Does sweet coffee exist?

Question: I am looking for a coffee type that is naturally sweet, like sugar snap peas. So there is no need to add sugar, when I drink it.
Comment: How long have you been drinking coffee?  I have never added sugar except to terrible diner coffee.  I wouldn't add sugar to coffee any more than I would add it to beer or wine....   I suggest a change of mental habit.  Fresh roast your coffee at home.  Get some green nicaraguan strictly high grown beans and roast them in a Behmor 1600 or something like that.  Then prepare in a filter press (behmor) or french vaccuum and prepare to taste real coffee for the first time.
Answer: This question is probably best answered in two directions:

If you feel the need to add sugar to your coffee, it may simply be that the coffee that you are drinking is not very good. Sugar makes a lot of things taste better in addition to the sweetness that it adds. There are many ways to improve the quality of your coffee, like buying better and fresher beans, grinding right before brewing instead of buying pre-ground coffee, etc. Whether any of that is feasible depends on your coffee drinking circumstances - e.g., if you need to use your office's drip coffee machine with the coffee bought by the kitchen management, there is not a lot that you can do.
If you want to add sweetness because you like it sweet, but you still want to avoid adding sugar for some reason, you can try the following:

There are a couple of coffee bean types that have a slightly sweet flavour. For example, I have a some "Starbucks 2015 Christmas Blend Espresso" here, which is described by the producer by "Cedar and herbal spiciness with an intense caramelly sweetness". When using the beans in a pump-driven espresso machine, the espresso indeed has some sweetness. But don't expect too much. Coffee is natually low-calorie, which means that there can only be a little bit of sweetness. There are some coffee types that are naturally sweeter than others. According to a book that I have, lightly roasted Arabica Bourbon coffee beans should have a "fine sweetness". Panama Volcan Baru Coffee is also listed as particularly sweet. Against, don't expect too much - "particularly sweet" means in comparison to other beans!
In case you prefer to drink your coffee with milk, you may want to switch to lactose-free milk. In that type of milk, the lactose has been split into shorter sugar molecules, which makes the milk taste quite sweet without a noticeable change in calories.
Comment: I can safely and subjectively answer that Kopi Luwak is not sweeter than Arabica Bourbon.
Comment: @Ludwik Good question. I have no clue how Kopi Luwak compares to bean types such as Arabica Bourbon (which are definitely cheaper) in terms of sweetness. Hopefully someone else roaming this site can give an answer.
Comment: Wasn't Kopi Luwak supposed to be naturally sweet?
Answer: Try Hawaiian Coffee or formerly known as Kona Coffee, it has sweet caramel taste to it.  It's expense at $7- $55 dollars, but make sure it's 100% pure Kona coffee or else it won't taste the same.
I recommend it, I buy it form the farmers Market from Dekalb County.
Comment: Interesting. I like Kona but have never considered to be sweet.
Answer: There are several coffee varieties that have a "sweeter" taster.
Varieties that have a delicate taste like Rhume Sudan, Geisha, Villa Sarchi, Montecristo, Bourbon, Maragogype will produce a sweeter cup when you apply a softer extraction (like a V60), and you use a light roast and natural or whiney processing.
However, as stated on another answer, coffee has very low calories and contains very few sugars, beside trace leftovers from the fruit during processing.  So don't expect a strong sweet taster, but rather a very subtle reminder of sweetness.
Answer: Plants growing at lower temperatures have a better chance to accumulate sugar in the cherry. As a rule of thumb, temperature lowers as elevation increases but at higher altitudes other flavour qualities are lost. Your best bet is finding places where altitude is not too high but climate conditions provide cooler climates. In Colombia, coffees from Nariño; Filandia, Risaralda or Oiba, Santander tend to be very sweet.
http://colombiancoffeehub.com/colcoffeehub/lecture-how-are-sugars-in-coffee-p_1467410
Answer: A few considerations when choosing a 'sweet' coffee..

I saw posted that lower elevation equals more sugar.  Lower elevation also typically signifies higher caffeine which is very bitter.
Look for light roasts with mild acidity.  Why light roasts?  Coffee beans coloration comes from Maillard reactions, a key component of which is sugar caramelization. While in your mind, caramel is sweet, raw sugar (sucrose for instance) is significantly more sweet than caramelized sugar.
Why low acidity?  While acidity isn't bad in a coffee, I feel like if you are trying to optimize sweetness, acidity detracts from perceived sweetness.

It's really difficult to say what origin is most sweet, but it may be a better approach to say what origins have flavor components that might help add to a perceived sweetness.  For me, I like a good Guatemalan or Ethiopian for a clean, brisk sweet cup of coffee.
One other note.. Espresso roasts 'should' be optimized to minimize acidity and bitterness while maintaining as much sweetness as possible.  You may find some espresso beans that will fit the bill for sweetness, but I still think you can find more sweet coffees at lower roast levels.
Answer: It depends on what kind of "sweetness" you're looking for. I don't think there are any naturally flavored coffees that will give you a white sugar kinda sweet, at least nothing that I have come across yet.
But I think that a lot of the Ethiopian coffees that are naturally processed give a really sweet taste. More like berries(blueberries and strawberries.)
Answer: Coffee by nature is a simi sweet. But once the gas escapes from the bean it turns bitter. So come up to my place. We will drive out to the plantation & have a few cups of natural sweet coffee.
Comment: This isn't really an answer. Are all coffee beans semi-sweet?  Are you saying that the roasting makes coffee bitter?

Does sweet coffee exist?


Where are the rules for crafting Skill Enchantment bonus items?

Question: I have been looking at guides for dramatically boosting a character's potential with a single skill. In addition to toolkits, I have found mention of Competence bonuses and Enchantment bonuses (or "Enhancement" maybe?), but I cannot find the actual costs of making the skill enchantment bonus items. I have seen many references to these bonuses but am failing to find the information needed to craft them.
Comment: [This question](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/q/59060/8610) and [this question](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/q/98619/8610) may also be of interest.
Answer: The guidelines for creating magic items are just that, guidelines, which in this case means they explicitly state that every potential item you might make has to be specifically approved by the DM. You can't just assume you can make whatever you want, or at the price indicated, because the guidelines do not provide a complete, fool-proof system, only suggestions and starting points.
That said, Table: Estimating Magic Item Gold Piece Values does include this:

Effect
Base Price
Example

Skill bonus (competence)
Bonus squared × 100 gp
Cloak of elvenkind

This implies that you can keep increasing that bonus, and as long as you can afford b2 × 100 gp, you can have it. As noted above, that's not really the case.
Also note that Epic Levels Handbook defines any item worth 200,000 gp or more as an epic item, and also any item that grants an enhancement bonus to a skill of greater than +30. (Despite this, Estimating Magic Item Gold Piece Values does not include enhancement bonuses to skills.) Fitting within the 200,000 gp cap means you cannot have a competence bonus larger than +44.
Realistically, most DMs are going to want to cap it far, far sooner than that, just so you can't trivially buy all the skills in the game. In the core game, there are a select few high-competence-bonus items (robe of blending grants +10 to Hide while you wear it; salve of slipperiness offers +20 to Escape Artist for up to 8 hours), but most are limited to +5.
Comment: And of course, any item granting the benefits of the Glibness spell (+30 Bluff to convince another that you speak truthfully) :/
Answer: The Table
I believe the table you're looking for is Table 7-33 Estimating Magic Item Gold Piece Values on PHB 285. The two rows you're interested in are

\begin{array}{l|l|l}
\textbf{Effect} & \textbf{Base Price} & \textbf{Example} \\ \hline
\text{Ability bonus (Enhancement)} & \text{Bonus squared} \times 1000\text{ gp} & \textit{Gloves of Dexterity +2}\\
\text{Skill bonus (competence)} & \text{Bonus squared} \times 100\text{ gp} & \textit{Cloak of elvenkind} \\
\end{array}

I don't believe there is any magic item (in the core rule books, anyway) that directly provides an Enhancement or Enchantment bonus to a skill.
However, all skills are based on an attribute (strength, dexterity, constitution, intelligence, wisdom, or charisma). An Enhancement bonus to that stat (say, a +2 Cloak of Charisma) will provide a boost to skills based on that attribute (for Charisma, say, Diplomacy) as if your attribute were naturally that much higher.
Crafting
If you're interested in crafting these items yourself, check out the PHB's Feats section for feats such as Forge Ring (PHB 94) or Craft Wondrous Item (PHB 92). The cost to create an item is 1/1000 item price in days, 1/25 item price in XP, and 1/2 item price in GP for materials.
There are also special requirements for some items; namely, for the competence bonus items, the creator must have ranks in the skill equal to the bonus the item will grant.
Comment: In particular, I am looking for enhancement bonuses, not competence bonuses. Because I want to be able to stack the two.
Comment: @KaitoX Thanks for the clarification; not sure how I misread that. Also, welcome to the site!


Square vs Round pad

Question: I'm curious why PCBs have one square pad in row for 0.1" headers.
What is purpose of putting one square pad? What it indicates? Can you push more amps through square pad than round?
Answer: This is to identify which pin is "pin 1".
In the case of a single-row header with no orientation key, this might not really matter, but the layout tool might do this by default and the designer didn't think to turn it off.
If this were to be used with a connector that does have an orientation key, I'd much rather also have a pin 1 indicator in silkscreen, so that the orientation can be checked after the connector is loaded (and without having to flip the board over).

Can you push more amps through square pad than round?

No, it won't cause any significant difference on the circuit performance.
(As pointed out in comments, for an RF or high-voltage application you might need to consider more carefully before using this method of orientation marking)
Comment: Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been [moved to chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/89450/discussion-on-answer-by-the-photon-square-vs-round-pad).
Answer: Not a standard, but it's useful to mark where pin 1 is. This might be useful if you don't have a silkscreen, but you wish to mark the orientation of the socket.
Comment: @SilvioCro Why not? Looking at a picture of the Nano (and some knockoffs), the TX1 pin is usually square, so you could work out the orientation based on that.
Comment: But in case with Arduino Nano(for example), it doesn't help.
Comment: @SilvioCro, It is a common practice, most PCB software / manufacturer prefer this and since it doesn't change much electronically (except RF), it is fine to just add it
Answer: It is there to mark the location of a specific pin (mostly pin 1). It helps in deciding the orientation in which a component should be placed.
No you can't push more amps through the square pad. Check to see if the trace running to that pad is wider than the other traces, if not than it is similar to the others.
The square pad doesn't make a electronic difference when compared to round pads.
Answer: It indicates the location of pin 1

Square vs Round pad


Stereochemistry of Gabriel Synthesis

Question: I read that the primary amine product of Gabriel Synthesis is a racemic mixture. However, when analyzing the reaction the stereochemical step(s) are all $S_N2$. Thus, I figured if you are careful you can track the stereochemistry of the (or both) $S_N2$ reaction(s). Can anyone clarify this for me?
Comment: As far as I remember, the Gabriel reaction transforms  *primary* haloalkanes into *primary* amines.  How do you attribute absolute configuration on a primary haloalkane of type $\ce{R-CH2-Br}$ to the Carbon atom just adjacent to the one of Bromine?
Comment: @Buttonwood It works for secondary haloalkanes as well. For example, people use it to make amino acids which are secondary amines (with the exception of glycine).
Comment: @Cocmos So far, my association with the synthesis of amino acids was the Strecker synthesis.  Revisiting the Gabriel synthesis again, I found indeed an entry relevant to your welcomed comment, used in an answer below.  The preparation of glycine with phtalimide, as outline in the *Polish* wikipedia about the same topic, indeed differs in its procedure.
Answer: The lower part of the Dutch wikipedia about the Gabrielsynthese indeed displays an example where this reaction is carried out to yield a secondary amine:

The original publication (DOI: 10.1021/jm9804376, J. Med. Chem., 1999, 42, 593-600) equally includes similar conversions with racemic secondary substrates like (R/S)-($\pm$)-1-methylpentyl bromide to yield (R/S)-($\pm$)-N-(1-methylpentyl)phthalimide which in turn was then converted into (R/S)-($\pm$)-(1-methylpentyl)amine hydrochloride.

Stereochemistry of Gabriel Synthesis


Why bigger search field and large menu bar?

Question: I am aware of the recent trends that are going in practice but whats the impact of it to the users. In recent years designers have been using big search field and the navigation bars have been increased respectively. Usually we can see block lists rather than inline lists for the navigation.
How does this big search field and block list for navigation makes an positive impact to the user?
I have attached an image of the recent trend that have been used in one of the template.
Answer: one reason for this is spike in usage of mobile and tablet over the past several years. so whenever websites are designed and built, a big factor to consider if they are mobile/tablet friendly, if the controls are touch friendly.
Comment: my school does this(the search bar) for that reason(tables/phones), responsive design.
Answer: Yes, true. from user experience point of view the large 'Search Block' gives user enough space to use the appropriate words for the search , also screens differ from smaller phones to big screens so giving a user broad area to enter its search and making it provident enough to surf through your product page. [since grids differ screen wise]
Menu again follow is one of the important feature for retail oriented sites where need to emphasize more on attracting user's attention towards their 'Menu' & emphasizing them to explore more and in a convenient manner. Again, Views change for Menu from Mobiles to desktops. Also gives a neat look , less is good, desirable. This is my point of view on using large menu bar and bigger search bar.
Answer: I think the decision to prioritize site search is directly tied to it  outperforming traditional navigation schemes in both user experience and bottom-line conversion rates. Keep in mind I do not believe that every big search box was a data-driven decision on behalf of the designer -  but I do think this is where it originated.
This is especially true when deploying rich search interfaces that go beyond simple type ahead and try to expose results as the user types. Example from Home Depot:

Many sites have also employed faceted navigation (also called "dynamic navigation" or "faceted search" to provide users with the ability to filter results after the query is provided. This is the best of both worlds  because it crafts a navigation scheme on-the-fly specific to what the user is looking for. Imagine the difference  of exploring the full Home Depot site map versus just the departments or products relevant to what you are looking for. BestBuy is a solid example of this. Notice how the left filtering options change for different product families:
Routers: http://grif.gd/bb-routers
Refridgerators: http://grif.gd/bb-fridge
Playstation: http://grif.gd/bb-playstation


What order to texture a 3d object?

Question: I have been trying to learn blender. I've created a 3d model for Skyrim, and now I need to texture it. There are videos all over the place about texturing and mapping and it goes on and on. Where is the beginning point? What do I do first? Do I need to make a normal map first? Or the Texture? I can't find anything about the right order of doing these things, just a bunch of videos seemingly starting at the half way point, or somewhere along the process. Can anyone point me in a direction? Also, I'm very confused about scaling the object. I've already posted a question about it but I'm gonna ask here anyway. How do I know if my 3d model is the same size as the one I'm going to replace in game? How do I check the actual size of the object? I don't want a soul gem as large as a house.
Answer: I've been through your frustration - thought a step by step 'walk- through' might also help...

Texturing for Newbies -

Start up Blender with the default cube.
Select it with RMB. (Right mouse button)
at the right there is a horizontal line of icons. (If not press SHIFT-SPACE)
Select the little cube icon to confirm you've selected the cube in the 3D window.
Move further right to the little brown ball icon. (material properties)
Select that and press the "New" button.  That will create a material slot for the cube which will be given the default slot name "Material" strangely enough.  You can rename this if desired.
Move one top icon to the right select that. Its a tiny little checkered square.
(and this is where the story really starts!)
Press the "New" button below and that to create a texture slot for the 'Material' slot you created just prior.  By an amzing coincidence this slot is given the title "Texture".  You can rename that too if you're so inclined.
Immediately under the new title you can see that it's defaulted to
"Image or Movie"
Scroll down and open the tab called "Image".  It's probably open already by default.
Click on "Open" and select an image file in your machine.
Chances are nothing is going to be seen straight off, but the image should appear up top where you created the slot.
Close the image tab for now.  You don't want too much clutter.
Go down further and open the "Mapping" tab.  It's probably open already.
For a security blanket, select "Generated" instead of the default UV option so you can see your image appearing correctly on the top and bottom of the cube.  The sides however will probably be just coloured lines.
This is because we need to map the image for each and every side of the cube.
Change the "Generated" option back to "UV".
At the top right of the 3D window, drag down a new window, which should be a duplicate of the 3D view.
Go to the lower one one and expand it's icon at bottom left, select -
"UV Image Editor".
At the UV editor's lower border, expand the menus at left-of-center and select your image.  It might be the only one listed.  When you select this, it will appear large as life in the editor.
Place your mouse cursor back in the 3D window and with the cube still selected, get into "Edit" mode. (TAB)
In Edit mode press CTL-TAB and select "Face".  All faces should be highlited.  If they're not, press A.
At the bottom border of the window click on "Mesh", then "UV Unwrap", then "UV unwrap" a second time.
Presto!!!  Your texture should appear at all sides of the cube!

When a contiguous texture is required, you could try "Smart Unwrapping"
and in fact experiment with all the unwrap options.  For now stick to what you've got.
Reflective light called 'Specular' can upset texturing at times, so try turning this off or reducing it to see the effect,  Get back to the top icons, select the Material icon again. (little brown ball)
Just below the diffuse slot is the "Specular" one.  Drag it's slider back to zero for now.
Under the "shading" tab just below that, click on the "Shadeless" box.  That can brighten up surfaces markedly.
-=========-
It could be that the images are all topsy turvy, however each of the cube's surface images can be adjusted and rotated from the UV editor without affecting the cube's geometry itself.
From the 3D window, make sure you're still in edit mode and select a single face.  Go to the UV editor's lower border and two icons on from the "View" option is an icon that when highlited, will keep the 3D window's surface selections in synch with those highlited in the UV editor, and vice versa.  Click on that to highlite.
The image in the editor should also glow.  That's the surface that's going to be affected by what you do next.
Place the cursor in the UV editor and press R.  Drag the image around to the desired angle.  Typing R90 will (would you believe?) rotate the image 90 degrees, R180, 180 degrees.
You'll notice that the UV editor works in 2D.  X & Y axis only.
You can also scale images by pressing S and move the mouse without dragging.
SX, SY will scale surfaces in the X or Y axis respectively.  Make sure you're in the UV editor each time!!!
GX and GY will "Grab" an image and drag ts in those axis also.  Just pressing G will drag it around as you like.

and that I hope, will get you going -
Comment: I appreciate all that info. For the past few days I've watched a lot of videos and tried some new things. I have successfully created several 3d models, imported a mesh from skyrim, edited it, then added some nice looking materials to them. They look great in render mode, but now I'm trying to figure out how to improt them into Skyrim. Nifskope seems to be a reasonable solution, but all the info I'm finding is dated. A whole new ball game now. Lol. If Skyrim doesn't like my models, then I'm screwed. I'm stumped for now.
Answer: I'm not very good at texturing myself, but there are a few good tutorials that might be able to help you. I recommend these few:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W07H7xeUnGE,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jJGBzAxXKo, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzXNZkEoTAk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=repqy81Gs84 (Yes, I know most of these are by Blender Guru.) Hope these tutorials help solve your problem!
Comment: Okay, well today I managed tomake some normal maps, I can't tell you id they will look good in the game, but theyare completed. Now I'm trying to figure out how to make my uv or color maps. I have the colors, and made them translucent in gimp, they look good in cycles render with the scene and background set up. I would be happy if I can get those results in game. I know the glassy textures are easy, I know how to compress the, I just need to know how to map them. Then I need to make sure they are Exported right for NifSkope.

What order to texture a 3d object?


UIToolBar single View Controllers vs Multiple View Controllers

Question: I am using a UIToolBar with multiple UIButtonItems. These button items need to bring up a modal view controller(VC) for setting parameters via pickers sliders etc.
The question is do I use a single VC for all the button items vs separate VCs for each button ?
Right now I am using only one and bringing the proper subview to front hiding others etc but it seems to be getting tedious particularly with differing nav bar headings, view sizes etc.
So what is the right way - a single VC or separate vc for each UIButtonItem on the UIToolBar ?
Answer: You should be using a UINavigationController and pushing new view controllers onto the navigation stack as you need them, and popping them off when you're done. This allows you to separate your functionality into separate discrete components which is helpful for code organization as well as adhering more closely to Apple's guidelines provided in the HIG.
I would definitely suggest breaking it out into separate view controllers.


How to find address of building in New York State censuses (1870, St Lawrence, USA)?

Question: Is there a way to know what address is dwelling #1847 in the St-Lawrence 1870 census ?
ref question : How to find death record from late 19th century New York (State)?
Comment: Edited to add the link to the census household at FamilySearch.org.  Oswegatchie, Saint Lawrence, New York; Post Office is Ogdensburg.
Comment: Ancestry.com reports that the 1875 New York State Census is missing several counties, including St. Lawrence. :(  The earliest City Directory on Ancestry.com for Ogdensburg is 1882.
Comment: Edited to change the word 'house' to 'dwelling' and 'building' because three families are enumerated there.  It might not be a single-family house; it could be a duplex or four-unit apartment building.
Comment: Fron the instructions "Property.-Column 8 will contain the value of all real estate owned by the person enumerated, without any deduction on account of mortgage or other incumbrance, whether within or without the census subdivision or the country. The value meant is the full market value, known or estimated." https://usa.ipums.org/usa/voliii/inst1870.shtml Nothing is recorded for this question so the family shown are probably renters and not owners.  No help cross-checking the head of household in property tax records.
Answer: The Bean household may have been living on Gates Street in Ogdensburg.
Although the Bean family seem to be renters (per Jan Murphy's analysis), I checked adjacent census pages in case one of the near neighbours had real estate values marked and could be used to pin-point an address. (I looked only one page either side because of the likelihood that the enumerator's sequence could turn street corners and jump and backtrack).
Not many to chose from: But Dwelling 1850, household 1898 on Page 261 (following sheet), head Timothy McCormic, has value 6000 marked.
He is still in Ogdensburg, on Gates Street, Ogdensburg Ward 2

in the 1880 census (Gates Street, but missing house number)
http://www.ancestry.com/s48558/t22800/rd.ashx?dbid=6742&iid=4243470-00403
(indexed as Timothy Mc Ormick at both ancestry and familysearch)
in the 1900 census (address 10 Gates Street)
https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-267-11929-75303-49?cc=1325221
(mis-indexed as Kennedy Mccormick at both ancestry and familysearch, corrected at ancestry)
in the 1905 New York census (address 10 Gates Street)
https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-266-12042-34998-59?cc=1463113

Timothy is also found in earlier federal censuses (no street addresses, though) but the earlier state censuses for St Lawrence County are missing. It may be possible to determine his address in 1870 by means of property records, in case he did move between 1870 and 1880.
And the Beans would have been almost next door.
Answer: Since the 1870 Census did not record house numbers or street addresses, the address needs to be found by other means.  From the instructions:

Property.-Column 8 will contain the value of all real estate owned by
  the person enumerated, without any deduction on account of mortgage or
  other incumbrance, whether within or without the census subdivision or
  the country. The value meant is the full market value, known or
  estimated.

Nothing is recorded for this question so the family shown are probably renters and not owners. It will probably be no help cross-checking the head of household in property tax records, but I would undertake the search anyway as part of making an exhaustive search.
As bgwiehle has shown, the next step is to look for people nearby in the census who own their homes.  In the U.S. City Directories on Ancestry, the earliest directory that is named as being for Ogdensburg is 1882.  Timothy McCormick, carpenter, is listed at "Gates n(ear) Ford Ave".
[Archibald Bean is not listed in that directory; Joseph Bean, commercial agent, is listed at "Congress n'r Jersey Ave" and there are a few other listings under the surname Bean, none on Gates Avenue.  But this is a digression because this information doesn't answer the question of where the Bean family was in 1870.]
It might be possible, if enough other home owners and long-term renters are nearby, to repeat the process bgwiehle demonstrated and place other families on the map to get more clues.  Be sure to look at the front pages of any city directory you can find.  New England directories sometimes have a section called a Street Directory which lists all the streets and the house numbers where the cross streets intersect.  If you can find a similar reference for Ogdensburg that might help you narrow things down to a small range of city blocks.  The 1882 directory says that Gates runs from "Lake to Monroe Avenue" and Ford Avenue runs "from Main, southerly" (image 12 of 47 on Ancestry.com) but does not give street numbers.
The Ancestry Wiki article Census Indexes and Finding Aids says:

historian Keith Schlesinger devised a system to locate individuals
  overlooked by Soundex and other indexing processes. Schlesinger
  gleaned addresses from city directories, which he found both accurate
  and accessible, then plotted them on maps of census enumeration
  districts, which followed the boundaries of voting precincts in most
  cities. By narrowing the search for a non-indexed individual to one or
  two enumeration districts, this resource permits the researcher to
  escape the confinement of the Soundex. The technique is described in
  Keith Schlesinger's and Peggy Tuck Sinko's "Urban Finding Aid for
  Manuscript Census Searches." National Genealogical Society Quarterly 69
  (September 1981): 171–80.

When making this kind of study, I check the One-Step Webpages by Stephen P. Morse for possible Street Name Changes (in this case, no page exists for Ogdensburg, NY), and I look for historical maps like property ownership maps, insurance maps, and maps found in materials contemporary to the census like maps in the front of city directories.  State Archives, State Libraries, and the libraries at the bigger universities and colleges within the state are a good place to look for historical maps -- some states have good online digital collections with maps that can be downloaded.  The David Rumsey historical map collection is another good source for historical maps.
bgwhiele has already narrowed it down to a specific street, so you may not need to look at a wide area.  For researchers who do need to start with a large area and narrow the search, there are several references that will help determine the outside boundary of a search area.
The standard reference for the US Federal Census is Map Guide to the U.S. Federal Censuses, 1790–1920 by William Thorndale and William Dollarhide.  The publisher describes it as follows:

This work shows all U.S.
  county boundaries from 1790 to 1920. On each of the nearly 400 maps
  the old county lines are superimposed over the modern ones to
  highlight the boundary changes at ten-year intervals. Also included
  are (1) a history of census growth; (2) the technical facts about each
  census; (3) a discussion of census accuracy; (4) an essay on available
  sources for each state's old county lines; and (5) a statement with
  each map indicating which county census lines exist and which are
  lost. Then there is an index listing all present-day counties, plus
  nearly all defunct counties or counties later re-named.
With each map there is data on boundary changes, notes about the
  census, and locality finding keys. There also are inset maps that
  clarify territorial lines, a state-by-state bibliography of sources,
  and an appendix outlining pitfalls in mapping county boundaries.

A good overview of the modern system of numbering the census districts can be found in this article from Prologue Magazine: "Plans of Division": Describing the Enumeration Districts of the 1930 Census by Claire Prechtel-Kluskens. Unfortunately, the numbering of census districts began in the 1880 Census, which is too late for this question.  The author says:

The numbering and arrangement of enumeration districts evolved over
  time. For the 1790 through 1870 censuses, the EDs were not numbered
  and consisted of large areas that included many MCDs.

The MCD is:

(a) minor civil division (MCD) or an incorporated place. The bureau used
  the term "minor civil division" to describe the political subdivision
  unit below the county level (such as cities, towns, villages,
  precincts, and townships), since the name for that unit varies widely
  throughout the United States.

The descriptions of the districts are found on NARA microfilm T1224 (1870 is on Roll 3).  The section titled Table 2. ED Descriptions, 1830-90, in T1224 says:

The title of T1224 contains a misnomer because EDs, strictly defined,
  were not used until the 1880 census. The early censuses used the term
  subdivision to refer to part of a supervisor's or marshal's division
  or district. Subdivisions in the early censuses comprised towns,
  townships, or other units comparable to MCDs.
Researchers must determine the state or territory and try to identify
  the county. Descriptions found in T1224 may help narrow the search by
  specifying what county certain localities (including MCDs,
  neighborhoods, or post offices) were in during certain census years.
The descriptions note street names or ranges and specify the
  corresponding EDs. Most early ED descriptions, however, are general
  and largely served as documentation of the names of enumerators and
  rates of pay. They may simply state that a census taker had to
  enumerate an entire county or an unspecified part of a subdivision.
  Beginning with 1850, the ED descriptions became increasingly detailed.
To use ED descriptions in T1224, a researcher should try to determine
  the location of a family, person, or institution in a certain census
  year. Especially for the late 1800s, death and birth certificates,
  city directories, tax records, or other sources may provide this
  information.

WorldCat has holdings for T1224 roll 3 under Census descriptions of geographic subdivisions and enumeration districts, 1830-1950. 1870 volume. (For holdings near Ogdensburg, NY use Zip Code 13669 in the zip code finder.) The Family History Library catalog lists it as Descriptions of census geographic subdivisions, 1870 : NA T1224 and their film number is 1402859.
Added from comments: The part of this answer about finding the district boundaries for later censuses was included so I can find the references again when I need them.  But I hope the information will be useful to others, too.

In some localities, the modern property tax records are a matter of public record, and are published online.  For some cities, it would be possible to look up addresses and see the individual parcels for a street address, see the current owner, and get information about what buildings are on the parcel, including an estimate of when the buildings were constructed.
In my research, I was able to determine for one family of interest that there was no point looking for the family in an earlier census at the address shown in the 1930 Census, because the house was built in 1924.  Further research showed that the entire neighborhood was a new development built around that time.
I don't know what information is available for this area of NY, but it might be worth pursuing.  Another reason to investigate the landlord of families who rent is to rule out the possibility that the building was owned by a relative.
Comment: The address (10 gates) bgwiehle had found makes cense to me as Peter Gagnon, the in-law of Jos was a brakeman so I assume he opted for living near (191 Greene) his work site, the port. Jos was said to be a sailor but I'm pretty sure he was a dock worker. Both where working near the port facilities and that's how I presume Jos met Mary.  1894 I think Archy Beans, Jos' father lived at 12 Lake and probably died there he would have been 83 as the time and in 1895 I see a Archibald Lefebvre dead in St-Mary's register.
Comment: Achiles Lefebvre and Archibald Beans is the same person as Joseph Lefebvre and Joseph Beans is. I was told by some other genealogy searchers who've found records at St-Mary's that the priest there who signs P.O. Chagnon LaRose had the bad habit to rebaptise people galicizing the names of the english-canadian born. Allegedly, to the question "why my name is Bean and my step-bro is Lefebvre ?" Jos would have answered "Father LaRose would say to me 'Bean is not a name do we baptise him Lefebvre?' and Jos would have answered never mind, baptize him, that's all.
Comment: @Bill -- I was trained to keep track of which name is used in which record so that's why I write what the record says, even when we know it is not the name that was used in everyday life.
Comment: That's the way to do. I understand your intervention. But in a not so obvious story like this one that can be anything else but legal since the proofs and the official paperwork is still missing to me, I add anything that can be relevant to finding any clue. The cold view of any case IS the only way to find the truth, you're right. It looks that in this case, infos tend to appear under two names depending on the event.


Why "amatus est" instead of "*amavitur"

Question: Is there any diachronic reason whereby synthetic perfective passive forms like *amavitur (and similar ones) are not possible and analytic forms like amatus est (and similar ones) are selected instead? Since passive and perfect can each appear on their own (e.g., cf. amatur and amavit, respectively), why can't they be combined and give a form like amavitur and/or why should an analytic form like amatus est be used instead?
Comment: Here is another possible way of formulating my question above, now based on so-called "blocking" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(linguistics) ): why did the analytic form _amatus est_ block the synthetic form _amavitur_?
Comment: After all, *amaveris* has a place in fut.-perf. active; and perf. subjunctive, doesn't it?
Answer: Good question!
In Proto-Indo-European, there were multiple complete sets of person-number markings, used for different tenses of the same verb. You can see the relics of this most clearly in Ancient Greek, where the present tense conjugates -ō -eis -ei, the aorist tense conjugates -a -as -en, and the imperfect tense conjugates -on -es -en.
In Latin, one set of endings was used for the present tense, and a different set for the perfect. The cognates for these are the Greek present and aorist endings, respectively, though evolution has made them hard to recognize: the cognate to Greek's first-person singular aorist -a has been augmented with a particle -i and the -a-i then contracted to -ī, for example, to give Latin amavī.
Ancient Greek has mediopassive equivalents to all the endings I listed, and it seems that PIE did too. But in Latin (and actually Italic in general), for whatever reason, the passive equivalents to the perfect endings didn't survive. Since those endings were fundamentally different from the present ones, though, it didn't make sense just to apply the present's passive forms. So they made do with the periphrasis you mention. We don't see *amāvitur for the same reason we don't see *amistī for "you love": even though the two sets of endings have some similarities, they're fundamentally different, and weren't seen as interchangeable.
Comment: @Mitomino Indeed; I'm not sure what those reasons are, though they might be related to blocking. I'm just explaining why the present endings didn't get repurposed once the perfect ones were gone (for whatever reasons that might be).
Comment: Thanks for confirming that there must be a diachronic reason. Some formal linguists have argued for a merely **synchronic** explanation (e.g., vid. Embick's (2000) purely technical account of the ill-formedness of _amavitur_: a [Passive] feature on the functional category Asp(ect) blocks adjunction of Asp(ect) to T(ense), whereby Tense+Agreement are pronounced as the copula and AspP as the participle (for more details, see Embick, D. (2000). "Features, Syntax, and Categories in the Latin Perfect", LI 31: 185-230). I found his technical "explanation" a bit stipulative. Where's diachrony?).
Comment: I'm precisely asking for the nature of your "whatever reason" in your text above: "in Latin (and actually Italic in general), **for whatever reason**, the passive equivalents to the perfect endings didn't survive".  To the extent I've been able to understand the relevant literature on the topic, it is not true that my question is related to simple claims like "We don't see _*amāvitur_ for the same reason we don't see _*amistī_ for "you love"".
Comment: Yes, thanks for your clarification. I understand what you mean.

Why "amatus est" instead of "*amavitur"


How does DeepMind's DQN agent determines target values for sampled episodes?

Question: In DeepMind's paper titled Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning authors present Algorithm 1 (available in the paper reachable with mentioned link) for training of deep Q-learning network. In the algorithm, value of y_j, representing a target predicted value for given episode sampled from replay memory, is assigned. As far as I know y_j is supposed to be a vector of numbers representing values of actions for given state which the deep Q-network should output. However in the algorithm single scalar value is assigned into y_j. How is this possible?
Comment: Is there a way to put the crux of the matter into your post? I'm not sure people are going to want to navigate elsewhere & read a paper to answer your question for you. In short, I'm not sure if this will be answerable here.
Answer: I believe $y_j$ in this context is the maximum of the the values taken over all of the possible actions. In other words, take the vector that you were thinking of and use the maximum entry in that vector.
Answer: Note that before the line in question, it says:

Sample random minibatch of transitions $(\phi_j,a_j,r_j,\phi_{j+1})$ from D

Then it performs gradient descent on

$(y_j - Q(\phi_j,a_j;\theta))^2$

It means that you will update the weights related only to the selected action $j$ from the experience replay memory. As you noted, there is one output for each action, but you can't update all values at once since only 1 action is taken at each step. This comes from the Q-learning update formula:

$Q(s,a) = Q(s,a) + \alpha[r + \gamma max_aQ(s',a) - Q(s,a)]$

Note that it updates the value for only 1 action, which is the action taken in state $s$.


Where can I find an AS3 tool for Coloring Drawings?

Question: I know you are all expert, and it's possible someone can help-me.
I'm developing a coloring website for kids, so I need some AS3 Coloring tool, or a class that helps in this.
I could do one by myself but I have no idea how a tool like that works. One way would be to have shapes behind the black lines, but this way I think would be much harder.
What I need is a tool, where I can use any png 32 bits files.
This tool: http://www.nocircleno.com/graffiti/examples/2.x/graffiti_advanced_demo.html
is almost what I need, expect the fact that the files with the drawing must be swf format.
Someone knows where can I find something like that?
Answer: Not sure of any tools but I'd look at importing the PNG as bitmapdata and using the drawing API to build your brush and shape tools.  Here's a good example for the flood fill: http://www.multimediacollege.be/2010/04/optimizing-the-floodfill-method/
If I come across a library or example that has this functionality I'll post a link here.


SQL: Offsetting timestamp in a query from GMT to Pacific

Question: I'm hoping someone can help out a SQL newbie (note, I'm very green so please be gentle). I'm trying to help do an audit of some contractor employees at my company and see if they might be milking their hours on their reported time sheets. They work remotely so we don't see them come & go. What I'm running is a query to see the first and last timestamps in their entries and then roll them up by day so I can get an idea of the number of hours they're spending doing work on a given date. So the query I'm running looks something like this:
SELECT MIN(entry_time) AS first_time_stamp, MAX(entry_time) AS last_time_stamp, employee
FROM some_database.some_table
WHERE employee = 'Kevin' AND entry_time > '20110301'
GROUP BY DATE_FORMAT(entry_time, '%Y%m%d'), employee
;

This returns some data that looks like the following sample.
'2011-03-01 01:10:58', '2011-03-01 17:53:43', 'Kevin'
'2011-03-02 12:00:47', '2011-03-02 20:36:59', 'Kevin'
'2011-03-03 01:34:58', '2011-03-03 21:37:22', 'Kevin'

So far so good, except that you'll notice that "Kevin" seems to be working some really long days. The issue is that the timestamps are in GMT and we're on the west coast in the US. So for example, the first time stamp that shows up would've actually been on February 28th and might have been his last entry of that day.
I've spent the past day Googling for ways to offset these timestamps by -08:00 before they're selected but keep coming up empty or confused (usually both). Anyone out there know how I might be able to offset the entry_time so that it's returning values based on the offset time?
Note that I don't really need to worry about Standard vs Daylight Saving times since I'm just really looking for the relative hours worked.
Thanks!
Answer: The function http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.1/en/date-and-time-functions.html#function_convert-tz converts timestamps between timezones and should do what you need.  (I assume that you're using MySQL.)


Math Expression in Views: Date functions like now()

Question: Is there Date expressions or function? I'd like to calculate a duration between a date field and today ? Is there a now(), today() function?
i'd like this kind of math expression: now() - [field_arrival]
Answer: If you only want to display the duration between the given date and today in a view then you don't need any calculation.
Just use time ago display option and display your given date with this time ago option.
You will have the result something like this -- 1 year 3 months ago.
You can drop text ago if you don't need.
Answer: Check out time() function. It returns current unix timestamp.
Difference of these two fields will give you the difference in seconds which you can convert to minutes/hours/days as needed.
$now  = time();
// If $field_arrival is not a Unix timestamp you can use strtotime() to convert it to UNIX timestamp first.
$diff = $now - $field_arrival;

Answer: Check out the Date Module. It has a sub module called Date Views which gives you what you want: http://drupal.org/project/date.
The generated sql isn't pretty though. If you can use hook_views_query_alter instead you really should since you have better control over the result sql.
Answer: I managed to do this by setting the output format in my source field to timestamp, via custom date format string: U then in the expression field I used:
time(0) - [field_fieldname]
Now you can see the offset in seconds from now and the field's timestamp, you can convert that into whatever you need with maths, ie:
Hours:(time(0) - [field_fieldname]) / ( 60 * 60 )
Days: (time(0) - [field_fieldname]) / ( 60 * 60 * 24)
Etc.
Turns out the ctools module expects maths functions to always take parameters, the correlated php function is time(void); so no matter what you put in there it will simply return the current timestamp. Hence the time(0).
Answer: my approach
$rawtime = \Drupal::database()->query( "SELECT NOW() as currtime " );
$timeObj = $rawtime->fetchAll();

Comment: Did you try this? Because I can't see it working inside Views' `Global: Maths Expression` input..
Comment: yes , i have tried in controller not in views


Computer won't connect to wireless connection

Question: I have a client that has a Dell Latitude D620 running Windows 7 32 bit. It was previously able to connect to the company wireless, but now doesn't even see any available connections. I have downloaded all of the current drivers. We run ESET anti virus and Barracuda WSA. Other similar computers running the same programs have no issue. Any suggestions?
Comment: Does your D620 detects other wireless? (Home wireless or other free hotspot wireless etc) If not, then maybe somehow your wireless is dead? (or as what @Darth Android has suggested as answer)
Answer: Look for a physical radio switch. This might be a sliding switch on the side of the computer, or it might be a key combo like Fn+F6 (it will have a radio tower icon). Try toggling this once.
This functionality is common on recent windows-based laptops produced in the past half-decade or so, and is very useful for disabling the wireless chipset when you know you're not going to be using it (like on a plane, for example). This will save battery life.
However, it is also the source of many headaches because it's not always apparent that the radio has been turned off.

Your laptop (Dell Latitude D620) should have a sliding switch on the left side, just behind the expresscard slot.
Answer: There is also a software method of turning the wireless card off:

To turn it back on (on Windows XP. Probably the same method in 7), go to Start --> Control Panel --> Click on the icon for your network card, and a screen like shown above should appear.
Also try deleting all WiFi profiles stored in the computer, make sure that the card is set up to receive available networks, and let it look for the connection.
If the PC was already connected to the network before, it is possible that it is already attempting to connect without the correct WEP/WPA WiFi password.
Keep messing around with it.
Hope this helps.
Comment: Thanks for all of your input, but I have already made sure that the both toggle switches (the one on the side and Fn/F2 are on.  The computer was connected before, but now it doesn't even see any available connections.
Comment: Did you try to delete all wifi profiles, restart, and let it look for connections again? (all this was included with my answer above)


Prevent multiple async calls from all attempting to refresh an expired OAuth token

Question: I have some code that needs to access an API that requires OAuth authorization in the form of a token, and every time the token expires, it needs to be refreshed.
I made a function called _fetch() that wraps the API calls that I'm making, and will both authorize the requests, and automatically refresh the token if it has expired.
The caveat is that if I call some function that rapidly calls _fetch() \$N\$ amount of times when the token has expired, then reAuth(), which refreshes the token, will also be called \$N\$ amount of times, which is undesirable due to the fact that it'll make \$N\$ API calls to reauthorize the token when only 1 is required.
Reduced to a really small example, possibly with mistakes, the code that I have looks a little like this

import fetch from 'node-fetch'

class Example {
  async reAuth() {
    // refresh the token
    return fetch('authAPI')
  }

  async doMultipleAsyncThings() {
    return await Promise.all([
      _fetch('url1'),
      _fetch('url2'),
      _fetch('url3')
    ])
  }

  async _fetch(url, userOptions) {
    if (tokenIsExpired(this.token)) {
      this.token = await this.reAuth();
    }

    const options = {
      headers: {
        Authorization: `Bearer ${this.token}`
      },
      ...userOptions
    }
    return fetch(url, options);
  }
}

const e = new Example()
e.doMultipleAsyncThings() // reAuth called 3 times if token expired

I think I have a solution to the problem, but I'm not sure if it's overkill or not.
Basically, I would memoize the reAuth() function such that as long as the promise it returns the first time isn't resolved it would return that same promise for all future calls to prevent calling the OAuth API again and again. Then when the promise resolves it would delete itself from the internal cache so that the next time reAuth() is called it would once again actually call the API.
I implemented this here: https://github.com/AriaFallah/weak-memoize/blob/master/src/index.js
// @flow

function memoize(callback: Function): Function {
  const cache = {}
  function memoized(...parameters: Array<mixed>) {
    const cacheKey = JSON.stringify(parameters)

    if (cache[cacheKey]) {
      return cache[cacheKey]
    }

    // Get and add the value to the cache
    const value = callback.apply(this, parameters)
    cache[cacheKey] = value

    if (!value || value.constructor.name !== 'Promise') {
      throw new Error('Memoization Error, Async function returned non-promise value')
    }

    // Delete the value regardless of whether it resolves or rejects
    return value.then(function(internalValue) {
      cache[cacheKey] = false
      return internalValue
    }, function(err) {
      cache[cacheKey] = false
      throw err
    })
  }

  memoized.cache = cache
  return memoized
}

export default memoize

and then to solve the problem all I would need to do is decorate reAuth()
import memoize from 'weak-memoize/promise'
Example.reAuth = memoize(Example.reAuth)

I think the above makes sense, but I'm curious if there is a simpler way to fix the problem I'm facing.
Answer: What about modifying the return of _fetch()? Inside the if statement that checks you could have it return false or a custom error code at that point. And then back one scope, catch the return of _fetch() and test it against your error code or false then just handle it appropriately. Either escaping out with return or reauthorizing in between.


Ask rebate in loan repayment

Question: The interest rate made my loan to a very large amount from the one which i borrowed since I could not pay it for some time(I missed some EMI).
Now I have money to pay it full, Can I ask bank to allow me to pay original amount lesser than what is outstanding now?
eg. loan was 400,000 at 13% p.a rate of interest. Now its more than 650,000.
Can I ask bank to give me some relaxation to repay.
Comment: You can ask anything, whether or not they'll accept is an entirely different story.
Comment: can you add a country tag?
Comment: India@JoeTaxpayer
Answer: They were kind and let you extend the repayment time on the loan. But that does mean additional interest accumulated during that additional time. You agreed to this; you can't change the contract now.
What you can do is find the money to pay off the loan faster, to reduce the total amount of interest you'll be charged.
Comment: Fair or not, it's the deal you signed. Yes, your current balance is 62.5% higher than your initial balance, but to get to that point, at the interest rate you specified, it would have taken at least 4 years without making a payment (if my math is correct). The amount of money you'd have had to pay each year to the loan is > 2,000 to start reducing the principal. Now, you have to pay > 84,500 before you reach the principal again (assuming they make you pay off the interest first).
Comment: @asd Sure. That money was not available to them, likely for some time, which cost them the ability to invest it in other profitable manners. You agreed to these terms.
Comment: But is it fair to take around more than 50% interest on the whole amount?
Comment: "More than 50%" is irrelevant; that's the result of your taking a long time ( and then an even longer time) to pay off the loan, at a relatively high rate of interest -- but you considered that rate and that time reasonable or you wouldn't have taken the loian. You selected it, you bought it, you get to pay for it.  That's fair ***by definition***.

Ask rebate in loan repayment


Jeypore Reserve Forest in Assam, India Shapefile

Question: Does anybody have the shapefile for Jeypore reserve forest which is adjacent to Dehing patkai wildlife sanctuary, Assam, India?
Answer: Bhuvan (Indian Geo-Platform of ISRO) looks like a good place to find this data, although to be clear, I could not find it.
Assum has it's own geo portal linked to in Bhuvan, though the search results were lacking, and not clear in that they were results or an error.
There's other portals that may be fruitful linked there too, including Forestry, Agriculture, Environment & Forest, ENVIS, CRIS, etc.
ENVIS - Environmental Information System has Forest And Ecology layers, including one for National Parks; however, using it produces the same results: I can't tell if there is no data, or if the service is erroring out.
Lastly, there is a create your own shapefile option, however it requires a sign up so I didn't get past the wall to explore more.
tl;dr; - this data looks like it should live here, however it is not clear to me because it seems like the UI is hard to understand.


Connect to MQTT Server without opening port

Question: I have a MQTT client in an internal network and an MQTT server somewhere in Cloud. How can I connect to MQTT Server without opening port in the Client network?
Answer: You don't need to open any ports to connect to an external broker on a normal  NAT'd internal network (e.g. a normal domestic ADSL setup.).
As long as your network allows all outbound connections (and related replies) then it should all just work.
This is because all MQTT connections are initiated by the client and are then persistent until the client closes the connection. Messages for subscriptions just flow back down this existing connection.
If you need to explicitly allow outbound ports then the default port is 1883.
If you are on a more locked down network, e.g. a corporate network that requires you to use a proxy to reach the outside world then you have 2 choices.

You need an OSI layer 5 proxy e.g. socks
If you only have access to a HTTP proxy then you have to hope that your external broker and client supports MQTT over Websockets.
Comment: Many thanks. I think I know the point 2 but can you pls elaborate more on point 1?
Comment: Most totally locked down corporate networks believe that the only protocol that would ever want to leave the network is HTTP/s so deploy HTTP proxies and block anything else. There is an alternative proxy system that can work with ANY protocol, it works at the socket level, the usual implementation is called "socks" (you can run socks over ssh). You need a machine in the DMZ that you can run a standalone socks proxy or you can SSH into
Comment: are you saying that if a corporate uses an HTTP proxy to go out, i could ALSO use the socks protocol over such HTTP proxy? Otherwise i do not understand how i can bypass the limitation even with socks. Well maybe unless the corporate agrees to deploy also such socks proxy!? thanks.
Comment: No, I'm saying you will also need a separate Socks proxy. If you only have a HTTP proxy then your only option is MQTT over Websockets, if you can not add a Socks proxy.


How to change display of people search results in SharePoint 2010?

Question: I am using SharePoint 2010. I have created a people directory page using the People search results page layout. When I search for a user, the results only display name. I would like it to display Title, Department, Phone number, Ask me about etc. How can I add these columns?
Comment: This would be avery long answer (and sadly I lack the time to write that right now). But here is a great tutorial on what you need to do: https://www.premierpointsolutions.com/training/help-and-how-to-articles/how-to-show-the-fax-number-in-people-search-results-in-sharepoint-2010/
Comment: I actually do not have access to central admin but the columns I need to display already exist. I have made the changes in the web part but I am still not seeing all the fields that I want to.
Answer: The standard search result web part does not show any results unless a query is specified. To get all people to show up by default we need to specify either a fixed keyword query or append text to the query in the People Search Core Results web part properties. If we specify a fixed keyword query the web part will always display results for the specified search query on the page regardless of whether the user has entered a search query. If we select append text to query then when the user types a query we will see results from a search query that includes both the text the user entered and the text in the web part properties. For our people directory we can use this to show a default set of results (i.e. all people) but let the user refine this further by entering text (e.g. a person's name or a department). The query we need to enter to retrieve all people is contentclass:spspeople.
You now have a list of people that will be displayed as soon as the user navigates to our custom people results page. By default we also have some refinements that appear if matching metadata is found within the result set. These are View matches by Name or Profile, Job Title, Organization and Managed Metadata columns (these pull out information such as Past projects, Ask Me About and other Managed Metadata fields contained in the edit profile screen). We can change these to show other metadata properties that are defined in our search centre. Some other properties that might be relevant are Department, Job Title and/or Past Projects.
This is the solution to your question
Comment: I followed this tutorial and on step 4 when I am meant to see all the info about the users, I see all of the users but I see only Name, Title and Department. I want name, title, department, phone number, email and picture, if possible.


Why does the Septuagint translated Psalm 99:1 with the optative?

Question: Why did the writers of the Septuagint (LXX) choose the particular word for wrath and use the optative mood for that word (ὀργιζέσθωσαν) normally translated "angry/rage/wrath" in Psalm 99:1 - "The LORD has assumed kingship, let the peoples be angry." It doesn't at all make sense within the context of the Psalm.
Comment: Who takes ὀργιζέσθωσαν  as optative?  I'm seeing it taken as imperative or a participle.  If the form has multiple possibilities, why would someone take the least likely?
Answer: This is one of those problems with people who think the LXX is the English translation of the Greek rather than the Greek itself. E.g. each time you translate, you are replacing one word with a semantic range of its own and picking a different semantic range that overlaps the range of the word.
When you translate again, you do the same thing. So something that is two translations removed (an english translation of a greek translation of Hebrew) is always going to be less accurate than something that is just a single translation removed (an English translation of Hebrew). This does not mean that an English translation from Hebrew is better than a Greek translation from Hebrew. It merely means that for English readers, a translation from Hebrew to Greek to English will be less faithful than a translation from Hebrew to English, just as to Greek readers, a translation from Hebrew to English to Greek will be less faithful than the LXX which is directly from Hebrew to Greek. So Greek readers who could read the Old Greek (which is different from modern Greek) would complain about the same types of things if someone made an Old Greek translation of the ESV, for example, and they would wonder what those ESV translators were thinking about getting the translation so wrong.
Specifically in this case, the greek word orgizo has a semantic range including the following, as per the Lexham Analytical Lexicon of the Septuagint:

חרה 1—be or become hot, angry; get excited; kindle (26): Ge 31:36; Ex
22:24; 32:19, 22; Nu 22:22; 25:3; 32:10, 13; Dt 6:15; 7:4; 29:27;
31:17; Jdg 2:14, 20; 3:8; 6:39; 9:30; 10:7; 14:19; 4 Kgdms 13:3; Job
32:2, 3; Ps 17:8; 105:40; 123:3; Hab 3:8 קצף
1—be angry, be furious;
rouse to anger, incense (10): Gen 40:2; 41:10; Nu 31:14; Ec 5:5; Is
57:16; 64:5, 9; Lam 5:22; Zech 1:2, 15
אַף 2—nose; face; anger; (dual)
nostrils (7): Ex 22:24; 32:22; Nu 22:22; 25:3; Dt 6:15; Job 32:2,
3
רגז—tremble, quake with fear; get excited (6): Ge 45:24; Ex 15:14; 4
Kgdms 19:28; Ps 4:5; 98:1; Pr 29:9
4 אנף—be angry (said of God) with
(6): 3 Kgdms 11:9; Ps 2:12; 59:3; 78:5; 84:6; Isa 12:1 כעס—be vexed;
irritate; grieve, disturb; offend, provoke to anger (2): Esd B 14:1;
Ps 111:10 עשׁן—be surrounded with smoke; exude smoke (2): Ps 73:1;
79:5

So orgizo is a valid translation choice for the underlying Hebrew, רגז which occurs in 98.1 (99.1 in English translations), but it contains more in its semantic range, and when translated into English the translators chose the English word "angry", which is not what English translators working directly from the Hebrew would choose. That is all that's going on here.
Comment: Thank you Robert—I'm going to have to become more familiar with the Lexham Analytical Lexicon of the Septuagint which, up until now, I haven't spent much time studying. Again, thanks so much for the explanation and especially pointing me to Lexham.
Comment: Yeah, it's a great resource. Logos has amazing language resources.
Answer: PSALM 99:1 The Lord reigns; let the peoples tremble! [snip]
Greek orgizesthōsan - Let be angry. - Hebrew: rāḡaz - tremble, quake, rage, quiver, be agitated, be excited, be perturbed.
The translation from the Masoretic text, as are all translations, was 'influenced', by their established biblical foundation. The authors of the [early] Septuagint would have had a very different 'foundation'. We know the thinking of that era, (when the Septuagint was 'penned') because we have other (non-canonical) writings which help us 'see' this.
But let's look,a little closer - why would this be a factor? Because this Psalm is a prophetic psalm - and we know about how those prophecies were 'understood' in the years before Jesus was born, compared to how they were 'viewed' later on when the Bibles we use were first translated.
This prophecy is quoted in Revelation .. which provides some more context.
REV 11:18 The nations raged, but your wrath came,
The context is the blowing of the 7th trumpet - the nations had just been reclaimed by Jesus. Revelation (that is, the end times) was well understood by the Hebrews working on the early Septuagint, but 'arguably' less well understood by the scholars who penned the traditional doctrines around 15/16th century - and thereby influenced some of the less recent Bible translations.
Comment: Very interesting Dave. You've motivated me to take a closer look at that word group around the time of the writing of the LXX. My "goto" for word usage is normally "perseus.tufts.edu/" which holds a wealth of etymologies. Again, thank you for taking the time to respond.
Answer: Wicked people do not want Lord's dominion to encroach upon their habitual dominion of sins and iniquities. λαοί - "pagan people" - here denote those who do not want to live under Lord's commandments, but follow their own ways. So, if the Lord comes to His reign, of course such people will get irritated for that to the point of getting furious.
Of course the λαοί does not mean only non-Jews, but also Jews who cherish their God-less lifestyles and dread the very notion of Lord's reign, for He will definitely abolish such lifestyles. They would rather kill Lord, as they did, than change their mindset and lifestyles. That is why the entire Jerusalem was troubled together with Herod at hearing that Messianic King has been born (Matthew 2:3), because both Herod and the wicked dwellers of Jerusalem whom Herod allowed to live wicked lives were afraid of the righteous King who would abolish iniquity (bribery, brothels, casinos, dogfights etc.). So, they were complacent with Herod ordering killing the 2- year old babes in Bethlehem and the vicinities.
But now this passage should be understood also in a spiritual way: when Lord starts reigning in our hearts and we start to fight sins through Him working in us, demons get furious, for their only desperate joy and hopeless consolation is when they see a man making himself miserable through subjection to sin.
Now, the optative in the Septuagint, "let the nations get angry", means a certain divine "spite", as if the Holy Spirit says: "I am doing everything for them to repent and turn to Me, but they choose their ways, but I cannot help trying to win them to Me, and if this angers them, let them get angry! (NB:divine spite), what can I do, for I cant help loving them". Thus divine "spite" is not spite but unfailing and infinite love.


Is there any good book regarding Image Processing Algorithms for Feature Extraction and Matching which gives examples in MATLAB?

Question: I have been looking to implement feature extraction and matching in MATLAB. For this, I've read many algorithms, but i'm not able to understand how to implement these in MATLAB. Is there any Book related to this topic which is based on MATLAB? i.e. gives exapmles and sample codes in MATLAB?
I have read Gonzolez and there is no other book that deals with Image Processing Algorithms with help of MATLAB.
Answer: you may refer Feature Extraction & Image Processing
 By Mark Nixon, Alberto S Aguado.
Answer: There is a lot of information on feature detection, extraction, and matching in the Computer Vision System Toolbox documentation.


How often do animals respawn in MCPE?

Question: I was recently playing Minecraft Pocket Edition in a world I have specially designated for hunting, and I was wondering, how often do animals respawn in MCPE? I know for a fact that they have to, otherwise you'd have a lifeless empty world after a while.
Answer: This does not directly answer your question but it's worth mentioning.
Animals rarely "re-spawn" in the normal Minecraft. Most animals you see spawn with newly generated chunks. That is, when you visit an area for the first time, animals are likely to spawn. However, re-spawning in an already visited area is rare.

Approximately one in ten newly generated chunks will contain mobs,
usually in packs of up to four of the same species. They will always
spawn on the highest available block in a column i.e. the one that can
see the sky. For an animal to spawn on it, this block must be opaque and...
Very rarely, new animals can spawn in already generated chunks, just
like monsters do. When animals spawn in this way, they do so only on
grass blocks with light level 9 or greater above them. This is also a
requirement for animals spawning from monster spawners. Unlike
monsters, animals do not spontaneously despawn, except for wild
ocelots and wolves (which can despawn only when they are hostile).

This leaves us with the question of whether the spawning behavior in Pocket Edition is any different.
Reference: Minecraft Wiki
Comment: I'm probably going to believe most of these spawning characteristics apply to MCPE.
Answer: After doing some research, it appears that animals in MCPE do respawn after a while. This will only apply to passive animals that have been previously killed, such as, sheep, cows, chickens, pigs, etc. I believe the amount of time it takes for them to respawn is random though. Hope thi helps!
Comment: Can you please provide some reference?

How often do animals respawn in MCPE?


How to display two grouped products in one product page in Magento

Question: I have to create a grouped product page in magento in which a grouped product has engine and body parts which both are grouped products with a lot of associated products. A user should be able to click on corresponding tab which should load engine product pictures and body product pictures depending on which tab he has clicked. How can I add those 2 products in the backend, with a meaningful relation between those two products that can be used to identify the product in frontend?
Comment: Why don't you make it one bundle product instead of two grouped?
Answer: At the bare minimum I would make them related products in the manage products pages. This way the other one will show in the right hand column when viewing the other. http://www.magentocommerce.com/knowledge-base/entry/how-do-i-set-up-product-relations.


How exactly does the "Tenacious" badge work?

Question: The description says "Zero score accepted answers: more than 5 and 20% of total".  I understand what zero score accepted answers are, and more than 5 makes sense, but what is "20% of total"?  I'd assumed it meant that the zero-score accepted answers were more than 20% of your total zero-score answers, but I have reason to think this is not so.
Comment: I agree that the wording is awkward.  Perhaps "Five or more Zero-Score answers, making up 20% of your total answers."
Comment: That's not the same as ErikA's answer.  Is there anyone who can tell us what the actual definition is?
Answer: I'd guess it means that the number of zero-score accepted answers must make up more than 20% of your total accepted answers.
Comment: My zero-score accepted answers number 6, and my total accepted answers number 21, so it can't be that.
Comment: My understanding is that, for some badges, the process that calcluates things and awards badges only runs periodically, so give it a few days and see what happens.
Comment: It's been several days, but I hadn't realised that some "badge runs" are infrequent - I'll sit down and shut up for bit (and accept your answer with gratitude if and when the badge shows up!).
Comment: It arrived, you were right.


two-factor authentication not working, not even asking me for security code

Question: I'm in a bit of a difficult situation at the moment. I have an iPhone 6 and a MacBook Air, which are both asking me for two-factor authentication every day. The only problem is, all that ever seems to happen is a never-ending "waiting for device". In order to do that it asks for my phone password on my phone and my computer and Apple ID password on my computer. I've read some answers here and they all say to turn off Keychain and then turn it on again to enter the security code, but when I tried that there was no little box for the security code. I really need an answer since I may get a new phone and I won't be able to upload my iCloud drive if I don't get this fixed.
Answer: You can manually obtain a verification code

iPhone: Settings → Apple ID → Password & Security → Get Verification Code.
Mac: System Preferences → iCloud → Account Details → Security → Get A Verification Code.
Comment: Thank you, but the problem is it won't actually let me enter the code anywhere.


Filter for previous time periods in views

Question: I'm trying to set up Grouped filters for Content revision: Changed in a view. I want the filter to work for Today, Yesterday, Last week, Last month, and Last year. The grouped filters makes that simple enough, and it looks like this:

But all the filters are not filtering correctly.
For the Today filter, this will work.

But When I try to use an Is between operator for any previous dates, I get an error like this

How do I filter for previous time periods in views?

The Today filter works with Is greater than or equal to today midnight. It's the Is between parameters that the view won't accept.
The existing Today filter query adds
 AND ((node_field_revision.changed >= 1597759242-68400))

to the query, which converts to
GMT: Tuesday, August 18, 2020 2:00:42 PM - 19 hours.

Setting the Yesterday filter with Is less than or equal to yesterday adds
AND ((node_field_revision.changed <= 1597759395-154800))

to the query, which converts to
GMT: Tuesday, August 18, 2020 2:03:15 PM - 43 hours

which means the filter will show values from yesterday and today. That's not a yesterday filter.
So Is between is the way to go, but any values I try, including yours @Yuseferi, aren't accepted in the UI and so can't adjust to the query accordingly. If the view would accept an Is between operator, the query would add something like this:
AND ((node_field_revision.changed <= 1597759956-(1597723200-1597636800))

Where
Now: 1597759956
Today: 1597723200
Yesterday: 1597636800

That would be a yesterday query, which Drupal could then adjust for GMT.
Comment: Did you try reversing the inputs for yesterday? Also, those aren't offsets. You might need "-2 day" for the first and "-1 day" for the second
Answer: I would suggest
data between today 1 sec ago and yesterday


Obligation of 'Seder Plate'

Question: I have noticed that people have something called a 'seder plate' on which they place objects. Is there any obligation to do this? The reason I can think of is the custom of pointing during the recitation of the mishnah of Rabban Gamliel: 'matzoh zo...', 'maror zeh..'. But that would be just two items.
Comment: What else do you expect to eat off of? You put the stuff you need for the meal on your plate.
Comment: Very thought provoking question! IIRC< Talmud Pesachim mentions only 3 of the items - karpas, maror and charoset. I'm uncertain if they mention the egg and bone. The bigger question that I THINK you're asking is why do we need an arranged "plate" for these? Wouldn't it be good enough to, say, bring out these items when you need them?
Comment: @DoubleAA: "I have noticed that people have something called a 'seder plate' on which they place objects." Apparently, they merely place objects on it, and not eat off of it, or the question would indicate as much.
Comment: @msh210 I'm not sure that's a convincing Diyuk. Usually people place food on plates in preparation for consumption, and that seems to be the intended meaning here.
Comment: "be on the table anyways" Many have the Matza on the "Seder Plate" as well. (It was easier to do when they could be bent and jostled without fear of cracking.)
Answer: This fascinating article explains the origin of the Seder plate. Excerpts:

The Mishnah (Pesachim 10:3) directs that, following the first cup of
  wine: "They bring [a small traylike table] before him [the Seder
  leader], he dips ba'chazeret ["with lettuce" for the first dipping]
  until [or, according to Rashi, "before"] he reaches the parperet
  ha-pat ("accompaniment of the bread"). They bring [a second table]
  before him [with] matza, chazeret ["lettuce" for maror], and charoset
  and two cooked dishes [in remembrance of the Pesach and Chagigah
  offerings -- today usually a roasted bone and a roasted egg]."
The original Seder had a definite Greco-Roman and Middle Eastern
  flavor, most notably a Greek style of dining with the participants
  actually reclining on low couches, pillows, or carpets around a
  central location (not leaning on an elbow). The various Seder items
  were placed on several low tables, which were carried in and out of
  the room at designated points in the ceremony and placed in front of
  the Seder leader. This practice is maintained today by many Yemenites
  and other Eastern Jews.
Since the Mishnah prescribed two separate small tables for the Seder
  items, there emerged a dispute as to which items would be placed on
  the single Seder plate. There was also a question as to when the Seder
  plate would be placed on the table. Most rabbis directed the Seder
  plate be placed on the table after the Kiddush and before the first
  dipping, while others (Vilna Gaon in Ma'aseh Rav) waited until after
  the karpas has been eaten, the point when the second table was brought
  before the Seder leader.

The article contains further customs and info on why the plate became common.
Comment: could you offer the URL for the source article referenced at the beginning?The hyperlink is not active.
Answer: There is no need to have a specific plate set aside as the "seder plate". Many do so because they go out of their way to have a decorative plate in honor of the holiday. The custom I follow does now have a specific plate for this purpose and is not set up prior to starting the seder but the first thing to do is set up a plate when sitting down with the necessary items.
Comment: How do you know this fact? Do all the items need to be ready before the seder? Why can't you get them just prior to needing them?
Comment: and some bring out items when needed. See my answer.
Comment: some set up the seder plate prior to beginning others start the seder by setting up a late with all of the items to be used during the seder.

Obligation of 'Seder Plate'


Using forms inside modals

Question: I'm a developer so maybe this question is very basic. Is it a good practice to use forms inside modals with many inputs (more than 5 inputs including date-pickers, text inputs, textarea...)?. I am developing a web aplication and I'm not sure what to use for creating data: new pages or modals.
Thanks to everyone
Comment: Hi @xespinos, there are several questions with this topic. Type "form modal" at the search field to find them. [Duplicate 2](https://ux.stackexchange.com/q/75338/115107) , [Duplicate 3](https://ux.stackexchange.com/q/31259/115107)...
Answer: There isn't a real limit on the number of inputs for a modal window form, but there are other considerations:

Should the user be prevented from working on any other tasks? If so, that's a modal.
Does the user need to reference anything else on the page while working on the form? If so, you might consider a sheet.
If the user accidentally closes the modal by clicking outside of the window, will they lose a lot of work? If so, consider a sheet or a page.
Does your form combine a lot of different tasks, rather than providing one thing for the user to do? If so, consider making that a page.

Using forms inside modals


In Jira, is there an issue type for creating an already completed task?

Question: In Jira, I would like my employees to create an issue that already is complete and closed. The purpose of creating the issue is purely for auditing purposes as an official record that the incident happened and was already taken care of. There is no need to put the issue into "Waiting" or "in Progress" status. If it is going to have a status at all, it should just be "Complete" as soon as it's created. Is there a way to do this?
Comment: Some of these sound like additional restrictions that you apply. You don't need to assign the issue to yourself to close it. If fields like resolution are required, they would still be required in what you propose. The only argument is that it's a few extra clicks, but if you need to audit work, shouldn't work that gets done immediately be the exception and not the norm? It's effectively shortcircuiting any approval, assignment, and execution processes that you have.
Comment: Why is creating it and immediately progressing it through the workflow not sufficient? Alternatively, you can define workflows with any transitions and it's not uncommon to have transitions to the final state. You can use resolutions to differentiate why it's there - such as done versus won't do work.
Comment: Maybe you could add a transition to your workflow that would send your issue straight to your "complete" status, and use that transition for those specific issues?
Comment: Because that's a lot of unnecessary clicks. You have to create it, then you have to assign it to yourself, then you have to Resolve it, then you have to write out the resolution and then either mark it as Closed or wait until it auto-closes.
Answer: You could create the issue and have a workflow that allow it to change the status into close/done.
You might also want to create some tag or comment for the tracking purpose etc..
Answer: You can add your issues to Microsoft Excel or csv file and use importing data from csv feature.
It is well described here Importing data from CSV on Jira
And you can set all of them as closed, but you should take the following note into your consideration while setting the value:

Can only be mapped to existing workflow statuses in Jira. If not specified in your CSV file, imported issues will be given the default (i.e. first) Status as specified in your Jira system.


The difference between "ante" and "antequam"

Question: Not sure I can discern the crux of the difference between antequam and ante (According to L&S (II.B.1.a vs II.B.2), ante might be used with verbs, like antequam). In other words, in what occasions we are bound to use only one of them? — when they are not simply interchangeable.
Answer: The word ante is both a preposition and an adverb, whereas antequam is only an adverb — or more accurately antequam falls under the adverbial use types of ante and antequam is essentially a conjunction.
If you need a preposition, ante is your only option.
If you need an adverb, the difference between the two is small.
In L&S both words are given under ante, with antequam only appearing in part II in adverbial usage, mostly in II.B.2.
I will let the details of this difference be fleshed out in possible other answers, because I just wanted to give this one point.
Comment: I would say *ante( )quam* is used as a conjunction, just like *quam*.
Comment: @Cerberus It seems that L&S (I added a link and some coordinates to my answer) that usage is classified as adverbial. I wonder if that dictionary makes a distinction between adverbs and conjunctions in any meaningful way.
Comment: It could be argued that many conjunctions have adverbial properties 'externally', since they head adverbial clauses ("because I like you"; "before she left"). The same can be said about many prepositions, which head adverbial phrases when combined with objects ("in the oven"; "before the war"). The word *ante* as used in combination with *quam* may be considered adverbial, which is no doubt why Lewis & Short mention it under adverbial; but the combination functions like a conjunction, does it not? When written as one word, certainly it must be a conjunction?
Comment: @Cerberus Agreed. I updated the answer slightly. I'd be happy to see more details in another answer.


Why are some Titan Shifters able to harden their Titan bodies when most can't?

Question: How can the Armored Titan and Annie in the Titan form harden their bodies, while Eren and the other Titan Shifters can't?
Comment: It appears that you're asking two different questions (one about Annie, and one about Eren); if so, it's best to split those up into separate posts.
Comment: Why should they all have the same ability? Also, Eren can harden his body. He use that to plug the hole in the wall that I forget what the name is.
Comment: I think the question is narrow enough now, please reopen it.
Answer: The fact that Annie can harden her Titan form and Eren couldn't is because there are different types of Titan power in existence.
The complete explanation is as below.
Massive Spoiler Alert

 In the manga it is later revealed that all Titan powers came from Ymir Fritz, an ancient Fritz family monarch. According to Eldian mythology, over 1,820 years ago, Ymir came across what is only described as the "source of all organic material". With this discovery, Ymir gained the power of the Titans, becoming the 'Progenitor of all Titans'.

 After 13 years Ymir met her death, and her "soul" was split between nine successors, giving these nine Titan powers. Throughout history, these powers are inherited by the 'Eldians' or the 'Subjects of Ymir'.

 The Titan power that Eren possesses is called the 'Attack Titan'(進撃の巨人 Shingeki no Kyojin). The names of powers of other Titan Shifters is not yet revealed but they are also among the nine.

 This the reason that the Titan Shifters possess different powers.

Sources

Ymir Fritz
Eren Yeager
Comment: If you aren't aware, the name of Eren's titan is a namedrop for the Japanesr name of the series. The localization did not make it make note of the significance. I. E., Eren is literally the "Shingeki no Kyojin".


Neutral axis in canteliver beam at support

Question:
First, I thought the neutral axis would just be the y bar which can be obtained from the centroid of the cross-section but is different. I have tried letting the net moment at the wall = 0 and the reaction force I got is 1kn * 1m. But I am kinda lost on how to continue.
Answer: The stresses from bending and axial should be added up by superposition. This moves the location of zero stress (neutral axis). I have included a figure to demonstrate the principle, and provided the calculations again, please note the axial stress is 40 kN/mm^2
$$ \sigma_{bending}= m/S =\frac{1kN*1m}{(50\times 100^2)/6} =6000N/500mm^2 = 12N/mm^2$$
$$  \sigma_{axial}= 200kN/(50*100)mm^2 = 40Nmm^2  $$
$$ \sigma_{max} = \sigma_{bending} + \sigma_{axial} = 12N/mm^2 + 40N/mm^2 = 52 N/mm^2$$
$$ \sigma_{min} = -\sigma_{bending} + \sigma_{axial} = -12N/mm^2 + 40N/mm^2 = 28 N/mm^2$$
We can see from the scaled image, as well as the math, that the axial stress overcomes the compression stress due to bending. There is no location on the cross section where the stress is zero. Therefore the neutral axis is below the beam. We can determine this distance by similar triangles (or equation of a line, or whatever you prefer).
$$\frac{52-28}{100} =\frac{52}{D_{NA}+D} -> (D_{NA} + D) = \frac{52*100}{52-28} = 216.67mm $$
So the total depth from the bottom surface of the beam to the neutral axis is the difference of the depth and the calculated dimension.
$D_{NA} = (216.67 - 100)mm = 116.67mm$
Comment: If you prefer a more visual approach, you can calculate the angle at the top right corner of the diagram here by looking at the "bending" triangle, $\tan(\theta)=\frac{50}{12}$, then, knowing that the combined stress is $52\text{N/mm}^2$, you can calculate the height from the top surface as $(D+D_{NA})=52\tan(\theta)=52\times\frac{50}{12}=\frac{650}{3}\text{mm}$
Answer: The stress is the superposition of two stresses: tensile due to bending moment and tensile due to 200kN tension.
$$ \sigma_{bending}= m/S =\frac{1kN.1m}{(50\times 100^2)/6} =6kN.1000mm/500000mm^2 =6000N/500mm^2 = 12N/mm^2$$
$$  \sigma_{tension}= 200kMN/100^2mm^2 = 20Nmm^2  $$
So maximum tension is 20 +12= 32Nmm^2 on the upper face of the beam at support.
And neutral axis can be calculated by finding the slope of stress surface vertically and locating where it turns to zero.
Slope of stress surface from the bottom face to top face is
$ [(20+12) -(20-12)]/100_{mm height}= 0.24Nm\space$
and Neutral axis is at the height from the bottom face of $$\frac{8_N}{0.24} =33.33mm \space or\space\frac{H}{3}  $$
Comment: Downvoted because numerous mathematical/typographical errors, such that the final answer is incorrect. The tensile force is 200x larger than the bending force so it's expected that the Neutral axis is further than H/3 away... Don't have time to correct myself now, will happily convert to upvote when fixed. What's a kilo-mega-newton?
Comment: @Jonathan R Swift, my apologies for my typos and numerical errors. The answer by ShadowMan is correct, so no point in doing double work. The idea was correct, but I made the errors because I used my mobile app with haste. We all seek the same think answering a question: correct theory and clean answer.


What's the main difference between different motion capture systems (Vicon, Optitrack, etc)?

Question: Last month I visited a quadrotor laboratory ($ 20m^2$ approx). They used both Optitrack and Vicon systems. However, they told me that Vicon cost 10 times as much as Optitrack. Considering that any system of motion capture relies on the same principles of IR markers, which might be the reason for this difference in price?
Answer: This comes mostly from two things, the hardware and the software composing these systems.
The hardware, mostly what are capable of the 'cameras' used.
The second one is the software, that include calibration algorithms (different speed of calibration and accuracy), reconstruction algorithms (how many marker per object, accuracy of the body reconstruction), exportation format (how many bodies, single markers, in which format).
It boils down that Optitrack is good enough for UAV flight, but that over activities have different requirement which are met best by Vicon.
Comment: Thanks a lot. I'm a bit interested in the details. Could you give me an example of a best Vicon performance with UAVs, please?
Comment: For me the major difference for UAV are: calibration and actual streaming frequency, for which I heard Vicon might be better but I was never able to compare both systems on equivalent experiment. . Also Vicon seems to provide possibilities to get the readings directly in simulink. The behavior of both stem in terms of latencies needs to be empirically tested has they both claim low latency without well defined metrics.


Main Differences from Counterparty vs NXT Assets Exchange (SecureAE)

Question: What are the main differences from counterparty and NXT asset exchange? I've been testing out the nxt asset exchange using http://www.secureae.com and using counterwallet. They both seem to be solid products and they both use a separate coin to do their transactions. What other major factors does one need to know before going with one of these decentralized asset exchanges?
Answer: Counterparty is based on the Bitcoin blockchain while NXT is not.
This site compares Colored Coins with Mastercoin with Counterparty, it might be helpful to you: http://www.bitcoin2comparator.org/


Import 3D model from CityEngine into Blender and edit UV Map

Question: I really would like to learn about UV mapping and I presume this is the best community for me to ask about Blender. I have a 3D building model produced from CityEngine and when it was exported into collada (.dae file) -or even .obj file- all its textures are stored in one folder. I mean, there are alot of images stored. I was searching for a means to merge these images into one image file and I have this UV mapping researched. I would like to ask how would I do that in blender. Can somebody help me edit my model and have the UV mapping in blender? I don't know where to start, I have importd my model into blender yet none of the textures were displayed. it's all white. I really appreciate help from you nad God bless.
Comment: @King635, in my view, your project UV mapping an imported model from CityEngine, in Blender is like deciding to learn woodworking, and using this [table](http://www.timothy-corrigan.com/p/LouisXIVTable.jpg) as your first project. As I would advise you to choose another, less demanding project while learning to use the tools of woodworking, I suggest gaining facility with the tools in the Blender "toolbox" before tackling the UV mapping of the import. A good place to start this is the online courses under learning in [question 15355](http://blender.stackexchange.com/questions/15355)
Comment: Related: http://blender.stackexchange.com/a/7921/599
Comment: It might be useful to those who might wish to help you more completely, to upload a copy of your blend file to [Blend-exchange](http://blend-exchange.giantcowfilms.com/), and post a link in your question so that those inclined to try to help could access the blend file causing your confusion. Exactly what the best way to combine the images into a smaller number will depend exactly on details of the images themselves.
Comment: Are you using Blender Render or Cycles Render?
Comment: I'm sorry Sir i don't know about that. .I am new to Blender. . I was not able to explore further about Blender. the only thing I have gone so far is to load my 3D building into Blender, that's all. .
Answer: To UV Unwrap your model, Go to Edit mode of your object and select all the mesh, then press U on your keyboard to open UV Mapping options and select smart UV project,

after change your window mode to UV mapping,

and finally open the texture you want to give to your object in the bottom bar,

once you opened you can scale and move your UV map untill it matches your texture how you want it.To scale press S key, to move press G key
Comment: I have already textures on my model. do these textures automatically mapped on its corresponding UV or there is a need for me to apply textures again . . Honestly, when I load my 3Dmodel into blender, these textures doesn't appear.
Comment: you have to open your own textures, I just gave an example of a texture, also opening texture in UV will not really give your object a texture, you have to go to materials tab in properties panel to apply a texture


Want to do wireframes characters

Question: I need to sketch character poses in a wireframe type of way. The characters would be performing an action, like grabbing something, so the hands are also important. The purpose is to do some training fitness material. If possible, some basic animation (not interactive), would also be helpful. Faces are indifferent, so are hair and the like, which might make the character more appealing for games, but it's not the case here.
Comment: Hi, welcome to SWrec.SE! Could you please extend a bit on the question – things like desired operating system to run on, formats to deal with, etc. make it easier for people to answer your question.
Answer: If you are only interested in 2D animations, take a look at Synfig Studio:

free and open-source
cross-platform
creates animation using a vector and bitmap artwork
supports layers
see here some content created with it
Answer: Poser combines modelling, scene construction and rendering and comes with simple models suitable for instruction posters and videos, as well as the more photo-realistic imagery usually associated with it.
Pros:

It is focussed heavily on posable character models, so there is less to learn than using a fully generic modelling and rendering package.
Animation is supported.
Some free-with-the-product models have simple neutral face and hair, which would seem to match your needs. There is also a large library of poses included, so there is likely to be a good close match to any specific action/pose you need.
The rendering engine supports a variety of styles, including sketches

Cons:

It takes some time to learn and get the best out of it.
There are many advanced features which you may not need.
The base version will set you back around $100, unless you can justify a discount (they are available for some non-commercial purposes).
Answer: It has been a while since I used it but Blender is the biggest and best free and open source modeling/animation. You can do *anything with it pretty much - well taking over the world might be challenging ;) but anything less than that can be done. It does take a lot of learning if you don't have any 3d modeling knowledge. I personally quite like the UI but some people have complained about it being non-intuitive. There are many great learning resources online - the official manual is pretty shiny too.
There are also many available models/animations that you can download for free - and if do to the vast array of importers you go for also download quite a few game mods that you can import to have a prebuilt skeleton, model and animations.
Full animation and timing and interaction with other objects is supported (though not exactly simple).
(minor note: I have been fairly involved with a FOSS 3rd party blender script project for TES IV Oblivion model/animation import/export - though I haven't actually done anything there for a couple years. Also IIRC I had one tinsy fix checked into the blender source as well.)

Want to do wireframes characters