual differences. Or more precisely, people will differ on a distribution of knowledge and placement on that distribution should influence the probability of answering an item correctly. So an informative difficulty level is half way between random responding and everyone answering the item correctly.
Comment: Ah now I see. So this value would correct for between-test, within subject differences, such that a score of 75 on a two-choice test would correspond to a 67 on a three-choice test?
Comment: It's not so much about test differences. It's more a question of how difficult a test designer should make multiple choice items in order to maximise reliability and validity.


Do Water sensors Rust?

Question: I'm new to Arduino and still learning the basics.
I tried reading water level by using this sensor I left it in the water for about 5 minutes then I noticed it changing color (some parts darker than other)like the water is still over it .
So my question is do Water sensors really rust ? or is it my own imagination?
Answer: Most metals will tarnish, rust, or corrode when left in water, especially in the presence of an electric current. To be safe, a water sensor should either be gold-plated or made of a conductive, insoluble, non-metallic substance.
Comment: & running AC through it helps as well - reverses the electrolysis process every cycle.
Answer: The color change you observed is probably caused a galvanic reaction between metals in the sensor and other metals that are present, such as the tank, piping, or dissolved metals in the water. Do not modify the parallel strips of metal on the sensor. This will render the sensor useless. To reduce the effects of galvanic corrosion, you can:
1) Reduce the current passing through the sensor. To do this, sample the sensor less frequently. For, example, sample it once every second.
2) If possible, remove sources of metal from the water. For example, replace metal pipes with PVC, and replace screws with plastic zip-ties.
3) Move the sensor further away from sources of metal.
4) Place a grounded sacrificial zinc in the water, close any other metal sources. If the water is circulating, place the zinc near the inflow opening.
5) Remove stray or electrical currents from the water. Connect the "-" pin (GND) and the water to the same ground.
Comment: I agree with every statement in this response but the one about the strips on the sensor.  From experience, This sensor is not effected or changed from tining the strips.  That is not to say that other sensors would not be more sensitive to this.  Wonderful insight!
Answer: I have that same sensor, and found a couple things to help with this issue.  The first thing that I did with min was tin the contacts with solder (All 10 'sensor contacts' all the way down) and also, using the GPIO, only power it on about 1 second before I read it, and turn it off immediately after.  By reducing the amount of time current is running through it, you reduce the tarnish, and the solder i tined everything with is less likely to corrode than the raw contacts.
Comment: I'll use GPIO only at the moment until I get a soldering iron.
Thanks !

Do Water sensors Rust?


Galactic Coordinate System and distance

Question: If the Galactic Coordinate System is made up of two values, angles of longitude and latitude, how is distance measured? If you have those two values, you get a line from the sun in a certain direction. There might be multiple objects on that line, how can you specify one of them in the coordinate?
Comment: I prefer the X,Y,Z galactic coordinate system: In that system the sun is at 0,0,0. Positive X is in the direction toward the galactic center (The sun is approximately 70 light years above the galactic plane, depending on what source you read since the plane is not well defined. (ie. Humphreys and Larsen ApJ May 31,1995) This is obviously insignificant compared to the distance to the galactic center. Y is parallel to the plane, perpendicular to the X axis and positive in the direction of galactic rotation (which is counterclockwise if you consider the sun "above" the plane and you are looking "
Comment: down" on the plane from the sun). The Z axis then is obviously perpendicular to X and Y and positive Z is in the "Galactic North" direction. (ie. using the approximate figure, the galactic plane would be at Z = -70 LY) Once you have galactic coordinates in this system (there are a couple of good websites that will give you these (year 2000 coordinates)), it's child's play to make a 3D map of local stars.
Answer: You need three coordinates to represent a point in 3-dimensional space. Galactic coordinates are a 2-dimensional coordinate system on the surface of the abstract celestial sphere. Typically it is easier to measure position on the celestial sphere than it is to measure astronomical distances, so usually the systems are given in those terms. For 3D you need to supplement the Galactic coordinate system with distance as a separate coordinate, this is in fact the natural choice for a 3D spherical coordinate system.
Remember that the galactic coordinate system has its origin in the same place as equatorial coordinates (right ascension, declination), so the distance measurement is the same: you don't have to translate it relative to the Galactic Centre. To measure it, you use the usual techniques used to determine the cosmic distance ladder: parallaxes, standard candles (Cepheid variables, etc.), redshifts...
Comment: Good answer. You'd think the galactic coordinate system's origin would be the center of the galaxy, but, since we don't accurately know how far the center of the galaxy, our own coordinates would be inaccurate. Thus, we center galactic coordinates at our solar system's barycenter (SSB)
Comment: I can accept some concessions made for inaccuracy, and centers of reference are largely arbitrary, anyway - but it offends me that somebody had the _audacity_ to call a reference system "galactic coordinates" when _it doesn't even contain all the information necessary to find where something is in the galaxy_.  Not your fault, though, presumably.

Galactic Coordinate System and distance


Email client with language translation support for Mac OS X

Question: I'm looking for an OS X desktop email client that helps me translate my Japanese work emails into English. Any suggestions?
Answer: If you have a GUI app you could use a 3rd party software and the OS X services menu. See, for example, http://code.google.com/p/babelfish/ or one of many others found by searching for "OS X Translate Service"
If you use a command line email client (pine, alpine, mutt, etc.) I would suggest you just pipe the body of the message to a command line translator. You could even automate this as part of your fetchmail or procmail scripts so that the translation becomes an official part of the email (emails often already have the same content in plain text, HTML, and multiple encondings, you'd just be adding one more). Note that you could do this via procmail even if reading your email in a GUI client.
A quick search finds two CLI translators, "tw" and "tranny":

http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/twandgtw/
http://www.andrewault.net/2010/06/23/linux-command-line-language-translator/
Answer: You can use Thunderbird with a plug-in like Quick Translator or Translation Panel.


How do I learn and improve my writing skills once fully immersed in a language?

Question: As the title says, I'm fully immersed in a second language. I use this second language all the time (thinking, reading and writing) but my writing skills aren't up to scratch. Any ideas on improving writing skills?
Comment: This is a very interesting question, but unfortunately it is too broad (because it covers *all* aspects of grammar), like the question [What strategies can students use to learn grammar when studying independently?](https://languagelearning.stackexchange.com/q/462/800). Please also check [How can I put grammar rules into flashcards?](https://languagelearning.stackexchange.com/q/2500/800) and [Is it possible to learn grammar through spaced repetition, and if yes, how?](https://languagelearning.stackexchange.com/q/3399/800).
Comment: You may also be interested in some of the [numerous other questions about `grammar`](https://languagelearning.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/grammar).
Answer: Writing skill is one of the most important skill for learning language, and you said you are already immersed in a language so keep try hard. If you focus on increasing your writing skill, I would recommended you:

Find some writing book and practice writing from that, that is the best way but only one problem is some book they might be the old version and can't find new knowledge from there.

Learn from YouTube, this is the basic resource like you can learn and can follow and practice from there but we don't know that we are writing correct or not.

Another way, if you love to learn though online resource, I am using Write Me, within this app it has the perfect animation to show you the sequence of writing then you can follow it and practice as much as you can from there, I picked it by practicing on the app, it literally helped me a lot in practicing writing.
Answer: Since writing is an active skill that involves grammar, vocabulary and word choice, punctuation and spelling, it takes a lot of time and practice to improve it. Since you are already immersing yourself in the language, the only way to improve is by practicing a lot and being patient (don't give up because if you try hard it is only a matter of time before you start to see some results!). As for some methods that focus on the improvement of your writing skills, here are some suggestions:

Revise some grammar from time to time (especially if you have some doubts about a rule in particular).
Keep an English dictionary near you so you can clarify the meaning of some words and find some synonyms  so as not to repeat words or phrases.
Reread what you wrote in order to see if you can highlight and correct some mistakes you may have made.
When you read something that you find interesting (for example a book, a post on a blog or an article), you can underline some words or phrases that you liked and see if you can create similar ones with different words.
Keep a diary in English so you can turn writing into a routine activity (moreover, you can write about anything and experiment with a wide range of words and topics).
Try to chat with native speakers so you can ask for some clarification concerning any doubts that you may have and do some practice at the same time (for example, you can search for a language exchange partner).


UAE and the mysteries of unreachable websites

Question: I write here because I'm really lost, please stay with me because it's not easy to explain.
A company asked me to set-up a private server, now I'm a programmer so I got a solution with technical support and cpanel which helped me to setup everything and it's working smoothless. I'm by no means a professional sysadmin, but I have a fair knowledge of server configurations, but this problem is way over my knowledge, and apparently way over the knowledge of most sysadmins, I really hope that here I'll find someone with enough experience to help me or at least give me more insight.
Now this company for which I'm consulting operates in the UAE (United Arab Emirates) and from there the server is almost unreachable. It started with ns not registering in the UAE, after a week that sorted itself out and now the site is indeed reachable, but it takes almost 2 minutes to load a webpage with one line of text. Emails go in timeout.
The domain currently parked there has been bought appositely for tests, the main one that was supposed to go there, after a catastrophic week has been transferred to a shared hosting solution in the UK, and from there it works like a charme.
Now after doing some research I discovered that I'm not alone in this, there are several reports of webmasters discovering that their website is not reachable inside the UAE, and mind this has nothing to do with the state-wide block of questionable sites, because in that case an error message appears, this seems to be related to the infrastructure of the UAE, which apparently reroutes everything through their own "fake" internet.
Apparently new servers with their own IP are not recognized (yet?) by the UAE infrastructure, while shared hosting solutions seeing that they operates tons of other websites are more likely to be part of the UAE network.
Now my questions are:
1) Has someone a real explanation for this? The only thing I can think of is that the server is on a new IP that is not yet recognized by the UAE, but that doesn't explain why it loads (even if after 2 minutes). I don't have any help from within the UAE as the only people that are "experts" are questionable companies that simply try to sell their own services.
2) If there is really some kind of block of new servers, is it possible to know before if a server is reachable from within the UAE, currently this is not a ns problem as even accessing the server with its IP result in a 2 minute wait.
3) Can it be that the problem lies somewhere else? There are some tests that I can perform? I'm not physically in the UAE, but I can ask the people there, or use teamviewer. Could it be some misconfiguration on the server (mind that the site works EVERYWHERE else in the world).
Thank you for ANY kind of help
Answer: Here is what's going on:
The two major ISPs in UAE, Etisalat and du, use SmartFilter by Secure Computing (now McAfee) to block content. This works by transparently proxying all users' web traffic through the filters.
What happens then: When a user requests a web site, the SmartFilter checks its local blacklist (for instance, in UAE, all sites ending in .il are blacklisted) then looks up its classification (e.g. politics, news, social media, games, etc.) to see if it's appropriate.
What happens is that new sites which have never been seen before are unclassified until someone at McAfee visits and classifies the site. This can take a few days. Companies and ISPs which use tools like SmartFilter can choose to allow or block unclassified sites, and it seems that here, they are blocked.
The other problem with proxies set up in this manner is that they must interfere with the end-to-end connection between a user and the remote site. This can and sometimes does result in performance problems which are difficult to resolve. You may have a lot of difficulty finding the responsible person at the ISP who can actually help to resolve these sorts of issues.
Services other than web sites (HTTP) can be interfered with in other ways, as well.

To resolve the issue, set up a VPN between your corporate network in UAE and a server in another country without censorship, the sole purpose of which is to carry your company Internet traffic.
Answer: There are many possibilities to this issue. Please go through basic checklist to get some clue/workaround for dns/network related issue.
If you are using Linux...

To observe routing to domain  [For Windows use tracert example.com instead.]

$ traceroute example.com

Measure latency & packet drops.

$ ping example.com

To see detailed DNS information.

$ dig any example.com [For Windows use nslookup example.com instead.]

Net Tool 5 facilitates various network related operations. (Windows)
To check Server's response time from various location across the world.

http://www.just-ping.com/?vh=example.com

Check DNS Resolver used in UAE based system, if it is of local ISP, change it to below open resolver and check connectivity.

Google DNS - 126.96.36.199
OpenDNS - 18.104.22.168

Moreover, you should check connectivity to website by using VPN and Proxy from UAE based system.


Canon rebel t3i manual mode

Question: How do I make the photo brighter in manual mode?
When I prepare to take a photo in manual mode it is very hard to see the subject after I take the photo it is all black. Indoor and outdoor
Comment: And you might want to pick up an introductory photography book. Not that we can't help you here, but there are a lot of really quick basics that you can get past with a book like [Michael Freeman's Photo School Fundamentals: Exposure, Light & Lighting, Composition](http://www.amazon.com/Michael-Freemans-Photo-School-Fundamentals/dp/041583578X)
Answer: Manual mode is just that - entirely manual. In any other mode, the camera is doing something to try and get a proper exposure. In Manual, the camera leaves everything up to you, but it gives you a light meter to help you.
The light meter shows up in the viewfinder. It looks a bit like  -.....|.....+ with a little tick underneath. If the tick is to the left of the centre bar, the shot will be underexposed (darker). If the tick is to the right, it will be overexposed (brighter). A correct exposure (though not necessarily creatively 'right' for what you want to do) is right in the middle.
You can adjust three things to vary exposure:

Aperture - this is the 'f number'. A lower f number means the aperture is wider, which lets more light in to hit the sensor.
Shutter speed - this is usually represented by a fraction of a second, like 1/60 or 1/200. The longer the shutter is open for, the more light hits the sensor.
ISO - this is the sensitivity of the sensor. The more sensitive the sensor, the brighter the shot (assuming you don't compensate by adjusting the other two parameters)

Each of these has trade offs. Opening the aperture means you will have a shallower depth of field (area of focus). Slower shutter speeds mean anything moving will blur. Higher ISOs add noise (graininess) to the shot. So you have to make a decision based on these factors.
As you adjust any of these, note the effect on the tick on the light meter. If your meter is showing underexposure and you open up the aperture, you will see the tick move towards the centre of the meter, and so on.
Answer: There are several things you could do to fix this. In no particular order:

Lower your shutter speed. This leaves the shutter open longer, allowing more light to enter. (E.G. go from 1/20 to 1/2)
Open your aperture farther. This allows more light to enter by essentially increasing the opening in the lens. (E.G. f/2.8 to f/1.8)
Increase your ISO. Change your ISO to a higher number. This will add some noise to your photo but as long as you aren't at super high ISO, you shouldn't notice it.

Hope this helps!
Comment: When in manual mode, it's going to take a few trial and error shots to figure the correct settings since the camera isn't automatically adjusting the shutter or the aperture for you as it would in AV, TV or some other AUTO mode.

Canon rebel t3i manual mode


League/Ranking table link

Question: Why don't we have the link to the league table on the user profile page? Y'know, in the right corner, just above the histogram (like we have it on Stackoverflow)? Or is there another place on WP where there's a link to the league tables?
Answer: Nice catch!
For those who don't follow, this is what the rep section of your profile looks on SO (and MSO):

Clicking on the link sends me here. Your results may vary.
And this is what it looks like here (and all non-SO sites I checked including Super User):

I have no idea why. This may be a good question to ask on MSO. It may even be a bug.
At any rate, if you want to check out your ranking in the league, you can visit this page. That is for the weekly version, but you can see whatever you want with the handy dropdown.
Comment: Thanks jmac. I've [asked the same question](http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/228170/league-ranking-link) on MSO like you recommended. I'm going to stay my hand for a bit and if no one shows up with an explanation, you'll get my acceptance.
Answer: This was a bug. It somehow got turned off accidentally, but it should be working again now. Thanks for the report!

Turns out this was an expensive thing to calculate; we need to do some optimizing before turning it back on.
Comment: 'Should be working' - but if it isn't, what might be the reason? And I tried it with IE 9 and Chrome.
Comment: @thursdaysgeek Sorry, I commented on the MSO thread and forgot to update here as well. We had it turned back on, and then discovered it was very expensive to calculate for every single user on every single site. It's been turned off until we can figure out a way to optimize that.
Comment: How about a link there, instead of the ranking, so only if the link is clicked is the ranking calculated.  That would reduce the requests significantly.

League/Ranking table link


How to filter out post from a category not its subcategory in wordpress dashboard

Question: I have a category named "SERVICES" and I  have added three subcategories for "SERVICES" category. I have added three posts for the category "SERVICES" and several posts for the subcategories. Some of my posts don't belong to the category "SERVICES" but only belong to the subcategories of "SERVICES" but when I am choosing "SERVICES" category from the dropdown in the post list page and trying to filter the posts, I am getting all the posts from the subcategories also. I just need the posts from the category itself not its subcategories. Is there any way to do the same.
Comment: Possible duplicate of [Exclude sub category posts from category display](http://wordpress.stackexchange.com/questions/136486/exclude-sub-category-posts-from-category-display)
Comment: Hello @cybmeta It isn't the duplicate of the post that you are showing me. I know how to deal category subcategory in the frontend. what I have asked here is how to do it in the backend where we filter the post according to the category. Its for making the backend user friendly for my client. I have edited my question and added where I want that thing to work.
Comment: Just click on any category in the list table, and you got posts only of that category.
Comment: Hi @Mayeenul. Yes I am getting that but along with it I am also getting the posts from the subcategories which I want to avoid. I have some posts that are just under the subcategories and they are getting shown. How to just get posts from the category itself and not its subcategories ????  Please Help:(
Comment: *How to just get posts from the category itself and not its subcategories ???? :(* - If so, I think @cybmeta is right then. :)
Comment: Sorry but I want it in the "DASHBOARD" not in the frontend . I am talking about how to filter posts from the category itself and not its subcategories in the  wordpress dashboard. When I select a category from the dropdown and press filter button I also get posts from its subcategories. I want to avoid that . Is there any way to do that my friend @MayeenulIslam ??? I am looking for a way to customize the backend
Comment: @DesignerCoder I think that's the code customizing the back end. :(
Comment: Ok thanks for pointing that out @MayeenulIslam. I tried it but it wasn't working. I will try it once again and let you know. :)
Answer: It's all about the pre_get_post hook where you can affect the Wp_Query instance. Here is a quick approach:
<?php # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

/**
 * Plugin Name: Post list table discrete category filter
 */

namespace Wpse211851;

use
    WP_Query;

add_action( 'load-edit.php', __NAMESPACE__ . '\register' );

/**
 * @wp-hook load-edit.php
 *
 * register the hook on pre_get_post
 */
function register() {

    if ( ! isset( $_GET[ 'cat' ] ) || 0 === (int) $_GET[ 'cat' ] )
        return;

    add_filter( 'pre_get_posts', __NAMESPACE__ . '\discrete_category_tax_query' );
}

/**
 * Change the tax query according to the request
 *
 * @param WP_Query $query
 */
function discrete_category_tax_query( \WP_Query $query ) {

    if ( ! $query->is_main_query() )
        return;

    $query_args = array(
        'taxonomy'         => 'category',
        'field'            => 'term_id',
        'terms'            => [ (int) $_GET[ 'cat' ] ],
        'include_children' => FALSE
    );

    /**
     * append a tax query to an existing WP_Query object
     * @link http://wordpress.stackexchange.com/a/98143/31323
     */
    $query->tax_query->queries[] = $query_args;
    $query->query_vars[ 'tax_query' ] = $query->tax_query->queries;
}

The function discrete_category_tax_query() updates the main Wp_Query instance in a way that the tax query is replaced by completely new parameter. These will query for the exact category excluding any child terms.
However, this will break any other tax query that might be requested and is therefore just a example on how to change the query on admin pages.
A more solid solution should merge the new tax query parameter with any possibly existing ones!
Comment: Thank You Sir @david. It has started to answer my question but I am getting the following errors.`
Warning: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, function 'contact_form' not found or invalid function name in C:\xampp\htdocs\b.a-wordpress\wp-includes\plugin.php on line 503

Warning: call_user_func_array() expects parameter 1 to be a valid callback, function 'register_my_menus' not found or invalid function name in C:\xampp\htdocs\b.a-wordpress\wp-includes\plugin.php on line 503`
Comment: Can you please point me what I must do next to remove this errors? A link to some resource will be highly helpful. Thanks for your precious time @David
Comment: In fact, it answers your question. Those error messages are a sign of that you're running some other plugins or a theme which is not the default one. One or more of these seems to cause the errors. Deactivate them, to find out who.


Is there an online site where all Prussian and German Census can be found?

Question: Like a bad beginner I had come across one census taken of the town called Angloh Germany in the Kirchham area in Passau region I believe. Anyway I long lost that link. I was hoping to see what family names and resided there that may have been my original ancestors. Ones that became Angloher.
Answer: You can find a listing of the census records that are available online in the FamilySearch Wiki article Germany Census.
The definitive work on German Census records is Roger Minert's book German census records 1816-1916 : the when, where, and how of a valuable genealogical resource. You can find more information and locate a copy using the links below.

Family History Library catalog entry
WorldCat catalog entry (use this to find in a library near you)
Family Roots Publishing book details & ordering information at the publisher's website

To make use of these references, you'll want to confirm the location. I looked up "Angloh" in the online Meyers Gazetteer and got one result for a farm name (not a town)  associated with Kircham (the Bezirkskommando for Kirchham is in Passau).
Understanding the place and the surrounding jurisdictions is important if you want to do a place search in the FamilySearch catalog.  It helps to know what records were created and where and for what purpose -- knowing this is crucial if you need to find out where the records might be held now, if they are not online.
For example: Kircham is listed in the online MeyersGaz as "Kirchham, Griesbach, Niederbayern, Bayern". To do a place search in the FamilySearch catalog, you'll need to reverse the jurisdictions to go from the largest to the smallest and search for:

Germany
Germany, Bayern
Germany, Bayern, Niederbayern

Use the information on the Detail page of Meyers Gazetteer to inform your place and keyword searches in the catalog.  The details tell you where to look to find various types of records.  The only census I was able to find with a quick search was under Niederbayern and the films showed the camera icon with a key, which usually means they are only available to view at a Family History Center.  I would be surprised to find these records online as German privacy laws can be very strict.
It might be time for you to do a review of your prior research to see where you found the information that sent you looking for that census record in Angloh long ago.  See the question Tracing Ancestor Back To Germany.  GeneJ's advice in this answer to avoid premature connectivitis syndrome (PCS) is wise:

Work from a time line on which you specify locations (and/or events).
  Pick the point on the timeline where you feel you have solid
  information; begin there. When you move from that point in time, think
  INCHWORM (rather than leapfrog).

Resources:

FamilySearch Wiki Article: Tracing Immigrant Origins
Joe Beine's German Roots: Resources for German Genealogy on the Internet
Guest Post at Genealogy Gems: German Census Records by James M. Beidler
YouTube: Step-By-Step Guide to MeyersGaz.org for German Genealogy by James M. Beidler
Comment: "Bezirkskommando" sounds unusual to me. Did you mean "Bezirksamt" like the administration of a district? In Germany Bezirk would rather be called Kreis I think. [Just saw that you cited that from Meyers Gazetteer.]
Comment: @nebulon42 That was copied directly from the Online MeyersGaz detail page for Kirchham: "BKdo Passau - The Bezirkskommando for Kirchham is in Passau. The Bezirkskommando is the District Military Command. You can look in the BKdo to find military records."  Perhaps language usage has changed in German since MeyersGaz was published (1912)?


Why needs a carrier signal on receiver (SSB)

Question: why does the receiver needs to add a carrier signal to the SSB signal?
I am new to ham radio and can't so much.
Answer: You need to add a carrier in order to perform envelope detection, which is the standard detector in most applications.
If no carrier is added, the signal envelope is centered around 0, so the detected output is full-wave rectified. The carrier adds a DC component to avoid the zero crossing of the envelope.
Answer: As Juancho already mentioned, adding a carrier to the signal is needed for envelope detection, one particular demodulation technique (which can be seen as locally converting the signal to an AM, or more precisely vestigial sideband, signal).
However, any SSB reciever, no matter how it is designed, must in some sense have a signal at the carrier frequency (or an intermediate frequency and the carrier frequency ± the IF). This is because the demodulator must, one way or another, translate the SSB signal from its original carrier frequency to zero (putting the "sideband" into audio frequencies), and in order to perform that translation, whether in electronics or in software, one must produce a signal at the frequency one is translating the signal by.
(At least, I haven't heard of any methods that don't have that as a component, and it's hard to see how something else could work — what defines the tuning frequency, if not a signal at that frequency or a known offset of it?)
Answer: The SSB signal needs to be converted to the audio range so that you can hear the modulation normally.  The carrier that you inject acts as a frequency reference, defining the translation of each RF frequency to an audio frequency (after detection).   If you are transmitting a 1 kHz tone at 14,200 kHz, upper sideband, you are sending a single frequency, 14,201 kHz.  The receiver needs to inject 14,200 kHz "carrier" so that you will end up with 1 kHz audio after detection.
Answer: SSB is typically demodulated by a "product detector" which, as its name implies, multiplies the incoming RF signal by a carrier signal. If the carrier signal is at the frequency which was used to create the SSB signal in a "balanced modulator" - a multiplying frequency mixer - the product detector output is the demodulated sideband energy.
Answer: As mentioned there are several way to demodulate SSB, but ALL of them that I am aware of need a "REFFERENCE" frequency (the carrier). How else will you differentiate between the various audio frequencies? How will you know if it is 100Hz or 1Khz or 10Khz? ONLY by refference to the carrier frequency can you properly demodulate SSB signals!


Injecting HTML Into A Stackexchange Site

Question: I am writing an application that injects some HTML into the page. I was wondering what the policy is for this. Is it ok or generally frowned upon?
Answer: People love this.  See all of the grease monkey scripts on meta:
https://meta.stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/greasemonkey
Answer: the only people that have anything to say about it are your users.
If your add-on succeeds it is ok, if it doesn't then they are probably frowning. ;-)
For a producer of  web content to frown upon an extension would be silly and would not typically be amongst your risks because

there is nothing they can do about it, legally or otherwise. The content is in the memory of the user's computer.
it would/could generate negative pr/opinion
more viscerally, it would be the epitome of petty and would be viewed as such. No one wants to be viewed such a way.
and ultimately, the goal is to get the content into the user's eyes. Extensions arguably can drive traffic and promote loyalty.
Answer: Policy wise, we don't restrict [app] behavior.
Obviously, we frown on malicious code or usage patterns... but I doubt anyone's going to ask for permission to do bad things.
In short, you're in the clear.


persists data in the datatable between postbacks in java( I am working in spring framework)

Question: When I display searched datas in the datatable and clicking a link in the datatable goes to another page and when I click the Browser back button It asks for resubmission.(ie; Resend).
I need to stay back in the datatables page from where I have clicked the link.
Answer: It's considered a good practice to follow the Redirect-after-POST pattern when submitting forms so that you can avoid the "Confirm Form Resubmission" case whenever the user presses the Back button.
I'm not familiar with how Spring MVC works, but the basic idea is, after the user submits the form and you process it, you redirect the user to the next url, which could be a success page, for example.
Here are some SO questions that might provide you with examples specifically for Spring MVC:

Spring - Redirect after POST (even with validation errors)
Spring 3.1 MVC - Form handling workflow best practice


Is there a recommended time to pause before transmitting, after changing to a new frequency?

Question: Does any aviation authority have a recommendation of how long to listen after changing to a new frequency before making a transmission?

source
Comment: It depends upon the frequency. Normally you wait a few seconds on a non-busy frequency. On a class B approach frequency if you don't hear anything for a few seconds then you need to check your radio etc.
Answer: I was always taught:

Change frequency
Give it a good 3 count
If no one is talking, transmit

The FAA just advises a pause as per the AIM [4-2-1] but gives no time specifically

a. Listen before you transmit. Many times you can get the information
  you want through ATIS or by monitoring the frequency. Except for a few
  situations where some frequency overlap occurs, if you hear someone
  else talking, the keying of your transmitter will be futile and you
  will probably jam their receivers causing them to repeat their call.
  If you have just changed frequencies, pause, listen, and make sure the
  frequency is clear.

You will also learn to anticipate the flow. For example if you hear a controller issue something you should expect to hear the aircraft read it back. Once you get a feel for the cadence of chatter you will have even less issues.
Comment: If you're on an arrival to Chicago or NYC during rush hour, you might spend 30 secs just waiting for any dead space at all to chime in.
Answer: My EASA compliant RT theory book states listen in for at least 5 seconds.
Whether that's a hard and fast regulation or a rule of thumb isn't stated, but the idea is you listen long enough to ensure nobody else is talking before opening your microphone.
Comment: Thx - I appreciate the intuitive logic and reference +1


Datasheet view for sql table?

Question: I would like to manipulate an sql table via web interface in sharepoint the same way I use datasheet view for SharePoint lists.
I would be interested in any kind of a non-commercial solution.
Or would the only possiblity be to open the sql table in a client (ms office) app?
Answer: You can do it via BCS. Check this out : http://blog.arjanfraaij.com/2011/07/sharepoint-2010-using-bcs-with-sql.html
Comment: BCS seems not support datasheet view(http://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/11158/external-content-type-limitations). What I'm after is the excel-style datasheet view where you can, for example, copy-paste cells to/from Excel multiple rows at a time.
Answer: Very Simple soltion connect the sql table to sharepoint using BCS you can do this easily in sharepoint designer. your interface will then be the same as a list
Comment: BCS doesn't seem to support the datasheet view (see above).

Datasheet view for sql table?


Placing Date before Title in Article Class in LaTeX

Question: I am writing an article in TeX and am using article class. I want the document date above its title, as in this case (the document is here). How can I do this in article class? Is there a way I can do it with a \maketitle command?
Comment: If you want to submit your article somewhere, check what format they want you to send in and if it even matters where the date is in *your* output.
Comment: @Johannes_B I get that. But that clearly was not what I was after. I am writing a draft of my paper and I just want it to appear in a certain style, purely according to my own tastes. Of course, when it goes to a journal, it's a diferent ballgame.
Answer: When you want to modify the behavior of some standard command, you have two options:  look for a package that does it, or redefine the command itself.  I'll follow the second option here.
The \maketitle command is defined in article.cls, so it might be worth looking at that there.  However, if you're going to be doing this more than once, it's probably worth designing your own class, or at least a command for a .sty file that you can use repeatedly.
The long story is that \maketitle uses another command, \@maketitle, internally, so you'll have to redefine that.  I'll leave it as an exercise for you to look into the current definition (remember that there are two different forms:  one when the titlepage option is used and one when it isn't), but I'd suggest you do something like the following:
\documentclass{article}
\makeatletter
\def\@maketitle{%
  \newpage
  \null
  \vskip 2em%
  \begin{flushleft}%
  \let \footnote \thanks
     {\normalsize Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis \par}
     {\normalsize Research Department Staff Report 328 \par}
     \vskip\baselineskip%
     {\normalsize Revised \@date \par}
     \vskip3\baselineskip%
     {\LARGE \textbf{\@title} \par}%
    \vskip\baselineskip%
     { \@author \par}%
    \vskip 1em%
    {\normalsize University of Minnesota \\ and Federal Reserve
      Bank of Minneapolis}%
  \end{flushleft}%
  \par
  \vskip 1.5em}
\makeatother
\title{Business Cycle Accounting}
\author{V.~V.~Chari}
\date{December 2006}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\end{document}

It might be that you'd like to define helper commands like \organization or \fedbranch to help automate this more.  But the above will give you this:

Which seems a reasonable facsimile of what you need.  Tweaking and automating this should be pretty straightforward.
Hope that helps!


Why are my water/radiator pipes whistling when I shut down the heating system?

Question: With winter coming up, I started to heat the house and for the first time the radiator pipes are starting to whistle when I heat and then shut down the system. I have a big house and I need to shut down the heating system regularly if I do not want to blow out my budget. I went in the basement to inspect the system and I saw that the bottom of my boiler is leaking: could this be the reason why the pipes are whistling or is the issue coming from an another source?
Answer: You might have air in the pipework to the radiators. You can bleed air from the system's heating circuit (usually a bleed valve is present at the highest point in the pipework)

and from individual radiators.

Details vary depending on which side of the planet you are standing.
Answer: You say that your boiler is leaking, but more likely you have water on the floor from your PRV(pressure release valve). Likely you have too much pressure in your system. If you have a pressure guage on the boiler, that should let you know. Somewhere on the pressure release valve should say the maximum pressure before it releases water from the system.
If you are below the release pressure, and you believe the guage is working. Your PRV may be defective. Replace it. It isn't a difficult thing to do, but you have to properly flush the system of water first, then properly refill when you are done.
If you are in fact at or above the release pressure, that would explain the puddle. In that case the question is why. Part of the answer is probably air in the system, as stated in the other question. Bleed all the radiators. If radiators higher up need bled again and again consider automatic bleeder valves/ screws on those radiators.
In my experience, the culprit here is the expansion tank. If it is an old style tank (Big likely strapped between joists in the basement), then you should turn off the system, then turn off the water flow to the expansion tank and drain it.


Can a Synthesist wear Boots of Speed and still have his eidolon make claw attacks with those feet?

Question: Can a Synthesist Summoner wear Boots of Speed and still have his eidolon make claw attacks with those feet?  While rational thought would say that wearing boots would cover up any claws on the hind legs, the wording for Synthesist states, "The synthesist wears the eidolon like translucent, living armor." So this would then be putting on a claw like armor over the summoner's boots??
Answer: You probably can.
It seems that it is intended that you can use your eidolons natural attacks regardless of any gear your character is wearing. As you noted, the Synthesist text states that "The synthesist wears the eidolon like translucent, living armor." I'd interpret this as wearing the eidolon, including his claws, over your normal gear. Thus allowing you to wear boots (or gloves or any other gear) and still make your claw attacks.
However
There is no RAW supporting that you can use the claws while "wearing" the eidolon, nor is there any RAW supporting that you can't. Thus, talk to your DM.
On a sidenote:
If your DM rules that you can't use the claw attacks because you are wearing boots, you could always try to get "Anklebands of Speed". They would still occupy the same magic item slot (feet), and thus cost the same amount, while not interfering with your claw attacks. Though this would technically be a custom magic item.
Answer: As long as you are humanoid, you shouldn't have a problem with the format of your hands and feet.

While wearable wondrous items typically resize themselves to fit a creature trying to wear them

From the description of Hand Slot on the magic item chapter, we got:

The hand slot consists of gauntlets, gloves, and other items that can be worn on the hands.
Anyone can use a hand slot wondrous item unless specified otherwise by the item's description.

Note that non-humanoids will have different body slots than humanoids. So they might not have hands. Your claws are natural weapons, but you still got your hands, which is the requirement for hand slot items.
So, unless the item's description disallow a character to wear it if they got claws, they are allowed to use it by the rules.


Send push notifications by limit per user

Question: I have configured multiple rules to send push notifications to multiple users with no limit (because push notifications does not provide any limit how much notifications system send to user). I would like send push notification to particular user with limit of 4 notification for some extent of time. If user get lot more notification he remove app from mobile or frustrate. Anybody have any idea how this can be achieved.
Answer: A simple way to do this is to add a user field. This field will keep track of the number of push notifications sent and will increment every time you send a new push notification to the user.
In your rule, add a condition that checks the value of the field and execute the actions if value <= 4.
Then, in the action part of the rule, increment the value of the field by one.
Comment: user field in which way you are talking about?
Comment: admin/config/people/accounts/fields
Comment: But also need to set time limit where within one hour 4 push notifications would be sent. Over it can send after one hour or two hours per user / token.
Comment: You can set a cron job or a rules scheduler to reset the value of the field to 0 every X hours


Who takes the photos for Groupon?

Question: I'm very inspired by Groupon's photography from all their advertisers. They are very clean, professional and elegant. How do they create such a personal photo for a business's advertisement? Do they actually have an on-call photographer or are these mostly stock photos?
Answer: It can be stock, or they will ask the company to supply an image, it depends.
I know this because I had a photographer friend who posted a Groupon and they didn't provide him enough time to produce a sample image, so instead they just posted a stock image. He was upset by this so he asked them to replace it with one of his own.
I am sure it is on a case by case basis, as some companies might not have great imagery to provide Groupon, while others(such as photographers) obviously would.
Answer: I can offer an extension to dpollitt's answer: Groupon approached a photographer friend to be on-call to take photos for them.
Answer: in addition, groupon has an in-house studio with a studio photographer, they also book models and build a library of stock photos of their own

Who takes the photos for Groupon?


If Tachyons exists, can they escape event horizon?

Question: I was just wondering that, Tachyons travel faster than the speed of light. So in theory, if Tachyons exists can they escape event horizon?
Comment: Tachyons don't actually move faster than light, see [this question and its answers](http://physics.stackexchange.com/q/166095/50583).
Comment: @Qmechanic: this is a perfectly valid question; rephrased: *Are there spacelike geodesics in Schwarzschild spacetime that cross the event horizon from within?*
Comment: @ACuriousMind: that's an ambiguity in terminology between field theory and relativity; relativistic tachyons travel faster than light by definition
Answer: So this problem depends on both the vacuum of field theory and the notion of the causal wedge in GR. In case of quantum mechanics, there exist particles such as tachyons which essentially travel outside of the light cone which is defined by GR and hence one would be justified in asking if whether a tachyon can escape a black hole.
However, a tachyon in a more formal field theoretic setting is essentially when the mass of some field $\phi$ $$m_\phi^2 < 0$$ in which case the field theory vacuum undergoes a spontaneous symmetry breaking and assumes a different value in terms of the expectation value of $m_\phi^2$. Now, if this field $\phi$ is what determines the vacuum structure of the black hole interior, which is unknown in a formal setting (see papers on the interior Hilbert space of the black hole and complementarity), then any tachyonic mode will lead to a phase transition and an instability in the vacuum. However, when we consider phase transition and black holes, I must point out that the way to define an instability is to construct the instability on the horizon and see if it obeys the correct thermodynamic properties at asymptotic infinity or the boundary of spacetime. So regarding tachyonic modes in the interior, I am quite in the dark.
So in a nutshell, creating a tachyon itself would lead to some form of a spontaneous phase transition in which the tachyonic mode no longer exists. So from a rigourous QFT + GR setting, I don't think tachyons exist the way it is portrayed in simpler QM models. So no, tachyons will not escape the horizon simply because the theory will not allow for them to exist.
Comment: This is the correct answer for tachyonic field excitation in QM. But not for the more simplistic notion of a tachyon point particle from special relativity.
Answer: I agree with what was said above. A Tachyon is simply a particle that travels faster then the speed of light. If it was just 1 m/s faster than light it would be a Tachyon. Yet if it was only 1 m/s faster it would definitely not escape from the point of an event horizon. It would have to be going way faster than light to escape from that point. There is no cap on how fast a Tachyon can move, so theoretically it can escape even a black hole if it was going fast enough. But that is IF Tachyons exist.
Comment: Something that is going even slightly faster than light, in one reference frame, is a spacelike curve that, for some other reference frame, is a point of time that can be interpreted as having infinite speed.


Does Devi bhagavatam contain interpolation?

Question: Does Devi bhagavatam contain interpolations?
Did anyone write a commentary on it?
Comment: @PashamVishnuVardhanGoud the last chapter. Chapter 7 is an additional chapter
Comment: Whether some text has interpolations or not is a difficult thing to determine. So, its possibly opinion based. The rest of the question is alright.
Comment: All texts we have today except probably the Vedas contain interpolation. Best example being Valmiki Ramayana
Comment: In which part of Ramayana as interpolation
Answer: It does. Imo every Purana contain atleast some interpolations.
Check verse 4:20:36-37:
"O King! When Mahādeva, being infatuated with Kāma, went into the forest of Bhṛgu and becoming naked, began to copulate, the ascetic Bhṛgu, seeing him in that state, exclaimed "O You are very shameless" and cursed Him thus :-- Let your penis drop off just now. Mahādeva, then to satisfy his thirst for passion, began to drink the water of the lake Amrita Vapī, dug by the Dānavas."
Then also these verse 7:39:21-30:
"To preserve My Commandments, I have created the Brāhmaṇa and the Kṣattriya castes. My secrets are all embodied in the Śrutis. For that reason, the words of the Śrutis are no doubt to be known and observed by the sages. O Mountain! When the Dharma (righteousness) declines and the Adharma (unrighteousness) reigns supreme, I then manifest Myself in the world as Sākambharī, Rāma, Kṛṣṇa and others. Therefore, the Devas, the preservers of the Vedas, and the Daityas, the destroyers of the Vedas are classified. Whoever does not practise according to the Vedas I have created many hells for their lessons. When the sinners hear of those hells, they get extremely terrified. The king should banish those stupid persons from his kingdom and the Brāhmins should not talk with them nor take them in their own lines nor when partaking of food, those who forsake the Vaidic Dharma and go for shelter to another Dharma. The Śāstras that are extant, as contrary to the Śrutis and Smritis, are all Tāmasa Śāstras, Mahādeva has framed these Vāma, Kāpālak, Kaulaks, Bhairava and such like Śastras for fascinating the people; else he has no object in framing them. Those Brāhmaṇs that were burnt up by the curses of Dakṣa, Śukra, Dadhīci and were banished from the path of the Vedas, it is for delivering them, step by step that Mahādeva has framed the five Āgamas, Śaiva, Vaiṣṇava, Śaura, Śātta and Gānapatya Śāstras."
These verses opposing agamas.

I noticed these only. I think this is done by someone who has misunderstandings about agamas and was biased towards vedas.
Namah Shivaay
Comment: @Sethu yes sir that's why i have listed it among interpolated verses. I don't think Maharshi Veda Vyas will write such things and even if he does, he would surely give solid reason for it. But even reason here is vague. So, it is interpolation by someone who had biased opinion and used to hate tantra.
Comment: @rudra sir even lord shankaracharya tells agamas are not truth bez agamas tells about dvaita .
Comment: Sir I think Devi Bhagavatam is wrong here. Because Tantras were there from beginning of cycle and Agamas arent just created to uplift Bramhins who were cursed by Shiva but to whole world and Non Dwijas. Vaishnavas say Pancharatra was indeed a part of Vedas and its open to all. Let me ask Ikshwaku sir and Rickross Sir and let you know
Comment: @Pasham ever heard of 64 Bhairav agamas?


Snapping vertex to face during proportional edit

Question: I have a human body object. I'm creating a new object that conforms to the surface of the body. I'm using "snap to face" to keep new vertices on the faces of the body object. I want to use proportional editing on the new object. Is there a way to keep all vertices attached to the faces? A plugin, perhaps?
Comment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljMePAmmxx4
Answer: Besides all the good suggestions that came so far, what comes closest to your question in my opinion is the project individual option of Blender. You need to set snapping to snap to face first to see the button. Then you can toggle this option on in the 3D Viewport (red square):

Now, all translation tools, move, rotate, scale, even with proportional editing, will snap the whole selection to other faces from the view you're looking at (hold down Ctrl to enable snapping of course):

Quick animation / comparison here:
Answer: Retopoflow for the win. It's technically a retopology tool, but its surface snapping tools allow it to do a lot more. This is where I got it.  https://cgcookiemarkets.com/all-products/retopoflow/
Comment: I wasn't trying to advertise or anything. Just telling you something that worked for me as the person who asked the question.


How does Conan know the names of Vodka and Gin in the anime?

Question: I watched the anime many times but in the first episode of Detective Conan, both Vodka and Gin never mentioned their names. But later as the series continues, it looks like he knows their names even before Haibara appeared in the series.
Answer: Conan never learned about their codenames in the anime due to the plot modification, which makes a big plothole.
Detective Conan World's Wiki stated:

The first season of Detective Conan rarely featured the Black Organization because the anime writers wanted to downplay their presence. Two of the episodes at least, were altered heavily in light of this:

Episode 5, The Shinkansen's Bomb Case: The episode replaces the two men who shrunk Conan with lookalikes unrelated to the Black Organization. In the manga version of this case, Conan runs into the real pair and learns their code names (Gin/Vodka in the Japanese Version, Melkior and Kaspar in the English Version). Their replacement creates a continuity error in Episode 54, Game Company Murder Case. Conan recognizes their code names when Tequila speaks to them, yet Conan never learned their code names in the anime version of events.

[...]

As already mentioned, in the manga version, Conan first learned about their codenames in "The Shinkansen's Bomb Case" (vol 4, files 4-6) where he ran into them inside the train.

There, using the microphone bug gadget by Professor Agasa, he eavesdropped on their conversation and learned about Gin and Vodka, their codenames.
Comment: Harley Hartwell tells Conan that Gin and Vodka are interested in him in Episode 48: Diplomat Murder Case (Part 2) at least they do in the English dub. It really confused me.

Add that info too?
Comment: @LateralTerminal... Heiji never mentions anything about Gin or Vodka in this episode... He didn't even know the truth about Conan's body or the black org until episode 58, so what you said can't happen in episode 48. And even in episode 58 when Conan tells him the truth, he never mentioned the codenames


How effective will a cooled mattress be for cooling down a baby?

Question: I'm trying to make a cooling device to used in hot areas for cooling down newborns. I'm planning to cool down the mattress to a temperature of 37C, how effective will such a system be to keep the body core temp to 37C?
I understand that the baby can not be analysed as a lumped body.
Thanks!
Comment: This might be more of a medical question than an engineering one. I've heard of NICUs using cooling blankets/mats that circulate chilled water to intentionally lower a newborn's body temperature. Laying on a body temp object (37C, 98.6F) does not really sound cooling to me. Certainly 37C air temp feels darn hot.
Answer: I've had a waterbed since 1981.  It is very effective at both cooling and heating one's body.  At 37C, a mattress would make you feel like you're being cooked.  At 27C, you'll feel like you're freezing.
I keep mine at around 30C, a little more in winter, a little less in summer, but either way, not much different.  The thermostat might not be accurate, so don't rely on those numbers.  The important point is that there is a very small Goldilocks zone.
It also helps to have a mattress pad, to provide some insulation to slow down the rate of heat transfer.  As I learned when I first got the bed, without it, the temperature has to be very precisely set, and even a slight variation will be noticeable, while anything more will be uncomfortable.
You might start with a comfortable swimming pool temperature and make it a few degrees warmer since heat generation from muscular activity won't be happening.
Answer: Answering just the engineering side of the question, not the medical.
Skin temperature is usually 3 to 6 degrees lower than the body's core, more like 32-33 centigrade, and not uniform over all areas of the body.
A cooled mattress has to be frequently replaced after it warms up, or be connected to a cooling system, like a water bed with cold water circulating in it as CableStay's comment mentions, and has to have a thermometer to stabilise its temperature.
Questions of safety and hygiene and maintenance make the design more involved.


Azor's paradox resonator

Question: If I have a least one Paradox Haze on the battlefield, and during my upkeep tap the Strionic Resonator targeting Azor's Elocutors upkeep ability, would the ability copy twice or would I need a second Resonator?
Comment: Tip: You could copy Paradox Haze's ability just as easily as the Elecutor's. This would allow you to benefit from multiple "At the beginning of your upkeep" abilities.
Comment: Good point slipt my mind I guess. Either option give the same result.
Answer: The ability would just copy once, and you would end up with a total of 3 filibuster counters after both upkeeps.
Paradox Haze gives you a second upkeep step. That just literally means that after one upkeep, another one happens. At the start of each of those 2 upkeep steps, Azor's ability will trigger, go on the stack, and resolve.
You activate Strionic Resonator during the first upkeep step or the second; either way there will be 1 copy of Azor's ability on the stack at that time, which you can target and copy.
To copy both of them for a total of 4 counters, you would need to also untap Strionic so you can use it a second time (or have another Strionic).
Comment: Would you have any good replacements for the resonator?  Aside from obviously more paradox haze on the field
Comment: @LordShadowheim there are plenty of things such as Voltaic Key that can untap the Resonator to let you use it again. That seems like one of the simplest ways.
Answer: Your Azor's Elocutors will end up with 3 filibuster counters.
The step by step of the interaction will work as follows:

It is the beginning of your turn. You have your untap step, you untap everything and proceed to the next step.
It is your Upkeep. Paradox haze triggers and will creates a second upkeep that we will get to later.
Azor's Elecutors triggers. The ability goes onto the stack.
You respond to Azor's Elecutors ability by tapping Strionic Resonator targeting the Azor's Elecutors "add a filibuster counter" ability on the stack. If the other player doesn't respond with effects of their own, the stack begins to resolve.
Strionic Resonator's copy ability resolves, there are now two "add a filibuster counter" abilities on the stack.
The copied "add a filibuster counter" ability resolves. Azor's Elecutors now has one filibuster counter.
The orginal "add a filibuster counter" ability resolves. Azor's Elecutors now has two filibuster counters.
End of 1st Upkeep. Because of Paradox Haze's ability you will get an additional Upkeep.
It is your second Upkeep of the turn. Paradox Haze dosen't trigger this time.
Azor's Elecutors triggers. The ability goes on the stack.
This time your Strionic Resontor is tapped so you can't copy it again.
Assuming no response from your opponent, Azor's Elecutors ability resolves. Azor's Elecutors now has two filibuster counters.
End of 2nd Upkeep. You proceed to your draw phase and the rest or your turn.

As you can see you only receive 3 filibuster counters total. This is because (from gatherer rulings):

Strionic Resonator targets a triggered ability that has triggered and is on the stack.

Strionic works by copying an ability that has already triggered, not by causing the ability to trigger twice. That is why Azor's Elecutors only ends up with 3 counters.
Comment: @Rainbolt whoops, you are correct, I misinterpreted the card as "get an additional upkeep after the first finishes" instead of "get an additional upkeep". Corrected now
Comment: Paradox Haze has a triggered ability, but it does not create a delayed triggered ability. It doesn't really matter in this case though, so good answer overall.

Azor's paradox resonator