How much blood makes a niddah?

Question: Sometimes a woman is bleeding but is not having a clear period. What amount of blood (on colored clothing) would no longer be considered a kesem but would make the woman a nidah through a presumed Reiyah?
Comment: The three sentences presented here constitute three completely separate questions on their own. Either this is too broad or it needs more effort to clarify what in particular is being sought. Already two answers have taken it two different ways
Comment: What do you mean by "a presumed Reiyah"? Do you mean a Hargasha? Something else? That Hebrew term doesn't necessarily have a technical meaning, at least not a uniformly used one, so it's important to understand how you are using it.
Comment: Since when does amount matter?
Comment: @DoubleAA That should be fixed now.
Comment: If a woman is bleeding but doesn't have a clear period? That's a very technical and specific situation that does not have to do with colored clothing. Such a case needs to be brought to a Rav. Your previous version was actually better. :)
Answer: Any small amount of uterine blood at all that leaves the uterus is enough. There is no minimum. (See Gemara Niddah 40a; Yoreh Deah 183:1, with Shach:3)
"...even if she only saw a drop of blood the size of a mustard seed; she must observe seven clean days for it."
On the one hand, there is no amount mentioned by Chazal, that limits the exception on colored clothing. Any amount is merely a "kesem" (Rabbinical "stain" subject to those laws)
On the other hand, some factors that would need the guidance of a Rabbi to see if a "large amount" of blood found upon colored clothing renders her a niddah or at least creates a doubt:
a) It was an amount that equaled the usual stains she experiences during an onset of a menstrual flow.
b) It happened at the time of her usual monthly period.
c) There is no way the blood can be attributed to something else.
d) She had a "Hargashah" or definite feeling of a flow from the uterus, or opening of the uterus.
Comment: Sources for your claims would improve the value of your answer.
Comment: Even gallons of uterine blood doesn't matter if there's no hargasha. This answer is wrong. Your source just says any amount with hargasha is Tamei. (Also how can you justify leaving out the three things the Gemara explicitly says mask Hargasha?)
Comment: @DoubleAA The OP asked about the amount of blood that would minimally constitute "Reyiah"? The OP does not ask about other laws of niddah like hargashah. The OP also has no question regarding masking hargashah. The 2nd q asked if there is an amount of blood that ruins the heter of colored clothing. The basic answer is no. This is not a hilchos niddah shiur.
Comment: (Note the rule that question edits can't invalidate answers doesn't apply to edits made to reopen a question since such a prohibition could essentially force a question to never be openable. You need to edit this post to address the current version of the question if you don't want it to be removed/trimmed when/if the q is reopened.)
Comment: @DoubleAA Thanks, i didn't know that. i will try to be aware if it is reopened and edit according to the new question.

How much blood makes a niddah?


What did Griffith mean when he said "you are mine" to Guts?

Question: Mind to help me with this curiosity? Griffith acts differently after Guts decides to leave. He says, "you are mine" to him.
Was this to imply that he was gay for Guts? Ever since they have first met, it confuses me.
Answer: You have to remember how Guts first joined the Band of the Hawk. Guts challenged Griffin to a duel, and Guts agreed to join the band as his subordinate if he lost.

Before this Griffin even told Guts: "I want you", which Guts misinterprets as a gay thing, and Griffin explains how he views him as a military asset with an interesting willingness to risk his life.
This is the sense in which Guts is "his".  His membership is guaranteed by the conditions of the duel, and Guts has not won a release from this obligation. This is why Guts and Griffith then fight again when Guts decides to leave.
A lot could be said and debated about whether or not Griffith has sexual or romantic feelings for Guts.  It's not implausible, but you have to keep in mind that Griffin is consistently portrayed as a narcissistic sociopath.  Sex, sexuality, and personal attachments in general are just tools to him. Part of his frustration and eventual breakdown over Guts's leaving is because Griffin views it as proof that he's allowed himself to grow weaker and soft.  He does realize that somehow Guts became more important than his lifelong dream; a dream he had been willing to sacrifice anything for, and had thought this included Guts and the rest of the Band. But he doesn't seem to experience this as "love for Guts" but rather "disgust with himself", as befits his narcissism.
Answer: "You are mine" means exactly that, it does not have entail any romantic feelings. It is the same when Griffith admits that only Guts was able to make him forget his dream, it can be because of their strong friendship.
There are very few hints that may suggest he likes Guts that way and all of them can have a different interpretation (i.e the reason he was thinking about Guts while having sex with Princess Charlotte might very well be because he had lost a good friend or simply because the princess reminds him of Guts).
Answer: I've always interpreted it as both romantic and possessive. Considering Griffith never said (I want you / you're mine now) to anyone else before or since, it's hard to take it any other way. Imagine if all army recruitment posters were like that. We know he's pretty eloquent, if he wanted to be clear that his words weren't vaguely sexual he'd have said it differently. And Guts completely agrees to all terms even when it means he might be Griffith's plaything.


Gas fireplace won't stay lit

Question: I have a new construction home with a gas fireplace (Copreci VCS-ECOMOD) that won't stay on when lit. If I leave the pilot on, the pilot is stable and stays lit indefinitely. Once I light the fireplace, the fireplace will come on and run for about 5-10 minutes then shut off. When this happens, the pilot also shuts off. After 3-5 seconds the pilot will come back on, and then I can light fireplace again. After a few cycles of this, I get a double beep, which looking at the manual is telling me there is unstable pilot. The fireplace is turned on manually through a control panel or via a simple remote. The fireplace has only a thermocouple (no thermopile). Visually, the flame touching the thermacouple when only pilot is lit, or when fireplace is lit looks blue and healthy and largely covering the thermacoupler.
Trouble shooting steps I've taken so far:

Cleaned out the holes use air compressor where flames come out, including at igniter and thermocouple.
Used sand paper to clean the thermocouple thoroughly.
Used a voltmeter to measure a healthy 18mA from the thermocouple.
Ensured there are new batteries (although not needed) in the power backup box.
Adjusted flame so that it is blue coming out with yellow tips - does not have the "soot" appearance.

Any help of what to try next would be highly appreciated!
Comment: The thermocouple could still be unstable, not delivering consistent voltage over time. You might try measuring the voltage over a few minutes while you're applying heat to the thermo. The problem could also be in the valve itself.  Because the pilot stays lit indefinitely I suspect the problem is in the valve. What make and model?
Comment: Is the house new enough that the fireplace may still be covered by manufacturer's/installer's warranty? If so, I'd contact the installer before messing with it. They may cover everything under warranty _unless_ you've touched, adjusted, replaced something, in which case they may claim that the problem is your fault.
Comment: Its a Copreci VCS-ECOMOD. Before I replace the valve, I tried rotating the pilot a few degrees to get the flame to align better on top of the thermocouple- when the fireplace was lit, the pilot flame didn't exactly align over the thermocouple. So far, rotating the pilot a few degrees seems to have resolved the issue. Fireplace has been stable for a few hours now.
Answer: Looks like I had to rotate the pilot flame a few degrees to get it to better align with the thermocouple, especially when the fireplace was lit. This seems to have resolved the issue.
Answer: I'd start by replacing the thermocouple.  They are cheap and if it doesn't solve the problem you just have a spare kicking around.
If it doesn't fix the problem then I'd replace the gas valve.  I had a honey well gas valve which I believe has an internal spring mechanism - when the ambient temperature reached certain temperatures the spring would not work properly and the gas value would malfunction.
It took years to work out the problem eventually the gas valve completely failed and once replaced everything worked properly.  Previously to that techs replaced air sensors, flame rollover sensors, etc I don't know for sure that something didn't contribute but since the problem was intermittent it was difficult to track down and it hasn't been a problem for at least 5 years now.
Good luck !

Gas fireplace won't stay lit


Are there any online chess tournaments for beginners( or new players)?

Question: I have been playing online chess for a long time on sites like lichess and chess.com. But I have never played in any FIDE or AICF organized tournament. In this pandemic are there any online tournaments for new players organized by FIDE or AICF?
Answer: There are online tournaments organized by FIDE (https://new.arena.myfide.net). They are more or less like lichess tournaments and you get a special online FIDE rating and you can receive special online titles (https://www.notion.so/FIDE-Online-Arena-Titles-045a5cbfb0994e0b9c04e05ee44c0491). To my best knowledge, there are no tournaments in which you can receive real FIDE points. I think because cheating is always a problem in online games.


Choosing which is public vs private key

Question: When I calculate two RSA keys, what if anything, would make any difference which I call the public vs which I call the private key?
Answer: In any RSA-type cryptosystem, a public key necessarily has a modulus $n$, and sometimes has an exponent $e$ if it's not prescribed by the cryptosystem.  Sensible cryptosystems like RSA-KEM can prescribe $e = 3$, but some defective standards, based on mistakes like RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5, may require $e$ to be $e = 65537$ or larger and may allow $e$ to vary.
A private key can come in any of several forms:

the factors $p$ and $q$ of $n = pq$
a private exponent $d$, which solves $e \cdot d \equiv 1 \pmod{\lambda(n)}$
Chinese remainder theorem exponents $d_p \equiv d \pmod{p - 1}$ and $d_q \equiv d \pmod{q - 1})$

Any of these forms of the private key is equivalent, given knowledge of $n$: from $p$ and $q$ you can compute $\lambda(n) = \operatorname{lcm}(p - 1, q - 1)$ and solve $e d \equiv 1 \pmod{\lambda(n)}$ with the extended Euclidean algorithm; from $d$ you can recover a multiple $e \cdot d - 1$ of $\lambda(n)$ and without much additional difficulty proceed to factor $n$; etc.  Often, as in, e.g., OpenSSL, many redundant parts of the private key are stored together to speed up the computation.
The main question, then, is: Are the public exponent $e$ and the private exponent $d$ interchangeable?  And the answer is: No.
In Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman's seminal paper, the proposed method was to choose $d$ at random to be coprime with $\phi(n) = (p - 1)(q - 1)$ and then to derive $e$ from $d$ by solving $ed \equiv 1 \pmod{\phi(n)}$.  One could do it the other way around: choose $e$ at random to be coprime with $\phi(n)$, and then to derive $d$ from $e$ by solving $ed \equiv 1 \pmod{\phi(n)}$.  So, if you were stuck in 1978, it might look like the roles of the two exponents are interchangeable—but if you were stuck in 1978, your encryption scheme would also be trivially breakable,* so maybe you don't want to stay in 1978.
The main cost for a user of RSA is computing modular exponentiation, which for exponent $x$ costs $\lfloor\log_2 x\rfloor$ squarings and $H(x) - 1$ multiplications, where $H$ is Hamming weight.  The most efficient exponent is 3—but you can only do this for the public exponent!  If you always picked the private exponent $d = 3$, you would still have to publish $e$ in order for anyone to encrypt messages—but if you did that, then armed with knowledge of $e$ and $d$ I could find $\lambda(n)$ and factor $n$ and break the whole cryptosystem!
'OK, fine,' you say, 'so $d = 3$ is no good, but what if I just picked $d$ to be small to speed up decryption?'  As it happens, if $d$ is merely smaller than about $\sqrt[4] n$, I can use Wiener's attack or a variant thereof to recover it!  It is therefore crucial that the private exponent $d$ be near uniformly distributed in the whole possible space, which is effectively the case even if you choose the public exponent $e$ to always be something small like 3 or 65537.
Thus while it is perfectly safe in sensible RSA-type cryptosystems to always use $e = 3$, it is dangerous to choose even moderately small $d$; the exponents are very much not interchangeable.
P.S.  You may be tempted, by the seductive symmetry of the equations $c = m^e \bmod n$ and $m = c^d \bmod n$, to treat encryption and signature as interchangeable too.  Don't do it!  It's a trap!  If you try to shoehorn a message into this shape, you'll likely end up shooting yourself in the foot; there's much more to encryption and much more to signature, and beyond the use of exponentiation they bear very little resemblance—and if you naively try to combine the two with the same keys you will probably shoot yourself in the other foot too.  At that point, you'd better hope you're an octopus.

* They recommend what is effectively RSA-ECB for encryption, and a trivially forgeable hashless signature scheme.  The first secure signature scheme by modern standards—assuming suitably scaled parameters—wasn't published until a year later by Rabin in 1979, using the qualitatively different exponent $e = 2$, and the first secure encryption scheme by modern standards wasn't published until some time after that.
Comment: It's not only OpenSSL; everything (or nearly) that uses PKCS8, or PKCS12 because that in turn uses PKCS8, uses the full-CRT privatekey from PKCS1 Appendix A.
Answer: In theory, RSA keys are symmetric. Meaning that it doesn't matter which one you use as a private key or as a public key. However, in practice there are subtle restrictions that break this symmetry.
First of all, you generally want your public key to be relatively small. This way, encryption operations don't take too much time to be executed (don't pick a public key to small though because then an attacker may be able to decrypt messages).
On the other hand the private key needs to be large. If the private key is smaller than $\frac{1}{3}n^{\frac{1}{4}}$ (with $n$ being the modulus of the RSA key) then an attacker could execute a very fast attack and recover the private key quickly.
As a result, you must handle the private and the public key differently. However, if the efficiency of encryption doesn't matter and you choose to use integers larger than $\frac{1}{3}n^{\frac{1}{4}}$ for both private and public key then you could publish either one and keep the other secret and you would still have a secure and working RSA cryptosystem.
Answer: By trying to give a simplified answer in addition to those above:
The idea behind a public-private key scheme ($d$, $e$, with modulus $N$) is that you calculate one simple exponent $e$ (e.g. $2$16 + 1) and one complex exponent $d$ (with > $2$1023 bits nowadays), and you then always hand out the simple exponent.
Hence knowing the private key ($N$,$d$) would allow a very simple brute force attacks to find out $e$. With the public key ($N$,$e$) in the other hand it is extremely difficult to brute-force attack to find $d$, which nowadays is considered impossible for large $d$'s due to the huge calculation power it would require.
Therefore, the public key and the private key are never interchangeable.
Answer: With the secret key you can decrypt and actually you can reconstruct the public key. Knowing the secret key you can decrypt messages, so you want to keep that key confidential. On the other hand knowing the public key you can encrypt messages.
Comment: Mathematically speaking, encryption and decryption are identical. They're both $M^e \mod n$. The difference is whether $e$ is the public value or private value. You could encrypt with your private key and decrypt with your public key, and this is actually used for digital signatures.
Comment: If you have a copy of the private key, you can *generate* as many public keys as you like.  The public key can be used to encrypt messages that can only be decrypted by the private key, and vice-versa.  That's the essence of PKI.
Answer: Mathematically, there is really no difference. Both encrypt and decrypt the same. An RSA key is in the form (e,n) and (d,n) where e,d are public/private exponents and n is the product of 2 large primes. e and n can be known to anyone, while d is the real private part.
So the keys are:
public:  (e,n)
private: (d,n)
However when designing the scheme, we generally use really small public keys. RSA often uses $2^{17}$+1 as the public key exponent e. This allows encrypting (but not decrypting) to be much faster. Choosing this e value is a tad tricky as well. So all in all, we mainly use the same public exponents while having different n and private exponents.
If you gave someone the private key instead of the public key, they would just go through a list of commonly used public key exponents until you found it. The attacker knows d and just tries various e's until ${(m^{d})}^e=m$, and since there are far fewer values of public key exponents than private, they've broken your key.
So from a mathematical perspective, they are the same, but you need to be very careful how you choose those public/private exponents.

Choosing which is public vs private key


I cannot connect my one plus two to my computer or laptop. debugging option is saying "Device is in charging mode, USB Debugging is disabled"

Question: I am using One plus two. But it is not connecting to my system. It used to connect previously. But once i set it on Charge only mode. since then there are no options in the notifications bar to transfer the matter from phone. I have tried all the steps explained, even the clicks on build number. But nothing helped me out USB debugging option is saying Device is in charging mode, USB Debugging is disabled. and i tried all the ways to enable it, but it is not letting me do it. and when i click on three dots in the storage, and click on USB connection settings it says connect your device to computer to access USB connections, even when the device is connected. Please help me out to solve the problem
Comment: The first debugging steps are always: try a different USB cable; try a different USB port on your PC; try a different PC if you have a friend.
Answer: I had the same issue, and, after the following steps, it seems to have worked itself out.

Disconnect the device from my PC
Go to Settings > More > Tethering & Portable Hotspot
Enable USB tethering
Disable USB tethering and Wait several minutes
Reconnect the device to my PC

After that, the USB Debugging option under Developer Settings was no longer greyed out.
Answer: With the latest Cyanogen update, soon after connecting to the pc, a notification appeared on my phone 'USB for charging'. I clicked and changed it to 'USB for file transfer'. Then I could browse A0001 and transfer files!
Answer: This problem arose after I turned the developer options on. So for once just disable USB debugging and enabled it again and the problem was solved.


RPI project Minecraft Server

Question: me and a project partner are running a Minecraft server off of a RPI and connecting via its wireless feature. we wanted to create a python script which would control an LED and toggle it on/off based on whether the server was running. Whilst toggling an LED isnt very difficult in python for an RPI i was curious if there was any way to use python to check if the RPI was running a particular process and what that may look like?
Answer: With systemd you can check the state of a service, e.g. with:
rpi ~$ systemctl is-active minecraft.service
inactive

Of course, I don't have Minecraft installed on my RasPi. You can call this command within your Python3 script. But this will waste resources because you have to poll the state in an endless loop. I would suggest to let the service itself toggle the LED. This can simply be done by creating or modifying a Minecraft service. I assume with the installation of Minecraft on the RasPi you already have a service to manage it. Then you can just add maybe two simple scripts led-on.sh and led-off.sh or any python script you want. Just edit the service with:
rpi ~$ sudo systemctl edit minecraft.service

In the empty editor insert these statements, save them and quit the editor:
[Service]
ExecStartPost=/absolute/path/to/led-on.sh
ExecStopPost=-/absolute/path/to/led-off.sh

RPI project Minecraft Server


What does "freshness bonus" mean and how do I get it?

Question: Earlier today after one of my games, the game awarded me a bonus 3000 experience with the description "freshness bonus". Under what circumstances does the game award this bonus?
Answer: In junction to @Vemonus's answer, the wiki adds a bit different wording plus a nice graph.

A Freshness Bonus in Splatoon 2 refers to the proficiency you've earned for each individual weapon. This is different from Judd's coin bonus from the original game.
Each weapon has a freshness rating that will improve every time you win a match. It starts at 0 and goes up one point each time you win a match. Losing a match will subtract from your score, but how much it subtracts depends on your current rating. Once you reach a certain amount, a point bonus is applied.
Take note that while your ranking will continue to go up, the highest you can go is SUPERFRESH! along with all three one time bonuses.
Comment: The "loss" column is slightly off.  You lose 0.5/game at Dry, 1 once you reach Raw, etc.
Comment: @Unionhawk I'll update that when I get a chance
Comment: It actually looks like you get a 3000 bonus at Raw and a 4500 bonus at Fresh per weapon, according to my own experience getting to Raw on dualies and Fresh on aerospray
Answer: This Twinfinite article explains the Freshness bonus pretty well:

Your Freshness Rating is all about bonuses and is tied to two things: your weapon and your ability to win matches. If you can excel at winning and using a specific weapon, you can earn a Freshness Bonus which is a large amount of experience points to help you level up faster.
Each weapon has its own rating, so if you want to build the rating you need to stick to a gun, preferably one you're really good with. While using that gun, its rating will go up every time you win a match by .5 points, but if you lose it can go down a full point. So you need a positive win/loss ration to rank up. If you happen to rank up a weapon during a match, when it's time to get your rewards you'll see your Freshness Bonus as a huge splat next to your normal points and it's always a few thousand.

(emphasis mine)


Size of Apatosaurus

Question: What are the current and up-to-date estimates of the size of the big sauropod dinosaur Apatosaurus (the biggest species of it) in terms of mass range (weight) and total length? I prefer the answer in metric units.
Answer: From the wikipedia page on Apatosaurus:

Most size estimates are based on specimen CM 3018, the type specimen of A. louisae.
  In 1936 this was measured to be 21.8 m (72 ft), by measuring the vertebral column.[5]
Current estimates are similar, finding that the individual was 21–22.8 m (69–75 ft) long and had a mass of 16.4–22.4 t (16.1–22.0 long tons; 18.1–24.7 short tons).[6][7][8]
A 2015 study that estimated the mass of volumetric models of Dreadnoughtus, Apatosaurus, and Giraffatitan estimates CM 3018 at 21.8–38.2 t (21.5–37.6 long tons; 24.0–42.1 short tons), similar in mass to Dreadnoughtus.[9]
Past estimates have put the creature's mass as high as 35.0 t (34.4 long tons; 38.6 short tons).[6]
Some specimens of A. ajax (such as OMNH 1670) represent individuals 11–30% longer, suggesting masses twice that of CM 3018 or 32.7–72.6 t (32.2–71.5 long tons; 36.0–80.0 short tons), potentially rivalling the largest titanosaurs.[10]

"Osteology of Apatosaurus, with special references to specimens in the Carnegie Museum". Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum. 11 (4): 1–136, Gilmore, C.W. (1936).
"A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (1): 51–52, Seebacher, F. (2001).
"Giants and bizarres: body size of some southern South American Cretaceous dinosaurs" Historical Biology. 16 (2–4): 71–83, Mazzetta, G.V.; Christiansen, P.; Farina, R.A. (2004).
"Burly Gaits: Centers of mass, stability, and the trackways of sauropod dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (4): 907–921, Henderson, D.M. (2006).
"Downsizing a giant: re-evaluating Dreadnoughtus body mass". Biology Letters. 11 (6), Bates, K.T.; Falkingham, P.L.; Macaulay, S.; Brassey, C.; Maidment, S.C.R. (2015).
"A giant, skeletally immature individual of Apatosaurus from the Morrison Formation of Oklahoma" 61st Symposium on Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy - Programme and Abstracts: 40–45, Wedel, M. (2013).
Comment: So if I understand correctly, the largest Apatosaurus was about 26-27 meters long and may have weighed 50+ metric tons.

Size of Apatosaurus


Is "organic" important to this question?

Question: Is organic whole cow's milk better than "toddler milk" powder for a 1 year old? has been involved in an edit war over the OP's original inclusion of the word "organic."  Is that a critical part of the question or not?
Comment: @Erica Presumably that's people voting agreement/disagreement with the question as stated in the title. That's common on [meta.se] and other meta sites.
Comment: Apologies, that was me. On other meta sites, a +1 means "I agree with this question" or "yes", a -1 means "I disagree", or "no". It's not a vote on the merit of a question. This question, however, is worded such that I should have used a different approach. I've removed my down vote. Apologies especially to @Karl Bielefeldt, with whom I agree.
Comment: I'm confused by a downvote on this :)
Answer: Original poster here.  The reason I asked this question was really to distinguish between powdered infant formula and the next best alternative that I would choose personally, which would be organic whole milk.
If you prefer, I could change my question to "what's the best choice of milk for a one-year-old child?
We could easily debate the differences between all various options.  Assuming breastmilk is not among the choices (my daughter and I still have 2 nursing sessions per day, but she takes non-breastmilk to daycare and with meals)
Choices are:

Powdered "toddler milk"
Organic whole milk
Conventional whole milk
Organic 2% milk
Conventional 2% milk
Soy milk
Almond milk
Goat milk
Coconut milk
Hedgehog milk (just kidding)

All of the above are assumed to be pasteurized.
As there was some confusion in the comments about what is meant by organic milk, here are some details from Wikipedia:

Organic milk refers to a number of milk products from livestock raised
  according to organic farming methods. In most jurisdictions, use of
  the term "organic" or equivalents like "bio" or "eco", on any product
  is regulated by food authorities. In general these regulations
  stipulate that livestock must be: allowed to graze, be fed an
  organically certified fodder or compound feed, not be treated with
  most drugs (including growth hormone), and in general must be treated
  humanely.[1][2]

Will be glad to adapt the question this way if everyone is in agreement.
Comment: I don't agree with this change in the original question.  The original question was, ultimately, "Is powdered toddler formula valuable/not valuable", the alternative wasn't particularly important in my view.  Changing to "What is the best milk..." is an entirely different question.  You're welcome to ask it as a different question, but please do not modify the question as it currently stands.
Comment: This looks like a good idea. It would make the question more comprehensive and not invalidate existing answers.
Comment: We don't have one about the different kinds of milk (formula, organic, cow, soy, etc), which could be very useful. But the wording should be different enough from [this question](http://parenting.stackexchange.com/questions/775/what-is-the-best-type-of-milk-for-a-toddler) title, to be clear. (I'm also going to edit that question's existing title, because it's too vague in light of this).
Comment: Thinking about this more, I'm leaning toward Joe's view. The core question here is about powdered formula milk specifically, so that should remain the focus of the question.
Answer: These are the listed reasons to edit:

Edits are expected to be substantial and to leave the post better than you found it. Common reasons for edits include:

To fix grammar and spelling mistakes
To clarify the meaning of the post (without changing that meaning)
To include additional information only found in comments, so all of the information relevant to the post is contained in one place
To correct minor  mistakes or add updates as the post ages
To add related resources or hyperlinks

In the initial suggested edit, the changes were to reword a sentence that didn't necessarily make the sentence more clear (but seemed to contain a preference for certain wording) and it removed the organic label.
The question initially contained organic in both the body and the title. Since "organic" is a highly searchable key word, and is often signifies certain lifestyle choices, it would seem to add to the question and it's accessibility.
Determining whether or not organic is a relevant quality of milk is the responsibility of those answering. It's very common for people to have an answer that boils down to: "This attribute doesn't make a difference" or "Don't be concerned about that, it's only this you need to worry about." That doesn't mean those qualities shouldn't be included in the question.
That the comments and answers address the fact that organic milk isn't objectively better than regular milk is a signal that it's relevant to the question. We were presented an opportunity to share more information and address some misconceptions which may be shared by a number of future visitors.

As to the OP approving the edit, a new user may accept edits because they presume all suggestions are better, don't understand the system, or any number of reasons that aren't actually good. That's why higher rep users have the ability to make instant edits or rollbacks if they feel the changes aren't actually useful.

Another reason to reject edits is

This edit does not make the post even a little bit easier to read, easier to find, more accurate or more accessible. Changes are either completely superfluous or actively harm readability.

This implies that SE is concerned with people's ability to find questions and answers. Other evidence is the fact that we have a tagging system in place. We want people to be able to easily find questions. Removing qualifying words seems contrary to that practice.
Unfortunately, when rejecting edits, users are only given the ability to select one of a few options. There is an "other" option, but deviating from the system options makes it harder to standardize reasoning.
The option that has been selected was, as noted:

This edit deviates from the original intent of the post. Even edits that must make drastic changes should strive to preserve the goals of the post's owner.

But that doesn't mean it's the only reason that the edit was rejected.
Supposing that the OP honestly doesn't care about organic or not, the edit could be rejected because "Changes are either completely superfluous". If you believe that the word itself is irrelevant, and makes no difference to the question, then it's also not harming the question and removing the extra word is, by definition, superfluous.
Comment: "How to open green boxes?" can't be edited to "How to open boxes?"? Why? Green is utterly irrelevant to both questions and answers and should be edited out of all. "That's why higher rep users have the ability to make instant edits or rollbacks if they feel the changes aren't actually useful." This is true, but OP is the most invested and has at least a minimal understanding of the subject. OP has a binding vote on edits.
Comment: For reference, there is a [very similar question](http://parenting.stackexchange.com/questions/8169/when-to-stop-using-formula-and-how-much-cow-milk-to-give?rq=1) that has no mention of organic in it, ever, and so it's not addressed. Since it's not something that's brought up by those answering, it would seem that including "organic" generated additional content.
Comment: If a new programmer were to ask, "How do I access a string array in Java" I wouldn't edit the question to just be "How do I access an array in Java". Even if the answer is the same, it's important to the asker that they know the type of the array isn't relevant in accessing it. And while I *made up* this example, the question [actually exists](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5069870/java-accessing-specific-element-in-array-of-strings), although it's very old. No one edited "array of strings" to just be "array".
Comment: @bjb568 green is irrelevant. People buying organic might think it has some property, and thus it is not irrelevant. I literally cannot understand why you made the edit; nor why you continue to insist on the edit.
Comment: I don't see your point.
Comment: Also, I contend that on SE the OP doesn't have binding *anything* except which answer they choose to receive a green check.
Comment: I wouldn't use that question as SO as an example of exemplary standard practices. [Research](http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/250981/new-ui-encourages-askers-to-confirm-or-dispute-duplicate-votes) [on](http://meta.stackexchange.com/q/157852/237813) [meta](http://meta.stackexchange.com/q/76251/237813). I can reverse your argument: Organic is irrelevant. People buying green might think it has some property, and thus it is not irrelevant.
Comment: Reading thru you answer closely, I found that "Since \"organic\" is a highly searchable key word, and is often signifies certain lifestyle choices, it would seem to add to the question and it's accessibility." bugs me a lot. Is a question like "From a [religion] perspective, [question]" or "Is [doing something] a good if you're a [belief]" appropriate? SE values quality over clickbait or discoverability.
Comment: "We want people to be able to easily find questions." != "Searchability is more important than lasting quality". ["This edit deviates from the original intent of the post."](http://meta.stackexchange.com/q/238333/237813): "Changing the meaning/intent is the cardinal sin here - the name and guidance should focus on this."; I believe I have not changed the fundamental meaning of the question.
Comment: @bjb568 You've also never provided any proof that your edit *helps* the question or not editing it *harms* the question. You're providing no evidence that removing the term improves the *quality*, as you claim. **How does the word organic *actively harm* the question or objectively make the answers worse?**
Comment: It is irrelevant so it takes up space, costs readers time, diverts mental effort to itself, and defocuses answers.
Comment: That's ludicrous and insulting to our intelligence. It takes up *bytes* of storage, no time, virtually no space in the sentence.  Diverts mental effort? I'm sorry, but I think our brains can process this input just fine:  It's literally what they're designed to do. This is a website for humans, not robots with rudimentary language processing. What you argue for is negligible, thus superfluous. You're arguing for the sake of arguing at this point, that comment makes it clear. This seems to be more a case of bruised ego than anything.
Comment: See http://meta.stackexchange.com/q/2950/237813
Answer: My feeling on this is that both users involved in the editing made mistakes, by virtue of making changes without discussing with others.
I don't think that the word "Organic" was particularly important to the question - in fact, I don't think the alternative itself was important to the question.  As stated, it was asking if Toddler Formula was valuable in and of itself; milk is the 'default', organic or not.  The question didn't go into detail about the alternatives: it presented toddler formula, mentioned that it was popular with parents in the area, mentioned that pediatricians often push it, and then asked if regular milk would be better.  Organic is mentioned effectively in passing, as if that's what the default would be for the OP - which she has confirmed.
Hence my answer: addressing the value/lack of value of toddler formula as opposed to milk.  Organic milk isn't substantially nutritionally different from conventional milk, unless it's paired with a different method of raising cows; organic milk isn't required to be any more pasture-raised than conventional milks are.  There are some slight differences in contents of pasture-raised cow milk versus conventional milk, but as the question doesn't address that, I don't either in my answer.
As such, if bjb568 had asked in comments whether it was appropriate to remove the word "organic", I would've agreed.  I don't think it's important to the question, which is about formula, not milk.

However, I think that asking in comments should have been a necessary step here in the editing process.  Assuming the OP doesn't care about organic milk is incorrect; the OP did clearly state it in the question title and text.  It's possible the OP does think organic milk is different from conventional milk, and wants to specifically compare those - perhaps for reasons other than nutritional content.  Additional clarification would be helpful here from the OP in that case.
It's also possible (and seemingly, likely) that the OP would've agreed in comments.  At that point, again, there's no argument over edits: if the OP clearly states that the organic aspect of milk isn't important, then it can be removed from the question, as it's not the focus of the question.  It never was so much of an important element of the question that an answer should've focused on it, although it certainly would have been reasonable to mention if there were differences (where the answer would be different for the two).  Of course, the OP doesn't have the right to make edits that fundamentally change the question (turning it into a chameleon question), but I think it's hard to argue that 'organic' is a remotely important part of this question if the OP doesn't believe it is.
As such, the right thing for CreationEdge to do after seeing the edit would also have been to post a comment asking if it was important.  The OP approved the edit, so we have clearly don't have an OP that is asking and ditching; a response as to its import to the question would have been entirely reasonable.  There's no reason to rollback the question arbitrarily for a very minor wording change without discussing it, first.

Ultimately, I think this is something that could have been easily addressed with a few comments from any of the parties involved before taking action.  Community moderation works best when decisions are discussed before they're taken, when they're neither major issues that need urgent attention, nor are obvious cases with clear fixes.  We've got a very active group here and I'm very glad that everyone pitches in to help - just don't forget there's a lot of others who are happy to chime in with opinions when it's not clear.
Comment: I will note: I didn't see any comment discussion prior to these edits, but if I'm wrong (and comments, made before the edits, have been deleted) let me know and I'll adjust my answer.
Comment: I made a comment after the first rollback, saying that the "organic" was in there intentionally. After that, I don't recall the order of events or what else was in the comments, either. They're removed and no longer visible to me. If there's a discussion that needs to be made about edits, then I think the original form should be preserved until a decision is made.
Answer: Critical, not necessarily. Intended by the author, yes. Since both answers include it in at least a tangential respect, I am in favor of it being retained.
Comment: I wouldn't say my answer had anything to do with organic (it mentions the word, but only to say that I'm not talking about it).
Comment: Yes, you're the tangential answer ;) However, if "organic" is removed from the question, "I'm not talking about organic" becomes mildly strange to read in an Answer -- I'm not saying that the impact is terribly significant, mind, but it's there.
Comment: I understand what you're saying, but you are taking my answer which pretty much agrees with bjb's edit and using it to justify arguing against it.  Remove organic from the question and it still makes sense, to me, anyway.
Comment: My point in my Answer was that it may as well be kept because of subsequent circumstances that increased the relevance. Yes, _the Question will still make sense_ without "organic" (nobody has disagreed with that), but it also becomes a duplicate of other existing questions (unless edited to be more expansive [as suggested by OP](http://meta.parenting.stackexchange.com/a/776/4054)) and leads to a need to (slightly) edit Answers. This isn't "somebody else said organic too and therefore the word is critical", it's "the improvement is not substantial enough to outweigh other factors."
Answer: I'm late coming on board here, but it's my opinion that there is no need to edit the OP's question unless it is to

To fix grammar and spelling mistakes
  To clarify the meaning of the post (without changing that meaning)
  To add related resources or hyperlinks
  To correct minor mistakes
  To improve readability: break up a wall of text, remove the obviously superfluous (e.g. oft repeated) material, etc.
  To add pertinent information the OP added in comments which might be lost if deleted
  To add updates (by the OP perhaps erroneously left in comments or as an answer)
  To remove truly offensive material from an otherwise good question (vs. downvoting)
  To raise awareness of, or improve, a good question that has not received attention, which might be the same as editing:
  To add updates as the post ages

I myself feel uncomfortable editing

To include additional information only found in comments

Changing the OP's post to reflect your particular style or belief of how a question should be worded is not a valid reason to edit. Therefore, I think organic should have been left alone. If someone objects or feels they can help to make the post better, that's what comments are for, and it's up to the OP to incorporate those changes if they agree with them.
In other words, my default position is to respect the OP, and leave the post alone. Being treated respectfully is, I imagine, how every user would like to be treated, especially (but not limited to) users who are new to the site and may be unsure of the culture they have entered.
Having said that, what resulted here was a roll-back war. Please, if you see a roll-back war in progress, flag the question. Flagging is one of the ways every user here can help to moderate this site, help to shape it's culture, it's content, and it's etiquette.
This site is not so busy that flags are a nuisance. I know flags on very busy sites are treated a bit differently (usually without optional comments). While I hope to see this site keep growing, I hope never to feel that flags are anything but the way users help to moderate the site.
Oh, and btw, I'm sorry I was so late here. It was another question which prompted me to finally post.
Comment: OP here - I appreciate the clarification, and want you to know that I have been hesitant to come back to parenting stack exchange because of the silly debate over my question. With your input here I'm feeling better about the site in general!
Comment: @Carolyn - Please do not take this event personally; it is certainly no reflection on you! Your question was fine and in no way unwelcome. Stack Exchange sites are designed to deal with questions and answers, not to say regardless of people, but the main emphasis is on the content. It does often seem to be impersonal. Many people are often more accustomed to forums, which are different. I hope you feel more welcome! If you are having any problems, it's always appropriate to flag or ping a moderator in chat. You can also post your own question in meta to get an answer. :-)
Comment: I know I'm not supposed to say thanks, but I'm going to anyway... thanks!
Answer: It appears that CreationEdge rejected my edit with the reason:

This edit deviates from the original intent of the post. Even edits that must make drastic changes should strive to preserve the goals of the post's owner.

Given that OP approved my edit, I don't think this is valid.
I do not see reason to leave organic in the question.
Comment: Generally the burden of proof falls on the editor to give a reason to take it *out*.  This applies even when the OP approves, if existing answers took it into account, because it changes the meaning of the question as answerers understood it.   As it stands, I still have no idea why you removed it in the first place.  Please make your case on its own merits, not based on who did or did not approve.
Comment: You leave "organic" in the question because it is a useful qualifier.  What is meant by organic? Unpastuerised? That carries significant health risks (children lose kidneys because of unpasteurised milk); or perhaps something else.
Comment: @Erica The OP gets an overriding vote to accept or decline an edit, if she/he chooses to use it.
Comment: Note that's not meant to imply the OP's decision is always _right_ or should always be respected: simply that the vote is overriding in the system.
Comment: For reference, [two votes are required to accept/reject an edit](http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/76251/how-do-suggested-edits-work), so it's not as simple as "The OP approved it and another user rejected it" (I wasn't actually aware that the system would tell you who the approvers or rejecters were, I've learned something today...)
Comment: "Generally the burden of proof falls on the editor to give a reason to take it out." Yes - it's irrelevant. That's why things get edited out… It's reflected in answers too  "For most children, cow's milk (organic or not at your preference)", "Organic vs \"Regular\" Milk: There isn't clear evidence that either of these is better than the other.". Organic seems to be a needless detail that doesn't affect the meaning of the question.
Comment: @CreationEdge That doesn't appear to be relevant to this discussion.
Comment: @CreationEdge I refuted the claim that the edit deviated from the intention of OP with evidence related to OP. The fact my argument mentioned a specific person doesn't merit any other mentions of specific people. If you are trying to argue that the policy should be to not allow those edits *because the majority of reviewers disapproved of them*, recognize that both of my edits got thru the review system with a majority vote.
Comment: I've removed the comments relevant to my stance and instead expanded on my own answer.


If I compute the SHA-1 of all possible 40 digits hexadecimal strings, will I get all possible sha1 hashes?

Question: Wikipedia says sha1 produces a 160-bit (20-byte) hash value. So if I compute the SHA-1 of all possible SHA-1 values, which as far as I understand is at current time impossible both to calculate and store, will I get all possible SHA-1 values? Would I be able to collide anything?
Comment: Related: http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/301/is-sha-512-bijective-when-hashing-a-single-512-bit-block - it is almost a duplicate, as same answers apply, but they are about SHA-2.
Comment: I've edited the duplicate question so it's applicable to more hashes.
Comment: If it's the same answer, with the same rational, the only diff being the number of bytes ... could be closed as a dup.
Answer: No. And it's probably a good thing that that's not the case.
All cryptographic hashes (inc. SHA-1) are designed to have no obvious correlation between their input and output. If there is too much of a correlation, then they are considered broken.
If each string of 160 bits produced a different output, that would be a correlation.
That would also mean that all cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators would have a small bias.
[It's very possible that there are some outputs that cannot be produced by SHA-1].
Answer: SHA-1 is not a perfect hash function for the input set that is identical to the output set. Moreover, it is not designed to be one. So basically we can see the output of SHA-1 as a random bit string. SHA-1 and modern hashes simply rely on the output size to be reasonably sure that there won't be any collisions; it simply takes to long - on average - to create a collision.
This however won't work if you consider an arbitrary amount of inputs. Actually, after about half of the output size, you would start to expect to find a collision. If you go on and input more and more values the chances of having collisions will grow to 1. Once you have computed the hashes of N + 1 values, you must have generated a collision of course, so the chance will be 1.
This is all theoretical of course, as you will never be able to create $2^{80}$ inputs, let alone hash them. Closely related to this are cycles within a PRNG. You may want to read about those to understand more about the problem.


NodeJs Samples with LCD screen

Question: I am having a hard time trying to find nodejs samples with the groovepi and pi 3. I want to do a simple hello world. I found a groovepi sample with intel edison, but obviously that didn't work.
Doing a little research, I found the johny five library but that it's only for Arduino, but they are supposed to have plugins for other boards, like Raspberry, so I installed rasp-io and johnny five and tried to run this sample.
var raspi = require('raspi-io');
var five = require('johnny-five');
var board = new five.Board({
io: new raspi()
});

board.on('ready', function() {

var lcd = new five.LCD({
controller: "JHD1313M1"
});

lcd.bgColor(r, g, b).cursor(0, 0).print(f);
});

I get this error:

pi@raspberrypi:~/share/Sample2 $ node index.js modprobe: ERROR:
../libkmod/libkmod.c:557 kmod_search_moddep() could not open moddep
file '/lib/modules/4.4.26-v7+/modules.dep.bin' child_process.js:531
throw err; ^
Error: Command failed: modprobe i2c-dev modprobe: ERROR:
../libkmod/libkmod.c:557 kmod_search_moddep() could not open moddep
file '/lib/modules/4.4.26-v7+/modules.dep.bin'
at checkExecSyncError (child_process.js:488:13) at execSync
(child_process.js:528:13) at new I2C
(/home/pi/share/Sample2/node_modules/raspi-i2c/lib/index.js:120:33) at
new Raspi
(/home/pi/share/Sample2/node_modules/raspi-io/lib/index.js:161:14) at
Object. (/home/pi/share/Sample2/index.js:5:7) at
Module._compile (module.js:571:32) at Object.Module._extensions..js
(module.js:580:10) at Module.load (module.js:488:32) at tryModuleLoad
(module.js:447:12) at Function.Module._load (module.js:439:3)

I want to do a simple hello world on the LCD display I got in they key
Answer: Maybe the error comes from trying to run a new program without rebooting your rpi. I got the same error after installing OpenVPN and trying to run it asap.
I did the following to "solve" this problem:
apt-get update && apt-get dist-upgrade
reboot

NodeJs Samples with LCD screen


Locations of Geodetic Survey Benchmarks in Ontario?

Question: Does anyone know where I can find a list of geodetic benchmark locations for Ontario? (If a list even exists that is...)
Answer: I believe you can download it from Natural Resources Canada, but you will need to apply for a login (free): http://www.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/online_data_e.php
Apparently GeoBase provides them as grouped shapefiles based on your selected location, but I'm not entirely sure if it is complete.
Answer: It's also available at Geobase Canada (Geodetic Network): http://www.geobase.ca/geobase/en/data/geod/index.html
Comment: Geobase is closed and the portal it redirects too doesn't return anything useful. Interactive map selection now at http://webapp.geod.nrcan.gc.ca/geod/data-donnees/passive-passif.php?locale=en, look for "Passive Control Network". Haven't found a bulk download location yet.
Answer: I think you may find this site quite handy (I use it quite a bit.) This page has a list of benchmarks that are in and around Toronto and Ottawa. If you click on them you will get a data sheet similar to what NGS gives you.
http://www.waymarking.com/cat/details.aspx?f=1&guid=ebb67127-d531-4798-9d17-c6b77f235c49
This page (http://www.waymarking.com/cat/details.aspx?f=1&guid=ebb67127-d531-4798-9d17-c6b77f235c49&exp=True) also has a list of other sources of benchmarks in CA.

Description: Canadian Benchmarks will include several types of
  permanently fixed survey markers, monuments or other devices that are
  used for taking accurate measurements within Canada.
Expanded Description: From the Canadian Spatial Reference System's
  online database the following benchmarks will be in this category:
Canadian Base Network (NAD83CSRS) - 154 Total Stations
  Special
  Purpose 3-D Network (NAD83CSRS) - 3,082 Total Stations
  Horizontal
  Control Network 2-D (NAD83) - 25,677 Total Stations
  Primary Vertical
  Control Network (CGVD28) - 81,301 Total Stations
  Canadian Gravity
  Standardization Net (CGSN) - 5,737 Total Stations
Other Databases
Geological Survey of Canada Coastal Monitoring (GSC) - ? Total
  Stations  TWL Regional Station Benchmark Database  MASCOT (BC
  database) has a huge number of benchmarks that overlap existing
  databases. This will need to be resolved before their types can be
  setup.  COSINE (ON) also has a large database. I have not yet even
  looked at this one.
Canada-US Boundary Markers - The entire border has various types of
  markers delineating the location of the international boundary. Some
  of these markers are found in the CSRS database while others are not.
  At the present time there is no special category for them. Perhaps
  there should be as they are both US and Canada based benchmarks. For
  more information visit the International Boundary Commission

And finally a forum post that I found talking about Canadian Benchmarks you may find interesting.
http://forums.groundspeak.com/GC/index.php?showtopic=80815


Emailing group set-up in Gmail is displaying the email not the contact name

Question: I am the new secretary for a association.  I spent a great deal of time entering contacts from the group including Name and email.  When I sent my first group email it displayed the email instead of the names I had so painstakingly entered in my group contact list.  Can I change the display settings?  I am much more familiar with Zimbra (which I use at work) and very clumsy with Gmail.
Answer: It's possible that you added to the group only the simple email address (email@example.com) instead of the full email address ("First Name" ) corresponding to each contact.
Instead of adding the simple email addresses to a group, from Create contact groups - Gmail Help , ...

To add contacts to a contact group:

Select the contacts in the Contacts list.
Click the Groups button .
Select the group you'd like to add the contact to, or select Create new to create a new group.
If you have multiple addresses saved for a contact, you can choose which address should belong to the contact group by opening the
  contact and clicking the small arrow next to the group you'd like to
  modify.


Seeking crosswalk of census tract to town instead of CDP?

Question: I'm trying to match towns from a dataset to Census tracts in the year 2000, with FIPS code as a place identifier. I'm aware of http://mcdc2.missouri.edu/websas/geocorr2k.html#GFOPTS, the GeoCorr service provided by U Missouri, but this crosswalk only has places at the CDP (Census designated place) and borough level for many municipalities in New England. The data I am trying to match has places at the town and township level. For example, in GeoCorr, only Adams CDP MA, with FIPS code 590, is listed, whereas my dataset lists Adams Town MA, with FIPS code 555. Google maps indicates they occupy approximately the same location, but Census Bureau Quickfacts suggests these two places are in fact different.
Comment: What is CDP? Please include the full text of an acronym the first time you use it.
Comment: If this is open data then the [opendata.se] Stack Exchange may be able to help.
Comment: @csk Sorry, CDP is Census Designated Place. I'll make the edit to the question
Answer: For future reference, I just figured out the solution to this question, with help from a statistical research/data coordinator. The town and township level (which in the example given is Adams Town MA with FIPS code 555) is of the summary level Minor Civil Division (MCD) or county subdivision. It turns out the US Board on Geographic Names gives different FIPS class code definitions for different summary levels, for the same place. Since Adams CDP (census designated place) is a different level, it turns out on U Missouri's GeoCorr service, both County Subdivision (MCD) and Place must be selected as target output.


かい and だい - age?

Question: I often see claims that they are only used to people your own age or younger. But is that true, or an exaggeration based on the fact that you'd use more polite forms to someone older, usually? For example, could you use them speaking to your parents, with whom you'd use the plain form anyway?
Comment: Can this question be a bit clearer as even after reading the accepted answer, it can be somewhat unclear as to what you are asking. Changing the title to something like "Is using the sentence ending ...かい or ...だい related to the age of the listener?". Otherwise it may be interpreted as asking questions about the use of 回 or 代 that are unrelated.
Comment: このスレッドは参考になりますかね・・・ http://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/15723/sentence-question-ending-%E3%81%8B%E3%81%84-how-is-it-different-from-just-%E3%81%8B
Answer: They would sound pretty funny talking with your parents.  In fact, a lot of Japanese people use ですます form with their parents.
There are a lot of regional dialects in Japan and that could influence their usage (though as you surmise age tends to be the most significant factor), but in this case I think they really are uncommon with younger 関東 people.  Maybe なんだい...sometimes.  そうかい...  Hmm, yes, rare, even these cases is sort of like imitation/acting more than actual self.
Comment: I was more talking about an age difference between the speaker and listener.
Comment: Well, my short answer to your question is then: no, not an exaggeration.
Comment: "a lot of Japanese people use ですます form with their parents."?  Really?  I must be too young to have noticed that.
Comment: Not all the time, but especially after having left home and entering the real world, using 敬体 is not at all uncommon.

かい and だい - age?


Custom Workflow in Visual Studio e-mail issue "The E-mail message cannot be sent"

Question: I have a workflow that I have created in Visual Studio 2010 for publishing to my SharePoint 2010 site.
It's for a list I created and the workflow itself is pretty simple. A while loop that contains a sequence activity for workflow item changed, with some if-else logic. I have 4 branches on my if-else tree, three of which contain a "sendEmail" action from the toolbox. The workflow is set to activate when new items are added.
If I try and meet the criteria for any of the e-mail activities, the Workflow spits an event of type Error, with a user ID of "System Account" to the Workflow status log of "The e-mail message cannot be sent. Make sure the outgoing e-mail settings for the server are configured correctly." Now, I know for a fact that the outgoing settings are correct for the mail server: I have added alerts for new items/item changes and get those from the SP server just fine. I have Googled around around and seen something that suggests that this may be a change made in SP 1. I was so frustrated I went ahead and made a new VM with SharePoint 2010 that is the base RTM without SP1 and I still get the issue. I designed a simple workflow in SharePoint designer and the e-mail notifications from that workflow also work. I saw another post that suggested making sure you have a valid e-mail in the Users table of the WSS_Content database for the system account, which I have also done and still to no avail.
Am I doing something wrong? Does the sendemail action in the Visual Studio toolbox just not work for a custom sequential workflow? All I did to push the solution was "Deploy Solution", is there some other way to ensure it is being deployed with "Full Trust"? Finally, if it is absolutely not possible to just use the sendEmail action, does anyone have any suggestions on how best to go about it? I am self-admittedly a novice at best, so I haven't ruled out the fact that I may be missing something fairly obvious. Any help/insight/tips someone could offer me to help me avoid pulling all of my hair out would be HUGELY appreciated.
For reference my workflow1.cs is below:
    using System;
    using System.ComponentModel;
    using System.ComponentModel.Design;
    using System.Collections;
    using System.Drawing;
    using System.Linq;
    using System.Workflow.ComponentModel.Compiler;
    using System.Workflow.ComponentModel.Serialization;
    using System.Workflow.ComponentModel;
    using System.Workflow.ComponentModel.Design;
    using System.Workflow.Runtime;
    using System.Workflow.Activities;
    using System.Workflow.Activities.Rules;
    using Microsoft.SharePoint;
    using Microsoft.SharePoint.Workflow;
    using Microsoft.SharePoint.WorkflowActions;

    namespace WorkOrderProcessing.Workflow1
    {
        public sealed partial class Workflow1 : SequentialWorkflowActivity
        {
            public Workflow1()
            {
                InitializeComponent();
            }

            public Guid workflowId = default(System.Guid);
            public SPWorkflowActivationProperties workflowProperties = new         SPWorkflowActivationProperties();

            private void WhileOne(object sender, ConditionalEventArgs e)
            {
                e.Result = true;
            }

            private void sendEmailToAssignee_MethodInvoking(object sender, EventArgs e)
            {
                SPListItem wfItem = onWorkflowActivated1.WorkflowProperties.Item;
                SPFieldUser assignedTo = (SPFieldUser)wfItem.Fields["Assigned To"];

                SPFieldUserValue user = (SPFieldUserValue)assignedTo.GetFieldValue(
                    wfItem["Assigned To"].ToString());
                string assigneeEmail = user.User.Email;

                sendEmailToAssignee.To = assigneeEmail;
                sendEmailToAssignee.Subject = "New work order has been created.";
                sendEmailToAssignee.Body = "Work order number " +
                    onWorkflowActivated1.WorkflowProperties.Item.ID +
                    " has just been created and assigned to you.";
            }

            private void sendEmailToRequestorHold_MethodInvoking(object sender, EventArgs e)
            {
                sendEmailToRequestorHold.To =         onWorkflowActivated1.WorkflowProperties.OriginatorEmail;
                sendEmailToRequestorHold.Subject = "Work order put on hold";
                sendEmailToRequestorHold.Body = "Work order number " +
                    onWorkflowActivated1.WorkflowProperties.Item.ID +
                    " has been put on hold. Please contact the maintenance help desk.";
            }

            private void sendEmailToRequestorComp_MethodInvoking(object sender, EventArgs e)
            {
                sendEmailToRequestorComp.To = onWorkflowActivated1.WorkflowProperties.OriginatorEmail;
                sendEmailToRequestorComp.Subject = "Work order has been completed";
                sendEmailToRequestorComp.Body = "Work order number " +
                    onWorkflowActivated1.WorkflowProperties.Item.ID +
                    " has been completed.";
            }

            public Hashtable onWorkflowItemChanged1_AfterProperties1 = new System.Collections.Hashtable();
            public Hashtable onWorkflowItemChanged1_BeforeProperties1 = new System.Collections.Hashtable();

            private void HasStatusChanged(object sender, ConditionalEventArgs e)
            {
                string astatus = onWorkflowItemChanged1_AfterProperties1["Status"].ToString();
                if (onWorkflowItemChanged1_BeforeProperties1["Status"] == null)
                {
                    e.Result = false;
                    return;
                }

                string bstatus = onWorkflowItemChanged1_BeforeProperties1["Status"].ToString();

                if (bstatus == astatus)
                    e.Result = true;
                else
                    e.Result = false;
            }

            private void IsStatusPendingCompletion(object sender, ConditionalEventArgs e)
            {
                string astatus = onWorkflowItemChanged1_AfterProperties1["Status"].ToString();
                if (astatus == "Pending Completion")
                    e.Result = true;
                else
                    e.Result = false;
            }

            private void IsStatusOnHold(object sender, ConditionalEventArgs e)
            {
                string astatus = onWorkflowItemChanged1_AfterProperties1["Status"].ToString();
                if (astatus == "On Hold")
                    e.Result = true;
                else
                    e.Result = false;
            }

            private void IsStatusCompleted(object sender, ConditionalEventArgs e)
            {
                string astatus =         onWorkflowItemChanged1_AfterProperties1["Status"].ToString();
                if (astatus == "Completed")
                    e.Result = true;
                else
                    e.Result = false;
            }
        }
    }

Answer: You need to create new fields for sendEmail method: right click on sendEmail (in my example is sendEmailtoInvestivatingIssue_Assignee) and select Properties, in the Mics select To, and click on the yellow database icon.
Select Bind to new member and check on New Field -->OK
Repeat for Subject, From, Body, ....
After created your code will have these lines
public String sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_Body1 = default(System.String);
public String sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_From1 = default(System.String);
public String sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_Subject1 = default(System.String);
public String sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_To1 = default(System.String);

Then modify your sendEmailtoInvestivatingIssue_Assignee procedure as follows
private void sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_MethodInvoking(object sender, EventArgs e)
    {

        SPListItem wfitem = onWorkflowActivated1.WorkflowProperties.Item;
        SPFieldUser sendToAgreedPerson = (SPFieldUser)wfitem.Fields.GetField("Investigate Action Assigned To");
        SPFieldUserValueCollection userFVCollection = (SPFieldUserValueCollection)sendToAgreedPerson.GetFieldValue(wfitem["Investigate Action Assigned To"].ToString());

        string agreedPersonEmail = "";

        foreach (SPFieldUserValue userFV in userFVCollection)
        {
            string str1 = userFV.User.Email;
            agreedPersonEmail += str1 + ";";
        }

        sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_From1 = "email@example.com";
        sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_To1 = agreedPersonEmail;
        sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_Subject1 = "Investigating Issue " + onWorkflowActivated1.WorkflowProperties.Item.Title + " has just been created.";
        sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_Body1 = "Investigating Issue " + onWorkflowActivated1.WorkflowProperties.Item.Title + " has just been created.";

        sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee.From = sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_From1;
        sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee.To = sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_To1;
        sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee.Subject = sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_Subject1;
        sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee.Body = sendEmailtoInvestigatingIssue_Assignee_Body1;

    }

Answer: I have faced this issue before with workflows inside Visual Studio and if you tested the workflow with another user in the directory that has a valid email most probably the workflow will work. I wasn't able to fix it for System Account


Consistency of thermal heat paste

Question: I want to use thermal paste for improving the thermal resistance between a semiconductor and a cooling element. But when I got it out of the tube, it was party transparent/fluid, and partly white/pasty. Can I nevertheless use it, or should I remove the fluid, or should I rather buy completely new paste?
Answer: A paste is often a collidal fluid, with particles and just enough liquid to keep them from sticking with each other.
If it separates a little, you will have the liquid and the solid part split.
Throw away the first mostly transparent part and use the rest as usual. You may find some bigger granules, if some solid regions expelled the liquid completely and sticked together.
Comment: AKA "shake well before use."
Comment: Not really, a colloidal fluid may often be too viscous to be shaken effectively. You have to mix it using something, but taking it outside the syringe may not be a good idea. Simply discard the initial part without the solid particles.

Consistency of thermal heat paste


What does it mean to have "RF in your signal"?

Question: I've been told that I have "RF in my signal". What does this mean? What are some potential causes of having RF in the signal?
Comment: **1.** At what power level does this happen? **2.** How close is the antenna to your radio? **3.** A 4-turn air core balun is likely not enough for 20. See the bar charts on G3TXQ's page; the bars where the green falls on 20m is what you need.
Comment: I'm using a Kenwood TS-520 at 100 watts. The radio is old, and I wonder if that's a factor. The antenna is about 60 feet away, fed by RG-213 coax. I'll try to improve my balun sometime soon, and I'll report the results back here.
Comment: What mode? What frequency?
Comment: USB on 20-meters
Comment: @Jerry The 520 should be OK. At 100w and 60', something else *may* be be causing this. For example, I have an MFJ-941C that is not completely shielded (it has plastic sides). Besides the TS-520, what other accessories are near the 520?
Comment: Probably meant RFI, Radio Frequency Interference.
Answer: It most likely means that unwanted RF from your antenna system is getting into your transceiver's audio input (microphone), distorting your audio.
Some solutions are reducing any common-mode RF on your feedline, moving the radio and antenna further apart, or using ferrite and/or capacitors on the audio line.
A power supply that cannot supply enough peak current can cause a similar effect. On voice peaks, the voltage drops.
EDIT: As Scott nicely pointed out, the proper balun at the feedpoint can reduce common-mode RF (on the outside of the shield). What band(s) were you on when this happened? That makes a difference in which ferrite mix to use for the balun. My all-time favorite reference for common-mode chokes is K9YC's PDF.
"Ugly Baluns" (made from coax) are often recommended, but they are ineffective unless care is taken to use the correct number of turns wound on the proper diameter. G3TXQ explains this beautifully on his site.
Comment: I should've given more specifics: I'm on the 20-meter band, and using a half-wave dipole. The SWR is very low across the band (1.4 max). I'm using a coax balun with the number of turns that was recommended in the ARRL Handbook (I think it was 4 for the 20-meter band, but I don't remember). Thanks for the PDF links.
Answer: One symptom of having 'RF in the shack' is that metal parts of the radio (or morse key, or microphone) will feel "hot" to the touch, and can give a nasty burn - or at least a bit of a surprise! Mike has already suggested several ways of reducing this, and I would add that when he talks about reducing common-mode RF on the feedline, this can sometimes be achieved inexpensively by the use of a balun. A good article explaining this can be found here.
Answer: I've never heard of "RF in your signal". The signal is RF. It doesn't make any sense.
I wouldn't jump to the conclusion that "RF in the shack" is the problem. While common-mode current may be a consequence of your antenna design, a distorted signal is not the first symptom I associate with those problems. Many a ham has transmitted into a coax fed dipole with no balun, and it works well enough.
Or consider the case of a handheld radio, where all the antenna current must flow around the radio. If common-mode current near the transceiver caused notable distortion, how could these work at all?
More likely, "RF in your signal" just means your signal is distorted, somehow. Consider the qualifications of the person who gave you this report and treat it with the appropriate degree of skepticism.
Before making any conclusions, I'd try to corroborate that report, and get a more objective assessment of the distortion. Perhaps you can listen to yourself on the internet, or get a report from an experienced operator (that is, not most hams). The cause of the distortion could be something pedestrian, like the mic gain is too high.
Comment: I agree.  You might want to check settings on your rig that my cause distortion such as audio compression that when too high can overdrive and clip your audio signal resulting in distortion.  I would also get someone to help you test your signal over the air and try different things and if possible consider testing with a different mic.
Comment: Phil, I fully agree that the distortion *might* not be caused by RF getting into his audio. However, I have seen countless cases where it **was**.  That expression is incorrect as you state, but it's common.  http://www.arrl.org/forum/topics/view/314


How to check call logs of my Android phone on my computer via internet

Question: I looking for an app or something which can help to check my phone call logs on my computer, It should not involve USB cable, the app should work wirelessly..
is there any thing that is suitable for my requirement.?
Thank you
Answer: Guide to Connecting Android Phone to PC through WiFi
Download
Go to Google Play to download AirMore on your Android phone.
Go to AirMore Web
Two Methods to get there:
Method 1: Open Chrome or Firefox browser on your PC. Manually type in the address: web.airmore.com
Method 2: Visit AirMore's product page. Click "Launch AirMore Web to Connect" button in the lower right.
Connect Android device to PC
Step 1: On your Android, find the AirMore app and open it. Tap the "Scan to connect" button.
Step 2: Scan the QR code displayed on the web or hit the device icon in Radar.
Step 3: On the condition that you connect devices in Radar, then click "Accept" option when a dialog comes out on your Android.
Note: For successful connection, your Android and PC are required to be in the same WiFi network environment.
In this way, without the need of USB cable, you can still connect Android to PC wirelessly.
As a cross-platform tool, AirMore enables you to transfer pictures, music, videos, apps, books, documents and files from Android to PC and vice versa.
Hope this helps!
Source:
https://airmore.com/help/android/connect-android-to-pc.html
Answer: I recommend you use the Connect Me app.
Connect Me allows us to streamin all the media stored on the phone. You can even connect the camera on the phone with the desktop. As well as Airmore, Connect Me can also be used to make SMS and make phone calls without touching the phone screen. Measures of Connect Me use almost exactly Airmore, You can download Connect Me from Google Play Store. Connect Me works well on Windows, Linux, Mac and Chrome OS operating systems. This application is also able to send ringtones, copy paste with clipboard and also screenshots.


Possible to modify OP's Balsamiq Mockup directly within a response?

Question: If a question has a Balsamiq Mockup within it, rather than having to download the bmml source then edit then re-upload, wouldn't it be better to be able to modify the original poster's Balsamiq Mockup within your answer, sort of like how on forums you can quote other posts and modify it within a response?
Answer: Yes.  Perhaps when you click the Balsamiq icon when answering a question, the site could give you options to select (one of) the OPs mockup(s) or create one of your own.
As a temporary workaround, you can always just click "edit" on the question, copy and paste the text pointing to the mockup into your post, and click the link to edit the mockup. (When you save your changes, it will get a new ID so that you're not overwriting the original. I've done this when creating multiple similar mockups in my own posts.)


How can i connect my acoustic guitar to speakers?

Question: I have Yamaha F310p guitar and now i want to connect it to speakers, it doesn't have any instrument or socket to connect it. Shall i need to attach some gadget. Its a simple acoustic guitar, so what should i do to connect it?
Comment: We could help more if you edit your question to include the reason you need to connect it to speakers. Is it for a specific performance, and if so, why can't you use it unamplified? What are you trying to achieve?
Answer: Obviously you'll need an amplifier and speakers, many acoustic guitar amps
are combos, i.e. the amplifier is integrated with the speakers.
The following or ordered from least invasive to most invasive:
1. Use a microphone
Get a microphone (or microphones), and a stand, point the microphone(s) at your guitar and play.  Depending on the microphones, and your amp, you may need to obtain a pre-amp in order to boost the microphone level signals up to the levels
expected by your amp.
This approach allows you to leave your guitar completely as it is.
There is a degree of art in arranging and pointing the microphone(s) at
the guitar in order to get a good tone.  (I keep referring to microphones
since one approach involves using two microphones).  A potential drawback
of this approach is that the microphones may pick up (and amplify) other sounds
in the environment.
2. Get a soundhole pickup
There are devices that are magnetic pickups that you can place into the soundhole of your guitar.  Most of these are designed so that it is (relatively) easy to insert and remove these as you see fit; you'll again need cable(s) and an amplifier.  These are not sensitive to acoustic interference.
3. Get a contact microphone
There are contact microphones that you can install by placing the device in contact with the soundboard of the guitar.  Similar to the external microphones, i.e. depending on your amp, you may need a pre-amplifier.  Some of these are semi-permanent,
some are fully permanent.  Depending on how handy you are, you might be able to install one of these inside your guitar yourself.  Usually you don't have the option to easily remove the electronics from your guitar once you've installed them.  Similar to the normal microphone, there is some art in terms of where you
install the contact microphone in order to achieve a good tone.
4. Take your guitar to a luthier
A good luthier should be able to install an internal pickup or microphone, or
install a piezio pickup in the bridge of your guitar.  The upside is that they'll be able to more fully integrate the electronics with your guitar, e.g.
having the jack come out the bridge pin.  The downside is cost, and maybe time.
Also note that each of these options will end up sounding slightly different from one another.
Comment: I worked with a few contact mics on acoustic guitars over the weekend and they were definitely the worst of these possible options. Spending the extra money on a sound hole pickup is a much better option.
Answer: It's not that simple ! Needed are - pick-up, or microphone; pre-amp;power amp; speakers. The pre- and power amps are often combined into 'an amp', and this is often combined with speaker/s, and called a combo.
The pick-up is a sort of 'mic.', which can be purchased to fit into or on your guitar. A lead will then go from this (you may have to make a plughole in the guitar) into the input of an amp. You could use a mic. in front of the guitar, but that incorporates keeping still.
Any amp will do the job, but an acoustic guitar amp is eq'd to give the best sound.
Last time I was faced with this problem, I sold the existing guitar and bought an electro-acoustic with the electronics  built in. The overall cost was similar to adapting the original acoustic - probably less if someone was to be paid to fit a pick-up.The strings will probably have to come off, so a change will be necessary - another expense.A big advantage of an electric-ready guitar is that it will have volume control and eq. already built in to the body, whereas an additional pick up on the original guitar will be just that, and afterwards you may well think the other option (change guitars) would have been a better one.
You've some serious thinking to do !!


How do I say "everything started here"?

Question: I would like like to translate "everything started here" in Latin. Would omni coepia hinc work?
Answer: No.
I'm not quite sure how you arrived at your final result; omnī is the ablative singular of omnis, omne, which doesn't make much sense if you are trying to convey the word everything; coepia, well, I'm not really sure if it even exists; and hinc means hence, hencforth, from here, etc., not here. All together, the phrase you've got is completely unintelligible.
Go for this instead:

Omnia hīc coepērunt.

If you want to avoid potential ambiguity regarding the subject of coepērunt, you can always opt for a passive phrase as well (thanks to @SamK for pointing this out to me):

Omnia hīc coepta sunt

You can rearrange the word order in either of these phrases to whatever emphasis or style suits you; they are simply a starting point.
Comment: There's also the option to leave *sunt* out, although it could be read as "all the things that started here".
Answer: 'Everything' needs a Neuter Plural ending; so, omnia, omnium, or omnibus.

Omnia =Everything.

Coepi is a good word, but it is tricky: it looks like a past tense, and behaves like a past tense, but its meaning is present tense. Coepi = I begin.
So an 'extra' past tense has to be added. Omnia coeperunt =Everything begins

coeperant =began. Lewis and Short (Tufts) coepio section II (But notice the ambiguity mentioned by Sam K in the notes.)

Hinc means 'here.' But I would choose

abhinc =from here.

Next, put the words in Latin order. Usually the verb goes last because that is the most significant position. But if you want to emphasise another word, put that last.
Comment: Where are you getting the statement that *coepi* has present meaning? I don't think that's right.
Comment: Agree with TKR here; *coepī, coepisse, coeptum* is perfect in form and perfect in meaning; *incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptum* is used for *to begin* in any of the present system tenses. *hinc* also doesn't mean *here*; it carries the meaning of *from here*, *hence*, *henceforth*, etc. and *abhinc* carries a temporal sense with it, which may or may not be what the OP intended with "here".
Comment: No, TKR and Ethan Bierlein are correct. The L&S entry simply indicates that although there are present, future, and imperfect forms, these are very rare and primarily preclassical (except the future participle, coepturus); only perfect, future perfect, and pluperfect forms are normally found – and these have perfect, future perfect, and pluperfect meanings. In other words, coepi doesn't work like, e.g., odi, where perfect form = present meaning.
Comment: @TKR *Coepio* as the examples show means 'instigate,' in the present. In the L&S examples 'begin' is usually perfect, future-perfect, plu-perfect..

How do I say “everything started here”?


Why is freedom obscure for Arendt? How does she prove or illustrate such obscurity?

Question: In her article "What is freedom" she says "The reason for this obscurity is that the phenomenon of freedom does not appear in the realm of thought at all, that neither freedom nor its opposite is experienced in the dialogue between me and myself..." what does this mean?
Comment: See also the post[how-does-hannah-arendt-define-freedom](http://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/9897/how-does-hannah-arendt-define-freedom).
Answer: See Action, Freedom, and Plurality in Hannah Arendt:

or Arendt, action is one of the fundamental categories of the human condition and constitutes the highest realization of the vita activa. [...] The two central features of action are freedom and plurality. By freedom Arendt does not mean the ability to choose among a set of possible alternatives (the freedom of choice so dear to the liberal tradition) [emphasis added] or the faculty of liberum arbitrium which, according to Christian doctrine, was given to us by God. Rather, by freedom Arendt means the capacity to begin, to start something new, to do the unexpected, with which all human beings are endowed by virtue of being born. Action as the realization of freedom is therefore rooted in natality, in the fact that each birth represents a new beginning and the introduction of novelty in the world.

Thus, freedom is not grounded in rationality: "freedom does not appear in the realm of thought".
It is something "deep", grounded in our inner original self.
Answer: From the context in What is Freedom we can see, that by the obscurity of freedom Arendt is meaning that the ocurrence of freedom cannot be proved -or disproved- empirically, that is through observation. In addition, she is endorsing two further theses of Kant on freedom. First, that freedom cannot be ascertained by subjective "inner" experience, not just by "outer" sense experience. Second, that if we ignore the inherent limitations of our ability to know, we must end up in logical contradiction - antinomy - because then both freedom and its opposite, determinism, can be proved to be the case.

The greatest clarification in these obscure matters we owe to Kant and to his insight that freedom is no more ascertainable to the inner sense and within the field of inner experience than it is to the senses with which we know and understand the world. Whether or not causality is operative in the household of nature and the mind to bring order into universe, it certainly is a category of the all sensory data, whatever their nature may be, and thus it makes experience possible. Hence the antinomy between practical freedom and theoretical non-freedom, both equally axiomatic in their respective fields, does not merely concern a dichotomy between science and ethics, but lies in everyday life experiences from which both ethics and science take their respective points of departure.


Should I mention that I will be opting for the non-thesis option in my statement of purpose?

Question: I am planning to apply for Master's in Electrical and Computer Engineering. I have prepared most of the application requirements (GRE,TOEFL,transcripts,LORs,Resume). The only thing left is my SOP. I intend to take up the non-thesis (project option) in my final semester. Should I mention this in my SOP?
If yes, How do I go about stating this?
Comment: I don't see a need to state this.  Who wants to read a negative?  Focus on the positive.  Plus, you never know, you might change your mind.
Comment: @aparente001 How do I go about? I dont have much research experience. But I have 2 years of related work experience
Comment: Please clarify what you asked in the comment.  (The answer to the Question is, don't mention your lack of interest in writing a thesis when you write your SOP.)  What do you want to know how to go about doing?
Answer: As a prior commenter noted, you can be silent on the issue without prejudice from the admissions officer.  In fact, it's quite common for graduate students not to make the thesis/no thesis decision until they have a semester or a couple of quarters behind them.  The decision to write a thesis is often the product of one's evolution during graduate work.  For example, if you were to decide that you want to pursue a doctorate, then writing a thesis has distinct advantages, the most important of which is that it prepares you for writing a dissertation.  Conversely, if you want the broadest knowledge and lab experience, course work is preferable.


Transfer from video camera Panasonic NV-GS57 to windows 7

Question: Can a video camera Panasonic NV-GS57 (it has a USB 2.0) transfer video that was recorded to a windows 7? It is equipped with usb driver but fits Windows XP, Windows 2000. (one of the files that installed I made it "Run this program in compatibility mode for Windows7" but it doesn't sense the camera connection).
I would be grateful for any help you are able to provide
Answer: A driver for Windows XP/2000 will almost certainly not work with Windows 7. Actually forcing installation of old drivers using compatibility mode might introduce system instability (assuming the installation program managed to get the driver installed and not just the accompanied programs).
Check your manufacturers website for update drivers for Windows 7.


Should the name Think-Different and the level number be included in Think-Different question titles?

Question: Should we include both the title and level number in the title for these questions? It seems like both are needed to distinguish between questions. Stuck on level (a common phrase in think-different question titles) is not sufficiently unique IMO, to distinguish between games (relevant meta) and the level seems to be needed to distinguish between different think-different questions.
Comment: Note this discussion was brought up by [this edit](http://gaming.stackexchange.com/review/suggested-edits/172385) that was approved where the level and question number was suggested to be taken out of the title and into the body.
Answer: I 100% agree that the title should have the level and question numbers in it. It's unfortunate that so many questions do not have these numbers which will make it difficult to find duplicate questions.
As for putting the game title into the question that I feel is less important but according to the highest answer on the meta you posted it is good to do so because of the ambiguity demonstrated in the image on that meta question.
If this feature was implemented I would say that we shouldn't include the game title in the question title. But since it isn't (and doesn't look like it will be) then I feel the best course is to put it into the question title.
Comment: However, I believe it should fit naturally into the title. Questions with [Game Title]: [Actual Question?] come off as an eye sore and are often (not always) unnecessary in that case. Something like [How do I solve this level 72 question in Think Different?](http://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/248279/how-do-i-solve-this-level-72-question-in-think-different) works better IMO.


What can I expect when I put 32 oz confectioners sugar in my 5 gal brew?

Question: I made wort for my 5 gal brew by dissolving 32 oz of confectioners sugar and 55 oz of dry malt extract. What effects of large amount of sugar can I expect?
Comment: What else do you have there? And what are your gravity readings?
Comment: Malt or malt extract? And how much of it? Also, please edit your question, not reply in comments.
Comment: Please **[edit](http://homebrew.stackexchange.com/posts/16384/edit)** your question with lacking details. then I'll try to improve my answer.
Comment: I boiled it in the water with the malt. It completely dissolved.
Comment: Molot55 Malt extract
Comment: 55 oz of dry malt extract?
Comment: If you can, please add the ingredients of your confectioners sugar, some will contain corn starch...
Comment: i did my best to edit data from comments into the question, but i hope OP will add further details.
Answer: By my rough calculations it's about 1kg in 18 liters - to convert to units I can use my intuition with. This means you provided a bit over 5 Blg worth of fermentables by adding sugar. Not bad. I did more, on purpose.
First thing, you just increased your ABV by about 2~3%. That's neither good or bad.
Second, you didn't provide anything that usually goes with malt. No nutrients for your yeast. No dextrin for sweetness. No compounds to form malty sweetness. In some Belgian styles that's exactly what you want - Belgian yeast can use this all right, and having increased alcoholic content with high drinkability is their aim. But it only stands true for strong beers, usually way over 15 Blg and 7% ABV.
If I understood your comment correctly, you had 55 oz (about 1.5 kg) of dry malt extract. It means sugar makes up 37% of your solids. That's a lot. Way too much for my taste and your beer may taste watery or express cider-like or moonshine-like tastes. And all you probably got was 12 to 14 Blg - 5, maybe 6% ABV in finished product. So it's not too good.
Depending on malt extract. I would expect something in the range between "water with alcohol" and "a bit watery/cidery" result. If you're lucky, and it'll be the later, you may still get a beer that will be pretty drinkable, just don't expect anything award-winning. And be careful with hops - you lack malty sweetness to counter and balance their bitterness.
Comment: Beer with a high percentage of sucrose often tastes cidery as apposed to watery.
Comment: @jalynn2 Fun thing, just today I encountered the same claim in literature, so here it is, answer updated.


How do we promote the site?

Question: Where's the best place to promote the site? That's what we're gonna need to really drag in a lot of people pretty quickly. Are there magazines that we need to buy ad-space in or is there a specific conference that it would be good to help out at?
Comment: No, but it's only private for 1 week. SEI has funding now and can do this if we can build a list. It takes months to figure this stuff out sometimes, so I wanted to ask ahead of time. Had someone asked me on dba _early_ I could've gotten some sponsorships at local events, so I wanted to ask early.
Comment: Right now this is private only, so not much need to promote yet.
Comment: Point taken :-)
Comment: Ah but yours too sir.
Answer: IEEE has a Signal Processing Society that has a list of conferences as well as a magazine. This is probably the most focused audience that could be targeted.
Comment: Great idea! I just submitted a short note to the [electronic newsletter](http://signalprocessingsociety.org/newsletter/).
Answer: Don't forget the most obvious method of promoting your site —
The best way to tell people about this site is to link to interesting questions. Keep the quality high; Most of the network's largest spikes in traffic were simply passing around links to particularly interesting questions!
A Recipe to Promote Your Site
Use those social bookmarking tools!
Comment: Yup, but that only gets the ones on the social networks. Sometimes you need to reach the print-press-only crowd, which this group is going to have more of. Also the likes of the MAKE crowd (makers are awesome people)
Comment: jcolebrand φ: I didn't imply that question-sharing was the *only* way to promote the site. But it *has* been the most *successful* at bringing in traffic; The most successful way *by far*.
Comment: I'm sorry, I didn't mean to make it that you were implying that was the only way, I was offering a counterpoint. Yes, most of the people on the internet are on social networks, so social network growth and outreach is a great way to get people's attention in the first place.

How do we promote the site?