Are Any Paragraphs Broken Up By Chapter Divisions?

Question: Perhaps this isn't the best place to ask this, but it's better than the Christianity Stack Exchange, but are there any paragraphs in various Bible versions that are broken up by chapters? I am aware often sentences and paragraphs are broken up by verses, but what about paragraphs?
Comment: I feel that  Romans 12:1 is the most notoriously misunderstood paragraph in the New Testament - because it doesn't seem to be a different thought, and that `"Therefore"` is there for a reason. I feel that this is a great example of an inappropriate division of a paragraph.  Just in case this is a really bad observation, I added a question about it:  ***[In Romans 12:1 - Why is "Therefore" there, for?](https://hermeneutics.stackexchange.com/questions/30750/in-romans-121-why-is-therefore-there-for)***
Answer: The chapter divisions we have in our Bibles today are supposed to be the work of Stephen Langton, a 13th century Archbishop of Canterbury.1  His divisions were originally applied to the Latin Vulgate. The Wycliffe Bible  (ca 1382-1395) seems to have been the first English language Bible to use Langton's chapter divisions.
There are a two cases in the New Testament where I think paragraphs seem to be have been broken by Langton's divisions - both in the Gospels:
Mark 8:34-9:1

34And when he had called the people unto him with his disciples also, he said unto them, Whosoever will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me.
35For whosoever will save his life shall lose it; but whosoever shall lose his life for my sake and the gospel's, the same shall save it.
36For what shall it profit a man, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?
37Or what shall a man give in exchange for his soul?
38Whosoever therefore shall be ashamed of me and of my words in this adulterous and sinful generation; of him also shall the Son of man be ashamed, when he cometh in the glory of his Father with the holy angels. 1And he said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That there be some of them that stand here, which shall not taste of death, till they have seen the kingdom of God come with power.

In the Codex Alexandrinus (ca 400-440), Mark 9:1 was included within the same grouping (kephalion) as the preceding verses from Chapter 8.2 Based on his commentary, the manuscript consulted by Theophylact (1055-1107) also grouped 9:1 with the preceding verses from chapter 8.3
Within the Byzantine Gospel Lectionary, Mark 9:1 is (was) included with Mark 8:34-38 to provide the reading appointed for the third Sunday of Lent4. The precise history of the Byzantine Lectionary is unclear, but the Sunday Gospel readings are thought to date to as early as the second century.5  It seems clear, therefore, that in antiquity Mark 9:1 was considered to have belonged with the preceding verses. This is speculation, but it is possible that Langton chose to place the text of 9:1 in chapter 9 rather than in chapter 8 was because it fell within the same pericope as verses 2-9 of the Eusebian Canon (II.87) - another scheme of verse groupings dating back to the late 3rd or early 4th centuries.
John 7:45-53,8:12

45Then came the officers to the chief priests and Pharisees; and they said unto them, Why have ye not brought him? 46The officers answered, Never man spake like this man. 47Then answered them the Pharisees, Are ye also deceived? 48Have any of the rulers or of the Pharisees believed on him? 49But this people who knoweth not the law are cursed. 50Nicodemus saith unto them, (he that came to Jesus by night, being one of them,) 51Doth our law judge any man, before it hear him, and know what he doeth? 52They answered and said unto him, Art thou also of Galilee? Search, and look: for out of Galilee ariseth no prophet. ...
  12Then spake Jesus again unto them, saying, I am the light of the world: he that followeth me shall not walk in darkness, but shall have the light of life.

The situation of this passage is somewhat different:  verses 8:1-8:11 (the pericope of the adulteress) are missing from the vast majority of Greek manuscripts, including the aforementioned Codex Alexandrinus and the Codex Vaticanus (ca 300-325).  It does appear, however, in Latin translations of the Gospels and was placed by Langton (who was organizing the Vulgate, not a Greek text) in chapter 8.
In the Greek Church, 8:12 was read (it seems) with the final verses of chapter 7.  In the Eusebian Canon, it is found along with 7:45-53 in pericope X.86.  In the Gospel Lectionary it is included along with verses 37-52 as the reading appointed for Pentecost.6  It is also included together with 7:52 by Theophylact in his commentary.7

1. See, e.g., Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament (1977), p.347
2. Nestle-Aland Greek-English New Testament (11th ed.; Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2008), p.117
3. Explanation of the Holy Gospel According to Mark (tr. from the Greek; Chrysostom Press, 1993), p.71
4. See, e.g., The Gospel Lectionary: The Evangelion of the Greek Orthodox Church (Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies, 2005), pp.263-264.
5. The Typicon Decoded (St. Vladimir Seminary Press, 2012), p.53-54
6. Op. cit., pp.65-66.
7. Explanation of the Holy Gospel According to John (tr. from the Greek; Chrysostom Press, 2007), p.133


NAT Problem Fortigate 501e v6.0

Question: I created a VIP and am having trouble connecting this VIP to an IPv4 Policy. When I put it into the destination I get an error: "Failed to save some changes: Entry not found." I am trying to create a NAT policy.
Comment: Did any answer help you? If so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you can provide and accept your own answer.
Answer: With Fortigates, Virtual IP is used for destination NAT. NAT is used for source NATing which you probably don't want as well.
Basically, don't activate NAT in the policy and use the VIP (or VIP group) as destination.
If that doesn't work we'd need the (sanitized) config or GUI screenshots of the VIP and policy settings.
Answer: In fortigate firewall  in vip configuration public ip is mapped with private ip and this vip
Example below
Inbound traffic policy
Source interface : outside interface Source address : Any Destination interface : inside interface Destination address :Vip Ports: Security profiles:on
This vip we are doing destination nat
It should work if you are getting error means .. please share screen shot

NAT Problem Fortigate 501e v6.0


Fuelling LH2/LOX conectors for Rockets - is it easy to manually attach to the intake nozzles?

Question: I noticed that many rockets come out of the assembly building already with their fuelling umbilicals attached (I mean, with the entire umbilical tower - like Saturn 5, Ariane 5). Once in the launchpad, the fuelling of cryo propellants starts. My question is if there is feasible to attach manually these fuelling lines on the pad (ie, the rocket goes alone to launch table (like CZ-2FG, Soyuz, Zenit, etc) and only then the LH2 lines are attached. (CZ-2FG, Soyuz, Zenit doesnt uses LH2 - and LH2 fuelling is my main concern).
Is there any safety issues for ground crews to operate attaching procedures for the LH2 fuelling lines on the pad, often in open air?
Answer: For the SpaceX Falcon 9 the fuel lines are 12.5 cm/5" (link: youtube video, SpaceX factory tour by Elon Musk) in diameter, so those are pretty big hoses to attach manually. LH2 is under pressure, making for a heavier hose. So you probably need hoisting tools to get the hose into place.
The attachment points for upper stages are fairly high up, meaning you'd need an access bridge at that point, and stairs or a lift to get up to them. These (and hoisting tools) are available in the assembly building.
If you wanted to add these items to the launch tower, you'd have to protect them from the extreme heat of the launch. The Ariane launch tower for example is a simple column. Adding all this stuff would make it more complicated for no apparent benefit. Why would you want to leave attaching the umbilicals until the rocket is at the launch platform?
Comment: yes it makes sense
Comment: I can speak from personal experience with hybrid rockets, that it is much easier to design just a detachment device, instead of a attachment and detachment device.
Comment: Well, it'll still need to be attached at some point. It's just easier to do in the assembly building.
Comment: It can be done by hand. Then you just need a pressure piston to disengage the lock and a pressure piston to pull away the line.
Answer: LOX and LH2 are super cold.  This makes the connection points much more complicated.  It also means a more complicated leak check.  By attaching them in the building, they can be connected under controlled conditions (no contamination or moisture to complicate things) and can be tested using sniffers.  Attaching them at the pad would be much more difficult.  Also remember, the F9R is assembled horizontal, not vertical like the Saturn and other rockets.  This makes it much easier to access areas in the barn.


Can I paint and polyurethane my plyfloor or does it have to be covered?

Question: On a new build, our subfloor is going to be 18mm plyfloor.  I like the idea of painting it with a whitewash and then coating it with polyurethane to keep it as our main floor, rather than covering it with vinyl or laminate planks.  Is that a possibility?  What are the pros and cons if so?  Thanks in advance.
Answer: Pro: cheap, and nothing prevents you from putting a real surface on if you find the look does not really appeal after a while.
Cons: Potential for nasty splinters; plywood splinters are miserable. Relatively loud (both to walk on, and acting as a reflector of sound - also loud to the level below if there is living space there).
Answer: Pros:  I can't think of any.
Cons:  You will have gaps and screws showing, it will be extremely hard to clean, plywood will suck up poly faster than a fat guy drinking a milkshake, ditto the whitewash...
Real not to do it are simple.  You would have to sand down everything to prevent splinters.  Good chance an inspector doesn't even pass it.  No way I could get a house passed with exposed subfloor in a lot of areas.   Also this will cost you in the long run.  All of your trim on the main floor will be installed at plywood height.  If you put a real floor other than rolls of vinyl all of your trim will have to be cut or pulled and reinstalled.
Answer: Pick up any Dwell issue and you will see plywood floors all over the place. No real cons other than style taste but realize you still need to 'finish' the floor by proper sanding, nail/screw setting and finish.
One potential con is that you can't resand and refinish plywood floors more than once or twice. The top layer is just not thick enough.


How to calculate Test Coverage in Manual Black Box Testing

Question: How should I calculate the test coverage for the manual testing I have done for my Software Project? Does it need some documentations like Test scenarios, test cases to calculate Test Coverage?
Answer: Test coverage for black box testing is to validate the extent of coverage of requirements in testing.  You can use Traceability matrix to show the test coverage. The traceability matrix would map test cases with requirements which will give you the extent of the test coverage.
Answer: Why do you need to answer that question? I would try to avoid that.
Others are right by saying that usually for black box testing the answer would be requirement coverage. But what does requirement coverage mean? how meaningful a number is ? is 95% coverage consisting of 1 sunny-day test per requirement better or worst than 75% of multiple test at multiple levels per requirement ?
It's misleading the same as with code coverage numbers for white box testing- even if you have passed through all the branches and paths in the code you are still not safe if you haven't used your head in the process.
What can you do ? skip the percentages and present what is tested and how, shortly explain rather then giving one meaningless number.
You can use visual heat maps that show areas of the product, percentage of coverage and quality of coverage.
Answer: First of all you should answer the question: What would my test be covering? In white box testing tests usually cover the code lines. Since you do not have the code lines you should have something to be covered.
In black-box testing it might be the requirements. So that you have to have the requirements each of which would be tested by one or several tests. This approach would let you to calculate the coverage. Say 60% of requirements are covered.
Comment: How do we determine if a requirement is covered or not?
Comment: The requirement is covered when all the possible inputs are tested for all possible ranges of data (in real life for classes of data).
Comment: Can we say in other words that every equivalence class for every acceptance criteria is covered by one test per each class?


Should I install baseboards before or after laminate flooring?

Question: I am planning on having laminate flooring. The baseboards are not installed yet. Should I wait until the laminate is in first? Or should I do it before it is installed?
Answer: Baseboards should be installed after laminate.
Most (all?) Laminate is a floating flooring system which means it doesn't actually attach to the subfloor (friction holds it in place once all the pieces are set together.  As a result, it will expand/contract a bit with temperature/humidity changes in the house.  Because of this, you have to leave a small (quarter inch) gap around the outside edge.  The baseboards are then installed to cover the gap.
Also, laminate is very difficult to cut with a saw without at least minor chipping.  So unless you are going to buy a special cutter (looks like a large paper cutter), you are going to want to hide that cut edge.  Luckily, the way laminate is normally installed, the only cut edges are along the walls or transitions so they are covered.
Comment: I have used the "large paper cutter" type of laminate cutter, and while they are great for speed, ease of use and less saw dust, they do not produce perfect edges. Still recommended though.


Why do God and Jesus seem so different?

Question: God destroyed the world with a flood, destroyed all the people in Sodom and Gomorrah, gruesome sacrifices, laws for stoning people, Jericho, requesting the sacrifice of Abraham's son, the sacrifice of God's own son Jesus'. Jesus seems so different to me because instead of making life or taking life he gave his own, he preached forgiveness and grace and seemed to defy the laws made in Leviticus. I'm a christian but I am having a hard time understanding this, especially if one believes the Trinity doctrine.
Comment: Closely related:http://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/25112/is-it-wrong-to-say-jesus-is-the-god-of-the-old-testament
Comment: I think this is different question stressing on the content of OT and NT to compare Jesus of NT and God OT. Here the question is regarding the events and commands we find in Old Testament which at times seems to be relatively different than that which is taught by Jesus in New Testament. A question addressing one of the aspect of this question is [here](http://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/15630/why-jesus-taught-differently-on-sin-and-treating-sinners-as-compared-to-old-te)
Comment: A good answer would probably include the relationship of Jesus and God the Father in the Holy Trinity, their roles, and their behaviors in the world.
Comment: Yes, I didn't say it was a dup, I just said that they're related.  The whole, God of the old Testament vs God of the new Testament has been debated for a lot time.  I'm sure the google has a lot to say about it.
Comment: Welcome to the site!  This next has nothing to do with the quality of your question, it's just standard to help new visitors avoid misunderstanding the site (as I did at first.)  As a new visitor, I'd recommend checking out the following two posts, which are meant to help newcomers "learn the ropes": [help page](http://christianity.stackexchange.com/help) and [How we are different than other sites?](http://meta.christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/1808/how-we-are-different-than-other-sites)
Comment: Thanks all, I am impressed by all the responses and comments. Everything was very helpful.
Comment: Jesus whipped merchants out of the temple and preached about hell many times!
Answer: If you look at the role of Jesus especially at the very end of time and the beginning of eternity (eternity for us, that is to say) he does not seem that different after all. When Jesus returns, he will not return as the contemporary hippie Jesus. That image is a product of modern humanistic culture and not the Jesus of scriptures. He will return as the King of kings, terrifying in his righteous wrath. That will be a day of devastation for anybody who does not want anything to do with him.
One striking difference between Noah and the flood vs Abraham and Sodom/Gomorrah is that Abraham was the one who thought that perhaps there was still hope for the two cities. Noah did not. Abraham pleaded with God and God agreed upon a minimum number of righteous people who, if present, would be grounds for not carrying out the punishment. A similar incident happened during the early exodus, when God, appalled at the golden calf the Israelites had made, offered Moses to destroy them all and make him the new god's people. Moses turned the offer down.
It is almost as if God tries to provoke a reaction. If Moses' reaction had been "yes, let's do away with them wrongdoers" God most certainly would have carried out his threat, as his righteousness demands. God never bluffs. At the same time He would have been disappointed in the hard-heartedness of Moses.
I believe this type of thinking can be applied to the mosaic law. It gives a human being an apparent right to stone another, but it does not take away the possibility to show compassion. The problem is that the israelites rarely did that. It tells more about man than it tells about God. The tendency to point fingers at each other and not see our own error is a product of the god-syndrome mankind fell victim of in the garden of Eden. That is something Jesus pointed out, and that is just what he did; he did not introduce a new hippie religion or change, defy, or undo the law, but pointed out how the law should have been applied in the first place. He explained what the law really is and is supposed to be; a dilemma.
I hope this answer helps and manages to touch all the different issues in your question.
Comment: I downvoted this even though it's the accepted answer. Lots of opinion, no references. Sorry.
Answer: I speak only for myself here.
If you read through the OT quickly, you will "see the forest for the trees", that is, you will get an overarching picture of who God is and what His purpose for us is. This will often get lost if you focus only on the details of the OT.
Many scholars have discussed the way God interacted with an ancient Near Eastern people, and there are good sources* to read about that. There are some who don't believe in the genocides, the flood, etc.
Even if these narratives are true, the OT teaches us about the Holiness of God, His lovingkindness in the face of our repeated faithlessness, His allowing us free will and to reap the consequences of our sins, and our need for an intercessor - His son. At the appropriate moment in History, He sent us the intercessor, that was foretold in all of the OT. In essence, I don't think we could understand the magnitude of our separation from God to truly appreciate the sacrifice of His son without the OT.
Any attribute of Jesus can be found in the Father. Also, to underscore God's place, the Greatest Commandments are "'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind.' This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: 'Love your neighbor as yourself.' All the Law and the Prophets hang on these two commandments." Jesus does not, ever, contradict any part or action of His father.
*Inspiration and Incarnation: Evangelicals and the Problem of the Old Testament, by Peter Enns
Answer: There is not difference. Jesus, like all the other OT prophets, preached that judgement was on its way. Though he did offer forgiveness, it came with an "or else."
Matthew 24:37-39
King James Version (KJV)

37 But as the days of Noah were, so shall also the coming of the Son
  of man be.
38 For as in the days that were before the flood they were eating and
  drinking, marrying and giving in marriage, until the day that Noe
  entered into the ark,
39 And knew not until the flood came, and took them all away; so shall
  also the coming of the Son of man be.

2 Thessalonians 1:8-9
King James Version (KJV)

8 In flaming fire taking vengeance on them that know not God, and that
  obey not the gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ:
9 Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence
  of the Lord, and from the glory of his power;

Many other judgement verses in the NT could be cited, such as most of the book of Revelation.
Comment: I'm curious about what parts of the NT you've been reading and what sort of preaching you've been hearing. I suspect perhaps an imbalance has taken place. As to why they are preached the same, I would have to point to the many instances where Christ declared Himself to be one and the same, and many other verses besides.
Comment: My question was not are they different as much as it was why do they seem different. Because really, they do seem different in many ways but I just needed some solidification on why they are preached to be the same. Also, they ARE different in some ways, Jesus was flesh and blood. Jesus is called the Son of God in the bible and not actually God himself. Also, preaching Judgment is not the same as placing judgement.
Comment: The word trinity is not in the bible and is merely a word to help explain who Jesus is. Saying that Jesus is God may not be completely accurate. Here are some verses:
Comment: The word trinity is not in the bible and is merely a word to help explain who Jesus is. Saying that Jesus is God may not be completely accurate. Here are some verses: And Jesus said to him, "Why do you call me good? No one is good except God alone. "I and the Father are one." John 10:30 He did not say I am God. There are also multiple accounts that Jesus prayed to God and how does that happen if he is God? I think a more accurate statement is to say that there is one God but Jesus is part of God. They are separate in persons but still one in unity and spirit.
Answer: Both God and His Son are consubstantial - of same nature.

Hebrews 1:3 (NASB)
And He is the radiance of His glory and the exact representation
  of His nature, and upholds all things by the word of His power. When
  He had made purification of sins, He sat down at the right hand of the
  Majesty on high,
John 10:28-30 (NASB)
28 and I give eternal life to them, and they will never perish;
  and no one will snatch them out of My hand. 29My Father, who has
  given them to Me, is greater than all; and no one is able to snatch
  them out of the Father's hand. 30 I and the Father are one."

Both God the Father and God the Son have the same wrath.

Revelation 6:16-17 (NASB)
16and they said to the mountains and to the rocks, "Fall on us and
  hide us from the presence of Him who sits on the throne, and from
  the wrath of the Lamb; 17for the great day of their wrath has come, and who is able to stand?"

What is different from God and Jesus is not their equality of nature but rather, their function or role.
Answer: That there is a difference between the portrayal of God in the Old Testament and the portrayal in the New Testament is clear, hence the question. This led Marcion, in the early second century, to decide that the Supreme God who sent Jesus could not have been the Creator God of the Old Testament. In the Antithesis, he said
Chapter I:

The Creator God is judicial, harsh, and mighty in war.
The Supreme God is gentle and simply good and excellent.

Chapter II:

The Creator God is inconsistent, in respect of persons, sometimes disapproving where approbation is deserved; or else lacking in foresight, bestowing approbation on men who ought rather be reprobated, as if he either censured his own past judgements, or could not forecast his future ones.
Jesus Christ and none else revealed a new God, who, in the Old world and in the Old time and under the Old God was unknown and unheard of...

Marcion might have been wrong in his concept of a Creator God (Old Testament) and a Supreme God (New Testament), but he did clearly see the difference in the two accounts.
If, as modern Christianity certainly teaches, there are not two different Gods, then the difference may be explained as a cultural one. The authors of the Hebrew Bible believed in a harsh and judgemental God, so this is how they most often wrote of him. Jesus, and the gospel authors who gave us his words, believed in a loving, forgiving God, and so this is how the Father is portrayed throughout the New Testament.
Marcion's understanding of two Gods is incompatible with the Nicene doctrine of the Holy Trinity, and the modern contrast is between the Old Testament concept of God and Jesus.

Why do God and Jesus seem so different?


Examples of how to use した, しも and もと for 下?

Question: So far I learned that these three words mean "below" or "bottom", is it right? If so, are they interchangeable? Could you give me some example and preferably some explanation about how to use them?
Comment: Related/possible duplicate of [Ups and downs: かみ・しも vs うえ・した](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/3090/78).
Answer: 下{した} is the more common of the three by a huge margin, and what you'll want to use at least 99% of the time. It's a completely basic word for "down", and has a huge variety of uses. It's the counterpart of 上{うえ}, the common word for "up".
下{しも} is a much, much rarer word, and I find it's mostly encountered in a small handful of set expressions, such as 風下{かざしも} "downwind", 川下{かわしも} "downstream" and 下{しも}ネタ "dirty jokes" (as in "jokes about the lower part of the body). It's the counterpart of 上{かみ}.
下{もと} is also restricted to certain specific uses, and is perhaps the furthest away from the basic meaning of "down". It's a variant of 本{もと} or 元{もと} meaning "origin", and generally refers to a location rather than a direction. Its uses include indicating the "root" or "base" of something (eg. 桜の木の下{もと}に "at the base of the cherry tree"), referring to a person as a location (eg. in the expression 親の下{もと}を離れる "to move home away from your parents") and referring to a higher power that one exists "under the authority" of (eg. 厳重な監視の下{もと}に置く "to place under strict surveillance"). This one doesn't have any "up" equivalent that I can think of.
Comment: It's 親の元. Maybe you could also include the difference between もとに・もとで・もと. Otherwise I agree with you answer.
Comment: Actually, I wasn't sure about which もと kanji is more natural for 親のもとを離れる myself, but I looked on Goo Jisho and the phrase is specifically listed under the entry for 下 (https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/jn/219559/meaning/m0u/%E3%82%82%E3%81%A8/). Maybe both are acceptable?
Comment: @永劫回帰:  I thought it was 親の許?
Comment: 桜の 下{もと} seems like a really arbitrary reading to someone who hasn't read much of anything in Japanese like me. Am I going to raise any eyebrow if I just pronounce it as しも (the lower part)? Incidentally, this is the idiom that lead me here: 灯台 下{もと} 暗し, "can't see the forest for the trees."


Slow Magento 2.2.5

Question: Good evening, my site is https://www.emporiobit.com.br it is not yet in production.
I use magento 2.2.5 with varnish and redis
I configured 4G for Varnish and 4G for php memory_limit, my VPS has 12gb ram
When I open the site there is a slow but when the site is open it loads everything at once, I believe because of the cache
The ping from Brazil where my public is located until the server is around 220~290ms, using cloudflare is around 130~140ms
I took a test at www.webpagetest.org and the TTFB scored 2,502s, I think it's a bit high
Could you help me sort out how slow to open?
Comment: your first bit response time it 2.502 second  means your application has some issue for this  reason,it is taking  at time
Comment: 2,502s basically says "cache me". How did you configure Varnish? Have you selected "Varnish Cache" in admin settings? Have you applied the Varnish software to the server *and* Magento VCL file for it? Finally, make sure that you have enabled caches via `bin/magento cache:enable`
Comment: @AmitBera The TTFB is high, how to diagnose to achieve a better performance?
I generated a report in csv of the magento profile but I could not find out where the problem is
Comment: @DanielV.varnish is running with 4G ram and as for vcl I exported it from console admin magento2
Answer: You can follow some steps below :

Merge Css
Merge javascript
Put store to production mode
Enable all cache

Then check speed of your store
Good luck !
Comment: Hi, all these procedures were done.
Comment: Your store still slow or speed up ?
Answer: All related items are OK except for PHP-FPM that I do not have installed.
With this php-fpm is there performance gain?
Comment: yes and no, you need to test it, probably you have some issues with php code in your templates
Answer: Use the latest Magento 2.2* supports php 7.1 or not.
Please below link Refere and check PHP 7.1 Support or not.
==> http://devdocs.magento.com/guides/v2.2/install-gde/prereq/php-ubuntu.html
==> After It it is supported then you install this PHP plugin.
sudo apt-get install php7.1 php7.1-xml php7.1-dom php7.1-intl php7.1-imap
==> If you running multiple PHP versions set 7.1 to the as default Using this command.
==>    sudo update-alternatives --set php /usr/bin/php7.1
Set to Developer Mode php -f bin/magento deploy:mode:show
php -f bin/magento deploy:mode:set developer
==> Check Magento cache is enabled Or not It's FPC Not Enabled please enabled FPC cache.
Then check cache status.
php -f bin/magento cache:status
If it is not enabled (cache status of 1's)
php -f bin/magento cache:enable

then you will Enable JS/CSS bundling
Stores -> Configuration -> Advanced -> Developer
==> Template Configuration
Minify HTML ==> set to Yes
Javascript Settings
Merge JS files ==> set to Yes
Enable JS Bundling ==> set to Yes
Minify JS files ==> set to Yes
CSS Configuration
Merge CSS = set to Yes
Minify CSS = set to Yes
you will Do the cache flush after every step flush the cache.
php -f bin/magento cache:flush

==>Use Redis
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install build-essential tcl8.5
sudo apt-get install make
wget http://download.redis.io/redis-stable.tar.gz
tar xvzf redis-stable.tar.gz
cd redis-stable
made
cd utils/
sudo ./install_server.sh
Edit var/www/html/MagentoFoldername/app/etc/env.php
'cache' =>
  array (
    'frontend' =>
    array (
      'default' =>
      array (
        'backend' => 'Cm_Cache_Backend_Redis',
        'backend_options' =>
        array (
          'server' => '127.0.0.1',
          'database' => '0',
          'port' => '6379',
        ),
      ),
      'page_cache' =>
      array (
        'backend' => 'Cm_Cache_Backend_Redis',
        'backend_options' =>
        array (
          'server' => '127.0.0.1',
          'port' => '6379',
          'database' => '1',
          'compress_data' => '0',
        ),
      ),
    ),
  ),

==> Use PHP-FPM
apt-get install php7.1-fpm
a2enmod proxy_fcgi setenvif
a2enconf php7.1-fpm
sudo service php7.1-fpm restart
sudo service apache2 restart
==>Enable opcache in PHP
Edit this file /etc/php/7.1/apache2/php.ini find opcache.enable
opcache.enable=1

Comment: not sure if your copy-paste related to his issues....

Slow Magento 2.2.5


My cider has too little bite, what should I be looking to change

Question: my cider has too little 'bite'. It taste a bit sweet, and lacks bite. It has an alcoholic content of 5% by volume which I don't really want to change much. Should I be looking at different strains of yeast, different apples, or take a look at my whole productionline? I have tried different blends of apples, but none so far have generated a good result.
Comment: What different blends of apples have you been trying?
Comment: You probably need some acid in there for the bite.
Answer: Unless you're pressing your own cider, you're probably forced to use a sweet cider.  To get 'bite' you need sourness or tartness.  A lot of the best hard cider apples are very sour.
Perhaps you could try adding some citric acid, tartaric acid, or some lemon juice?
Comment: Or lactic acid, nice and clean flavor profile to it.
Comment: Yep, that would do the trick as well.
Answer: Many orchards in the Midwest that grow mostly dessert apples will often blend in a small percentage of crab apple juice.  This will increase the acidity level, tartness and tannins in an uninteresting base cider.  I have also used liquid wine tannin in small amounts to give the store bought cider some character.  You can also use tartaric or malic acid after fermentation to lower the pH and offset the sweetness and brighten the flavor.
Answer: I've used tannin or acid blend to increase tartness, if this what you mean by "bite". Both of these were available at the home brewing vendors that I frequent. Made a cactus pear cider with these that has a nice edge.
Answer: What kinds of apples are you using? You could use additives to fix a batch but it's better to start out with a blend of apples good for making cider.
Newtown Pippin makes a good single variety cider.
My current batch on tap is a blend of  Newtown Pippin, Black Twig, and royal gala. I split the batch and fermented it with two different yeasts.
Half was wlp775 the other half was white labs sweet mead yeast.
The 775 is full of bite,a bit sharp for some (I like it)
The mead yeast is more well rounded. It's less sharp but has noticeable tannins that are missing in the other batch.
Te biggest impact is going to be the blend of apples  and the yeast.


IOS in brand new switch

Question: In a brand new out of the box switch, is the IOS already installed or it is auto installed when we power on the switch.
Comment: What distinction are you making between "installed" and "on there somewhere but not installed", and why does the distinction matter?
Comment: i will be replacing some old switch with brand new switch, so my question was if the new switch that i am going to replace with will have IOS installed in it, and i dont have to deal with the IOS installation process and just start configuring the switch. I went through the deployment guide of the switch and it showed the process of extracting the bundle file and then installing in the switch. The installation also included the license installation procedure (which made me more confused).
Comment: Yes, they come from Cisco ready to run. Nothing need be done to pass traffic in a default situation.
Answer: Yes, IOS is installed on out of the box switches. If you buy them all at the same time and the same place (and they're the same model) then they will most likely have the same IOS version.
Having the same (or very close) version helps when you're stacking the switches (using the stacking cables in back to turn 2 to 9 switches into a single unit). If the version numbers are too far apart, the switches will not stack and you may need to upgrade the IOS on the older versioned switches manually. There's an auto upgrade feature but it doesn't always work like I would expect it to. :)
The point here is that even though the switches might be stacked and act as one unit, each switch still has and needs its own version of IOS. Even when upgrading a stacked set of switches, you need to copy the IOS on to each separate switch. The following link is for 3750 switches and there may be a newer one for 3850s but I doubt it will be much different. This contains all sorts of commands and instructions for stacking upgrading and copying IOS files between switches:
http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/switches/catalyst-3750-series-switches/64898-upgrade-3750-stack.html
Comment: That's true if bought from Cisco (or authorized partner/reseller). From eBay or other greyer markets, there's no telling how they'll arrive.
Comment: Good point. If you buy grey market it's possible you'll get a switch with no IOS and no license to get it from Cisco.
Comment: Yes, my company bought it from authorized partners
Answer: New switch comes with installed IOS,  it depend on your requirement whether you need need that IOS or not, you can downgrade or upgrade IOS as per your infrastructure  need.
Also you if you need layer 3 features you need to upgrade switches license to IP service.
Comment: "iOS" is Apple's mobile OS, but "IOS" is Cisco's OS.

IOS in brand new switch


No Lambda Normal Form

Question: How can we show that the term $\Omega = (\lambda x.x\ x)\ (\lambda x.x\ x)$ does not have a normal form? Building on this, what is an example term different than Omega that is not normalizing (meaning a term that every reduction sequence starting from it is infinite)?
Comment: Did you try normalizing it?
Comment: There is only one way to reduce that term, and after reduction we get the same term back. So, get get stuck in an infinite loop.
Answer: If a term has a normal form then there is a sequence of $\beta$-reductions leading to it. However, $\Omega$ has only one $\beta$-redex, which leads back to $\Omega$. Therefore, because $\Omega$ is not already in normal form it has no normal form.
It is easy to generate other terms that have only infinite chains of reductions. For instance, the related $Y$ combinator $Y = \lambda f . (\lambda x . (f (x x)) (\lambda x . (f (x x))$ gives
$$Y \to \lambda f . f Y \to \lambda f . f(f Y) \to \lambda f . f(f(f Y)) \to \cdots$$
Note that by applying $Y$ to a specific $f$ we may get a normalizing term (because for a specific $f$ there will be additional reductions that may lead to a normal form). In fact, $Y$ is quite useful because for any term $g$ we have $Y g = g (Y g)$, so $Y$ computes fixed points.
Answer: It's very easy to show that $\Omega$ has no normal form, because there's only one way to reduce it: $\Omega = (\lambda \color{magenta}{x}. \color{magenta}{x} \color{magenta}{x}) \color{magenta}{(\lambda x. x x)} \to_\beta (\lambda x. x x) (\lambda x. x x) = \Omega$. The set of lambda terms that $\Omega$ reduces to is the singleton $\{\Omega\}$. Since $\Omega$ reduces, it is not in normal form, so it does not reduce to any term in normal form.
More generally, a term is non-normalizing iff no sequence of reduction from this term ends in a normal form, i.e. every reduction sequence is infinite. There are two ways a reduction sequence can be infinite: it can either loop back at some point ($M_0 \to_\beta M_1 \to_\beta \ldots \to_\beta M_n \to_\beta \ldots M_{n+k} = M_n $), or it can involve infinitely many different terms (in which case the terms have to grow larger asymptotically, because there are only finitely many distinct terms of any specific finite size). More formally, the sequence of expansions either repeats or doesn't repeat. Of course, from a given term, it's possible to have some sequences that reach a normal form, others that repeat and yet others that reach infinitely many terms, depending on the choice of regex at each stage.
You can build simple examples of looping or growing terms by tweaking $\Omega$. For example, $(\lambda x. I x x) (\lambda x. I x x)$ can loop in various ways:
$$
\begin{align*}
(\lambda \color{red}{x}. I \color{red}{x} \color{red}{x}) \color{red}{(\lambda x. I x x)} \to_\beta &
I (\lambda x. I x x) (\lambda x. I x x) \to_\beta (\lambda x. I x x) (\lambda x. I x x) \\
(\lambda x. I x x) (\lambda x. \color{blue}{I} \color{blue}{x} x) \to_\beta &
(\lambda x. I x x) (\lambda x. x x) \to_\beta I (\lambda x. x x) (\lambda x. x x) \\
(\lambda x. \color{green}{I} \color{green}{x} x) (\lambda x. I x x) \to_\beta &
(\lambda x. x x) (\lambda x. I x x) \to_\beta (\lambda x. I x x) (\lambda x. I x x) \\
\end{align*}
$$
And here's a straightforward example of a term that keeps growing:
$$
(\lambda x y. x x) (\lambda x y. x x) \to_\beta
\lambda y_1. (\lambda x y. x x) (\lambda x y. x x) \to_\beta
\lambda y_2. (\lambda y_1. (\lambda x y. x x) (\lambda x y. x x)) \to_\beta
\ldots
$$
With a programmer's intuition, you get a growing chain with a recursive function that keeps using more and more memory, and a looping chain with a recursive function that works in bounded memory (typically obtained through tail recursion).
The shape of the reductions of a term is captured by its Böhm tree. A term has a normal form iff its Böhm tree is finite; if a term lacks a normal form then at least one of its branches is infinite, either by growing indefinitely or by looping back to a node in the tree.
There are also non-syntactic ways of characterizing terms without normal forms. For example, with intersection types, you can characterize the terms without a normal form: they are terms that lack a type without $\top$ (i.e. a term has a normal form iff it has a type without $\top$). Of course, type checking is undecidable for intersection types.

No Lambda Normal Form


代表的な correct meaning

Question: In my work book 代表的 has a few meanings, typical and representative.
So when you say 代表的な人 does this mean a typical person or representative person? Surely having both these meanings for this word must be very confusing?
Comment: What would you say is the difference between a typical person and a representative person?
Comment: Ah I see, I was thinking of like a representative of a company or country. Like a chosen person! And typical means every day thing. So typical person mean everyday person and representative person means a representative of something (country, team etc)
Answer: 代表的 is a na-adjective that means "representative" in the sense of "most significant and typically represents the characteristics of an idea/group".

『ひまわり』はゴッホの代表的な作品です。
Sunflowers is a representative work by Gogh.
古代ギリシャの哲学者として代表的な人を3人挙げてください。
Name three representative people who are philosophers of the ancient Greek.

典型的 ("typical") is a similar word, but 代表的 takes into account the importance/significance of the modified thing among the group. You can say 僕の妹は典型的なケチだ ("My sister is a typical miser") but not 僕の妹は代表的なケチだ unless your sister is nationally known as a typical miser.
"Representative" as a noun that refers to a person is 代表者.

私は我が社の代表者です。
He is a representative of our company.
Answer: Unfortunately, there is no one-to-one correspondence between English words and Japanese words, and we really have to live with the fact that 代表的 means both "typical" and "representative." If you want to unambiguously mean typical, I think 一般の〜 or 普通の〜 would be a good choice.

代表的な correct meaning


Moderator re-tag requests: [characters] and [character-naming]

Question:
characters should excised in favor of character; I'd be in favor of cutting the plural tag out completely.
I think character-naming should be synonymed to naming.
Answer: I can distinguish "character creation" (how does he look, behave, ...) from "character-development" (how does he react to the conflicts, change his attitudes, ...), but I can't when compared to "character".
You can use "character" for both, creation and development, and separating them does not sound like a feasible idea. You probably first create them, before they develop, but a separate consideration doesn't make sense.
Keep "character", kick the other.
Comment: Possibly I should be asking for a merge, rather than a synonym?
Comment: @Standback: Is there a difference? I have to admit, I'm not up-to-date what can be done with tags (merge, synonymize, whatever).
Comment: Me neither :P Hence the last comment. "Tag synonym" kind of implies that both the tags mean the same thing, and can be used interchangeably. But you're saying, quite correctly, that that's not _quite_ what we want here.
Comment: "Merge" means "take everything under X and retag it to Y, optionally making X a synonym of Y" while creating a synonym merely makes X mean Y -- if things already have tag X then a merge is the way to go.
Answer: "character-naming" has been merged into "naming".
"character" has been merged into "characters"
Answer: The SE standard (at least SOFU) discourages the use of singular tags. So characters would win. Why do you like the singular version better?
naming could also mean other things, like the title of the book. I would get rid of naming, because it's too imprecise.
Comment: Re: character - Because "character" covers "That guy sure has a lot of character!" and "I'm developing my protagonist's personality and character."  Whereas "characters," at least to my knowledge, implies something  more on the line of "cast members." But maybe that's just my own association?
Comment: Re: naming, that's precisely my point - [naming] covers [character-naming] and other types of naming as well. Different [naming] tags for characters, locations, novels, stories, races, etc etc etc sounds superfluous to me; my own opinion is that a single [naming] tag would cover those all nicely.
Comment: @Standback: One [naming] tag for all? Hmm, does not sound that bad. I understand now your preference for singular [character], but I'm unsure if this exception of the "plural rule" is really needed.
Comment: I HEREBY CALL UPON THE ALLMIGHTY COMMUNITY TO EXPRESS THEIR OPINION ON THE MATTER! ...or, we could just make it a tag synonym :P
Comment: Maybe the almighty community just consists of two people, @Standback.
Comment: Always a possibility. More almightiness to go around!


Why and how are resonance frequencies of a system dependent upon the shape, mass and the way it is constrained?

Question: I was reading a general overview on the frequencies before conducting a modal analysis for my structure using ANSYS, in hopes of obtaining the natural frequencies for my structure. I read in some article that if you change the geometrical shape of your structure, change its overall mass, and even change the locations of the supports on it while conducting the modal analysis, it is very probable you will see a different set of modal frequencies.
My question is why and how?
Moreover, I also want to ask that after getting the natural frequencies for my structure, does this mean that ALL the structure must be excited by an external frequency equal to natural frequency, to expect some dangerous and catistropic failure? Or even if I excite certain parts of my structure, for example some specific locations on my structure where it is connected to another part (which is essentially causing my structure to vibrate at these connecting locations) should also be dangerous?
Comment: Have you researched natural frequency?
Comment: Yes ofcourse, thats what I am aiming to get for my structure.
Actually, my structure is a composite whose thickness can be changed by increasing/decreasing the number of plies. I want to know how would a change in thickness change the natural frequencies of my structure.
Comment: So, if you did research the natural frequencies then you would have found the formulae...
Comment: So you might find this useful: https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Engineering/Courses/En4/Notes/vibrations_free_undamped/vibrations_free_undamped.htm
Answer: In order to answer that question you need to build up your knowledge in vibrational dynamics. This usually takes a whole semester in undergraduate physics at the latter stage of an engineering curriculum.
So you need to progress -at least- through the following concepts:

The free response of the undamped Harmonic Oscillator with 1 dof (mass spring no external excitation)
The free response of the damped Harmonic Oscillator with 1 dof (mass damper spring no external excitation)
The forced harmonic response of the damped Harmonic Oscillator with 1 dof (mass damper spring with external sinusoidal excitation)
The forced harmonic response of the damped Harmonic Oscillator with 1 dof (mass damper spring with external sinusoidal excitation)

Then you need to start thinking about mdof systems, and the matrix form of the problem (this is very helpful especially with the FE), and you need to do the following:

Start with the simplest 2DOF  (undamped no excitation) to see the form of the system.

The main difference from the SDOF systems, is the interactions between the position of the masses (and therefore the springs and dampers).
It is very crucial to understand at that there can be many different transformations for the same problem depending on the generalised coordinates you select. A simple example of what I mean is the following problem.

In the above problem you can describe the motion equations with coordinates $x_1 $ and $x_2 $ (the spring displacements), or equivalenty by $x,\theta $ (the motion of the center of gravity and the rotation). The result should always be the same, however the individual coordinate responses will vary.

Then you can proceed to Modal analysis

What is important to understand is that among the infinite number of generalised coordinates , where the responses are coupled, and additionally that there is at least on set of coordinates (sometimes called principal coordinates) where the transformed coordinate is decoupled (and are solved like the sdof - hence why you need to understand the behaviour of SDOF systems).
To obtain that set of coordinates, one way is to use the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the mass normalised stiffness matrix. The cool thing is that you can rotate the initial problem, to obtain the principal coordinates, solve for the response of each decoupled system separately and then translate back to the original coordinates. The rotational transformation does not change the eigenfrequencies, in fact in the decoupled system you have a mode shape and a sinusoidal response. So each "mass" is pulsing proportionally to the other following one eigenfrequency. When you rotate back at the original masses/coordinate system,  you get a contribution from both decoupled responses (hence the seemingly chaotic behavior).

The final step is the Forced response of MDOF systems.

The same transformation that is applied to the Masses and springs can be applied to the force matrix (both directions). If you are planning to excite at a resonant frequency the mass you can apply a resonant force on the principal coordinate system and the transform that force matrix to the original matrix. When you do that you see that in the general case, you need to apply on all of the original coordinates a portion of the force with eigenfrequency $\omega_i$ in order to obtain the mode shape.
The transformation is essentially a rotation matrix, which can be applied to the excitation matrix. However this means that in order to excite the
if you excite the nodes with the frequency at those eigenfrequencies,
Comment: You do describe the steps one should take in order to understand some of the mathematics behind it, but those are not strictly necessary in order to have some intuitive understanding of it. Also, it is worth mentioning that doing a finite element analysis using matrices has its limitations, since the underlying physics is actually a partial differential equation (PDE). Only the first few lowest natural frequencies obtained from those matrices are usually accurate, because the matrices are obtained by discretizing space which gives an approximation of the underlying PDE.
Comment: I was writing my reply, probably at the same time as you were. I do confess, my approach was more of the undergraduate textbook, for discrete systems. The way I see it you took the continuum system which applies better to real structures, and you took a more hand's on approach. To be honest, the question was very vague, and there are different interpretations. I do feel that both posts have their own merit.
Comment: I agree that both our answers have merit. And I agree that the question itself is a bit vague, probably because of the lacking theoretical knowledge. This also why I tried to keep a lot of the underlying theory out of it. I myself find it useful to first gain some intuition and maybe spark some curiosity before diving deeper into underlying mathematical concepts. But hopefully the combination of our two answers might inspire some people reading them to learn more about it.
Answer: Natural frequencies inside structures are standing waves that are reflected and propagated throughout the structure. The frequency of such wave depends on the shape of that wave and the speed at which sound travels through the material the structure is made of. The shape of possible waves in a structure I think can be well illustrated with Chladni figures. Adding supports constraints what kind of wave shapes can appear inside a structure, which you can also see in this video where putting a finger against the Chladni plate can be seen as a support. I have to note that in that video the natural frequencies of the plate are not actually altered, the temporary support initially limits which natural frequency/mode is excited.
Those standing waves do eventually die out if no energy is supplied to excite that natural frequency/mode. This is due to ways of dissipating energy, such as sound or damping behavior the material itself. But if energy at the "right" frequency is supplied to a structure at "right" locations, then the rate of energy dissipation might be too small, causing the energy of that natural frequency/mode to build up to dangerous levels until something might break. These "right" locations means that one isn't supplying the energy at nodes of that wave shape.
Adding mass to a structure can affect the way sound is reflected near that mass in the structure and thus affect wave shapes. This also closely related to impedance, which is demonstrated in this video.
When exciting a structure, not near any of the nodes of the natural frequencies, one does not have be exactly at any of the natural frequencies in order to get a large response of the structure. Though, the closer you are to one of the natural frequencies the larger the response. This can be illustrated with frequency response functions, sometimes also referred to as Bode plots, whose core concept I think is demonstrated well in this video.


Why is it important to use feature layers in ModelBuilder?

Question: I am trying to understand creation of a geoprocess with ModelBuilder, but I don't know why it's important to use feature layers instead of feature classes when creating a geoprocess with ModelBuilder. Can someone please explain why?
Comment: Related: [What's the difference between feature class and feature layer?](http://gis.stackexchange.com/q/26336/753)
Answer: There are a couple of reasons why you want to reference Feature Layers in ModelBuilder, as opposed to Feature Classes.  First it is helpful to understand the differences.

"Feature Classes" as simply references to the raw data, in its entirety.  One simple example of this where the FC is a shapefile on disk.
"Feature Layers" are references to an abstraction of the data, where you can interact with one or more of the features in the raw dataset (as opposed to the entire dataset).  Layers are what you are effectively interacting with once you have loaded the data into ArcMap.

So given that background, here are some reasons why you want to use the "Make Feature Layer" tool as a go-between from the raw data and other geoprocessing tools.

Many GP tools in ModelBuilder require the use of a layer, and will not accept an FC as input.  This is particularly true if your GP tool(s) need to select data.  In this scenario, you need to interact with the LAYER, not the raw data.  Example: If you didn't have ArcMap (or another GIS program) open, how would you select features from the raw shapefile... you can't.  You need to interact with the layer in ArcMap to make that selection.
If you would like to run a Model from ArcCatalog, or export your Model to a Python script that can be run outside of ArcGIS, you need to use "Feature Layers" in order to have your raw source data be converted to "Layers".  This would be analogous to "adding data" to your ArcMap session.
Using layers makes it easy to subset your data as you go along in the ModelBuilder process.  Say you wanted to process all data with attribute "A" with one method, but all data with attribute "B" with another method.  You can reference your raw data once, then split the data into two "branches" using Feature Layers and process each set independently, but affecting/updating the single source dataset.
You can create "in_memory" feature layers that are truly temporary data processing "bins", and which can process the data much more rapidly than writing to disk after every operation.  It also limits the amount of junk you have to clean up after your processing is complete.
Comment: Thank you very much Ryan. Your answer is very complete and clear.
Answer: Incorporating temporary layers into your models also decreases processing time.  From a processing standpoint, it is much more efficient writing to memory compared to writing to disk.  Similarly, you can write temporary data to in_memory workspace, which is also more computationally efficient.
Many operations in ArcGIS require temporary layers as inputs.  For example, Select Layer By Location (Data Management) is a very powerful and handy tool that allows you you select features of a layer that share spatial relationships with another selecting feature.  You can specify complex relationships such as "HAVE_THEIR_CENTER_IN" or "BOUNDARY_TOUCHES", etc.
Edit:
Out of curiosity, and to elaborate on processing differences using feature layers and in_memory workspace, consider the following speed test where 39,000 points are buffered 100m:
<code>import arcpy, time
from arcpy import env

# Set overwrite
arcpy.env.overwriteOutput = 1

# Parameters
input_features = r'C:\temp\39000points.shp'
output_features = r'C:\temp\temp.shp'

###########################
# Method 1 Buffer a feature class and write to disk
StartTime = time.clock()
arcpy.Buffer_analysis(input_features,output_features, "100 Feet")
EndTime = time.clock()
print "Method 1 finished in %s seconds" % (EndTime - StartTime)
time.sleep(5)

############################
# Method 2 Buffer a feature class and write in_memory
StartTime = time.clock()
arcpy.Buffer_analysis(input_features, "in_memory/temp", "100 Feet")
EndTime = time.clock()
print "Method 2 finished in %s seconds" % (EndTime - StartTime)
time.sleep(5)

############################
# Method 3 Make a feature layer, buffer then write to in_memory
StartTime = time.clock()
arcpy.MakeFeatureLayer_management(input_features, "out_layer")
arcpy.Buffer_analysis("out_layer", "in_memory/temp", "100 Feet")
EndTime = time.clock()
print "Method 3 finished in %s seconds" % (EndTime - StartTime)
time.sleep(5)
</code>

We can see that methods 2 & 3 are equivalent and roughly 3x faster than method 1.  This shows the power of using feature layers as intermediate steps in larger workflows.
Comment: It has been a while coming but here is the [**link**](http://forums.arcgis.com/threads/19541-in-memory-datasets-and-shape_area-field) I promised 6+ months ago.
Comment: This seems to be conflating two things (in-memory data and feature layers). They are not the same. Data written to the `in_memory` workspace is still data (e.g. feature classes and tables) still takes up (potentially lots of) space. Feature Layers, on the other hand, are a *view* over the data, allowing you to select a subset of the data and use it in subsequent processes, rather than duplicate data just to get a subset of it. Feature Layers take up almost no space at all. I like to think of them as "pointers with metadata", e.g. they point to some data and describe how to query/render it.
Comment: Just to add to my previous comment, I have read somewhere on this site that the `in-memory` workspace is basically a file geodatabase that sits in memory, if you like to think of it that way.
Comment: Like a file geodatabase but shape areas are not calculated when in_memory - will provide link to this later.
Comment: In your updated second example, you are creating a feature class in-memory, not a feature layer.
Comment: Aaron, Blah, Poly:  TThank you very much to all. The demonstration Python script is revealing.
Answer: Models may have many sub process output layers depending on their size and complexity.  To eliminate files being written onto your hard disk, some tools make you use feature layers (e.g. Iterate Feature Selection, or Select by Attribute).  Feature layers are temporary and will not persist after your model ends.
See Make Feature Layer


Can ionospheric plasma disturbances affect the weather?

Question: I've read about how ionospheric discharges like jets can be initiated/triggered by lightning, and how lightning can propagate upwards from clouds.  What I was wondering is if this can happen in reverse.  In other words, can ionospheric plasma disturbances/discharges affect/trigger troposphere to ground lightning?
Answer: The ionosphere is too high up to affect the weather far below in the troposphere. It's more the other way around. Lightning discharges in the troposphere sometimes send vertical columns called sprites and jets up into the ionosphere. The sprites are coloured orangey red or sometimes greenish blue, the same colours as aurorae, and for the same reason. One colour is from the excitation of oxygen ions, and the other comes from nitrogen ions, but I forget which colour comes from which gas. I think red comes from nitrogen. Jets are more white in colour, longer, straighter and less variable in shape than sprites. Both phenomena are comparatively new discoveries, being first photographed in 1989.
The ionosphere begins about 35 miles up, some 18 miles above where the ozone layer leaves off. It is chiefly notable for its ability to reflect radio transmissions, enabling them to follow the curvature of the Earth though in other circumstances they would travel in a straight line. The layer which does this is called the Heaviside layer. Meteors begin to burn up in the upper ionosphere.
Answer: Apparently it is possible for the ionosphere to influence the conditions in the lower atmosphere.
The following are relatively recent results from a paper in 2009, and a summary and up-to-date state-of-the-art can be found in this paywalled, upcoming chapter in a book.
As it turns out, at least in the arctic regions, the ionosphere can have quite an impact on the temperatures.
Geomagnetic storms provide large numbers of energetic electrons, which follow the magnetic field lines. As the magnetic field lines only intersect with the atmosphere in the polar regions, those electrons will preferentially precipicate there.
What follows is Ozone destruction and generation of $NO_x$-species in the Mesosphere and Stratosphere. $NO_x$ molecules are classical long-lived Ozone killers.
The Ozone depletion leads to direct heating of the Polar surface of up to $\Delta T \approx 4.5 K$ by increased UV irradiation. Furthermore, the $NO_x$ can be transported towards lower latitudes, and geostorm induced chemistry seems to have influenced mid-latitude Ozone concentrations measurable in the past for short times. A nice summary also in the Science case for the EISCAT3D-radar (not paywalled, and one can skip directly to page 7 where those effects are described and further referenced).
Those indirect effects are intriguing in that, while some might argue that the ionosphere cannot have any influence on the troposphere, it is forgotten that the radiative energy balance links the whole atmosphere. And it is this balance that can be altered by geostorm induced ozone destruction in the middle atmosphere. It's not exactly what OP was going for (no rise in lightning strikes in the troposphere), but the ionosphere knows their own version of lightning , called Sprites (also a more recent finding in research), which are sure to appear with those events.
Keep in mind that this is still ongoing research.
While a correlation of geomagnetic storms with changing polar temperatures has been already noted in the past, and seems undisputed, the exact mechanism responsible for the correlation is still under scrutiny. Personally I feel there must be more to it, as $4K$ temperature difference just from increased UV irradiation seems a bit much.


The usage of articles

Question: In this sentence, In the pursuit of my computer science degree at WUSTL, I have mastered.... Should there be a the in front of pursuit?
In other words, should the sentence be changed to In pursuit of my computer science degree at WUSTL, I have mastered....
Comment: It's fine either way. Whichever you choose would be grammatical.
Comment: interesting, do they have different connotations? @JasonBassford
Comment: Maybe. When I hear the use of the article, I apply an unstated *while* to the phrase. In other words, I think that you mastered something as a direct result of the pursuit. But without the article, it could be something you simply mastered at the same time, without any direct correlation. But that's only my own impression. There's nothing about the grammar itself that implies that—and other people may well not interpret it that way at all.
Answer: You would not use the indefinite article "a" in this context. The definite article "the" is correct because its your personal pursuit and your pursuit is known to you. You could also omit the article "the" as demonstrated in your second example.
If your pursuit in uncertain then the indefinite article "a" is appropriate. For example in this case it is uncertain the kind of degree (Butachlor, Masters or PhD), "In my pursuit of a degree, I'm mastering computer science"
You could turn it around too, "In pursuit of my computer science degree, I'm mastering a knowledge", although it would sound quirky and/or baiting a listener in conversation. IN this case, it is uncertain about the specifics of computer science. Are you mastering web application development, database administration, hardware networking or something different in the industry.
Answer: First, let's take the example without the article (in pursuit of). It works, but just saying that it works with or without the article doesn't get at why it works without the article. Let me compare its lack of article with a similar word that lacks an article:
Correct:

In pursuit of my computer science degree at WUSTL, I have mastered....

Incorrect:

In process of my computer science degree at WUSTL, I have mastered....

In pursuit of is an idiomatic phrase meaning "in order to achieve [an item]" (Merriam-Webster). Similar formations (like in process of or in hunt of/for) are not valid, even if their version with the article would be valid. That's one sign that it is an idiom.
An N-gram search shows that "in pursuit of is more common than in the pursuit of or in pursuing, and the Corpus of Contemporary American English has 1442 entries for in pursuit of compared to 467 for in the pursuit of. The sampling illustrates how widespread the idiomatic usage is compared to the version with an article. An idiom will tend to be more common than a similar expression formed organically.
In the first example, the article the emphasizes how pursuit is known. The pursuit would be a pursuit that is already known or understood by writer and reader. From here, the rest of the phrase is constructed through common grammatical rules: something is being pursued (the pursuit of), and you are explaining what you received in that pursuit (in the pursuit of). So the primary difference between the two is how they're constructed: it's not that in pursuit of omits an article, but that the phrase is an idiom whereas in the pursuit of is a common construction.
If from your context it is clear what you have pursued (i.e., what is "the pursuit"?), which one you choose is a matter of taste.

The usage of articles


Street art interpretation in predominantly Buddhist country

Question: I have wanted to ask someone who is not familiar with a Buddhist culture how they might interpret this street art, which is generating controversy in a predominantly Buddhist country.
Comment: Anti-religious propaganda..., not much more to be seen astry for nourishment of polarisation. Communists/liberalist/materialist who try to convince people out of faith toward Dana, Sila, good, as save protection but after trade in the world.
Comment: Very bad kamma by "speech" that devides people and use such foolish means against the Juwels. Nothing good to spread further, if one is wise or of a little faith toward good actions, good householder.
Answer: It is simply depicting coronavirus as a weapon of Mara (death) there is a person affected by the coronavirus and some people are trying to help that person. I am not sure of the background which seems like a flag. Then there is a video screen.
Comment: That's the flag of Myanmar.
Comment: What is the meaning of the computer screen? Perhaps the world is watching this unfolding via the internet? Perhaps suggesting that the virus is made in a laboratory?
Comment: I think it's real, some kind of permanent/physical fixture on the wall -- not part of the art: https://i.stack.imgur.com/IM2ZI.jpg
Comment: ROFL. How ironic we can misinterpret things!! Consciousness is an illusion. A thicket of the views.
Answer: Covid is attacking the world (represented by the globe/planet).
It's entering the world (like the virus enters a biological cell).
The world is suffering (represented by the crying face).
The doctors and nurses (white lab coats and masks) are pulling together (working/cooperating) to help pull the world away from death.
It looks like death by drowning, they don't appear to be winning at the moment.
The sea-weed-like tail and teeth on the virus make it look like a deep-sea fish. I'm not sure what the red eye is meant to symbolise, except it's "Breaking the fourth wall".
The flag is Myanmar's.
I don't know about "death" and/or "father time" there -- represented with a scythe, which is an agricultural tool for cutting long grass and wheat and so on -- that's western imagery/iconography, is it eastern too?
Giving it the same colour as a monk's robe in Myanmar -- i.e. coloured maroon -- it's that I guess which is the "controversy" you're talking about (in the west, Death's robe would normally be grey or black -- coincidentally about the colour of a Christian monk's cassock).
The figure's tall/straight back, and bowl, look a bit like a monk's also.
Perhaps it's being interpreted as a message that monks an/or Buddhism are spreading the disease somehow, and that modern medicine/medics are trying the save people?
Yes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(personification) does seem to imply that the Grim Reaper is or was typically western rather than eastern iconography.
My guess is that the artist didn't intend to be anti-Buddhist, but did a bad job of translating the Grim Reaper. In the West it's depicted dressed (if it's dressed at all and not just a naked skeleton) in the robes of a Christian monk. I think that's not intended as an anti-Christian message, but comes from medieval times when it was intended to be seen and understood by monks -- in that context, "monks robes" were simply the ordinary clothing which they all (all monks) wore, so Death was wearing the robes of a departed Brother.
Maybe tactless or controversial of the artist, though, to depict that as a Buddhist instead.
Comment: Interesting analysis. Interesting how artist thinks.


Too much content. Too little space

Question: Images and text to be placed in a limited space are too many and unrelated. I can't tell what to do.
What can I try as a UX designer when I can't determine the size of the space and what needs to be done?
Comment: Do you have some screenshots to illustrate your question? It could be useful.
Comment: Thank you for your contribution to UXSE. Your question is a common challenge that all designers have to deal with, but with some examples you might be able to elicit a more detailed response to your specific problem. A common strategy is to design for both the best and worst case scenario, and be flexible in your overall layout and content organisation. That way, as the requirements and constraints change, you can also adjust your design accordingly.
Answer: When you have too much content and little space, you should categorize your content and make a separate page for each content category. Besides, you need knowledge of an information architect. you can start card sorting or alternative options and categorize your content based on users minds.

Too much content. Too little space


How to create joint accounts in CiviCRM contacts

Question: I am coming from a database that has support for joint accounts. Basically, it has First Name, Last Name fields and then a secondary First Name,Last Name for a spouse or partner in one donor record. It also has support for printing out "John and Mary Smith" in mailings and the like.
I have looked at Household accounts but that seems to only have a Last name for the household. It's not clear how to have a joint account.
How are couples handled in CiviCRM ?
Answer: The short answer:

When you want to store information about two people (e.g. "John Smith" and "Mary Smith") together, create a new household.
You can name the household whatever you like (e.g. "John and Mary Smith", or "Mary Smith and John Smith", etc)
Add shared information like home phone number (land line) and home address to the household record.
Also create individual records for each of these people. Now you have three contact records.
Create relationships between the individuals and the household. You can also set up the individuals to use the address of their related household.
Add other data to the individuals which is specific to them personally (e.g. cell phone, email, birth date, gender, etc.)

The long answer:
While you're in this phase of deciding how to store your data in CiviCRM, I would suggest first taking a step back and considering why you might need to store data associated with multiple people, and if it's worth it to use households at all (because some organizations choose to disable them entirely and only use individual/organization records). For example:

Contributions:

When using households: If you receive a check with two names on it, an intuitive approach is to store this contribution on the household record.
When using only individuals: Another approach is to store it on one individual and soft credit the other one.

Event participations:

Regardless of your household strategy, it's best to keep event participations on individual records.

Memberships:

You can store memberships on household records or individual records, or some combination thereof. How you choose to do so will likely depend on your overall membership strategy

Relationships

When using households: relationships are created between individuals and their shared household. This makes it somewhat cumbersome to navigate from individual to individual because you must first navigate through the household
When using only individuals: you can set up a relationship type like "Spouse" to store the connection between two people and easily navigate between their records

Combined solicitations:

When using households: If you are sending a paper mailing, you can use CiviCRM to generate a mailing list which uses households to group contacts together and avoid duplicate mailings.
When using only individuals: grouping related individuals into the same mailing piece will be more difficult and probably require some custom work
This, in my opinion, is the biggest argument for using households

Keeping your data clean:

When using households:

Creating the requisite relationships and extra records is more work
De-duping is somewhat more complicated
When two people split up, it can be a pain to figure out what to do with their household record

When using individuals:

De-duping is simpler
Setting up the relationships requires fewer steps
Relationships can be disabled (even with an end date)
Comment: Not sure about putting one and the same person in both a Household as well as an Individual record; I have yet to find a good purpose for Households - I always use Individuals and Link them up w/ Relationships
Comment: Thank you for a comprehensive answer. I find it surprising that it would take three records to contain the info that formerly was contained in one. This impacts how we will import data from our current database but in a larger aspect, our donors have come to expect having a joint account and both receiving some specific benefit regardless of which person actually makes a donation during a fundraiser.
Comment: Having two names on a contact seems easier than the solutions suggested. I will have to discuss them with my co worker, Connecting the individuals seems easier, but using households seems to have more features in generating mailing lists.
Comment: this is a good description of how to get started... We usually use the household contact, every member of the household has their own contact, and relationship to the household, and only give user accounts to the individual contacts. Individual users log in to a website, a household is abstract and therefore has no fingers to type with to log in :)
Comment: Anone working with households may want to have a look at this extension: https://github.com/systopia/de.systopia.householdmerge

Disclaimer: It's one of our own etensions and still in beta phase
Answer: Sean describes the 'text book' answer well but depending on your usage, there are other options you could consider:
1) If you want to stick closely to your old system you could add custom fields for the spouse/partner name. Customise the Addressee field as Kainuk suggests for mailings.
Assuming 'John Smith' is the main contact and 'Mary Smith' is in the custom fields, the disadvantage of this is that if Mary registers for events, creates a memberships etc then she will have her own record in addition to being mentioned on John's ... but that may not matter for your usage.
2) You could simply set the first name to 'John & Mary' and not create custom fields (assuming they share the same last name).  That would get very confusing if one of them registered for an event since it would show 'John & Mary' regardless of which one was attending etc.  Again, that may not be a problem if you just intend to record donations and send mail.
You mention donor records - in some jurisdictions you need to record which member of a couple/household made the donation for tax purposes.  That may be a factor in deciding how to set up these contacts.
As mentioned above, think about how you will handle couples splitting up, and also how to handle two of your existing contacts pairing up.
Having said all that, even if you only intend limited usage of CiviCRM now, these systems have a tendency to grow in their desired functionality so the effort to set them up properly as individuals with relationships with or without a household is probably worthwhile in the long run but it's your system and you can do what you like with it!
Comment: Yes - eg search for 'smith', tick the checkboxes next to Mary and John, in the Actions menu select 'Merge contacts'
Comment: Thank you, That is a helpful option.  In our current database, it has a tool for merging duplicate records, which can be used when Mary Smith inadvertently gets her own record. You could specify two specific contacts to be merged and their donations etc would be combined as well.

Does CiviCRM has that functionality ? I see a 'bulk' deduping tool, but not a specific one.
Answer: Late, but thought household aggregate contribution report might be helpful to some searchers.
We use up to three records for a couple. Event info goes on individual record and gifts generally go on a household record. Some gifts will be on an individual record before we knew of spouse or for raffle ticket purchases (where our state's DOJ allows - and requires us to track - only one purchaser) for example.
To aggregate contributions to households where they exist (and to access more robust and complex first, last and largest filter sets) for solicitation segmentation, honor rolls, and accurate acquisition and retention tracking, we cleaned up all our household relationships and had this awesome report built:
Donor Detail with Contributions Aggregated for Households
I could not follow fundraising best practices without it, and am happy to share the report, the ways I use it, and the pitfalls to be aware of (like special considerations required to work with exclusion criteria, and the open issue you see on github).
Comment: Thanks for your post.  I've made the link clickable so that it is easier for others to follow.
Answer: If the first need is printing labels, use the field Addressee with a customised value.


Looking for junior full stack developer job

Question: I want to work as a remote full stack junior developer . But is there anyone who can give me some advice in which way I should prepare my self . Or what is the best way to get it .
Comment: Do you have a portfolio? Do you have lots of experience in that?

Look at other questions about starting out, as they'll give you more information about what to include.
Comment: I believe I have a stackoverflow career CV . Github portfolio . And a active personal Tech Blog. Can you please give a brief Idea . My CV : https://careers.stackoverflow.com/mahabub
Comment: What you should have and show: Certifications. Thats what business customers want to see to trust.
Comment: By certifications , what kind of stuff get highest priority? Like educational certificates or professional certification?
Answer: I do not agree with the comments. I've been working remotely for the past 3 years doing multiple lines of work ranging from full-stack developer to project management to devops. Certifications are often overlooked, same goes for schooling. There is one, and only one thing that will get you anywhere, experience. Experience can be validated in 2 forms, a portfolio or a customer testimonials/reviews. Many online market places Upwork(formerly oDesk), freelancer, elance, etc. have a review system for customers to provide feedback. This has been a great source of work for me alone.
You may need some initial small projects to find a client. For this I recommend making a blog or personal website, contributing to open source, and creating an online presence. Things people actually look at are you profile on the freelance market, linkedin, and if you're being hired by a company that often hires developers they sometimes look at your github. If you have github contributions its best to provide a detailed description of those contributions, because many people don't know what github is or how to use it. Once you have a portfolio then try bidding on some small, short-term, fixed-budget projects. From there your portfolio will expand as your work, and you're customers will build trust for future clients.
Don't expect to land a comfortable job working from home right away, and don't expect it to be easy working from home. The first year was hell for me. It's hard to get in the routine of working your own hours. Working from home isn't as great as many people describe it, nor is working for yourself. You will end up paying more in taxes, and your taxes will not be taken out of your paychecks like when you're employed. You will either need to pay state and federal taxes out of what you earn either quarterly or yearly. And you will end up paying more in taxes than you normally would because the taxes become entirely your responsibility rather than the company you work for paying a portion of your taxes. Given this only applies to the US(talk to an accountant for more specific information). Its only for some people.
As far as certifications they are only worth it if your doing so to learn something. As far as increasing your ability to find work, they are useless. Same applies for schooling. The key is to keep learning every single day in which ever way works best for you, and the only way a potential client will trust your abilities is experience. A certificate doesn't mean your proficient, it just means you learned something, and in my opinion its part of the job title to be constantly learning.
Following this ideology has led me to be a top rated freelancer on Upwork.
Comment: "You will end up paying more in taxes... state and federal taxes" - doesn't this depend on where the reader is based? I imagine Freelancing SE caters to a worldwide audience.
Comment: You're right, this only applies to the US as far as my knowledge. I know some freelancers in other countries who don't even have to pay self employment tax. I've edited my answer to mention this. Though in most cases, your also paying the portion of your taxes that a company usually would. Given that your local laws require you to pay self-employment tax.
Comment: OK, cool. Out of interest, here in the UK, I believe it depends on the freelancer's choice of taxation route. One can be a sole trader and submit accounts to the tax office oneself, or one can be a limited company and then be legally required to use an accountant. The latter approach allows the freelancer to pay themselves partly from company dividends, which are taxed differently to earnings (it is quite common for contractors to use this route).


Where and how can I buy shares in bitcoin?

Question: Where can I buy shares of bitcoin? I have exhausted all due diligence as to where I can invest in Bitcoin.
Comment: It sounds like your due diligence has not lead to an understanding of what Bitcoin actually *is*.
Comment: I am not sure what you are asking. If you mean to ask where you can buy bitcoins you might want to take a look at [How do you obtain bitcoins?](http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/91/how-do-you-obtain-bitcoins). If you actually want to buy shares in Bitcoin, you might want to google "Winklevoss Bitcoin ETF", I think it is supposed to do something along that lines. If my trouble understanding your question's intent still seems odd to you, you might want to read [What is Bitcoin?](http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/3262/what-is-bitcoin). If it is just me being dense, carry on.
Comment: And actually the "due diligence" also did not make him go to google, or use WIkipedia, both would have let to at least a basic understanding. No wonder society goes down if that is the level of due diligence these days. Hint - tell me where I Can buy some "shares in US DOllars".
Answer: If you're looking to "invest" in Bitcoin, there are a few places you can do it.

Buy bitcoins themselves. Arguably the easiest option
Buy hashing power and/or hardware. This can make you money in the meantime and has a very small chance of selling for more than you bought it, depending on hardware
Invest in the companies building hashing power(ASICs)
Answer: MtGox is most likely your easiest route. Buy bitcoins. I don't recommend mining at this point unless you're feeling technically competent and risky. You can also try tranfering funds from Dwolla to CampBX.
https://www.mtgox.com/
https://campbx.com/


Entering Australia with Australian Passport Leaving with American

Question: So I am a dual citizen currently residing in Australia, but I need to go home to America pretty much ASAP (2 days) due to family circumstances. I entered Australia on my now expired Australia passport, would it be okay for me to leave Australia on my valid American passport to go to America? I would be staying there for quite some time and would then update my Australian passport? I still have my Australian passport to show I entered legally, it is just not valid to fly on anymore.
Comment: You will most certainly have to show both passports at passport control when leaving. If you just present the American passport, they will try to match it to an ETA and associated visit details and fail. If you just present the Australian passport they will probably complain about the validity. Not sure if the combination will actually work, though.
Answer: Countries generally prefer you to leave on the same passport you entered the country in. Of course this isn't always possible (citizenship change, for example).
The Home Affairs website notes for dual citizens:

A dual citizen is a person who is a citizen of 2 or more countries.
You become a dual citizen if you:
are an Australian citizen, are granted citizenship of another country and don't lose your Australia citizenship, or
      remain a citizen of another country and become an Australian citizen
Australia allows a person to have dual citizenship.

Of course, now you just know they recognise it.
And so they note, regardless, if you have an Australian citizenship:

Australian citizens entering and leaving Australia
Australian citizens should use their Australian passport to enter and
  leave Australia.
The Australian Border Force has more information on crossing the
  border.
If you have a passport from another country, you can use that after
  you leave Australia.
A passport is the best way to show that you are an Australian citizen.
  You might still be able to enter Australia if you are an Australian
  citizen without an Australian passport, but it will be more difficult.
  The airline might also stop you from boarding a plane to Australia.
Smart Traveller has more information about travelling as a dual
  citizen.
Comment: But "should" is not "must," so this doesn't seem to answer the question.
Comment: The OP is also asking about *leaving* Australia, not entering.
Comment: @jpatokal didn't I cover leaving? The linked "Australian citizens should use their Australian passport to enter and leave Australia." quote as well as "If you have a passport from another country, you can use that after you leave Australia."?
Comment: @MarkMayo We know it's possible to enter Australia without a valid Australia passport, even though you "should" not.  However, your answer does not clarify whether it's possible to leave without one.


After Effect: How do I achieve the smoke effect?

Question: I am trying to make the smoke after as seen in the picture attached. I have tried to search for the tutorials but there isn't any tutorial that teach me exactly the effect I wanted to create.
Answer: It's difficult to tell from your question exactly what you're trying to do.  If you could link to a video of the effect you're trying to reproduce, or phrase your question more specifically, you will get more helpful information.
If you're looking for realistic smoke, fluid dynamics simulation isn't really something that After Effects can do on its own.  You'll need to get the physics right in another package, and probably render it elsewhere too, then maybe composite it in After Effects.  This is an extremely complicated topic, and there isn't one tutorial that covers it all.  But you might want to look into some other software like this.
But if you just want to "fake" it, you can just use different layers of fractal noise attached to particles.  For this type of effect, search videocopilot.net for tutorials on  Red Giant's Trapcode Particular.
Comment: Thank you for your answer.
This is the video of that showing the effect I wanted to create.

I have tried mimic this effect by using the fractal noise effect but it doesn't quite look the same. I just wonder if there is other way in making it.

https://youtu.be/VZ4xmgvf-iE?t=2m2s


How would you present your software development progress to your stakeholders?

Question: We use bugzilla to track bugs and feature requests, and we also require developers to write to a separate release notes should they finish coding a feature. Old fashion, I know.
One problem we have with the above arrangement, is that while it works great for software that we are already selling, it is completely useless when comes to track the progress of a new software development project. The reason is that at the point of developing new software, we don't,or rather, we can't, use bugzilla to trace the features simply because bugzilla is not suitable to represent the complicated intricacy of feature dependency ( To complete a new software application, there are just too many features to code and we just don't feel like putting them in bugzilla, and even if we did, we had no way of knowing which features depend on which, and we won't be able to get an accurate prediction of the shipping date anyway).
Then, our stakeholders will get concerned about our development progress ( or lack of) and start banging on the team lead ( yours truly)'s door on the estimates, which I can't answer because tragically, I also honestly don't quite know how far is the new application from completion.
How would you present your software development progress to your stakeholders?
Answer: Do it the Agile way: Demo early and demo often.
Nothing beats the visceral feeling of actually using it to give a feel for progress.
Answer: Disclaimer: I've never used Bugzilla before, so I'm unsure of its project management capabilities (although Bugzilla:Project Management with Bugzilla appears to look good).
This issue sounds like the result of a lack of discipline. You should be using project management software to plan and be accountable for your time and effort spent. Any project management software (I've been impressed with Jira and Redmine) has functionality to split tasks down to a level  so you can give an accurate (~hours) estimate on each task.
From there, it's a case of being disciplined and filling out the task details. This will provide the an overview in the form of a gantt chart (Redmine) or a project burndown chart (Jira) which provides instantaneous evaluation on your project's progress.
At the end of the day, it's simply providing a time estimate (which is done by breaking tasks down to maximise accuracy), then as development starts, comparing progress against the initial (or revised) estimates.
Answer: Project management doesn't have to be incredibly fancy or require sophisticated tools, and KISS isn't a bad mantra if you don't have dedicated project managers.  If you are developing new software, then you must at least have some kind of spec or list of features.  Itemize and dump them into a spreadsheet along with maybe a time estimate, an expected start date, an expected delivery date, hours worked, and a status indicator (done, in-progress, not started).  You can then manufacture generate whatever metrics you feel are appropriate to indicate project progress (such as a % completion based on number of estimated hours for completed items vs. total estimated hours).  Generate a few graphs with bright colors, and everyone is happy.
A lot of PPM software can be overkill for small teams, tracking multiple projects, resource assignment, QC items, etc. etc.  If all you really need is to create a status report, a spreadsheet does fine.  "We've completed 92 of 127 features, and estimate we will be done coding and in testing two weeks ahead of schedule."  Everyone claps.