A question about the preposition "with"

Question: I have read an article, and encountered a sentence like this "..., we shall be sure to conquer and overcome every difficulty we meet with.".Then I have a question about the use of the preposition "with" at the end of the sentence. Can we just say "overcome every difficulty we meet"? It seems that the verb "meet" can be transitive. And why we use "overcome every difficulty we meet with"? What is the difference?
Thanks for you kind answer!
Comment: You seem to be a bit surprised that "meet", as you say, "can be transitive". In fact it us usually transitive and [Lexico](https://www.lexico.com/definition/meet) provides only transitive examples. In fact the only examples of intransitive use I can think  of  are ones like "we meet on Saturdays" and "the group met to discuss the way forward" where there is a mutual coming together. More commonly "meet" is transitive in sentences like "I met John in the street" or "He met the woman he was to marry at a party"
Answer: Typically, in formal writing, you would not place a preposition at the end of a sentence. Yet, in common speech, it is common to use a preposition at the end.
Informal:

Who shall I give this pie to?

Formal:

To whom shall I give this pie?

In this case, the preposition at the end doesn't seem to make much sense. But, to answer your question, it wouldn't be wrong. And, yes, they could have just left it out.
Comment: I'd say that 'to' at the end make's perfect sense. Here, it's simply changed it's function. It's no longer a preposition, as in pre the verb. After all, language does change and that's the point of descriptive linguistics.
Comment: @MoziburUllah Yes, it does make perfect sense. It's only a matter of being formal or informal.
Comment: Thanks a lot, very straight-forward!
Answer: The idea that a terminal preposition is unacceptable was promoted by Dryden, who argued that, being  pre-position (Latin pre, before), it could not be last. Such grammatical sophistry has fallen out of favour and was debunked, for example, by Winston Churchill:
Here is the longest quotation I have ever posted on this site. It comes from Merriam Webster, is full of amusement and good sense and I commend it to you.

Where did this rule come from?
There is some disagreement as to how we came to cluck our tongues at people who finish off their sentences with an of, to, or through, but it is agreed that it's been bothering people for a very long time. Many people believe that the rule originated with the 17th century poet John Dryden, who in 1672 chastised Ben Jonson: "The preposition in the end of the sentence; a common fault with him." Jonson probably didn't take much heed of this admonition, seeing as how he was dead, but untold millions of people have suffered in the subsequent years as a result.
Nuria Yáñez-Bouza has proposed an alternate theory: she discovered that, several decades prior to Dryden, an obscure grammarian named Joshua Poole took a similar position in his book The English Accidence. Poole was more concerned with prepositions being placed in "their naturall order," and did not mention the end of the sentence as specifically as Dryden did.
If we are to be fair we may credit Poole for creating the rule, and Dryden for popularizing it. Both Dryden and Poole were likely motivated by a desire to make English grammar more in line with Latin, a language in which sentences syntactically cannot end in prepositions.
In the 18th century, a number of people who liked telling other people that they were wrong decided Dryden was correct and began advising against the terminal preposition. Sometimes, the advice was to not end a sentence with a preposition. At other times it was more general, as Poole's rule was. For instance, Noah Webster, in his 1784 book on grammar, took care to advise against separating prepositions "from the words which they govern." He did allow that "grammarians seem to allow of this mode of expression in conversation and familiar writings, but it is generally considered inelegant, and in the grave and sublime styles, is certainly inadmissible."
However, by the time the 20th century rolled around most grammar and usage guides had come to the conclusion that there was really nothing wrong with terminal prepositions. In fact, there has been, for about 100 years now, near unanimity in this regard from usage guides. The matter must therefore be settled, mustn't it?
No, it must not. A quick look at newspapers from the past year indicates that there are still a number of people who find the terminal preposition an abomination, enough so that they are willing—perhaps, one imagines, even eager—to write letters to the editor of any newspaper in which they find it.
Why do both editorial and letter writers have to flagrantly split the infinitive? And lastly, ending a sentence with a preposition is something we can do without!
— letter to Daily Camera (Boulder, CO), 17 February 2016
I would think a State Columnist would know correct English, unless this was done to get people's attention. It sure got mine. The first sentence of the second paragraph, "Here's where we're at". Really...No sentence should end in a preposition. It should be, "Here's where we are". If it wasn't done on purpose, I would suggest Patrick go back to English Grammar 101 before he writes his next column.
— letter to Asheville (NC) Citizen-Times, 15 February 2016
Conventional wisdom would figure that a Canadian citizen is a Canadian, regardless of status. Plus, you're not supposed to end a sentence with a preposition.
— The Star Phoenix (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan), 25 September 2015
It would appear that some people are determined to hold on to this rule, no matter how many times they are informed that it really isn't one. In a similar vein, many people who like to use terminal prepositions will give some mangled version of a quote from Winston Churchill, "This is the sort of nonsense up with which I will not put." The linguist Ben Zimmer has conclusively demonstrated that, as is the case with so many Churchill quotes, this was almost certainly never said by him.
If you don't like to end your sentences with prepositions, you don't have to—just don't say that it is a rule. And if you like to end your sentences with a succinct with, go right ahead and keep doing so—just don't quote Winston Churchill when someone says that you shouldn't.
Merriam Webster
Comment: Somebody downvoted Merriam Webster? Unusual. Care to say why?

A question about the preposition "with"


Mold on salami, is it safe?

Question: I took a salami and removed the outer plastic packaging and hung it in my refrigerator to dry. After about a week it got white mold on it. Is this normal/safe? I know that real/fancy salami has molds rubbed on. This salami does not contain any bacteria or fungus (at least it's not supposed to) ingredients are beef, water, salt, flavorings, sugar, potato starch, sodium phosphate, ascorbic acid, sodium nitrite
Answer: It's one thing to buy salami which comes with its own built-in mold, but to let one develop some possibly different mold spontaneously in the fridge?  If nothing else the fridge would not provide the ventilation which I understand is an essential part of the process (that's why you hang them and don't pile them up on a shelf).
Worse, I see a seam on the casing, which implies that it's a plastic casing and not a natural one.  I would not eat something which grew on plastic..
Answer: I have seen dozens of different size/shape sausages hanging in a gourmet deli at room temperature , all were mostly white with mold. However, I can't say I ate any.
Comment: Those are usually a different type of sausage/salami, and they usually have mold on it. This looks like a soft/moist/fresh type of salami that was bought without any mold, so not the same.

Mold on salami, is it safe?


Samsung Galaxy Note II slow startup

Question: My Galaxy Note II used to statup in 5-6 seconds normally.
But yesterday when i switched on the device after charging it, it took almost 14-15 seconds for my home screen to show up.
I am pretty sure that i didnt install anything new. The device is not rooted.
Is there anyway i can check what might be making the startup slow?
Answer: There might be some apps slowing the starup. Autostarts is an app which helps you see what apps run on boot. Unless you have root you'll not be able to make any changes though. It'll just be read only.  See this: Autostarts
Update: Startup Cleaner 2.0 is for unrooted phones. You can now stop an app from loading at startup.
Answer: Have you wiped your caches recently, done an update or updated a lot of apps?  It's possible that your phone needed to rebuild the Dalvik cache, which would add time to your boot as a one time only thing.  You might have seen a screen saying "Updating Android" on your Note II when that was happening.
If you reboot your phone and the startup time is back to normal, this was most likely the cause.

Samsung Galaxy Note II slow startup


Community page for Drupal Books/Learning Materials

Question: Is there any community pages for list of Good Drupal books / learning materials with very helpful review from some Drupalers. I mean seriously Good books.
Answer: You can find the list of Drupal books here https://drupal.org/books , but before that have a look at this Guides and Learn By the Drop and also check out this Online Training Videos.
Answer: There is Drupal resource links which at the moment doesn't include any link to books. It could be helpful if somebody knows of any good Drupal books, and makes a post with links to Amazon pages. (Similar pages on other sites would be good too.)


Intermarriage and Jewish status of their children

Question: My question is, if a non-Jewish man marries a Jewish woman, since the marriage is invalid, are the children Jewish?  Specifically, is there any source in the Mishnah which says that they are not Jewish? Are there opinions either way?
Comment: Generally speaking, I think it's well-known that Halachah follows the mother on Jewish status. But as a Jewish Q&A site, I think this is an important question to have, along with a quality answer like Shalom's.
Answer: This is pretty much open-and-shut.
Mishna, Kiddushin 3:13.

כל מקום שיש קידושין ואין עבירה, הוולד הולך אחר הזכר; ואיזו זו--זו כוהנת לוייה וישראלית, שנישאו לכוהן וללוי ולישראל.
...
וכל מי שאין לה לא עליו ולא על אחרים קידושין, הוולד כמוה; ואיזה זה, זה ולד שפחה ונוכרית.
Any union which is valid marriage and no prohibition, the child follows the father, namely: a female Cohen/Levite/Israelite marries a male Cohen/Levite/Israelite ...
Any union in which there would be no valid marriage between her or any Jewish man, the child follows her [the mother], namely: the child of a slave woman or non-Jewish woman.

So the mishna is spelling out that if mom is non-Jewish, the child is not Jewish. It's implying the converse fairly strongly, that if mom's Jewish so is the child; but the Gemara does quote some different opinions about it. (Rabbi Akiva, fascinatingly, is of the opinion that if dad's not Jewish but mom is, the child is a mamzer. We don't follow his opinion.)
Rambam rules (Prohibited Relations 15:4):

זה הכלל בן הבא מן העבד או מן העכו"ם או מן השפחה או מן בת עכו"ם הרי הוא כאמו ואין משגיחין על האב
This is the rule: When one parent is a slave or not Jewish, whether male or female -- the child follows the mother, and we pay no attention to [the halachic status] of the father.

So in the case of your question, it's actually precisely because no marriage is valid that we ignore the non-Jewish father completely -- leaving the child Jewish.
For theory's sake, long ago there had been an opinion that both parents must be Jewish for the child to be Jewish -- we don't follow that opinion. But Rabbi Aharon Rakeffet-Rothkoff tells the story of a female student of his whose dad was not Jewish who was constantly upset about the possibility of this minority opinion. Telling her "we don't follow that opinion" wasn't calming her fears. So he suggested that when she gets married, she'll be going to the mikvah anyhow, so she could ask a panel of three rabbis to witness the dunking and call it a conversion, just in case. Halachically it's completely not necessary, but it made this woman feel a lot better by getting rid of her doubts.
Comment: @Shalom R Akiva agreed Niddah didn't make a Mamzer. He thought all chayvei lavin did make a mamzer though (eg, amoni and moavi, petzua daka) with the possible exception of yevama lashuk
Comment: What if a single Cohen has a child by a single Jewish woman?  Maybe we would rule bdieved that the consummation effected marriage?
Comment: @yoel Without witnesses and intent??
Comment: @Yoel don't mess with the "effected marriage" mess. If the parents could theoretically have married but didn't, the child is 100% kosher (though people may still call him/her mean names). In this case, *if* the single woman was theoretically cohen-eligible (that's a different question), the child is a cohen too. Rabbi Akiva's opinion was that violating the laws of nida generates a mamzer, but we don't follow that opinion.


How do SSL certificate authorities verify domains?

Question: What is a reasonable and reputable SSL certificate signing authority -- and how do they verify the domain in the simplest case?  Do they simply send an email to the Technical Contact for the domain name like when initiating a transfer, and then boom, verified certificate?
Answer: We have been using starfieldtech.com for many years now and have found them to be great.
To verify they send an email to the admin contact on the domain record.


Is it possible to set up a service/application like Jotti's malware scan?

Question: I would like to scan files that are under 500/100 MB. Sadly, Jotti only scans files up to 25 MB. Is it possible to set up a service like that at home?
The only way I know to run so many anti-virus engines, is using virtual machines. But that would cost a lot of memory, and a lot of work to set this up.
(Nutshell: I would like to build/set up a virus scan bot with several AV engines.
Also: It would be used only for personal/home use, not commercial.)
Jotti's Malware Scan
Answer: There is no need to use virtual machines. Just use the command line scanners, call them via a script and parse their output.


How do I import an EPUB e-book into my Kindle?

Question: How do I import an EPUB (.epub) e-book into my Kindle considering that file format is not native to Kindle's?
Answer: I figured it out as I had not received an answer:

Download the open-source Calibre e-book management software from
here.
Once it's installed, open Calibre and add an EPUB e-book to its
library by clicking on the "Add books" button.
After you have added the e-book to the Calibre library, select it,
and then click the "Convert books" button.
This will open a new window with a few options and formats to
convert to.
Select ".MOBI" for the format.  This is important because .MOBI is
compatible with Kindle unlike .EPUB.
Once you've converted it, you can plugin your Kindle and use Calibre
to send the .MOBI e-book version to your Kindle so you can read it
there.
Comment: MOBI format works but you may need to remove the *pdoc* tag so that it shows up on your kindle as a book instead of a personal document. Converting from EPUB to AZW3 is the newer Kindle format and generally works better.
Comment: BookFusion provides an alternative way to seamlessly send your eBooks to your Kindle devices. More details at https://blog.bookfusion.com/how-to-quickly-easily-transfer-ebooks-to-your-kindle/


How to make your magento website load faster?

Question:
I need to know how to make My magento website faster because my website is very slow. I have good hosting also but I don't know why it is so slow.
My website doesn't shows the www at the url

please tell me first how can we fix it?
Comment: pls check my answer.
Answer: Analyze your site's speed with gtmetrix
GTmetrix gives you insight on how well your site loads and provides actionable recommendations on how to optimize it.
Take mentioned step by step over there your website will perform better.
Answer: Redirect non-www to www

1) Open the .htaccess file and locate the "RewriteEngine on" line and right after it add the following lines:
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^wtlusa.com$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.wtlusa.com/$1 [R=301,L]

Once you do this, save the .htaccess file and log in to the Magento admin.
2)Go to the System > Configuration and from the left panel click the "Web" button.
Unfold the "Unsecured" set of options and change the "Base URL" option from http://wtlusa.com to http://www.wtlusa.com.
Save the changes and your Magento website will be running with www.wtlusa.com only!
IMPROVE MAGENTO'S PERFORMANCE

1. Enable Flat Categories and Products
In Magento admin, (top menu) System > Configuration, (left nav) Catalog > Catalog, (main page) Frontend.  Set "Use Flat Catalog Category" and "Use Flat Catalog Product" to "Yes".
Attributes that apply to Categories and Products are stored in separate database tables depending on their dataypes. 'Flattening' will put all attributes in one table for Magento retrieve. This will have a positive impact on site speed especially if it has 1,000 or more products
2. Merge CSS and JS Files
In Magento admin, (top menu) System > Configuration, (left nav) Advanced > Developer, (main page) JavaScript Settings, CSS Settings. Set "Merge Javascript" Files and "Merge CSS" Files to "Yes".
A Magento site can have many CSS and javascript files and there will be more that come with extensions and site customizations. Doing step #2 will combine all CSS and javascript into one file which will make each page load faster.
3. Enable Compilation
In Magento admin, (top menu) System > Tools > Compilation, click Enable. This will take all the active scripts in Magento's core structure and bring them to the front for faster website speed.
If updates, code modifications, extension installations are needed, Compilation needs to be disabled first. If not, there will be errors.
4. Caching Magento
When all other settings are in place and the site is ready to go live, go to System > Cache Management. Select all items, set the Action dropdown to "Enable" then hit Submit
The above settings will help increase the performance of an average Magento website. Those who are accustomed to server administration can do more. There are caching extensions that can be incorporated within Magento's configuration file and other server tricks to speed up Magento.
Add below code in your .htaccess file
<IfModule mod_expires.c>
 ExpiresActive on
 ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year"

 ExpiresByType image/jpg "access 1 year"
 ExpiresByType image/jpeg "access 1 year"
 ExpiresByType image/gif "access 1 year"
 ExpiresByType image/png "access 1 year"
 ExpiresByType image/svg+xml "access plus 1 month"
 ExpiresByType text/css "access 1 month"
 ExpiresByType application/pdf "access 1 month"
 ExpiresByType application/x-javascript "access 1 month"
 ExpiresByType application/x-shockwave-flash "access 1 month"
 ExpiresByType image/x-icon "access 1 year"
 ExpiresByType application/javascript "access plus 1 year"
 ExpiresByType font/truetype "access plus 1 month"
 ExpiresByType font/opentype "access plus 1 month"
 ExpiresByType application/x-font-woff   "access plus 1 month"
 ExpiresByType application/vnd.ms-fontobject "access plus 1 month"
</IfModule>

<ifModule mod_gzip.c>
  mod_gzip_on Yes
  mod_gzip_dechunk Yes
  mod_gzip_item_include file \.(html?|txt|css|js|php|pl|asp|html|woff)$
  mod_gzip_item_include handler ^cgi-script$
  mod_gzip_item_include mime ^text/.*
  mod_gzip_item_include mime ^application/x-javascript.*
  mod_gzip_item_exclude mime ^image/.*
  mod_gzip_item_exclude rspheader ^Content-Encoding:.*gzip.*
</ifModule>

<IfModule mod_headers.c>
  Header set Connection keep-alive
  <FilesMatch ".(js|css|xml|gz|html)$">
    Header append Vary: Accept-Encoding
  </FilesMatch>
  <FilesMatch "\.(ico|pdf|flv|jpg|jpeg|png|gif|js|css|swf)(\.gz)?$">
    Header unset ETag
    FileETag None
  </FilesMatch>
</IfModule>

<IfModule mod_deflate.c>
  # Compress HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Text, XML and fonts
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/javascript
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/rss+xml
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/vnd.ms-fontobject
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-font
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-font-opentype
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-font-otf
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-font-truetype
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-font-ttf
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/x-javascript
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/xhtml+xml
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE application/xml
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE font/opentype
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE font/otf
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE font/ttf
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE image/svg+xml
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE image/x-icon
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/css
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/javascript
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/plain
  AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/xml

  # Remove browser bugs (only needed for really old browsers)
  BrowserMatch ^Mozilla/4 gzip-only-text/html
  BrowserMatch ^Mozilla/4\.0[678] no-gzip
  BrowserMatch \bMSIE !no-gzip !gzip-only-text/html
  Header append Vary User-Agent
</IfModule>

Answer: To make website faster

Follow this url.  this i get from MSE
Follow Gtmetrix  to get the website slowing details

To load website with www at url:

Login to admin panel
Goto system-->configuration-->general-->web-->secure and unsecure url's
Edit url's with http://www.yourwebsite.com


How To Trace A Dead Circuit

Question: I have a circuit that went dead a couple of weeks ago in a home that is 24 years old.  I have identified five outlets on the circuit, all are dead. One of the outlets is outside on a front porch with the proper weather-proofing cover.  Three outlets are in the garage and the fifth outlet is inside the home in a bathroom.  Using a small plug in outlet tester, it showed an open "hot".  What seems odd to me is that I am unable to locate any GFIC on this circuit and I thought that was required for both garage and bathroom outlets.  In the garage, I have a working outlet about three feet from one of the dead outlets.  I backfed the hot from that working outlet to the dead outlet and all outlets were live and showed correct wiring.  I removed the backfeed and removed the breaker box panel.  By the way, no breakers where tripped.  However, to be sure I reset all of "outlet" breakers.  The individual circuits were never identified in the main panel.  Next, using a digital meter, I tested the hot terminal on each breaker.  All showed 124 volts.  So, it appears that the breaker is not the issue.  I'm not sure where to go from here and would appreciate any advice.  At this point, it looks like I have a break in the wire between the first outlet, which I believe is the bathroom outlet, and the breaker.  I know this would be unusual, but I'm not sure what else it would be.  Thanks in advance.
Comment: Have you opened up the first outlet and examined the wiring & connections?
Answer: With Daisy chained outlets not working it is usually the first non working outlet or the last working outlet on that circuit that has the bad connection. This problem is usually caused by the back stab terminals failing or a broken wire. The circuit needs to be identified and turned off for safety. Remove the working outlet from the box on this one you are looking for a loose, broken wire that feeds the other outlets. With back stabs sometimes pulling the outlet will temporally re connect the bad connection if this happens the outlet needs to be replaced. If the last working outlet is not the problem go to the first non working outlet looking for the same issue but on the feed to the outlet. if a wire pulls out of the stab that outlet really needs to be replaced, If the wire is broken strip the wire and repair the connection. This method has solved almost all the failed outlets similar to yours I have been called for.
Comment: Well. I was able to locate the issue and it's a first for me.  I was remodeling my master bath and had to remove an outlet in order to remove a large wall mirror.  When I did that, the old receptacle (24 years old) looked a bit discolored, so I replaced it.  I tested power in the bottom half and all was good and I moved on.  What I did not notice is that on this new outlet from Lowes, which I just pulled out of one of their bins, the side jumper between the top and bottom halves had been snapped out.  So there was my break.  I replaced that outlet and now all outlets are hot.  Thanks!
Comment: @GregS I recommend buying the contractor pack. That way you always have a spare on-hand when needed, and they are less likely to have been messed with. Those bins of parts at Big Blue and Big Orange tend to be a mish-mash of random stuff that people pick up and put back in the wrong place, possibly after screwing around with it (e.g. cutting that tab, or removing part of the item)
Comment: Good advice and I did exactly that.

How To Trace A Dead Circuit


Placement of Reaction Wheels in a nano satellite

Question: The reaction wheels rotate the satellite only about the centre of mass.If the reaction wheels are not placed about the principal axes,Will the amount of torque produced be the same as when they are placed about the principal axes?
Comment: [Related](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/8/9060)
Answer: The torque will be the same - application of point torque to an object (in this case the point is the reaction wheel motor axis) results in the same torque exerted regardless of the point. But the moment of inertia won't be - because the layout of mass will differ. As the reaction wheels are not massles, they are a part of the system, and while mass won't change, its distribution - distances from center of mass - will differ. And as result, the cubesat will react differently than one with the RW axes through its center of mass; in particular with mass distributed broader (farther from center of mass) the same torque will result in lower angular acceleration.
Comment: SF Thank You for the answer. How significant is the placement for nano-satellites? Is it necessary to consider the change in effect if the reaction wheels are not placed about the principle axes?
Comment: @user97213: Your attitude control system should be adaptive enough that it shouldn't matter at all, although if you botch the regulator parameters you may get oscillations where you would get a stable positioning otherwise. But the answer to that is "don't botch the parameters"; this can happen with central placement just as well, but if you blindly copy the parameters from one cubesat to another instead of considering the changed moment of inertia and recalculating them, you might encounter this problem.


Create sharepoint document folder using VBA

Question: I need to find a way to programmatically, using Excel VBA, create a folder in a Sharepoint Document Library. The Sharepoint Document Library already exist, and it has already one level of folders in it. The new sub-folder to be created will have a specific name which can be passed on by the Excel macro. Is it possible to construct an URL to the Sharepoint site that includes the command to create a sub-folder with a specific name?
Answer: <code>Dim strDate As String
     Dim strTime As String
     strDate = Date
     strTime = Time
     strDate = Format(Now(), "mmmdd yyyy hh mm")
       Dim strURL As String
       ''Copy and paste the URL of your sharePoint folder where you want to create another folder
       strURL = "http://Your URL"

       strURL = Replace(Replace(strURL, "http:", ""), "/", "\")

      ' MsgBox strDate, vbInformation
     Dim Fld_r As String
     Fld_r = strURL & strDate
     MsgBox Fld_r, vbInformation
    If Dir(Fld_r, vbDirectory) Then
    MkDir (Fld_r)
    DoEvents
    End If
</code>
Comment: This doesn't seem to work with the latest version of the Office 365 & Sharepoint.


Why can't I use my @ubuntu.com mail address to register an Ubuntu One account?

Question: When I try to do so, it tells me:
This email address cannot be used.
Answer: I got that same error when attempting to use mine. I then found an email in my inbox that said.
"We've received a request to create a new account with firstname.lastname@example.com, however an account is already registered with this email address."
So then I used the "Forgot your password?" link and I received an email at my ubuntu.com address to change my password. What is odd is that the link to reset my password was for my primary email address that is listed in launchpad (which is where ubuntu.com forwards to).
So my guess is that when Ubuntu One sees an email address for a ubuntu.com account, it queries launchpad to find the actual email address that it should use. It then links both email addresses to the same account.
Comment: oh yeah you are right. I even got a mail which told me : We've received a request to create a new account with firstname.lastname@example.com, however an account is already registered with this email address.
Answer: Because you already have an Ubuntu One account.
In order to have an ubuntu.com e-mail address, you must already have an account on Launchpad. An account on Launchpad is indifferent from an Ubuntu One account. You simply need to log in, rather than attempt to register a new address.
Whether you log into Launchpad, Ubuntu Wiki, Ubuntu One, or the Software Center, it's all the same account. See https://login.ubuntu.com/+ubuntuone-account for more information.


90 days stay with tourist visa in USA

Question: Chile has VWP, yet I still have the regular tourist visa stamp on my passport and must enter the USA with it. If I leave the country (USA) for a few days to go to Canada and then return, does a new 90-day stay period start running upon re-entry or is it also considered a temporary leave as with the VWP?
Comment: @hippietrail It's a little more complicated since B2 Visa is still stamped in the passport.
Answer: When entering the US on a B1/B2 visa you will not be given the same 90 days entry as for a VWP.  The exact time you're giving will depend on the circumstances and the border official, but in general for a B1/B2 you are likely to be granted 180 days entry to the US.
If you leave to Canada and re-enter, then the border agent has the choice of either granting a new 180 day stay, or continuing your previous stay using a process called "Automatic Revalidation". Presuming your US visa is still valid then they could do either of these.  If your US visa happened to expire before your re-entry then they will go the Automatic Revalidation path as that allows you to re-enter even with an expired visa.
Either way, presuming you are granted the standard 180 day entry, you will not be subject to any form of 90 day limit.

90 days stay with tourist visa in USA


How long do I bake a stuffed butternut squash at 325 degrees with a fresh Turkey when the squash recipe calls for 2 hours at 375 degrees?

Question: I have a fresh farm raised Turkey that calls for cooking at 325 degrees but I also want to bake a stuffed butternut squash in the same oven where the recipe calls for ithe stuffed squash to bake for 2 hours at 375 degrees. I am assuming that the stuffed squash could cook longer at the lower temperature, but since I have never made this dish before and it IS Thanksgiving with lots of people , I'd like to have an idea of how much longer?
Thanks!
Answer: The way to approach this is to ask how much hotter 375 degrees is than 325 degrees from the starting temperature of the food, then use that factor to multiply the time.
Doing the calculations, if your food starts out at room temperature (assuming 65 degrees) then (375 - 65)/(325 - 65) = 1.1923, or 1.2 rounded up a tiny bit. So 120 minutes * 1.2 = 144, in other words 2 hours and 24 minutes. It's a rough calculation, but I've used it pretty successfully.


Want to understand the links and relationship between all the risk metrics?

Question: For Example : if Risk weighted asset (RWA) increased or decreased this month, which other risk metrics could have influenced RWA to increase or decrease.  Also in different situations like, upward trend, sudden increase, downward trend, sudden decrease, neutral or stable RWA. I want to understand and trying to create a document for my reference and learning purpose.
Comment: very complicated question, RWA is influenced by credit/market/operational risk, etc.
Answer: Our paper answers this question in the admittedly simple context of Expected Loss (EL) calculated as the straightforward summation of EAD * PD * LGD from the granular level.
EL here is the surrogate for your RWA, and the risk metrics are the granular data (EAD, PD, LGD).
The paper proposes how changes in EL can then be attributed / apportioned to changes in each of the risk metrics.
Hunt, C.; Taplin, R. Aggregation of Incidence and Intensity Risk Variables to Achieve Reconciliation. Risks 2019, 7, 107.
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/7/4/107


How do I Fulton child soldiers?

Question: In Metal Gear Solid 5: The Phantom Pain, Mission 23 Kaz wants me to Fulton child soldiers to save me a lot of time. How do I do that?
Comment: @Nolonar All Kaz says is "there should be some way to Fulton kids."
Answer: You don't actually need to research the Child-Safe Fulton Device to Fulton the kids.
What you can do is call for a jeep - Soviet or American, doesn't matter - stack three kids in it, and then call for another Diamond Dogs vehicle.
Diamond Dogs vehicles are, just like D-Horse and D-Walker, rigged to Fulton themselves when their presence in the combat zone is no longer required. This costs you NOTHING. They auto-Fulton themselves when you call for a new vehicle.
This is actually the most economical way to get people out, ironically. Every vehicle has a dirt-cheap 1,000 GMP deployment cost (fair warning: this may be related to the cost of your helicopter calls, I use the cheapest helicopter because I'm a tightwad.) Thing is, 1,000 GMP is only 100 GMP more expensive than the cost of Fultoning three guys by themselves! And it cuts your Fulton usage down to precisely zero, meaning you won't have to call for more Fulton devices mid-mission, which can save you an absolute truckload in the long run!
Comment: Woo! Party Bus!
Answer: Side Ops 113 unlocks the child Fulton.
To unlock the Side Ops, you will have to complete Mission 26.
Answer: You can place them in vehicles and fulton those.
Comment: This assumes that he's able to Fulton  vehicles though. Which you need to upgrade to be able to do.
Comment: I can Fulton vehicles. I have the Cargo +2 upgrade and all. I saw that but didn't think of it at the time.
Comment: this is how I got around it - jeeps are good for that. expensive to drop in a jeep (or steal one) for every 3 child soldiers, then fulton it out however.

How do I Fulton child soldiers?


Saying "I feel you" in a conversation

Question: As I've heard many people say "I feel you" without sexual connotation.
But I am a bit uncomfortable to say that.
When do you often use it?
Do native speakers commonly use it?
Comment: It's very informal and slangy to this American English speaker.  I would not call it very common, but you might use it when sympathizing with someone's thoughts or emotions:  "I can't believe Diane dumped me!"  - "I feel you, man."
Comment: I agree with @stangdon above. It's best avoided unless you know whoever you're speaking to uses the expression themselves (*and* you want to express "dialectal solidarity"), or perhaps when "facetiously" aping the usage. Personally, I also experience "interference" from *I feel **for** you*. To me, that's a perfectly natural usage that means *I have great sympathy for you [in your unenviable circumstances]*, where without the preposition there may be no element of sympathy/empathy at all (it's just an emphatic version of *I understand you / agree wholeheartedly with you*).
Comment: We used to have a teacher who constantly ended sentences with "you feelin' me??" the same way you might end a sentence with "ok?" or "get it?"...
Comment: I wouldn't use the expression in a job interview but I disagree that this is uncommon.
Answer: It's very much slang.  The person is trying to show empathy with the person or confirm agreement.
It could be interpreted as "I am understanding and feeling the same emotions as you", or simply "I understand and agree".
For the Sci-Fi nerds, it's a more casual version of Avatar's "I see you".
Comment: +1. Actually, "I hear you" is more common in my experience, though it may have a connotation of not necessarily totally agreeing with the speaker.
Answer: It means they understand you. Another similar, but less awkward sounding phrase that would get the same meaning across would be

I get you.

But their isn't a reason behind those, it's just slang.
Comment: Let me know if you 'feel what I'm saying'. ;)
Answer: "I'm sorry," is usually appropriate when you are showing empathy over some misfortune, regardless of the level of formality. In this case, it's not an expression of guilt; it expresses that you wish the misfortune hadn't occurred.
Comment: @corsiKa  I do hear, and do say "I'm sorry as an expression of empathy.  Also, I could and HAVE used it in your "Pretty sure half the stuff on that exam was never covered in lecture" example.    Sometimes, when someone is on a rant, it is the only thing TO say.  I feel you would indicate that I have sympathy for you - "I'm sorry" just means that I feel bad for you, (even if I do not agree with you). Many people use it that way.  It is, perhaps, becoming more uncommon, but most of our world is becoming more informal that way.
Comment: There's a lot of cases "I'm sorry" would not be appropriate for the same situations "I feel you" would be. For example "Pretty sure half the stuff on that exam was never covered in lecture" You would never say "I'm sorry" but an "I feel you" would be perfectly acceptable.
Comment: @corsiKa I would absolutely say, "I'm sorry," in that situation. I'm not sure how it would be inappropriate. As far as I understand, it's very frequently used to express empathy, though admittedly, it would sound a bit more serious in that context.
Comment: If you have nothing to do with it, you might say, "I'm sorry for you" or "I'm sorry that happened to you" or the like, to avoid the ambiguity of a simple "I'm sorry", which could be taken to be an admission of responsibility.
Comment: @Jay https://xkcd.com/945/
Answer: It is common to say, "I feel for you" to mean, "I sympathize with your problem".
I don't recall ever hearing someone say "I feel you" to mean anything other than "I am touching you" (with some part of my body). It could be sexual, but not necessarily. Like if two people were stumbling around in a dark room, one might say, "Oh, I feel your foot" or some such.
I could imagine someone using the phrase like in Stangdon's comment, "Hey, I feel you, man." It intuitively makes sense to me, but I don't recall ever hearing someone say that.
Answer: This is used pretty often, and basically means 'I agree with you'. It has nothing to do with sex, so don't use it in those circumstances. Just another one of those weird English phrases that caught on.

Saying "I feel you" in a conversation


Do children learn to play musical instrument more easily than adults?

Question: People say that it is harder for adults to learn to play instrument, because their muscle became stiff. Is there evidence for this claim?
Comment: People? Can you provide a source for this claim? Additionally, what have you found in your initial research?
Answer: Roughly speaking, most forms of learning become harder as one ages. Probably the most relevant aspect for your question is learning fine motor skills:

most studies revealed that performance gains in fine motor tasks are diminished in older adults
Comment: I like it when the number of sources nearly exceeds the number of lines. +1 A simple approach to this question proving to be quite effective.


Use Initialization Vector as Additional Authenticated Data

Question: Cipher is GCM-AES.  Is it acceptable/recommended to store the IV as AAD?  Any popular examples?
Comment: To clarify, the upshot is that GCM already transparently authenticates the IV as part of its internal operation. Adding it manually to the AAD does nothing extra. The point of the AAD is (typically) to add out-of-band context to the decryption process. For instance, one might use a sequence number in a protocol like TLS to detect packets that have been maliciously reordered.
Comment: AES-GCM already does this by default.
Comment: @SEJPM Please explain.  I was under the impression that AAD was optional.  Or do you mean the IV is authenticated by the tag?
Comment: The specification of the GCM mode mandates that you feed the IV / Nonce in as "additional associated data" (AAD). If you don't do that your implementation isn't allowed to be called "GCM".
Answer: You don't need to put the IV in the AAD (Additional Authenticated Data) as already indicated in the comments.
The GCM proposal as adopted by NIST (PDF) clearly specifies this in paragraph 2.1 Inputs and Outputs:

The IV is authenticated, and it is not necessary to include it in the AAD field.

The NIST document SP 800-38d (PDF) does not explicitly specify it, it does however contain some hints to this effect, for instance in Appendix B:

The creation of an authentication tag by the authenticated encryption function provides the mechanism whereby assurance of the authenticity of the plaintext and AAD (and IV) can be obtained upon the execution of the authenticated decryption function.

Finally, to make this a bit more general, RFC 5116 : An Interface and Algorithms for Authenticated Encryption, 2.1: Authenticated Encryption specifies the following:

The nonce is authenticated internally to the algorithm, and it is not
necessary to include it in the AD input.  The nonce MAY be included
in P or A if it is convenient to the application.

So it is acceptable to store the IV in the AAD, but I don't see any reason to recommend it.
If I'd see the IV included in the AAD during a review I'd probably see it as an indication that the designer didn't know what he/she was doing.


What are the implications of including binary blobs in the Linux kernel?

Question: According to this there are compelling reasons for caution when installing obfuscated binaries. Knowing this, how can running binary blobs as a part of the Linux kernel be acceptable from a security point of view? There exists a blob-free version of the kernel. The motivations behind that project seem to be primarily ideological. But what kind of risks do users of non-free driver modules actually face? Can a binary blob contain a rootkit designed to take over or open a backdoor into the entire system? How could such a backdoor be detected?
Answer:
From a security, and even ideological, point of view; blobs are unacceptable.  whatever people say, they are trying to dissuade you from the importance of this issue.
the risks users of non-free software face, be it a firmware blob, driver blob, or Microsoft Windows, are vastly unmeasurable. and while it is safer using any Linux distro than Windows, it doesn't mean that any Linux distro is secure.
blobs, depending on their size, can do just about anything, they are little programs after all.
as for detecting backdoors and other security flaws, there is only one way, and it is quite simple; publish the source code. the previous answer points out that:
"A binary will be much faster than other code." Liar, Liar, Pants on Fire.  a blob will only make the final compiling process of the program faster, not the program itself,
but regardless of program performance decisions,  there's no reason not to publish the source, and compiling instructions of that "blob"
and anyone telling you otherwise is either lying, of some kind of NSA, FBI agent.

if you are interested in a 100% FOSS (free and open source) operating systems, that consciously maintain their code to be blob free, here is a link: Free GNU/Linux distributions  other relevant links: What is free software?, techrights.org/2013/11/25/freedo-and-nsa-code/.
Comment: I re-read this and noticed that #3 is also incorrect. There are plenty of blobs which are _not_ executable, for example configuration blobs such as for GbE, or various ACPI tables which lack executable code (only DSDT and SSDT contain actual code).
Comment: -1 Blobs are not necessarily bad, depending on their purpose. For example to run firmware on an NIC, or more importantly, to insert microcode. Without microcode updates (which do count as "blobs", despite not _running_ in the kernel), you may be using a system with highly vulnerable hardware. You are also incorrect wrt #4, as you can do reverse engineering and black box analysis on various blobs to understand how they work. I do agree on the philosophical points though.
Answer: Binary blobs in the Linux kernel are primarily firmware for peripheral devices.
Many peripheral devices - e.g. Wi-Fi cards are notorious for this - have processors inside them. Those processors run code. The code has to come from somewhere. It comes from the driver.
Your Wi-Fi card simply will not work unless the Wi-Fi driver copies firmware into the Wi-Fi card's memory and starts it running.
Usually, the manufacturer of the Wi-Fi card gives out copies of the firmware and says "here is the firmware you need. Your driver should install it using these instructions."
The main risk is that we don't know what's in that firmware. It runs on the Wi-Fi card's processor, so there is usually no risk to the rest of the machine, except for DMA attacks. However, it could see all your Wi-Fi traffic and phone home, if it wanted.  We can't tell since we don't have the source code.
Regarding DMA attacks: Many peripherals have the ability to directly write data into the computer's main memory. This is useful because the CPU doesn't have to waste time shuffling data around. But it also means that if the peripheral was malicious, it could overwrite something important, like kernel code, and then install a rootkit. Some computers have a facility called an IOMMU, which prevents this by limiting which addresses can be accessed by peripherals, the same way a regular MMU limits which addresses can be accessed by non-kernel programs.
Answer: The main reason they incorporate binaries is for speed. A binary will be much faster than other code, so it's handy since it's so deeply built in to the kernel especially.
How can this be acceptable? Because it is assumed that they were not made with malicious intent. If you are truly worried about this, you can compile the kernel from scratch yourself so you can vet the code that goes into these binaries yourself. The second part is making sure that they havent changed to something thats unknown.
By non-free driver modules I assume you mean something purchased for use on the system. They are exactly the same amount of security as anything proprietary. Meaning that you don't know what's inside them and so if you trust the manufacturer of the software then great! let's hope they didn't feel malicious before they compiled down to binary.
Could a binary be designed to rootkit a system? Absolutely!! This is the same point I just made. Even a seemingly harmless binary could have a replica made that did the same thing and also was a rootkit.
How could such a backdoor be detected? Several ways. The best answer is file integrity monitoring. Even something that takes a simple MD5 or another simple one way hash of simple locations like /etc or just each of the binary files to make sure that someone hasn't changed them. And of course the usual suspects like antivirus, antispyware, and a good firewall.
Comment: There are firmware drivers included with most Linux distros, although Linus' doesn't like closed-source kernel modules[1] 1. http://linuxmafia.com/faq/Kernel/proprietary-kernel-modules.html
Comment: The source code for these drivers is not open source so you can't vet the code as you suggested above. These binary blobs are used to get things like wifi cards running. They are mysterious black boxes, but presumably unmodifyable and so equivalent to a circuit in some people's minds.
Comment: Though there are firmware drivers. Is anything I said not accurate? they certainly dont leave everything in it's source code, why else can you compile a kernel?
Comment: well thats something different. Lots of the binary blobs are going to be things that are part of the base operating system. and of course there are going to be binary drivers too.

If you dont like it, go find one thats open source, write your own (good luck), or dont use the closed source hardware. It's not that linux is evil because not everyone released their source, you are just trusting the manufacturer (AMD, Intel, broadcom......blah blah blah) that they didnt put stuff in there. In fact IF they released open source code for those drivers someone could modify the driver to also rootkit.


How many LN is covered in one manga vol?

Question: I recently watched season 2 of Konosuba and now I want to carry on the story by reading. I was wondering how many LN vol 1 of the manga covered and if the manga is up to date with the anime. Should I read the light novel or buy the manga?
Answer: Currently, the light novel has 4 translated volumes (the fifth is slated for release on April 24th) and the manga has 5 (May 22nd for the sixth). The anime (two seasons) covers the first four volumes of the light novel and the first six of the manga-- so the anime has covered all translated material.
If you want to continue the story immediately, you can search for fan translations of the LN, although most translating groups don't do licensed content. Otherwise, you can wait for vol. 5 of the LN, or wait until fall when vol. 7 of the manga is released.
I would recommended starting over from the beginning with the LN, as the anime does skip some parts and you'll likely have to wait some time before reading new content either way.


Will high power laser penetrate mirror?

Question: Many nations are developing high energy laser weapons. My question is, what if target is coated with a mirror-like coating? Can a laser (since laser is still light) penetrate a mirror? If it can, then how is it possible?
Comment: mirrors used in optics have thresholds where you can damage the mirror if the laser is too powerful.
Answer: If you look at reflectances of common materials used to make mirrors with (for example, the topmost graph found on this wiki page), you'll see that not 100% of the light is reflected, especially at the shorter wavelengths.
I'm still looking for a somewhat better source for similar curves for household mirrors, but I know that the idea is roughly the same -- it's actually pretty difficult to make a mirror that reflects 100% of all incident light.
The light that does not get reflected gets either absorbed (mostly) or transmitted (usually only for very thin film mirrors). The portion that gets absorbed is transformed into heat, which is transferred into the mirror material.
Therefore, if you shine a short-wavelength, high-power laser beam directly onto a mirror with the intention of damaging the mirror, the power of the laser must be great enough to ensure that the portion of the light that gets absorbed is great enough to heat up the material sufficiently (and fast enough) to melt it. This makes most laser weapons only really effective on

surfaces with low reflectance (plastics, certain composites, human skin, etc.)
thin-walled structures (fuel tanks, etc.)
sensitive electronics (camera's, targeting systems, etc.)
etc.

Laser weapons (at least, currently) serve a different purpose than ballistic weapons; they are more a tool for precision work at large distance.
These are the same sorts of problems a laser cutting tool encounters. Most of these sorts of machines can cut effortlessly through plastics, wood, ect. with high precision. However, when cutting through metal, they can only cut through relatively thin sheets (1cm aluminum already presents too much of a challenge for most machines) because of the high reflectance of most metals. The efficiency of the machine is also not too great with sheet metal -- a 50 kW machine will normally transfer only a handful of watts of heat to the focal point.
Comment: A reflective coating also has the downside that it can get dirty, through dust particles in the air. I also remember seeing a video in which they mentioned that laser-cutters also have to deal with, namely that if smoke of the burned material can stick to the mirrors which guid the laser beam.
Comment: I would think that there can be 2 steps if the mirror is a
coating. First produce enough heat to destroy or reduce the reflective
properties of the coating, and then more heat can be absorbed to burn
or melt whatever is behind. Of course, that is less effective with a
metal sheet, but it is with coated composite material. Metal also has
the defense of fast heat dissipation.
Comment: If I understand you correctly, increasing the intensity of the light would increase the heat transfer because a small percentage would be absorbed by the material. And increasing the frequency would likewise increase the percentage of photons not reflected by the mirror.
Comment: @kleineg: sounds about right, somewhere there is some "worst" trade-off between intensity, frequency and energy usage. You'd have to take care not to increase the frequency too much, because many materials would become transparent to it (think X-ray). Point is, the most destructive combination of these parameters is really very material-specific; I suspect all-round laser weapons therefore use the true army style brute-force approach of just using ridiculously high intensities at a frequency that's most effective for the most common metals used on aircraft/ships...but I'm no expert :)
Comment: Wouldn't you be able to put a thin sheet of say black plastic over the metal? Sure, at the metal/plastic interface the metal would be reflective, but the plastic would trap the heat energy at the surface of the metal.
Comment: A question though, For a Laser cutter, would it have the same velocity as a light laser would? 299,792,458 m/s

Will high power laser penetrate mirror?


Killing and planing to kill

Question: As to Buddhism killing is wrong and planning such things is also wrong.
So what is the difference between the Karma of a person who killed someone and a person who only planned but never killed.
Comment: Please stop using the [tag:theravada] tag with your questions. The convention on this site is to assume that questions welcome answers from any of the Buddhist schools/traditions. The tags like [tag:theravada] and [tag:mahayana] are used sparingly, to signal that for this question, people should only answer from the perspective of that specific school, and that answers from other schools are unwelcome and off-topic (and shouldn't be posted, and should be deleted if they are posted).
Comment: Tags are merely search aids: "A tag is a keyword or label that categorizes your question with other, similar questions. Using the right tags makes it easier for others to find and answer your question." Nothing is stated about deleting ceretain posts based on certain tags. The Buddha was not sectarian, and this is clear from a close study of the Pali suttas.
Comment: My answer is not from a theravada viewpoint. If you want me to delete it on that basis, you need only ask.
Comment: No i prefer Theravada because i belong to it,But that doesn't mean i am not open to knowledge.Thank you :) @TenzinDorje
Answer: Je Tsongkhapa differentiates between (1) karma that is done (2) and karma that is accumulated. Between the two, there are four possibilities.
1. Done, but not accumulated. Tsongkhapa states:

Killing that is karma which you have done but not accumulated is seen
  in the following cases: that done unknowingly, that done in a dream,
  that not done intentionally, that which another person forced you to
  do against your will, that done only once and then regretted, [and so forth]

2. Accumulated, but not done. Tsongkhapa writes:

Killing that is karma that you have accumulated but have not done is
  seen in the following case: you investigate and analyze for a long
  time in order to kill a living being, but you do not kill it.

3. Done and accumulated. Tsongkhapa writes:

Killing that is karma that you have done and accumulated is seen in
  all the killing not included in the previous two permutations.

4. Killing that is karma that you have neither done nor accumulated is whatever is not included in the above three. Tsongkhapa does not give example.

He further explains that karma that is not done and accumulated (the third) is karma whose result you will not definitely experience.
The Levels of Yogic Deeds (Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra):

Karma whose result you will definitely experience is that consciously
  done and accumulated. Karma whose result you are not certain to
  experience is that consciously done but not accumulated.

Further debates settles on the meaning and reason of such a statement: karma that is done and not accumulated, for instance, is not as heavy as that which is done and accumulated. The weight of karma is one of the five factors that determines the time and the likelihood of its ripening.
Answer:
Killing breaks the first precept and planning does not.
One commits Kaya(bodily) Kamma when killing. Planning may not necessarily involve Kaya Kamma as it could just be limited to thinking.
Killing causes greater Kamma compared to simply planning as it takes a greater degree of corruption in the mind states to actually carry out the plan until it's fulfillment.
Answer: It is the teaching of the Jains (which is actually very accurate under the label of Buddhism also here, who held the view that physical actions have the highest impact) that physical deeds are heavier then mental. As for what the Buddha taught is that mental actions are by far more powerful and have much more consequences, even to an extend that can lead beyond all kamma of what simple verbal and physical actions are incapable to cause.
One should understand the difference between "breaking precepts" and act unskillful by thoughts, words and deeds.
In how far certain kamma (action by intend) is heavier does actually not depend only on whether it's "only" by thoughts, words (signs) or physical deeds, but foremost on the quality of mind, prompted, unprompted and the amount of effort put into to uphold such.
So to speak: a worldling, not knowing his minds quality, not knowing what is kusala and what is akusala, although seeming as if "keeping the law" will not easy act toward and along the path.
People would wonder about the huge impact of certain "silence and inaction" and the minimal impart of their "rites and rituals" with impure mind.
SO one should be clear that "just" mental approving, or mental joy, or agreement, or accept association mentally "earns" likewise fruits like if ordered or done by oneself. And that is why one should take care not to associate with fools, especially mental approve or acceptance.
And like always, before you up-vote and down-vote to make your earnings here, think and investigate twice, since it's the law of nature that mass and fools are in one line.
See also On denying Defilement and the Uposatha of the wolf is also a good lesson for some open to look at ones defilements.
Why one "planing" to kill "act"-ually does not may have many reasons, sometimes just verbal or physical incapacitates, and if such would protect and lead to liberation, all "we" would need to make "heaven on earth" would be cutting of all limbs and possibilities of signs of all beings...
As for what is breaking the precepts, and how such is punished in certain society, that is another topic, but also requires the intention to be investigated, at least in the society and convention of the Noble Ones.
(note that this here is not given for trade, exchange, stacks and entertainment here, but as a tiny door to escape for those capable)
Answer: If someone intentionally kills another life, it breaks the first precept.
But if someone does not kill but plans to kill, it does not break the precept, but collects some negative karma due to hateful emotions.
If you have a hateful mind, it results in negative karma. If you have a hateful mind and hurt someone, then you get MORE negative karma than the previous scenario. If you intentionally kill someone, you break the precept.

Killing and planing to kill


Adding a Time Signature to a composition

Question: I've been writing my own music a lot lately, but one thing really has me stuck and that's writing the time signature. I know that time signatures are based on the amount and duration of the notes within a measure, but how do you know which time signature to write if you don't know where to end each measure? The piece I'm working on now has mostly eighth notes in the left hand and mostly half or quarter notes in the right hand. How do I know where to end each measure and thus know which time signature to add? Sorry if this question isn't the clearest. If you need clarification please comment and ask; I just really would like to know.
Thanks a million!
Comment: I'm no composer but I would hazard a guess and say you need to decide on a Time Signature before you start writing anything.
Comment: The answers you are getting are essentially correct. Put up an example w/o bar lines, though, and we can *show* you. This is a case where a concrete example makes the demonstration so much easier.
Comment: @NeilMeyer, not really. Most of the time, a composer has a starting idea of the music, and the rhythm is "baked in" (which means that the meter is also pretty much "baked in"). There are times when the rhythm might be sneaky enough that we have to fuss about the metre a bit, but most of the time it's pretty automatic.
Answer: An important aspect of meter is that there is a hierarchy of pulses. In other words, some pulses will be more emphasized than others on account of this hierarchy. Most musicians call these more emphasized pulses the "strong beats."
Thus, if you don't know the time signature, determine where these "strong beats" are. What beats in the music are naturally emphasized to you? In the overwhelming majority of cases, these strong beats will be evenly spaced from each other; often they occur every 4 beats, but they could occur every 3, every 6, or any other distance from each other.
Each measure will thus begin with a strong beat, and the barlines will be placed at the end of each unit within the hierarchy. In other words, if the strong beats are 4 beats apart, the measure will begin on the strong beat and will last for 4 beats; you can place the barline after these 4 beats, and you'll find that the barline will be placed right before the next strong beat.
At that point, you have enough information to determine the time signature. (It sounds from your first two sentences that you know the theory behind it, so I'll leave this part up to you!)
Answer: Generally what to look for in dividing up the beats of the piece is where the strongest stress falls on the melody.
Take the example of Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, which I've accompanied here by a simple Alberti Bass line:

(For anyone who's wondering, I am using Sibelius 7 notation software).
I've beamed all the quavers (eighth notes) together and removed the barlines to show how it looks before we subdivide it into beats and bars.
First things first, we find where the stress falls on the melody. (It's very easy to do this with text, but any piece of music has places where stress falls; generally you look for clues such as chord changes, important bass notes, or important notes in the melody.) In the next image, I've shown the chords below the left hand staff, and marked the important stresses in the melody with tenuto marks (line accents):

We can see here that a lot of these 'clues' seem to happen every two beats - each tenuto comes every two crotchet (quarter-note) beats, and most of these coincide with a chord change. We can therefore assume that 2 is important - we can therefore try delineating every two beats (I am using tick barlines at first, just in case we may want to change it):

This looks good. We could also try it in four if we wanted (not every stress is what we call 'primary stress', and so every second stress we found could be less stressed than the others):

but this (to my ears) seems a little weird - to me, every stress seems as important as every other, and so the first grouping worked better. (Note that this bit is more subjective and is open to interpretation.)
Therefore, I will draw in solid barlines to show that each bar will contain two crotchet (quarter-note) beats. Because each bar contains 2 beats, each of which is a crotchet or quarter-note, which is one quarter the length of a semibreve (or whole note), we can therefore put a time signature at the beginning of the passage, saying that it is in 2/4:

(I group quavers in 2/4 by beat, but how you group quavers is again up to you.)
A few things on this (particularly if your music is a little more complex):

Music doesn't always need a time signature (or even bar-lines). It's useful for ensembles, where multiple people need to keep together and follow the same pulse and numbers of bars, but from the sounds of things this is a solo piece, and as a result, you might not even need one.
Satie (one of my favourite composers) wrote a lot of music for piano which doesn't use time signatures or barlines. (His handwriting was also bonkers, and so his scores look really unique.) His suite 'Sports et Divertissements' is made up of 21 short pieces, none of which delineate time using barlines and time signatures.
A PDF of the score can be found here: https://imslp.nl/imglnks/usimg/3/35/IMSLP08174-Sports_et_divertissiments.pdf
Satie's music isn't the only music that does this - it's a fairly common thing to find both before the baroque period and from the late 19th century (particularly these days, when people are doing almost anything!)
Time signatures can change. There are so many pieces of music where times signatures change that picking out one example to exemplify them all is difficult. Leoš Janáček (a Czech composer and one of my favourites) was fascinated by the rhythms of human speech and folk music, and so his music is full of tuplets (more or fewer notes fitting into beats than normal) and time signature changes to accommodate the rhythms. Again a piano piece, his suite 'V mlhách' is full of incredibly nuanced time signature and tempo changes to accommodate these rhythms (particularly the last movement, which is just mind-bogglingly complex).
Score here: http://hz.imslp.info/files/imglnks/usimg/8/89/IMSLP00565-Janacek_-_In_The_Mists.pdf
To take a slightly different stylistic route, the rock band Tool write songs with incredibly rapidly-changing time signatures - they just write the music and delineate the bars according to where stress falls and then add in time signatures to match (sometimes very odd ones - the band claim that their song 'Schism' is written in 6 and a half over 8, but an analyst claims instead that the song changes meter 47 times). No score, I'm afraid, and for some reason they aren't on Spotify, but there are plenty of their songs on YouTube if you don't want to buy an album of theirs.
Time signatures don't have to bear any resemblance to the stresses. In Benjamin Britten's opera 'Peter Grimes', there is a Passacaglia (a type of piece where variations build up over a repeating bassline). The bassline is eleven beats in length, but it is notated in 4/4 time (thereby coming in at two and three quarter bars long). This shortcoming is never rectified, and so each repeat starts one beat earlier in the bar than the previous one.
No PDF score for this, but here is a video of the opera with the short score of the passacaglia attached:

NB. The whole thing speeds up as well!

I hope that is a fairly comprehensive look at it - basically, the first part is how to do it if you want to do it traditionally, and the second part is all the alternatives if you don't.
Hope that helps!
Answer: Tapping your foot to the rhythm and beat of a song, provided it has a regular beat, will give you the PULSE. The next thing to do is listen carefully to the regular accented parts of that rhythm. With your own songs that may be easy, as you know which words are emphasised. They are often the beginning of a new line, and certainly the beginning of a new verse or chorus. Count along to the pulse, and each time there's an accented note, say 'one'. keep counting till the next 'one' has to be said. The biggest number you managed to get to should tell how many neats in one bar, thus the top number in the time sig. It will usually be either 2, 3 or 4. Occasionally 6 and rarely 5. If you had to count steadily, the bottom number will usually be 4, if the count was fast, it'll be 8.Give this a go, and report back, please!
A small caveat - sometimes a line will start before the louder word in a new line. It's called an anacrucis, and can be a red herring. You're looking for the emphasised note/word instead.
Comment: I've heard pieces where that biggest number was 7 surprisingly often.
Comment: @Dekkadeci - Brubeck's Unsquare Dance comes immediately to mind, but unless it's modern jazz you're listening to, it's still quite rare. Ah, maybe you play with/listen to players like I play with sometimes, where at the end of the gig, there's enough dropped beats to make up another song. That's one of the reasons those gigs finish early, maybe?


How can I easily tell which plastics are Biodegradable?

Question: How can I easily tell which plastics are Biodegradable and which are not?
Comment: Welcome to sustainability.SE! Can you clarify why you want to know? Are you asking about plastics you're looking at in the store, or plastics you have that you're trying to dispose of?
Answer: Biodegradable plastics will oftentimes be labeled as such if they are for consumer use.  As an example, a biodegradable plastic cups at a restaurant will often be labeled as such, mostly for marketing purposes so the restaurant can claim they are being environmentally friendly.  The best bet, however, would be to try and find out the source of the plastic or an ingredients list.  Biodegradable plastics are often made with plant-based ingredients instead of the more harmful chemicals contained in traditional plastics.  But be wary of biodegradable plastics.  They only biodegrade if they are disposed of in a specific way, i.e. composted properly.  If you throw them in the trash can they will not biodegrade in a landfill.
Comment: The majority of biodegradable plastics indeed will only decompose under [specific conditions](https://sustainability.stackexchange.com/a/4778/99), but plastics that biodegrade in your compost heap do exist (although they are still a bit rare). They have a label that says "[home compostable](https://sustainability.stackexchange.com/q/2594/99)"


NP Hardness of Metric Steiner Tree

Question: It is known that the metric steiner tree problem is NP hard (Garry and Johnson [1977]). I wanted to know if there is a simpler way of proving the same. Specifically, I am trying to find a polynomial time reduction from the steiner tree problem to the metric steiner tree problem. I am aware of a reduction which uses shortest path between two vertices, but as far as I know, that transformation is just approximation preserving. Can the same be used as a proof for NP hardness and if so, how ?
Answer: Let $G$ be the instance of the general Steiner tree problem and $G'$ be the shortest-path  closure of $G$.
When the shortest path of every pair of vertices on $G$ is unique, the cost of the Steiner minimum tree on $G$ is the same as that on $G'$. I think that there exists some simple way to transform the edge costs such that the shortest paths are unique and the instance size is polynomial to the original one.

NP Hardness of Metric Steiner Tree


How to handle the CEO expectations from a company that's new to data science?

Question: I'm new here. I'm about to have a final interview for a data scientist position for a company (it's in the e-commerce field) that is new for data science. It's a pretty new position for the company, and from the interviews I had so far, I noticed that they don't fully understand what they want from a data scientist. They barely know what data science is. I explained them the "standard" data science workflow (Ask A Question, Get the Data, Explore the Data, Model the data and Communicate the data). But I don't think they got it. I want to set the proper expectations, so the company and I can agree on my job description, and what they can expect from me in one month, tree months, six and twelve months. So, how do you handle the expectations(specially the CEO) from a company that's new to data science?
Answer: I have not worked as a data scientist.  But managing expectations is something we've all done. Considering you're referring to the company CEO, tact is especially required.  There are three practices that have helped me a lot over the years:

Never say "it can't be done" right away.  Many, many, many times I have said that (as a programmer), only to think of a solution later on.  When I'm skeptical that something can't be done, I've learned to say, "Can I think about it and get back to you?"  That approach has kept egg off my face many-a-time.  It also gives me time to do some research.
Even when something can't be done, focus on what you can provide. If the requested solution is unrealistic for some reason, try to think of what is realistic and offer that.
When discussing what can and cannot be realistically done, clients often don't care about the technical details (even though that's what excites you, and what you want to talk about).  Be ready to go into the technical details if asked, but start off with a very high level explanation.  Rather than focus on the negative details of why something cannot be done, describe the positive details of what it would require to accomplish the task. That shows you have thought it through, and that you're trying to be team player rather than a road block.
Answer: I tell you what has worked for me: practical examples. They have probably already read about what data science is in general and which are the standard procedures. What they have not seen is someone in front of them explaining how innovative (and useful for business!!!) the data science really is. Follow the "Say what you would say to your granny to tell her how cool your work is" advice.
People want to know what you have actually done, indipendently from the algorithms or procedures you have used.
Good luck!
Answer: Wow, you must be taking the job I just left behind!
Our CEO (and full exec team) was used to Wired article headlines and viewed any test with <30% conversion boost as "failure".  My team was expected to do needlessly complex analyses because one of their friends had forwarded a click-bait article about "growth hacking".
First, find a baseline.
Ask during the interview process what they hope you'll accomplish in the first 3-6 months.  If they have a solid list of deliverables, that's a good sign.  If that list is something you're comfortable with even better.
Ask "why?" a lot.  In the interview/early days you're understandably naive, so you can say oh, why is that important? and it's interpreted as I'm trying to learn about our business.  If their assumptions show some thought and understanding, even if you don't fully agree, that's a great sign.
Ask how those projects will help with their overall goal.  What is their overall goal?  We want to be a $1B company is a terrible goal.
But if your manager-to-be has no good answers to those questions: walk.  There are plenty of places hiring.
Second, build a plan.
You have their list of ideas and some reasons they're important.  Put together a rough draft plan of how you'd attack them.  Don't get too in the weeds, just list the strategic goal, the data you'll need, the method you'll start with, what you hope to find and a rough time estimate.
eg
Ok, you're disappointed with mobile conversion.  I'll want to implement on-site
tracking (eg Segment.io) to start logging a variety of parameters
(eg browser, IP locale) as well as getting views on visitor flow.  I'll use a
basic SQL client (eg Mode) to segment users and see if the problem is confined to
any one group (eg Android users).  From there, I'll work with the product team to
size/prioritize possible split tests, which we'll analyze manually at first.

It'll take a few days to get Segment up and verified, ~1-2 weeks for data
collection, and a full week to do a deep dive.  The earliest we could start
experimenting would be two weeks, but realistically after the better part of
a month.

You're just riffing to see their reaction.  Are they nodding reverently like you're speaking Latin, it sounds impressive but they don't follow?  Are they pushing for faster turnaround and guaranteed results?  Are they asking insightful questions (eg Can you really get an integration up in 2 days?)
If they're engaged and interested, then you've found a good partner.  Otherwise consider how much you're willing to invest on education/management.
Finally, assess how aligned others are
Talk to the engineering team and ask what they've worked on in the past year.  Push for how they source and prioritize projects.  You'll likely be in a very similar boat.
Consistency or thrashing?  Evidence-based or HiPPO decision making?
TL;DR: Go with genuine interest
In general, I've been most successful when I screen employers for curiosity over performance.
Everyone wants to do well in business, but the people I've loved doing data work for are ones who are eager to learn what's going on with their business and how to please customers better.  The ones I've dreaded working for want to brag about KPIs and stock prices.  The former will be patient as you get your sea-legs in a new org.
Answer: Good question! I've faced this problem before, where the CEO had unrealistic expectations. Unfortunately I can't tell you how we worked it out, because it didn't work out. The good news is that you're not working for them yet, so you can just walk away. At the end of the day, it comes down to trust, and they have to convince you they trust you. Talk to the other employees to find out they are treated; that might tell you something.


What is a good strategy for engaging children in playing go?

Question: For children what is the youngest age that it makes sense to begin to teach them go?  Is it best to start them on a 9x9 board?  Will a child that has learned basic algebra be better suited to learn go well?  Does anyone have experience working with their own children and can share what did and did not work?  I find that teenagers want to instantly master a subject and are reluctant to invest the time it takes to begin to master go.
Answer: It's usually a good idea to have an "outsider" teach, going by personal observations and hearsays.
My guess on why parents usually make for poor (beginning) teachers is that the children unconsciously think of it as the parent making them play a game that they will always lose to the parent at, and therefore tend to be less than enthusiastic. This may be why the children of pros so rarely play Go.
Answer: I think you should teach them as soon as they're old enough that they won't eat the stones.  One thing you have to watch out for with really young players is that they will focus too much on capturing, and you have to try not to encourage that.  I started teaching my daughter when she was five, and she's surprisingly good at reading.  Unfortunately she hasn't really caught the bug, so we don't play too much.
Answer: When I was teaching my cousin, I started out by explaining the rules for capture and the strategies of territory. We started out in a 9x9 area so she could get a feel for the rules without feeling overwhelmed by the size of the board. After a few games we decided to move to the full 19x19 play area.
I let her play as she pleased for most of the game. Towards the end, after defeating some of her weak strategies, I started to point out advantages of placing that would thwart or weaken my goals.
Even though I won the game, by a fair margin, the results were:

She got a basic understanding of the rules
She was able to freely try and explore options, which I would explain why they failed or succeed
Even though she didn't win the game, she had the satisfaction of beat or outwit my stones
Answer: In my experience, kids like the colorful names for shapes, especially animal names like "tiger's mouth" and "dog's head".
If you want a kid to be happy about continued Go experience, do your best to make sure they're having fun. I'm not saying necessarily that you should let them win, but if you don't make sure they're having fun even when losing! Hint, compliment good moves, coach a little bit with a smile and a laugh. It can be most fun if you have >1 beginner so they can alternate playing each other and playing you simultaneously.
Just like any beginner, start on a small board with simplified rules. There's no need to explain "ko" until it comes up.
I think the most important thing is enjoyability. A kid who had a good time playing Go will be easy to talk into playing again.
Answer: I've never had this experience with "kids," only teenagers and older.
The way to get PEOPLE interested in Go is to let them watch you play it. During the game, you might make comments like, "I'm trying to chase/capture my opponent's stone's" or, "I'm trying to limit his influence, see the wall of stones he has." At appropriate points in the game, say "Atari," and point out what constitutes a capture. Or engage in a "ko" fight, and explain that players can't repeat moves in a ko, without making an intervening move.
Basically, you need to let the audience (including children) sort itself out. Some won't be interested, some will be very interested, and some will develop an interest at a later date.
Answer: My three and a half year old doesn't really get the strategy but seems to have, like, the aesthetic for it. She makes enough good moves (accidentally or not) for it to be interesting for me to play. We even finished a game today.
I try to think of it as pretend playing today so it will easier to teach her the game more legitimately in a year or so. I use the words "eyes" and "atari" and "liberties" to describe her moves back to her and she sagely nods along.


How to interpret a logistic regression model with all negative coefficient?

Question: I have 4 predictors, and 1 binary response. I fitted a logistic regression model. A strange thing is that all the coefficient of the model are negative. Is that possible? Probably I did something wrong. My interpretation is that the odds ratio of either variable is less than 1. That is, neither variable actually do any good to the response. Even the intercept is negative. Please share your intelligence.
Comment: For some perspective: If the model explains nothing, so that the coefficients are essentially randomly distributed around zero, then there is a one in eight chance that all four coefficients have the same sign (one in 16, including the intercept). Such chances are not in the least unusual.
Answer: Yes, it is possible. Couple of things here. The direction of your predictors are critical to the interpretation; if they were scaled in the opposite direction, they would be positive. Second, it would seem on the face that your predictors lower the log odds given a unit change, which in itself might be good if say the outcome is death. Also, you might consider centering some of your predictors if the interecpt does not seem interpretable.
Answer: From your description I see nothing out of the ordinary.
That the intercept is negative corresponds to that the estimated probability of the response is less than 50% when all model covariates equal zero.
If the coefficients of the model covariates are negative, then yes, the corresponding odds ratios are smaller than 1. If this is unexpected given your data, you may need to check how your covariates are coded.
Answer: I didn't really get logistic regression until I thought about it this way:

Picture the S curve (the logistic) going from -3 to 3
Look at the coefficient estimate on your constant term.  Mark it on the x axis of the S curve.
Each coefficient moves you $\beta$ units along the X axis of the S curve.  If you want to know what probability that corresponds to, go up from the X axis to the S curve and then over to the Y axis.

So, say that your intercept is, like, -.5.  This is something like 40% probability (or so).  Say your first beta is -.2 or something.  This means that you follow the X axis over to -.7, which has a lower probability.  Say you have a coefficient that is -5.  That'll take you way out left, where chances are basically zero.
Its really pretty simple when you break it down simply.
Comment: Could you clarify how these thoughts address the question in this thread? And what is your justification for concluding the intercept might be larger than $-2$?  After all, if all the independent values were negated, then (1) the intercept would not change but (2) all coefficients would become positive.  Moreover, if the units of measurement of the IVs were changed, then their coefficients would change in proportion; and if the IVs were recentered, the intercept could change to almost anything.  Thus it's difficult to see how you can conclude anything at all about the coefficients.
Comment: Perhaps it does convey intuition: after all, if it works to help you understand the situation, it will likely help others. Maybe posting an illustration of what you're doing would make your idea clearer.
Comment: I'm not definitively concluding anything.  All that I'm saying is that -2 on the logistic curve corresponds to a pretty low "baseline" probability, speaking loosely.  If all of the coefficients are negative, then upward movement in the variables that they represent will take the probability of the outcome lower.  I suppose that it is possible that the poster is posting about a dataset with extremely low probabilities, or variables that might more intuitively be rescaled by -1.  But I was just typing to help provide a bit of intuition to augment the more formal answers above.
Comment: Think about what value the intercept would have to have if, say, one of the IVs were years since 1900 and the data were from a short experiment in 2013 during which probabilities decreased by a factor of 2 on average. This illustrates one of the points I was trying to make: without explicit assumptions about the variables, you cannot assert *anything* about the intercept, not even anything "intuitive" or qualitative.
Comment: You're not wrong, and I've deleted the offending line.  Still, I think that my answer is a useful way to convey intuition to novices.


Trend line for TS and using smoothing with mice

Question: I have a time Series data like
patients: 100, 200, 300,...,10, 5,...,120
Month:     1,  2 ,  3 ..., 12, 1,...,12
Year:     2006,2006,2006,...,2006,2007,..,2007

Like this I have data till 2010, I need to predict patients for 2011
I wanted to check for the trend in the data, so I used below ggplot to plot the trend line.  When I used only "geom_smooth()" I got a
   exponential curve line based on loose() and when I use
   geom_smooth(method="lm"). I got a straight line. My question is which one is correct?.
A. I have TS and from both the graphs I see I only have a trend and no seasonality(which is correct). For fitting TS data which one is correct?

ggplot(data,aes(x= Year,y=Incoming.Examinations))+ geom_point(aes(color=Month))+
    geom_smooth() #geom_smooth(method="lm")

imputed<- mice(data)
imputed$imp
fit <- with(imputed,ets(Incoming.Examinations,model="AAN"))
#fit <- pool(fit)
fit
completedData<-complete(imputed,4)
fit<-ets(completedData$ts,model="AAN")
y<-predict(fit,n.ahead=15)

B. I had missing values in the "patients",so, I used mice package to impute the missing values. As I only have trend, I decided to use Double exponential smoothing in
with(imputed,ets(Incoming.Examinations,model="AAN"))

using ets(). Now, the problem is
fit <- pool(fit)

gives me an error

Error: No glance method for objects of class ets

looks like pool works only with lm, glm in with(). B.1 How do I fix this?
B.2 As a work around,I dumped fit and checked all the results and picked the dataset 4 with low AIC and predicted the output. is this right thing to do?
or is it mandatory to use the pool(fit) and then make a decision?
Answer: For A, you can simply use RMSE to compare both trend lines to see which one has the smaller RMSE. Obviously by looking at the graph, the trend line produced by loose() option should be the better one.


Monster unaffected by Spell/Trap vs. Monster given protection via Spell/Trap

Question: If a monster's effect makes it unaffected by spells/traps, what happens if it attacks a monster protected by Waboku or something? Does it still get destroyed?
Answer: The thing here is that the one unaffected by spell/traps is your monster.
However, that does not make your opponent's monster unaffected by spell/traps.
Protecting your monster from spell/traps does not negate a spell/trap card that affects your opponent's monster.
You could, however, make your opponent's monster unaffected by spell/traps (for example targeting with whatever effect made your monster spell/trap proof), and if you do that then the spell protecting it from being destroyed won't save it from your attacks.
Answer: "Waboku" protects the monster(s) of the player and the player who activated it. It does not affect opponent's monster at all. So what would happen in this scenario is:

Your opponent's monster will not be destroyed by battle with your immune monster.
Your opponent will not receive any kind of battle damage.


Revoke in duplicate bridge

Question: I revoked on trick 11 and the trick was played out. On trick 12 I was second to play and the revoke was pointed out. I was told to correct the revoke and we would sort it out at the end. I won the last trick.
I know we did not proceed correctly but should I have been penalised?
Comment: You may be thinking of the rule that there is no penalty for revoking on the 12th trick (since it is easy enough to restore the correct position). On the 11th and previous tricks, your revoke may have affected somebody else's play.
Answer: The penalty for an established revoke, as this was, is one trick plus return of the revoke trick itself if you won that. So you would properly have forfeited the 13th trick, plus possibly the 11th trick under the condition above.
There is also a provision for the Director to assess an additional penalty if required to restore equity. It is unlikely that such a circumstance could arise on the 11th trick.
Answer: If you had not yet played to trick 12, then you acted correctly in correcting the revoke and continuing on.  If you were defender, there may have been additional penalties in terms of your incorrectly played card becoming a penalty card (depending on the situation).
If you had already played to trick 12, then the revoke became established.  An established revoke is not corrected, ACBL Laws of Duplicate Bridge Rule 63B:

Revoke May Not Be Corrected

Once a revoke is established, it may no longer be
    corrected (except as provided in Law 62D for a revoke
    on the twelfth trick), and the trick on which the
    revoke occurred stands as played.

As such, you should not have gone back and corrected trick 11, but instead played the final two tricks and then been penalized (one trick, plus the trick you revoked on if you won it, in most cases).
If an opponent instructed you to correct it, then I would interpret that as agreement to treat it like an not-established revoke; in a casual or even club setting I would typically allow a novice player to do so even if the revoke had been established.  However, I would not then expect any further correction or penalty to be applied (and would be perfectly willing to let them treat it like an established revoke).  This is also not explicitly allowed by the rules, so I would certainly not do so in a competitive setting beyond regular club level.

Revoke in duplicate bridge


How to install Python module dependencies from my RPM?

Question: I have an application that I am packaging as an RPM and installing on CentOS 7. When I install the RPM I want it to install some compiled binaries as well as some Python modules with their dependencies.
My Python modules require a newer version of Python than is provided by CentOS, so I will be installing the modules in a Python altinstall under /usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages. This means I can't use CentOS-provided RPMs since they install under /usr/lib. I can easily install the modules under /usr/local/lib using pip.
Is there a way to package my application such that:

I can install my application from an RPM.
My Python modules get installed under /usr/local/lib when the application is installed.
Any Python dependencies also get installed.
I avoid maintaining RPM packages for the Python dependencies.

Is there a convention for this kind of thing? Or are there maybe some examples? I didn't see anything directly relevant in Fedora's Python Packaging documentation.
The options I have considered are:

Bundle my application, Python modules, and all Python dependencies into one RPM.
I don't like this option because I would not be able to update individual dependencies on the client system without upgrading my entire application to a new version.
Create individual RPMs for my application, my Python modules, and third-party dependencies.
I don't like this option because I would have to maintain RPMs for every single third-party module in my dependency tree.
Call pip from within my RPM.
I don't like this option because RPM would not be able to track the changes that pip makes, and I would not be able to determine whether I can safely remove third-party Python modules when removing the RPM.
Answer: Using Software Collections you can have new version of modules on old system or old modules on new system. See:
http://www.softwarecollection.org/
Comment: Thanks for the tip, but this doesn't resolve my core problem: how to install Python module dependencies from my RPM?


Is there a camera that processes the images captured and then transmits for printing?

Question: I want to take photos of drawings on white paper, adjust the colours in the camera and then send the image and info directly to a printer company to have the image printed up.  What camera do I need?
Comment: It sounds like you need a scanner, not a camera.  Also, given the time delays in getting images printed by a external company, why can't you process the images at least for stuff like white/black level on a computer first?
Comment: Can you describe the whole thing you're trying to accomplish in a little more depth? Why _not_ use a scanner? What kind of color adjustments do you want (and do you want them to be automatic)? How does the printer company receive the image?
Comment: Indeed, a scanner is probably what you need... and many modern ones can also adjust colors, contrast, even add effects. This is however off-topic for photography and you may get more details elsewhere.
Answer: Several people have commented that you probably should use a scanner rather than a camera. The reason for that is that scanners and cameras work differently and create different kinds of images. The lens of a camera tends to distort images a bit, and while that's not necessarily a bad thing, it's not usually what you want when you're trying to reproduce art or documents. (Aside: Take a look at the work of Katinka Matson to see how a scanner can create something like, but not quite the same as, a photograph.) So, consider using a scanner.
On the other hand, if you do want to use a camera, here's what you'll need:

a camera
a computer
an internet connection

Most cameras, even point and shoot models, give you some control over such things as white balance and color tone. You usually use the white balance to compensate for the color of the light in the room. By adjusting the camera's white balance you should be able to make your white paper look white in the photo.
Next you'll upload the images to the computer and use some sort of software to manage the images. Photo management software ranges in price and complexity from free and simple (your camera will likely include some sort of software that'll work) to cheap and more capable (like iPhoto) to sophisticated and not quite so cheap (Adobe's Lightroom and Apple's Aperture). Start with whatever comes with your camera or computer and move up as necessary.
If you want your images printed as photos, on photographic paper, you may be able to do that right from your photo management program. For example, iPhoto makes it easy to select images, have them printed in the size of your choice, and get them mailed back to you. There are also a number of online services that let you upload the images through their web sites. If you want them printed as documents rather than photos (i.e. on other types of paper using some sort of xerography process), there are services (e.g. FedEx Office) for that too.