Source for gluten content in foods

Question: I am looking for a source about the gluten contents in foods and beverages. I'm not gluten-intolerant and I don't have any allergy of any kind. But I'm working on this diet and I am just wondering if there are sources that can show me how much gluten is in different foods. I've scoured the internet for sources, to no avail. I see friends of mine also struggling with this same question.
Comment: I'm not sure if you will find a better answer here. Gluten is in wheat, barley, rye, and oats, which can be added as thickeners to various commercial foods, including meat products. The question is, in which food product and not in which food gluten is, so you need to check the label on every food. There are many lists with food examples and hints where you can find gluten, especially on "celiac disease" related websites. Also, it is not that important _how much_ gluten is in the food.
Comment: Please refine. As already noted, the gluten group itself is in just a few grains, but those get used *a lot* in otherwise unsuspicious appearing products (and those differ in different markets). Only for celiac or allergy the absolute presence of it is important. You seem to look for "ways to just reduce" (then there are some substances co-appearing with gluten). Please show a bit of your prior research, explain your aim for this, and which products you have in mind (bread, convenience food, beer…?) and perhaps level of precision you expect?
Answer: On an elementary level, only very few grains of grasses do contain the protein complexes of the gluten group: Gliadin in Wheat, Hordein in Barley, Secalin in Rye, Avenin in Oats. On a 'processed' level gluten can be in a lot of products.

If experiencing gluten intolerance symptoms, the products on this page should be avoided.  Instead, concentrate on gluten free, brain healthy foods.  Many are listed here. This is sure to help maintain or improve brain health and function.
The following grains and starches contain gluten:
  Wheat, Wheat germ, Rye, Barley, Bulgur, Couscous, Farina, Graham flour, Kamut, Matzo, Semolina, Spelt, Triticale
The following foods often contain gluten:
  malt/malt flavoring, soups, commercial bullion and broths, cold cuts, French fries (often dusted with flour before freezing), processed cheese (e.g., Velveeta), mayonnaise, ketchup, malt vinegar, soy sauce and teriyaki sauces, salad dressings, imitation crab meat, bacon, etc, egg substitute, tabbouleh, sausage, non-dairy creamer, fried vegetables/tempura, gravy, marinades, canned baked beans, cereals, commercially prepared chocolate milk, breaded foods, fruit fillings and puddings, hot dogs, ice cream, root beer, energy bars, trail mix, syrups, seitan, wheatgrass, instant hot drinks, flavored coffees and teas blue cheeses, vodka, wine coolers, meatballs, meatloaf communion wafers, veggie burgers, roasted nuts, beer, oats (unless certified GF), oat bran (unless certified GF),
The following are miscellaneous sources of gluten:
  shampoos, cosmetics, lipsticks, lip balm, Play-Doh, medications, non self-adhesive stamps and envelopes, vitamins and supplements (check label),
The following ingredients are often code for gluten:
  Avena sativa Cyclodextrin, Dextrin, Fermented grain extract, Hordeum distichon, Hordeum vulgare, Hydrolysate, Hydrolyzed malt extract, Hydrolyzed vegetable protein, Maltodextrin, Phytosphingosine extract, Samino peptide complex, Secale cereale, Triticum aestivum, Triticum vulgare, Tocopherol/vitamin E, Yeast extract, Natural flavoring, Brown rice syrup, Modified food starch, Hydrolyzed soy protein, Caramel color (frequently made from barley)
David Perlmutter: "Gluten Containing Products"

That is a long list to observe. And fortunately, that is only really necessary to observe strictly for celiac disease and allergies. For other reasons of observing gluten reduction we have to observe contradictory findings:

In conclusion, our results indicate that for GF foods no predominant health benefits are indicated; in fact, some critical nutrients must be considered when being on a GF diet. For individuals with celiac disease, the GF database provides a helpful tool to identify the food composition of their medical diet. For healthy consumers, replacing gluten-containing products with GF foods is aligned with substantial cost differences but GF foods do not provide additional health benefits from a nutritional perspective.
Benjamin Missbach et al.: "Gluten-free food database: the nutritional quality and cost of packaged gluten-free foods", PeerJv.3; 2015, PMC4627916, DOI

On the other hand, practitioners seem to find – just like laypersons, trying it out – surprising improvements not by elimination of gluten, but by reducing gluten consumption. It's theorised that it's in this case not about the gluten, but accompanying substances called amylase-trypsin-inhibitors. These are quite understudied at the moment.
Diagnostically, a differential between celiac (blood: anti-TG2, anti-DGP-antibodies), wheat allergy (blood: IgE-Ak), ATI-sensivity (no blood markers yet, but decline of chronic conditions), and FODMAP-intolerance has to be made.

Detlef Schuppan & Kristin Gisbert-Schuppan: "Tägliches Brot: Krank durch Weizen, Gluten und ATI", Springer: Berlin, 2018. (DOI)

If the aim of this inquiry is this 'reduction' in typical diets, than it is not really necessary to avoid gluten entirely in the long term.
Nevertheless, the interest in these diets makes exact sources less important for non-celiac, non-allergy applications.
And more important: they can vary a lot.
Gluten in bread wheat is also much higher than in durum wheat for pasta.
Edurne Simón et al.: "Nutritional and Analytical Approaches of Gluten-Free Diet in Celiac Disease", SpringerBriefs in Food, Health, and Nutrition, Springer: Cham, 2017.

Dependence of specific bread volume on the content of glutenin macropolymer (GMP) in flours from various wheat cultivars (modified from Thanhaeuser SM, Wieser H, Koehler P (2014) Correlation of quality parameters with the baking performance of wheat flours. Cereal Chem 91: 333–341) statistical test procedure: Pearson correlation
  GMP = glutenin macropolymer, p = significance, r = correlation coefficient
  Katharina Anne Scherf & Peter Köhler: "Wheat and gluten: Technological and health aspects",  Ernahrungs Umschau 63(08): 166–175, 2016. DOI: 10.4455/eu.2016.035. (PDF)

For a better overview of gluten problems and possible associated problems:
Hetty C van den Broeck et al.: "Wheat and Gluten Intolerance. An overview of the latest scientific insights and possible solutions for the bakery sector", ICC, March 2016. (PDF)
The want to get more precise numbers is understandable, but probably will be misleading for actual application on the individual level. Due to the level of variation, if not given on a label of a concrete product, it will be giving the illusion of precision in an area of probably low importance where jst rough guides would suffice.
To illustrate this, actual measurements from beer:

Malt type               Gluten (g kg^–1)a,c
Caraaroma (barley)       42.0 ± 0.2
Melanoid (barley)        20.4 ± 0.2
Cararred (barley)        20.6 ± 0.2
Carafa (barley)          45.0 ± 0.2
Pilsner (barley)         18.8 ± 0.6
Smoked (barley)          20.8 ± 1.0
Munich (barley)          20.2 ± 0.2
Wheat chocolate (Wheat)b 44.0 ± 1.6
Wheat pale (Wheat)b      68.0 ± 4.0
Spelt chocolate (Spelt)  21.2 ± 0.4
Rye chocolate (Rye)      41.6 ± 1.4

a Mean ± standard deviation (n=3). b Sample analysed by Gliadin ELISA kit. c All samples, except wheat, were analysed by RIDASCREENÕ Gliadin kit.
Gluten balance during brewing process
Product          Gluten (mg/kg^-1)    (%)
Malt             18780                100
Sweet wort          49.4                1.75
Wort                48                  1.70
Beer                 6.0                0.21
Stabilised beer     <3.0               <0.11

Gluten content in malt represents 100%. bAll samples were analysed by RIDASCREENÕ Gliadin kit.

P. Dostálek , I. Hochel , E. Méndez , A. Hernando  & D. Gabrovská:  "Immunochemical determination of gluten in malts and beers", Food Additives & Contaminants, Volume 23, 2006 - Issue 11, p1074-1078. DOI

While it may be the better approach for 'reducing gluten' to just choose certified gluten-free for y number of foods in x situations, one my be serious about this and compare The gluten composition of more than 8,500 wheat varieties is provided in two new databases.

Source for gluten content in foods


Advice on developing expired Kodacolor 400 film

Question: I purchased a Canon FTb QL at an estate sale yesterday, and come to find out it had film inside. Kodacolor 400. This camera hasn't been used in years. How many I don't know. I know the husband died 10 years ago, and his wife became a recluse and didn't touch anything of his. Some people say he died 30 years ago. So I need to know how long does it take for this film to degrade and expire?
Comment: If you have the ability to develop it(or have it developed) I am of the opinion that you owe it to the *art* itself to do so! You may get no significant results at all, but *what if*?
Answer: It is difficult to estimate how much the film degraded. It depends on temperature, level of radiation, exposure to chemicals, age, light leaks and probably other things.
As the film gets old, the exposed image fades away and at the same time the entire film gets a fog, that, if you are lucky, will be reasonably uniform.
If the film is already exposed, it would be probably reasonable to have it developed longer than usual. Labs can do it if you ask for "push processing". You can usually do 1 or two stops push. If your lab can handle that, you can cut the film in half, process one piece and decide if the other piece needs some adjustments. Even if the film comes out totally dark, you may be able to recover much of the information by scanning it and using Levels to the extreme.


"no logs" website in eu - is it illegal?

Question: As title says, am I obligated as EU citizen / owner of website hosted in EU to log some data about users which would then make them identifiable? What if I do not collect any data about users of my website, can it be "illegal" in some regions, and could I get trouble for it as website owner/admin? What if I get request from police or other government agency to disclose data about my users / certain user and tell them I don't have anything?
Answer: There is nothing in the GDPR requiring you to collect individual personally identifiable information. If the website has no need, and the website owner no desire, to collect such information, there is no requirement to do so. The GDPR requires that if such information is collected, that there is a lawful basis, and that it be handled appropriately and stored securely, and deleted when there is no longer a need to retain it, or on a proper request.  If no such information is collected in the first place, all the rules about how to handle it do not apply.
It is possible that some law of an individual country in the EU might mandate collection of some particular information, but I have not heard of any such requirement.
Comment: thanks for your answer, I think I wrote my question in kind of chaotic manner, but the point was I heared somewhere that in EU there (is / is gonna be) some law, called like anti terroristic act or something I can't recall and article was mentioning something about storing data about users so if they commit crime or are suspects or something, then they could be easily identified, maybe I overheared something or article was completely wrong
Comment: @stetoc I don't know what, if anything, such a law requires of a web site operator. i would have to try to look it up.
Answer: Nop... as David Siegel mentioned the option of collecting or not Personal Data from your website visitors is entirely up to you and should derive from the type of requirements that are inherent to your Service Catalog (meaning do you need their Personal Data to deliver your services; if not better not collecting anything (GDPR Principle of Data Minimization).
However if you decide you need to collect some Personal Data (Personal Identifiable Information has a not so broaden scope as Personal Data which is the definition under GDPR... just to clarify), you must document a Lawful Base (Consent; Legitimate Interest; Legal Obligation; other...)
So, if there was any Law in the EU that would oblige you to do so, the Lawful Base would be "Legal Obligation"... however, there is no such Law in any of the EU countries or at the central level.
In the case of terrorist threats or criminal behavior, the point of "search" will be the ISP and not your website, unless you have registered users, but in that case you already have their Personal Data and the entire question is pointless...


How do I short a currency?

Question: I believe a certain country's currency will fall sharply (compared to the USD) in the next couple of years.  Is it possible for me to profit off of this situation?  If so, how?
Comment: Is one of the two the same as your native currency?
Answer: You either short that currency against the USD or you buy the USD against that currency. Both are the same thing and will give you the same result.
But be careful as the FX market is open 24 hours (except Sundays), so make sure you apply risk management unless you plan to be stuck to your screen all day and night.
If you don't want to do FX trading, then you can just buy some USD notes and wait for the other currency to fall before you exchange back to the other currency.
Answer: You borrow that currency and immediately exchange it for USD. Then you hold the USD (as collateral for the money you borrowed). When/if the currency falls sharply, you buy it back using some of the USD. Since you no longer have a loan, you can then withdraw the USD. You can do this with pretty much any forex broker.
Note that you will have to pay interest on the loan but will get interest on the USD. Likely the USD interest rate is lower, so you will have a net cost. Also note that if the rate moves against you for too long, you will need to add more USD to keep the loan properly collateralized. You could face one or more margin calls if it takes too long for the currency to drop.
This is a very risky thing to do.
Comment: Agreed - the only reason I mention is that some people get to the same result the other direction - wanting to invest in US Equities even though they hold no USD to do so. For people of a similar mind already looking to take a long-term USD position, the decision just gets a little bit easier.
Comment: One option to consider that adds some risk but some reward (in this already risky proposal), is to use your borrowed USD to invest, for example in US-based public companies. This adds an additional layer of risk, but you don't end up sitting on a pile of cash earning .1% interest.
Comment: @Grade'Eh'Bacon True, but it adds a lot more risk. You'd have to use the stock as collateral to cover to cover the currency loan, which means that a short term drop in value of the stocks can force you to liquidate parts of your position at an inopportune time.

How do I short a currency?


Whats the difference between ぢ and じ?

Question: please also give the pronunciation
Comment: Wikipedia has the answer: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotsugana
Answer: These are two different characters with the same pronunciation [/d͡ʑi̞/]
They differ in their origins and in contemporary language the distinction is part of the orthography (much like in any other language, consider "photo" and "foto").
Comment: I think you should have given a bit more information about their origins and where they are used. Also of note is that they are still pronounced differently in some dialects.
Comment: Thanks for feedback. I'm not convinced listing words using one of the two distinct characters in reply to a question what's the difference between them explains anything, so I composed my answer as is. What makes you suggest I *should* do so?
Comment: As for regional differences in pronunciation, there are many almost for every single character. Also not sure, if pointing them out in response to a simple question has any benefit. I think "f" "ph" explains it better, why the two exist in contemporary Japanese.

Whats the difference between ぢ and じ?


Which name does the -san go behind surname or given name?

Question: when addressing a Japanese man in business, Which name does the -san go behind his surname or his given name?
Answer: In business you should speak more formally.  You should refer to a person by their family name.  If you use their given name for any reason, you should use their full name.  For example:
Your business acquaintance has the family name "Saito" and the given name "Kenji".  In conversation, you should call him "Saito-san".  If you need to call him Kenji, you should call him "Saito Kenji-san".
Never use "-san" after your own name.
Comment: Not sure why this is so downvoted, since the main point is correct. Though, foreign names are more likely to be said in their foreign order when said in full (I.e., ジョン・スミスさん). Also it's weird to say someone's full name in a conversation, since it sounds like you're doing a roll call or something; but it's not like you were recommending to do that, so...
Comment: @DariusJahandarie I just came by now but IMO it's not fully responding to original question on the same layer if you don't have basic knowledge of Japanese convention.
Comment: You make a good point about the different conventions for foreign names.  I wrote it that way since it seemed like the poster was unfamiliar with Japanese language and culture and might not recognize a Japanese name as a surname or given name.
Comment: Maybe the downvoter focused on BtB and did not think of BtC being a "business" (One could use "Saito Kenji-san" e.g. to call in the patient to enter the doctor's room). In "traditional industries" one wouldn't use the entire name + san, though. [OK, Maybe for non-Japanese Asians], but [having chosen a such an informal structure as using "san"] for non-Asians one would probably just use the one that easier to pronouce, so, if you your buddies at work included the former boss of CA and the current boss of Russia, you would probably call them Arnold-san and Putin-san rather than the opposite.


Qualification to read the puranas

Question: Is there any qualification required to read the puranas.
can you please quote from hindu scriptures to prove your point.
Comment: As per the verses quoted in [this answer](https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/a/30436/4732), only Dvijas who have Upanayana are qualified. However, as per Puranas (apparently) even the non-dvijas are qualified.
Answer: No and never it will be since we are reading purana's to understand our dharma better. Thus a person with 0 qualifications even if he has not uttered god's name a single time can read Purana's and is qualified to get the boons of it.
Currently I'm reading Shiv Puran in Hindi Published by Manoj Publications. It has a Beautiful story in Adhyay 1-5 ( Shiv Puran Mahatmay, the very first Adhyay's of the book) The story is of Maha Pishach Bindug and Chunchula who were the worst at their times. Bindug always did bad things, killed people and all with his wife chunchula who was a vaishya and all(you woll find this on internet easily). Of them Bindug died one day and went to Patal Lok Chunchula alone left on earth, one fine day she got chance to hear Shiv Puran from a Katha Going somewhere and due to this when the day came of she leaving earth, she entered Shivlok rather than Patal.
My only point is that today we are doing bad things but we are not as bad as Bindug and Chunchula who if we see their Karma's when they were in Earth never deserve to even look god himself who gets a chance of going to Shiv Lok. So its never that we need to be qualified to read a Puran, just have a pure mind.
Other thing if you want the Shiv Puran text book of Manoj Publication its available with me for free, I'll give you PDF where you can find the story I mentioned just drop your email in the comments.

Qualification to read the puranas


Add outline to object

Question: When you select an object in blender a yellowish ring appears around it. And no matter how much your rotate your view or the object, the outline will only appear on the visible outline of the object. It does not appear on every edge.

How can I get this effect on any object like an object modifier(but it doesn't have to be of course)? I also want to be able to change the width and set the material. I will be rendering this with openGL as an animation. Some objects rotate in my animation and I want them to be able maintain an outline.
Comment: http://blender.stackexchange.com/questions/562/how-to-get-silhouette-with-contour-rendering-in-cycles
Answer: You would have to render a Freestyle pass with the Line Set Silhouette selected on the left and Crease selected on the right, and change to Logical AND on the right.
This would trace a border stroke around the visible perimeter of the object, like tracing the alpha edge.
You'd have to composite this over your OpenGL render, as you can't generate Freestyle render passes when doing OpenGL renders.

In order to make it easier to composite over your OpenGL renders, it would be helpful to make the background and cube the same colour (let's pick pure white), and then make the stroke a black colour. To do this uncheck Transparent in the Film panel of the Render settings section. Make the world a solid white colour and the cube an emission shader with 100% white. Then make the stroke colour in Freestyle a 100% black.
Comment: It worked, thanks, but how do I get it show up in OpenGL? I know you explained it but confused on how to composite it over! I've went into the compositor and clicked use nodes, before rendering it. Now what? p.s. does this also work for cycles?
Comment: You'll have to render out 2 separate image sequences. One with OpenGL and one with BI or Cycles to get the Freestyle pass. For the Freestyle pass, just set the material to a simple white emission, just something that renders fast, and then try to output a black and white image (black stroke on white background, or white stroke on black background). Then you can comp them together after that. If you keep the stroke black or white, it's easier to colour to taste in comp.
Answer: This is the closest workaround to get a 2D mesh of the outline or silhouette of a mesh object. in response to the duplicate question that links to this question Obtain 2D Mesh Outline from 3D Mesh.
1) in render panel tick Freestyle and Freestyle SVG Export
2) in freestyle panel untick border
3) render
4) look for /tmp folder (or Output folder)
5) import the svg as curve in blender (you must have the SVG to curves plugin installed)
6) Convert all the curves to mesh
7) Join all the meshes
8) Remove doubles
9) Outline mesh ready
As you can see this method it's pretty cumbersome and not useful when there's lots of objects you want to get the outline of
.

Add outline to object


A word describing a person who doesn't overcomplicate things?

Question: I'm trying to put together a decent résumé and am looking for a meliorative word to describe someone who concentrates on keeping things simple for both himself and other people (boss, clients etc). This one had me stumped.
Comment: You can upvote more than one answer, it's allowed! :)
Comment: perhaps a **pragmatist** would fit that description. alternatively, if you are looking to suggest that the candidate can be expected to hit the ground running with minimal supervision by their peers, something such as _self-driven_ may be more appropriate.
Answer: I think the word you might be looking for is pragmatic:
Merriam-Webster:

prag·mat·ic adjective \prag-ˈma-tik\
  : dealing with the problems that exist in a specific situation in a reasonable and logical way instead of depending on ideas and theories
Comment: Whilst pragmatic doesn't exactly fit it is definitely a good word for my situation, i will use it, thank you.
Answer: Perhaps results-oriented, frank, direct, or candid fit the bill?

"Delivered project milestone ahead of schedule; used frank, candid feedback to engage stakeholders"

In a similar vein by way of resume-related words... albeit as a tangent to this specific request, I would also suggest the related notions behind initiative or self-starter. (Of course, assuming those are qualities you embody.)
Answer: Practical
6. Level-headed, efficient, and unspeculative. He is a very practical person; completely practical in his approach to business
A facilitator (this sounds modern and business-like) a person or thing that facilitates a person responsible for leading or coordinating the work of a group, as one who leads a group discussion: Each committee will meet with its facilitator.

A facilitator is one who usually helps move things along, helps provide guidance and supervision. If you've ever worked on a project, you will know that it takes all members to complete the project, but it usually helps to have someone keep things moving toward the goal.
Comment: Practical was a word i thought of and it does convey what i want to say, i will also add pragmatic. Facilitator also sounds pretty nice. Thank you for your answer.
Answer: Perhaps low-key (also low-keyed)

not elaborate, showy, or intensive; modest or restrained

Also level-headed

calm and sensible
Answer: Previously-mentioned practical and pragmatic should serve, but for additional options consider the following.
• down to earth, "(idiomatic) Practical; realistic; pragmatic. [eg] He had a down-to-earth attitude that translated into a straightforward but effective strategy."
• clear-eyed, "Mentally acute and perspicacious"
• straight-ahead sort of guy, a person who sees what to do and does it
Comment: I doubt if any of these expression are suitable for a résumé or CV.


Since G-d is Omnipotent Why Does He Need Our Prayers?

Question: What are some good answers to the Question if God is all powerfull what does he need our Prayers for? I would appreciate as many answers as possibile
Comment: I'm confused.  What does being all powerful have to do with prayer?  Is the question supposed to be asking all knowing?
Comment: related: http://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/19042/why-wait-for-moshiach/19057#19057
Answer: Breishis 2:5 and Rashi says that the grass was ready to come out from the ground on the third day, however there was no rain since there was no man to realize the necessity of rain. On the sixth day Adam was created and he realized the value of rain. Only after he prayed for the rain, did it come down and make the plants grow.
This teaches us that even if something is ready in Heaven for a person if he doesn't see the need for it which would make him pray for it, then he may not get it.
Tefilah is something that is necessary for a person to obtain what he needs. Surely Hashem knows our needs without our asking, but this is His will and the way He deals with us. He wants us to realize what we need, that we cannot get them in any manner without Him, and to pray to Him for it. This is also for our benefit so that through this we can get closer to Hashem. Without Tefilah everything is frozen in place even though it is all finished and ready for the person.
Rav Chazkel Levenstein zt"l, in the Sefer Sichos Elul pg 64-68 writes about another aspect of Tefilah. Rav Chazkel points out how we are in a society that constantly preaches "Kochi V'otzem Yadi", (everything we attain is through Our might and Our great intelligence and not through Hashem). This influences us very much. Consequently, we need constant reminders that Hashem runs the world. That is what Tefillah and Brachos on food teach us. They are reminders of Emunah and Hashgacha. We constantly repeat, "You give us Knowledge..., You Heal us...,". Sh'hakol nihyah bi'dvaro - to believe in simplicity that "all is made only through His words". He concludes, "... likewise all prayer, has one goal, to ingrain the following principle in a person's heart "A person doesn't support himself in any way, all he needs is help from Hashem"."
This will help us counter the constant barrage of "Kochi V'otzem Yadi" that we are submerged in.
Another aspect of Tefillah is the fact that it is very therapeutic and helps to calm a person's fears. A person has many problems and things to worry about. Some people even have to go to a psychiatrist and spend a lot of money, but it doesn't always help. We, however, only have to go to Hashem, and we don't need any money or appointments. Knowing that you are talking to the One Who is in charge of everything gives us a tremendous peace of mind.
A common question about Tefilah is, "Why do we have to Daven so many times, why not once a year"? This is similar to the question that the Talmidim of Rav Shimeon bar Yochai asked him. (Yoma 76a) "Why did the manna come down every day why not once a year"? He answered them with a parable. A King gave his son his yearly allowance in one lump sum at the beginning of the year. This resulted in the prince seeing the King only once a year. The King wished to see his son more often, so he decided to give him a daily allowance, forcing the prince to come by everyday. Likewise with the manna. Bnei Yisroel would worry every day that perhaps there would be no manna on the following day and they would die. This forced them to turn there hearts to Hashem everyday." That is why Hashem gives us the privilege of davening to him every day three times.
Comment: That last point is eloquently described here: http://www.jewinthecity.com/2011/02/i-just-called-to-say-i-love-you-why-orthodox-jews-pray-everyday/
Comment: Alex that article should be a septate answer I am looking for multiple resources for this question for example one I would tell to a Jaded at teenager and a different answer or format for a Kiruv situation
Comment: @ST, You'll get answers better targeted to your needs if you express your needs clearly in the questions.
Answer: I was thinking about this today while putting on tfilin, and I think I understood something.  We need to pray, so that we take nothing for granted.
Answer: You should know, my brother, that the purpose of prayer is only desire for G-d and submitting before Him, that one elevates his Creator and praises and thanks Him, and throws all of his needs on Him.
("we pray to Him on our needs and troubles, even though nothing is hidden from His eyes, and He knows our needs better than we do, and He provides sustenance to all living things according to its deeds and according to what His wisdom decreed, nevertheless, we pour our prayers to Him in order to feel our great need for Him and our trust in Him, as the author writes in number 18" - Tov Halevanon commentary).
from chovos halevavos shaar cheshbon hanefesh chapter 3 way#9
Answer: One approach, that of the Nefesh HaHayyim, is to say that man is "omnipotent" too. God created man "in the image of Elohim [God]." The Nefesh HaHaayyim interprets this to mean that man was created with the quality of "Elohim", "takif u-va'al ha-yekholoet ve-ha-kohot kulam" "potent and master of all forces". God chose to give the power to man to cause effects through his prayer. Note that for the Nefesh HaHayyim prayer has nothing to do with material wish fulfillment in our lives; it is unselfish and for the sake of the universe as a whole.
Answer: The Mitzvah is n'geya b'atzmus...
You could make the question stronger and ask why would G-d need any mitzvah from us?
Part of the answer is how we understand the word "need" and how we understand what "perfect" means. Part of what makes using the word "need" sound strange is they first think of like I "need" to eat or else I will die. That isn't a need but a weakness. What I need is to live and food just happens to be how I have to accomplish that. It's a means to an end. When we talk about "G-d's needs" they aren't weaknesses nor are means for Hashem to accomplish something to make him whole since Hashem is already whole and perfect.
Consider... If Hashem doesn't need anything there is no way to make sense of "ivdu es Hashem", there would be no way to make sense of the perkei avos "be as servants who serve the Master not to receive reward", there would be no reason to reward a person for fulfilling something that wasn't needed, if you were to tell someone to do something for you but you didn't need it and they did it they would actually be more distant from you not closer, when a person wants things they don't need we call them immature and Hashem is not immature
https://11213org.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/g-d-needs-the-interview.mp3
Answer: You say you'd appreciate as many answers as possible, so here is an interesting one. My understanding of Bernard-Henri Lévy's and Reb Chaim's position is that prayer is a way we somewhat brazenly, but successfully, defy darkness and forgetting:

Et puis, ces gestes de justice le plus souvent sans lendemain, ces
  étincelles  minuscules et qui ne font pas feu, ces étoiles presque
  aussitôt avalées dans le trou  noir de l'antimatière et du néant, il
  faut, troisième théorème, tout faire pour les stocker et, en quelque
  sorte, les mettre à l'abri. Et cela pour une dernière raison qu'a
  exposée, après Jonas et dans la brèche qu'il a ouverte, un maître que
  je cite souvent  et qui s'appelle Haïm de Volozine.
Imaginons, dit-il dans son maître livre, L'Ame de la vie, un monde où
  il ne reste-  rait plus un humain pour étudier la Torah. Imaginons le
  Livre, et les livres, tombant  en déshérence, orphelins, esseulés.
  Imaginons un monde où le souci du bien au-  rait disparu et où il ne
  se proférerait plus ni prière, ni étude, ni le moindre mot  tendant
  vers le bien. Ce monde serait perdu. Ce serait comme une création à
  l'en-  vers. Ou même une dé-création. Et ce serait un monde qui
  tomberait, littéralement,  en poussière.
Mais, maintenant, l'inverse. Un Juste, un seul, qui lit quelque part
  la Torah. Une  maison de prière, au bout du monde, avec une poignée de
  sages pour y prendre  encore au sérieux la parole de Dieu. Une bribe
  de justice, ici. Un fragment de  bonté, là. Un instant d'intelligence,
  encore ici, tel un vif-argent. Eh bien cela suffit.  Car ce sont comme
  les poutres du monde. Ce sont comme ses chevêtres, fragiles,  mal
  ajustés, mais d'autant plus essentiels, et qui, alors que Dieu s'est
  retiré, em-  pêchent sa création de s'effondrer. Et les poutres
  gémiraient-elles, les faîtières ne  tiendraient-elles que par
  sympathie provisoire et précaire, qu'il faudrait s'y tenir, et  les
  tenir, avec une force et un soin redoublés – il faudrait tout faire,
  absolument  tout, pour recueillir ces paroles et ces gestes, les
  emmagasiner comme on fait,  pour le coup, d'un trésor, les stocker.
-- L'esprit du judaïsme, Bernard-Henri Lévy

My translation:

And so. These acts of justice that in many cases have no future, these
  minute sparks that never catch flame, these stars that are almost
  immediately swallowed up in the black hole of antimatter and
  nothingness -- the third theorem is that one must do everything to
  store them and, in some way, to give them refuge. This for a reason
  that was put forth--after Jonah, in the breach that Jonah opened--by a
  master I often cite, Reb Chaim of Volozhin.
Let us imagine--he puts forth in his masterwork, The Soul of Life--a
  world in which there is no one left to study the Torah. Let us imagine
  the Book and books renounced, disclaimed, discarded. A world in which
  all concern for the good has disappeared, and not another word is
  pronounced of prayer, of study, or which in any way aspires to
  goodness. Such a world would be completely obliterated. It would be
  like creation in reverse: a de-creation. It would literally be a world
  returned to dust.
Now the opposite. Imagine that there is somewhere to be found a single
  upright person who is still reading the Torah. Imagine a house of
  prayer at the end of the world, where a few sages persist in taking
  seriously the word of G-d. A morsel of justice here. A particle of
  generosity there. A flash of intelligence still shining like
  quicksilver. For these are the joists of the world. They are like
  its crossbeams: fragile and ill-fitting, to be sure, but thus all the
  more essential--for when G-d has withdrawn Himself, they prevent His
  creation from collapsing altogether. And so much do the joists groan,
  so much do the beams hold only by virtue of some provisional and
  precarious sympathy, that they must hold on all the more, and one must
  hold on to them all the more. One must do everything, absolutely
  everything possible, to hold on to this speech and these acts: to
  protect them, to hoard them, to hold them like treasure.

For my part, I would hope and imagine that the very naivety of our prayer gives H' some pleasure.


Should my website's typography use the same font as my logo?

Question: I am working with a logo that is using ChunkFive Roman. What's the standard web design practices regarding this? Is it good design to use the same font as my logo for primary headers?
Comment: Are most visitors even going to have that available on their machines?
Comment: @whatsisname no they won't, but that's fine, that's what web fonts and `@fontface` are for (but you may need to buy a different special license to use it as a web font)
Answer: I don't think it needs to be the same as your logo, particularly if it's somewhat exotic, but it should complement your logo. If your logo has big chunky letters, the headline font should have something in the same genre rather than Bodoni. The logo should look like it belongs to the website, not that it had run there when it was a young logo, playing at hide-and-seek with other logos, and forgotten the way out again.
Answer: Your headline font should fit in with the font used in the logo, this is a good design practice. "Fitting In" could either mean mirroring the same look, or providing a suitable contrasting font partner instead.
ChunkFive has no WebFont variation, but the google font Alfa Slab is similar in that it is a Slab Serif as well as having a very heavy weight.
https://www.google.com/fonts/specimen/Alfa+Slab+One
From this link you should be able to view suggested font pairings as well.
Answer: I would say that sometimes it is okay to have your logo font and header font the same, but not typically. The company Fjällräven does this and I really enjoy their design.
https://www.fjallraven.us/
It does detract from the uniqueness of the logo font a bit, but in some cases works.


git push --force-with-lease vs. --force

Question: I am trying to understand the difference between
git push --force

and
git push --force-with-lease

My guess is that the latter only pushes to the remote if the remote has commits that the local branch doesn't have?
Comment: @zzxyz: the actual implementation of `--force-with-lease` is similar to that of compare-and-swap instructions on modern CPUs: the one who wants the swap to occur supplies the expected value and the new value. The system doing the swap compares the expected value with the true current value, and does the swap if and only if the two are equal. With `git push`, the expected value is whatever is in the remote-tracking name, e.g., `git push --force-with-lease origin X` sends your own `origin/X` along with the new desired value; `origin`'s Git tells you if it did the exchange, or not.
Comment: from v2.30 Release Notes: "git push --force-with-lease[=]" can easily be misused to lose commits unless the user takes good care of their own "git fetch". A new option "--force-if-includes" attempts to ensure that what is being force-pushed was created after examining the commit at the tip of the remote ref that is about to be force-replaced.
Comment: the "local *remote tracking branch*".  Basically meaning the remote has to look like what your client expects it to look like.  `git help push` has use-cases explaining its purpose (basically to keep you from trashing a change someone just pushed up).  What's a little unclear to me is how the remote tracking branch works.  But presumably typically it's going to need to look exactly how it looked last time you did a `fetch` or `pull` with no new commits.
Comment: If the Git at `origin` did the exchange, you are done. If not, you can run `git fetch origin` to pick up the *new* current value, rework your changes if needed, and run another force-with-lease compare-and-swap to try again.
Comment: I would name `force-with-lease` or at least think of it as --> safe-with-lease
Answer: force overwrites a remote branch with your local branch.
--force-with-lease is a safer option that will not overwrite any work on the remote branch if more commits were added to the remote branch (by another team-member or coworker or what have you). It ensures you do not overwrite someone elses work by force pushing.
I think your general idea surrounding the command is correct. If the remote branch has the same value as the remote branch on your local machine- you will overwrite remote. If it doesn't have the same value- it indicates a change that someone else made to the remote branch while you were working on your code and thus will not overwrite any code. Obviously if there are additional commits in remote then the values won't be the same.
I just think of --force-with-lease as the option to use when I want to make sure I don't overwrite any teammates code. A lot of teams at my company use --force-with-lease as the default option for a fail-safe. Its unnecessary in most circumstances but will save you lots of headache if you happen to overwrite something that another person contributed to remote.
I'm sure you looked at the docs but there might be some more wordy explanation contained in here:
https://git-scm.com/docs/git-push
Comment: This answer makes no sense because you can't "overwrite code" in Git. Perhaps you meant it doesn't make other people's commits unreachable? But it doesn't even do that.
Comment: @sKopheK probably too late for your situation, but the advantage of --force-with-lease is that even if you dropped commits (intentionally or accidentally) from the remote branch, they are already in your local repository and you can reset the branch again via reflog. That means even *if* something goes wrong, it can be rolled back much more easily and force-pushed again within seconds, likely before anyone is affected (if you realize and fix it immediately).
Comment: This comment does not make sense, but for another reason: it's not obvious from this answer how this differs from just `git push`. It appears that `git push` does exactly the same thing described here.  And from what I've picked up, `--force-with-lease` has a disadvantage in a form of possibility to overwrite remote if you did fetch, but did not do merge of a remote/pull.

What's the `--force-with-lease` is for then?
Comment: i just rewrote remote branch by my version that was behind using `--force-with-lease` :(
Comment: @VitaliiLebediev the difference is that with normal push (i.e., no force) the push won't get through at all if for example the remote is ahead of your local branch. You can still force push (with and without lease) in that case. Similarly when the push cannot be fast-forwarded on the remote. Regarding force-with-lease after you already fetched: If you fetched, you are expected to look into the commit graph (or use other means) to make sure you really want the remote branch to point to that force pushed commit and drop any commits that your local repo knows about.
Answer:
Looking for an answer drawing from credible and/or official sources.

The "compare and swap" mentioned by torek in the comments and in his other answer is further illustrated by the sources of Git itself.

the latter only pushes to the remote if the remote does not have commits that the local branch doesn't have?

That feature was introduced in this commit (Dec. 2013, Git v1.8.5-rc0)

--force-with-lease will protect all remote refs that are going to be updated by requiring their current value to be the same as some reasonable default, unless otherwise specified;
For now, "some reasonable default" is tentatively defined as "the value of the remote-tracking branch we have for the ref of the remote being updated", and it is an error if we do not have such a remote-tracking branch.

So "lease" means:

"force-with-lease": You assume you took the lease on the ref when you fetched to decide what the rebased history should be, and you can push back only if the lease has not been broken.

"You assume you took the lease on the ref": So "lease" is used to describe a safety mechanism for force pushing changes to a remote repository.
When you fetch from a remote repository, you essentially get the latest state of the repository at that time. Think of this as taking a "snapshot" or a temporary "lease" on the repository's state.
The "lease" implies that you are aware of the repository's state as of the last fetch and are operating under the assumption that this state has not changed since.
When you use git push --force-with-lease, you are telling Git: "I want to force push my changes, but only if the remote repository is in the same state as my last fetch."
In other words, you can push your changes as long as no one else has pushed any updates to the remote repository since your last fetch.
If someone else has introduced changes to the remote repository (thereby "breaking the lease"), the push will be rejected. That helps prevent accidental overwriting of others' work.
The sources still mention "cas":

This option was originally called "cas" (for "compare and swap"), the name which nobody liked because it was too technical.
The second attempt called it "lockref" (because it is conceptually like pushing after taking a lock) but the word "lock" was hated because it implied that it may reject push by others, which is not the way this option works.
This round calls it "force-with-lease".
You assume you took the lease on the ref when you fetched to decide what the rebased history should be, and you can push back only if the
lease has not been broken.

So: "git push --force-with-lease vs. --force"
As I mentioned in "push --force-with-lease by default", as Git 2.13 (Q2 2017) mentions, that the option --force-with-lease can be ignored if a background process (like the ones you find in an IDE with a Git plugin) runs git fetch origin.
In that case, --force prevails.
As Pavlus adds in the comments:

it is not ignored per se, it is just now you have identical refs for local remote head and remote head, so --force-with-lease will behave correctly -- compare these two, and if in that interval of time between fetch and push, someone updated remote, it won't behave as --force, it will still fail.

Another difference: before Git 2.29 (Q4 2020), pushing a ref whose name contains non-ASCII character with the "--force-with-lease" option did not work over smart HTTP protocol.
It would work with git push --force.
See commit cd85b44 (21 Jul 2020) by brian m. carlson (bk2204).
(Merged by Junio C Hamano -- gitster -- in commit c2796ac, 30 Jul 2020)

remote-curl: make --force-with-lease work with non-ASCII ref names
Reported-by: Frej Bjon
Signed-off-by: brian m. carlson

When we invoke a remote transport helper and pass an option with an argument, we quote the argument as a C-style string if necessary.
This is the case for the cas option, which implements the --force-with-lease command-line flag, when we're passing a non-ASCII refname.
However, the remote curl helper isn't designed to parse such an argument, meaning that if we try to use --force-with-lease with an HTTP push and a non-ASCII refname, we get an error like this:
error: cannot parse expected object name '0000000000000000000000000000000000000000"'

Note the double quote, which get_oid has reminded us is not valid in an hex object ID.
Even if we had been able to parse it, we would send the wrong data to the server: we'd send an escaped ref, which would not behave as the user wanted and might accidentally result in updating or deleting a ref we hadn't intended.
Since we need to expect a quoted C-style string here, just check if the first argument is a double quote, and if so, unquote it.
Note that if the refname contains a double quote, then we will have double-quoted it already, so there is no ambiguity.
We test for this case only in the smart protocol, since the DAV-based protocol is not capable of handling this capability.
We use UTF-8 because this is nicer in our tests and friendlier to Windows, but the code should work for all non-ASCII refs.
While we're at it, since the name of the option is now well established and isn't going to change, let's inline it instead of using the #define constant.

Git 2.30 (Q1 2021) adds git push --force-if-includes

When a local branch that is based on a remote ref, has been rewound and is to be force pushed on the remote, "--force-if-includes" runs a check that ensures any updates to the remote-tracking ref that may have happened (by push from another repository) in-between the time of the last update to the local branch (via "git pull", for instance) and right before the time of push, have been integrated locally before allowing a forced update.
Comment: Correction about last paragraph: it is not ignored per se, it is just now you have identical refs for local remote head and remote head, so `--force-with-lease` will behave correctly -- compare these two, and if in that interval of time between fetch and push, someone updated remote, it won't behave as `--force`, it will still fail.
Comment: @Clockwork I have edited the answer to define lease. Think of it like renting a car (fetching the repository). You have it for a set period (until your next fetch), and you assume it is in the same condition as when you rented it. If you return the car (push your changes) and it is in a different condition than expected (someone else has made changes), there is a conflict that needs resolution.
Comment: Funny: 10 years later, Git 2.44 finally removes any "CAS" (Compare And Swap) reference from the code. See [commit a762af3](https://github.com/git/git/commit/a762af3dfd9450bf1d6153faa620cb42efb7daa8)
Comment: @Pavlus Good point. I have included your comment in the answer for more visibility.
Comment: What's a "lease" in the case of git? I take it it's not an apartment rental. I'm asking because I'm trying to understand _"you took the lease on the ref when you fetched"_
Answer: git push --force is destructive because it unconditionally overwrites the remote repository with whatever one have locally.  git's push --force is strongly discouraged as it can destroy other commits already pushed to a shared repository. One of the most common causes of force pushes is when we're forced to rebase a branch.
For example. We have a project with a feature branch that both Alice and Bob are going to work on. They both clone this repository and start work.
Alice initially completes her part of the feature, and pushes this up to the main repository. This is all well and good. Bob also finishes his work, but before pushing it up he notices some changes had been merged into master. Wanting to keep a clean tree, he performs a rebase against the master branch. Of-course, when he goes to push this rebased branch it will be rejected. However not realising that Alice has already pushed her work, he performs a push --force. Unfortunately, this will erase all record of Alice's changes in the central repository.
What --force-with-lease does is refuse to update a branch unless it is the state that we expect; i.e. nobody has updated the branch upstream. In practice this works by checking that the upstream ref is what we expect, because refs are hashes, and implicitly encode the chain of parents into their value.
Here is a good post regarding git push --force and git push --force-with-lease: –force considered harmful; understanding git's –force-with-lease
Comment: `--force` does not lose commits, it just detaches them. They can be resurrected by their hashes, as in `git checkout ` or `git reset --hard `, assuming the maintainter of the remote repo does not do any GC or pruning operations.
Comment: what I don't understand - if you rebase with master, then you should be able to push *without* `--force-with-lease`?  Why is `--force-with-lease` necessary after rebasing with master?
Comment: @AlexanderMills there may have some possibility that cause problem. If you are the last person that push this to master then no problem but there is another person who working with another task then it may cause serious problem. Say at first A - B - C was in master , At first Alice make it A - B - C - D - E and same time Bob make it A - B - C - F - G. If Alice is the the last person push in master after rebasing A - B - C - D - E - F - G will not cause any problem but another person Tom try to push A - B - C - D - E - R at same time in master disaster will happen !!!
Comment: "git's push --force is strongly discouraged as it can destroy other commits already pushed to a shared repository" this statement is strongly opinion-based. Doing a force push is part of a normal git rebase code review workflow. Also like mentioned already you can retrieve the commits even after doing this.
Comment: Both this answer and the linked article make it sound like it's normal for a push to be rejected after rebasing a feature branch onto the main branch. That's just not true. After a successful rebase to main, a normal push should succeed.
Answer: Assuming any pre-receive hooks on the server accept the push, this will always succeed:
git push --force

Whereas this runs a specific client-side check before proceeding:
git push --force-with-lease

You can run the specific check yourself manually.  Here's the "lease-checking" algorithm:

Figure out your current branch.
Run git for-each-ref refs/remotes. Take note of the commit-id your git client thinks corresponds to the upstream state of your current branch.

E.g., if you are on branch "foo", take note of the commit-id associated with "refs/remotes/origin/foo".

Determine the actual commit-id of the remote branch on the upstream git server right now.
Only let the "git push" proceed if the commit-ids you extracted from step 2 and step 3 agree.  In other words, only proceed if your local git clone's notion of upstream agrees with actual upstream.

There's a sad implication here:  since git fetch updates all refs under "refs/remotes/origin/*" to their latest versions, this combination of commands is essentially identical to git push --force:
git fetch

# The command below behaves identically to "git push --force"
# if a "git fetch" just happened!

git push --force-with-lease

To work around this inherent weakness in git push --force-with-lease I try to never run git fetch.  Instead I always run git pull --rebase whenever I need to sync with upstream, since git pull only updates a single ref under refs/remotes, keeping the "lease" of --force-with-lease useful.
Comment: I think this answer is significantly easier to understand and more useful than the higher rated ones. Thank you for explaining this so well!
Comment: if the check is client-side, is there potential for a race condition? i.e. somebody else pushes changes after the check but before the forced push?
Comment: Good explanation, but I disagree with the conclusion. IMHO you should *never* use either `--force` or `--force-with-lease` if there is *any* chance that another person would push to the same branch (unless you personally warned all other contributors). If you rebased a feature branch onto a "shared" branch, then a normal `git push` should succeed (no need for any `--force`). If not, someone else pushed before you, and you need to rebase and `push` again. If you push to a "private" branch (i.e. no one else pushes to it), then it does not make a difference which `--force` you use.
Answer: Force-with-lease is not necessarily safe. It just works as Sylvie said.
One note: In git a branch is just a pointer on a commit. And commits point to zero or more parent commits. Even if you changed the branch entirely with a hard git reset and a forced push or a push with - - force-with-lease without wanting it, that's not necessarily a big problem.
You can use your local git reflog to see how your local tip on the branches (Where was HEAD at that time?) has changed and reset and push the branch again. Then you only lose new commits on the remote branch, but even they might be restored by the team members.
Comment: Just a reminder for most people do not know. git list (and all its alias variants) can take the  --reflog parameter which then lists also all commits that are normally invisible. Much more useful than the git reflog command alone.

git push --force-with-lease vs. --force


How many droid-smiths are in the Star Wars Universe?

Question: Babu Frik is the first and only "droid-smith" that I've ever heard of. How many droid-smiths are in the Star Wars Universe?
Comment: Well, Anakin built a droid, just not professionally. Would you accept that? (Also, obligatory "just Canon, or Legends too?")
Comment: "Canon" - Approximately how many droid-smiths are there?
Answer: If you're specifically looking for the term 'Droid-smith' (or 'Droidsmith') found elsewhere in canon, then the sole mention seems to be found in the Rise of Skywalker: Visual Dictionary which refers to an 'unknown droidsmith' responsible for the construction of Ochi's droid D-O.

Cobbled together by an unknown droidsmith felled by Ochi's blade, D-O is an impressionable little roller. Ochi was an assassin by trade, but he had many pastimes to while away the long stretches of time and isolation between assignments. Some of his hobbies were sinister, but Ochi also collected droid technology, and even designed and built some of his own. Ochi claimed D-O after slaying the droid's master.

Purely for the record, the term isn't found in any of the thousand or so non-canon novels either.

If you just mean 'people who can repair/rebuild droids then those are two-a-penny (Anakin, for example, and whoever broke l3-37's Imperial programming).
Comment: What about the droid-smiths in Cloud City?  I'm wondering if every "developed planet" has at least one droid-smith (on the average)? "Canon answer".


Grammatical analysis of comparative parts (i.e. "tam … quam", etc.)

Question: I have the following sentence from Seneca, epistula 1, §2:
"Cum placuerit fieri, toto illum pectore admitte; tam audaciter cum illo loquere quam tecum."
However, I'm not sure what the "tam audaciter cum illo quam tecum"-part is? An adverbial adjunct?
Likewise, this sentence: "Sed si aliquem amicum existimas cui non tantundem credis quantum tibi, vehementer erras et non satis nosti vim verae amicitiae." What is "tantundem quantum tibi"?
Answer: It's adverbial in both cases. The demonstrative adjective-modifier(?) tam modifies the adverb audaciter, which is the core of the adverbial phrase expressing how you should talk with people; and quam... is another—parallel—adverbial phrase, an adverbial subordinate clause.
Tantundem is an adverb to credis, expressing the extent of your trusting someone, and the quantum... clause is parallel.
Note that tecum and tibi are inside the subordinate quam and quantum clauses, respectively, so they have direct conexion to the main clauses.


Driving car in Toronto on Australian Drivers License

Question: Just wanted to know if I can legally drive a car in Toronto, Canada on an Australian drivers license?
Answer: Yes, if you are just visiting and not becoming a resident of Ontario.  In addition, depending on your length of visit, you may need an International Drivers' Permit in addition to your Australian licence.  From the Ontario Ministry of Transportation:

Visiting: less than 3 months
If you are visiting Ontario for less than 3 months and want to drive while you're here, you can use a valid driver's licence from your own province, state or country.
You will also need to:

be at least 16 years old
have proper insurance coverage for the vehicle you will drive
carry an original (or exact) copy of the vehicle ownership permit
obey traffic laws, drive safely and avoid collisions when you drive

Visiting: more than 3 months
If you will be visiting from another country for more than 3 months, you will need an International Driver's Permit (IDP) from your own country.
This is a special licence that allows motorists to drive internationally when accompanied by a valid driver's licence from their country.
You need to have this permit with you when you arrive in Ontario. You cannot apply for one once you are here.


Table Tennis Edge Protectors

Question: I'm getting ready to purchase a table tennis table.
Some of the tables have plastic edge protectors that extend anywhere from an 1/8 to 3/8 of an inch off the corners of the table.
They are angled down a bit, but it still looks like a ball could hit them.
What are the rules here?
Would that be considered in bounds if hit?
If not, is it easy to discern if a ball hits it?
Answer: I assume when you say 'corners' you mean the vertical edges of the table rather than the top surface? Firstly it is unlikely that the ball will hit the edge or corner and you won't be able to determine if the ball was in or out, and so I don't think the protectors will make much of a difference here. I have had a table for 10+ years without protectors and it's been fine.
To clarify, when the ball hits the edge and it bounces 90 degrees to the side or upwards from that angle, it is up/in play, and below 90 degrees is considered down/out of play. You could take the protectors off if they eventually annoy you or it disrupts the play but I am pretty sure it won't matter.
If you can include a photo in your question perhaps just to make sure I am not mistaken in your question that would be ideal.

Table Tennis Edge Protectors


Is it safe to fly with a B737-800? Is it different from a B737 Max 8?

Question: I'm flying from Costa Rica to Chile in November with a B737-800 plane. I'm wondering if this is a different aircraft than the B737 Max 8 or if it's the same?
Answer: All B737 Max, as of today 19-Sept-2019, are still grounded and will be for the foreseeable future. So if you are flying in an aircraft, you are guaranteed that it will not be one of those.
As for the underlying question "is it safe to fly in airplane model "X"?" the answer always is that if authorities are allowing it to fly, it is safe to the best of our knowledge.
Answer: Yes, it is a different generation of the 737.
The Boeing 737 currently exists in its 4th generation:

Original Series: The first generation first flew in 1967 and consists of the 737-100 and 737-200 models, which differ in fuselage length.
Classic Series: The Classic first flew in 1984 and the main difference is the use of high bypass turbofan engines. It consists of 3 different length variants: 737-300/-400/-500.
Next Generation (NG) Series: The NG first flew in 1997 and consists of 4 different length variants: 737-600/-700/-800/-900. The aircraft you will fly on is from this series, as are most 737s, which are still in use today.
MAX Series: The MAX first flew in 2016 and also consists of 4 different length variants: 737 MAX 7, MAX 8, MAX 9 and MAX 10. As Federico said, all variants of this series are currently grounded because of problems with the newly introduced MCAS.
Answer: The 737-800 is not affected by the issues grounding the 737 MAX because the incriminated system (MCAS) does not exist on it.
The 737-800 is part of Boeing's "Next Generation" series.
The 737 Max is much more recent.
Comment: A note for the OP: The MAX being "much more recent" does _not_ incriminate the NG series in any way as being old, out-of-date or in any other way unsafe. There are 1000s of NG series aircraft flying with airlines around the world on a daily basis.


Software for front end Web development

Question: Currently I am using CodePen.io but I want to move to a downloadable program is it is more professional and doesn't require internet.
The code I mainly use is HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and some JavaScript libraries.
Answer: WebStorm is a professional IDE for web authoring of JavaScript, CSS, and HTML.
From their web site:

Enjoy code completion, powerful navigation features, on-the-fly error detection, and refactorings.
Modern frameworks
WebStorm provides advanced coding assistance for Angular, React and Meteor. Enjoy support for PhoneGap, Cordova and Ionic for mobile development and develop for server-side with Node.js. All in one IDE!
Smart editor
The IDE analyzes your project to provide the best code completion results for all supported languages. Hundreds of built-in inspections report any possible issues right as you type and suggest quick-fix options.
Navigation & Search
WebStorm helps you get around your code more efficiently and save time when working with large projects. Jump to a method, function or variable definition in just one click, or search for the usage.
Debugging, tracing and testing
WebStorm provides powerful built-in tools for debugging, testing and tracing your client-side and Node.js applications. With minimum configuration required and thoughtful integration into the IDE, there tasks are much easier with WebStorm.
Debugging
WebStorm provides a built-in debugger for your client-side code (that works with Chrome) and Node.js apps. Place the breakpoints, step through the code, and evaluate expressions – all without leaving the IDE.
Unit testing
Perform unit testing with ease, as WebStorm integrates with Karma test runner and Mocha. Run and debug tests right inside the IDE, view results in a nice and visual format, and navigate to the test code.
Tracing and profiling
WebStorm features spy-js, a built-in tool that helps you trace your JavaScript code. Explore how files are connected with function calls and efficiently identify any possible bottlenecks.
Seamless tool integration
WebStorm integrates with popular command line tools for web development, providing you with a productive, streamlined development experience without using the command line.
Build tools
Enjoy a simple unified UI for running Grunt, Gulp or npm tasks right from the IDE. All tasks are listed in a special tool window, so simply double-click on the task name to start it.
Code quality tools
In addition to hundreds of WebStorm's own inspections, it can run JSHint, ESLint, JSCS or JSLint against your code and highlight any issues on the fly, right in the editor.
Project templates
Start new projects from the Welcome screen using popular project templates like Express or Web starter kit, and access even more project generator thanks to integration with Yeoman.
IDE features
WebStorm is built on top of the open-source IntelliJ Platform, which we at JetBrains have been developing and perfecting for over 15 years. Enjoy the fine-tuned, yet highly customizable experience it provides to fit your development workflow.
VCS
WebStorm provides a unified UI for working with many popular Version Control Systems, ensuring a consistent user experience across git, GitHub, SVN, Mercurial, and Perforce.
Local history
Whether you're using VCS or not, Local history can be a real code saver. At any time you can inspect the history of either a particular file or directory, and roll back to any of its previous versions.
Customization
WebStorm is extremely customizable. Adjust it to perfectly suit your coding style, from shortcuts, fonts and visual themes to tool windows and editor layout.
Answer: Unlike WebStorm, CudaText editor is lite, but it supports major front-end languages (JS, CSS, PHP, JSX, LESS, SCSS, Stylus etc), and has many plugins for front-end. Free, cross-platform.
It is analog of Sublime Text editor.

Software for front end Web development


What is Genome wide analysis and Locus specific analysis

Question: I am reading some articles on genetic variations and I see there are two types of analysis one is genome wide genetic variation analysis and second one is locus specific genetic variation analysis. I don't understand what these two, genome wide and locus specific analysis mean and what is the difference between these two analysis or why do we need both type of analysis?
Answer: Welcome to Biology.SE!
A locus (plur. loci) is a region of arbitrary size on a chromosome. A locus can be a single nucleotide or it can much larger (like $10^7$ sites).
A genome-wide analysis is therefore an analysis using the whole genome at once while a locus-specific analysis is the same analysis performed at the level of individual loci.
To make an analogy, if a genome-wide analysis is like a country-wide analysis, then a locus specific analysis is like a city specific analysis.
Without more context, it will not be possible to say more than that!
Comment: So what I understand is that, Genome wide SNP analysis means detection of SNPs in whole Genome, this gives us the location of the SNP and then this Location specific analysis is done on different people to find out if that SNP is present in certain group of people(Europe/Asian for example)?
Comment: I would need to read the paper to know what they really did but the term "locus-specific" does not mean "individual-specific" or "subpopulation-specific", it means "locus-specific", where locus is an arbitrarily defined genomic regions.


the use of "one of the" for more than one subject

Question: How do you say that John and Marie are "one of the representatives" of this company? Is it correct since you have John and Marie as both representatives?
Comment: Is there a reason to avoid "John and Marie are two of the company's representatives"?
Comment: Thanks for joining us here at ELL.SE!  When you have a moment, please take our [tour] and review our [help] to better understand how to use this site.  Thanks!
Answer: There isn't a good way to combine multiple people with the phrase "one of the representatives."  If you think about it, by describing the pair as "one of the representatives," you are suggesting that the two people are acting as a single representative.  It doesn't make physical or logical sense.  Here are the ways you can express the idea:

John and Marie are representatives of the company.
John and Marie are two representatives of the company.
John and Marie are two of the representatives of the company.

The three examples, above, are equivalent in meaning.  You could theoretically say the following:

The Hanson family is one of the representatives of the company.

It's grammatically correct, but I wouldn't expect to hear a native speaker say it.  The word "family" is singular in this context, but it implies multiple people and "representatives" usually implies individual people.  On the other hand...

The Hanson family is representative of the Human Race.

works well... but it's also not what you're asking about.
Answer: If there are multiple representatives, they can't be "one of the representatives" unless they are sharing the role and only count as one 'person'.
If you know the number, as in this case, you can say "two of the representatives". Or "three of the representatives", or whatever, as appropriate.
If you don't know the number, but it's more than one, you can say "some of the representatives." You can also use that if you know the number but are not stating it at that point. If the number is obvious from immediate content, it's not wrong to say 'some', but it may come across as odd.


Failure to install ServletExec 4.2

Question: We are attempting to install ServletExec and get this puzzling error during the installation:

we can install to XPSP2 with out getting the error.
we get the error when attempting to install on server 2003 hosts.
however we have an existing installation of ServletExec on another 2003sp2 host

We are using install shield runtime version 0701; ServletExec is several years old, perhaps we should revert back to an earlier version of install shield?
We have tried running the installer as an Administrator to no avail.
Thanks SF community, we appeal to you for suggestions - you're our only hope!
Answer: Turns out if you put add the commandline argument <code>-wait</code>, all's well.
There you go.

Failure to install ServletExec 4.2


Which are the best Artificial Intelligence philosophy books?

Question: I am a Computer Scientist interested in philosopy of Artificial Intelligence. Is there a good book that covers AI main philosphical questions?
Comment: A recently published book which may be of interest is Ray Kurzweil's How To Create A Mind.  The first few chapters drag a bit but it generally a very good read.  The many philosophical issues raised are addressed in the later chapters.
Answer: I haven't read it myself, but this book was mentioned in an introductory course on robotics on the Radboud University in the Netherlands (I am a student computing science, so this may be just relevant for you as well):

Superintelligence, by Nick Bostrom
Superintelligence asks the questions: What happens when machines surpass humans in general intelligence? Will artificial agents save or destroy us? Nick Bostrom lays the foundation for understanding the future of humanity and intelligent life.

Nick Bostrom is director of the Oxford Future of Humanity Institute, which is an interesting position in itself already.
Answer: Thank you for all the answers.
I have found this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence
At first I wasn't too confident about Wikipedia, but it is the best article I have read in Wikipedia in my whole life. There are plenty of books and scientific articles in the References part, just check it out!
Answer: I have read this book. Although dedicated to more than just the philosophy AI (it covers other topics in CS besides AI), the chapter on AI was very readable.
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0631229191.html
Given your background, you probably would like the whole book anyway. On the other hand in does get technical in places. It doesn't necessarily require any training, but it is not for the casual reader.
Answer: Godel Escher Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas Hofstadter is a good book on the nature of self & intelligence. Perhaps not exactly related, but has a lot of really interesting stuff on the nature of "intelligence" and how we can create isomorphisms between brains and machines and simulate human "intelligence". He also approaches it in a very interesting manner, tying in all sorts of examples from music, mathematics, art, and science.
Answer: How about Turing's 1950 paper (not a book, I know), which arguably started it all? http://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~dprecup/courses/AI/Materials/turing1950.pdf
A note to other posters: how about books by people who argue against mind uploading, strong AI apocalypse, yada, yada...
Answer: There is a lot of current writing on this.
Here is a recent article covering some of the issues:
Artificial intelligence: where's the philosophical scrutiny?
And here is a recent book:
Artificial You: AI and the Future of Your Mind


Run headphones and speakers?

Question: I have a pi zero w. I was hoping I could run an 8 ohm 0.5 watt speaker from a line level rca output or maybe run the speaker from a 186 ma(ithink???) headphone amplifier? This is from the justboom dac zero pHat. I'm just looking for a way to power the 8 ohm 0.5 watt speaker but then when I plug in headphones the power doesn't blow them. I have one of those cool headphone jacks with the switch in it so when I plug in headphones the speaker turns off. Would love suggestions if what I'm doing won't work. Thanks.
Comment: I think the headphone amplifier is 25 mw according to a website that sells it. I would assume this is not enough to even get sound out of a 0.5w speaker?
Comment: I heard the pimoroni phat DAC can power headphones with the stereo jack but again idk about speakers
Comment: It's a single 0.5w speaker
Answer: My solution:
I got the adafruit speaker bonnet instead
My plan is to add resistors before the one mono 8ohm 0.5 watt speaker so that the power does not exceed that of the speaker, my plan is also to do the same for the headphones, and hopefully they work. I would need a big resistor, but I have a pack from radio shack lol
Formulas used
V=IR
P=IV
P=V^2/R

Run headphones and speakers?


Override standard tab name in detail page

Question: I have a Tab - say "Issue Tracker". On clicking this, a vf page is opened from which 3 options(links) can be selected. On selecting any of the links, user is directed to the standard new page layout like 'New Issue Tracker'. I need to override this name - Issue Tracker on the detail page based on the link that was selected. e.g if the user selected 'Defects' as the first link, the new page layout should be "New Defect" 7 so on.
Comment: Hi
I just need one clarification, the name which you want to override is standard text field name right
Comment: HI - The name is the  tab name. I wish to override that. Thus here is the scenario: Click on Tab - 'Issue Tracker'; a new vf page opens up with three links in it -1] Defects 2] Backlogs, 3] xyz. When I click on Defect, the standard page is opened. It looks like - New Issue Tracker. But I need to replace this Issue Tracker name with Defect without renaming the tab.
Comment: It is possible simply by passing value as a url  parameter
Comment: In your case it is very simple as you have intermediate vf page already
here is the example of account object
[https://ap1.salesforce.com/001/e?acc2=automatic%20account%20name](https://ap1.salesforce.com/001/e?acc2=automatic%20account%20name)

Here acc2 is the account name field
Let me know if you need more information
Answer: I'm not much expert but could try on this :
Per my understanding , I don't think this is possible by any standard means
If you just want to change headings( defect, backlog etc) on Page , Then I think, you can write VF page with standard controller and and pass parameters from the links to decide what should be 'Title' of the pageblock section
If you want to change label of tab itself b, then little extra work is required.
You have to create objects with the names like 'Defect' , 'Backlog' etc. just dummy objects with ono other details. they will be used to control label of Tab
After object creation -  create 3 different VF with standard controller( baed on issue Tracker object) based on parameters passed from links on middle level VF page.
each VF page will have different 'tabstyle' attribute matching names(Defect, backlog etc)  what you want. But inside ,all 3 VF page will still be implementing same standard controller based on Issue tracker object.
Hope this helps!


Where can I see how many posts have I edited?

Question: I've found here many queries to check edit counts, and I get different results for each one. Which one is the most accurate and up-to-date query? Or is there any way to see the edit count in stats?
Answer: Yes, there certainly is a place where you can check this:

Click on the "Users" tab in the main navigation bar.
Click on the "editors" tab.
Select the "all" filter.
Search for your user name.

When you see your account listed, look at the fourth line, which will tell you the total number of posts that you have edited. For example, mine shows that I've edited 3,465 posts on Stack Overflow:

I would have checked the stats for your account, but I see that you haven't associated your account here on Meta with your account on Stack Overflow.
However, do note that the number reported here is showing all of your edits, including those made to your own posts and multiple edits to the same post. It is therefore not a very good measure of one's eligibility for badges such as Strunk & White or Copy Editor, but it does provide a general idea.
Comment: is there any way for somone who is not in the league table to see this information?
Answer: I have found if you go to one of the review pages, you can hover over the bar next to stats, for example
stackoverflow.com/review/first-posts/stats

You can also access this page directly
stackoverflow.com/review/badge-progress/first-posts
Comment: the `Editors` tab in Users shows your edits and `retag`  only edits while the edit count in `stats` only count the edits not the `retags` only see: http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/81655/what-kind-of-edits-are-counted-in-userstab-editors
Answer: Another way to access the Badge Progress popup pictured in @StevenPenny's answer is available even to users who don't have a review link to click yet (for lack of reputation) without entering the URL manually (which also works without review privileges). Assuming you've suggested at least one edit:

Visit your profile.
Click the activity tab.
Click the suggestions tab within/below the activity tab.
Click any suggested edit link that's available (not the link to the question, but to your edit)
Hover over the bar next to stats as pictured in Steven Penny's answer. It's the same one, but on a slightly different page to which anyone can navigate just by clicking through these steps.


How tall can grape plants get?

Question: Looking at grape plants, I noticed that they all say the height is variable, or only list the spread of the plant. Does that mean that as long as I provide a tall enough trellis, I could grow a grape plant as high as I wanted?
Answer: In the wild, grapes are a canopy vine, meaning the reach the tops of the forest trees for sunlight. I've seen them go up 85', but apparently they can go a lot farther. Of, course, it takes quite some time for them to reach that height.
So basically, yes. A grapevine will grow as high as any support you can provide. Here are some good things to note:

Grape vines are very heavy, and the taller the support, the more reinforced it must be. I've seen grape vines take down some very strong looking supports.
A horizontal support is better than a vertical one, for a few reasons.

The stems and leaves will grow up, and the fruit will grow down. Sometimes a disease will affect the fruit only, or the leaves only. It's good to be able to spray only one of them, if necessary
The aeration is better than on a fence type trellis. You are less likely to encounter diseases such as powdery and downy mildew.
The area underneath is great for shade-loving plants, or if big enough, a great place for a picnic table.
The leaves are all high off the ground, so there is no soil-foliage contact.
The grapes hang down, and are really easy to pick.

Grapes can be kept small if necessary, but the major pruning is done in spring, so at the end of the season there is quite a bit of vines, weighting down the trellis. Make the trellis bigger than you think will be necessary.
With any kind of support, it's good to keep the lowest part at least 2' from the ground, to prevent rain from splashing from the ground onto the foliage/fruit.

I'm assuming you mean american grapes, the hardiest by far in this climate. Otherwise, this answer may not apply.
Answer: I grow a couple vines in my yard.  They are NOT mature plants by any means having been in for 3 seasons now, but still, they grew about 10-15 feet this year after a very aggressive spring pruning.
you will get the best fruit out of a well-pruned plant.  The new growth encourages it to reproduce, and hence, grapes.
If you're looking into it for privacy or shade, let it run rampant and you'll have some big vines in a couple years.   After 3 years now, if i didn't prune, i bet the runs would be 40 feet when starting from a 1' plating.

How tall can grape plants get?


What were the reason behind the current offsides rules in football (soccer)? Also why have they been changed throughout its history?

Question: I know the offside rule in football, but how did the current ruling come about? Along history, there have been numerous modifications to this particular rule.
Comment: @gbianchi Borderline...but I read the question as "What is the reason behind *today's* offside rule and its transformation over time?" vs. "Why introduce and keep offside if it creates controversy?" I think both are legitimate questions, but is the scope being covered the same?
Comment: Sorry, I read actually the same question.. maybe a better rephrase could fix this?
Comment: @gbianchi how could this be better rephrased? it's clear that the community thinks this is a possible duplicate, as you state.
Comment: guys, I did mean _today's_ offside rules, to the point of how have they changed over the course of the game's history, and the reasons behind the changes.
Answer:
What were the reason behind the current offsides rules in football (soccer)?

To reduce confusion(1) for officials, players, and fans. As a result, the International Football Association Board have now stated when attackers have influence during play.

The change states that an attacker should be considered offside when "gaining an advantage by being in that position'' in situations that
  will now include receiving the ball from a rebound or deflection from
  the goal frame or a player in the defending team attempting a tackle,
  block or save.

Also why have they been changed throughout its history?

This Wikipedia entry and this article covers the history of offside in football (soccer).
Several reasons include:

Freeing up game flow
Reducing confusion
Reducing uncertainty of calls

If an assistant referee is not totally sure about an offside offence the flag should not be raised (i.e. in case of doubt benefit must be given to the attacking team).

Ensuring correct judgment

an assistant referee should not raise the flag before considering the
  following criteria, so called "wait and see" technique:

Movement of the ball  (direction, speed, distance, any deflection, etc.)
Involvement of the player in active play by interfering with play...an opponent or gaining an advantage.