Greek Coffee Law in Greece

Question: I read somewhere that there is a law in Greece that cafes must serve Greek coffee. Can someone verify that there is such a law, or regulation?
Comment: Where did you read this? If you could define "somewhere", you'd probably get better answers.
Answer: I found this detailed article by an expert titled "how to make and drink Greek coffee" that seems to rather confirm your understanding of the matter:

I remember when I was the Food and Beverage Director for Starbucks in Greece and we were launching the first store in Greece back in 2002, we had to serve Greek coffee in the store. Apparently there is a law in Greece that requires all coffee shops to serve Greek coffee (...) Α specific combination of beans is used to make this Greek blend, with specific bean varieties, roasted at specific temperatures and used in specific ratios.

Source: How to Make and Drink Greek Coffee
Author: Elena Paravantes
I would interpret her statement to mean that Greek law requires all coffee shops to serve Greek coffee, but in addition thay can make and serve any other type of coffee.
Answer: I am from Greece and I am still here...So I have a first-hand knowledge!
Not all cafes serve Greek coffee and not all coffee shops (the ones they sell coffee beans) sell beans for Greek coffee! But most of them do otherwise the lose 90% of their clientele, in my opinion!
Starbucks they don't have Greek coffee on their menu and NOBODY would ask for Greek coffee at Starbucks!
How to make Greek coffee now.
I found this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TleH2q86O0M that exactly how we do it. In a coffee pot you put a cup of water (like the ones you use for espresso shots), a teaspoon of roasted and then finely ground coffee beans and if you want it mild you also put a teaspoon of sugar or for sweet two teaspoons. Then you boil it and stir it and before it come to the boiling point, you remove it from the heat, put in the cut and let the grounds to settle. Also you can choose for two different blends the most common one "blond beans" and "dark beans" or you can mix it.
But Greek coffee is the same as Turkish coffee.
Two more things:

After you finish your coffee, if you want to see your future turn your cup upside-down. And have someone "read" it for you. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Vk1cCpN-8I
The only kind of coffee that we have here and I have never seen anywhere else is Frappe. And it's the only one that I don't drink! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbmWtPtZIZA
Comment: *"Greek coffee is the same as Turkish coffee."* __ thst's what I thought after reading the how to make: thanks a lot for the confirmation!
Answer: This is apparently a genuine legal requirement in Greece.
Greek commercial law can be challenging to understand. Greece has a well entrenched bureaucracy and many people have opined that legislation in Greece has been appended on an ad hoc basis for a long time resulting in some inconsistent, difficult to understand and sometimes contradictory legal framework.
By many accounts this is sometimes the only practical way to navigate the convoluted & contradictory regulations. Interestingly the custom of fakellaki was formally legitimized in Greece as recently as 2013. The controversial legislation said that falellaki is not necessarily unlawful because they are just a Greek way of saying thanks for favors.
There is a long-standing Greek custom called φακελάκι (fakellaki) which is the custom of giving money in a discreet envelope to bureaucrats to expedite permits and other services.
I too have read the article by the Starbucks Food & Beverage Manager in Athens describing how Starbucks was obligated to offer Greek style coffee. I asked some friends in Athens if they knew anything about this and they told me that the traditional kafenio (cafe) is permitted to operate later hours than many other types of businesses.
It sounds like one could theoretically eschew the requirement to offer Greek style coffee if you operated a cafe with reduced opening hours. But that would likely be an uncompetitive & fiscally unprofitable way to run a cafe.
Comment: Starbucks issue is interesting. Starbucks is not obligated to offer Turkish coffee in Turkey. Still, they offer Turkish coffee in each branch in Turkey. Sometimes market enforces you, then you don't require any legislation.

Greek Coffee Law in Greece


Turbo trainer maintenance

Question: I've just bought a second-hand Cycle Ops turbo trainer and was wondering how I can clean it and whether or not I need to get it serviced.
Answer: I would start by downloading the manual for your model of trainer from https://www.cycleops.com/support/product-manuals
If its the sort of trainer with a cassette and you remove the bike's rear wheel to train, then you'd clean it like a normal wheel/cassette.
If its roller-based and presses on your rear tyre, then there's probably very little that can be done to clean it.
Either way, soapy carwash, a soft brush/sponge, and a gentle shower of water is probably fine.   Don't use high pressure on any bearings or seals.
As for servicing, probably only useful if its got a problem like squeaks or graunching under use.
Comment: If it's roller-based check if the roller is not greasy to avoid tyre slipping, if necessary clean with bike cleaner. Vents of any kind may have sucked in dirt (it's a fan, after all) clean with a vacuum cleaner.

Turbo trainer maintenance


The Sun or Our Galaxy revolves around what?

Question: Like every planet they are in orbit of something or another planet like our solar system every planet revolves around the sun, my question is: what's the name of the planet or object which the sun revolves around; if the sun is stationary or if our galaxy is in motion, around what it is revolving.
Comment: The short answer is probably "it's complicated" - although one might say that we're orbiting around the centre of the galaxy. A good question, but as Tbb says it would probably be better asked (and may already be answered) on Astronomy.se.
Comment: See also https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/20614/revolution-of-the-sun
Answer: As a previous comment states; it is complicated. But in principle the Sun is just one object in a large collection of objects which we call the Milky Way Galaxy. All the objects in this Galaxy orbit the barycentre (or barycenter, if you prefer the American spelling). The barycentre is, essentially, the common centre of mass of the whole galaxy. In the same way the planets in our solar system don't actually orbit the Sun, they orbit the Solar System Barycentre.
As for the Milky Way Galaxy, that too is a member of a larger group of galaxies, and they all orbit their common barycentre.
Answer: The Sun, like all other stars in the Milky Way Galaxy, is rotating around the Galactic Center. The Galactic Center is around 25,000 light years away, and it may contain a supermassive black hole. There is a very intense radio source in the center of the galaxy, called Saggitarius A*, which is thought to be the same as the black hole.


Why should wellbores be supported by pressure, but not mine tunnels?

Question: I recently read about safe mud window - it states that the mud pressure in a wellbore should be high enough to prevent well collapse, and should not exceed the formation's fracture pressure. But consider deep mine tunnels - there is no "mud pressure" at all, just air. A mine's depth could exceed 3km, and its tunnels withstand this overburden rock mass. So why do wellbores collapse with a lack of pressure, but deep mines do not?
Comment: It is rare for a mine to be deeper than one km; it is rare for a petroleum well to be less than one km. Because wells are usually much deeper they encounter much higher pressures. Also mines are extensively reinforced with shoring and other techniques.
Comment: @blacksmith37 thank you for additional info
Answer: Drilling mud is only used when drilling for fluids that are pressurized such as oil, gas and sometimes water. It is not used when drilling for minerals such as gold, iron ore, copper.
Exploratory drilling minerals will use a combination of:

Rotary air blast drilling (RAB) - where compressed air is forced
through the drill steel to flush drill cutting out of the hole
between the drill steel and the wall of the hole.
Reverse circulation drilling (RC) - where the air flow is
opposite to RAB holes. Compressed air is forced between the gap
between the drill steel and the wall of the hole. The drill cutting
exit the hole through the hollow center of the drill steel.
Diamond drilling - uses cylindrical drill bit with diamonds in
the cutting edge to collect a solid sample of rock from the drill
hole.

Because rock containing minerals rarely contains pressurized fluids, if the rock is competent the drill holes remain open.
Drilling for oil and gas and sometimes water requires the drill steel to pierce rock that is pressurized by fluids. To counter the pressure of the fluids so the hole remains open, such holes require drilling mud.
The other reasons for using mud when drilling for oil and gas are:

•To lubricate the drill bit.
•To remove drilled material away from the drill bit and transport them to the surface.
•To counteract the fluid pressure in the rock.
•Stabilize the wellbore
If a well could be drilled without a drilling fluid, formation fluids, which are under their fluid pressure,would  spurt  out  of  the  borehole  (blow-out).  The  density  of  the  drilling  fluid  used  in  a  particular borehole is designed to generate a drilling mud pressure (due to the weight of the drilling mud in the borehole above a given depth) that counteracts the fluid pressure in the formation and prevent blow-outs. This is usually successful, but because sudden increases in over pressure can be encountered the drilling  mud  pressure  is  kept  higher  than  necessary  as  a  safety  feature.  When  the  mud  pressure  is greater than the formation fluid pressure, the well is said to be over-balanced.

Mine and civil engineering tunnels are not simply dug and left to stay as they have been excavated.
Civil engineering tunnels can be lined with concrete, as can mine shafts. Mining tunnels tend not to be concrete lined due to the cost of the concrete. Instead they are reinforced by using rock bolts, cable bolts and shotcrete, as required.
Comment: Petroleum well bores are always lined with high strength steel ( casing). The exception is when that are being drilled, then the mud weight is balanced for the formation  . Different formations require different balancing weights. So the casing and drilling program are designed to have the "right" mud density in each formation .  The result is that a well has multiple casing strings, each one cemented in place.
Comment: A standard listed property for petroleum casing is collapse strength.  And "high collapse" is a common category of casing.
Comment: Drilling mud has been used for drilling shallow water wells but it is usually not done because the mud enters the formation and and reduces the permeability. Also it is easier and cheaper to use water as a drill fluid.
Comment: Generally perforating takes care of permeability problems at the well face .  Shaped charges can penetrate several feet into the rock  ( I think a foot or two is most common ).


How to capture ARP Reply packet from all hosts in the network?

Question: How can I capture ARP reply packets from all hosts that are connected in the network?
I've tried wireshark premicious mode but it only capture ARP replies from gateway.
Comment: Did any answer help you? If so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you can provide and accept your own answer.
Answer: In the usual case of several hosts connected to an ethernet switch, the switch only forwards frames out of the appropriate switch sockets.  So once it has learned where a given MAC address is, frames directed to it will only go out of one switch socket.
For wireshark purposes, you very frequently want to see quite a lot of traffic which isn't destined for the monitoring host, and isn't broadcast.
Wireshark has a very good section on how to set things up so that you can capture the packets you want: https://wiki.wireshark.org/CaptureSetup/Ethernet
If you want to see packets for hosts which are connected by wifi, you can often use the same techniques if your not interested in traffic which is purely going wifi-host to wifi-host, and if you're not interested in wifi-specific information.
Assuming you have a monitor point 'm' for on the switch 'S' for capturing with host 'X', the following will capture traffic A<>B and A<>C but not B<>C:
<code>       AP ..... wifi .......
       |               .   .
S==+===+===m===        Y   Y
   |       |           |   |
   A       X           B   C
</code>
If you want to see wired and wifi traffic including B<>C, you'll need something like this, with wired and wifi NICs in your monitoring machine, and have monitor mode available on your switch and wireless NIC.
What exactly is available therefore depends greatly on your equipment and also the specifics of your wifi encryption, if any.
<code>       AP ...... wifi ......
       |      .        .   .
S==+===+===m= Y        Y   Y
   |       \ /         |   |
   A        X          B   C
</code>
For the complexities of monitoring wifi, see Wireshark's notes https://wiki.wireshark.org/CaptureSetup/WLAN
Comment: what about in wifi network? can i capture arp reply packet too?
Comment: I expanded the answer to cover some wifi situations.


Why don't Jimmy and Henry get punished for their involvement with murdering Billy Batts?

Question: In Goodfellas the MOB killed Tommy due to his act of murdering a "made man" - Billy Batts. But if they figured out that Tommy did the killing, wouldn't they also have known that Jimmy and Henry were involved, too? So why were they not punished?
Comment: IIRC, Tommy had the sole role in the killing. Jimmy and Henry just helped bury the body. And then helped move it later when the land was sold.
Answer: Because when Tommy exploded at the bar after Batts' comment, the bar was full of people including Batts' boys. It was also public that Henry was trying to prevent a fight and got Tommy to leave. The exchange between Batts, Henry and Jimmy was pleasant and apologetic. There was nothing to give suspicion to them.
In the versions I've seen there was no explanation as to how they discovered that Tommy did it so we have to assume that the "MOB" assumed since Batts had not turned up in so long that he is dead and decided Tommy was responsible since he was the last one seen having an altercation with Batts.
But they also killed Tommy "for a lot of other reasons" too. So this probably made it easy to determine he was the culprit.
Comment: There's an [explanation in one of Hills' books](http://mafia.wikia.com/wiki/Tommy_DeSimone): `Hill's wife, Karen, had been having an affair with Hill's boss, Mafia caporegime Paul Vario. When Hill was sentenced to prison, DeSimone approached Karen for sex. When she turned him down, DeSimone attempted to rape her. In retaliation for the attempted rape, Vario approached the Gambino crew and revealed that DeSimone had murdered Jerothe and Bentvena without first seeking permission from the Gambino crime family, violating Mafia protocol. `
Answer: Tommy was a bit of a loose cannon, and a bit unpredictable to even his closest friends.  You remember the "Funny, how??" scene?  Even Henry was a bit nervous at first, and they knew each other from childhood (they got pinched together for selling cigarettes).  Tommy also shot Spider just because he made a joke.  I think the Luchese family had many reasons to ice him, but it wasn't until Batts disappeared that they had enough ground to do it without question.  It also made for a nice peace offering to the Gambino family.


How come my phone says I'm connected to the wifi yet the internet doesn't work?

Question: My phone is a Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime and it says I'm connected to the wifi, but none of my apps actually work. I get notifications of the apps, but when I click the app it says "network connection problem" or "please check your network connection". The wifi works on everyone device in my home except my phone.
Comment: Does your phone work on other Wi-Fi networks?  Has it worked on your home network previously?  Are you using a firewall or ad blocker on the device?
Comment: No, my phone does not seem to work on other Wi-Fi networks. Yes, it worked on my home network just an hour before it stopped and no, i am not using a firewall or ad blocked on the device.
Comment: That's odd.  I'd suggest rebooting the phone, if you haven't already.
Answer: There are many ways you can use to get rid of this issue and Here is how I could fix this issue:
We will first try the easiest checklist and then go to advance options later.

Reboot your phone and check if it works.
Have you installed any Anti-virus apps? If yes, try uninstalling it and check if it works.
Boot into Safe mode and check if it works.
Clear app data by going to Settings > Application Manager and that particular app.

Hopefully the above method does work for you, If not follow the instructions below.
Modify Network Configurations:

Go to Settings > WiFi Networks
Tap and hold for 2-3 seconds on the network your device is connected to.
Choose "Modify network config"
Further tap "Show advance options"
Finally set proxy settings to None

Hopefully this fixes the issue, If not follow the 2nd method.
Factory Reset Method
This method will wipe the data stored on the device so make sure you've already taken backup of important files.

Go to Settings
Under the personal tab, choose Backup and reset.
Finally I am sure you should have everything working fine.
Answer: This is most likely a router problem. The WiFi network exists, but there isn't an internet connection. Restart your router and check all the cables. If it still doesn't work contact your ISP...
Answer: Try turning off any VPN connections in your settings. If you're using opera Max for example. I did this and WiFi connection was back to normal.
Answer: I deleted an Anti-virus app and it worked straight away. I had this problem for a while and this fixed it.
Answer: Rebooting fixed this for me. You should also check that your time and date are correct.


How many times has SpaceX reused Falcon 9 first stage until 20th May 2022?

Question: How many times has SpaceX reused Falcon 9 first stage until now?
Not about the possibility. I want to know the current progress with the Falcon 9 first stage.
Comment: That can be easily looked up
Comment: Just go to spacex.com and they will have the current numbers on their website
Comment: Do you want to know how many times a single booster has been reused, or how many overall landings/reflights have taken place?  In any event, this seems like a question that doesn't really belong in a permanent archive because the number will change with every flight.  Perhaps add the specific stat required to the question, and make it explicitly as of a certain date. For example, "How many times has a single Falcon Nine booster been reused as of May 20, 2022?"
Answer: According to Wikipedia 13 Falcon 9 Full Thrust and Falcon 9 Block 4 boosters were reused. The remaining 83 are Falcon Block 5 boosters. So, a total of 96 boosters have been recovered as of May 20, 2022. The newest count is always said after each successful landing.


Relation between bitadress and blockchain

Question: When i create a wallet at bitaddress.org i could see my balance at  https://www.blockchain.com/explorer . If bitadress.org is a client sided page and shouldn't send any information to outside world and I haven't shared the wallet address with anybody, how does the blockchain.com/explorer page know if an address is included in a wallet?
Answer:
how does the blockchain.com/explorer page know if an address is included in a wallet?

Short answer: it doesn't.
Blockchain.com just looks to see if it has a record of a transaction involving the address you give it.
A transaction is something such as a bitcoin-exchange sending you Bitcoin (after you sent them dollars) or you sending Bitcoin to someone else (e.g. when buying something with Bitcoin)
Details of Bitcoin transactions are public information and are copied to every Bitcoin user (or are available to every Bitcoin user).
But you don't need to use bitaddress.org or any similar service and I wouldn't!

A little more detail.
The web-page at Bitaddress.org uses a pseudo-random number generator based on mouse movements and keyboard input to generate a random private-key.
From a private-key you can derive a public-key. The Bitcoin-address is a hash of the public-key.
The private-key enables you to spend Bitcoin and should never be shared with anyone else.
The public-key enables other people to send you Bitcoin, you give them the address derived from the public key.
There need be no link between bitaddress.org and any blockchain explorer. The latter just searches the blockchain for transactions involving the address you type in.
The blockchain is a ledger (or more accurately a journal) containing a record of all bitcoin transactions from the creation of Bitcoin 10 years ago. All "full-node" wallets have their own copy of the whole blockchain.

Don't trust websites
Despite the above, I would not use a public service like bitaddress.org to create my private-key. After all, we don't know if the owner of that website dishonestly keeps the private-keys (or has been hacked). Bitcoin was originally designed to be used without trusting third-party services like this. You can download a desktop-wallet and generate your private-key in the privacy of your own home on a computer that is disconnected from the Internet. That is the one of the safest ways to inexpensively create a Bitcoin wallet.

Never let anyone else generate, use, borrow or see your private-key
Never share the password to your wallet, even if you change it afterwards it is useless to do so because they can already have copied your private-key - which they can later use outside your wallet to spend any  Bitcoin you later added to that wallet.
If you do not understand Bitcoin adequately you may lose all your money.
If you trust websites, you may lose all your money.
If you are not careful about these things you will lose all your money.
Comment: @Winslet - That probably should be a separate question, but briefly: blockchain.com doesn't reach your public key. When someone sends you bitcoin they broadcast the transaction details to Bitcoin nodes - your Bitcoin-address is included in those details. Bitcoin miners then include those transaction details into a mined block and broadcast that new block to the Bitcoin world, your wallet receives that new block and updates your wallet balance. See https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/148/13866 and https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/12/how-bitcoin-works/
Comment: Thanks but i still got question marks in my mind.How exactly blockchain.com reaches my public key?I only generate my private key i didn't share any public key to outside world.
Comment: right now i have nothing in my balance.I haven't send my public key to anywhere and when i search my wallet at explorer site can see it through . How explorer access to my public key ? Even if were created my wallet without this site eventually the explorer will reach again. I can't make it up together in my mind right now sorry for being slow learner but could you explain this please
Comment: I'm not sure why you think blockchain.info knows anything at all. You gave it your address, it looks for any transactions involving that address, and as there aren't any, it shows 0. To receive coins from someone, *you* give them your address and they create a transaction sending to it which is broadcast to the network. If you then again ask blockchain.info (or any explorer) for that address, it will know that transaction, and thus show you a non-zero balance.


Is a cover letter really necessary?

Question: With so many posts about recruiters not really having enough time to look at the resume, I was wondering how ( or if ) cover letters really play a significant role in the decision process. How do recruiters view cover letter as? Does a really bad cover letter spoil the chances even  when supported by a good resume? In what situation a cover letter is better left off ?
Comment: Most job applications at Google will say "we dont require a cover letter because we know how to judge better". I still don't think a cover letter is a necessity unless the job description asks for it. If the job description does, you already know the judging parameters of a job.
Comment: This link provides a good insight : http://www.careerbuilder.com/Article/CB-1047-Cover-Letters-Resumes-When-You-Need-a-Cover-Letter-And-When-You-Dont/    "Generally, information technology clients with whom I've worked aren't interested in cover letters," shares Alan Guinn, managing director of Guinn Consultancy in Bristol, Tenn.
Comment: Maybe they don't read them, they are garbage, but they seem to be tradition. I've found if your applying to similar firms you can get a lot of mileage out of one good cover letter with minor changes. However, I did use get my current job via a recruiter who had no cover letter and a malformed copy of my CV... so I try not to understand recruitment.
Comment: Even if an employer specifically states that they don't need a cover letter, I'm struggling to conceive a situation where providing one could actually *hurt* your chances. It might well be ignored, but I don't believe it could hurt.
Answer: Yes as a hiring manager, a good cover letter is key.
I always say the cover letter is your sales pitch (why I should hire you), the CV/resume is the evidence to back up your claims.  The cover letter should be laser focused on the role you are applying to and why you are what I'm looking for.
If an applicant can't put together a decent cover letter I will think twice before even reviewing the CV.
Comment: @JoeStrazzere Assuming communication skills are not a mandate for quite a few positions, I can only pity a hiring manager who cannot look beyond the flaws of a cover letter and decides that the candidate isn't a fit for the job.
Comment: @happybuddha - I have 20 yrs experience in the UK as both an applicant and a hiring manager, from startups to multinationals, and here I doubt you'd have ever had an interview without one.  As Joe says it's about showing communication skills, if you don't bother why should I?
Comment: @crusher - no always take the same care whatever the size, it's your first contact with the company, try to impress.
Comment: Mark, in my (and a few buddies)over a decade's work experience in the US I have never applied with a cover letter, forget about a decent cover letter. So other than your personal experience, I wouldn't say a good cover letter is key. At best, it may be good to have a cover letter.
Comment: Completely agree.  As a hiring manager -- and primarily of developers -- I specifically call out the requirement in the ad, dismiss from candidacy anyone who doesn't include one, and the letter carries significant weight in terms of who moves on in my process (and who doesn't).
Comment: Here in my country i have never saw a Cover letter in IT, Gaming industry or Physiology. Neither i needed one. Strange. It seen our work culture here ignore these completly. But that does not mean you don't need communication skills, also. A good communication is important for any job - because you will work with someone - above you, or below you. Doesn't matter. Good communication is really important.
Comment: @MarkChapman I think these formalities are very common in English countries. Like UK and AU. In AU its very common to include a selection criteria letter along with a cover letter. I think its just a little different in IT in the US
Comment: @JoeStrazzere That may be it. I mostly work in cryptology and all that most of our JDs ask for samples of a working algorithm. Also I think its important for a job description to *say* that a cover letter is required.
Comment: @MarkChapman Does your opinion differ based on the size of the company and number of applicants?
Comment: Honestly if you can't do your job and assess my CV yourself, then I'm not going to do it for you. I don't apply to jobs that specifically request a cover letter. It's demeaning to expect me to advertise myself and cater to your whims.
If your concern is communication skills, then my answer is that you should be judging my ability to communicate during an interview. Not through some piece of paper that just parrots what my CV already says
Answer: I'm going to go against the grain here a little.
In 13 years of IT experience, and 5 different employers, I have never written a single cover letter.
I have had these jobs and while hunting for the last one, got several offers.  Also didn't send a single cover letter to any of those.
In short it is probably a good idea for MOST jobs.  But if you are working in an in demand field, you may not need one because the resume may be enough.
Comment: +1 I think it's highly dependent on the "BS" factor of the job. Highly technical jobs like IT Worker might tend to bypass a cover letter and get right to the goods, your experience. A Middle-Manager or Sales position might want to chrome-polish their cover letter though.
Comment: When I am looking for a job, I spend a lot of time looking around and applying. If I am not currently working, my job until I start working is to apply for jobs. Writing personalised cover letters for each application takes away time I could be applying for jobs. I have never used one and like yourself and I have never had a problem.
Comment: Note: even when talking specifically about an in-demand field, this answer is only saying that you can *get by* without cover letters - **this does not mean a cover letter doesn't help you chances**, and it's certainly not saying it *hurts* your chances.
Answer: Skip the cover letter if the job posting site says to skip the cover letter.
Otherwise, providing a well-written cover letter will only help your chances.
In general - it's easy for a reader to gloss over information he doesn't care about if that information is well separated.  Typically, a candidate will provide a cover letter and resume/CV in two separate files, or in a single file with a page break, so it's really no work at all to avoid reading something that doesn't interest the reader.  I can't think of a time when a reviewer will see a cover letter and think "ick, why did you make me read this??", unless this is a case where you were explicitly told NOT to provide one -- in which case you fail the reading and following instructions test.
I'll admit, as a technical hiring manager, the first thing I read is not the cover letter.  Generally my HR recruiter and possibly and external recruiter have already reviewed the candidate and the resume, and I'm only seeing the materials after a review has been done.
The thing that a cover letter does most helpfully is fill in the cracks when I'm thinking "huh, that's weird..." - it's the chance of putting a spin on the details that give me an insight I might not be able to draw.  In particular, it's pushed me towards taking an interview with a candidate when:

The candidate's history was particularly unusual - no one's history is ever perfect, but if someone abruptly changed careers, went into the military, or dropped out of the working world for an extended period of time, I'm likely to wonder why - and the cover letter should help.
The candidate is currently making an unexpected change - a candidate that is dramatically changing industries or careers, moving from a big company to a very small one (or vice versa), or taking a big step down in pay and responsibility - are all "huh?" moments.  They may be utterly explicable if I step back from the resume and read that cover letter.

In those cases, I or my colleagues have often seen an explication in the cover letter that has meant the difference between passing on the resume, or putting it at the bottom of the "maybe" pile, and actually making the effort to take the interview.
The time a cover letter will hurt you is if it's poorly written, poorly composed or reflects poorly on your character.  As with any materials you provide, if they aren't high quality, it will make you look sloppy and careless.
Being dull as dirt, however, is not a drawback.  There are plenty of times when it is hard to be interesting in a cover letter.  I'd like to think you could say something worth reading about any job you are interested in, but I realize, particularly in technical work, we don't hire many people for their juicy composition skills.
Answer: A cover letter can summarize a CV and make it more focused on a particular position. You can indicate this is an industry you want to work with or you've heard positive things about working for this company. Of course these will get discussed in an interview, but you need to get there first. It's a good way to separate yourself from other candidates.
Also, a cover letter can help explain many potential questions about a CV:

Gaps in employment
Change in career and/or focus on different type of job/skillset.
Reasons for leaving current position.
Relocation concerns. Your job history and current address are in another location, but you are planning on moving.

Many of these concerns have shown-up as question on this site and one piece of advice is to address them in a cover letter.
Answer: The Job interview process is a process of elimination. If you are a computer programmer, you don't need a cover letter. It's hard to find computer programmers to fill positions. They won't eliminate you from consideration without one.
However, if you applying for a job where there are more applicants like sales or management,  you will get eliminated because you don't have a cover letter and someone else does. They have to limit down the number of people that they interview somehow. A bad cover letter will get you eliminated even faster.
I guess I'm saying Jobs are awarded based up competition. You have to run faster than the guy beside you. If he has a cover letter you need a better one.
Answer: Yes, companies want to hire people who want to work at their company.  People work better and harder when they believe in what they are doing and people stick with companies they are interested in through hard times.
 A cover letter says that you have set some time aside to write something for this specific company and not just included them in a mass application to as many companies as possible.  So it shows that you are in fact interested in this specific company.
As well as that a decent cover letter will pick out the skills you think apply directly to this position.   CVs come in many shapes and sizes and when you receive bulk applications it's pretty tedious to go through them all and root out information relevant to the job, things can be missed and you'll stand out if your application is less tedious.
 It's also good for the employer to see what parts of your skill set you feel is relevant because that says something about you and what you understand about the position.
Customize your CV for positions you apply for and always include a cover letter that mentions this specific company.  You are trying to a. show that you are interested in this specific company and b. make it easy for the reader to analyze you.  Lastly, keep it short.  Reading massive amounts of large cover letters is just as tedious as rooting out information from CVs.
Answer:
How do recruiters view cover letter as?

This is how you should understand what a resume is & what a cover letter is:
– A cover letter is a casual summary of who you are.
- A resume is a dry list of employment history & achievements.
Once you understand that, a cover letter will always make sense. A cover letter basically says the follow, "Hey, I heard of this opening & I thought I would apply. Here is a summary of who I am, what I current do & what my goals are."
A resume will never do that.  A resume will just enforce the ideas presented in a cover letter, but it's typically a chronological history of employment. And the main focus of a resume will be: What did you do in past jobs, what are specific achievements & how long did stay there.
These items compliment each other. And when you interview for the position, your whole song & dance during that interview will most likely be an improvisation between you and the interviewer on the points in both.
No one thing assures you will do better than others. But all of the items taken together—the cover letter, the resume & the interview—will paint a complete picture of who you are. Leave out a cover letter & the message sent is, "This person simply sees this as a job & paycheck… Do we want to deal with that?" Which is not the impression you want to make.
Answer: It all depends on how you use the cover letter.
I'll use that space to show a little bit of my personality (in my writing style), and to summarize why they really, really, really want to look at my resume for the role in question. Often, I'll repeat back the bullet-points of their job description to them - or at least, the ones I have, with any necessary modifications (example: if they ask for 2 years web content publishing experience and I have more than four, I may put 3+ or 4+ depending on whether or not the position strongly utilizes that particular skill. If a position asks for 3 years' project coordination but I only have 2.5, I'll put 2.5 years' project coordination.) I may include one or two extra bullet points if they're truly outstanding in terms of my experience AND applicability for the role in question, but never more than that. The bullet-point reiteration of the JD helps the HR screeners quickly identify a resume for the "to the hiring manager" pile. I may also list off a reason or two that I find this position, or their company (or both) highly interesting.
Cover letters can make the difference between your resume being routed to the hiring manager for additional review, and being put into the "not quite a good fit" pile - even if the particular HR person in question is having a ridiculously busy day, a well-written cover letter makes their job that much easier.
If you're emailing a resume, your cover letter can either be an additional attachment (slightly more formal) or in the body of the email (slightly more casual). If you're using an online submission tool, always have a separate cover letter file.
@JeffO and @bethlakshmi also both have good points: do not include a cover letter if the site (or JD) explicitly says not to; and if you've recently changed careers or are entering the workforce after a long-ish gap, the cover letter is a good place to provide a short explanation.
EDIT: yes, to speak to your point, a badly-written cover letter can get your resume sorted into the "don't bother" pile - but it almost has to be outstandingly bad. Have it checked for grammar, spelling, and general writing flow. Customize it for each job you submit for. (This answer, by the way, would make an absolutely shite cover letter because of the length. But schools don't really teach people how to write any kind of business correspondence any more, so...'verbose and explanatory' it is.)
Answer: I think that the cover letter indeed could be a plus nevertheless I am not insist on it and mostly doesn't spoil the chances.  This my view because I think that to write a good cover letter is hard work. If I check the CV and find some significant points in it I get in touch with the candidate and at this stage she\he can say the sales pitch. I have better experience with the live conversations instead of paper based communication but I am sure about that the cover letter could be a standard documentation in some industry.
Comment: No doubt and I think the same if someone want to get a good job she\he makes sense to work hard for it. Nevertheless some kind of people can't create poignant cover letters\CVs\sales pitch and so on. I am talking with these guys day after day and try to improve their skills regarding the paper based communication or the personal branding as well. My second fear is when the candidates are ask for help another friend to write the cover letter and they try to cheat on different levels. Therefore I am taking for the personal relation deeply.
Answer: Most of the answers here are getting near a decade old and are highly anecdotal, as opposed to data-backed.
I'm going to argue nowadays the cover letter is on its way out and nearly dead, based on these posts by job hunting websites (with select quotes):

Crossover: Is the Cover Letter Dead? What Works Instead?

Because almost 75% of recruiters don't think reading your cover letter is even worth their time.

That means, for every four soul-sucking, time-demanding, stress-inducing cover letters you write during a job search, believing everything hinges on this "first impression," only one of them was worth all that time and effort. Maybe not even then.

In fact, of the small fraction who actually care about a cover letter, only about 36% of them read it first during the hiring process—and only if your resume seems promising.

Monster.com: Is the cover letter finally dead?

If the job does in fact require a cover letter, keep in mind that only 18% of hiring managers rank the cover letter as an important element of the hiring process, Addison Group, a Boston-based employment agency, found.

While cover letters may be on the decline, Shannon Nolde, lead recruiter at Zendesk, a software development company in San Francisco, says they have more value in specific jobs and industries—e.g., a creative job in marketing, public relations or content fields where writing is prevalent.

NYPost: The cover letter is dead

The cover letter is dead.
That's the conclusion from a survey of 2,000 workers released Tuesday by recruiting software company Jobvite. The company found that roughly half (47 percent) of Americans did not send a cover letter when they applied for the job they're currently doing. And among workers 18-22 that number jumps to 58 percent.
Plus, there's some evidence that hiring managers don't care much about cover letters. A survey from OfficeTeam found that about one in 10 senior managers said that cover letters were not valuable "at all" when evaluating a candidate, and only about one in five said they were "very valuable." And some job postings now note that cover letters are "optional."

Obviously some HR managers are going to appreciate it or even insist on it, and a good cover letter may boost your chances. But  unless you work in a writing-prevalent field, the trend seems to that a cover letter is more and more a waste of time.
Comment: Whether a cover letter is required or helpful is extremely field-dependent. This answer seems to be written about the software development field. Although much of the traffic on this site flows from stackoverflow, there _are_ other fields represented on Workplace.SE.
Comment: @shoover what about my answer is software dev specific?
Comment: The sad thing is that the voters on this site would prefer one person's anecdote over actual survey data and HR expert opinions.
Comment: Your answer is not helpful by claiming that it's "nearly dead" in a general way. It may be still important for several jobs, and that's especially true outside of the USA. You can just as easily find "data" that supports the opposite (e.g. https://resumelab.com/cover-letter/are-cover-letters-necessary, https://zety.com/blog/are-cover-letters-necessary). Your quotes also don't entirely support your point: "only about one in five said they were "very valuable.". 20% finding it very valuable is a significant reason to keep it.
Comment: @user3738870 both of your sources aren't exactly neutral as their business is selling cover letter templates. Anyway if you have a non-US perspective that could make a good new answer.

Is a cover letter really necessary?


Key buttons not working

Question: I have a 1999 model bmw e46 320i. Both My key remote buttons open the doors, windows and trunk. The buttons on both keys however does not lock the car again resulting the windows not to close while the BMW logo is depressed or the alarm to switch on. I have tried resetting the keys with the turning of the ignition,  removing the key, keeping the open button depressed and pushing on the bmw logo three times. The locking system does not ackowledge by unlocking and locking again. Nothing happens. It remains the same. Any other Help please!
Comment: Does the car lock if you lock manually?
Comment: Its likely the button inside the remote is bad. You can replace these if you can work a soldering iron. Else just get  new key from dealer or locksmith,
Answer: I'm sure you have, but I feel like I have to ask... Did you check the battery?
When this happened to me I took the key apart and checked the battery, it was good, BUT, moisture got into it and left corrosion on the battery terminals so the electricity was not getting to the control board.
Good luck!
Comment: The OP states that the keys open the car... so no power seems unlikely...
Answer: Standing in front of the vehicle, point the key at the interior mirror in the centre of the windscreen and try.  When the key power gets low, I can't lock mine when the key is below the level of the glass.
The key charges when it's in the ignition and the car is running so it's worth swapping keys regularly.  If it hasn't been used in a while, it's common that the key will go flat.

Key buttons not working


water damaged Tmobile Revvl

Question: I dropped my android in the toilet last Thursday November 9, 2017 and it turned off and it kept going to the powered by android screen, on and off. It came back on that Saturday and I have been using it since with no problems. Today I got to work and was talking to my sister on it and it turned back off and has been doing the same thing it did the day I dropped it in the toilet with the exception of it will turn completely back on, but when I go to text someone or do anything with it, it turns right back off.
Comment: What's your question?
Comment: Possible duplicate of [My android device has been splashed/soaked by sea water](https://android.stackexchange.com/questions/24436/my-android-device-has-been-splashed-soaked-by-sea-water)
Comment: My apologies, How can I fix it? What might possibly be wrong?
Answer: You have to take it to a repair shop that has an ultrasonic cleaner.
You can't put it in rice or any other ridiculous mythical magical fix.
There is one option for you. ultrasonic cleaner.
Why does rice and those other methods not work?
CLICK HERE FOR CITATION
Water is not harmful to electronics, it's the impurities in the water that hurt the electronics and cause corrosion.
Tell me what rice is going to do? Nothing. Don't use rice. Don't buy kits at the 95cent store. Don't do anything you read online. Don't follow YouTube videos. It's all fake stupid advice that doesn't work and can cause more harm than good.
If you don't have access to a repair shop and you just want to try to fix it yourself you can try to take apart the whole phone. Get to the circuit board and painstakingly clean every single part of the phone with high grade alcohol and a toothbrush. This is not as effective as an ultrasonic cleaner.
Also keep in mind an ultrasonic cleaner is not a guarantee. Water damage is the worst possible thing you could do to your phone. You are 99% screwed. Even if you take it to a repair shop keep in mind they will have NO GUARANTEE for water damage. That means that if they don't feel like cleaning it they don't have to. They can just take your money and do nothing because there is no guarantee with water damage. Even if they clean and fix it afterwards the problem could come back. BE CAREFUL PICKING YOUR REPAIR SHOP. GOOD LUCK!
Comment: @ЈеднорукиКрстивоје Well anyone with a microscope will appreciate your comment :D
Comment: Keep in mind that ultrasonic cleaner can help only if oxidation get small part of hardware.
Comment: @ЈеднорукиКрстивоје what do you mean?
Comment: Look on components under microscope if a lot of components are white than ultrasonic cleaner can't do much.
Comment: @ЈеднорукиКрстивоје Oh right I agree! That's what I meant by "Also keep in mind an ultrasonic cleaner is not a guarantee." I figured the average person wouldn't have access to a microscope.
Comment: Ooh sorry I was too lazy to read whole question so I just commented

water damaged Tmobile Revvl


Why do we board airplanes front to back?

Question: I understand why we might board first and business class ahead of everyone else, but is there a specific reason why we don't board passengers back to front? It seems like the better way to go.
Comment: Who is "we"? I've been on airlines that board economy passengers as a free-for-all, airlines that board from back to front and airlines that board by some sort of priority system (based on frequent flyer status, how early you checked in, and so on). I've *never* been on an airline that boards economy class from front to back.
Comment: Boarding process can be totally random as in many airlines, or can be a well known method, check this page for the known methods: http://www.seatguru.com/articles/boarding_procedures.php
Comment: In my experience, boarding most often *does* proceed from the back (higher numbered rows) to the front. Not strictly in row order of course, but in blocks of rows. If there is a rear door, then maybe they'll call everybody at once and they are sorted into "front" vs "back" queues. Sometimes boarding proceeds from outer (window) seats toward inner (aisle) seats, but I haven't encountered that in a while. Or open seating, where passengers pick the first available seat(s). Which method of boarding are you familiar with?
Comment: For Ryanair and easyJet, you board from front AND back, since they use stairs rather than an air bridge most of the time.
Answer: As the comments say, the short answer is 'we' don't generally. Airlines use many different boarding systems and boarding back-to-front is generally most popular.
Mythbusters took a look at this and you'll see that there's a problem. Boarding methods that are actually faster make customers less satisfied. So an airline may choose to go front-to-back because it makes customers happier, even if it takes longer.
There are some advantages on the front-to-back boarding are that it gives the back of the plane cabin crew more time to do whatever prep they're doing before passengers start getting there. Perhaps they're still taking the food delivery in the back door? Alternatively you have a crowd of passengers from the front moving down the plane, so cabin crew can move backwards with the crowd assisting. With back-to-front cabin crew are separated at either end by the crowd of people and it's more difficult to assist. Ok, that's just a guess.
Some airlines aim for very short turnarounds and so quick boarding tends to be essential, so they'll spend time and money on research for it. However, for other airlines, it may not matter, so they're free to let people board however they want knowing that they'll probably be waiting for the luggage to be loaded (or whatever) after everyone has sat down.
I do wonder if one particular boarding method is better than another if you had to suddenly evacuate mid-boarding. Might depend how many accessible doors the plane has.
It also all depends on how big the plane is, how much hand luggage people are carrying, how full the plane is, etc, etc.
Basically there are a lot of different ways to do it, all tend to have pros-and-cons but only some airlines really worry about it all that much. For what it's worth I can't ever recall doing front to back boarding, but have seen a bunch of different methods on different carriers.
Comment: I've had thirteen boardings since I retired, and best I remember, all were called front to back, meaning every group had to stand in the aisle waiting for everyone seated in front of them.  If the airline wanted boarding speed, they,d call people by row number, starting furthest from the door(s).


How can I export an Event Income Detail report to CSV/Excel?

Question: We find the Event Income Detail report to be useful. But the Actions menu won't let me export this report into a CSV file for some reason.
How can that be enabled?
Answer: Reports that provide a simple table are more amenable to export as CSV.  The Event Income Detail has different sections to it which does not fit well for a CSV format - what column headings would you use?
Whether a report offers a CSV export option depends on the settings in the code.  The Event Income Detail report is provided by CRM/Report/Form/Event/Income.php  You will see a line there saying
$this->_csvSupported = FALSE;

If you were to change that to TRUE then the export option would be shown, but the rest of the report does not handle producing a CSV so that's not useful! ... unless you use that as the starting point to customise it to produce the output you want.
FWIW, pasting into a spreadsheet works pretty well: run the report, highlight the section of the report that you want, copy then paste into a blank LibreOffice spreadsheet, and you often end up with something usable.  That might work with Excel too.
Answer: This feature is not available for Event Income Detail report but CiviCRM is an open source project so you would need to programmatically add this new feature.
Comment: Any idea why export is not available for this report where it is available for other report types?


How is Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm for quantum computation useful?

Question: In Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm, in order to encode the function into a unitary which can be used for the computation, we need to know the function beforehand. What is the use of finding whether a function is balanced or not if we already know what the function does?
Answer: You do not need to know the function beforehand, just some properties of it.
The idea is that you are assuming to know something about the function (it is either balanced or unbalanced), but lack some additional amount of information to completely characterise it.
Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm shows that this additional amount of information, under some circumstances, can be efficiently recovered.


Tips on how to transcribe string parts from a song by ear

Question: I am a huge fan of ballad type music and want to get better at writing for strings but have not been able to find some scores or transcriptions of songs that I like so I have decided to try transcribing them myself, however I find myself having a hard time distinguishing each section from each other and overall having trouble figuring out what is being played. Can any of you suggest to me some tips to get better at transcribing string parts in a song?
Comment: I don't think there's a big difference between jazz voicing and ballad. If you study some jazz-voicing, chords and harmony it will be easier to hear the different voices for transcribing.  https://www.scribd.com/doc/40532735/Frank-Mantooth-Voicings-for-Jazz-Keyboard
Answer: General tip:

Learn to play songs by ear. Learning to distinguish and reproduce chords and melodies is your essential bread-and-butter tool for making transcriptions. Where is the root note, where is the bass note i.e. what inversion is it, is it a major or minor third or a sus4, is there a major or minor seventh, augmented or diminished fifths, etc.

If you can't play songs by ear as melody and chords, trying to transcribe complicated things like exact string parts is going to be very difficult, and you would be essentially trying to replicate something by only looking at small details and not seeing the structure of the bigger picture.
Tips related to transcription tools and techniques:

Use a sequencer program that lets you write the transcription as MIDI notes, and play the transcription and the original audio together in sync
Pan the original and the transcription to different sides of the stereo field, e.g. your transcribed notes to the left and the original to the right, and listen to them in sync. The panning helps a lot in separating the transcription and the original and hearing if you got the notes right. This helps hearing both the timing and the pitch aspect. Do the left and right sides play the same thing? If they're both panned center, it's much more difficult to distinguish what is what.
Test your note and harmony guesses by deliberately changing them, trying out different choices. Which one is closer?
Use equalization to mask out parts of the spectrum like the lowest bass, and to help you concentrate on the frequencies you want to hear.
Slow the audio down with a time-stretching function, keeping the original pitch
Play the section you transcribe in a loop, so you don't have to stop and rewind all the time
The "Transcribe" application can help by giving a visual "note guess" view
(For a sequencer program I recommend Ableton Live, which has superb time stretching and syncing capabilities)
Comment: Very  good tips! I would suggest: first the general tip , than  the aid by a notation program.


Which rote spell would a Mage detect an Azlu with?

Question: Which rote spell (from the Mage: The Awakening line) would be the most effective and "cost effective" (easiest to learn and cast etc) to reveal an Azlu Crawler (from Werewolf: The Forsaken core and the Predators sourcebook) that has already entrenched itself in the skull of its host body?
Answer: The Death 1 rote Forensic Gaze. (Mage: The Awakening, p.134) Page 121 of Predators tells us that the process of usurpation by the Azlu inevitably kills the host. Forensic Gaze allows the mage who casts it to know "what killed the being in question and how much time has passed since it died." Since it explicitly works on vampires, it's no stretch to see how it would work in this case as well. ("Cause of death: brain eaten by tiny spider. Time of death: three days ago. And yet you're still walking around.")
Failing that, the Prime 1 Rote Supernal Vision could pick up the "threads of Essence" in the bodily fluids of the possessed being.
Comment: Tough one. The text makes a point of emphasizing how difficult it is to detect Azlu once they've nested inside the head. Detecting the threads of Essence with Supernal Vision might be the best option, but I'll give it another look-see.
Comment: Could you please extend your answer to **cover that 2-6 hour period during which the Azlu is already inside (eating the unfortunate host's brain) but the host is not dead yet** (therefore it has a tiny chance of being saved, possibly through supernatural means)? Thanks!
Answer: Depending on your GM, the Exorcist's Eye spell (Spirit 1) can detect a possessing entity, although your GM may rule that the Azlu's situation doesn't count as possession (despite being described in Predators under the heading "Possession").
The Healer's Trance spell (Life 1) would surely be able to diagnose the medical condition of having your brain actively eaten by a spider.
Note that since you don't need a rote to cast a spell, any of these 1-dot detection abilities are as cheap as the first dot of their Arcana.


If someone was in a situation where they were supposed to die "al kiddish Hashem", and didn't, are they supposed to commit suicide?

Question: For the three sins of murder, idol worship and immorality, one is to give their life over rather than transgress. If one was in such a situation and transgressed, is it a mitzvah for them to kill themselves afterwards (disregarding local laws etc.)?
Answer: You are talking about a category of sins that are so terrible that a person is supposed to allow himself to be killed rather than transgress them (assuming those are the only two options). Once the sin has already been committing, killing himself does no good. It doesn't undo the sin he committed. Killing oneself is also prohibited and he commits yet another sin by doing so.
Answer: The Rambam (Hilchos Rotzeach 2:2) writes explicitly that killing oneself is prohibited:

וכן ההורג את עצמו [...] שופך דמים הוא. ועון הריגה בידו וחייב מיתה לשמים
[...] and a person who commits suicide is considered to be a murderer; the sin of bloodshed is upon his hands, and he is liable for death at the hands of God.

There's no recommendation/ obligation/ allowance listed there to kill oneself for committing one of the big 3.
Comment: (though to be fair to your post Rambam himself thinks they are exempt from the regular death penalty because of oneis)
Comment: I'm not convinced this is true https://judaism.stackexchange.com/q/48725/759 the person in question deserves the death penalty already for all these sins

If someone was in a situation where they were supposed to die “al kiddish Hashem”, and didn’t, are they supposed to commit suicide?


I have no references for jobs

Question: I am a stay at home mom of 2. My husband is the only one that works but we would like to change that, but I don't have any references for jobs, none, period. should I not even bother looking for work? or what can I do for the applications since I don't have any references because all job applications ask for them now.. I've tried putting down family but it never gets me a job. My problem is I have no references but I need to get a job to help my husband support us and our 2 kids.
Comment: You should add the field that you are interested in.  Getting a job at a fast food joint probably won't require references.
Comment: This might be relevant - http://workplace.stackexchange.com/a/46982/2322 - depending on what your desired career path is, a lot of the steps I list there are possibly beneficial for you too.
Answer: As you've discovered, it's hard to get hired when you've never had a job before.  There are three routes that I can suggest.

Volunteer.  Find a local charity which is looking for help.  It won't necessarily earn you any money, but it will help you get used to what the modern workforce is like - and they will be able to provide you with references.
Your local government may have a "Labour Exchange" or "Job Centre".  Go to them and explain that you want to work.  They should be able to help you write your CV / Resume.  They will know which local employers are willing to take on new recruits with no references.
Telephone local job agencies.  Again, explain your situation.  They may know who in the area is hiring people with your skills.

Best of luck!
Comment: I definitely agree with #1. Jessica, as a stay-at-home mom, I'm guessing there's a strong chance you've been involved in your community in some way - church, school, soccer, girl scouts, etc. References don't need to be from a job; they just need to have knowledge of your work ethic and interpersonal skills.
Comment: Some community college and similar courses aim to prepare students for the work place, and successful completion may lead to references.
Answer: You probably have references but don't really know it. Do you interact with anyone beside your husband/children? Even if it is in passing such as church, school's children's parents, your husband's friends, etc? The references don't have to be a prior co-worker, just someone who can vouch for your character. Most reference calls simply ask if they know X and what they think about X. Heck they probably won't even call them.
Of course it entirely depends on your line of work. It's unclear in your question if you were rejected a position solely on the fact you have no references. I find that highly doubtful unless you are making a huge deal about it and someone may find that suspicious.
I personally think you not getting job interviews/offers is solely based on the fact you have no prior work experience. It's also unclear if you have any educational/training background or what field you're trying to go in. I'm 99% positive that is your issue unless you walk into a interview and make a huge deal about the references which would most likely raise suspicions.
Answer: You have to put people who know you well, and can vouch for you. They don't need to be proffessionals in the domain which you are applying in.
As the nice answers here suggested, you can include anyone from your neighbourhood/volunteer group, etc. Any person who can vouch for you as being hireable
However, you might also want give them a headsup forehand, so that they know what they can/need to tell about you when the call comes. Inform them about the company and the role, ao that they can add in some more nice words of their own about your skills(and/or soft skills).

I have no references for jobs


Meaning of 걸래는 빨아도 걸래다

Question: Does 걸래는 빨아도 걸래다 have two meanings? Since 빨다 can be used both for "wash" and for "suck", does this also mean something about soaking up water as well as the more obvious meaning to wash in water?
Comment: BTW, 빨다 as "suck" isn't exactly the same as English "suck": it is more like "to suck (at) something with mouth", and common objects include fingers (for a toddler), breastmilk, milk bottle, and lollipops. The motion of cloth absorbing water would be 흡수하다 or 빨아들이다, but never 빨다.
Comment: In that sentence, 빨다 cannot be *to suck*; it must be *to clean or wash*. 걸레 (not 걸래) has [two meanings](https://stdict.korean.go.kr/search/searchView.do?word_no=13983&searchKeywordTo=3). The second meaning could be offensive. You should provide more sentences or the context.
Comment: This is a 정한 속담, how can there be "more sentences or the context"?  Anyway, i think you're right, it's just "no matter how much you wash a rag, it's still a rag", but they've never seen my mother in law do laundry!
Comment: The context is always important; the same expression can be understood differently. These days, I feel that it is more of a slang rather than a proverb. In addition, "걸레는 빨아도 걸레다." is *not* a standard proverb, although 고려대 한국어대사전 has "[걸레는 빨아도 걸레라](https://ko.dict.naver.com/#/entry/koko/7aab79c40afd408ca99120cf44b68204)" as a proverb. Anyway, what does 정한 속담 mean? I have never heard that term.
Answer: It literally means "A rag is still a rag, even if you wash it".
빨다 here means "to wash (clothes)".
Figuratively, it means "No matter how hard you try to improve a thing in a certain way, its innate nature will not change".
However, 걸레 has another slang meaning, which translates to "slut". So the innocent looking sentence could also be interpreted as: "A slut is a slut even though it's been washed". Which is a totally inappropriate thing to say in most cases.
Comment: wow, good to know so as to use the phrase with care...in some contexts it might come out rude by accident.  thanks
Comment: +1 to being "totally inappropriate thing to say in most cases."
Answer:
Does 걸래는 빨아도 걸래다 have two meanings?

Literally, it means 'the rag is still rag after wash'.
But more often, this is idiom states that 'You cannot undo what you have done'.
Also sometimes 걸레 refers to the women (or men as well, but less frequently) who is sexually active, somewhat like 'bitch' in english speaking countries.
Therefore this idiom sometimes used to offend someone who are considered to be sexually active.
I would say this is not very polite to say in public.

does this also mean something about soaking up water as well as the
  more obvious meaning to wash in water?

No. Here the semantic meaning of 빨다 is 'wash'.

Meaning of 걸래는 빨아도 걸래다


How to repair towel rack that was anchored in drywall

Question: I live in an apartment and my towel rack was ripped out of the wall. I put some weight on it, and one of the sides came out. I looked into the hole and found that it was anchored into the drywall, so maybe it wasn't very secure in the first place. I would like to learn how to fix this on my own instead of having my apartment management fix it, but I'm not sure where to learn how to do this. I would not like to take the other anchored side out that the pole was attached into as that side is still anchored and at a location I like. Is there a way I can re-anchor and reattach this?
Comment: Hello, and welcome to Stack Exchange. Those are [molly bolts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_(fastener)), and often aren't too strong. The bigger problem is you'll have to patch the wall well.
Answer: I would use a jab saw to enlarge the hole. Then use a rod of wood and place it behind the spot your towel rack will eventually sit. (Make sure the piece of wood is longer than the towel rack bracket). Screw through the drywall above where the towel rack bracket will sit and below it. This will anchor the wood to the back of the wall while you patch the hole. Once that is done you can patch the hole with a pathig kit (ex.  https://www.amazon.com/Wall-Doctor-Drywall-Patch-2)
Once you have let that set and cure you can remount your towel rack bracket. U can remove the extra screws and patch those holes over with a little spackling.


Is there a PowerShell cmdlet to delete a Timer Job?

Question: Is there a PowerShell cmdlet to delete a Timer Job in SharePoint 2010?
Answer: I don't have a spare timer job to test this with currently, but this should work, replacing mysitecleanup with the name of your timer job.
<code>$jobToDelete = Get-SPTimerJob | ? { $_.name -eq "mysitecleanup" }
$jobToDelete.Delete()
</code>
Answer: You can use the Get-SPTimerJob cmdlet, and possibly delete from there. Check out Delete timer jobs for a trick on removing a job...


Conditional Formatting if all cells fail to meet a certain criteria

Question: This is the spreadsheet I'm working on. I am trying to figure out a formula for conditional formatting so that it only highlights the cells in red if none of the cells from columns N to Y of the Failed tab says either "Yes, I take this medication within the specified dosage range" or "I am unsure If I take this".
Comment: What column  should be highlighted in this case? All columns N-Y or something else?
Comment: columns N-Y should be highlighted; none if the condition is met
Answer: After selecting the range N2:Y, apply to it conditional formatting with "Custom formula is:"
=sum(arrayformula(n(regexmatch($N2:$Y2, "Yes, I take this medication within the specified dosage range|I am unsure If I take this")))) = 0

Explanation: $N2:$Y2 refers to the range N-Y in the current row. regexmatch($N2:$Y2, "this|that") returns True when the cell contains either "this" or "that" (this is a substring search, which is appropriate in your case). Then N converts True to 1 and False to 0. The whole array of these 1-0 values is then summed, and the formatting applies if the sum is 0, meaning there were no matches.
Comment: You can exclude empty cells by changing the formula to =`len(N2)*(sum(...) = 0)` where sum(...) is as above
Comment: Thanks @Bookend. The formula works on non-empty cells but the empty cells are formatted in red because they met the criteria too. How do I get around that?


Is there a way to turn gvim into fullscreen mode?

Question: Is there a way to turn gvim into fullscreen mode? I know that this is possible on OS X through MacVim, but wasn't able to find a way to do it on Ubuntu.
Answer: The system settings do not work for me on Ubuntu 12.04 (as happens to miloshadzic) because gvim catches the F11 key and does not pass it on to the system.
There is a solution though, that I found in this blog
make sure you have wmctrl installed. If you have that, then add the following to your vimrc:
map <silent> <F11>
\    :call system("wmctrl -ir " . v:windowid . " -b toggle,fullscreen")<CR>

And on save of the .vimrc and restart of gvim F11 now has the desired effect.
Answer: With gnome you can set a shortucut to the "fullscreen" action. Use gnome-keybinding-properties, select Window Managaer and choose Change to Fullscreen, then select a shorcut (F11 for example). This shortcut will set the current Gnome Window in fullscreen mode.
This doesn't work unless the Enable Extra WM Actions plugin is checked in the Compiz Settings Manager
Comment: Thank you, that did it for me. Just for folks who don't know how to do this the exact steps I followed are:
  - Click on `System` -> `Preferences` -> `Keyboard Shortcuts`
  - Go to the `Window Management` category
  - Select `Toggle full screen mode` and apply the `F11` shortcut
Comment: I've bound F11 to be the full screen key but when I press it in gVim, the window just flashes and nothing happens. It works in other apps. What am I doing wrong?
Answer: For XFCE Users:
Alt+F11 works out of the box
Answer: You can also switch into fullscreen mode by changing the lines and columns settings. Try to put this into your vimrc:
if has('gui_running')
    set lines=999 columns=999
endif

Answer: Maximised window instead of fullscreen
If you have a right-side XFCE launcher panel, the fullscreen option of wmctrl causes gvim to overlap.
Below variant with maximized_vert,maximized_horz resolves this issue and enables F11 for maximised window toggling:
command! Maximised :call system("wmctrl -ir " . v:windowid . " -b toggle,maximized_vert,maximized_horz")
noremap  <silent> <F11> :Maximised<CR>
vnoremap <silent> <F11> <C-C>:Maximised<CR>
inoremap <silent> <F11> <C-O>:Maximised<CR>

Automated, upon starting gvim
Place the following line in gvimrc, for a foolproof fullscreen at gvim startup:
autocmd GUIEnter * call system("wmctrl -ir " . v:windowid . " -b add,maximized_vert,maximized_horz")

Answer: On Ubuntu cinnamon go to Keyboard -> Shortcuts -> Windows -> Toggle fullscreen state. Set as F11 for example.


Dark gray desktop, GUI not started, vnc works fine

Question: I installed tightvncserver and I configured it to start at boot.
Once this was done, restarting the RPI, the system was in login loop..
Following instruction on the web, I renamed the file .Xauthority and rebooted again. Now I have the vnc that is working fine, through my pc desktop I can see the gui of raspbian etc.. but the GUI is stucked on the RPI itself (looking the screen connected). Stucked means dark gray background with arrow pointer and the possibility to open rxterminal by right click..
How I can fix?
Andrea
Answer: I fixed.
It was simply starting as "openbox". I closed it and a normal login happears and luckely, inserting credentials the GUI with normal desktop started.
Sorry, was something new for me, and after 3 hours trying, I decided to write here.
Bye
Andrea


Execution of the command requires an open and available connection. The connection's current state is broken.

Question: After some use in qa we get the following error
Execution of the command requires an open and available connection. The connection's current state is broken.
We're using a singleton instance of EntityFramework
SOF suggests :
EF recovery from invalidoperationexception caused by server being down
1)  creating a new instance of ContectObject once in a while
2)  configure the number of pool connections to be higher
What is the best practice to solve this?
I think it's wastefull to create a new contectObject for each Dal operation
Answer:
I think it's wastefull to create a new contectObject for each Dal operation

Do you have any evidence for this? I believe that Entity Framework and indeed most data access frameworks are designed for lots of short-lived and independent contexts. Implementing your own pooling / caching here is usually an anti-pattern, possibly resulting in stale results, concurrency issues, and poor failure recovery (as is the case here).
What specific resources do you think will be wasted, and have you validated this experimentally?
Basically, I would suggest creating a fresh context for each unit of work (may well correspond roughly to a request) - measure any performance differences, and see whether the problem goes away (as I expect it will). As part of your testing, occasionally disconnect the database server from the network to check that you can actually recover, too...
Comment: You *think*, or you have empirical evidence? Don't forget that there's connection pooling *underneath* the application layer already. As for objects: don't forget that short-lived objects are effectively cheaper in terms of GC than long-lived objects.
Comment: we expect large scales of requests (even after CDN). I think `open` and `close` connection are expensive action. Let alone creating and storing many objects in the application heaps
Comment: now I use `using` on new contextObject for each unit. But my BL code uses the objects and I get thie exception:`System.ObjectDisposedException: The ObjectContext instance has been disposed and can no longer be used for operations that require a connection.`
Comment: @EladBenda: Right - so it sounds like your context is now too *narrow*, in that it's not encompassing the complete unit of work. You should basically have the context around for as long as you need it, but no longer.
Comment: but then I mixes layers: BL and Dal. It not mentainble to instanciate the contextObject in the BL, as it's Dal object
Answer: Please, read about connection pooling.
When you're disposing EF context, you're disposing underlying store provider connection. But, when you're disposing store connection, you're not closing any transport level connection by default, unless you haven't turned off connection pooling explicitly.
Moreover, EF caches metadata views per application domain.
Hence, EF context creation is cheap, really.
Also, keep in mind, that there's change tracker in every context instance. When you have single context, its change tracker tracks everything, that was materialized or attached to context. "Tracks everything" means, that every entity instance you retrieved through context, will not be disposed - tracker keeps a reference to it.
Don't make long-living context instances.
Comment: now I use `using` on new contextObject for each unit. But my BL code uses the objects and I get thie exception:`System.ObjectDisposedException: The ObjectContext instance has been disposed and can no longer be used for operations that require a connection.`


CuSO4.5H2O >> CuSO4 + 5H2O : chemical or physical reaction?

Question: In a textbook it says it's a chemical reaction which involves breaking bonds.
But I don't think so since I think water molecules are just trapped in the crystal. What's the right answer and why ?
Answer: Copper II forms many types of complexes with water. The aquo ion is $\ce{[Cu(H2O)6]^{2+}}$ where the oxygen ligates to the metal atom. The structure is a distorted octahedral one, two bonds are longer than the other four. (The Jahn-Teller effect$^*$ is behind the fact that two ligands are not bound as strongly as the other four). It is possible with ammonia to form various hydro complexes; $\ce{[Cu(NH3)(H2O)5]^{2+}}$... $\ce{[Cu(NH3)5(H2O)]^{2+}}$. Similar complexes form with chloride ions. Copper sulphate is coloured in solution (due to $\ce{[Cu(H2O)6]^{2+}}$ ion) and in the crystal; the anhydrous crystal is colourless and this seems to indicate that the waters are bound, due to metal to ligand transitions, as in other transition metals. (The reason that sulphate is not significantly bound to the copper in aqueous solution, as it is in the crystal, is due to the vast excess of water (water is 55.5 M) which will displace the sulphate.)
In the crystal of $\ce{CuSO4.5H2O}$ the metal is, as usual, 6 coordinated, with four water oxygens in the plane and one oxygen from a sulphate occupying each axial position. The extra ($5^{\text{th}}$)  water molecule is hydrogen bonded between the second oxygen of the sulphate and a bound water molecule in the plane. This same water's oxygen is also $\ce{H}$-bonded to a sulphate oxygen bound to the next $\ce{Cu}$ atom. The $\ce{H}$ bonds are not quite of equal length  0.287 and 0.294 nm respectively.

(Fifth water oxygen thick black circle, sulphate hashed, $\ce{Cu}$ small circle, other four oxygens, large circles. Source: Wells 'Structural Inorganic Chemistry')
So bonds are broken, $\ce{Cu}$ to oxygen, also oxygen to oxygen and oxygen to sulphur hydrogen bonds as water is removed.
$^*$ The Jahn Teller theorem shows that any non-linear molecule in a degenerate state will undergo a distortion which will lower its symmetry and split the degenerate state. The theorem does not indicate what the distortion will be, or how big it will be. Nevertheless it is extremely important in describing the geometry of metal complexes.
Comment: Thanks. But I have two problems now: you said "the ion [CuSO4 (5H2O)5]2+..." why 2+ ?  Also i didn't somehow understand the second hydrogen bound "to a sulphat oxygen bound to the next Cu atom" would you explain it a bit more please? Thanks again!
Comment: I will rewrite this bit and will try and find a picture to make structure clear.
Comment: in your structure you have shown 2 sulphates bound to one copper, the formula indicates there should be only one ... see wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate#cite_note-12 .... each sulphate is bound to 2 coppers and each copper to 2 sulphates
Comment: Yes, this is the experimentally measure crystal structure.
Answer: If water was acting as ligands and went from a complex to individual molecules, then it would be a chemical reaction.
There is no way to tell the difference without experience if that was the only expression explaining the compound.
There are more exact methods of expressing complex ions.
Answer: The nomenclature infers this is water of crystallization. Thats what the "dot" means.
This water is en-trained in the crystal structure.
The process of sublimation drives of the water (with heat for instance) and the crystal degrades. This change of state is a physical one, however there can be complex things happening at the molecular level in some systems such as organics that.
What you have here is Chem 101 - no chemical change for the context of the question.
If this was not water of crystalization, then the O would all be noted together in the formula, something like CuH10SO9. The other contributors are assuming there is a chemical change, but have missed the other information inferred by the notation.
Answer: I've thought about this same question quite a bit in the past and have come to the conclusion that there isn't really a single concrete answer.  If you consider the hydrate and the anhydrous to be distinct compounds, then yes, this would by definition have to be considered a chemical reaction.  The hydrate and the anhydrous compound have different physical properties, with color being the most obvious difference.  However, I generally view this process as a physical change.  The hydrate is, in essence, an ionic compound with water molecules contained within.  On strong heating, you ultimately end up with exactly the same compounds which you began with; the only thing that has changed conceptually is location.
It seems to me that if you are going to consider this process a chemical change, then you must also consider dissociation of an ionic compound in solution as a chemical change.  I don't think I've ever heard anyone try and make that argument before.  While dissociation clearly involves interactions between the solvent and ions, the overall process is widely considered to be a physical change.
Answer: This discusses crystalline solids. The difference between bound and unbound is not a dichotomous yes/no issue. Interatomic distance between two atoms may vary continuously from clearly bound to dispersively bound to unbound. If the interatomic distance between two atoms is significantly less than the sum of their van der waal radii, then it is assumed they are chemically bound. In answering the question about CuSO4.5H2O, all you need to do is identify each of the 15 atoms of the water molecules and determine (ignoring intramolecular distances) each of their closest neighbors and compare those minimum interatomic distances to the Van der Waals distances. I'm pretty sure you'll find distances substantially less than VdW for most, if not all, of the 5. [An alternate technique is to map the 3D electron density in the crystal, but I view distances as being 'cleaner' and hence more definitive.] To repeat one of my main points, it is often the case that interatomic distances are intermediate between a "full" covalent bond and just dispersive interaction. You may have two atoms 22.3% bonded, for instance. Hypothetically, since I've not studied the pentahydrate you ask about, what if the 5 waters are 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% bonded, respectively? Perhaps a more useful answer for a novice is to ask whether the water molecules occupy definite positions in the crystal structure. If they are distributed randomly, then describing them as (physically) trapped might be justified. The implication is that the stoichiometry can range from 0 up to a maximum occupation (say 5) and this is NOT what we have for the pentahydrate; the water occupy specific locations in the crystal structure and their loss destroys the crystal structure. Making them much more than physically absorbed.


Can you silence summoner spells on league?

Question: I was wondering if you could silence summoner spells cause it seems like you can but sometimes you can't.
Answer: It all depends, the summoner spell cleanse can always be cast, even when stunned. The rest of them are stopped on Silence, Stun, Charm and Fear. But aren't stopped when your snared meaning you can't move but can still use your abilities and spells.
Edit: Except Flash, you can't use Flash while snared just as Patrick Stalder noted.
Comment: Note that you can't use flash while snared.
Answer: Any action which eliminates control of your champion (like Stun, Charm, or Fear) will prevent the use of summoner spells.
Less common are Silence effects, which prohibit champion abilities and summoner spells but do not inhibit control of your champion (they allow auto-attack only).


How can energy consumption be an indicator of per capita availability of capital?

Question:
"An important indicator of low capital per head available in developing countries is the consumption of energy". I could not decipher the concept.
Answer: In economics, capital refers to things that are used to produce other things.
So, capital includes tangible things like a delivery truck, an office building, or a factory. These are things which often require energy to run.
Hence, if a developing country has low capital per head, then it probably also has few delivery trucks, office buildings, and factories. And hence, it probably also has lower energy consumption.
Answer: Per capita availability of capital very strongly correlates with GDP per capita. GDP measures all economic activity and the capital is the input to this activity.
So your question is pretty much an extension of

How is energy consumption related to GDP?

Well, if not for differences in energy efficiency, GDP would be determined by energy consumption.
In a globalized world most businesses and countries have similar energy efficiencies, and if they do differ, poor countries have consistently lower energy efficiency. This preserves a neat correlation between GDP and energy consumption.
There is so much empirical evidence of it that it is pretty much a rule.
You can browse Google image search to see the evidence of it.
Many poor countries lack statistical apparatus to measure their GDP and use data like electricity consumption to estimate their GDP every year.


Post hoc comparisons of repeated measures anova

Question: I perfomed a 2 (groups) x 5 (emotion) repeated measures anova in SPSS.  The interaction between groups x emotion is not significant, but Bonferroni post hoc comparisons of this interaction reported a significant difference (p<.0005) between the two groups for each emotion.  Is it possible the case in which the interaction is not significant, while post hoc comparisons are significant?  There is a mistake?
Comment: Thanks for the answer. I have two groups (experimental and control group). I admenestered the same set of emotional stimuli (5 kind of emotions) for both groups. I want to know if exist a difference between the two groups in the recognition of a specific emotion. For this reason I looked the post of interaction. The post hoc comparisons are significant, but the F of fischer of the interaction emotions x groups is not significant.
Comment: That's not an interaction. You are only interested in 1 of the five emotions. Ignore the data from the other four. Now you have 2 groups and one output variable, that corresponds to one single t-test.
Comment: thanks.  If I want know differences in all five emotions is the repeated anova correct? In this case,  is there a mistake if F of Fisher of emotions x groups interaction isn't significant, while post hocs are significant?
Comment: That's still not an interaction. Interaction means that the difference between control and the other group are different depending on the 5 emotions.
Comment: So your design is within subjects regarding the emotions but between subjects regarding the groups? Are you sure these posthoc tests actually test the interaction effect? Perhaps describe in details what you are comparing in those post hoc tests.
Answer: There is no mistake.
Have a look at this explanation:

ANOVA tests the "exploratory value" of a predictor in a model
  (typically a factor with more than two levels). It answers the
  questions how likely we can expect a reduction in the residual
  variance when there was no association of the presumed predictor with
  the response.
Posthoc tests are apriori unspecified tests, so to say tests after
  seeing the data and deciding then which comparisons might be
  interesting. They use pooled variance estimates and control the FWER
  or the FDR for the family of tests. There are few special cases of
  posthoc tests that do not efficiently control the FWER. They need a
  kind of "protection" by a "significant" ANOVA. Most famous example is
  Fisher's LSD, but this is restricted to 3 groups. Tukey does not
  require any protection and it keeps the FWER.
In general, ANOVA and posthoc tests answer considerably different
  questions.

As a rule of thumb, if you are into NHST (null hypothesis significance testing) and didn't have prior expectations (specific contrasts set) you most likely should stop exploring the interaction after discovering it's insignificant.


What is the exact story of the origin of goddess Annapurna?

Question: Which scripture talks about goddess parvati taking the form of Annapurna? Did she take this form on the auspicious day of Akshay tritiya? Why did Lord Shiva beg in front of her? I want to know the story behind this.
Answer: One day, Shiva and Parvati got into an argument about the importance of Prakriti, which Shiva denied, stressing on superiority of Purush (male) over Prakriti (Mother Nature). Enraged, Parvati abandoned him and disappeared.With Parvati's disappearance, the world was deprived of food and there occurred a famine. When Shiva's followers started begging him for food, Shiva took a begging bowl and went from door to door begging for food. But no one had anything to offer, for those whom Shiva begged from themselves were affected. Shiva and his followers came to know that on earth, there is only one kitchen in the city of Kashi where food is still available. Shiva went to Kashi to beg for food, but to his surprise, the kitchen was owned by none other than his wife Parvati, but in a different form. She wore celestial purple and brown garments and was lightly adorned with ornaments, and she was seated on a throne, serving and distributed food to starving Gods and hungry inhabitants of earth, one after another. She also offered food to her sons Kartikeya and Ganesh as well. This beautiful form of Parvati was none other than Goddess Annapurna Devi, she who is full and complete. Annapurna offered her food as alms to Shiva and made Him realise that as Brahman, Shiva might have outgrown hunger; but his followers haven't.[6] There is another legend which says Trimurti once had heated argument who among them is greatest each saying his achievements when Mahadevi heard their argument she decided to teach them a lesson and disappeared causing severe faminine as a result no yajnas were done and devas started grewing weak and asked Trimurti for food then Lord Vishnu said to Lord Shiva " O Mahadev it was true what you said after Devi disappeared universe became weak ; I heard a lady in Kashi started donating food for people." At once Lord Shiva understood that the lady was none other than jagdamba and went to Kashi in disguise of mendicant and begged food from Devi for devas. Devi happy that Devas had learnt their lesson said to Mahadev " I shall reside here in Kashi in form of Annapurna."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_(goddess)#Legend
Comment: Thanks for the interesting account. May I know where this story is found?


List body sensors available on Android devices

Question: How can I list body sensors available on Android devices?
Comment: Please note that we cannot give you a list on "all sensors that might be available on the thousands of possible Android devices". This site is for end-users, not for "scientific research issues". To interpret it as an end-user question, for my answer I "rephrased it in my mind" to match: "How can I find out what sensors are available on my Android device".
Comment: There are a lot, from step sensors and counters to anything. If you look at the data sheets of some phones and tablets, you will see a lot of different sensors. Feel free to make a community wiki answer and add as many as you can find.
Comment: Think of any possible sensor, it's available. That's because Android uses the Linux kernel, meaning it possible to utilize any sensor out there. That might require a custom kernel, but it works.
Comment: Cool, but I was just wondering about buil-in body sensors available so far. For instance I know there is one that can measure your pulse. What other bio sensors are there?
Answer: ADB can be your friend here:
<code>adb shell dumpsys sensorservice
</code>
will provide you with a list of all your devices sensors plus details on them. In the following example, I've just captured a list of their names (better readability) using my Linux machine with my Wileyfox Swift connected:
<code>$ adb shell dumpsys sensorservice |egrep -B99999 "^halVersion" |awk -F '|' '{print $1}' |grep -v -e '^[[:space:]]*$'
Sensor List:
liteon-light
liteon-proximity
BOSCH Acceleration Sensor
BOSCH Gyroscope Sensor
BOSCH Magnetic Field Sensor
BOSCH Orientation Sensor
BOSCH Gravity Sensor
BOSCH Linear Acceleration Sensor
BOSCH Rotation Vector Sensor
BOSCH Game Rotation Vector Sensor
BOSCH Gyroscope Uncalibrated Sensor
BOSCH Magnetic Field Uncalibrated Sensor
BOSCH Geomagnetic Rotation Vector Sensor
Rotation Vector Sensor
Gravity Sensor
Linear Acceleration Sensor
Orientation Sensor
Corrected Gyroscope Sensor
Gyroscope Bias (debug)
9-axis fusion disabled (0 clients), gyro-rate= 200.00Hz, q=< 0, 0, 0, 0 > (0), b=< 0, 0, 0 >
halVersion 16973825
</code>
Distinguishing the sensor types is a different issue and IMHO not covered that easily. But knowing what sensors are there altogether, you can tell them apart yourself.
Self-promotion: My tool Adebar includes those in the device documentation it generates.