Can I use a real person's name as a pseudonym?

Question: I don't want to use my own name when publishing my book - my pseudonym is the name of a German actress. Is it ok to use it? It's not a common name, but my book is in English, and the actress is German, so I doubt that she is very well known in the English-speaking world. Where do I check if the name is trademarked?
Answer: Lots of people have the same name, but obviously if you published a fantasy novel under the pen name "Daniel Radcliffe" you'd be asking for all kinds of legal trouble. You're better off using a common name (or truly unique one) or else getting the advice of a lawyer who could read some of your work and research the actress to be sure she's not known for something similar that might confuse people. If you're using the actress' name because you're known by that online and like being associated with her, again you're asking for trouble.
Answer: The answer to your question is likely to depend on the jurisdiction.  In the US, courts have gotten involved in child name disputes.  I am not a lawyer, and don't know the state-by-state written or case law that would apply.
It would seem important to consider how much your pen name and the actress's name might be confused.  Neither of you benefits from confusion.  It just becomes a mess.  If you are lucky, it remains a small enough mess that she wouldn't bother taking any action against you.
Answer: I think she could sue you.
I'm not a lawyer, I don't know German, nor the specifics of German law, but I was able to find something in the page about "personal rights". In particular, the section on "self-expression" (Selbstdarstellung). Machine translation is below:

The right to self-expression ensures that individuals can determine how they present themselves in public. It therefore protects him from unwanted, falsified or defamatory representation by third parties.
[...] the right to self-expression results in the right to determine whether one's own name should be published or publicly mentioned
Individual areas of personal rights are particularly protected by law [...] the name ( § 12 BGB) [...]
A violation of general personality rights, in particular through media reports or in the case of abusive criticism , can result in a claim for damages (Section 823 (1) BGB in conjunction with general personality rights as an "other right") or an injunctive relief or right to correction (§ 1004 BGB).

I don't think it can even be allowed under "fair use".
On one hand, I can't see any economic damages stemming from this. And non-material damages can be compensated only in serious cases. So you'd most likely be hit with a cease and desist, or an injunction to stop the publication and distribution until change your name.
You might be able to argue a sort of "fair use", something along the lines of the Rogers v. Grimaldi case:

This appeal presents a conflict between Rogers' right to protect her celebrated name and the right of others to express themselves freely in their own artistic work.

And it was decided that:

"suppressing an artistically relevant though ambiguous[ly] title[d] film" on trademark grounds "would unduly restrict expression."

But would I recommend wagering on "fair use", so to speak? No. Litigation is unpredictable, and even worse, a waste of your time and money, and it will cost you nothing to avoid it now.
Furthermore, that case was about a film title being misleading, so it's more of a matter of false advertising: you thought you were going to see Fred Astaire, you got ripped off.
In your case, what is misleading is who is the author. Which is much more relevant, because it'd be a violation of that actress' right to self-expression. I know it's not your intent to impersonate her, that your target audience is not someone who would be familiar with her, but there's clearly an ambiguity.
I don't think you can even claim you were acting in good faith, and that your intent wasn't to mislead, because you're already aware that you're using someone else's given name (compare the "All persons fictitious" disclaimer).

My advice is to just use another pseudonym.

To be extra safe, look it up on Google, Facebook, sites to find information about people (Pipl, White Pages...), and see if anyone already has that name, or is using it as a pseudonym already. If it isn't, then you didn't use it knowingly.
Try to make a cryptic pun on your own name. Say, pick the meaning of your name, look up a name with a similar meaning in another language, and use that.
Use a name that is unambiguously a pseudonym, like ancient Latin names, a mononym, or puns like "A. Nonymous", or "I. C. Wiener".
Comment: Friendly Neighborhood Demon you're awesome xD
Answer: Copyright laws are strict and well enforced in The US and most of the western hemisphere. They are intended to protect someone's identity and their right to their creative work. You'll need a release from the individual with the original name, or whoever party which holds the rights to that name.
Taking someone's name is just asking for trouble. I'd just steer away.
I strongly recommend that you coming up with your own pen name, then publicly register it with a copyright registration office such as the The United States Copyright Office.
Comment: Names cannot be copyrighted.
Comment: Pen names are. Real names are protected by the criminal law, hence pen names are copyright protected.
Comment: You're confusing trademark law with copyright law. They are very different. [*"Copyright does not protect names, titles, slogans, or short phrases."* —US Copyright Office](https://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/faq-protect.html)
Answer: You know, if your older than 18 you could change your name... although i wouldn't think you would have to! I honestly don't know. You should look into it! Do it now so it doesn't cause problems later!
Comment: OP doesn't want to use their real name, so changing their real name would accomplish absolutely nothing.


Isn't a zero-coupon perpetual bond not worthless if the relevant government has some probability of buying them back?

Question: A government issues perpetual bonds with no interest payments, no coupons: Most economists that are not hyper-dovish would argue such a bond is intrinsically worthless. However, if a government were desperate for some form of credit in regard to these instruments, wouldn't there be some probability of the government buying these instruments back and thus granting them value?
Comment: Welcome to the site.  Is this question purely hypothetical, or do you know of a government that has issued a zero-coupon perpetual bond?
Answer: If I understand you correctly, the bond pays out nothing whatsoever. Such a bond must be worthless. The value of the bond is equal to the net present value, i.e. the sum of the discounted value of all future cash flows, which are zero in your case. If the government would buy it back, it would necessarily buy it back at a price of zero. Therefore, the bond will remain worthless in any case.

Isn’t a zero-coupon perpetual bond not worthless if the relevant government has some probability of buying them back?


Is there a good system for organizing and distributing handouts online?

Question: A lot of benefits can be had from handing the players index cards, handouts, notes, et cetera. Is there a good way to simulate this online? We play with IRC and a virtual tabletop (d20pro), but I'm envisioning maybe some cloud system we could use for organizing that sort of thing so we can quickly reference, say, the text of a message we received or a bit of text from a library.
Comment: @JonathanHobbs We use private messages on IRC for secret knowledge type things; I'm more considering the case where you'd want to hand something out to be passed around the table. Images would be good too, for maps and things, but text-only is acceptable
Comment: Google Docs and/or DropBox shared folders would do the trick.
Comment: Do you need to be able to pass notes to _only specific players_, or is it OK if every note is available to everyone? Do you only need to share text for the purposes of the hand-outs here, or do you need to be able to share other stuff too?
Answer: You might look into using a Wiki.
For the campaign that I've been developing, I have a Wiki that is separated as such:

An area that describes the world, which anybody with access to the wiki can see
An area that I use for development (where I keep notes on ideas for future adventures, and plans, etc.), which only I and specific other people helping me can see
An area that the players can see (where handouts, NPC backgrounds, and journals are kept), which only I and my players can see

This has worked out great for me.  I have one central place to go when I'm working on adventures, I can link between entries (ex: I have an adventure where the players go to the temple of a specific god, and the adventure description has a link to the entry for that god) which makes it easy to find information, I can keep information separate between what I (as the GM) know as compared to what the players know--and simply move it into the player area when I'm ready for them to have it, I can upload and share images just as easily as text, and the players can make their own notes in the player area on the things they think are important or want to remember.
An added benefit is that many people already know how to use a wiki, so the learning curve for them is very low.
Answer: Evernote is a good candidate for this. It's a cloud based note storage tool, handling text (with tagging and some formatting), images, and some other types of document attachments. It's got clients for pretty much every major platform (including phones and tablets), and a web interface.
Notebooks can be shared between users. The free version allows read-only sharing, so one person can post the notes and everyone (who you grant access to) can view them. A paid account allows granting write permissions to shared users.
I've used it to keep track of notes in my campaign, sharing things with other collaborators in writing up some documents. If you want to share notes with everyone, it's a very easy to use tool to accomplish the goal. It's more cumbersome to share with only specific people, but still doable.
For what you want I think it'd work well, as it's really good for storing bits of information you find during a campaign, and then tagging & categorizing them later.
Answer: Roll20 has a feature allowing to create notes (even with images) and give access to them to the players you choose to.
Of course, if you're already using a different virtual tabletop this is way less useful.
I'm not familiar with every IRC interface out there but I know at least some have the option of creating private chats (Private Message). You could upload all your handouts in some place that makes it easy to fetch the links to that info and post the links via PM.


What exactly makes quantum computers faster than classical computers?

Question: What feature of a quantum algorithm makes it better than its classical counterpart?  Are quantum computers faster than classical ones in all respects?
Comment: To summarize Niel's answer, it can be said that speedup of quantum algorithms is specifically due to destructive interference. To quote [Aaronson](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/06/science/scott-aaronson-quantum-computing-promises-new-insights.html) "The goal in quantum computing is to **choreograph a computation so that the amplitudes leading to wrong answers cancel each other out**, while the amplitudes leading to right answers reinforce.". I'll later try to write a detailed answer to your question, but this is a topic I too find very interesting. Thanks for asking the question.
Comment: Are you asking about "quantum algorithms" or quantum computers in general? If it's the latter, then the short answer is that "speed" of physical quantum computers are heavily implementation dependent (there's also the issue of noise and fault-tolerance). As of yet, none of them are "faster" (in any legitimate sense) than your typical smartphone. However, some quantum algorithms are (in theory) known to be faster than their classical counterparts. The reason for that isn't straightforward (for instance, there's a lengthy debate about whether entanglement causes any speedup at all).
Comment: **Related**: [Is entanglement necessary for quantum computation?](https://quantumcomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/2674/is-entanglement-necessary-for-quantum-computation), [If quantum speed-up is due to the wave-like nature of quantum mechanics, why not just use regular waves?](https://quantumcomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/2595/if-quantum-speed-up-is-due-to-the-wave-like-nature-of-quantum-mechanics-why-not?noredirect=1&lq=1) & [Simplest algorithm for intuitively demonstrating quantum speed-up?](https://quantumcomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/3955).
Comment: @SanchayanDutta. Thanks for the answer. I was asking about quantum computers, in general. By the way, are you getting paid for answering or monitoring questions on SE?
Answer:
"What feature of a quantum algorithm makes it better than its classical
counterpart?"

First, a classical algorithm can be thought of as a quantum algorithm that makes no use of quantum superpositions. Therefore a quantum algorithm can be at least as good as its classical counterpart. No classical algorithm can be "better" than quantum algorithms can do, because one example of a quantum algorithm is the classical algorithm itself.
What is a feature of quantum algorithms that make them better than classical algorithms? The feature of quantum entanglement and superposition, which allows us to answer the Deutsch-Jozsa problem with 1 query instead of $2^n$.

"Are quantum computers faster than classical ones in all respects?"

I believe we do not know much about "speed". We know that we can factor the number $n$ with $log^3(n)$ operations instead of $n$ operations, but how fast are those operations going to be? We only know the answer to this question for quantum computers that have < 10000 qubits, and these have not been able to factor numbers larger than about 7 digits. You can see in WolframAlpha that factoring any number with ~10 digits finishes instantly, so even if the IBM quantum computer is faster, it is insignificantly faster. We need millions of physical qubits (100s of logical qubits) to make a real comparison, and what that million-qubit architecture will look like (if it's even possible to make) is something we don't yet know. Maybe to make a device with a million qubits will come at the sacrifice of gate fidelities or gate speeds.
The answer is "no" quantum algorithms are not better in "all respects" because they are harder to implement physically!
Answer: I think the key issue here is interference from the elements in the superposition. If you do not have interference, you do not get any speedup, just a probabilistic classical algorithm.
Answer: The answers above say that interference, entanglement, and superposition are the reasons for a quantum computer being faster. While this is not wrong, it is not the full story either.
Stabiliser computation, which starts with a $|0...0\rangle$ basis state and then applies Clifford operations to it, before measuring it in the computational basis, heavily involves interference, entanglement and superposition, yet is efficiently classically simulable (this result is known as the Gottesman-Knill theorem). So those features are obviously not "the" reason quantum computers are better at certain tasks. They might be necessary features, but not sufficient.
So to get a true answer we would need to characterise some kind of property of resource that can be present in a quantum computer that is necessary for the computation to be faster. I think a good candidate for this is the negativity in a probability distribution. Using, for instance, a Wigner function, we can represent any quantum state as a `quasi-probability distribution', that is a probability distribution where probabilities are allowed to be negative. Quantum operations then become quasi-stochastic operations. There are classical simulation algorithms that can simulate a quantum computation using this quasi-stochastic representation of a quantum computation. Crucially, the speed of this simulation depends on how much negativity is present in the computation.
So we could equally well say that quantum computers are better than classical computers because they can deal with negative probabilities.
Comment: I think this can be confusing to someone not versed in the topic. You are referring to quasiprobability distributions here, which are alternative ways to describe some types of quantum states, and whose negativity is associated with the nonclassicality of the state they represent. However, these representations are generally used for continuous variable systems; for qubit-based architectures most people have in mind, they are not even so easy to define (they exist, but are way less common).
Comment: No amplitudes are something else again. Quasi-probabilities also allow you to describe mixed states, and so go beyond the pure quantum framework where amplitudes make sense. See for instance this paper: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1367-2630/14/11/113011/meta
Comment: I'm not aware of any direct result linking negativity of quasiprobability distributions with computing speed-ups. Can you link to some reference showing this? Also, how would you apply these concepts for discrete-variable systems?
Comment: This is certainly not the first paper to show how to relate negativity to complexity of classical simulation of a quantum computation, but as an example: https://journals.aps.org/prxquantum/abstract/10.1103/PRXQuantum.2.010345
Comment: You are right that for qubits there are some additional complexities to relate negativity to speed-up, as even for Cliffords any Wigner representation will contain negativity. However, this does not preclude finding other representations for qubits that are useful.


What does the "S" mean?

Question:
At first I thought "S" was similar to a glissando, but then there's a spot with an S and a glissando.  What does the S mean?
Comment: I would guess slide.
Comment: Reminds me of glissando notation where the "gliss." isn't visible over short enough wiggly lines.
Comment: Is this electric bass guitar or acoustic upright bass?   If the latter, we need to know whether this is an arco or pizz passage
Comment: The passage is for Electric bass (and optionally fretless.)
Answer: The S probably means "slide" which is another word for glissando. In your example only one of them has a wavy line but they should probably all have a wavy line. In my music notation program it sometimes happens that the wavy line isn't printed if there is a short distance between the notes in which  case only the letter or word is printed. Personally I always write the word "gliss." instead of a single letter, because the term "gliss." makes it clear what is intended. Then if the line (whether straight or wavy) isn't printed I spend some time working with the matter until I manage to get the program to print the line.
Answer: The 2 S's in measures 29 and 31 may stand for "Subject" which is a motive which is stated and developed throughout the work.In J.S. Bach's inventions he stated a Subject ( or a motive ) early in each piece which was often associated with a complementary motive called a "Countersubject". The Subject and Countersubject would be recurring often in two-part counterpoint.Another famous "S" motive is developed in Ludwig van Beethoven's 5th Symphony...- Da da da Daaa , Da da da Daaa .Just those 4 notes in that one Subject ( motive ) and his 5th Symphony was created. A super theme develops out of 4 simple notes. The Subject = S

What does the "S" mean?


Can you sneak well with heavy armor compared to light or is there no difference?

Question: Is there a difference when sneaking with heavy armor compared to light aromor or can you do it effectively either way?
Answer: Sneaking has a lot of parts to it, and yes, armor is one of them.

Light Armor is easier to sneak in due to weight. It is also much faster to get the weightless perk in the Light armor tree, which negates the affect of wearing light armor while sneaking. The light armor perk is called 'Unhindered' and is 3 perks deep, requiring 50 skill in light armor.
Heavy Armor is obviously, heavy. This makes it have a very noticeable affect on the ability to sneak while wearing it. The perk for weightless is deeper in the heavy armor tree compared to Light armor. The heavy armor perk is called 'Conditioning' and is 4 perks deep, and requires 70 skill in heavy armor.

However, in the end, both will be able to be used without an affect on sneak, assuming you get the perks.
I highly recommend you wear nothing (or just a robe), and wear sneak necklace/rings/potions and cast muffle(illusion spell) if you are having trouble with a specific area to sneak past. Just put your armor in the 'quick slots' and switch it off when you need to sneak until you get the armor perk of your choice.
Comment: Are you *sure* those perks reduce sneak sound as well as weight? Also, there's a sneak perk - **Muffled Movement** - that reduces the noise your armour makes by 50%. It is 2 perks deep and requires 30 skill, so might be worth mentioning as it's easier to reach.
Comment: You'd think a naked person sneaking about would be quite conspicuous... :)
Comment: @configurator [Woo! I'm invisible!](http://www.giantitp.com/comics/oots0025.html)
Comment: @DMA57361; you are correct.  There is a difference between making the armor weightless and making the armor noiseless.  Armor weight reduces your movement speed.  Spells and effects that muffle reduce the noise generated by your armor.  It should be noted that heavy weapons also generate noise while daggers are silent.  Unhindered and Conditioning do not affect the noise generation of armor.  REF: http://www.uesp.net/wiki/Skyrim:Sneak
Comment: There's also the [Steed Stone](http://www.uesp.net/wiki/Skyrim:Standing_Stone), which effects the impact of armor.
Answer: Buy muffle spell and get about 150 mana and you can sneak in any armour: you'll make no sound at all. You can run while sneaking with no penalty, just like a silence perk. You can go ahead and get whatever armour you wish, but be sure to use a dagger or larger weapons will get you spotted: weapon weight still does count as a visual trigger. On the other hand, spells, like a fireball in your hand, will not give you sneak penalty.
You will have no need for unhindered perks in any armour. However, by not getting hitting at all you will have a hard time leveling your armour skill up, which means you will end up spending a small fortune on armour training. It's worth it: do not level armour, get muffle and use whatever armour gives the better enchantment, no matter if it's light or heavy... or just looks good.
Bottom line is you don't even need to spend points in illusion if you won't use your mana for anything else — muffle will take all your mana away, but it's worth it for a 3 minute protection.
Otherwise, level illusion to Adept and get all the "spells work on higher level mobs" perks so that you can calm opponents and then just go behind them, press control and backstab (you won't even need a high sneak, just the assasin blade perk).
This is an easy solution as you will spend like 4-5 points in mana and 100 gold or something like that for the muffle spell. You can buy it from the court wizard Farengar. In order to buy it i don't think there is a required illusion level to be shown at the store like most other spells.
Comment: I am considering making a second character,using heavy armor + dual daggers for sneaking,and also, a two handed for large scale combats.

The possibilities for builds in this game,is endless,i loved it.
Answer: The weight of the armor only affects speed of movement. Your sneak penalty is higher in heavy armor; you can hear the armor clunking around. Although if you use the Muffle enchantment, which makes your footsteps silent and reduces armor noise by 50%, and you get the Sneak perk Muffled Movement, which reduces it by 50%, you can practically make no noise so having light armor makes little difference.
Ultimately, it is up to whether you want 50% stamina regen boost or sheer defensive power. The choice is mainly in your combat style: do you stand and fight or dodge and manouvre yourself around? I personally play a heavy armor sneaker with sword and dagger. Although light armor is probably better, because using the Alchemy/Smithing trick, you can cap your armor rating at 567 so light armor would give you less sneak penalty and the same armor rating. The only Heavy Armor perk which is better is Reflect Blows, which gives you a 10% chance of reflecting damage rather than Deft Movement (10% chance of dodging the blow).
You should choose the armor that you think looks coolest and max out its armor rating. You don't need any perks in Alchemy to do it.
Answer: Heavy Armor and Light Armor skills both contain perks that reduce the weight of worn armor to zero, meaning you can sneak with no penalty while wearing full heavy armor sets.
This site tells you all you need to know about sneak, this is where i got the info above:
http://www.uesp.net/wiki/Skyrim:Sneak
Comment: "Sneaking is affected by the combined weight of all your armor" So there you have it. It is all based on the total number of your armor. Obviously perks knock the weight of whatever you are speccing into down to nul on types of armor, so there is your answer.
Answer: I wear master robes, the dragon priest mask that gives 100% extra magika regen, the Dark Brotherhood boots and gloves (light armor), the boots have a muffle enchantment, and the gloves give you double sneak damage with one-handed weapons, so with the assassins blade perk, my ebony dagger does 30x sneak damage! (no high sneak skill required)
On one hand I have my ebony dagger, on the other the expert level illusion spel;: invisibility. Using the Dark Brotherhood boots, enemies cant hear me, and thanks to the invisibility they cant see me, making it impossible for them to detect me, this way you can even stealth-assassinate dragons!
The invisibility spell does wear off when you kill someone, so it's wise to either train your illusion, or have a large amount of magika. I also suggest choosing the quiet casting perk in the illusion tree, allowing you to assassinate an enemy, turn invisible again, and assassinate another, without being noticed.
Answer: The other thing with Muffle spells and effects is that 100% muffled noise from Daedric or Dragon Plate is still louder than 50% of Thieves Guild or Shrouded Armour. Of course, Nightingale Boots of the highest level muffle armor sound by 350%, so those boots plus any armor plus muffle and an invisibility spell with the Quiet Casting Illusion perk renders you undetectable. I did this and found everything WAY too easy, even on Master difficulty, so I went back to 1-2 Sneak perks and put the rest into combat and pickpocketing/lockpicking. Self-gimping is one of the most rewarding ways to play, you are not overpowered and so long as you don't mind dying it will get you a lot of challenge and experience, even if you play on Adept (medium) dfficulty.
Answer: Heavy armor makes it very difficult to sneak, light armor also makes it a bit harder to sneak. Of course this is all based on the weight of the armor, so lighter armor would make sneaking easier. There is a perk in each armor tree that make the armor weigh nothing, which will make sneaking really easy.
Make sure to put perks in sneaking for added effectiveness.


Should I contact the journal after "with editor" for two months?

Question: I submitted a paper to an Elsevier journal two months ago. I checked the status today and it was "with editor". I understand the reviewing process may take a while, but apparently it is not under review yet. I did a bit research and found that most papers in the journal are accepted less than 6 months. I am wondering if it is appropriate for me to send inquiry message to the editor in this case? Or a more general question is how long should I wait till sending them inquiry/reminder messages. Thanks.
Answer: You can always send a message to an editor to enquire about the status of your manuscript. But, you need to consider a few basic points.
First, try to assess how the journal operates, for example what time frames are usually met by people submitting work to the journal. Try also to see what is considered the norm in your field (assuming this journal is in that field). Since the way journals operate varies between both fields and amongst the journals themselves, you need to assess what is a reasonable time.
Second, Try to see if you can figure out what this message "with the editor" means. I would interpret it as not having been sent out for review yet. If that is true then it seems like posing a question would be timely. If the message indicates the paper may also be under review or possibly even back after review for the editor to evaluate, then two months is certainly not too long. So, understanding the process stages and how the messages relate to these may help you decide whether a request is timely or not.
Editors, should not mind responding to brief questions of this sort but if it is clear from their point that the request is clearly premature, it will add to the stress. In other words, an assessment from your side of the normal waiting time along with an appropriate question is a good ground for the communication. Such an assessment can be made by asking your peers and others who have submitted to the journal. You can also kindly ask the editor to provide some insights into the time frame of the review process. It is after all not uncommon that authors may be more or less ready to handle revisions at different times and knowing what to expect is therefore useful.


Whatsapp messages restore

Question: My phone had a problem so the mobile repairing center did factory reset. Then I reinstalled whatsapp and tried to restore backup from Google Drive.  It took about 1:30 hours for 400 Mb and didn't show any indicator for what percentage it has completed.  So I just tapped home screen and then tapped whatsapp.  It showed me a new window of entering my username and took me to chat window. There I saw no previous chats were present, just 2 old groups and also no messages in them. I again Uninstall and reinstall whatsapp it didn't show me 420 Mb data size,  it asked me if I want to recover today's messages. Can you please tell me can I get my backup from Google Drive again?
Answer: It happened to me also, I guess it's a Whatsapp backup and restore bug, I tried to upload my backup to Google drive which is 600 MB in size and it took more than 12 hours on 1 MB/s network. I can confirm this bug was not present in previous versions, so only thing we can do is wait for Whatsapp developers to fix this annoying bug or going back to previous builds where the bug was not present.
Hope you find this useful.

Whatsapp messages restore


Do we still need to keep this thread locked?

Question: I recently noticed What was the first work to posit the equivalence of magic rituals and computer algorithms? being pushed to the front page. Currently, every answer is locked (maybe due to spam edits according to the comments). Is it still necessary to keep these posts locked?
Comment: I wasn't a mod back then, but I checked the timeline for each answer. It was bad. [Really](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/posts/17262/timeline), [really](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/posts/16331/timeline), [really](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/posts/16367/timeline) bad. You can also see in comments that one of the answers was unlocked at one point and then re-locked after more spammy suggested edits.
Comment: I wouldn't have thought so but best to wait for a moderator to check.
Answer: The reason rejected spam edits used to be a problem is because even when rejected they were still publicly visible and spammers would use that as proof to their clients they had successfully spammed their site. That was changed over a year ago so that now you can only see edits rejected as spam / vandalism if you have an account and are logged in:
Why are suggested edits that were rejected as spam or vandalism not visible to users who don't have an account on the site?
Since that point I've seen almost no suggested edit spam on other sites so I'd say the answers could now be unlocked, but of course not being a regular contributor here that's up to moderators and I'm just giving some background on why it used to be a problem.
Answer: It should be fine now so I've unlocked them.  If you see any spam suggested edits (on those or any other posts) please ping a mod or raise a flag.


Can Apple World Travel Adapter Kit be used in Iran

Question: Can you use the Apple World Travel Adapter Kit in Iran? I want to be able to charge my Macbook. I read somewhere that Iran's voltage is 240 but I purchased the Macbook in the US, any idea if this would work?
Comment: I suggest you get a generic power adapter and plug your Apple plug into that. A generic adaptor can be used for other things, but the Apple adapter has only one use.
Comment: Note that the plug type doesn't affect the voltage
Answer: Iran does in fact use 240V and European-type plugs. That kit provides only a wall adapter and your MacBook charger takes care of the voltage conversion, so the answer is yes.
iPhone chargers are also universal, just use the right wall adapter.
Comment: Just make sure it's a charger made by Apple, or some other reputable company. And "original Apple chargers" bought on eBay are often not made by Apple.
Comment: thanks :P, also what do you need to charge the iphone using this kit?
Comment: @Tom the phone chargers are universal too, just use the right adapter. Or plug it in the computer :)
Comment: Note that the real voltage is 220V!
Answer: The short answer: yes. The longer answer: yes, obviously. :) In particular note the page you linked saying:

The AC plugs included in the World Travel Adapter Kit directly support outlets in North America, Japan, China, United Kingdom

Woohoo 240V!


What have you learnt from this site?

Question: I learnt how unimaginably vast Hindu scripture is.  I disagree with a lot of it - but the vastness of whats out there is hard to comprehend.
Comment: How irony as they ask questions on moksha, all philosophies etc., yet find difficult in simply writing up question clearly in the body and the difference between 'closing questions on main site and meta site'.
Comment: How irony is they have been debating over subtlity of material causes, efficient causes etc yet find difficult to understand gross differences between 'misconception before joining' Vs 'learnt from this site'.
Comment: The question asks what have we learnt and then gives what he has learnt about Hinduism. The question linked also says what they have learnt after joining the site. If there is any difference between two questions, one should write in the body that they are also looking for non religious concepts they have learnt on this site. Questions on meta need not to be exact duplicates.  Some times similar questions are closed as duplicates and in other cases, exact dupes are also left open if they are about site evaluation.
Comment: Also take a look at: https://hinduism.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/892/what-misconceptions-did-you-have-about-hinduism-before-joining-the-site
Answer: When I joined this site I was having some technical queries/doubts and I mistook this site as a panel of experts who are capable of answering such queries.
But I did not take much time to realize that that was not the case.
So, to be very frank, so far, I have not learned anything NEW from this site ... By NEW I mean something spectacularly new about the religion which I consider worthy of knowing or which I am interested in knowing or which has changed my way of thinking with regards to religious/spiritual matters ..
But I really like the question-answer discussions/sessions that we have here .. And this is without doubt the best site of it's kind.
Comment: Thats because YOU are one of the experts @rickross :-)
Comment: Haha .. I hv never claimed myself as an expert .. I have ALWAYS said in comments that IM NOT ONE .. Thr is a Q on the Meta already "Do we hv experts?" You can see whether I hv answered it not ... It is foolish for someone to claim that he is an expert here.. my field of expertise is different and I am just a newbie in Hinduism .. Whn I said I hv not learned anything new that does not mean that I know everything .. it only means whatever I don't knw is yet to be posted here ... @SK Besides I hv also defined what I meant by NEW
Comment: @SK The only expert. There are no other experts on the site like he says in his answer.
Comment: Check [this comment](https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/29269/are-pramanas-mentioned-in-the-vedas#comment87651_29274) for e.g. ... and I hv always said the same if the opportunity presents itself ... I hv lil bit of knowledge abt the subject and which is sufficient enough to know that it is sheer foolishness and arrogance to say "I am an expert" given the vastness of the subject's domain ... @SK
Answer: I have learnt from this site
Positives:
a) How much learned can some individuals be
b) How much intelligent can some individuals be
c) How much dedicated can some individuals be
d) How much hard working can some individuals be
5)How inquisitive some individuals can be
6) How much kind can some individuals be.
I have really been very very enriched within few days visiting this wonderful site.
Negatives
Unfortunately I also learnt
a) how shamfully  dogmatic can some individuals  be
b) how foolish  can few individuals  be (like explaining our scriptures without basic knowledge of sanskrit
c) how much full of cruelty and hatred very few individuals can be because of religion.
Above all this site has made it more clear to me:
"No one becomes wise by reading many books, only learning  the two and half letters प्रेम (Love of God) alone makes a man wise. (kabir).
"learning of too much scriptures is useless. One has to attain devotion to God. Vultures fly high gazing at the filthy things (Sri Ramakrishna)
"The knowledge of the pundits is for Bhukti, not for Mukti" (Sri Adi Sankaracharyya)
May I always remember the three above sayings is my heart's prayer to God.
My sincere regards to all.
Comment: Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been [moved to chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/89120/discussion-on-answer-by-partha-banerjee-what-have-you-learnt-from-this-site).

What have you learnt from this site?


Wife Betrayal revealed by my employing organisation. Company wants me to either divorce my wife or leave the job! What to do now?

Question: My company, being very disciplined, has asked me to consider divorce or quitting the job because my wife was linked to one of my colleagues (betrayal or cheating was limited to phone calls / sms only with only one casual meet in public with a friend of hers). I have forgiven my wife and I can observe her changed behavior towards our life. She does not want to leave me. We have two small kids.  My parents do not want me to leave the job as I have earned a respectable position with formidable repute and bright scope for future. I want to live with my kids, my wife and with the will of Almighty Allah and my parents. What to do?  Please reply urgently.
Comment: Why would your employer have a right in islam to weigh in on this?
Comment: No offense but the more I do read your question -as written- the more I get the feeling that it is primarily an advice-request and this is hardly on topic because it is attracting opinion-based answers.  It would be great if you could edit your answer to make it fit I strongly recommend you therefore to to read [ask] and to visit our [help]. You want three things: Keep your Job, keep your wife and the content of your parents. According your statement it is hard to fulfill.
Comment: What country do you work in? this goes against the law in many countries, a company does not have the right to interfere in your personal matters, unless your self-esteem enables you to think that this is okay(in that case it must be really low) this is oppression!
Comment: My suggestion for an edition is: Can my employer ask me (or insist) to divorce my wife ....? Note that in working or active SE community your question would already have been closed (in less than 1h after posting it) only because the title which clearly conflicts with the SE policies! What to do now isn't an answerable question it is too broad, attracting opinion based answers! So please consider re-editing the title too! I know I might sound fussy, but I try to be fair as I take your concern seriously, else II would already voted to close the question.
Answer: Unless you consider your job more important than your family, you shouldn't ruin your family because of it.
You said she doesn't want to leave you and you have two small kids, it's up to you if you want to leave her or not.

29:60 And many a creature does not carry its provision; God provides for it, and for you. He is the Hearer, the Knowledgeable.

God stands with what's Right.

29:59 They are the ones who were patient, and put their trust in their Lord.
Comment: Nice reply,your first phrase with your Quranic references is substantial answer JazakAllah.


If a druid in wild shape is over healed, does it carry over to normal form?

Question: If the druid (in normal form) takes damage, then uses wild shape, does healing the wild shape carry over to the normal form hit points? Or does healing only affect the current form?
Answer: To answer the first question: No. It would not carry over due to how Wild Shape works.
The reason: The only reason damage carries over is because you automatically revert when your HP is reduced to 0 in beast form. This means that damage is dealt after you revert technically.

However, if you revert as a result of dropping to 0 hit points, any excess damage carries over to your normal form.

Therefore the carry over of damage between forms is delayed damage to your caster form until you revert. No effect of healing causes you to revert to receive the extra restoration of hitpoints lost.
Comment: Sorry I missed this notification of a reply. It does have a point, it allows for healing your beast-form in the middle of combat, as if you spent a healing spell that you currently cannot technically cast.
Comment: Except the feat that the class gets that lets them spend a spell slot to heal their real health when they use wildshape
Comment: That ability does not specify if it is for the druid's original form or not in the PHB. So I would disagree there as well.
Comment: It has to be his original form @D. Webber because you start with full animal health upon wildshaping, meaning healing would be pointless


how to calculate the non linearity of each element of s box?

Question: I want to learn how to calculate the elementwise noninearity of an sbox. I know how to calculate the ANF, and how to create the s box. Now I wanna learn how to calculate the nonlinearity of s box elements "belement.before n after shuffling elements."
Answer: The answer to How does one practically calculate the non-linearity of a multi-output boolean function like the AES s-box? describes explicitly how to do this both for single output bits and the whole output vector of the sbox.
If you have the ANF of an sbox output bit, you can obtain its hadamard transform from there by using the mobius transform. See my answer to the question
Generate ANF from SBox for information on the mobius transform.
The weight of the lowest weight nonzero hadamard coefficient is equal to the nonlinearity.


What is the difference between positive matrix coefficients and negative matrix coefficients of an audio?

Question: I have turned an audio file into an one dimensional array by using audioread function in matlab and found several positive and negative fractional coefficient values.What is the basic difference of this positive and negative sign in the matrix?
Comment: Just a nomenclature issue: Those numbers are not "coefficients", they are sample values of the sampled waveform.
Answer: A sound wave is a pressure variation in a fluid (typically air) that varies with time and position. A microphone records this pressure variation: Positive means the local pressure is slightly higher than the static pressure and negative means it's slightly lower.
Comment: What is the meaning of this positive or negative sign?Does this mean the negative value is less than the positive one or does it indicate the direction only?
Comment: It indicates direction. For example if a microphone membrane is moving: positive denotes inward motion, negative denotes outward motion.


Music App Showing Deleted Songs In Recently Played

Question: Recently I buy a Lumia 630 & noticed after deleting a song from native music app of phone it still shows the ghost image of the song with folder in recent play section of music app. Even after reboot deleted song's folder is shown in recent play section. Is it natural ?
Comment: Was the song stored in the phone memory or SD card? was the song actually deleted, you can check with the [official Files app](http://www.windowscentral.com/windows-phone-81-gets-official-file-manager)
Comment: I downloaded the song through 'music download unlimited' app & it was stored in SD card, I deleted it both from music app & files app(for deleting blank folder of the song). But if it remains in recent plays section for all time, is it not very annoying? In my old symbian it is not happen?
Comment: I've also noticed that since the recent update to the music app that the pictures/album names in the recent listened do not match what plays if you tap them.
Answer: The Recently Played list will show songs, albums, artists, and playlists that no longer exist. If you try to play (from Recently Played) the song that you deleted, it will not be able to play it.
EDIT: The Music app has been updated to allow you to remove items from Recently Played.
Answer: I think this is happening because the Music app doesn't require the song to be on the device. It has a couple states for music: installed or in the cloud (shown with a streaming icon).
If you try to play the song that has been deleted do you get a 30 second preview? (or if you have an Xbox music subscription, it will actually play the whole thing but will have a streaming icon next to it).
Try this to permanatly remove it:

Open Music app
Slide over to "Collection"
Select "Songs"
Now tap the green "showing" filter option above the song list, a "Filter by:" selection list will pop up.
Select "Streaming" (Now, you should see a list of all songs not on your device but still can be played)
Tap and hold the old song for the context menu
Select "Delete".

It will warn you if you want to permanently remove it from your cloud collection. Select yes and it should be removed.


iPad not playing compressed High Res videos?

Question: I have an iPad 3 and use Infuse and VLC to play videos on my iPad. Now I am having a weird issue. I am trying to play a TV series that a friend gave to me. The files are mkv. The resolution is 1280x718, which is surprising, as file size is only 90 MB for a 25 min video. Now when I play these videos on my iPad, the video sort of freezes every second. They play fine on my PC. I tried using both infuse and vlc but same issue. I think the files must be compressed in some way, as I have seen that 25 min of a 1280x720 video can be upto 400 MB in size, I have played such videos on my iPad, and they play fine.
Answer: Your suspicions on a 90mb file not being HD are correct. A 25 minute show that is HD would not be 90mb. Hell, that's even small for standard definition quality. Resolution and file size are very different. You can have a video file that is super compressed, but still runs in a higher resolution. The end-result will be a wide & tall, but blurry, picture quality.
As for why they are freezing on your iPad, it's possible that the conversion settings were a little off when someone created this file. I think this based on the small file size, mixed with high resolutions. It sounds like someone was trying very had to make a small file size and probably tweaked a bunch of settings on the export file to do so. It's possible the software you are trying to render it with (VLC, Infuse) are struggling to interpret the file. As you mentioned, the iPad can play other files fine.
Comment: I tried converting to mp4 and they worked...but its a very long process..is there any quick solution?
Comment: Conversions can take a while. There's heavy processing involved. I don't know what tool you use, but I use Handbreak and it takes almost as long as the video file is long.


How to play minecraft with friends without using LAN (Hamachi is too slow)

Question: So I have some friends who want to play minecraft with me. The thing is we don't want to play on servers, as others may interrupt. So  is there a way for me to play minecraft with my friends without Hamachi? If i have to create a server, then how? Note: I don't have a strong pc. Ths!
Answer: If you have access to your router or Firewall you can forward the Port: 25565 so they can connect to your router and get dirrected to your Server if they connect with the Port.
If you dont have a router you have to manage this on your Intern Computer Firewall.
If you dont have access to your router there is no other way than using Hamachi or a Public Server.


Vote lockdown (after some time): is it possible to revoke or soften?

Question: I voted down an answer and later (after 3 hours) came back to StackOverflow to find a comment which explained that I was wrong and answer was actually correct.  However, the system doesn't let me revoke my downvote, because the answer wasn't edited.  What should I do?  Or more importantly, what would you propose to avoid such situations in future (advising to think more before downvoting doesn't count as everyone makes mistakes).
Answer: If you have 2k reputation, edit it yourself.
If you don't, post a comment asking the OP to edit it, and maybe to reply to your comment so you don't forget.
This protection is against the systematic temporary downvote of all competing answers so that yours is at the top of the list; increasing the limit to hours as you propose would defeat the purpose for which the vote lockdown was implemented.
I understand that it's frustrating to honest users, but unfortunately some people decided to abuse the system so now we must all pay the consequences.
Comment: I tried to revoke a downvote from a question, so the explanation doesn't fit perfectly. And what, if you didn't answer a question yourself. OK - you could start downvoting others, answer, and revoke later, but you can downvote still - just the revokation is impossible.
Answer: I would prefer to revoke a downvoting even years after downvoting. Everybody should be able to change his mind. To prevent fraud, the penalty for downvoting could be preserved.
Comment: Thanks for downvoting me without comment.
Answer: It already was softened from 90 seconds to 5 minutes.
Comment: Have you considered unlocking the vote after say, 3 or 5 hours?


Does a node validates a transaction that comes with a block if it's already in its mempool?

Question: Except for checking for double spends, if there's a transaction in a block that's already in the node's mempool, it can theoretically skip its validation. Does it actually happen, or the nodes validate each transaction twice?
Answer: The most expensive part of checking a transaction, ECDSA validation, is cached.
Comment: Transaction validity can change (OP_CLTV).
Comment: Didn't cache also the transaction itself?
Comment: Now I'm thinking about it, it can change even before that because there could've been a double spend attempt.
Answer: Zero confirmed transaction are unsafe. Simillarly, it is not safe to validate using them as benchmark. See this example:

You have a transaction T1 that spends txouts of transaction T in mempool
Another transaction T2 in mempool spends outputs of T1
In Block B

We have tranaction T1' that is double spend of T1 with different output. This is possible since miner can directly include T1' in the block and it is valid.
We also have T2 in B but it is invalid. Now validating T2 based on mempool would be wrong. We have to consider all previous outputs and outputs in the current block.

Also note that bitcoind has to validate blocks which on different forks/chains. Mempool only has unconfirmed transaction on the longest chain
Comment: Nonsense, you can cache the validation, just not the UTXO check.


Drupal cross server workflow

Question: I have my test server installed locally with MAMP and so far everything is going fine but one concern I am having is how will I deploy my server remotely once I want to have a live server.  Is there an easy workflow to export all your content, fields and views so that I can move them to a remote server using ftp maybe?  How does this type of workflow normally work?
Answer: Here are some links to some articles which might be helpful. I've been compiling them myself, to help figure out how to tackle the same issue you're having.
Exploring Deployment Methods

http://torylawson.com/index.php?title=Moving_Drupal_7_site_to_a_new_server
How to migrate from test environment to production environment?
Creating a Drupal development environment - achieving development, stage and production: http://groups.drupal.org/node/24196
http://developmentseed.org/blog/2009/jul/09/development-staging-production-workflow-problem-drupal/
http://www.slideshare.net/eaton/drupal-deployment-presentation

Moving Configuration out of the Database with Features

Bundling site settings using Features - http://drupal.org/node/580026
http://developmentseed.org/blog/2009/may/29/making-and-using-features-drupal/

Using Git with Drupal (http://github.com)

Drupal Git Tutorials List - http://drupal.org/node/1054594
Building a Drupal site with Git - http://drupal.org/node/803746
Drupal + Git database management - http://patrickavella.com/blog/git-drupal
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5364498/drupal-on-git-what-to-do-with-the-database
http://www.opc.com.au/web-development/drupal-release-management-drush-and-git
http://www.viget.com/extend/backup-your-database-in-git/

Useful Contrib Modules

http://drupal.org/project/backup_migrate
http://drupal.org/project/features
http://drupal.org/project/drush
Comment: Yeah, I've been scouring the web the past week trying to solve the same issue, and found all of this info.
Answer: To move exportable items I use the Features module. Drush is also very useful for dev to live migrations.

Features - From Module Description
The features module enables the capture and management of features in Drupal. A feature is a collection of Drupal entities which taken together satisfy a certain use-case.
Features provides a UI and API for taking different site building components from modules with exportables and bundling them together in a single feature module. A feature module is like any other Drupal module except that it declares its components (e.g. views, contexts, CCK fields, etc.) in its .info file so that it can be checked, updated, or reverted programmatically.
Drush - From Module Description
Drush is a command line shell and scripting interface for Drupal, a veritable Swiss Army knife designed to make life easier for those of us who spend some of our working hours hacking away at the command prompt.
Answer: The links provided by @David Csonka are great! I would echo that the Drupal "problem" is making sure to draw the line between content and configuration for deployability (as Drupal by default puts configuration in the DB and the goal is to get config. into version-able files as best possible - use git!). Personally, this has been greatly helped by the features.module and accompanying modules that "export" their configuration so that features can read that configuration (some noteworth great examples are views.module and strongarm.module)
We currently live the "Dev->Stage->Prod" lifecycle at AllPlayers.com - we have talked about it at conferences: http://vimeo.com/33678298
I've also always liked the DevSeed explanation of the direction of features in general (as they're the originators of the module); particularly putting the site-builder in the mindset of building and reusing "packaged" "recipes" on the Drupal "framework".

Drupal cross server workflow


Is force stopping an app equivalent to uninstalling it, as far as increasing the performance of a phone is concerned?

Question: Suppose I force stop an app and it stays that way for long. Will this boost the performance of my phone in the same way as uninstalling the app would?
Comment: An app you kill does not "vanish" in thin air. It will still occupy room in your phone's storage, just as a pile o' junk.
Comment: What if the app is installed in external storage? In that case the space it will occupy will be tiny, and being forced stopped, it should not occupy background space and behave as good as being uninstalled.
Comment: I don't understand the downvotes for this question.
Answer: In some cases, yes, if your performance issue is not caused by low storage space. The improvement may be temporary, however, as apps can be restarted if they are registered for certain actions or events.
Comment: Quite synthetic, but you're addressing the issue. There's just a thing to remember, though: if an app, as you said, is programmed to restart its services, then killing them will only be a waste of battery.
Comment: @death mask salesman: This is why i stated in my question - "Suppose I force stop an app and it stays that way for long." I have some apps that simply die when i kill them, so i was wondering if they were as good as dead or not.


Use multiple widget types for one field

Question: I would like to have different field widgets for distinct forms. Is there a way to define multiple widget types for a single field? Here's my case: on the create content form, the widget for the field "Tags", which is a term reference field, is an autocomplete term; but on another form that uses that same field, I would like to use a select list for the widget.
Comment: For clarification: You have one form that you are displaying on two separate pages (**A**,**B**). On **A** you want the form to use autocomplete on the taxonomy field, on **B** you want the form to use select on the taxonomy field?
Comment: Well, I have two forms that use the same field. I would like to use different widgets for the field on each form. I'll try to implement your hook below, that may work for me.
Comment: Are both forms for the same content type?
Comment: Yes. One is the create content form, the other is a view that is using views bulk operations to modify the entities, in this case the taxonomy fields.
Answer: I'm seeking clarification but I'll go ahead and add this here:
As you commented, you can use hook_field_widget_properties_alter() like this:
function important_dates_field_widget_properties_alter(&$widget, $context) {
  // kpr($widget);

  $pageCheck = FALSE;
  $formPath = 'my/form/path';
  if ($formPath == current_path() || $formPath == request_path()) {
    $pageCheck = TRUE;
  }

  if ($pageCheck) {
    // switch from options to autocomplete
    /*if ($widget['type'] == 'options_select') {
      $widget['type'] = 'taxonomy_autocomplete';
      $widget['module'] = 'taxonomy';
    }*/
    // switch from autocomplete to options
    if ($widget['type'] == 'taxonomy_autocomplete') {
      $widget['type'] = 'options_select';
      $widget['module'] = 'options';
    }
  }
}

You can not define multiple widgets for a field.  You can, however, create another field of type "Term Reference" and choose a different widget.
Comment: I've already thought of that, but I need to edit the same field with both forms. I think I can use a hook_field_widget_properties_alter for this, but I'm not sure how to check for field instances in this case.
Comment: This is great, very straightforward, but how can I do a check for the form I want to alter? I'm already using a hook_form_alter, but I don't want to nest this other hook in that.
Comment: You would have to use some path checking. I will add an example to the answer.
Comment: Could this also possibly be used as a custom field widget fallback somehow? I have a scenario, where I have created a custom field widget with extended features for authenticated users based on their account data, but I'd like to have my anonymous users also be able to fill in the field, but with the default widget, so I'd have to be able to call for another field widget if $user->uid==0. There's a reference in stackoverflow for that by Jonathan Rowny: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9466895/using-multiple-form-field-widgets-for-the-same-field-in-drupal but not too many details.

Use multiple widget types for one field


How do I create a workflow or alert to tell me when a date has past?

Question: I'm using SharePoint Online and I have a custom list with a date & time column.  I want the system to send me an alert 1 month after the date specified in this column but I don't know how.  Initially, I'd looked at alerts but they don't seem to have that sort of conditioning, I then looked at workflows but I'm a little lost.  Can anyone assist me in creating this alert/workflow control?
Answer: You can make use of Microsoft Flow for your scenario.
You can create a recurring flow, which checks the date column in the list and if the condition satisfies it can send the alert via email.
A simple google search on this, and I'm sure you'll achieve what you want.
Comment: As Suggested by Veeraj, I have created Microsoft FLow. But it throws Error for calculated columns. Any help to Create Reminder is much appreciated. Here is the Error:
> { "status": 400, > "message": "The field 'Exam_x0020_1_x0020_Due_x0020_dat' of type 'Calculated' cannot be used in the query filter expression.\r\nclientRequestId ***************" >}
Answer: You can make call from any page that you know is hit at least once every day to return all items with a date that equals Today minus 1 month and a flag is not set and if found, send an email and then set the flag so the email is only sent once.  Make your list hidden and give everyone edit access.
Most users should only see a few milliseconds of delay and the unlucky person that actually gets a hit will only see about a 1/2 second delay.  We have our site on a hosted service using old-style workflows (yuk!) and no compiled code is allowed by the provider, so I use our homepage to trigger scripts like a timer job and the users have never noticed a difference.  Certainly not best practice, but it gets the job done...
I have instructions here on how to send an email in JavaScript.
Answer: Simply create a Calculated column (Lets call it Reminder) = 30 days + Your Date and Time column
In SharePoint Designer Workflow use List Workflow.
Action : Pause till Date > Here Use the Current Item: Reminder Date Filed.
Condition: If any value equal value: Current item field (Current Item: Reminder Date) is equal to Today
Action : Send an Email
Hope this helps.
Comment: i would rather recommend a microsoft flow than a SP designer pause till date instruction, pause until date is not reliable as it won't capture  changes during the pause or can break during the pause


meatballs refrozen, safe to eat

Question: freezer broke and i did not find out until all the items, meatballs in a bag, vegetables had defrosted, however, there was still ice and ice water from the ice accumulated during the months and the temperature outside and in garage was in the teens for 2 weeks. i am saying the temp in the broken freezer was just above the freezing temp, i think.  Would the vegetable and meatballs, chicken, and pork chops be safe to eat, i did refreeze them when i discovered the problem.
Comment: Do you know what temperature the freezer was at when you found it?  If it was still below 40°F, you could treat it as if it were thawed in the fridge and just cook & use it immediately.  If you think it might've failed in warmer weather and came down because of a recent cold spell, then it's more clearly a 'trash all of the meat and use the vegetables to make stock' type situation.
Comment: related : http://cooking.stackexchange.com/q/24123/67 ; http://cooking.stackexchange.com/q/42489/67 ; http://cooking.stackexchange.com/q/47146/67
Comment: "In the teens" doesn't sound like "above freezing temp". First of all, we don't know whether your numbers are supposed to be in °C or °F. "Teens" in C is way above freezing temperature, and in F it's actually below freezing temperature. Can you please clarify?
Answer: The vegetables might be fine, since vegetables can be stored in the fridge for up to a few weeks, depending on the kind. The meat should be thrown out. If you don't know at what temperature it has been kept, and for how long, there is no way to tell if it is still safe, and food poisoning is unpleasant. I would throw everything out, but I strongly recommend at least all the meat.

meatballs refrozen, safe to eat


Is there a block spin renormalization group scheme that preserves Kramers-Wannier duality?

Question: Block spin renormalization group (RG) (or real space RG) is an approach to studying statistical mechanics models of spins on the lattice. In particular, I am interested in the 2D square lattice model with on-site degrees of freedom (i.e. spins) being the elements $g_i$ in a finite Abelian group $g_i\in G$, and the partition function has the following form
$$\begin{split}Z&=\sum_{[g_i\in G]}e^{-S[g_i]},\\S[g_i]&=-\sum_{\langle ij\rangle}K(g_i^{-1}g_j),\end{split}$$
where $K(g)$ is a suitable group function ($K:G\to\mathbb{R}$) to penalize the group elements that differ from identity. The block spin RG partitions the lattice into small blocks (labeled by $I,J$) and rewrite the action in terms of the block spin $g_I\sim\sum_{i\in I}g_i$ (how to map the sum back to an element $g_I\in G$ depends on the RG scheme), such that the partition function can be rewritten as
$$Z=\sum_{[g_I\in G]}\sum_{[g_i\in G]}\delta\big[g_I\sim\textstyle{\sum}_{i\in I}g_i\big]e^{-S[g_i]}=\sum_{[g_I\in G]}e^{-S'[g_I]},$$
where the new action takes the form of
$$S'[g_i]=-\sum_{\langle IJ\rangle}K'(g_I^{-1}g_J)+\cdots.$$
By omitting higher order terms generated under RG, the RG procedure can be considered as a function map $\mathcal{R}$ that takes the group function $K(g)$ to $K'(g)$.
On the other hand, such a model of finite Abelian group $G$ on the square lattice admits the Kramers-Wannier duality. The key step of the duality is a Fourier transform (on the Abelian group $G$)
$$e^{-\tilde{K}(\tilde{g})}=\sum_{g\in G}e^{-K(g)}\;\chi(g,\tilde{g}),$$
where $\tilde{g}$ is a representation of $G$, and $\chi(g,\tilde{g})$ is the character. Due to the fact that the representation of a finite Abelian group $G$ also forms a finite Abelian group $\tilde{G}$, and $\tilde{G}$ is isomorphic to $G$ (meaning that the dual group $\tilde{G}$ is the same as $G$). Combining with the fact that the dual lattice of the square lattice is still a square lattice, the Kramers-Wannier duality can be considered as a bijective functional map $\mathcal{D}$ that maps $K(g)$ to $\tilde{K}(g)$ (and vice versa).
However, it is not obvious to me that the block spin RG preserves the Kramers-Wannier duality. I think in general the RG transformation $\mathcal{R}$ is not guaranteed to commute with the duality transformation $\mathcal{D}$, or say the following diagram does not commute in general:
$$\begin{array}{lllllll}
K & \overset{\mathcal{R}}{\to} & K' & \overset{\mathcal{R}}{\to} & K'' & \overset{\mathcal{R}}{\to} \cdots\\
\updownarrow\tiny\mathcal{D} & & \updownarrow\tiny\mathcal{D} & & \updownarrow\tiny\mathcal{D} & \\
\tilde{K} & \overset{\mathcal{R}}{\to} & \tilde{K}' & \overset{\mathcal{R}}{\to} & \tilde{K}'' & \overset{\mathcal{R}}{\to} \cdots
\end{array}$$
So the question is how to design the block spin RG scheme to make the above diagram commute? Is there a systematic design of the block spin RG scheme that preserves the Kramers-Wannier duality?
Answer: A potential first step towards answering your question is given in our recent paper, where we expose and exploit non-local matrix product operator symmetries in the tensor network representation of classical partition functions. Since the strange correlator picture naturally provides us with a symmetry-preserving real-space renormalization group flow (see the last section of the paper), the design of a block spin RG scheme that preserves the Kramers-Wannier duality can be reformulated in terms of designing a symmetry-preserving truncation procedure on the level of the entanglement degrees of freedom of a projected-entangled pair state.


Difference between "at the time" and "at that time"

Question: For example,

This early 1980s incident made headlines at that time.

versus

This early 1980s incident made headlines at the time.

Which is correct and why?
Answer: First, you identify the instance

That man robbed me. That is the man who robbed me.

Once the instance is identified, then the instance has been defined. Having been defined, means you have a definite way to point to the man. Now you can say,

The man first stopped me with a machete. Then he relieved me of all my jewelry.

Similarly, first identify the moment.

Kate: Joan, there was a time when we were kids and we a had a house next to a brook.
Joan: That time. I remember that time. At the time we were what ... ? Four, five years old ?
Kate: Yah, I was probably five, and you four. Do you remember the day our cat fell into the brook ?
Joan: That day. Yep, that day.
Kate: That was a pretty funny day, wasn't it?
Joan: The cat was jumping all over the brook trying to get out of the shallow water.
Kate: That week was also the week, when the utility company finally strung electricity to our house too.
Joan: Oh no, the days before that week, we had no electricity. We were like living in the wild.
Kate: We were living in the wild.
Joan: Actually, I really longed to live in the wild of Tennessee again.
Kate: I knew you had a wild streak in you.
Joan: What wild streak?
Kate: The wild streak that made mama pull her hair and gnash her teeth.
Joan: That wild streak?
Kate: Yes, that wild streak.
Comment: I think you're saying that they both mean about the same thing, but it's not clear.
Answer: When used as a non-demonstrative determiner, 'that' is synonymous with 'the'.
Comment: Can you clarify by illustrating the demonstrative- and non-demonstrative-determiner usages of 'that'?
Comment: I can't demonstrate the demonstrative usage via text...
Comment: I don't think he/she understands the meaning of "demonstrative usage".
Comment: I'm pretty sure it's a she. That/the beard is a dead giveaway.
Comment: 'That thing' means the same thing as 'the thing', unless the speaker is pointing to something.  {'That' is also a relative pronoun, so I had to specify its use.}


Visa-free transit in Korea

Question: I'm flying from Auckland to China (layover) to Busan. Then 5 days in Korea, then Seoul to Japan. I am staying there for 3 months. I am from Jordan and a New Zealand permanent resident. I already have a Japan visitor visa. After 3 months I am going back to Auckland with Air China. Do I need to apply for a visitor visa for Korea or can I enter without a visa? On the HiKorea website they say you need to come to Korea on a direct flight.
Answer: This page says:

1) Transit Tourists Travelling to a Third Country

You transit through Korea on your way to the United States (excluding Guam and Saipan), Japan, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand and hold a valid visa (including re-entry permit, but excluding e-visa or Japanese Group visa) issued by the aforementioned countries.

This is your case both ways, it seems, as long as the visa that you have for Japan is not an e-visa.

Visa-free transit in Korea


how to load SharePoint default .js file manually in master page?

Question: I have created SharePoint calendar list and added it to my custom page (with the custom master page).some time sp.ui.applicationpages.calendar.debug.js not loaded in IOS mobiles(also not loaded in system pages).
how to load this files manually in the master page.
suggest some idea to resolve this issue.
Answer: Could you try to include this in the masterpage where the script links are located.
<code><SharePoint:ScriptLink ID="SPCalendarDebug" name="sp.ui.applicationpages.calendar.debug.js" runat="server" ondemand="false" localizable="false" loadafterui="true" />
</code>


Can Droid 2 Global sync with Outlook 2010? Esp concerned with tasks

Question: Considering getting a Droid 2. I use Outlook for all calendar, contacts, and tasks. Although it is seamless for calendar items and contacts, task management is critical for me. I am not impressed with Google apps task mangagment and want to keep using Outlook. Is the Droid compatible with a sync directly to Outlook 2010? Under what conditions?
Answer: Apart from the grand old man of the syncing world that Ryan's pointed out above, there's also GOATS and TouchDown as other notables.
There's a fairly detailed table at http://www.syncdroid.net/ that illustrates and lists software designed to sync data to Android devices.
Comment: Thank for the link to syncdroid- has a good chart for the various alternatives. I ended up using gsyncit- $19.99, with the gtask app for phone (free w/ ads, $3.99 without). Working pretty well so far. Keeping fingers crossed.
Answer: The only solution I know of for the level of syncing you want to achieve is CompanionLink. It will sync Contacts, Calendar, Tasks and Notes between Outlook and Android, it will also cost you $49.95.
Comment: Thank you for the response. gsyncit coupled with gtasks app for droid seemed to be a good option, cheaper and with good reviews. Working pretty well so far.


sprinkler pressure issues

Question: One zone of my sprinkler system comes on at times and not at other times. We have 70 PSI at the meter coming to the house which drops to 20 PSI when the zone comes on. If the heads come up, the pressure rises quickly to 35-40 PSI. If the heasd just gurgle and squirt, then the pressure remains at 20 PSI. We have had the backflow checked as well as the water meter replaced. I don't know where to turn as they come on sometimes and not others. Any ideas what would be causing this?
Comment: If your zone valve had a problem then the pressure at the meter would not drop. Any chance that there is a break in the underground pipe, maybe a tree root, that's causing the drop in pressure and the lack of water through the sprinklers? How long does that zone operate?
Comment: The zone operates for 30 minutes. I thought of a break but can't figure out why they then operate some of the time and not others.
Comment: A tree root causing partial leakage?? Have you walked the route after 30 minutes of the zone not working and checked for a really wet location?
Answer: Reason
A sprinkler head's pop-up mechanism seals and becomes water tight when fully raised/extended. This only happens after being supplied with sufficient water.
A sprinkler that is not fully extended will allow more water to exit than the same sprinkler that is fully extended. The high water pressure actually creates its own water tight seal, and only allows water to escape through the spray head. Low pressure water will escape from around the pop-up mechanism and the spray head.
The catch-22 is that with too low of pressure, the system can't self seal and build up pressure. It will do what you're seeing and just continue to never seal.
A way to test that I'm correct is to get a small group of people and have one person stand over each sprinkler head and pull it up while the system is showing these symptoms. Fully extending all of the sprinklers manually and holding them there will seal the system and make it start working on it's own. They could all now walk away and the system will continue to work until it is shut off.
After my explanation, it may seem like I'm saying that your problem is low pressure. Your problem is actually low flow. Water pressure only exists because of a restriction to flow. If you cut off the end of your water main after your water meter and let the water freely shoot towards the sky, you'd have 10 gallons per minute of water going everywhere, but your water pressure would actually be at 0 psi. Water pressure doesn't mean much without knowing the amount of flow as well.
It's confusing because your sprinklers seal from both flow and pressure in a way. They seal when the restriction to flow is great enough to raise the heads and make them stay there. If you don't have enough flow, you'll never build up enough pressure to overcome the leaks around the pop-up mechanism for it to self seal.
If we can increase the flow at startup to this zone, it will make the sprinklers seal. Or if we can decrease the number of sprinkler heads on this zone, we can reduce the flow required to make the the sprinklers seal.
Solution
The solution requires you to find out why this one zone is different from the others. Does this zone have more sprinkler heads than the others? Reduce the number of sprinklers on that zone.
Is this zone at the end of a long run of a copper pipe that's too small of diameter, or a galvanized steel pipe that's corroded and restricts flow inside? Install a larger diameter pipe from your main to your valve.
Is your sprinkler solenoid valve only 3/4"? Increasing it to 1" might be all you need to do. The sprinkler solenoid valve is typically the largest bottleneck in the entire system.
Splitting your misbehaving zone into two zones is an option, as that will cut the flow required to self seal in half.
If you can't do anything significant like that, your final option is to replace your sprinklers with low flow sprinklers with the same coverage. You'll need to water for a longer duration, but it'll reduce the flow required to self seal the system at startup.
Conclusion
Anything that will increase flow to this zone and removes bottlenecks, or that reduces the amount of sprinkler heads or the sprinkler head flow will be how you fix this problem.
Answer: Dotes has given a good explanation. If the system used to work then perhaps one or more of the popups now is faulty. You can clean the filters of the popups, though that is unlikely to help this exact problem. For each popup you can lift it manually, unscrew the top, get a friend to take the filter out and clean it while you still grasp the tube. then re-assemble. Test. To find a bad popup, have friends hold down and seal half of them, and watch the behavior of the others. Then try the other half. My boss always replaces bad popups, I dont know what the chances of them working are if you just take them apart and clean them.

sprinkler pressure issues


When would you want to play with guitars out of the same tuning?

Question: I've been a drummer for 30 years, and have played with countless other musicians, most of them string players.  I will notice when playing with multiple guitarists, or a guitarist and a bassist, that they will tune to the same tuning.  Are there ever times that guitarists/bassists would want to be in a different tuning?  I'm asking because I've never experienced it.
Comment: Reminds me of a couple of years I spent as MD of a band, whilst being the drummer. Questions like "what key?" were met with, "I don't care so long as you play the right notes." [Outside of that, I'm a pretty harsh MD, so they didn't get off lightly - think Whiplash, but with hair]  ;)
Comment: Do mean something like one guitar is standard tuning, but another is something like open G tuning?
Comment: Tuning down is one thing but I am pretty sure that Jimmy Page used some exotic open string turnings on standard songs with John Paul Jones on Bass (or keys) and I can't imagine any benefit to him adjusting the tuning.
Comment: @MichaelCurtis Correct.  Now that I think of it, the bassist usually didn't retune.  But anytime I've played with multiple guitarists, I believe they all retuned to the same tuning (e.g. Drop D)
Comment: I have to admit that I don't know it, but I guess, one reason might be, that it sounds different, if you tune one note down and use a capo. Or just play higher. Tension of the strings or using a capo strongly influences the sound colors.
Comment: I was going to answer with 'The Rolling Stones' but apparently Keith Richards *and* Ron Wood both use open G tuning. Interesting question. I wouldn't think this to be rare.
Comment: There are several examples of alternative tunings in music. The purpose? To experiment and find novel ways for expression, as humans have been doing since the dawn of man.
Answer: There are two different meanings of »tuning«.
1) pitch
Not related to any instrument: Here we define a pitch for a certain note (most common the A note). A common tuning standard is A tuned to 440Hz. Another is A tuned to 443Hz. When two guitarists play together they have to make sure that the A at one guitar has the same pitch as the A at the other guitar. There exists no case where one player tunes his guitar to 440Hz and the other player tunes his guitar to 443Hz. This would sound terrible.
2) Tuning system
Related to guitars/string instruments: The order of notes the different strings are tuned to is also called »tuning«. Guitars are most common tuned to E standard (E A D G B e). But it is totally fine if one guitar is tuned to open A (D A d f# a d') and the other to E standard. They don't have to be in the same tuning in order to play together. But an A on the one guitar must have the same pitch as the A on the other guitar.
Comment: "They don't have to be in the same tuning in order to play together": it seems to me likely that they would be more likely to be out of tune with each other, however, because of differences in tension for strings stopped at different points, especially for stopped strings on one instrument that are open on the other.
Comment: I believe the effect of "chorusing" often involves taking two recordings of an instrument, then tuning one of them a little sharp or flat. I my be mistaken, though.
Comment: I dont think so. The variation in pitch caused by different attack, different finger pressure, etc. is enough to create the beat.
Answer: Same reason, really, as to why some guitarists need/have to use capos. If I'm playing a song in concert B, I'm happy doing that. Another guitarist might prefer to capo on 2nd fret and play it in his mind, in A. Generally, all guitarists will tune to concert, but if one decides he'd rather play a tone lower, for better sound, etc., then he'll tune differently and compensate. It may well be that you've already been party to this, but not even realised - there's no good reason why you should - everyone is effectively in the same key, so it isn't apparent.
Comment: More seriously than above - imagine you played with a keyboard player who was great - but could only play in C... so every song he would transpose his entire keyboard so he could play it in C. It wouldn't make the slightest difference to the end result, whatever anyone else in the band thought of him having to do it.
Comment: @Tetsujin - been there done it!
Comment: @Tetsujin Irving Berlin apparently [played everything in F#](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposing_piano).
Comment: @phoog - or was it Gb..?
Answer: If two guitars are played in the same tuning, and the musicians use the same chord shapes and scales, this can be uninteresting.  For example, if both players are using open chord shapes, they are probably playing the exact same chord notes in the same voicing.
One way to make it more interesting is for one player to, for example, play up the neck while the other plays at the nut.  This changes the chord voicing, adding interest.
Another way to achieve similar results is for one player to play in a different tuning.  This likely changes the voicing of even open position chords, so that even if both player play near the nut using open chords, they won't sound exactly the same.
Answer: If by "Tuning" you mean "pitch" as "A - 440Hz" then no. All the instruments, not just guitars, but piano, fiddle, bass, synths etc. need to use the same "baseline". The standard is 440Hz. You tune to the instrument which can't change its tuning easily (ie. grand piano)
If you mean the order in which the strings are tuned, then standard is EADGBE. There is no need to have everyone tuned the same as long they adjust, in fact, it will probably sound more "interesting" if some players tune differently. For example, slide player will tune to open chord while rhythm player will stay in standard (or play in higher position with capo).
Comment: Arguably, many instruments tune to A=392 or A=523.  Though it's probably more accurate to say that they tune to B=440 or F#=440 instead.


Will the fast be broken if one tastes food but doesn't eat it?

Question: I wanted to know if a fast is broken if I taste the aftari (when cooking -Just at the tip of the tongue-) to check if the food is cooked correctly or not?
Answer: Imam al-Bukhari has put a statement of ibn 'Abbas (which is not translated on sunnah.com as it is not a hadith he would rely on) saying:

وَقَالَ ابْنُ عَبَّاسٍ لاَ بَأْسَ أَنْ يَتَطَعَّمَ الْقِدْرَ، أَوِ الشَّيْءَ. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
  Ibn 'Abbas said: there's no harm in tasting the food from pots or other meals (Source of the translation -see page 96)

This statement (or a similar one) should appear in as-Sunan al-Kubra of imam al-Bayhaqi and was also compiled by ibn abi Shaybah according to al-'Ayni in his 'Omdat al-Qari عمدة القاري  (commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari).
Therefore:

There is nothing wrong with a fasting person tasting the food if he needs to, if he does that by testing it with the tip of his tongue, then he spits it out without swallowing anything, whether the one who is fasting is a man or a woman.  (Source islamqa #26837)

Nevertheless scholars consider this as markrooh (frowned upon) with certain differences (This is taken from: Al-Jaziri's Islamic Jusriprudence accoding to the four sunni schools  p-763 ff.) :

The Hanafis say it is undesirable to taste something no part of which has dissolved and gone down into one's stomach: this ruling applies equally whether the fast being performed is obligatory or voluntary unless it is done out of necessity. It is permissible, for example, for a woman to taste the food she is cooking in order to test its saltiness if her husband is ill-tempered; the same applies to a chef.

The Malikis: Tasting food is undesirable for someone who is fasting, even if one is preparing it. If someone does taste food, he must spit it out lest any of it reach his esophagus. If any of it does reach his esophagus despite his efforts to prevent it, he must make up the fast later if the fast being performed is obligatory, whereas if one deliberately allows some of the food to go down into his stomach, he must make up the fast later and perform expiation as well if this was during Ramadan.

The Shafi'is: simply say if something reaches the person's stomach out of forgetfulnees or by coercion, or due to ignorance the person may be excused under Islamic law.

The Hanbalis: consider tasting food unnecessarily as undesirable else it is not. If there is no necessity which calls for one to taste food and if part of it reaches one's esophagus, one's fast will be invalidated.


Why is the "Task category" drop down to filter a Windows event log disabled?

Question: I've got a specific "Task category" of Windows log events I'd like to see on their own, but the option to filter by category in the "Filter Current Log" dialog is disabled/greyed out. How can I use it?
Answer: The "Task category" is only available to filter a log once you've already selected something for "Event sources" above that in the "Filter Current Log" dialog. Note that in every case I've checked, you can only have one "Event sources" selected, or "Task category" gets disabled again.
That said, for the category you want filter for, first figure out what the source is, select it, and then select the task category.
After some hunting, I had finally found the answer to this here and thought I'd share: https://social.technet.microsoft.com/forums/windowsserver/en-US/c5bafdd9-2e70-4ba5-ab0b-018e86adbc97/filtering-2008-r2-event-log-security
Comment: In my case, I´ve already selected a source, and still can´t select any category!
Comment: FYI, you can find the correct event source by finding an event which has the task category you want to filter on, and looking at the *source* field at the bottom of the event details pane. It seems that the field is truncated, to about 20 characters.
Answer: I´m adding this answer because I also couldn't filter.
So you need to manually edit the xml.
Enter in Edit your Custom View Properties. than go to the tab XML
and hit the checkbox "Edit query manually"
you will have something like these:
<QueryList>
  <Query Id="0" Path="Application">
    <Select Path="Application">*[System[Provider[@Name='quem ME atende'] and (Level=1 or Level=2 or Level=3 or Level=4 or Level=0 or Level=5)]]</Select>
  </Query>
</QueryList>

So you need to add another Filter (Level is already added, Warning, Error etc)
So add "and (Task=12)"
Where 12 is number of your category!
<QueryList>
  <Query Id="0" Path="Application">
    <Select Path="Application">*[System[Provider[@Name='quem ME atende'] and (Level=1 or Level=2 or Level=3 or Level=4 or Level=0 or Level=5) and (Task=12)]]</Select>
  </Query>
</QueryList>

And here you go, you may have to refresh the View more than once, as it is tricky!


I am the sole owner of an LLC. Does it make a difference if I file as an S-Corp or a sole-member LLC?

Question: As an LLC with one owner, I had the option of filing using Schedule C on my household taxes, effectively treating business income (in this case, losses) as I would a sole proprietorship.  My plan had been to convert to S-Corp tax treatment, but if I can already file using Schedule C, is there really a point?  Are there any advantages to the S-Corp I'm not considering?
Thanks!
Answer: Be careful of the other answers here. Many are wrong or partially wrong.
The question implies that you knew this, but for everyone else's benefit, you can keep you LLC organization and still elect to be treated as a S-Corp by the IRS just for tax purposes.  You do this by filing Form 2553 with the IRS. (You can also, by the way, elect to be taxed as a "regular" C-Corp if you want, although that's probably not advantageous.  See Form 8832.)
The advantage of electing to be treated as an S-Corp is that income beyond what constitutes a "reasonable salary" are not subject to social security and medicare taxes as they would when paid was wages or counted as self-employment income on Schedule C.  Depending on what you need to pay yourself to meet the "reasonable salary" test, your overall income, and other factors about your business, this could result in tax savings.
Contrary to other answers here, making this election will not force you to create a board of directors.  You are still an LLC for all purposes except taxes, so whatever requirements you had in organization and governance at the state level will not change.  You will have to file a "corporate" tax return on Form 1120S (and likely some corresponding state tax form), so that is additional paperwork, but this "corporate" return does not mean the S-Corp pays taxes itself. With a couple of exceptions, the S-Corp pays no taxes directly (and therefore does not pay at the corporate tax rate). Instead the S-Corp apportions its income, expenses, and deductions to the owner(s) on Schedule K.  The owners get their portion reported from the S-Corp on Schedule K1 and then include that on their personal Form 1040 to pay tax at their personal rate.
In addition to filing Form 1120S, you will have to handle payroll taxes, which will create some additional administrative work and/or cost. Using a payroll service for this will likely be your best option and not terribly expensive. You've also got the issue of determining your reasonable salary within the rules, which is the subject of other questions on this site and other IRS guidance.
Answer: S-Corp are taxed very different. Unlike LLC where you just add the profit to your income with S-Corp you have to pay yourself a "reasonable" salary (on w-2) which of course is a lot more paperwork. I think the advantage (but don't hold me accountable for this) is if your S-Corp makes a lot more than a reasonable salary, then the rest of the money can be passed through on your personal return at a lower (corp) rate.
Comment: The last part here is definitely wrong.  The corporate tax rate is irrelevant to this question.  The pass through happens, but then you pay at your personal rate. The advantage is that you don't pay social security and medicare on what's passed through - only on "reasonable salary."
Answer: I'm assuming that when you say "convert to S-Corp tax treatment" you're not talking about actually changing your LLC to a Corporation.
There are two distinct pieces of the puzzle here.
First, there's your organizational form. Your state, which is where the business is legally formed and recognized, creates the LLC or Corporation. "S-Corp" doesn't come into play here: your company is either an LLC or a Corporation. (There are a handful of other organizational types your state might have, e.g. PLLC, Limited Partnership, etc.; none of these are immediately relevant to this discussion).
Second, there's the tax treatment you receive by the IRS.
If your company was created by the state as an LLC, note that the IRS doesn't recognize LLCs as a distinct organizational type: you elect to be taxed as an individual (for single member LLCs), a partnership (for multiple member LLCs), or as a corporation. The former two elections are "pass through" -- there's no additional level of taxation on corporate profits, everything just passes through to the owners. The latter election introduces a tax on corporate profits. When you elect pass-through treatment, a single-member LLC files on Schedule C; a multiple-member LLC will prepare a form K-1 which you will include on your 1040.
If your company was created by the state as a Corporation (not an LLC), you could still elect pass-through taxation if your company qualifies under the rules in Subchapter S (i.e. "an S-Corp"). States do not recognize "S-Corp" as part of the organizational process -- that's just a tax distinction used by the IRS (and possibly your state's tax authorities).
In your case, if you are a single-member LLC (and assuming there are no other reasons to organize as a corporation), talking about "S-Corp tax treatment" doesn't make any sense. You'll just file your schedule C; in my experience it's fairly simple.
(Note that this is based on my experience of single- and multiple-member LLCs in just two states. Your state may have different rules that affect state-level taxation; and the rules may change from year to year. I've found that hiring a good CPA to prepare the forms saves a good bit of stress and time that can be better applied to the business.)
Answer: In the United States, with an S-Corp, you pay yourself a salary from company earnings.   That portion is taxed at an individual rate.  The rest of the company earnings are taxed as a corporation, which often have great tax benefits.  If you are making over $80K/year, the difference can be substantial.  A con is that there is more paperwork and you have to create a "board" of advisors.
Comment: The S-Corp is *not* taxed as a corporation.  That's the whole point of distinguishing it for a "regular" C-Corp.
Comment: I never suggested an S-Corp was NOT taxed as a corporation.  I said that a salary paid to an employee by an S-Corp was taxed at an individual rate.
Comment: The S-Corp is not taxed as a corporation.  You said "The rest of the company earnings are taxed as a corporation, which often have great tax benefits."  This sentence is not true.  The "rest of the earnings" are attributed to the owners and also taxed at the individual rates of the owners.