List of old heresies condemned by the Catholic Church now present in Lutheranism and Calvinism

Question: The title says it all, I'd like a list of all heresies condemned by the Catholic Church before the Reformation. This time specifically those identified in Lutheranism and 5 point Calvinism.
Comment: (a) Protestants + Jehovah's Witnesses + Mormons is a fabulously broad range of opinions.  (b) Jehovah's Witnesses & Mormons might not be old enough to be representative any such list.  Maybe you need to keep this narrowed to just the Protestants (and that might not be narrow enough).  Oh, and (c) I should think the only perspective that would count is that of Catholocism.  Challenging question.
Comment: You can have as a basis the versions of Lutheranism and Calvinism that first existed, the original Lutheranism and Calvinism. And if today's Lutheranism pr Calvinism somehow differs from the original beliefs then just make a note so that people may know they changed doctrine or have many off-shots now and that will suffice.
Comment: Interesting observation, I think I'll do a series of questions like these aiming at a few denominations at a time. There you go, only Lutheranism and Calvinism this time around. I'll ask for more later.
Comment: Do you want old heresies with doctrines that are present in modern day Lutheranism and Calvinist Churches or all the Heresies ever before the reformation that are also condemned by Luther and Calvin?
Comment: @Destynation Y - Would refusal to comply with a Papal Bull constitute heresy in the eyes of the Catholic Church?
Comment: @Destynation Y - From what date do you take take the start of the Protestant Reformation - 1517 when Luther posted his 95 Theses or prior to that e.g., 1415 when reformers and dissenters first started to challenge the Catholic Church?
Comment: Or what about the 14th century Lollards? And Hus was executed in 1415, so his protests predate then of course ;)
Answer: At the outset it should be noted that Lutherans and Calvinists agree with the Creed of Nicaea (325 A.D.) and affirm the early church's consensus concerning the nature of Christ and the Trinitarian faith which is foundational to Christianity.
The start of the Reformation is attributed to Martin Luther when he posted his 95 Theses on the door of Wittenberg Church on October 31, 1517.  However, 100 years before other Christians had stood up for reform and paid for it with their lives.  John Wycliffe, an English theologian and Oxford professor (who had died in 1384), was condemned as a heretic by the Council of Constance on 4 May 1415. His crime was to defy the Pope by translating the New Testament into English.  His writings were banned and his corpse exhumed from consecrated ground and burned.
Jan Hus, a priest from Bohemia, who rejected indulgences and adopted a doctrine of justification by grace through faith alone, was condemned by the Catholic Church and executed by burning in 1415 for his opposition to the Church of Rome.
Girolamo Savonarola, a Dominican friar, was hanged and burned in 1498.  He had disobeyed and defied the pope by preaching under a ban, highlighting his campaign for reform.
The Council of Trent convened in the mid 1500's to settle issues regarding the Lutheran Protestant Reformation.  The Protestant Reformation formulated five "solas" or key teachings that defined the biblical basis of Protestant theology:

Sola scriptura: "Scripture alone"
Sola fide: "faith alone"
Sola gratia: "grace alone"
Solo Christo: "Christ alone"
Soli Deo gloria: "to the glory of God alone"

At the heart of the Protestant Reformation are four basic questions: How is a person saved? Where does religious authority lie? What is the church? What is the essence of Christian living?  The "Five Solas" express five essential points of biblical doctrine that clearly separate Protestantism from Roman Catholicism.
Salvation by grace alone through faith alone, one of the Reformers' rallying cries, was rejected  in favour of sacramental grace and righteousness based on a mixture of grace and works.
The Council of Trent instituted seven sacraments: baptism, confirmation, communion, penance, unction, orders, and marriage. The council condemned anyone who said the sacraments were not necessary for salvation or that man can be justified through faith alone without any sacrament.  The council also confirmed the belief in transubstantiation, which is rejected by Protestants.  However, it is the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith alone that that is the primary heresy, and the rejection of Papal authority is a close second.
Information drawn from a variety of sources:
Protestant beliefs declared to be heretical by the Roman Catholic Church - Luther and the Five Solas condemned by the Council of Trent, held in Trento, Italy from 1545 to 1563:   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_heresies
Protestant Reformation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation
Five solae: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_solae
Edit for clarification: From the Wiki article in the first link above, which lists the pre-Protestant Reformation heresies, there does not appear to be anything there that can be identified with what followers of Luther or Calvin believe. The heresy of refusing to submit to Papal authority and/or of rejecting apostolic succession from Peter via the Catholic Church could be laid at the door of ALL Protestant denominations.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines the doctrine of Transubstantiation in section 1376:

"The Council of Trent summarizes the Catholic faith by declaring: 'Because Christ our Redeemer said that it was truly his body that he was offering under the species of bread, it has always been the conviction of the Church of God, and this holy Council now declares again, that by the consecration of the bread and wine there takes place a change of the whole substance of the bread into the substance of the body of Christ our Lord and of the whole substance of the wine into the substance of his blood. This change the holy Catholic Church has fittingly and properly called transubstantiation.'"
"The Eucharist is thus a sacrifice because it re-presents (makes present) the sacrifice of the cross, because it is its memorial and because it applies its fruit."  (Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 1366)

According to paragraph 1367 the sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Holy Eucharist are one single sacrifice:

"The victim is one and the same: the same now offers through the ministry of priests, who then offered himself on the cross; only the manner of offering is different." "And since in this divine sacrifice which is celebrated in the Mass, the same Christ who offered himself once in a bloody manner on the altar of the cross is contained and is offered in an unbloody manner . . . this sacrifice is truly propitiatory."

The passage pointed to most frequently in support of the doctrine of transubstantiation is John 6:32-58 and especially verses 53-57:

"Jesus said to them, 'I tell you the truth, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink His blood, you have no life in you. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life … For my flesh is real food and my blood is real drink. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me, and I in him … so the one who feeds on me will live because of me.'"

Roman Catholics interpret this passage literally and apply its message to the "Eucharist" or "Mass." Protestants who reject the idea of transubstantiation interpret Jesus' words in John 6:53-57 figuratively or symbolically.  They base their rejection of literally eating and drinking the body and blood of Christ Jesus on Hebrews 7:27:

"Unlike the other high priests, He (Jesus) does not need to offer sacrifices day after day, first for his own sins, and then for the sins of the people. He sacrificed for their sins ONCE for all when He offered Himself."

I found an article from a Christian website that gives the Protestant view of the Catholic Eucharist and Transubstantiation, parts of which have been incorporated in my answer above: https://www.gotquestions.org/Holy-Eucharist.html
Comment: But Trent condemned those heresies *after* the Reformation.  I think the question is asking which beliefs were condemned *prior* to the Reformation.
Comment: True, but the list of pre-Protestant Reformation Heresies in the first Wiki article above does not apply to followers of Luther or Calvin as far as I am aware. I will post an edit to that effect.
Comment: Also please go into further detail about for instance the presence of Christ in the Eucharist. I recommend you do bullet points where you state a Catholic dogma prior to the Reformation and then you expound on how Lutherans, Calvinists or both fall victim to the anathema.
Comment: It is not within the scope of your question to either condemn or approve of Catholic or Protestant doctrines or to present "truth" as perceived by one side or another.  To do so would be to go off topic.  My edit on the subject of Transubstantiation is restricted to simply presenting the facts as I have found them.  I refuse to be drawn into a theological debate about who is right and who is wrong.  You must form your own opinion.


Use of undeclared type 'DKAsset', Use of unresolved identifier 'DKImagePickerController'?

Question: I want to select multiple images from gallery. so for that I have installed DKImagePikerController Using pod.
For that in podfile.
pod 'DKImagePickerController'
 use_frameworks!
After that I have followed their demo example for implement gallery in app.
but I got follwoing error.
1.Use of undeclared type 'DKAsset'.
2.Use of unresolved identifier 'DKImagePickerController'?
I am following this lib and code.
https://github.com/zhangao0086/DKImagePickerController
Answer: First of all you need to import framework. for that,
import DKImagePickerController
after that under Navigator>select pods>Build Settings>Architectures>Build Active Architecture Only -> Set to No for all pods.(select all pods listed under "Target" and set "No" for "Build Active Architecture Only")
Clean and build your project and you are done.


I need a substitute for acids in my food.

Question: I can't have any acid in my diet, so I need a good substitute for it for my dishes. Like lemon, orange, citric acids and vinegar. Thank you
Comment: What about carbonic acid, H2CO3? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_acid If you breathe, that's *very* hard to avoid. Question the source of your acid restricted diet for answers.
Comment: @WayfaringStranger we don't need to speculate about why the OP cannot have acids. There are good reasons for not being able to eat them. For example, people with GERD can tolerate foods with a very narrow range of pH, and I am sure there are other medical conditions, permanent or temporary, where swallowing acids is not a good idea, even though they are present elsewhere in the body.
Answer: If you search for a non-acid substitute for souring the food / raising the tartness: There is no substitute. The sensation of a tart dish is caused by lowering the pH at the corresponding taste buds. By definition tasting sourness is detecting an acid.
Answer: Another reason you can't replace acids is that they are involved in important chemical reactions. Some flavors are soluble acid but not in just water, and also acid helps deglaze pans because it's a stronger solvent than water alone.
Comment: If you want lemon TASTE but not have much citric acid, you can probably approximate by using lemon zest or a food safe lemon essential oil in combination with a different acid. Also, looking at ways to maximize acidic taste while not ingesting much actual acid might be useful (keeping flavorings on surfaces, not in the bulk of foods...)
Comment: Well can i just leave it out then, like a cheese cake recipe that calls for it, would it be absolutely necessary?
Comment: @JaniceKern what part of the recipe calls for it? In baking, the acids are typically there in order to react with something else. So depending on the recipe the finished product itself won't be acidic. Also, if you're having a digestive problem, then cheesecake might not be the best thing for you to eat.
Comment: I have a bladder problem so use the rest room way to much if I have to much citric acid. Vinegar isn't so bad. But citric acid is bad in all forms. Cheese cake itself doesn't bother me, so I guess I just make all foods with out it and see what happens. I am done missing out on almost all foods. I know I can use red pepper or orange tomatoes in place of red tomatoes. It was just the fruit side I'm trying to figure out.
Comment: @JaniceKern again, where exactly are you using citric acid in cheesecake?


How to make Users sort in reverse order by default?

Question: I have a new site that had over 600+ users imported after the primary development was complete. All but 10 of them are "subscribers" with no admin capability. Since we admins and editors were the first users to be created, we are now at the end of the list every time we go to the Users page so it makes getting to us require alot of clicking. I'd like it to default in reverse order, so User ID 1 (me) is at the top / first upon entering the Users page right away.
Comment: What users list are you talking about here?
Comment: The WP Users list. /wp-admin/users.php
Answer: You can override the default query arguments using users_list_table_query_args:
function wpse_214577_users_list_table_query_args( $args ) {
    if ( empty( $args['orderby'] ) )
        $args['orderby'] = 'ID';
    if ( empty( $args['order'] ) )
        $args['order'] = 'ASC';

    return $args;
}

add_filter( 'users_list_table_query_args', 'wpse_214577_users_list_table_query_args' );


Closing a letter from two people

Question: When writing a letter to family members, such as on a holiday card, how do you close the letter when it's being written from two people (such as from a husband and wife)? If one of our names is a one-character name, is it appropriate to write the single character in the closing?
Answer: Well it depends on who you're writing to in the family and the actual relationship you have with that person, but simply using names feels rude and inappropriate in letters in most cases. Generally it is less inappropriate if you go more polite and make the recipient feel close with you in writing. And I think the reason is because Chinese like to establish relationships with other people. Even for people not in the same family, we want to call them by 哥、姐、弟、妹 to make us feel more connected/close, not to mention that we have already have connections by family.
For the same generation, I feel it should be okay just use your name when you write to your cousins or siblings, depends on your closeness with that person. If you only use your name, it is better you start with that person's relationship at the beginning of the letter, for example 表姐、表哥、堂弟、堂妹 etc, then in the end you can probably close with your name. And if you want to start with that person's name only without indication of the relationship, normally it is writing to someone younger than you, such as 弟弟、表妹 etc.. With some indication of relationship at the beginning you can close the letter with your name. It feels very distant if you don't use some word to indicate your relationship with that person in writing.
If you write to your spouse it depends on how you call each other. In the old days people use 妻 xx、夫 xx etc but i would imagine people use nicknames more nowadays.
If you write to parents, normally you use 儿xx、子 xx、女xx 、儿媳 xx etc in conjunction of your name without/with surname(generally without). If you write to your parents' siblings, it's very inappropriate not to use relationship words like 姨、叔、伯 etc unless you have a very close relationship and you have a special nickname between two of you, which is hard to imagine for me.
For other relatives, you use the relationship in front of your name without/with surname. For example, 侄 xx、侄女 xx、外甥 xx、外甥女 xx etc
If you write to grandparents, you call them by 爷爷、奶奶、外公、外婆 etc with no name mention and you close by 孙子xx、孙女xx etc. The name can be omitted if you're the only grandchild in the family. There's less room to argue here.

Closing a letter from two people


Where does HijackThis store its ignore list?

Question: The first time I run HijackThis, I can mark a bunch of the settings to be ignored on all future runs. When I use HijackThis at work, I want to be able to copy that ignore file to other computers - there's a lot of overlap, and whatever settings are confirmed safe on one computer are safe on another, too. So, where does HijackThis store its ignore list? I haven't noticed a file in my user directory, or found it in the registry.
Answer: I'm only speculating here, but I have to believe that regardless of where this information is stored it must be done using a fairly strong encryption method using a per-machine key, making automatic deployment of your whitelist impossible.  Otherwise, a malware program could easily just add itself to the list or overwrite an existing list with it's own, and HijackThis would become worthless.


Can "a person" be used as plural?

Question: Is it acceptable to write: A person can develop their talent. or a person can develop their uniqueness?
In this case the person is used as a general term, not a specific person.
Comment: _Person_ used like this is not plural; it is generic.
Comment: *One can develop one's talent* is the more traditional formulation. But here "one" means "a person". What you have written is therefore perfectly acceptable.
Comment: It's not that "person" is plural, it's that the plural pronoun is being used as if it were singular to avoid the gender issue.
Comment: Since many people (still) object to this use of *they*, you might want to avoid it if you want to play it safe. However, considering the genre you are writing in, I don't think this should concern you; more people will probably object to *uniqueness*.
Answer: The question here is not really whether or not person can be used in the plural, but whether or not they (and its relatives) can be used in the singular. "Singular they" has a long and strong tradition in English, going back to a time long before the idea of gender neutrality became a concern. Feel free to use it in any formal or informal writing where it is not prohibited by a style guide (or an editor with strong, though misguided, opinions). Yes, some self-appointed grammar mavens may crow and grumble. Let them; they think it's fun, and you'd be doing them a favour.
Comment: +1 and just tell those self-appointed mavens that you'll stop using the singular *they* the very second they stop using the singular *you*. Same thing, really.
Comment: @bobie - Not at all. At least singular *they* goes back to Middle English; replacing *thou*, *thee* (and *ye*, for that matter) with *you* is, relatively speaking, newfangled sloppiness that should be eradicated.
Comment: I would stress that singular they is used only in the **generic** singular. "If someone comes in give them a leaflet" is correct, "if Sam comes in give them a leaflet" is not
Comment: @RichardTingle *they* might be appropriate if you don't know if Sam is male or female! It's much less appropriate for George or Victoria.
Comment: @RegDwigнt _"..using the singular you. Same thing, really"_, You are a moderator, Reg, is that supposed to be a joke?
Answer: This is not a plural as much as a nonspecific singular. "Their" is being used as a singular they and as such does not imply plural.
This is an unusual case as you are referring to a single, but unknown person as an example of people in general, I would probably say that this is correct but there are better methods of phrasing this for clarity, such as:

One can develop one's talent

As mentioned by @Ben in the comments. This is a more specific way of making it obvious you are using an nonspecific singular.
Comment: Could you please elaborate on what you would understand to be "better" methods? I can certainly concur that _if_ one were to take pedantry and a certain upper-class air as "better", your method of phrasing could share that epithet.
Comment: @oerkelens What I meant by better, which itself is ironically unclear, is that the suggested phrase is clearer and has no ambiguity, in the original phrase "their" could in theory refer to anyone, while one can only refer to the subject themselves.
Comment: @oerkelens As the original phrase could feasibly refer to a teacher as "a person" and the teacher's class as "their" for example.
Comment: You would need quite some context to make that interpretation a realistic one... you would have to introduce _at least_ the patients of the development (in casu, your class). With the sentence standing on it's own, the _only_ possible referent for _their_ is _a person_.

Can "a person" be used as plural?


Should we stop having biweekly chat sessions?

Question: For about five years we've been having chat sessions every two weeks - they started as a way to build up activity in the chat room, but it's also been a nice way to engender a sense of community between chat and the main site and to discuss issues of general interest. But for quite a while we've had very little to talk about in the chat sessions. Should we just cancel the regular schedule, and only hold sessions as needed when there is something big to discuss?
Comment: @AccidentalFourierTransform Downvotes mean we should not stop having biweekly chat sessions. Upvotes mean we should stop having biweekly chat sessions.
Comment: I don't understand what a down/upvote is supposed to mean here. Does it convey agreement or disagreement? There are as of now +2/-2 votes, and I have no idea what those users think. Do you think we should stop having biweekly chat sessions or not? **please verbalise your opinion instead of just voting!**
Comment: _yikes, whoa!_ thought you liked em! seems like some, even many meetings have been quite lively. agreed others (eg last one) dont "fire". think its ok to have regular meetings without trying to figure out agendas beforehand, theres really nothing lost at all in those cases. also think agendas dont nec have to be on site mgt. the physics chat mtg is defn quite unique SE wide but think thats a feature, not a bug. it could be biweekly is too often? but seemed like an ok interval to me. maybe a different time might work better? the current mtg time does conflict with US work hours :|
Answer: No! A thousand times no!
I can't often make them, because, well, school. But I love it when I make chat sessions, and I think that while there've been some quiet ones (the one today, I see, was only a few messages, which probably inspired this post) they overall have been a great thing. Just because something fails once or twice doesn't mean you chuck the baby with the bathwater.
So...maybe we add a community ad (heheh, puns) or try to otherwise spread the word - in other chat rooms, or whatever. Or, as vzn mentioned in the comments, we could change the time of the session and see what happens. Just don't end these sessions.


What is a "key cell"?

Question: I have recently heard of the concept of a "key cell" as a short modulation (number of bars) that contains a tonal model progression, which can be analyzed in the context of two closely related keys.
Can anybody elaborate?
Thank you!
Comment: Can you tell is where you heard the term, and in what musical context?
Comment: Do you mean model or modal?
Comment: A Google search will confirm that this isn't a generally used musical term.  So you must refer to the teacher or book which coined it.
Comment: The term was used for harmonic analysis of Chopin's Prelude op. 28 no. 20.
Comment: I meant "model", not "modal". Specifically the progression iii-vi-IV/ii etc.
Answer: Alright, so I did some Googling and could find a grand total of 1 resource that specifically mentioned a "Key Cell" and, sure enough, it was referring to short, temporary, modulations.
That paper is here: A Musical Discussion and Analysis of Romance sans Paroles by Three French Composers
However, he never makes any mention of any "models", but does refer to short "modal" modulations within the context of those "key cells".
So, in short, a "key cell" is, as you mentioned, simply a short modulation; And, that it is possible for a short modulation to be one where, instead of modulating to Am by resolving E7 to Am, we see the piece moving from Em to Am as the sign that the piece has 'modulated', temporarily, to Am (and the progression of Em to Am is considered modal within this "key cell" context).
However, like a previous person had noted, this is not common terminology and would likely only serve to confuse if attempted to be used with someone who was not specifically aware of that "key cell" concept.

What is a "key cell"?


What do we call our conversation partner on the telephone?

Question: What is a proper word for a person who you have telephone talk with?
I found the words interlocutor, interviewer, addressee and hearer. What is the best to choose, especially for using in a formal way?
Comment: The (fictional!) telephone-company operator Ernestine played by Lily Tomlin on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In ca. 1970 often asked (with deliberate redundancy) "Is this the party to whom I am speaking?"
Comment: What do you mean by formal? Do you mean technical?
Comment: The word that fits for documentation usage, technical context usage etc.
Comment: You really need to express more clearly what you mean by "formal" and "technical context".  The choice of the proper word is very context-dependent.  Technical telecommunications contexts in my experience do not refer to persons but to numbers and nodes.  Do you want a name for a person who is engaged in a phone conversation in which they are the called party?
Comment: Tᴚoɯɐuo,  the context that I need to use a requested word in is an official instruction. It is about using office phone features so I need to point on a random person or a group who is receiving a call and what is needed to be done in order them to hear you well. So that is the context. However, the topic was revealed so widely that my specific case is not so curious now.
Answer: "Interlocutor" is a great word! But it is rarely used and will have most people reaching for a dictionary. The others are not telephone-specific and also carry other inferences, especially interviewer which suggests that the telephone conversation itself is a formal interview and perhaps rather one-sided.
The two parties on a telephone call are officially called the calling party and the called party, although I have not personally heard this used and may be considered old-fashioned.
If the other person initiated the call, you could refer to them simply as "the caller", which is more common. Alternatively, you could just refer to them as "the other party".
Comment: @Lambie: not necessarily legalistic but a term of art at the phone company: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFz2iFMygSg
Comment: Thank you so much! "The other party" sounds like a perfect variant for that context.
Comment: The other words are not typical usage for telephone calls.calling party and called party sound like legal language, which is OK but not technically telecomms usage. Interlocutor is for any conversation. And correspondent is never used in this context.
Comment: @Lambie Okay, I have removed "correspondent" from my answer, although it is used for people on the other end of the phone in broadcast media. Yes, "calling/called party" does sound very legal, but the OP asked for a *formal* word; also I did note that I have not heard it used. But I think you'll find that my final suggestion was "caller", which is a more common and slightly less formal variation of that, and which you yourself have suggested in your own answer 25 minutes after I did. Hmmm.
Answer: People often say "the person on the other end".
We speak of a party on a call or of the parties on a call.  In legalistic contexts, party is the word used for either person (or any person) on a phone call.
Comment: I like Lily Tomlin's "Is this the party to whom I am speaking?"
Comment: Right. The person I was talking to.
Answer: The formal term used in telecommunications is caller and call recipient.
This text on caller ID shows this usage: caller and [call] recipient
In everyday language, as has been suggested, the person I was talking to, the person called, etc., the call taker, for example.  There is no single term that is commonly used.
Comment: Thank you! The word "call recipient" is really from the telecommunication discourse, and I, for one, feel like it denotes not a person who have a phone conversation, but just a person who literally pick up a phone for call to be launched.
Comment: @Gamilato Yes, well, I appreciate your feeling but it is a fact. It is not just someone who happens to answer a call. It's the technical term. In the US, they also say receiver, the caller and the receiver.
Comment: So I am wrong with my understanding this word? Is it okay for defining a person you have a conversation with if this is required to be mentioned in a document?
Answer: None of these are good words for this idea.
"Interlocutor" means someone involved in a conversation of any kind, not necessarily on a telephone. If you're not worried about that distinction, then it's a valid word. But it's a very rarely used word. I haven't taken a survey but I suspect most English speakers are not familiar with the word and would have to guess its meaning or look it up.
"Interviewer" implies that this conversation is an interview, that is, that someone is being questioned by a reporter for a news story, by a company that is considering hiring him for a job, or something of that sort. We don't use this word for an ordinary conversation.
"Addressee" is normally used for someone to whom you have sent a letter, not a participant in a verbal conversation. It can be used in cases where a speaker calls someone out in some way, for example, a teacher picks a student to answer a question. But this is rather rare and use for a phone conversation would be unusual and possibly confusing.
"Hearer" implies that the person is listening only and not speaking. The word might be used for someone in a crowd listening to a speech, or someone who overhears a conversation between others. It is not used for someone who participates in a two-way conversation.
All that said, there is no one word in English to refer to someone participating in a telephone conversation. We normally use a short phrase, like, "the person I called" or "the person who called me". Other words to refer to a person may be used, like "the man who called", "that jerk who called", etc. You can call the person who called, "the caller". You might think that by analogy to other words you could refer to the person receiving the call as "the callee", but no fluent speaker says that. If you weren't trying to reach a specific person, like if you called a company, you can say "there person who answered" (or "the woman who answered", etc) Once the context of a phone call is clear, we usually simply call the person by the same sort of shorthand we use for people in general: "him", "that lady", etc.
Comment: I was actually going to chime in with "callee" if nobody mentioned it. In general, in English, if A does "foo" to B, then A is a "foo-er", and B is a "foo-ee". But I think in this specific case I'm being influenced by Computer Science jargon -- when a function calls another function, we speak of them as the "caller" and "callee". But "callee" is much less common in general use.
Comment: Thank you for clarifying the meanings of all the words! However I need the word or  word collocation that has a meaning of neutral indefinite party which receives a call. So I think now that "the other party" sounds very well.
Answer: If we know who which side made the call, then "answerer" or "caller" can be applicable.
Otherwise, there are some other answers here.  I will go ahead and submit another one for consideration:
The "phone".
In some cases, this won't work well.  However, in some situations, referring to the phone is a way that people may describe the conversation.

"What I learned from the phone is..."
"He got mad and was screaming at the phone."
The phone told him...
The phone is making her angry

In these cases, people will know that you're actually referring to the person on the other side of the phone.  Actually, a more clear term is something like "the person she is talking to", like noted in Lambie's comment to Tᴚoɯɐuo's answer.
There is one common advantage to trying to use "caller", "answerer", or referring to the "phone" like as if the phone itself is what is listening or speaking.  That advantage is simply shortness.  You can say any of those faster than "the person on the other side of the phone call".  If you are looking for a shorter phrase, these terms will sometimes accomplish that goal.


What happened to Jarvis at the end of Avengers: Age of Ultron

Question: Towards the end of Avengers: Age of Ultron JARVIS uploads himself into a lifeless Virbranium android. This process creates Vision. Then before the final battle we see Tony Stark uploading a program called FRIDAY into his suit. During the battle we hear a feminine voice in The Iron Man suit instead of JARVIS'. So did JARVIS cease to exist after uploading himself into Vision? If so did JARVIS know that this would happen, or was it because of the Mindstone?
Comment: @ManiacalCoyote Vision specifically says "I am not Jarvis." So, no, he's not.
Comment: To me, Jarvis doesn't necessarily have a sense of self-preservation . He's a computer A. I. that (or who) seems perfectly happy to do exactly what is asked of him.
Comment: JARVIS/Ultron is the OS; the Mind Stone is the hardware.
Answer: JARVIS was gone, Tony thought... then he found him in pieces, in the internet, protecting the access to the launch codes from Ultron's attempted hack.
Tony re-collected JARVIS and took him back to the tower.
Tony wanted to put JARVIS into the new fancy body to fight against Ultron. I'm guessing he figured that JARVIS wouldn't be quite the same as when he was in the computer alone, due to the stone, but he figured that it would be better than Ultron having it (or destroying it).
Then Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch come in, Quicksilver disconnects everything before the upload is complete and Thor blasts the body with lightning.
When the new entity, Vision, awakes, he says that he's not JARVIS, despite speaking with JARVIS' voice, but that he's not Ultron, either.
I'm guessing that JARVIS' change into Vision is a combination of the Stone, the partially uploaded data (but not personality) from Ultron, and the lightning bolt of Thor.
Now, from a practicality standpoint, I'm guessing that JARVIS, as a standalone entity is "dead" and that FRIDAY (reminiscent of "His Girl Friday") is now going to be the voice of Tony's computer interface. I'm pretty sure Marvel doesn't want to confuse viewers (or listeners, anyway) by having one person (Paul Bettany) play two characters in the same film.
According to the Marvel Wikia, Friday appears as a computer A.I. entity in the Earth-616 series.
Answer: It's assumed that JARVIS was uploaded into the Mind Stone, in the same way Ultron was downloaded from it.
Think of Ultron and JARVIS as CPU's and the Mind Stone as the Computer
Comment: In your analogy, could it be you mean *"Ultron and JARVIS as programs and the Mind Stone as the Computer"*?, since you know, a CPU *is* a computer.
Comment: Meh, doesn't seem to work, since the CPU is actually the "vessel". Without a program (i.e. the actual thoughts, or the personality in this case) it's merely a pile of silicon (or alien Infinity-super-whatever-matter).
Comment: Yeah the proper analogy would be Ultron and Jarvis as *software*, and the Mind Stone as *hardware*.
Comment: well the CPU is the processing unit.. the 'brain' .. it cant function without a vessel to power it... thats where I was going with it. :P
Comment: This doesn't exactly answer the question


Best practices to document user flow for your portfolio

Question: As a UX contractor, much of my work is under non disclosure agreements. In order to document and present user flows in my portfolio, what's the best way to show examples without risking confidential information?
Comment: Either ask for a written consent, or create such diagrams as part of an non-commissioned (so either do some work on your spare time, possibly related to a famous site, or pick an open source project).
Comment: Alternatively, you can white-label the work. Just run it by the client first.
Answer: Unless the flows themselves are patented, you should be able to generalize everything by stripping out all the client's information to add to your portfolio.  Wireframes and such should be allowed at the very least.
Once you have that done it is best to confirm with the client that what you are posting to the public is acceptable. At times they may request that you don't make it available publically (on a website) but you are ok to submit it as references to your work upon demand.
Answer: Options:

ask your NDA'd clients if there is anything you could show. They may be fine in the context of a portfolio.
add to your contracts the right to reproduce client work (within reason) in your personal portfolio
obfuscate the work you do under NDA (Use 'Corporation, Inc.' as the logo, 'widget' and 'sprocket' as product names, etc.)
show the work anyways (which actually isn't that uncommon. I wouldn't publish it online, but passing it around during a job interview is usually OK--but, of course, use your judgement and decide on a case-by-case basis)


Can't move an entry to another channel in EE5

Question: It used to be in EE2 you could move an entry to another channel that shared the same fieldset. I can't seem to do that anymore in EE5 (Options tab > Channel). Does anyone know how I can change an entry's channel definition in EE5? I can go into exp_channel_titles I suppose if I need to, but maybe there's a more intuitive way?
Answer: In EE5 you are able to assign other defined fields in addition to a field group. In EE2 you can only assign a field group to a channel. I think this could be the reason you can't reassign an entry to another channel.
If your channels have the same fields, then you can try doing the change in the Channel Titles table.
Hope this helps.
Comment: Yes, that's what I ended up doing. It worked, thanks.
Comment: Great, I'm glad it worked out.


Installed the Zimbra on server

Question: Following the tutorials of the how to install the Zimbra Mail Server. I don't I can the access the browser to continue the installation. What do I do ?
The Hosts I configured to mail.mydomain.com.
Don't I can access the https://mail.mydomain.com:7071/
Answer: Try accessing it by IP address, like:

https://192.168.0.1:7071/

Obviously substitue your own IP as appropriate.  In order to reach it by hostname you would need a DNS entry somewhere for mail.mydomain.com, but there's not nearly enough info in your question to gather what kind of setup this is.  In any case, you should be able to connect to the web admin page with the IP as above if Zimbra installed correctly.  You'll probably have to click through some browser warnings about an untrusted/self-signed certificate and/or mismatched hostname (as the cert will likely be for mail.mydomain.com but you'll be connecting by IP).

Installed the Zimbra on server


What can I make with corn flake that is no longer crispy?

Question: I left the cornflake bag open for too long that it is not crispy anymore. Still taste good, but I wonder what can I do with it.
Comment: For what it's worth, I think this is fine per [the culinary use question guidelines](http://meta.cooking.stackexchange.com/a/741/1672) - in fact, one of the examples given there is stale bread.
Answer: You can crisp them up again in a hot oven for a few minutes (exact temperature not too important, spread them out thinly on a baking sheet and take them out before they burn).  I'd then go on to make a normal cornflake cake recipe of your liking straight away, to avoid having the same problem again.
Answer: Maybe see how it does in the food processor for corn flake crumbs. Possible uses could be meatballs or meat pies or anywhere else you would want a filler.
Answer: A nice thing might be cereal milk (made famous by Momofuku Milk Bar).
The cornflakes are toasted and steeped in milk with some brown sugar. Theres also cornflake crunch (both recipes are in the Milk Bar cookbook) -- clusters of toasted cornflakes with some sugar and milk powder and butter.
Answer: My solution is close to Chris H except i found this for myself
Take a bit of butter on a pan.
Main point is to use a butter (home butter at best), dont use natural or flower oils that can be bought in a store. That way corn flakes reach nice aroma which natural oils can not reach.
Heat the pan up . After butter gets melt add corn flakes and roast them 3-5min.
Dont burn them.
You will see that the cornflakes had now slightly different taste because of a butter.
Optionally add salt after you finish roasting.
Thing i should point out.
I have not tried this with "budget" corn flakes since they has different taste and structure against quality ones.
enjoy


High or Low RPM for sanding Epoxy layer on wood?

Question: I have a wooden countertop that I covered with a thin layer of epoxy and, as a beginner, I made a messy job and there are brush strokes on it. Some days ago I started sanding it with a sander with different RPM's. I started with a 180 grit and different RPM's. In both cases, I turned my working area into a messy White-Christmas landscape. The low RPM option was less messy. However, I'm not sure which option is the "healthiest" for the layer. I assume that a high speed makes the abrasion hot, therefore destroying the epoxy layer (I also found this explanation somewhere), but is it an issue to even consider? Can anyone help me understand which option is "ideal" for sanding epoxy? Low or high RPM and why?
Comment: Not worth a full answer, but I would advice to use sandpaper from 80/100 to 1000 (or higher) grit, low RPM and wet surface (water with some liquid soap).This will render the (inevitable) mess much more controllable, no more fine white dust everywhere
Answer: Unfortunately this is one of those things which comes down to the ever-regrettable it depends.
There are numerous variables that are important to any specific situation of sanding epoxy and they go beyond the basic question of high/low speed being better in general.
Normally I would have asked what sander you're using (not just the type, but the exact sander model can be important) but actually it doesn't matter given all the other variables you also have to take into account, including abrasive type, the grit(s) being used, user technique (hand pressure, dwell time).
The other key thing of course is the epoxy itself. There are so many epoxies on the market with a range of properties including final hardness, and the temperature at which they begin to soften....

I assume that a high speed makes the abrasion hot, therefore destroying the epoxy layer (I also found this explanation somewhere)

Affect yes, destroy no. Epoxies do soften with heat, but in general you have to get them very hot indeed for them to be damaged.
Since you were producing fine white dust at all the speeds you tried it seems that in your case speed doesn't matter. A fine white dust is exactly what you look for when sanding any clear finish — if you get excessive loading of your abrasive, corning, the finish gets gummy/sticky, starts to lift from the surface, these are all signs that you're trying to sand before the finish has hardened enough.
An alternative for future consideration
Scrape instead of sand to get to a reasonably uniform or completely uniform flat surface, then merely sand to refine that. In addition to greatly reducing the load on your abrasives, scraping produces little or no airborne dust, and is nearly silent; here's a little more on why scraping is better than sanding.

You didn't ask about the this but since you mentioned it along the way I thought I'd tackle it.

In both cases, I turned my working area into a messy White-Christmas landscape.

Might I suggest that a priority should be to look at improving your dust collection? Or implementing something if you don't have any yet ^_^
Instead of or in addition to the in-built dust-collection ports that every (?) sander has, it could be worth making a downdraft table/box. These have certain advantages, including not needing adaptors for every power sander you own if you have a selection, and of course anything like this can be used when hand sanding too which I think is a huge boon.

1 Despite the watermark this is copyright to Fine Woodworking, not that site which features 100% stolen source material ◣_◢
2 How to Build a Down Draft Sanding Table from  WV DIY GUY on YouTube
3 WoodworkersSource.com
4 Rockler Downdraft Table Plan in PDF format


Can anybody identify these small, red insects?

Question: What kind of bugs are these? Are they good or bad for plants? Do they bite?
Answer: I believe they are newly hatched Leptoglossus nymphs -- scroll down ⅔ of that page to see images (reproduced below seeing as I'm unable to find any kind of Copyright notice on that site)...

The genus Leptoglossus contains the classic leaf-footed bugs. The hind tibiae have large flared processes that resemble the shape of leaves. When these insects fly, their back legs hang down and they are easily mistaken for wasps, which also drag their hind legs in flight. They also buzz like wasps. In fact, this genus seems to have several tricks for discouraging predators. The nymphs are orange and black, a universal warning signal indicating bad taste or toxins in the insect world. They frequently feed in groups, which enhances the visual effect of the colors.

They feed on plants... therefore are not considered beneficial. They should be removed via:

An appropriate insecticide.
By hand picking -- personally I think I would got with that option or I might be tempted to get the vacuum out and suck them up...

Also check the plant for any eggs (unhatched) and remove them...
Comment: Would insecticidal soap kill these also?
Answer: I found these bugs on one of my plants. I sprayed them with water and a little dawn dishing washing liquid. They died right away.
Answer: Assassin Bug, I think, or at least some where in that family. I find them around my house in SE Texas, on window seals. I do also see these insects in the garden.
Comment: Don't seem to fit the description of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduviidae


Indesign font size irregularities

Question: Last night I was editing printed chapters.  I noticed that on some paragraphs, the font size changes from 11 to 12.  I used the same exact paragraph style on all of them.  All my paragraph styles are set to size 11.  When place the cursor on each paragraph, most  show as size 11.  Then, every now and then, one is size 12, and the paragraph style shows a + sign.  I did not add any local extra info or override anything.  The paragraphs before and after are 11.  I used the same style on all of them.  When I apply a an alternate paragraph style, also set at 11, the text turns back to eleven.  Then when I reapply the proper paragraph style, the paragraph goes back to 12.  I examined the style, and it is indeed set for 11.  I did not alter any of these paragraphs locally.  What could be causing this?  How do I address this?  The project is a book of 103 chapters, each on a separate file.  I only have one character style and it is for a drop cap at size 14, so that's not it.
Answer: First, make sure no character styles could be altering the size as you described. Character styles take precedence over paragraph styles.
Next, turn on the style override highlighter. This can show you if the problem is caused by something other than the style itself. If you see the problem spots highlighted, then you should be able to fix it by clearing all of the overrides.
To clear overrides, make sure nothing is selected, then click the paragraph style flyout menu and click "Clear overrides". That should revert any text in the document to the "true" version of the paragraph style. Unfortunately, that feature doesn't always work.
If that doesn't fix the problem, you can select all of the text, then alt+click the style name to clear all overrides within the selection. This might be a pain for the book you described, but it's not that bad if you used threaded text frames and can select large amounts of text at once.
Comment: Thanks for your response.  I am limited by the fact that I am still using 6.  So, no style overrides button.  I did look into the paragraph options and found a clear override choice, but it is grayed out.  I went back to the chapters in question and did the alt click thing.  That fixed it.  However, I am baffled at how the situation began at all.  Could it have been mystery junk code passed over by word?  (I really hate word)  Today I placed twenty chapters and the situation did not occur again.  How does one prevent this from happening in the first place.  Thanks again.  Suzanne
Comment: Did you copy/paste text from Word? Text pasted from word (and probably some other rich text formats) will retain some of their text attributes from the source. I believe there is a preference to stop this from happening, or you could paste into notepad, then copy/paste THAT into the InDesign document to avoid errant text attributes.
Comment: Thanks for getting back.  Nope.  I broke the word document into single chapters and placed them one at a time to create an indesign file for each chapter to put together in a book file in the end.  Working with one 400+ page document would be a nightmare of searching and scrolling.  And one mess up could be hard to locate. I like to keep my mistakes limited to a small area.  As soon as I get my 1001 classes set up I'll do another line edit.  I'll just have to check every paragraph for continuity.  I'm blaming it all on word and the junk code that will not go away.   The Wd doc was in 12 pt.
Comment: I doubt it is junk code. It is probably a feature, not a bug. (It's just one of those features that most users hate.) You should be able to clean it all up by selecting all of the text in each file (hopefully you're using threaded text frames) and 1) clearing the overrides and 2) setting the character styles to "None".
Comment: If you're not using threaded text frames, you might be able to find a script that will scrub the text frames to achieve the same thing.

Indesign font size irregularities


Facetime call history & Facebook message history

Question: Do FaceTime calls show up on my phone bill???  Is there a way for me to find out if someone on my shared account is making and/or receiving FaceTime calls and, if so, to/from whom?  Basically, what I'm asking is if there is any way for me to find out if my husband is using FaceTime to talk to another woman?  Without actually taking his phone and snooping or using an app like FONEPAW?  What about messages sent thru Facebook?  Can those be accessed without his phone?
Answer: FaceTime calls do not show-up as 'FaceTime' on your phone bill.  It's simply a data transfer so it will be lumped-in with all other data transfers on your bill, you don't know what type of data it was, either.
FaceTime calls (audio and video) all go thru Apple's servers so they have a record of the calls.   Also, the iPhone stores the FaceTime history in a local database.  You can search this site for examples of software and techniques to get access to that database and look at it.  They all require you to jailbreak the iPhone so you'd need access to it for an extended period of time.
For Facebook, I believe you can search the history as long as it hasn't been deleted.  Here's an article on how to so that.  It's a few years old but I believe it's still technically correct.
Comment: Thank you.  That's what I thought but a friend told me that I could contact my provider and find out if he was using FaceTime to make ANY phone calls.
Comment: Yea, sorry, that's not true.  The service provider doesn't know anything about it, that's why people like & use it.
Comment: @fsb I don't believe that's technically true. Providers are able to block FaceTime over cellular, so clearly there's something they can identify it with, whether it's traffic over a certain port, or the device itself sends an identifying header. That said I don't believe they have any ability to know the other device involved in a conversation.
Comment: Yes, technically they can block it (via the carrier settings on the device itself) but in the context of this question the provider would not know who made or received a facetime call nor know the contents of any call,adequate.
Comment: the latest comment by @KimCaraway-MorenoCalderon  says that she wants to know about ANY calls. Would the service provider know if FaceTime was used or not?


Can Blender save Rendered image periodically

Question: I usually render still images with very high samples(1000-5000) in cycles render engine.I leave this rendering on my desktop PC overnight.
I was wondering if there is a feature/addon that can save the rendered image every 100 samples or every 30 mins or something of the sort.
So that when I wake up in the morning and there was a power outage during the middle of the render, I still have a render close to the quality I wanted rather than none.
Comment: I believe the "save buffers" setting in *Render settings > Performance* does something like this, however I haven't tested it.
Comment: Maybe [this answer](http://blender.stackexchange.com/a/73542/34236) is useful for you as well.
Comment: @gandalf3 I have searched all over the internet for details about that feature nothing comes up.Could you explain more on it.
Comment: @binweg unfortunately it doesn't
Comment: @Jamesup Unfortunately, after some testing, it appears save buffers does not do what I thought. It caches finished renderlayers to disk (by default in `/tmp/blender_/__.exr`)
Comment: james to be sure you recieve this, i do it as comment heer, but its basically the answe i gave in scripted addon : http://adaptivesamples.com/2013/07/22/progressive-animation-render-addon-and-image-stacking/
Answer: There is a trick that you can recombine images in post editing with blender.
Then you can combine 10 images or so, (using animated seed settings).
So you render a still image as animation images with lower sample rates and recombine them. it takes a bit of manual work to recombine, render speed is slightly lower (bhv rebuilds between frames). for the rest doable.
in the beginning some people hoped to reduce noise.
or in theory one could use this method to increasingly improve a real animation render if you store the images in different folders (by some scripting).
But you might also check the latest blender builds and the denoiser, unless you do a lot of diamont /glass reflections such a sample settings can be decreased a lot.
There is a addon/script that does this
http://adaptivesamples.com/2013/07/22/progressive-animation-render-addon-and-image-stacking/
Most of all though i recomend to review your render settings, today a fairly reasonable render can be achieved with proper render settings:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8gSyEpt4-60
Comment: Although this is a good technique, am afraid it doesn't adequately solve the problem. Hopefully blender implements it soon.
Comment: well essentially changing seeds allows to recombine every 100th times sampled image, its the same to add image100+200+300+400 samples as compared to only saving an image 500 samples, there is a little overhead because BHV will be recalculated.. If your rendering a still image, you might render it with sample settings 100 then recombine the frames to one image, there has been a time people did this.
But personally i found it a bit complicated to do (lots of compositor nodes to recombine images (averaging them out), it would solve your problem. but its kinda daunting to do in compositor.
Comment: That's what I meant by it not being fully adequate, yes it solves the problem but it involves a lot of work, personally I mostly do still images. I appreciate the help but I wish there was a simpler solution, since this is just to avoid a power outage/computer crash .


How do I deal with closely coupled systems in a game engine?

Question: Let's say a game engine had a central game class as well as multiple systems (as objects) that are stored within it. These systems (such as input, rendering, sound, etc) would also be updated by this main game class. What if the input manager detects that the close button on the window if pressed. It would cause the game to shutdown by, say, calling a quit method inside the game class. This would be an example of a closely coupled system which is typically not good for future expansion of these systems. How would a closely coupled system like this be dealt with in order to make it more loosely coupled?
Answer: Events would help for this.
Take your InputManager example in the method where you detect the close button has been pressed instead of referencing the game class and calling the quit method you would fire an event lets say "OnWindowClosed" and then have your game class subscribe to that event.
That way you could theoretically have any class that needs to know the game is shutting down subscribe to the event and do whatever it needs to do when OnWindowClosed is triggered.
This way the subscriber (Game class) doesn't need to know anything about the publisher(Input Manager) other than it did something it may want to "respond" to.
Here is an example from my project, the ActorManager needs to listen for the OnMapLoad Event Triggering from MapManager in order to spawn the Actors into the scene after its been generated.
<code>public class EventManager
{
    //define a delegate signature, the variables need to match up the event trigger
    public delegate void OnMapLoad(Vector3 mapSize, Dictionary<Vector3, Tile> currentMap);
    //define the event generally prefixed with "On"
    public static event OnMapLoad OnMapLoadCallBack;

    //and here's the event trigger itself
    public static void TriggerOnMapLoad(Vector3 mapSize, Dictionary<Vector3, Tile> currentMap)
    {
        //check to see if OnMapCallBack has subscribers
        if (OnMapLoadCallBack != null)
        {
            //if it does trigger the event with params (or without if you dont define any above)
            OnMapLoadCallBack(mapSize, currentMap);
        }
    }

}

public class ActorManager : MonoBehaviour
{

    public int teams = 2;
    public int teamMembers = 1;
    public GameObject toonPrefab;
    public GameObject aiPrefab;
    public List<Team> teamsList = new List<Team>();
    public Vector3 teamOneSpawn = new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
    public Vector3 teamTwoSpawn = new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
    //I'm using unity and you always want to be sure to subscribe and unsubscribe from events otherwise they will cause memory leaks, I'm simply doing it when the gameobject is instantiated and when it's disabled/removed
    void OnEnable()
    {
        //here I'm subscribing to the event and assigning the function Init to fire when the event is triggered, notice again the parameters must match the delegate you define
        EventManager.OnMapLoadCallBack += Init;
    }

    void OnDisable()
    {
        //unsubscribing here
        EventManager.OnMapLoadCallBack -= Init;
    }

    void Init(Vector3 mapSize, Dictionary<Vector3, Tile> currentMap)
    {
        CreateTeams(mapSize);
    }

public class MapManager : MonoBehaviour
{
    public void GenerateMap(BiomeData biome)
    {
        CreateFloor(biome);
        AddDecorations(biome);
        AddTrapTiles(biome);
        AddEnviroment(biome);

        //this is where I call the event from the Map Manager to let the Actor Manager know the map has finished loading
        EventManager.TriggerOnMapLoad(mapSize, currentMap);
    }
}
</code>


Have a Ford Focus 2006 and need to enter code

Question: The battery had been out as off road. I have the code but what do I press after entering it?
Comment: Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair!
Comment: If the answers provided solved your issue, please select it as the answer and consider upvoting it!
Answer: If this is what your radio looks like:

Turn the radio on. At that point, it should say "CODE" in the window.
Press the "1" button repeatedly until your first number is present (ie: press 1 five times if the first number is "5")
Press the "2" button repeatedly until your second number is present
Press the "3" button repeatedly until your third number is present
Press the "4" button repeatedly until your fourth number is present
If the code is correct, press and hold the "5" button for about five seconds, at which point the code should be accepted

If you have a "0" (zero) for a number, it will show up after you hit "9" (so on the 10th press of the key). If you go past your number by mistake, you can roll right over to it by continuing to press the button.
Answer: Assuming you are talking about the radio code.
You enter the code by pressing number one until the correct digit appears, then two, three and four when the correct code is displayed you then press and hold number 5 until you hear a beep. The radio should then work.
Comment: Thanks for your help and radio is working now. Pressing the 5 button worked


Is There Any Way To Increase Internal Memory?

Question: My internal memory is 1 GB. After I reboot it changes to 64 MB. When I check the space on internal storage, I only see built in apps and shows no free space.
Comment: Not only that -- this again looks like the old ["free RAM" question](http://android.stackexchange.com/questions/36828/0-ram-free-on-ics/36850#36850). Or is the question rather referring "storage" instead of "memory"?
Comment: Welcome. Have you searched for related questions and answers? You may use the tag [tag:insufficient-memory].
Answer: No, there is no way to increase internal memory; this is installed at the factory and is fixed.  You can, however, free up existing space on your internal memory by removing apps, cleaning out caches and deleting end user files that are stored there.  Modifying stock apps (ie, removing bloatware) usually requires a rooted device, and will prevent you from receiving over the air updates as well as most likely voiding your warranty.
Answer: Look under Settings / Applications / Memory    then narrow down to "running", and see what is taking room.
Before I found "running", I noticed that NFS Shift and Let's Golf took a very large amount of "memory" (akin to disk space) so uninstalled them.
Then under Running, I could see if there were any things running that I didn't want, in my case skype was running (I use the chat), IMO was running (I use the chat), etc.  but if I'd have found things I didn't want running I would see what I could do with them.
Answer: The best solution is to swap the 'Storage Memory's ' . It's to swap internal to external and external to internal.
If your phone's rooted it may be easy just to edit a file(depending on the model).
So better search How to Swap Internal and External for your model.
Better search XDA forums.


Gathering end user feedback on a mobile device

Question: I would like to be able to solicit feedback (comments, suggestions, etc) from end users within my mobile business applications. I would expect the feedback to range from "I really love/hate this" to "The whatchmacallit is broken" to "can you please add the following feature(s)?". Does anyone have any real world examples or design patterns that they feel work well for this?
Comment: What sort of feedback (blog comments, or feedback about the app for support)? What options have you tried? Why have the various options you've tried not been appropriate? You need to give us *a lot* more detail to go on here as well as showing what initial research you've done so we don't give you an option you've already tried out. (I assume you *have* tried some options already?)
Comment: @superduperfly Can you clarify the writing in your question to be more explicit? Specifically, what are your design constraints? What are your goals? Have you seen any other feedback form used in another app that is **not** good for your usage, and why? A better question will yield a better answer.
Comment: This would be application related but the user may not need support (e.g. indicating they love or hate the app, asking general questions etc). I haven't tried anything in the mobile space as of yet. Whatever I come up with is going to be a standard enterprise wide solution and teams are already chomping at the bit to get a design. I do plan on doing user testing but I was hoping to get a shove in the right direction first.
Comment: I suspect I am making this overly complicated. Basically what I am asking is if there are best practices and/or good examples of "contact us" forms for mobile devices. I have never used such a form on a mobile device; I don't believe I have ever even seen one. Does that clear it up?
Answer: Assuming you are discussing feedback about the quality of your application (and you were vague, so this is in doubt), then you need to have hierarchal feedback. That means that a user should be able to give two-click feedback (Thumbs up/down, Submit), three-click feedback (THumbs up, Select stock response from list, Submit), and written feedback (Thumbs up, Select response, add comments, submit). They need to be able to be done at any step and still have given you a useful response that you can use. If you force them to provide complete feedback with a written response every time you will find you get very little feedback at all. If you prevent them from providing a written response when they have a complex issue you've also inconvenienced them and reduced the quality of your responses.
Also valuable is opt-in automated metrics. What features of the application did they use the most? How often do they open the app? What task is most likely to cause them to leave the app? This type of automated feedback can be very valuable, but make sure it is opt-in to avoid privacy concerns.


What's the difference between "insulated" and "isolated"?

Question: I don't know the difference because they have the same meaning.
Comment: What did your dictionary say? (their definitions are certainly different)
Answer: Insulated has the meaning of protected, while isolated has the meaning of separated.

"If I "isolate" someone I might put them in a room, shut the door, not
  allow people to see them, prevent them from looking out.
If I "isolate" something I am segregating or separating it from the
  rest because of some problem it might have. Its being kept apart.
If I "insulate" something I might put some material around it to keep
  the warmth in, or the cold out. I am protecting it.
A person can also be "insulated"... if you protect them from the
  world, keep them from hearing bad news."
Answer:
Use the verb insulate- when you wish to impy "protection from
  heat, cold, or noise," by surrounding with (insulating) material
When you remove or set apart one thing from others, you isolate
  it. You could isolate yourself from people by living in a remote
  countryside.


Does PT (Penetration Test) allow rooting a server?

Question: When doing a PT, are we allowed to root servers to escalate privileges? I am planning for post exploitation and it necessary to root server for that. So it is better to stop there or go further.
Comment: This should be defined in the project scope.
Comment: What @user2320464 says, if you are claiming to be a professional pentester, you should have an agreement with your client that includes defined project scope.  If you don't then, with all due respect, you don't deserve to call yourself a pentester, defined scopes are of critical importance for all sorts of reasons that you really ought to know about already.
Comment: It's not often needed - once you have root, you could do pretty much anything on it. It's not good use of your time to demonstrate all the bad things that someone with unauthorised root access could do. You can provide some examples, but it's not unheard of for a pen test scope to say "in the event of a critical flaw, report immediately and the test will stop to allow this to be fixed".
Comment: As far as I know (I'm not a pentester), post exploitation doesn't specifically require root access. You could find sensitive data on the non-root user and exfiltrate them (obviously, only if the rules of engagement allow it!), and that would still be considered post-exploitation.
Answer: In a Penetration test,you can root a server if you are permitted to do. The question cannot have a generic answer. It can only be specific to a each case.
The Rules of Engagement specify whether or not you can root a server. A few things are considered for this:

Is the server a Production one? If yes, then certainly you should restrain from rooting it.
If its a Test server, you have to be consider whether rooting this server can be directly be used to compromise/sniff/etc any Production servers on same network. If so, then probably you should not root it.
Businesses/Financial  Impact that you may cause by rooting the server and post exploitation steps.
Also, you have to consider the terms/agreements you have agreed to. Sometimes, there can be backlashes from management even if your intentions are good.

If you are not sure, better check with some person responsible for the servers (management).
Ultimately, post-exploitation does not require rooting a server, but is one option for performing the task.
Comment: Yes. I added a note to your answer about the Rules of Engagement, which should be in place before starting a pentest.
Comment: I will keep note of Rules of Engagemnet. Thank you
Answer: In addition to the things said by Sravan, you should put in some effort to avoid doing anything to the server that's hard to reverse. Even though attackers are unlikely to stick to easily reversible actions, a company does not benefit from a prolonged downtime that stems from a poorly executed audit or test. There are already a number of horror stories out there that mention an auditor breaking the core business machines so hard that the company needs a week to recover because the auditor took out the backups at the same time.
So even if your RoE state that you can root a server, if the way you found to root a server would break it in a way that's not simply "restore from backup", like reflashing firmware or breaking hardware, you should not attempt doing so unless you have permission, either through the RoE or through an additional clarification request.


Why does an admissions committee need to look at the whole transcript?

Question: Admissions committees look at a student's entire transcript to get an understanding of their academic abilities. Why is it not sufficient to judge a student's academics based on GPA alone?
Answer: The problem with GPA as a measure is that it just mixes together a bunch of different classes indiscriminately.  Consider these three different students:

This student is pretty steady, but not great, and tends to get an even mix of As and Bs across all of their classes, obtaining a 3.5 GPA.
This student always takes the class with the easiest grading policy whenever they can, and tends to get mostly As in the "easy" classes. When they cannot evade a "hard" class, they get mostly Cs, resulting in a 3.5 GPA.
This student is very strong and gets mostly As, but there was one semester when family problems disrupted their life, and missed assignments caused them to get Bs and two Fs, also ending up with a 3.5 GPA.

As you can see, even though all of these students get exactly the same GPA, they are very different. Student #2 is clearly far weaker than Student #1, who is in turn weaker than Student #3, whose GPA has been strongly affected by the one  problem area.
If we can see which classes they took and what grades they got on those classes, we still don't have the full story, but can get much closer to an appropriate evaluation of each student's actual strengths.
This set of pages at Berkeley may be useful.
Comment: @aparente001 This set of pages at Berkeley may be useful: http://collegetools.berkeley.edu/resources.php?cat_id=8
Comment: There's also Student #4, who had a C average in the subject they want to do grad studies in, but an A- everywhere else.  Or Student #5, who was the other way around.  Calculating "major GPA" can get around this somewhat, but not all places do this automatically when they issue a transcript.
Answer: In addition to jakebeal's answer-
Grad schools are looking for people who will make good researchers. We figured out long ago that great students (who have good GPAs) are not necessarily great researchers. Similarly, some students with middling GPAs can be great researchers, even though they didn't score top-tier grades.
A graduate admissions board is probably far more interested in a 3.5 student with a a research project or two rather than a 4.0 student with no extra-curriculars. (In fairness, I do know of a few people who take the opposite viewpoint- they get enough 3.9's and 4.0's applying to their programs that they don't see any value in considering other students. However, those people do not serve on admissions committees.)
For a more decision-centric answer, GPA by itself can only really be used to exclude people. You might discard the bottom 50% of applications by GPA, or you might establish a hard cutoff by saying you must have a 3.0 or higher. It doesn't give you good reasons to include people, and when committees make these decisions what they really want to do is find great reasons to include applicants.
Consider how these three statements would sound to someone who is trying to figure out who will make a good researcher:
"This person has a 4.0 GPA."
"This person was an excellent student."
"This person has some research experience and would like to understand better how to build city-scale sensor networks."
Answer: There are two major reasons, both of which boil down to "Context".

Graduate school is not "Undergrad+". There are few if any distribution requirements, and your coursework will follow a pretty specific subject. In contrast, your GPA is an amalgamation of all the classes you have ever taken. To use myself as an example, some major components of my GPA stemmed from 4 semesters of German, a feminist art history class on the middle ages (which was amazing) and a class on Grimm's Fairy Tales. As importantly, a number of classes didn't count toward my calculated GPA because they were taken while I was studying abroad, and thus the credits simply transferred. Most of these classes were in Microbiology. Assume I barely passed all of those. If I was applying to a microbiology program, do you think they'd prefer to see those classes broken out individually, or a composite score that's heavily influenced by being able to give reasons why the Bayeux Tapestry is more properly an embroidery, and why the Saxons in said embroidery are depicted wielding axes?
It lets the admissions committee actually look at you as a whole person. Did you take some classes outside your major that would never the less be useful? How well did you do in them? Did you take classically challenging classes (Organic Chemistry) that might explain why your GPA took a hit, or were you simply a middling student?


Why did the dwarves sing the song?

Question: I couldn't quite make out what the lyrics were to the song the dwarves sang in Bilbo's house in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey.  What song was that, and why did they sing it?
Answer: It was an old dwarvish song, presumably originating from a time not long after Smaug took over the Lonely Mountain. It describes a desire to return to reclaim their home under the mountain, primarily for the earthly treasure located there (the song describes in great detail the nature of the various treasures). Later verses in the song also briefly narrate the story of Smaug coming and destroying the town of Dale, forcing the dwarves to flee.
Here are the lyrics from the song as recorded in the book:
http://thorinoakenshield.net/misty-mountains-lyrics/
As to your question concerning why they sing it, I've always likened it to ancient Israelite songs of returning to Zion or American slavery spirituals -- such singing provides inspiration, motivation, and community, keeping a focus across generations on a cultural goal that holds deep, deep significance for a group of people. The song was likely ingrained in the dwarves' cultural heritage, perhaps being sung in their homes, their churches, their schools, etc. Because of this, when the dwarves are at Bilbo's house, ready to finally start this journey that all their people had been singing about for so long, they couldn't hold back, and that song seemed the best choice for communicating their excitement and sense of fulfillment.
Answer: They cut out a lot of the lyrics of the original for the movie. The abridged one in the movie is,

Far over the misty mountains cold.
  To dungeons deep, and caverns old.
  We must away, at break of day.
  To find our long forgotten gold.
  The pines were roaring on the height.
  The winds were moaning in the night.
  The fire was red, it flaming spread.
  The trees like torches blazed
  with light.

Whereas the full lyrics are,

Far over the misty mountains cold
  To dungeons deep, and caverns old
  We must away ere break of day
  To seek the pale enchanted gold.
The dwarves of yore made mighty spells,
  While hammers fell like ringing bells
  In places deep, where dark things sleep,
  In hollow halls beneath the fells.
For ancient king and elvish lord,
  There many a gleaming golden hoard
  They shaped and wrought, and light they caught
  To hide in gems on hilt of sword.
On silver necklaces they strung
  The flowering stars, on crowns they hung
  The dragon-fire, in twisted wire
  They meshed the light of moon and sun.
Far over the misty mountains cold
  To dungeons deep and caverns old
  We must away, ere break of day,
  To claim our long-forgotten gold.
Goblets they carved there for themselves
  And harps of gold; where no man delves
  There lay they long, and many a song
  Was sung unheard by men or elves.
The pines were roaring on the height,
  The winds were moaning in the night.
  The fire was red, it flaming spread;
  The trees like torches blazed with light.
The bells were ringing in the dale
  And men looked up with faces pale;
  Then dragon's ire more fierce than fire
  Laid low their towers and houses frail.
The mountain smoked beneath the moon;
  The dwarves, they heard the tramp of doom.
  They fled their hall to dying fall
  Beneath his feet, beneath the moon.
Far over the misty mountains grim
  To dungeons deep and caverns dim
  We must away, ere break of day,
  To win our harps and gold from him!
Comment: @TRiG And you think we really need the lyrics two times?
Comment: Well, @ChristianRau, I'd actually be inclined to get rid of the image, but I suppose it does look nice. I'll leave that decision up to the ShaliNephilim or another local.
Answer: The song provides evidence about the dwarf's cultural history, it also says stuff about them e.g. appearance and personality.
Comment: This is a very short answer that doesn't seem to add anything to the other, longer answers that cite sources and quote lyrics. I suggest checking out the [Tour](http://movies.stackexchange.com/tour) to get a better idea of how to ask and answer questions. We're not a typical discussion forum. *Don't be discouraged, we were all new here at some point.*

Why did the dwarves sing the song?


What is this critter?

Question: Can anyone please tell me what this critter is? My philodendron plant has brown spots on yellow leaves, and the leaves would very early on become shriveled, dried, and dead while blooming. I was throwing coffee grounds in the soil, which became molded! When scooping out the molded soil, I found this small critter and I have no idea what it is.  Please help!!]1
Answer: Looks like some sort of centipede. They are predators of other insects, so its presence might indicate you have an insect problem.
Comment: Wow!  That's interesting!  Should I get rid of all of this soil and start from scratch and replace it with new soil or would that be too drastic for it to survive?
Answer: House centipede. Beneficial hunter of house pests. Harmless to people.

What is this critter?


Why is tomato paste so cheap?

Question: So, at target, Tomato Sauce is $0.84 / lb. But, tomato paste is $1.00 / lb. However, tomato paste has 4x as many calories, implying that they reduced it by 4x. This makes sense, since reducing tomato sauce to tomato paste in a pot generally reduces it by 4x. But, why is it not 4x as expensive? How is it only barely more expensive if it requires so many more tomatoes to create? Generally speaking even boiling for longer costs money. Milk powder is almost always more expensive than milk, for example (In all of the grocery stores that I've checked, at least). I can't find tomatoes for less than $1 / lb, which upsets me because I want to homemade tomato sauce and tomato paste but it's just not cost effective. Where are they getting practically free tomatoes?
Comment: I know the question is popular, but we have had a longstanding policy of not answering price questions. If you want to know why a commercial manufacturer can produce something cheaper than a person can do at home, that's a basic fact of economics that holds regardless of the item being a food, and does not fall under the site scope as defined in the help center.
Comment: I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because it is about economics, not about techniques of food preparation
Comment: @NicholasPipitone It seems to me like the on topic question, and the question the you seem to actually want an answer to, is the last one- how can you make homemade tomato paste more affordable than commercial. I mention this as a direction for an edit to reopen if you are so inclined. (Of course it would make my answer obsolete.)
Answer: What you are observing is that the bulk of the price of tomato products is not the tomatoes.
The price of the can and shipping far outweigh the few cents of tomatoes the can contains.
With fresh tomatoes you are still mostly not paying for tomatoes. You are paying for the gas and people to ship and stock your tomato and all the other tomatoes that were shipped with yours and thrown away damaged or unsold.
Comment: +1. I feel that this answer can be improved with an example using actual numbers, but finding actual numbers may be a significant research effort. [This (US-specific) dataset comparing average retail and at-farm costs of fruits and vegetables](https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/price-spreads-from-farm-to-consumer/) might be an OK starting point (Offering average tomato prices at the farm), but I was not able to find an analogous source that directly compares the spread between the price paid for raw tomatoes at a farm and retail canned tomatoes.
Comment: @NicholasPipitone Keep in mind that prices of produce fluctuate throughout the year; average prices aren't a good measure for industries like canneries. Still, the discrepancy looks too large to account for that. Of course, in the end, the cost of production has little effect on the price - the price is what people are willing to pay, mitigated only by the willingness for others to join the market (including all the necessary investments etc.). Especially in the US context, food is just ridiculously cheap. You're not really going to increase your profits through lower prices.
Comment: @user95442 What an awesome link. But, from your link it looks like the farmer still gets $0.40/lb, giving the inaccurate $1.60/lb for tomato paste before considering shipping and packing if it's a 4x reduction. Though, for retail it says $2/lb, which must be some type of average because finding tomatoes for $1.00-$1.20/lb isn't that hard. There's still something missing here. 1 lb Tomato Paste is $0.16 more expensive than 1 lb tomato sauce, but includes 3 more lbs of tomato than tomato sauce. That gives a cost of $0.16 / 3 = $0.056 / lb of tomato. There's still something that's not understood.
Comment: @Sobachatina Wholesale prices are usually pretty close to the mark - unless you just like to do vertical integration for the hell of it, you're going to compare your production to wholesale anyway - if you were so good at raising tomatoes that you could make a profit on selling them directly, you would be selling them directly; if you're making a loss compared to wholesale, you're better off buying. Of course, assuming you'd get comparable quality etc. - but that will usually skew the results towards "more expensive than wholesale".
Comment: @user95442 that would be interesting to see. It would be difficult to find a price to compare. For example, Hunt's grows their own tomatoes. You'd have to know their farming costs rather than having a wholesale purchase price to compare.
Answer: It's cheap because it is easy and cheap to make/produce.
They don't need to have perfect tomatoes to make tomato paste, compared to making canned tomatoes or tomato sauce. (IMO)
Comment: Fresh produce also turns bad and has to be thrown out quickly if it isnt sold, which is factored into the price. No such issue with canned stuff.
Comment: You also can factor in the cost of packaging (small cans vs large ones) and the cost of transport. The tomatoes themselves probably cost very little. I wouldn't be surprised if the packaging cost as much as the actual tomatoes.
Comment: @NicholasPipitone Actually, where I'm from, substandard tomatoes (and other veggies and fruits) can often be gotten for free from farmers (if you come pick them yourself). People only want to buy A-grade in supermarkets, so disfigured or discolored produce is usually just left to rot in the field (or compost), or sold for processing at significant discount. Canned paste can use these with no issues whatsoever, so that's another reason why just taking average tomato prices isn't giving you the correct picture.
Comment: Why does tomato sauce need perfect tomatoes? I understand canned being cheaper than fresh, but I can pay $0.12/lb more. But tomato paste is 5x more expensive for me to make using fresh tomatoes than buying tomato paste, which is crazy. Tomato sauce seems like it should be precisely 3-4x cheaper than the paste
Answer: one run at Google shows a more complex process to make tomato sauce.  https://image.slidesharecdn.com/rhidimaandvasudha-150515065227-lva1-app6892/95/tomato-processing-7-638.jpg?cb=1514799842
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/rhidimaandvasudha-150515065227-lva1-app6892/95/tomato-processing-9-638.jpg?cb=1514799842
but i guess this answer would depend on recipe for said product.
So the real question should be 'Why is tomato sauce not 1/4th the price of tomato paste?'.  The answer should be 'There is increased cost due to other ingredients added to the tomato sauce in processing.'
Comment: Hm, there is an interesting point though. The ketchup slideshow shows the process from raw tomato to pulp/juice. The flowchart then only mentions using pulp for the ketchup but never mentions using the juice at all. Meanwhile the tomato paste only calls for the juice. So it looks like they start with fresh tomatoes, and then strain it into juice and pulp. Juice goes into puree or paste, while pulp goes into ketchup. But, tomato sauce / tomato puree also just uses tomato juice (The seeds and skin are always strained out), so while this information is interesting, it doesn't solve the mystery
Comment: This must be referring to something else. I'm just talking about tomato sauce where the only ingredient is tomatoes. Even seasoned tomato sauce shouldn't have sugar in it. That looks like the process for ketchup, since it says "1/3 sugar" and addition of vinegar, both of which are important ingredients in ketchup but aren't found in even seasoned tomato sauce (Which would just have salt, garlic, and herbs in it).

Why is tomato paste so cheap?


Does pesto go bad?

Question: I have some basil pesto but I'm not sure how long its fridge life is. It is in a sealed container. How long does it last before it is not safe to eat anymore?
Comment: Also, you're keeping it in the fridge?  We usually pour our pesto into small tupperware containers and throw them in the freezer, and they are good for an entire year or more.
Comment: Exact time is impossible to judge, as we don't know how it's been prepared or stored.

For instance, was this something commercially made?  If so, was it sold in a jar and shelf-stable, or was it sold in the refrigerated section?
Comment: Also, what's in it? Just basil? Oil? Garlic? Preservatives like vinegar?  Please see this related question: [How long can a bottle of self-made basil sauce last without rotting?](http://cooking.stackexchange.com/q/14887)
Comment: Practically as soon as you buy it in the fridge, I love pesto but it's a nightmare to keep.
Answer: I believe that the best indicator of freshness is the colour of the leaves. Once they turn from green to brown, it is all over for the pesto.
To boost the 'shelf-life' of the pesto in the fridge, make sure that it is completely covered with olive oil before sealing the container.
Answer: In regards to the part of the question asking about storage lifetime, and with respect to the other answers on this question:  pesto is a low acid food at risk for botulism:

It contains garlic, which is harvested out of the ground, so may have spores (as might the basil leaves, but less likely)
Underneath the oil layer is anoxic (no access to oxygen from the air), which is necessary for botulism growth.

Therefore, pesto should not be stored for very long (whether home made or after a commercially canned product is opened) unless frozen.
Per the University of Georgia's National Center for Home Food Preservation which is admittedly focused on canning, but note the instructions on using fresh product as well (emphasis added):

How do I can oil with herbs? Can I can pesto?
Herbs and oils are both low-acid and together could support the growth
  of the disease-causing Clostridium botulinum bacteria. Oils may be
  flavored with herbs if they are made up for fresh use, stored in the
  refrigerator and used within 2 to 3 days. There are no canning
  recommendations. Fresh herbs must be washed well and dried completely
  before storing in the oil. The very best sanitation and personal
  hygiene practices must be used. Pesto is an uncooked seasoning mixture
  of herbs, usually including fresh basil, and some oil. It may be
  frozen for long term storage; there are no home canning
  recommendations.
Comment: This should be the accepted answer, as it uses an authoritative source and gives a reason, instead of just "well, look at it."
Answer: Commercial pesto (at least some brands) is said to keep about a year unopened, and 5-7 days in the fridge after opening.
Answer: as in most cases, the answer is "it depends". If this is a commercial product, it has probably been pasteurized. It will also feature a "best before" date. It also depends on whether this was designed to be stored at room temperature or in the fridge. What can go wrong? The olive oil can go rancid, the basil can spoil (particularly if parts of it are exposed to air).
On the other hand, if it is random pesto made by a friend of yours, ditch it. The fact that you are asking the question indicates that it has already been there for too long. In the Italian tradition, pesto is not a "keeping" sauce. It is made right before use - and of course if it is good there are no leftovers...
Answer: Basil is one of the fastest herbs to decay. I recommend freezing leftover pesto in an air tight package. It's easy to thaw and if the container is airtight, flavor won't be compromised.
Answer: Commercial pesto certainly doesn't keep that long in the fridge after it's been opened. My current bottle says 2 weeks. My last bottle started growing mould after about 6 weeks!
It should keep substantially longer before it's opened, but most commercial bottles should have advice about storage length on the label.
Answer: I have used pesto a month or more after making with no problems. Just refrigerate and I would say it is okay. This pesto contained only basil, parsley, olive oil, salt, pepper, pine nuts and garlic.
I've been cooking commercially for 10 years

Does pesto go bad?


What is meant by a Eb9+11- chord?

Question: I have a modern jazz lead sheet "Just like that" from Peter Herbolzheimer in which the chords have rather unfamiliar notation. E♭9+11- is one, or Dm7♮. What do these mean?
Answer: Just guessing doesn't make much sense here. In such a case it's usually wise to actually listen, it's music after all! And listening reveals that the chord is actually an Eb7(#9,b5).
You can hear the transition from the #5 in the previous chord to the b5 pretty clearly. So the previous chord actually also has a #5 (or b13):
Eb7(#9,#5)  Eb7(#9,b5)
So what probably happened is that they couldn't decide whether they should use a #11 or a b5 in the chord symbol, and they ended up with a bad compromise, namely b11, which doesn't make any sense.
And, as correctly pointed out in other answers, the D minor chord with the natural placed after the '7' is a slightly unusual way to denote a D minor major seventh chord (D-F-A-C#).
Answer: Dm7♮ may be D minor/maj7.
The second one is Eb#9b11, i.e.

Eb G Bb F# Abb

Proper voice-leading notation with the 3rd (G) on top would be better though.
Answer: It seems a slightly unusual way to write out chord symbols in my experience.
However, guesswork says that Dm7♮ will be 'D minor, major seventh'. Made up from - D F A C♯. Sometimes written as DmM7.
The E♭9+11- should be 'E flat sharp nine flat eleven', containing E♭ G, B♭ D♭ F♯, A♭♭. Which doesn't make a lot of sense - that A♭♭ sounds the same as the M3 - G - so is meaningless as an extension to the basic chord - it might be technically 'correct', but I see no practical point in adding it.

What is meant by a Eb9+11- chord?