How did Wahhabism come into power as an influential movement in Islam?

Question: Why does it have so many followers, and how does it contrast with other versions of Islam?
How has it influenced the politics of Islamic (and non-Islamic) nations?
Comment: The question is clearly about politics. It is asking about how this movement became a political force.
Comment: @JoeC I take it that you haven't looked into this very carefully? What's fascinating is that the rise and influence of wahhabism fits this (rather narrow and non-standard) definition of politics very well. It's entirely about the alliance between two leaders/families/tribes (egos) and how they shaped the Saudi state (policy). It is *not* primarily a religious movement (as you could argue for the salafi Islam), a sect (that would be Hanbali islam) or anything like that.
Comment: @Jan this might be true in states in which there is at least an attempt at separating theology and state (e.g. Turkey), but in states in which religion is very much intertwined with the state powers, questions about religions are questions about the government.
Comment: This question is not about politics. It *could* be on-topic in [history.se], but to post your question there you should do some minimal research (usually the WP page) and then ask your doubts or more details about what you have read.
Comment: Welcome to Politics SE!  We define politics as "The end result of conflicting egos working themselves out through matters of policy."  Thus, on-topic questions would include, for example, questions on policy, questions on process, or (to an extent) questions on political figures.  This question does not meet this definition, and is thus not a good fit for this site.
Comment: Then this is a question about policy and process. Namely, why are policies and processes in some nations influenced by this movement?
Comment: The first half of the question has nothing to do with politics; it might be on topic on [Islam.se]. The second half of the question is indeed about politics but it seems like an afterthought in the current wording.
Answer: This question can have different answers depending what one wants to define as being "true" Wahhabism. But since I think it is really mean to ask about the Saudi ideological influence... What happened ideologically in the 1960s and 70s was a "cross-pollination" of (original) Wahhabi and Salfist ideas (of Egyptian origin). This was due to king Faisal letting in and giving support to groups like the Muslim Brotherhood, due to their fight against Nasser:

The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood represented a source of qualified educators, bureaucrats and engineers, many of them anxious to leave Egypt. During the late 1950s and the 1960s, the Middle East was gripped by a struggle between the traditional monarchies and the secular pan-Arab radicals, led by Nasser's Egypt, with the pan-Islamist Salafis an important third force. By embracing pan-Islamism, Faisal countered the idea of pan-Arab loyalty centered on Egypt with a larger transnational loyalty centered on Saudi Arabia. During the 1960s, members of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and its offshoots, many of them teachers, were given sanctuary in Saudi Arabia, in a move that undermined Nasser while also relieving the Saudi education crisis.
Saudi Arabia's foreign policy concerns eased in 1970 with Nasser's death. But in the 1970s, the Saudi education system was awash with Egyptian Muslim Brothers and other Salafis, much as Berkeley was awash with Marxists. Under King Khaled (r.1975-1982), some of the most important proponents of Qutbist terrorism, including Abdullah Azzam, Omar Abd al-Rahman and Muhammad Qutb, served as academics in the Kingdom.  [...]
Although Salafism and Wahhabism began as two distinct movements, Faisal's embrace of Salafi pan-Islamism resulted in cross-pollination between ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teachings on tawhid, shirk and bid'a and Salafi interpretations of ahadith (the sayings of Muhammad). Some Salafis nominated ibn Abd al-Wahhab as one of the Salaf (retrospectively bringing Wahhabism into the fold of Salafism), and the Muwahideen [followers of al-Wahhab's original ideas] began calling themselves Salafis.
Today, a profusion of self-proclaimed Salafi groups exist, each accusing the others of deviating from 'true' Salafism. Since the 1970s, the Saudis have wisely stopped funding those Salafis that excommunicate nominally Muslim governments (or at least the Saudi government), condemning al-Qaeda as 'the deviant sect'. The pro-Saudis correctly trace al-Qaeda's ideological roots to Qutb and al-Banna. Less accurately, they accuse these groups of insidiously 'entering' Salafism. In fact, Salafism was imported into Saudi Arabia in its Ikhwani and Qutbist forms. This does not mean that the pro-Saudi Salafis are necessarily benign – for example, Abu Mu'aadh as-Salafee's main criticism of Qutb and Muslim Brotherhood founder Hassan al-Banna is that they claim Islam teaches tolerance of Jews.

So there's basically a spectrum of Wahhabi-Salafist movements. Those which align closer to the ideology favorable to the Saudi kingdom receive financial support.
And probably the most important example of the spreading of Saudi-falvored Sunni Islam is in Pakistan.

[A leaked] U.S.
  Consulate cable to the State Department in 2008
  [...] goes on to discuss the quantity of the
  funding and to identify their sources more precisely:
  "[Pakistani] government and non-governmental
  sources claimed that financial support estimated
  at nearly 100 million USD annually was making
  its way to Deobandi and Ahl-e-Hadith clerics in the
  region from 'missionary' and 'Islamic charitable'
  organizations in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab
  Emirates ostensibly with the direct support of those
  governments."
All this has changed the kind of Islam practiced
  and taught in Pakistan, which had traditionally had
  more of a Sufi bent. While the roots of the Deobandi
  tradition go back to madrassas founded as part of the
  Islamic revival in 19th-century India, the Deobandis
  fundamentally oppose Sufi or "folk" Islam and its
  central concept of intercession by saints (the Barelvi
  tradition subscribes to this notion).  The Ahl-e-Hadith
  tradition is even more puritanical and is also linked
  to extremist groups. [...]
By some estimates, 80 percent of the madrassas in
  Pakistan are now Deobandi. Pakistan's two main
  Islamist parties, the Jamiat-Ulema-e-Islam and the
  Jamaat-e-Islami, follow the Deobandi tradition,
  which came out of the madrassa at Deoband in
  Uttar Pradesh, founded in 1866 in colonial India.
  The Taliban, too, follows an extreme version of the
  Deobandi faith. Vali Nasr argues that Saudi Arabia
  is responsible, both intellectually and financially,
  for the Deobandi resurgence across the Muslim
  world.
And while Saudi Arabia has had a close relationship
  with Pakistan's Deobandi Islamist parties, this
  alliance has also had its limits. Pakistan's political
  Islamists try to not be overtly sectarian, and,
  according to Nasr, that pushback has led Saudi
  Arabia to look elsewhere to fulfill its sectarian
  ambitions in Pakistan—specifically, to the Ahl-eHadith Ulema, thereby empowering them.
In general, the "Saudi-ization" of Pakistan and the
  changing nature of the country's religiosity are
  driven from the ground up—through the influence
  of madrassas and the Ulema—rather than from
  the top down [...]
Two historic events in 1979—the Islamic revolution
  in Iran, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan—
  increased Saudi influence in Pakistan thereafter.
  The revolution in Iran increased the Saudi
  imperative to cultivate Pakistan's Sunnism, and the
  Afghan jihad and the training of mujahedeen that
  Pakistan embarked on gave the Saudis a vehicle
  to do so, via the funding of Deobandi and Ahl-eHadith madrassas in Pakistan. These madrassas
  served up both the manpower and ideology that
  fueled the Afghan jihad. Sources suggest that the
  number of madrassas grew exponentially during
  this time. According to Mariam Abou-Zahab,
  "mosques and deeni [religious] madrassas with
  sectarian affiliations were built everywhere [during
  this decade], often on state lands."
This perfectly complemented Zia's parallel
  Islamization project in Pakistan, in which the
  Jamaat-e-Islami was his accomplice as he set
  out to Islamize public school curricula.
Comment: +1 for answering the question and showing how all this is eminently political but I think the answer could be more synthetic and lighter on quotes.
Comment: @Relaxed: the question was at 4 close votes (and is now closed), so I took some shortcuts to paraphrasing all that myself...
Comment: @Fizz imho your choice to interpret Wahhabism in a large sense as "Saudi ideological influence" is as questionable as mine to interpret it in a strict sense. Saudi ideological influence is a moving target, especially due to the internal struggles inside the religious and political leadership in KSA, something your answer doesn't address. Also your answer doesn't give any indication of how influent it is under this definition: do you agree with OP that it has many followers?
Answer: tl;dr: Wahhabism does not have many followers. There are various definitions but it is generally seen by Muslims themselves as a very strict and intolerant version of Sunni Islam. While it played an important role in the history of Saudi Arabia even in recent decades, its influence is now very limited.
Wahhabism is named after Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who lived in the 18th century. Wikipedia explains that:

The "pivotal idea" of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teaching was that people who called themselves Muslims but who participated in alleged innovations were not just misguided or committing a sin, but were "outside the pale of Islam altogether", as were Muslims who disagreed with his definition.

Since the 18th, Wahhabism played an important role in the history of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This started with the alliance in 1744 between ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab and  Muhammad ibn Saud, the founder of the Al Saud dynasty. "The alliance between the Wahhabi mission and Al Saud family has "endured for more than two and half centuries" (quoted from Wikipedia). In a nutshell, Wahhabism provided the Al Saud dynasty with the religious justification of representing the "true Islam".
In the modern history of KSA, there are two major events which shed light on the important but complex role of religious conservationism in the Saudi society:

The Iranian revolution in 1979: Iranian religious leaders started to claim themselves as the true defenders of Islam, as opposed to the liberal trend which was (slowly) progressing through the Saudi society at the time. This was taken as a serious threat and/or offense by Saudi Arabia, not only against its spiritual domination in the Islamic world but also because of the opposition between Shia Islam (Iran) and Sunni Islam.
The seizure of the Holy Mosque, also in 1979, was an attempt by a group of religious extremists, once again presenting themselves as the defenders of the true faith, to overthrow the Al Saud perceived as too liberal.

Because of these two events, the Al Saud royal family took a radically conservative turn to protect the religious credentials of the country and their own as legitimate leaders. More recently, in 2017 the crown prince and de facto ruler Mohammed bin Salman officially recognized this radical turn took 40 years ago and vowed to bring the country back to "moderate Islam".
It is important to emphasize that the vast majority of Saudis don't recognize themselves as followers of Wahhabism nowadays (they simply define themselves as Sunni Muslims). In fact, it is very difficult to precisely define Wahhabism nowadays, as illustrated by the unusual plural in Wikipedia's definitions. But in any case it is incorrect to say that "Wahhabism has many followers". Wikipedia mentions that:

Estimates of the number of adherents to Wahhabism vary, with one source (Mehrdad Izady) giving a figure of fewer than 5 million Wahhabis in the Persian Gulf region (compared to 28.5 million Sunnis and 89 million Shia)
The majority of Sunni and Shia Muslims worldwide disagree with the interpretation of Wahhabism, and many Muslims denounce them as a faction or a "vile sect"

While it is usually considered that Wahhabism has inspired the ISIS extremely intolerant ideology and other forms of religious extremism, its actual political power is very limited: its only potential influential supporter is KSA*. It is commonly accepted that KSA had secretly supported terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda in the past. However for various reasons:

untenable politically with its allies,
having to defend itself against ISIS attacks in the kingdom,
societal changes in its very young society,
and strict religious doctrine incompatible with the economic need for foreign investments,

the country seems to be on a path opposite to the Wahhabism doctrine. Of course, KSA is still very conservative by modern standards and is still actively trying to export its conservative vision of Islam, but the recent societal changes brought by Mohammed bin Salman show a direction opposite to the Wahhabism doctrine.
PS: for a detailed account of the historical role of Wahhabism in KSA and its recent downwards trend, see this link.
*: the only other candidate country for religious leadership is Iran, but Iran is 90% Shia Muslim which is completely incompatible with Wahhabism.
Comment: Are you sure that "KSA had *secretly* supported terrorist groups" is putting it right? I'm old enough to remember Western aid and weapons for the Mujahideen, when they were fighting Soviets. Then the West dropped them and declared them terrorists ...
Comment: Your post is a shell game of terminology. Arguably played by Saudis themselves, but that's besides the point. The Saudis do finance Salafist movements worldwide, mainly in education and charities. See https://www.brookings.edu/research/saudi-arabias-hold-on-pakistan/ for example. And scholars don't agree that the spectrum of Salafism is totally distinct from Wahhabism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafi_movement#Saudi_Arabia_(Wahhabism)
Comment: @Fizz see my answer under your post. Since the question asks specifically about Wahhabism, I don't think it should be conflated with any form of Saudi-brand Salafist movements.
Answer: The very short answer is :
Wahhabism was an outcast movement centered in the middle of Saudi desert with little or no support.
they got a lucky break  when the UK used ben Saud During WWI as a force first against the Ottoman and later against their former ally Sharif Hussein of Hejaz
ben Saud used the wahabies as they were warlike Bedouin warriors and once he gain full control he ousted them, leaving a small number of clergy dependent on him just to give him legitimacy.
ben Saud again had to rely on Wahhabism to fight against socialism,Communism, pan-arabism , The fight over who should be the supreme ruler of the Arab countries (king of Egypt, Hashmites of Hijaz all claimed to have the legitimacy to have a greater Arab kingdom in the middle east -a promise the UK dangled in the front of all of them during WWI)
Another lucky break came with the discovery of oil which allowed them to spread their ideology. supported by the US and the UK as an alternative to pan-arabism and an ally against Communism and USSR
so basically if it was not WWI and their Servile to the British, they would have been overcome by time, or tiny number of  Bedouins in the desert treated as ISIS is treated now a days (ISIS is strict whabbi as well)
Answer: Wahhabism is a term which is somewhat ambiguous.  Saudis who might be described as Wahhabis do not like the term, as there the word has tribal rather than religious connotations.  If we're referring to the puritan Islam of Saudi Arabia, then the word Salafi can be used too, and may be more appropriate.
The movement was born in 1744 when Muahammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab made a pact with tribal leader Muhammad bin Saud.  Wahhab's ideas were considered heretical by most back then, as his preoccupation with the threat of 'polytheism' and idolatry (shirk) undermining the oneness of God (tawhid) was regarded as excessive and wrongheaded.
Nonetheless, this did provide a justification to conquer their neighbours, who were suddenly deemed insufficiently Muslim.  Consequently by the early 1800s the influence of the Saudi royal family had reached the extent of the modern borders of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
However, there were still issues to be dealt with by the early 1900s, namely the independence of regions like Hejaz.  In order to secure control of the Arabian peninsula the Saudi dynasty converted many of the nomadic Bedouin, and in doing so settled them.  This produced a surplus of zealots who assembled an army known as the Ikhwan.
The Ikhwan were fundamentalists who fought only with weapons available at the time of Islam's prophet.  Regardless, they were effective shock troops, and ensured the political domination of the Arabian peninsula by the House of Saud.  Unfortunately for the Saudi family, the Ikhwan were restless, and quickly found issue with what they considered the religious shortcomings of the Saudis themselves.  This culminated in the Battle of Sabhilla, where soldiers loyal to the House of Saud slaughtered the Ikhwan with machineguns.
It's quite possible that without the discovery of oil in Arabia, Salafi Islam would have remained culturally isolated, but the exceptional wealth generated by Saudi oil exports allowed the Saudi state to buy influence around the world under the pretence of religious charity.  This manifested in 'charitable' activities, such as building mosques and schools... which only taught beliefs aligned with those of Saudi's clerics.  This led to the growing influence of Salafi beliefs in places like Pakistan.
As the behaviour of the Ikhwan may have suggested... Salafism is an unstable ideology which is prone to violence.  In 1979 militants believing their leader to be the Mahdi (an apocalypse-inducing character who shows up a few years prior to the Day of Judgement) seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca.
Saudi authorities prevailed after a couple of hundred deaths, but king Khalid's response was to compromise with exceptionally intolerant Salafi reforms.  It has been said that this is because the king was mindful that his predecessor, king Faisal, had been assassinated a few years prior in 1975 for sweeping modernisation, including the introduction of television; which provoked violent protests.
The rise of Salafi beliefs in the Middle East can be understood as a consequence of the failure of secular ideologies to achieve pan-arabism.  In 1966 Sayyid Qutb was executed in Egypt. Qutb is credited as being the first modern Islamist.  At the time it didn't look like theocratic beliefs would dominate the region.  Palestinian liberation movements were secular, and Arab republics were supported by the Soviet Union.  Arab women were influenced by relatively feminist ideologies: American liberalism, Soviet socialism, Turkish Kemalism.
In 1981 Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was assassinated by members of Egyptian Islamic Jihad.  By this point many Arabs regarded the region's governing presidents and kings as corrupt sellouts, and with the collapse of Communism in eastern Europe in 1989 the only ideology left which provided a narrative for national liberation was religious.  After the Iranian Revolution (1979) theocratic organisations emerged to challenge secular power.  Notably: Hezbollah (1985), Palestinian Islamic Jihad (1987), Hamas (1987).
Combining an ideological vacuum in the Middle East, with a lingering desire for national liberation, Saudi oil money, revolutionary Islamism, and widespread poverty, it's easy to understand how Salafi beliefs spread amongst Sunni Arabs.


Line spacing not applying when using  tag

Question: This is for Salesforce CPQ Template Content. I have a spacing issue when using the li tag. If the item is too long and is forced onto more than one line, it doesn't take into account the style="margin-..." attribute. I need uniformed spacing between all list items whether they are one line or multiple lines per item, but do not know how to achieve this.
Answer: You can apply css class on ordered or unordered list to make list item's height of same size.
<code>ul li {
  line-height:30px
}
</code>
Comment: I've used

but it only applies to the first line of each list item and not the second if there is a newline for that list item.
Comment: It will work for all list items. See example https://www.w3schools.com/code/tryit.asp?filename=G4QLLDDD1FNW. If not then please share sample like this so that i can check and help.
Answer: I ended up faking the listed items inside a padded table.
Comment: This should be added to the question itself - can you please edit your question to include the fact that it's about CPQ? You can also add a note in the question that the padded table was your workaround, but it's not really an "answer" to your question. Thanks!


Can you make merchandise for personal use?

Question: I read the Q&A for "Can I make fan merchandise and sell it?", but I didn't see anywhere something about personal use. I was looking at merchandise for my favorite group, but it was so expensive. Could I make my own (not selling it) and not get sued/fined/etc.? It'd have their logo and name.
Answer: The band's logo can be protected by both copyright and trademark. The band's name is probably only protected as a trademark.
Trademark would not apply to your personal use, because to infringe a trademark, you need to "use" the mark, and "use" in trademark law generally means selling an item that has the mark on it. As far as trademark law is concerned, no sale means no infringement.
Copyright protects the exclusive right of the owner to copy a "work" (it's much more complex than that, but we don't need to get into the details here).
Copyright probably applies because you would "copy" the logo, which under copyright law is something only the copyright owner can do (absent authorization from the copyright owner). You would therefore theoretically be infringing copyright by copying the bands logo on a shirt or something you want to wear yourself.
That said, while I agree with the first answer that fair use may apply in theory, there would never ever be such a complex discussion about fair use in this case... because in fact there's absolutely no chance an individual would get fined or sued for having copied a band's logo and name on something he/she wants to wear his/herself.

Getting sued by the band

The band will not notice. If you're lucky enough to meet the band (or somebody close to the band) in person while you are wearing your garment, they would either not notice or not care. At worst, they'll ask you where you bought it in case they suspect you bought it from someone who illegally sells fake merch. Even then, all of this seems very unlikely.
If you are extremely unlikely and the band notices it and sues you (and finds a lawyer to take a case like that to court), my inclination is to think the judge would be extremely mad with the band (and its lawyer) for losing the court's time with such a trivial matter. No judge would allow lawyers to waste the court's time pleading such a complex thing as fair use in a case like that.

Getting fined

The police would not notice either, because the only time the police cares about copyright is when somebody makes a complaint (nobody would make a complaint about you), except when they seize containers full of copyright infringing stuff (that is destined to be illegally sold for profit) in a port or at a border somewhere.

The only possible scenario where I could imagine that there would be legal consequences is if you wear a t-shirt with the bands logo in a YouTube video (or in a picture) where the only thing that you see basically is the bands logo on your t-shirt. Even this scenario is extremely far fetched, but let's say the video becomes popular and the band notices. Well, the likeliest scenario is that they would file a DMCA notice and get YouTube to take down the video, with very little chances that there would be more important consequences to you.
Have fun!
Answer: Presumably the thing that you're copying, e.g. a Yoda-Kzinti hydrid puppet (the underlying elements are protected), is something protected by copyright. That is generally prohibited, but there is the fair use exception. This involves "balancing" 4 factors: purpose, nature, amount and effect. If the item is your own mash-up, effect on market is favorable to fair use. Not selling the item is also on the fair use side of the scale. However: these are defenses, meaning that when you get sued, your attorney can argue that it's fair use, and if the jury accepts the argument, then you won't get hit with a big judgment. Since the law only say that these factors are to be balanced and there are no instructions about how that  is done, one would need to retain an attorney to get a professional evaluation of the most likely outcome in a particular case, if you really want to know. It often has to do with the past litigation behavior of the rights holder.


Aligning an object freely along a guide in Illustrator

Question: I have a quick question regarding aligning objects to paths/other objects. Essentially, I have a rounded rectangle with max rounding so that a circle could perfectly fit at either ends. Consequently, that's exactly what I'm trying to do. After trying several methods to no avail, it came to my attention that maybe I could create a path or guide, and lock an object, like a circle, and slide it along that path. So my question is, does this feature exist, and if not, are there other options that could help me achieve a similar effect?
Answer: You can achieve the same thing with a single path using the Appearance panel...

Draw your path...
From the Appearance panel, add a number of strokes: the bottom for the "outline", the next one a few pt smaller for the "fill" and another on top for the end pieces. Set all the strokes to have round end caps.
For the end circles set the stroke to be dashed with a "0" width dash and the largest gap you can (which should hopefully be longer than your path). Set the dashes to align to corners; this will keep the "dashes" (the circles) at the ends of the path.

Once you've finished setting up your appearance you can drag the object to the Graphic Styles panel to save your style for easy reuse:
Comment: The only reason i was answering was that my comment was too close to an answer and Vincent would have admonished me for commenting what is in fact an answer.
Comment: Yeh, don't let Vincent catch you doing that ;)
Comment: Thank you for the response! I'm fairly new to the program, is doing something like this normal or did you just find a complex way to achieve what I was asking? Because this method seems a little advanced for wanting to align a circle with a rounded rectangle. Either way, I appreciate your response!
Comment: @Stevens, I'd say using multiple strokes on a path is pretty normal, but I've never heard of the circle trick. If you need circles of different colours or sizes, or only on one end, it's easy to exactly align a circle on the end-point of a path if it has round end-caps.
Comment: @steven sorry, missed you comment... It's pretty normal; you can of course just use the regular alignment tools if they work for you, using the appearance panel to build styles and shapes like this is a very useful thing to know though :)
Answer: Select the rounded rectangle tool. Draw the rectangle with exact measures. Click the artboard, give the measures. The adjustment of the rounding is possible in Illustrator's new version. If you have it, no exact measures are a must.
In the Wiev menu set the smart quides on, enable snapping to point and disable snapping to grid. Now you can easily draw a circle that fits exactly and can be dragged easily along the rectangle.
The problem is more complex if you want the rectangle to have substantial stroke width and the circle must fit exactly between the strokes. One possiblity is to offset the strokes or have multiple strokes and make the extras invisible in the appearance panel. Actually your rectangle can be a curve as written in another answers.
Here's a different, the hard worker's solution:


Love of same gender

Question: If trying your best to achieve the everlasting rewards while knowing same gender love is an obvious sin, yet the heart happens to love one specific person from the same gender. No human can control the heart. If sticking to the right path and hoping for this desire to be fulfilled in jennah, is that good? Will it? ( May Allah forgive my heart for this sin)
Comment: Sticking to the right path and 'hoping' for it to be fullfilled is definitely the right thing to do but...it is going to be really hard, and at one point one will succumb.
Comment: @Sarah R u getting started with Islam? Feel you're a prior sinner? You should try to read some of descriptions of Jennah from Qur'an and try to grasp a picture of how it would be. Example Surah 55. May the creator guide us all
Answer: salaams
Think of these desires as a test. every person will be tested in this dunyah, in one way or another, and just consider this as YOUR test. Allah SWT wants to see how you deal with this, knowing that homosexuality is haraam. IN Jannah, you wont have this desire, In Sha Allah, and i ask Allah SWT to make the tests of this dunyah easy for us and to guide us all to the right path. May Allah SWT forgive us all, and see how much you are struggling for His cause, and raise us all united in the highest level of Jannah, Amen
I honestly hope this desire is removed from your heart so this life may be easier for you, but In Sha Allah, He will see your pure intentions and help you in this life and the hereafter, Amen
Comment: Paying heed to the issue of "test" could be so profitable for us in order to being patience against the sins as you stated about the TEST. Actually I'm  so agree with you regarding "Think of these desires as a test". Since seeing it as a test would help you preventing... / God bless your for this nice answer.
Answer: This desire will not be fulfilled in Jannah, Allah Ta'ala will remove this desire from your heart in Jannah Insha Allah and Allah may do the same here in this world too . Just keep praying to Allah Ta'ala and stay away from that person , dont think about her. Also keep yourself busy in some kind of work.
Read some islamic books by Shaykh Zulfikar Ahmad Naqshbandi DB.
If you know urdu here is a book https://archive.org/details/HayaAurPakdamniByShaykhZulfiqarAhmadNaqshbandi
Else search google for English lectures and books of Shaykh Zulfikar Naqshbandi.
Insha Allah it will help you to shift your heart from that person to Allah Subhanwata'ala
Remember One meaning of Kalima is : There is none worthy of LOVE (Affection) except Allah.
Comment: To be honest I would want this desire to be fulfilled n I feel it's a motivation for me to do more for Allah, but knowing it will be removed is sad n knowing the suffering will be removed. I understand that Alah is the one who deserves all the love n for sure he is the one who knows what I'm feeling exactly. I put my trust in him he will fulfill everything I want in jennah. I think of jennah as a place where each wish will happen n come true, even though it was forbidden in real life example:alcohol but in jennah alcohol rivers . Makes sense ya?
Comment: @Sarah, The wine in heaven is probably not wine. I searched the verses about it. In some there is only a mention about a full-cup, which is translated as a wine fulled cup in some translations and not others. In one verse, it is said that it is a cup of kâfur (a healthy plant). In another, it is said that it is a cup including ginger. In other verses, it is said that this drink doesn't give drunkenness and doesn't smell bad, in another smell good.
Answer: I myself am lesbian because I only love women's. although I didn't act on it and I wont but I still know there is a lot of muslim women like me. all I can say is to pray and hope that in the after life that desire will be fulfilled. I realized long time ago that I will be alone in this life as I cant permit myself to act on what is considered a great sin. I love islam and I believe its part of my identity. other people who don't have to struggle like to judge and just say repent. it is not as easy as it sound.
Answer: You should go by facts alone.
If you follow Islamic Theology, then everything in Islam is permitted unless it is categorically forbidden!
If Homosexuality is forbidden, then it is forbidden!
Al-Baqarah 2:286 - "Allah burdens not a person beyond his scope"
Al-Bukhaari (2528) and Muslim (127) - The Prophet(SAS) said, "Allah has forgiven my Ummah for whatever crosses their mind so long as they do not speak of it or act upon it.
If something is Ambiguous, or perhaps comes across as a metaphor that a fellow human is not able to explain from a clear, coherent and concise transparency, then that is all it is and Allah knows best!
What happens in Heaven, only Allah knows best!

Love of same gender


医者 or 先生?Which title is appropriate?

Question: 医者 or 先生?Which is the correct term to address my doctor? I actually received many different responses from chatting with Japanese. Is there a preferred term?
Answer: 先生 is used as a way of address when speaking directly to the individual or when referring to the individual in communication with others. 医者 is the actual profession of "physician" or more colloquial "doctor" and might be used when speaking out of context.

昨日は医者に診てもらった
  (Yesterday I went to the doctor)

said in context to someone who didn't know the speaker had a health issue.
Compare with:

先週川口先生に診てもらった佐藤ですが…
  (My name is Satō, and I saw Dr. Kawaguchi last week...)

said in the context of the speaker addressing the reception staff at the hospital.
I hope this demonstrates the difference in usage. Generally the cases in which you would use 医者、医者さん、or お医者さん is when asking if someone is a physician. Speaking to others at the hospital or the physician directly you should use 先生. However, I find that in some Japanese hospitals it's expected that you don't speak unless being spoken too so you probably can manage without using 先生 though it is good to know in case the nurses tell you to wait for the doctor.
Besides the well-known usage for teachers, 先生 is also used to address other figures of higher learning or respect, lawyers, politicians, etc.
Answer: I think Sudachi's answer is perfect, so I up-voted it.

Besides the well-known usage for teachers, 先生 is also used to address other figures of higher learning or respect, lawyers, politicians, etc.

This is quoted from Sudachi's answer.
I'll show you an interesting saying which is written here relating to the quotation:

大辞林 第三版の解説
せんせいといわれるほどのばかでなし【先生{せんせい}と言{い}われるほどの馬鹿{ばか}でなし】
〔先生という敬称が必ずしも敬意を伴うものではないことから〕
先生と言われて気分をよくするほど、馬鹿ではない。また、そう呼ばれていい気になっている者をあざけって言う言葉。

Roughly translated as:

Literally: I am not stupid or a fool enough to be called [先生]{sensei}.
【 The maxim that came from that the honorific name of [先生]{sensei} is not necessarily accompanied by respect 】
I am not stupid enough to make myself feel better as being called Sensei.
Also, the word with Sensei is used to ridicule a person who becomes pleased to be called so.

But, you can call Dr. Kawaguchi "sensei" with confidence.

医者 or 先生？Which title is appropriate?


Why does it appear that we have two close reasons pointing to SuperUser?

Question:

Are there any significant differences between the two of them? If there isn't, should one of the close reasons be removed to make it less confusing?
Answer: If enough close voters (or a moderator) picks the option under "migration", then the thread (the question, its answers, its comments, their votes) is automatically moved to the target site. Use this for questions which you think are perfectly reasonable but off-topic here and on-topic on Super User.
The option that isn't under "migration" just closes the post here. It leaves the advice that the question may be suitable for Super User, but it's up to the asker to decide to repost there or not. Use this for questions which you think are within Super User's purview but are not suitable in their present state. Typically the reason to pick this option would be that the question lacks some important information (OS and version information, precise description of what was tried, clear description of the requirements, …); you should explain this in a comment.
Or, in other words: migration is when you take responsibility for moving the question to the other site. "Can be asked on" is for questions where you wash your hands of the responsibility.
Answer: As they come up in different options I don't think they are confusing, in fact having that first option can make it simpler for newer members to understand the common close options.
The migrate section works better for those who know a bit more about the SE network.


What's the difference between how space and atmospheric craft (eg. fighters) work?

Question: I can't point to any specific literature, but I remember reading of it years ago, so I'm pretty certain there's a distinction between both types of flying craft in the Star Wars universe. What's the difference with regards to how aircraft fly in the air and spacecraft fly in space?
Comment: Possible duplicate of [How do ships control their aerodynamics in Star Wars?](http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/131253/how-do-ships-control-their-aerodynamics-in-star-wars)
Comment: I'm pretty sure they use repulsor lifts like speeders do in atmosphere then their main engine for example the TIE fighter's ion engines in space. I don't have a quote or anything though.
Comment: @Probst The X-wing books give a few examples of repulsor lifts being used in atmo, but ion drives when out of orbit. Hope I make it home before someone else grabs this one.
Comment: Good, that's a much better answer than the current one.
Comment: Maybe related: http://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/7408/why-does-millennium-falcon-bank-when-turning-in-vacuum
Answer: According to Legends sources, most flying craft in the Star Wars universe incorporate anti-grav technology known as "repulsorlifts" to keep airborne when they don't otherwise have sufficient aerodynamic lift. Although the name "repulsorlift" does not appear in the films, their existence is evident in all of the films. A lot of that old information is no longer canon, but the term "repulsorlift" appears in James Luceno's Tarkin (which unfortunately is canon), so they are still the canon explanation for how landspeeders fly.
We see countless vehicles flying without the types of wings that would give them lift (in fact, off the top of my head, I can't think of a single flying vehicle that has proper wings for atmospheric flight in any of the films). Luke's landspeeder obviously uses anti-grav technology - it remains hovering in the air even when it's stationary. X-Wings and Y-Wings are shown hovering out of their hangers before launch in ANH and ESB. Jaba's sail barge and skiffs float ponderously through the Tatooine dunes and are also shown to hover in place.
There is very little actual difference between how spacecraft and landspeeders/airspeeders fly in atmosphere. They typically use repulsorlifts to generate lift, and thrusters/engines to achieve forward acceleration. Spacecraft can presumably use their main drives for acceleration in the atmosphere just like they do in space, although I believe I remember reading that ion engines are hazardous to use in atmosphere and are not supposed to be used anywhere near a spaceport. Groundcraft are likely to use turbines or thrusters instead of ion drives for their forward acceleration, but the general principle - repulsors push you up, engines move you forward - remains the same.
Comment: @Morgan Oh, you work on anti-gravity generators that allow vehicles to hover above the ground without aerodynamic forces coming into play? So is that for Boeing or NASA?
Comment: @Morgan *It's fictional scientific mumbo jumbo, like most things in most science fiction universes.* It doesn't *have* to make any sense in the real world. Anyway, you can't claim that you know precisely how this made-up technology works since it's fictional. I'm telling you what is documented in official Star Wars literature. If you want to ignore it and come up with hypothetical explanations based on nothing, that's fine, but it's no reason to downvote my answer
Comment: @Morgan - What is required is your suspension of disbelief, nothing more.
Comment: And why the downvote?
Comment: Sorry for the down vote but the premise is faulty. You're basing your answer on tech that relies on close proximity to the ground. That will work for low hovering craft like speeders but as you go higher you loose 'contact' with the ground. Nothing to 'push against'.
Comment: I don't like to be so seemingly critical but I work in this field and am familiar with what is required.
Answer: The basic out of universe explanation is that there are two main forces an aircraft in atmospheric flight must overcome in order to stay airborn: Gravity and Drag.
1) They overcome gravity with lift. Lift is created by high and low pressure air traveling across the upper and lower surfaces of the wings and fuselage.
2) They overcome drag (air resistance) with engine thrust propelling the airframe forward through ever increasing air resistance as velocity increases. This resistance is also in relation to altitude (air density).
These forces do not exist in space.

In universe:
  Tie fighters would need either MASSIVE thrust engines in order to overcome both lift and drag issues for such a non-aerodynamic design...or... they have some type of antigravity device designed to overcome gravity's pull and a drag reducing device designed to radically reduce/eliminate atmospheric drag. Through deductive reasoning and because they aren't flying fuel tanks attached to huge engines, I suspect the latter would be the case. Due to the fuel consumption costs required for the massively powerful engines' thrust needed, the former option would be wildly impractical.
  I'm sure there is or will be a name for these devices but I have yet to find them.
Comment: So you think because Luke's landspeeder only hovers a few feet above the ground that it is impossible for a repulsorlift to exist that can elevate a vehicle higher than a few feet? Then how do you explain all of the non-aerodynamic airspeeders on Coruscant? Cloud City's Cloud Cars? What does ground effect have to do with fictional sci-fi anti-gravity technology?
Comment: @thegreatjedi As an aerospace inspector I'm familiar with the tech. Basically the rule of cool trope comes into play. They have made the dogfights look the same whether in atmosphere or in space because it looks cool to see them yanking and banking. Most people don't understand the different requirements and forces applied. To expain it away enough to maintain suspension of disbelief, each tie obviously has an anti-drag unit designed to eliminate atmospheric drag and an antigravity unit to cancel gravity...
Comment: @Morgan I guess this ground effect is Earth based. Tech in Star Wars seem to have overcome that. The "surface" of Coruscant is actually hundreds if not thousands of storeys above the planet's surface or even the true "ground floor". There are deep holes in Coruscant that allow travel from the upper city deep into the undercity. Atmospheric speeders are capable of descending without nosediving into freefall because they are too far from the ground.
Comment: They clearly aren't using wings for lift, TIE fighters can fly in atmosphere...
Comment: @Probst The same forces apply in atmosphere whether it's a glider or an F15 or a TIE fighter. I'm just stating some basics of the theory of flight. thrust=drag, lift=gravity. You can see the TIE fighters bank and roll as they maneuver. Such 'acrobatics' are not necessary in space, yet they do it there too.
Comment: @Morgan While your physics seem sound to me (based on my college-level knowledge of the theory; I'm no aerospace engineer), I'm more interested in the aspect of technical design: How an atmospheric craft is technologically different from a craft that can operate in both space and atmosphere *in-universe*. As such, technological differences between Earth-based aircraft and spacecraft cannot apply unless it can be proven Star Wars craft operate the same way. After all, it's possible to address the same problems posed by physics differently.
Comment: They do it because the filmmakers expected them to do it, do you really think a TIE fighter has some sort of lift generating wing?
Comment: And if "each tie obviously has an anti-drag unit designed to eliminate atmospheric drag and an antigravity unit to cancel gravity" then that's the answer, not that they create lift with air on their wings because that might look right for say an X-Wing but it is clearly not the case for a TIE fighter or the Millennium Falcon
Comment: @Morgan Your comment that "each tie obviously has an anti-drag unit..." would be a good addition to your answer, especially if you find a source to back that up. This is the start of a good answer but based on the OP's comments it looks like he's looking for more of an in-universe explanation.
Comment: @Null I incorporated your suggestions into my answer. Thanks
Comment: Vehicles in Star Wars are well-known to have anti-grav technology called repulsorlifts that keep all manner of flying craft airborne when they don't otherwise have sufficient lift. Although I don't recall the name "repulsorlift" actually appearing in the films, it's quite obvious that the technology exists - Luke's landspeeder hovers above the ground even when it's motionless.
Comment: @user45623 Do you know what 'ground effect' is? I'll put it this way... how far can a hovercraft rise off the ground? Several feet? Luke's landspeeder basically works the same way. That's totally different tech than that required for dogfighting at 500feet AGL, much less 30k.
Comment: @Probst Actually the Millennium Falcon fuselage would create more lift that you might imagine.
Comment: I've given an actual answer based on actual Star Wars lore, and you're criticizing it as if your speculation is somehow more accurate than canon.
Comment: V-wings and Speeders both seem to use "assisted" ground effect in Star Wars.


stop benching at al-yichasiranu?

Question: Can you stop benching (saying the grace after a meal) after al-yichasiranu (the end of the fourth blessing of the grace)?
Answer: The mechaber brings "harahaman"s as an optional addition to Bircas HaMazone. Today the general Ashkenazic Minhag is to say it all unless you have one of the following two minhagim:

The GRA holds that on Shabbos one should stop before the personal requests  (yifarnisanu bchavod).
In Slobodka Yeshivah (hence in Chaim Berlin) the custom was to stop at Al Yihasireinu so as to gain a few more minutes for learning Torah. Those who still have this custom either descend from those who learned/taught there or picked it up in Yeshivah.
Comment: Which Rabbi Chait? And why at "Al Yihasireinu" if the first few Harahamans are not personal requests?
Comment: Students of Rabbi Chait's Yeshiva stop at the al yechasireinu on Shabbos, for the reason mentioned above. Not being one, I'm not sure what they do the rest of the week.
Comment: I know the GR"A held you can't say them on Shabbath, but I also heard it said that he didn't say them at all, and for the reason mentioned in 2. Could this be true, or was my source confused about where that tradition originated?
Answer: I believe there is also a source [help please!] that says, while on your employer's time, you should only say the first four berachot. this could be extended to other situations where time or kavana are limited.
Comment: See Shulchan Aruch OC Siman 191
Answer: It depends on your minhag. Some do, some don't.
Comment: I guess this about as a good an answer as the question was.
Comment: cHAIM bERLINERS

stop benching at al-yichasiranu?


Why are there no Oe or Ae stars?

Question: The unique characteristics of Be stars are mainly because of their circumstellar discs.
I wonder what makes Be stars special that only they have unique characteristics?
Which kind of stars have discs generally?
Why are there no Oe and Ae stars?
Answer: Well, there might be.
I strongly disagree with your statement that circumstellar discs are what differentiate B(e) stars from other related stars. In fact, there are four primary criteria for stars that satisfy "the B(e) phenomenon":

Strong emission lines in the Balmer series
Emission of lines of certain (low ionization) metals such as Fe II
"Forbidden emission lines" in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum such as O I
Hot circumstellar dust

The dust is not the key to the B(e) phenomenon, though it can change the spectrum slightly.
HAeB(e) stars are a class of stars (and a subclass of B(e) stars) related to Herbig Ae/Be stars, which have not yet left the main sequence. There are additional criteria that a star must satisfy to be considered an HAeB(e) star, too. These stars can be of spectral type A, meaning that you can have B(e) stars that are not of spectral type B, if you use a certain definition.
This answer is based largely on Lamers et al. (1998), a fascinating paper on the classification of B(e) stars.
Comment: @The unique characteristics of Be stars are not mainly because of their circumstellar discs? How about Oe stars?
Comment: @questionhang I don't know if those have been theorized about.

Why are there no Oe or Ae stars?


Date of Download

Question: When I download an item, I would like the modified date to be the date the item was downloaded. Is this possible somehow?
Answer: It is possible.
You can change the modified date of a file using this command
<code>touch -mt YYYYMMDDhhmm
</code>
where YYYYMMDDhhmm is the date/time you'd like to set it for.  Combined with the Add Folder Actions (where you can assign an Applescript that runs when a file is added to a folder), you should be able to create an Applescript to do this (using the touch command above).

Date of Download


How do I move a site from one site collection to another?

Question: I need to move a site from one site collection to another.  I don't need to move an entire site collection; just a sub-site on that collection.  What is the easiest way to do this?
Answer: Export and import the easy way to move the subsite around. But i always followed the below script which is equal to export/import but also add one more step create the subsite on destination with same template as used on source. You need to change the parameters and save the file as .PS1 and run it.
http://gallery.technet.microsoft.com/projectserver/Move-a-SharePoint-2010-sub-f7774baa
    # add SharePoint snapin
Add-PSSnapin Microsoft.SharePoint.PowerShell –ea SilentlyContinue

# set variables
$exportfolder = "C:\Site exports"
$exportfile = "\site_export.cmp"
$exportsite = "http://vm353/PWA/PAULMATHERTESTSITE"
$exportlocation = $exportfolder+$exportfile
$importlocation = "http://vm353/PAULMATHERTESTSITE"

#get export site's template
$web = Get-SPWeb $exportsite
$webTemp =  $web.WebTemplate
$webTempID = $web.Configuration
$webTemplate = "$webTemp#$webTempID"
$web.Dispose()

#create export folder
$null = New-Item $exportfolder -type directory
#export site
Export-SPWeb $exportsite –Path $exportlocation -IncludeUserSecurity -IncludeVersions 4
Write-host "$exportsite has been exported to $exportlocation"
#create new site ready for import
$null = New-SPWeb $importlocation -Template "$webTemplate"
Write-host "$importlocation created ready for import"
#import site
Import-SPWeb $importlocation –Path $exportlocation -IncludeUserSecurity –UpdateVersions 2
Write-host "$exportsite has been imported to $importlocation" -foregroundcolor "Green"

Another approach is use the 3rd party tool if you are going to different between different farms.
Answer: Export sub-site from old site collection using this command:
export-spweb "http://host/sites/OldsiteCollection/xyz" -path "D:\Temp\migration\backupfile.cmp" -IncludeUserSecurity

Import subsite to my new site collection using this command:
Import-SPWeb "http://host/sites/NewsiteCollection/xyz" -path "D:\Temp\migration\backupfile.cmp"  –UpdateVersions Overwrite -IncludeUserSecurity


Dhcp Broadcast Through Switches

Question: Think of a pc connected to switch1. Sw1 is connected to sw2(trunk port on both switches) and sw2 is connected to a router(dhcp server). Pc sends a dhcp broadcast. Does sw1 passes the broadcast through the trunk port(connected to sw2), without looking  at the mac table?
Answer: Yes, DHCP broadcast on Ethernet are sent to address FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.
The 802.1AD document that define bridges (I.E. switches) operations state that (emphasis mine):

The broadcast address and other group MAC Addresses apply to the use
  of the MAC Service provided by a Bridged Local Area Network as a
  whole. In the absence of explicit filters configured via management as
  Static Filtering Entries, or via GMRP as Group Registration Entries
  (Clause 14, Clause 10, 7.9), frames with such destination addresses
  are relayed throughout the network

So by definition a broadcast is sent to all connected switches and host in the (V)LAN.
There's no MAC table lookup, since it is not needed.
Comment: So a trunk port is enough to send the broadcast to the other switch right?
Comment: It depends. You can restrict which VLAN are allowed to pass through a trunk port. A broadcast is propagated throughout the whole VLAN. So if the VLAN is allowed in the trunk, yes.

Dhcp Broadcast Through Switches


How to check for cross-domain referrer leakage?

Question: I am learning pen testing on web applications. I found the vulnerability cross-domain referrer leakage very interesting. Can anybody please tell me how to check for this vulnerability on any web application?
Answer: Your browser will add the HTTP Referer header (which, in a sense, indicates the "originating" URL) to most resource requests originating from a web page (exceptions include loading HTTP content from an HTTPS website, and refreshes).
Thus, the simplest way to automate testing is to crawl/spider/monkey your web application and log all requests to other websites. Then collect all the HTTP Referers and see if there is any sensitive information being disclosed.
What you should be looking for is any sensitive data in the GET parameter of these referers (e.g. session IDs, account numbers etc.). This is a bad practice anywhere, and not just because it allows cross-domain referrer leakage, since this means that users browser histories and shared URLs are tied directly to their session/account. I've heard about this being reported generally for things like password reset (on edx and on Mozilla), where the URL allowed social media plugins to initiate "reset password", effectively giving their owners the ability to take over accounts.
Simply avoid having sensitive data in GET fields, perform all actions using POST, and use a good one-time-token for generating links to critical actions.
Comment: In most cases, an attacker will normally not be an arbitrary person/website, but a third-party website whose resources you choose to use (normally social media / analytics plugins or a CDN) in your website. They may receive a Referer header when a request is made by the browser, and this may contain sensitive information. If an arbitrary attacker is able to make you forward traffic through to them, you have a larger problem: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Unvalidated_Redirects_and_Forwards_Cheat_Sheet
Comment: Thanks for detailed explanation Jedi but as i am a noob, i want to test for this vulnerability manually. I really don't understand where to look for the logs. How could an attacker exploit this vulnerability.
Comment: Let's take a scenario. Victim requested for the new password and then hi clicked on that link. Now if an attacker sends him a malicious link of his website say evil.com, now before resetting the password victim clicks on that evil.com link then  Question 1. **What is this evil.com website or link actually consist or how it is configured** Question 2. **how attacker would get the session token of victim if this website is vulnerable of cross domain referrer leakage** I would appreciated if you give me detailed explanation of every entity of this scenario.
Comment: You can use spidering and http request logging plugins for Chrome/Firefox to start with (as well as dev tools - press `F12`). I'd suggest reading through the 3 links in the answer first.


Tier 4 bank statement requirements

Question: I would like to know the bank statement requirements for a U.K. study visa. Are they the same as a visit visa? Should the statement show stability and source?
Answer: The financial documentation that has to accompany a Tier 4 student visa application is far greater than what is needed for a visit visa. You have to have all of the course fees for the first academic year and the living costs for each month of the course (up to a maximum of 9 months).  For example, if your fees are £12,000, and 9-months maintenance is £11,385 (£1,265.00 for each month), you would have to show a total of £23,385 in your account. Any deposit already paid to the university would be deducted from that amount and stated on your Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies (CAS) which is also submitted with the Tier 4 application.
Carefully review and follow the UK Policy Guidance (pages 42 through 51) on what financial statements are required.  Many Tier 4 visa refusals are because students do not have the required amount of money in their account or have not provided the correct evidence of the funds.
Comment: Of course you do, and it has to be in the account, and stay there; otherwise, it's fund parking in an attempt to get a visa.  It has to be your account, joint with parents/guardian, gov't scholarship/grant etc. and you have to prove that it's yours or that you have a right to it. Revew the detailed instructions in the application for everything that has to be supplied.
Comment: What about the source of money ? Should I provide evidence of the source of funds present in my bank account? Does the account need to be active with lots of transactions as in visit visa ?

Tier 4 bank statement requirements


Can I subtitute water for milk in crêpes?

Question: I want to make crêpes, but I have run out of milk. I do have all the other ingredients I need. Can I somehow substitute the milk by water or anything else?
Answer: You can substitute but don't expect them to be exactly the same, of course.
The fat, protein, and sugar in milk all interfere with the flour and egg protein binding in the crepes. Milk will produce a more tender product.
Also expect the flavor to be a little less luxurious without the fat and sugar. You can use vanilla or replace some of the oil with butter (if your recipe doesn't already call for them).
Powdered milk or evaporated milk are good to have on hand for when you get in situations like this.
Answer: You may substitute water, yes, but be sure to also add in a flavorless oil, egg and some Vanilla. The water should only be a bout a cup or so so as to not dilute the batter to much.
Comment: I guess adding a little oil to make up for missing fat might make sense, but adding an extra egg would have some pretty substantial effects, and vanilla sounds unrelated to this substitution.


Would Pan go Super Saiyan in Dragon Ball Super?

Question: Since now the author at least knows how to draw a female Super Saiyan such as Kale and Caulifla, would Pan go Super Saiyan in Dragon Ball Super?
Comment: Basically we cannot answer this, since pan is still a child and so far no child has been show to transform into a ssj. If she will later be a ssj is also purely speculation, because we don't know when super will end and if there will be a shown time skip
Comment: It is not an opinion based question. It has a legitimate answer. We do not know yet, but from past history and recent changes (Introduction of female Super Saiyans), it is highly probable that Pan may go Super. There are plenty of acceptable questions where this is the case, i.e. No answer as of this moment but possible to answer in the future.
Answer: This answer contains spoilers!

 Kale and Caulifla transforming proves that there can now be female super saiyans from either universes.

 Pan - less than one year old, breaks a robot/machine, flies through the stratosphere and carries 3 little people while flying. My deduction about pan's power:

 * My first thought is comparing her to goten/trunks, as they were able to transform into super saiyans at an early age which could be due to goku + vegeta having higher power levels at that time(just assuming that since it's shown that goku was weaker when he was young - again this could be linked to his father being weak), therefore it could possibly be assumed that she will benefit from this as well since gohan would actually have been the strongest at the time of conception(this is backed up by pans feat of flying and her strength for a baby).
 * My second would be how gohan had so much potential, even surpassed vegata and goku in the past(in the cell and majin boo sagas), constantly getting strong due to his emotions(his potential drawn out through anger as well as his 'Mystic' or 'Ultimate' form), and that may have also passed down to her.
 * My third is how she's always there watching the fighting as a baby, maybe learning from it(with flying maybe she tried to imitate someone).
 * And my last would be the whole beerus situation - pan was exposed to all of that power, whilst not even being born yet(while she was still developing in the womb - it could have affected her own powers).

 So, with this all said i think there is a strong possibility that she could become super saiyan when she grows up. She is still a baby so this is heavily theory-based, so it is not definate and with that said,it is also not solid evidence however, it does make her becoming super saiyan seem more realisic.
Answer: She might go Super Saiyan, she might not.
I have read that the only reason she didn't go Super Saiyan during Dragon Ball GT is because Akira Toriyama (the creator of Dragon Ball) did not know how a female Super Saiyan should look like. She has a high power rating, and has Saiyan blood, so she has the potential.
And there are female Super Saiyans already, like Caulifla. So, who knows.
Comment: Adding a source where the reason why Pan wasn't Super in the original DBZ will help improve the answer.
Answer: Well the only reason she never went Super Saiyan in GT was because Akira Toriyama stated that Pan and Bulla never had the incentive to go Super Saiyan and that at the time he did not know how a female Super Saiyan would look. Since we now have female Super Saiyans, Caulifla and Kale, Toriyama would be able to make Pan a Super Saiyan. Especially since she was exposed to all that power when doing the ritual for Goku to go Super Saiyan God, she could definitely go Super Saiyan.
There was so much power that Videl herself had blonde Super Saiyan-like hair. Videl herself didn't go Super Saiyan but probably from all the energy surrounding her and the energy from Pan inside her she had blonde hair. Since Toriyama now has a way for female Saiyans to go Super Saiyan I believe that both Pan and Bulla will be able to go Super Saiyan. I believe that Bulla has a higher chance since she is coming directly from Vegeta himself and would be half Saiyan and half human like Goten, Trunks, and Gohan. Since Pan is only like a quarter Saiyan it would be harder for her to achieve Super Saiyan. This is all just what I believe and I believe that Pan and Bulla has more than enough potential to go Super Saiyan just like Goku, Vegeta, Trunks, Goten, Gohan, Cabba, Caulifla, and Kale. Even in GT Goku Jr. was able to go Super Saiyan and he was like 1/16 of a Saiyan which is way less than any of the other half-breeds.
It all depends on if Toriyama decides to go past the ending of Z in Super or if he just decides to leave the end of Z the ultimate end to Dragon Ball itself and whatever happens after we'll never know. I'm hoping that they go past the ending of Z especially since the whole purpose of the anime is to sell merchandise like toys and video games. I don't know about toys but I do know that games like Xenoverse 2 and the new Fighterz that is coming out soon is making them a ton of money. And since Bandai Namco themselves said there will be more Xenoverse games we know that those will rake in a ton of money. The series as a whole depends on us as the fans in order to continue the anime and manga. We just need to keep supporting Dragon Ball as much as we can.


Why does Sherlock ask the question in this way?

Question: In the BBC Sherlock episode "The Sign of Three", Sherlock is reading the guest list (checking RSVPs) and asks "Major James Sholto. Who he?"  Why does he say "Who he?" instead of who is he?  It seems like lazy speaking, which is unlike Sherlock.
Comment: "It seems like lazy speaking, which is LIKE Sherlock."
Comment: @madmada I really don't think he does speak lazily - to me his speech is formal English, not an Estuary or Essex accent. Kind of upper-class maybe?
Comment: @NiceOrc the two aren't mutually exclusive... He has a slight upper-class accent and uses proper grammar etc, but also, strictly the minimum effort necessary to get the result he wants
Comment: Are you sure he actually said that?  Are you sure it's not just the *caption* that is wrong?
Answer: I think this is a UK idiomatic usage. It seems to be fairly common these days although I can't find any references to origin or reason for current usage. I suspect that the writer is trying to be hip.
It's like some form of pidgin English. It reminds me of the line from Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness (bit of a spoiler):

 "Mistah Kurtz - he dead."
Comment: I'm sure it was used in Yes Minister too in the 80s, I think Jim Hacker said it, though can't find it. I don't think it's particularly modern (though anachronistic speech has been a bit trendy for several years now). I think you kinda over-pronounce both words, as if speaking English as a foreign language, and the subtext is "This is all alien to me, I couldn't possibly know who this person is".
Answer: At least, from my knowledge, it's just another way of talking, like taking out a g (i.e takin') or abbreviating words.
Comment: Yes, but Sherlock doesn't usually speak like this, which is the point of my question.


Will an outlet adapter installed in a motion sensor light be constantly hot?

Question: I am wanting to add a plug in outlet to one side of my dual motion light sensor. Is this outlet only gong to work when the sensor light comes on? Or will it have a constant electrical feed?
Comment: Hello, and welcome to Home Improvement. Unless you'd be happy with an "It Depends" answer, you'll need to give us more info (a wiring diagram, a clear photo of the inside of the switch box, more text, etc).
Comment: Can you post photos of the insides of the boxes involved?
Comment: Installed pre or post sensor?
Answer: If I understand correctly, you'd like to screw a plug adapter into one of the bulb sockets on your flood light. If so, here are the caveats that come to mind:

The outlet will only be live when the adjacent bulb is lit. It would use the same electrical contacts that the bulb would.
There will be a current limitation that you could easily violate by plugging other devices into the light socket. The socket and its connected wiring are designed only for the current load of light bulbs up to the maximum listed wattage. In the case of a 75 watt flood lamp, that's less than one amp. The wiring may be fine up to say 5 amps, but we can't know for sure, and you open yourself up to smoky outcomes if someone else comes along and plugs a table saw into it.

In general, it's not a good idea. Used with caution, it could work for a short run of holiday lights, for example, without issue.
Answer: Yes, that will be fine. Those 2-light sensors are packaged units that get supplied always-hot. You can tap that.
Answer: You should turn off the breaker before doing any work.
Most flood lights have a interior wall switch that regulates when they work or not.
For wiring an external weather rated receptacle that is GFCI protected and accessible, you probably should put the GFCI in the panel as a breaker ( not always a DIY job ).  Per 2017 NEC the GFCI should be accessible.
When wiring the the GFCI protected receptacle to the light, you should see a black, red, white, and ground.  The black wire would be pig-tailed to supply the permanent power.


one requirement in Engagement studio, Pardot

Question: How to check mail response like reply to mail sent in engagement studio. for Open and click functionality is present , but i want info abt how to check if prospect responded/ replied to nurture mail sent or not?
Answer: Native Pardot, not possible.
There are a few paths.
With one of the email integrations, we could hope that the sales team attached the email, and we can poll for it by Salesforce API, look for something unique, such as subject line, and if matched, add the prospect to a static list or tag, and now we can have engagement studio look for that signal to make the decision.
If we use a 3rd party email tool that gets data into SFDC (Or Pardot) we could follow the same pattern.


Downloaded but not installed app

Question: I got gionee elife 7 mini
Just a day ago..
I put two games for downloading  (bad piggies and oil hunter)  and when the download was completed the  play store showed an error which stopped the installing process.  When the two game was not in my phone, I had 300mb of space . but now the phone showing only 50mb . how to free that space , please help  ... and my android is not rooted.
Answer: Some times happen that phones with short memory not permit to install many apps, in this case your phone has only 1 gb of RAM, but like 500 mb of this is occupied by the apps already present in the phone. To work good the phone need like 200 mb always available and for this motivation you can't install other apps despite you have 300mb of space. I got the same problem with my last phone, and apps like facebook occupied all the memory. It is only a problem of memory, but to be sure try to clear cache and data of Google Play following these steps:
1.Go to [Settings > Applications > Manage applications > Google app store]
2.Click [clear cache] and [clear data].
3.Open Google Play store and try to install the app again.
I hope I helped you, good luck!

Downloaded but not installed app


What are the Arsh and Kursi of Allah?

Question: What are the Arsh and Kursi of Allah? How are they different from each other?
Comment: Notice that many Muslims actually believe that the arsh (throne) is a metaphor of God's kingdom. All kings got a throne or a kingdom. One of the names of God is The King. A king is someone that rules. All of the verses mentioning the throne of God is always in the same sentence speaking about God's way of ruling or about God's way of creating his kingdom or his way of ruling in it. So I think this is a point one shouldn't miss.
Comment: There are interpretations that say that the kursi, is just the leg of the Throne. And the Arsh, is the Throne itself.
Comment: @Kilise Thank you for your answer. But there is a Hadith that states that the all the sevens heavens when compared to the kursi are a like ring compared to a desert and the kursi itself is like a ring compared to a desert when compared with the throne. So, I am not sure how the analogy of God's kingdom fits into this. If you don't mind can you share your reference? I would love to look it up. Thanks.
Comment: @Ahmed Exactly, and the seven heavens are also something counted as the kingdom of Allah. Nobody said that His kingdom ends with the seven heavens. I'll try to find you some resources inshallah.
Answer: Assalamualaikum wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuhu, may Allah bless you and your family and have mercy on you and your family in this world and in the Hereafter.
This is quite a long answer as it contains quotations from the Qur'an, Saheeh Ahadeeth, and sayings of well-known scholars, so please kindly read it in full and may Allah increase our understanding through it.
Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning):
"And He it is Who has created the heavens and the earth in six Days and His Throne was on the water, that He might try you, which of you is the best in deeds" [Hood 11:7]
This is a statement by Allah, may He be glorified and exalted, that His Throne was above the water before He created the heavens and earth and what is in them. Qataadah said: Your Lord, may He be blessed and exalted, is telling you how His creation began before He created the heavens and the earth.
Tafseer al-Tabari, 15/246
Allah, may He be exalted, says:
"The Most Merciful above the Throne established" [Taha 20:5]
In many other places in the Qur'an, Allah, may He be exalted, talked about His Throne and His istiwaa' (rising over) above it, where I think you can look for them, and Allah knows best.
It was narrated from Abu Sa'eed that the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم) said: "The people will fall unconscious on the Day of Resurrection; I will be the first to regain consciousness, and Musa will be there, holding on to one of the pillars of the Throne. I do not know whether he woke up before me or if he was exempted because he had fallen unconscious at the Mount of Sinai." (Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 3217)
Al-Qurtubi (رحمه الله) said:
The Throne is mentioned on its own because it is the greatest thing that Allaah has created; everything else is also included in this.
(Tafseer al-Qurtubi, 8/302, 303).
It was narrated from Jaabir ibn 'Abd-Allah that the Messenger of Allah (صلى الله عليه وسلم) said:
"I have been granted permission to speak about one of the angels of Allah, one of the bearers of the Throne. The space between his earlobes and his shoulders is the distance of seven hundred years' travelling."
(Narrated by Abu Dawood, 4727)
Al-Haafiz Ibn Hajar (رحمه الله) said concerning this hadeeth: its isnaad meets the conditions of being saheeh.
(Fath al-Baari, 8/665)
Al-Bukhaari (7418) narrated from 'Imraan ibn Husayn (رضي الله عنه) that some people from Yemen asked the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم) about how the matter was from the very beginning. He said: "There was Allah and nothing existed before Him, and His Throne was on the water. Then He created the heavens and the earth, and He wrote in all things in al-Lawh al-Mahfooz (Preserved Tablet)."
So from this, it could be concluded that the Throne (Arsh) of Allah is one of His creation, and He rose over it in a way unknown, unimaginable to the human mind, and we should believe in it without asking questions concerning it or deny it. Some people misunderstand that the Throne existed alongside Him, but this is wrong, Allah, may He be exalted, existed before everything, without a beginning, and Allah knows best.
Abu Dharr al-Ghifārī said that the Messenger of Allāh (صلى الله عليه وسلم) said:
"The seven heavens in comparison to the Kursī is nothing but like a ring thrown in a desert, and the excellence of the ʽArsh (Throne of Allāh) over the Kursī is like the excellence of that desert over that ring."
It was narrated that Ibn Mas'ood (رضي الله عنه) said: "Between the first heaven and the one above it is (a distance of) five hundred years. Between each of the heavens is (a distance of) five hundred years. Between the seventh heaven and the Kursiy is (a distance of) five hundred years. Between the Kursiy and the water is (a distance of) five hundred years, and the Throne is above the water. Allaah is above the Throne, and nothing whatsoever of your deeds is hidden from Him." (narrated by Ibn Khuzaymah in al-Tawheed, p. 105; by al-Bayhaqi in al-Asmaa' wa'l-Sifaat, p. 401).
As for the Kursi, the scholar consensus is that it is the "Footstool" of Allah, and also one of His creations. From this, we can conclude that the Throne is above the Kursi, and Allah, may He be exalted, is above the Throne. The Throne is where creation ends, and beyond it is the Most Merciful and nothing else; only Him; in a way that the human mind cannot comprehend, and Allah knows best.
Ibn al-Qayyim (رحمه الله) said:
This does not imply that there is physical contact with anything that He encompasses; neither is there any similarity or resemblance between Him and that which He encompasses.
(al-Sawaa'iq al-Mursalah, 4/1308)
I recommend that, instead of using Throne or Footstool, use the original Arabic terms (Arsh, Kursi, istiwaa'), as it could prevent us from imagining. Nevertheless this only just my recommendation, Allah knows best.
We believe in Allah in the way He and His Messenger mentioned, without asking, imagining, or likening Him to anything, and Allah knows best.
May Allah guide us and increase us in knowledge, imaan, and taqwa. May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon our prophet Muhammad and his household.
And Allah knows best.
Answer: The chair is the position of Allah feet, and the throne greater than the chair. The throne is the greatest creatures, and it mounted flush our Lord as befits His Majesty, and has lists, and holds a campaign of Angels bones creation. who imbedded that are one thing be mistake. This is evidence of the above with a range of statements science: Ibn Masood may Allah be pleased about said, between heaven and the next five hundred years and between each heaven five hundred years, and the seventh heaven and the Holy five hundred years, and between the chair and the water five hundred years, and the Throne above the water, and God above Throne ,nothing is hidden from your works.
 Narrated by Ibn Khuzaymah in "Unification" (p. 105), and Bayhaqi in "Names and Attributes" (p. 401).

What are the Arsh and Kursi of Allah?


Genotype of children conceived after stem cell transplant?

Question: If you have sickle cell disease and have a succesful stem cell or bone marrow transplant, your blood type changes to AA. But what about your future children? Do your sperm or egg cells continue to express the SS genotype or do they become AA as well?
Comment: Bone Marrow Transplants should not make any changes to the germline. I say should not, because killing the bone marrow prior to transplant usually involves full body irradiation and or chemotherapy, and there is the possibility that you could accumulate mutations in the germ cells, however that genome will still be that person's and not the donor's genome.
Comment: Infertility is common after chemotherapy or irradiation done for transplants, so the question in that case would be moot.
Answer: Spermatozoa are produced in a process called spermatogenesis. They come from germ cells, which in the human males are located in the testes. These are not affected by stem cell transplants.
In females, the equivalent oocytes are already present at birth. They undergo meiosis later, but since their genetic composition is already set at birth, they, too, are not affected by stem cell transplants.
This might make the process clearer: Primordial Germ Cells and Sex Determination in Mammals

In all vertebrate embryos, certain cells are singled out early in development as progenitors of the gametes. These primordial germ cells migrate to the developing gonads, which will form the ovaries in females and the testes in males. After a period of mitotic proliferation, the primordial germ cells undergo meiosis and differentiate into mature gametes—either eggs or sperm

A stem cell / bone marrow transplant only affects the bone marrow, where the blood cells are produced.


What could cause low pressure in both hot and cold water lines after flushing hot water tank?

Question: I just drained my water heater to flush out any sediment that may have accumulated at the bottom of the tank. When I filled it back up, I suddenly am lacking water pressure, both cold and hot, at all of the faucets of my house. What would cause this?
Answer: I assume when you drained the tank, you turned off the main cold water supply.  I suspect that the cold water valve is not opened all the way now. Check to see if in fact it is open full. If it is, and the pressure is still low, you may have a jammed or damaged valve. This is very common on old valves that are not used very often. The seats and washers inside the valve can degrade over time and now are not allowing water to pass freely.
Comment: It turned out to be clogged aerators at all of the faucets and shower heads. I think when I flushed the tank, some of the sediment got stirred up and clogged up the faucets.
Comment: Wow, I gotta remember that. Never seen that happen to all the fixtures at once,
Comment: @shirlockhomes, maybe you test the first one, then fixed it (hence flashed out the system) before moving onto the next.  When someone else may test them all first, and therefore block all of them.   (I hate it when the testing creates the problem!)
Comment: Usually if the main water is turned off when you drain a water heater, you don't get a lot of stuff after.  I wonder if the water supply was still on a bit when the bottom drain was opened, thus mixing up the sediment with incoming water instead of draining it. I always run some water into the tank after draining, and drain it again.


Banner regarding the challenge week

Question: When we're going to have the Challenge week, can we have some kind of banner in the main site to let people know about it?
Comment: wait, it's already there.. Who did it?
Comment: If you're talking about the message above, I did it...
Answer: We actually don't like using system messages for announcements much at all. There's two primary reasons for this:

The message gets presented on every page of the site, to every user of the site for the duration of the display. That's annoying and unwelcome, and our users have repeatedly requested limitations on their use.
Second, and perhaps more important, overuse of the system message leads to blindness to messages when the message is super important. A good metaphor: if I were to write this post 90% bold and 10% unboldened text, would you be able to actually determine what parts of the post were important? If you highlight in a textbook and 90% of the page is yellow from the marker, have you actually denoted main ideas and important concepts? The them idea is here; overuse of the system message turns it into Just Another Part of the Site. And we need system message banners to remain unique. Generally speaking, we only put them up for things like the site being down for maintenance, etc.

We understand that you're wanting to raise the profile of these contests, but system messages can't be the way you do that. We're working on a solution but there's not a concrete timeline for it yet. Still, the current method isn't sustainable.
Personally, I am deeply sympathetic to how frustrating this is. I wish I had a magical perfect solution for you -- but I don't. I can only offer what I know we have, and those tools are currently exceptionally limited.
Comment: *ducks* I hate having to bear bad news!
Comment: Aarthi, I just read your answer. I was aware of the things you said, but I put the system message for a simple reason: because we (kind of desperately) need to gain attention from users for at least this challenge week, that is going to be the first for us. If it goes well, it might increase our visits per day and therefore relieve us from this... desert. :D But I'm not a rebel, so if you tell me I have to remove the system message, I will. I just thought that for this case (and when I used it for the FAQ) it was for a good enough reason.
Comment: Anyway, I have upvoted your answer and I hope the calendar becomes reality! Don't worry about bringing bad news, they're aren't news exactly, plus, that is a good reason.
Comment: I removed the system message. I'll be waiting for that Calendar thing... :P
Answer: Uhm, the other sites don't, so I don't think it's possible. But I don't have the last word, we could ask the CHAOS team or the Stack Exchange Team...
Also, it depends on what you mean by "banner".
The most I can do are the system messages, but actually they are meant for something more important. I'm using them to advertise about the Challenge Week because we need to improve our stats and that's a good way to do it.
Comment: Yes, what I meant was the system message above, how did you do it?
Comment: @LouisRhys The other answer should be accepted. :D

Banner regarding the challenge week


Why people play cards during Ugadhi?

Question: Is there any significance of doing gambling on this Ugadhi day? I am seeing from my childhood days, people keep playing cards all over the city without any fear of cops during these day. Any myth behind this?
Comment: Where? Looks like cultural question.
Comment: Cant specify the city name. Especially happening, if you roam outside, you will come to know about this...
Comment: what do you mean by "if you roam outside, you will come to know "?. Gambling has nothing to do with Ugadi. This is not related to Hinduism.
Comment: I am curious to know is there any relationship of this gambling on this auspicious day "Ugadhi". Roam outside means, dont mistake. May be in your city or where you are put up, you may not see. But if you come out of that place this day and observe you will see many people gambling today
Comment: I think the answer may simply be that police don't want to arrest people during holiday time, it may not have any connection with Hinduism as such.
Comment: Never heard of such a practice. Gambling during Deepavali is common in North India. Never during Ugadi.
Comment: @moonstar - Ill come with you then, what's special in deepawali then?
Comment: @Mithun  No religious relation between gambling and Deepavali either. A cultural misdoing is all.
Answer: There is no relation between Ugādi and gambling cards. In fact thee is no relation with gambling with any Hindu festival. This is just a custom which became popular. Spending quality time with friends and family might be a reason behind this. This is just like people drinking bhaang(a fermented drink) on Holi. This does not scriptural basis for this neither.
Ugadi is the new year in many states where lunar calendar is followed. The following are to be done on Ugadi festival.

Taking oil bath (abhyaṃgana snānaṃ) before sun rise.
Wearing new clothes because it is the new year. It signifies a new beginning in our life.
Respecting our parents has always been a part in our culture. Bowing down to parents. Then praying lord for his blessings in the new year.
Eating Ugadi paccaḍi1 and other special dishes. Niṃba kusuma bhakṣaṇaṃ meaning Eating neem flowers is important on Ugadi. This indicates that you should be ready to face bitter experiences in your life too.
Inviting friends and family to our home(if possible) and listening to early prediction. This is called as paṃcāṃga śravaṇaṃ. These predictions help in planning our life in the coming new year.
Then listening to stories of lord in the evening. Spending most of the time in listening to the stories of lord till the night.

Source - Video(Telugu)
 1.Some people add salt and pepper(or chilly) in Ugādi  paccadi. Our festivals are always linked with health. Ugadi paccadi also has importance in health also. Adding salt and pepper nullifies raw mango which helps in keeping blood pressure in normal levels. Adding anything and everything in some dishes according to our own wish is not recommended.

Why people play cards during Ugadhi?


Volume change during tensile test

Question: During tensile test, why does the specimen's(let's say mild steel) volume changes during elastic deformation and does not change during plastic deformation?
Answer: In short, elastic deformation of crystalline structures (like steel) happen on an atomic scale, where the bonds of the atoms in the lattice are stretched. This allows for a change in how close the individual atoms are packed together.
If you remove the load, the energy stored within these bonds can be reversed (comparable to a spring), therefore it's only elastic.
On the other hand, plastic deformation happens along gliding planes, for example between individual crystals (inter-crystalline) or within the crystal itself (intra-crystalline). During plastic deformation crystals "slide" along that plane, they perform a translation which is permanent, therefore plastic.
The crystalline structure itself remains more or less unaffected during that translation, therefore no volumetric change occurs.
Comment: The effect is completely dependent on the Poisson's ratio; a Poisson's ratio of 0.5 implies no volumetric change for tensile stretching or compressive contraction of a bar/rod, for example, in the elastic regime. Try calculating the volumetric strain $\epsilon_x+\epsilon_y+\epsilon_z$ for various loading configurations using [generalized Hooke's Law](http://john.maloney.org/Papers/Generalized%20Hooke's%20Law%20(3-12-07).pdf) to gain insight.
Comment: @AsymLabs: A lack of plastic volumetric contraction is found in other materials than metals as well, provided that the material does have a distinct plastic region.
As far as I know there is no material that shows plastic volumetric contraction.
Comment: Is this effect (volume change) applicable to all materials, or are we only talking about metals (per OP's example)?  Is the effect related to the magnitude of Poisson's ratio in any way?  I'm not being critical, just trying to learn something new.
Comment: @Andrew Yes I was thinking of this behaviour in the context of other commonly used construction materials such as bituminous concrete and Portland cement concrete, for example.  This behaviour (volumetric change in the elastic zone) is not usually a subject of concern in practice, but could prove to be quite important in certain circumstances.
Comment: @Chemomechanics Thank you for this.  Reason I'm asking is that I've investigated certain types of layered structures with computer simulations of elastic behaviour/stress development under various loading and temperature conditions (the Poisson's Ratio of the material varies with temperature seasonally and with depth).  The equations of course are well established but out of interest I will revisit them to consider just how they address volumetric change.  It may be that the underlying assumption is that the element is volumetrically constrained.

Volume change during tensile test


Is there any consequence to nuclear proliferation to countries?

Question: Is there any consequence to nuclear proliferation to countries? Let's say that there's a technology leak from Pakistan and it allows Iran and Syria to develop the nuclear weapons. Will Pakistan be held responsible for the proliferation of nuclear technology and what kind of punishment can we expect? What are the mechanisms to holding countries responsible for proliferating nuclear technology?
Comment: When I read the question, I thought, "Other than regional/global nuclear war?"
Answer: This has happened, see the AQ Khan network. It did have consequences for Pakistan, yet the overall political situation at the time influenced the severity.
Keep in mind that there are three different sorts of "consequences" for something like this:

Actions of the world community, like the UNSC passing a sanctions resolution.
Actions of individual states, like no longer trading with Pakistan.
If the weapons are used, the victims might assume that it was a Pakistani attack, somewhat cloaked for deniability, and exercise their right to self-defense against Pakistan.

There is no right in international law to be trusted by other countries, and no right to be sold high technology. There is no right to have exports purchased by other countries, either. A naval blockade would be an act of war (remember the Cuban Missile Crisis). An embargo without blockade is no act of war.
So if another country dislikes what Pakistan is doing, they can order their citizens and companies to stop doing business with Pakistani citizens and companies. They can stop issuing visa to Pakistani individuals, or to Pakistani in general. They can encourage other countries to do the same. They can even threaten to stop doing business with entities which do business with Pakistan. If, say, Haiti were to take a dislike to Pakistan, Pakistan might not worry too much. If it is the United States or China, they have a problem. (Compare the Banco Delta Asia case.)
Just how serious the consequences would be would likely depend on the serverity of the proliferation, the degree of government involvement, the recipient, and the time between the action and the detection -- it is harder to get upset if it comes out decades later.
Answer: While the aforementioned Abdul Quadeer Khan  (in the answer of o.m.) was working in a Dutch uranium enrichment plant he managed to get hold of various secret documents. These documents were later of key importance in the development of the Pakistan atomic bomb.
Although this espionage was made possible due to extreme laxity of the Dutch intelligence agencies, the Netherlands did not suffer any sanctions or other consequences by other countries because of it. The only person who was punished was Frits Veerman , a Dutch colleague of Abdul who suspicious about him and warned about him. He was ordered to shut up and later fired.
So based on historical precedent one would expect that a country will not suffer any consequences for accidentally leaking nuclear technology.


Is the Sage Brihaspati associated with water?

Question: Check the image given below:

I am curious about a relationship, if any between Sage Brihaspati and the element of water.
Answer: According to the astrological scripture Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, the element that Brihaspati is associated with is ether (space or Akasha Tattva) and not water (Jala Tattva).

Deities of Planets. Fire (Agni) (?), Water (Varuna), Subrahmanya (Lord Shiva's son, following Ganesha), Maha Vishnu, Indra, Shachi Devi
  (the consort of Lord Indra) and Brahma (?) are the presiding deities
  of the 7 Planets in their order.
Gender of the Planets. Mercury and Saturn are neuters. Moon and Venus are females, while Sun, Mars and Jupiter are males.

20. Primordial compounds. Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, Venus and Mercury, respectively govern the Panchabhutas, space, air, fire, water and
  earth.

So, as you can see, water is linked with Venus (Shukra) and not with Brihaspati (Jupiter).
Answer: In a certain sense, since Brihaspati is considered an adytia together with Garuda and Aruna:

Vinata's son are Garuda, the powerful Aruna and the illustrious Brihaspati are counted among the
  adityas.

And as far as I know, Varuna is an adytia:

From Aditi were born the twelve adityas, the rulers of
  the worlds. I shall now mention their names to you-Dhata, Mithra, Aryamana, Shakra, Varuna, Amsha, Bhaga, Vivasvana and Pusha. In the tenth place was Savita, the eleventh was Tvashta and the twelfth was Vishnu. However, the youngest surpassed all the other adityas in
  qualities.

But in itself, Brihaspati is not directly related to water.


Can the Naruto manga be ordered in India?

Question: Can we order the Naruto manga in India? I am a big fan of Naruto but Animax stopped it. I am watching the series on YouTube, but I also want to read the manga.
Comment: You can read the manga through Crunchyroll, however, as your answer says "order" and not just "read", I'll just keep this as a comment.
Answer: One site you can use is Amazon.In, although I'm not sure of the range of Naruto volumes they seem to have most of them for about ₹299.00 each.
These are in English rather than Hindi.
Comment: I don't think we can even expect Hindi version.
Answer: Besides Amazon mentioned in Toshinou Kyouko's answer, Naruto volumes are also available online on Flipkart, Snapdeal, Sapna Online.
Naruto volumes are also available at a few (offline) bookstores, but this is mostly limited to the major Indian cities. I have seen Naruto volumes on sale at two locations of Landmark Stores when I teleported there visited them. I expect to see them at their other store locations, and maybe also at some other large bookstores.
Buying from offline bookstores will offer you a few benefits.

Get a look and feel before buying them.
Bargain for a better discount, especially if ordering multiple volumes.
Place a custom order for any missing volumes.

Manga volumes on sale at Landmark, Forum Mall, Koramangala Bengaluru

Manga volumes on sale at Landmark, Orion Mall, Malleshwaram Bengaluru
Answer: To add to the other answers, there is also the Comic Con India, where you can procure different types of anime merchandise including Manga Volumes.
Going from personal experience, you can purchase multiple volumes for "good" discounts/offers at such conventions (Though most popular volumes may be sold out). They also allow you to place order, which will be later shipped to the given address.
Typically these happen once a year in cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Bangalore.
Check out below for more details and events.
http://comicconindia.com/#


Longer fake block chain with "valid" transactions

Question: What is preventing the bitcoin client from switching to a fake block chain that would be longer that current official chain? The faked chain would contain fictional transactions, but within the faked chain the transaction would be valid (e.g. like no double spends etc.).
Comment: related: http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/936/how-does-a-client-decide-which-is-the-longest-block-chain-if-there-is-a-fork
Answer: Bitcoin clients always accept the longest valid chain. On one hand, clients check the received blocks for validity, on the other hand length is defined by another metric than many assume. The length of the blockchain is the sum of the difficulty of all its blocks, not the number of blocks. So, in order to create a fake chain, the attacker would have to actually create a valid chain at the same difficulty. This is either possible for very short chains (double spend attack) or requires a major share of the network's power (51% attack).
Answer: Full blockchain nodes actually check not only the block headers, but also every transaction in the block body before accepting that block. If any transaction in the block doesn't "add up" (i.e. its inputs do not match the current accepted balance of those addresses, signatures, etc) then the block will not be accepted as valid.
This is where "light" bitcoin clients (the ones that do not download the full blockchain) have to trust a full-mode node to tell them the "truth" about previous transactions. If the full-mode node is malicious it can certainly trick these light client peers that are connected to it.