What does "nearby" tell you in Pokemon Go?

Question: I was curious about what does Pokemon go nearby panel tell us. Its not guaranteed that if I linger in that area I will find same Pokemons shown. Also what are grayed out Pokemons for?
Comment: As for the downvoting on your question, this site has been overloaded with PoGo questions lately, and many questions similar to this one are already out there. If you're still confused, I'd suggest searching more on Arqade, or check out www.reddit.com/r/pokemongo
Answer: Before the first update, the 'nearby' tab (or more formally known as the tracker) used to show nearby Pokemon with either 1, 2, or 3 footprints. These footprints would show how far a nearby Pokemon was to you, with 1 footprint being the closest and 3 being the furthest.
Since the most recent update, Niantic has removed the footprint tracking features of the tracker, due to its inaccuracy. Now the 'nearby' tab just shows Pokemon that are nearby without any metric of how far away they are. It is a little unclear, but many speculate that if a Pokemon appears on the 'nearby' tab that it is within 200m of your position.
Here's a related question that shows how the tracker worked before the update: Why should I "watch" a nearby pokémon?
As for the greyed out shapes on the 'nearby' tab, those refer to Pokemon that you haven't caught yet. When you first start the game, all of the Pokemon on the tracker appear as grey shapes (except for who you picked as your starter) until you catch them. Once you catch a Pokemon of that variety, it will appear colored-in on the tracker next time you see it. This is especially important because uncaught Pokemon species reward you with an extra +500xp when you catch them, so you generally watch to catch Pokemon that you see greyed out on your tracker.
Comment: Others have speculated that each footprint meant ~50m. So 1 footprint was 50-100m away, 2 footprints was 100-150m away, and 3 was 150-200m. If it was 200m+, it wouldn't appear on the tracker


Is dancing in camp permissible during the Three Weeks?

Question: Given that generally, listening to music is prohibited during the Three Weeks, may an adult camp counsellor dance with below bar / bat mitzvah campers, for the entertainment of the campers and to contribute to an energetic, joyful environment?
Comment: @Yaakov please remember to [edit] your comments into the question to make it as clear as possible. You might want to mention if you speak of mixed dancing or not. Also you seem to be asking if counselors are able to instruct dancing for children, if that is the case please make it clearer in the question. For now it reads more as a statement, not a real question. Many thanks.
Answer: See this article in this year's Agudat Yisra'el pamphlet, which was reviewed by R. Shmuel Fuerst. On p. 13 it says that music that is not for the sake for enjoyment may be heard during the Three weeks. Among those exceptions is a teacher dancing with young children.
Note that by this phrasing, it implies that not only may a teacher dance with the children, because this is his / her profession and it is for instruction, but, s/he may also listen to the music because it is being used for instruction, not for pleasure. I'm inferring from this as well as the other items in the list that others who happen to be in the room and are not involved with the instruction may also listen to this music. It seems similar to the music played in elevators or hotel lobbies which is permissible.


Calcination in metallurgical process?

Question: In calcination why is the ore heated in the absence of air in a reverberatory furnace,
does the presence of oxygen affect any thing?
Answer: Most of the ore will be oxidized if thermally treated under air. That's why it's usual to heat it under controled atmosphere or even in vacuum.
Answer: Yes in calcination, with limited supply carbonates are reduced to oxides and to remove organic matter or to remove water of crystallization or evaporation of volatile components such as arsenic or antimony vapors.
If the oxygen component is more it would actually be then a roasting process where sulfides are converted to oxides since they are easier to reduce.

Calcination in metallurgical process?


Has the Kim dynasty had significant control over the starvation of their people?

Question: The Kim's are generally portrayed in the US media as ruthless cold blooded dictators who repress their populace. It's widely known that there is widespread lack of food in North Korea. But how much of this starvation is due to the Kim rulers and how much is due to international sanctions?
Comment: How would one measure?  If nothing else, what about the starvation that is caused by international sanctions caused by the Kims?  If bombing chemical weapons warehouses in Syria prevents Syria from trading food to North Korea for chemical weapons, is that on the Kims or international sanctions or something else entirely?  At one time, tourists were visiting North Korea.  Then a soldier shot a 53 year old woman who wandered off the approved path.  Is the loss of revenue caused by international sanctions or the Kims?  Or something else?
Comment: WRT sanctions, it seems reasonable to ask whether NK could, given a free society, produce enough food to feed the population.  If the answer to that is yes, then we need to ask why it is not doing so.  The answer to that seems to be deliberate policy choices, just as with Mao's Cultural Revolution in China, or the Holodomor in Ukraine.
Comment: "If nothing else, what about the starvation that is caused by international sanctions caused by the Kims?" Did those sanctions necessarily have to hit the civil population so hard that they starve? In this case, those who impose sanctions are responsible for the starving. Is it just mismanagement by the ruling class in North Korea and they are blaming the sanctions instead? Then its the Kim's fault. But I would not accept a logic that says that starving civilians to death was the necessary thing to do as a response to the actions of a government.
Comment: If the premise is that the Kim's are at fault for the things you mentioned and therefore brought the sanctions upon themselves, that does not logically imply that it is their fault that the US and its allies decided to starve the population in retaliation. The population isn't at fault, therefore logically they shouldn't be punished.
Answer: This is a broad topic, and placing blame for such a complex issue is difficult (see the comments), especially when you are not restricting the question to any timeframe.
But according to this UN report, the North Korean leadership is responsible for "the death of at least hundreds of thousands of people" because of a lack of access to food:

The State has used food as a means of control over the population. It has prioritized those whom the authorities believe to be crucial in maintaining the regime over those deemed expendable. [...]
Even during the worst period of mass starvation, the State impeded the delivery of food aid by imposing conditions that were not based on humanitarian considerations. [...]
The State has consistently failed in its obligation to use the maximum of its available
  resources to feed those who are hungry. Military spending – predominantly on hardware
  and the development of weapons systems and the nuclear programme – has always been
  prioritized, even during periods of mass starvation. [...] Large amounts of State  resources, including parallel funds directly controlled by the Supreme Leader, have been spent on luxury goods and the advancement of his personality cult instead of providing food to the starving general population. [...]
The State has also used deliberate starvation as a means of control and punishment in detention facilities. This has resulted in the deaths of many political and ordinary prisoners. [...]
While acknowledging the impact of factors beyond State control over the food situation, the commission finds that decisions, actions and omissions by the State and its leadership caused the death of at least hundreds of thousands of people [...]
While conditions have changed since the 1990s, hunger and malnutrition continue to
  be widespread. Deaths from starvation continue to be reported. The commission is
  concerned that structural issues, including laws and policies that violate the right to adequate food and freedom from hunger, remain in place, which could lead to the recurrence of mass starvation.

See also wikipedia.
It should be noted that starvation is not the only human rights issue. It's not only the US media that represents North Korean leaders as "ruthless cold blooded dictators who repress their populace". See eg the summary of the previous UN report:

These crimes against humanity entail extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation

See also: Human rights in North Korea
Answer: Socialism and Communism have a long history of causing famines. Most notable are the Great Chinese Famine and the Soviet Famine of 1932-3. More recently, we have people dying of hunger in Venezuela. Not quite a famine, at least not yet. The Kims could easily have prevented the famine by switching to a Capitalist system. But then they wouldn't get to be dictators.
EDIT: Since people seem to object that I haven't shown causation, a bunch of points. First of all, South Korea was experiencing an economic boom at the time. The difference between North and South Korea was that one was Communist and the other was Capitalist.  Secondly, US and other sanctions didn't stop North Korean trade with China, which was in the process of abandoning Communism in all but name. So if you are going to blame sanctions, you are asserting that trade with the Western world is somehow magical; trade with China was apparently not sufficient.
Thirdly, the North/South Korea contrast is part of a pattern. Finland and Eastern Poland were part of the Russian Empire but not part of the USSR. The USSR had multiple famines in the 1920s and 1930s; Finland and Eastern Poland didn't. Taiwan was part of China before the Communist revolution. China had a famine after the split; Taiwan didn't. In South America today, only Venezuela is hardcore socialist, and only Venezuela is in a condition of near-famine.
The upshot is that we have a repeated experiment, where regions that are either politically similar (as in South America) or even part of the same political unit (as in Korea, the Russian Empire, and China) split up, with part going Communist and part not. In cases where one region has a famine and the other doesn't, the famine region is always the Socialist or Communist one. By contrast, I am unable to locate a single example where a region split in this way, the Capitalist one had a famine, and the Communist one didn't.
As the other answer explains, attributing causation is difficult. But when you have a repeated experiment with a repeated result, it gets a lot easier. And that's the case here.
Further edit: Just ran across this. Looks like the postwar USSR would also have had a hunger problem were it not for their grain imports. And Russia today is a major grain exporter. So is Ukraine. And Kazakhstan. All just a coincidence?
Comment: That doesn't seem to answer the question. And the demonstration cannot be conclusive wihtout considering famines that happened in capitalist (or non-communist) countries, such as Ireland, Congo, Chad or India.
Comment: Just because other socialist states had famines, and in some cases they were intentional (like the [holodomor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor)), does not mean that the same happens in North Korea. You have to provide some evidence for that. Most of all, this answer does not attempt to refute the hypothesis that the famine in NK is in part caused by sanctions from other states. You could of course claim "if KJU weren't so much of an evil warmonging communist dictator there wouldn't be any sanctions, so he is to blame in any case", but that's not what the question author wants to know.
Comment: "The difference between North and South Korea was that one was Communist and the other was Capitalist." This is an absolutely slanted claim, as development in each side of the peninsula went very differently. After the cease-fire in the Korean war, there was not a single 2 story building left in the entire upper-half of the peninsula.
Comment: So your argument is that the Korean war, the shooting portion of which ended in 1953, is responsible for the 1994-8 famine?
Comment: This is certainly relevant to the question.  The Kims could be single-handedly stroking their albino cats and cackling while their subjects starve.  They could be blameless and its all due to natural causes.  It could all be the Capitalists's fault.  Or the dice could be loaded due to their rigid adherence to a discredited economic system which has had similar effects historically.  It's probably a mixture of these factors, but Communist economic shortcomings is unlikely to be irrelevant.


How is sajday sahaw offered?

Question: Please tell me how is sajday sahaw offered and what if a person forgets to do sajday sahaw? Do we have to re-offer that salat?
Please help me...
Answer: Sajda means the act of prostrating and Sahu means being inattentive or forgetful.
The Prophet has taught us that this is done if we make a mistake in any of the actions of prayer, and when we completed the prayer, we are suppose to do two prostrations.
Now here's the easiest way to remember on when to do them =

If you added something to the prayer, you should do the prostration AFTER the salaam
If you left something out of the prayer, you should do the prostrations BEFORE the salaam

This is taken from the actions of Rasolullah, since he didn't explicitly tell us when to do them.
Now, if you have forgotten to do the Sajda Sahu, you can do them at anytime when you remember.  Because the Prophet didn't tell us that Sajda Sahu is done while praying but he said to do Sajda Sahu if we forgot how many ra'kat we did.  The wording is general.
So lets say you finished the prayer and a few hours later, you remembered you forgot to do Sajda Sahu.  You should go into sitting position and do two prostrations.
Allaho Alim.

How is sajday sahaw offered?


Visual Studio 2010 published web site returns "Could not load assembly App_Web_xxxxxx.dll"

Question: I am working on client's application in which we have two servers - development server and testing server. We first develop applications on development server and then publish it and host it on test server for client testing.
Testing server has Microsoft .NET framework 3.5 SP1. On development we have Visual Studio 2010.
We publish the website on development server using VS 2010 and then copy that folder to testing server and host it on its IIS.
Whenever we try access any aspx page of site hosted on testing server, we get error:

Could not load assembly App_Web_xxxxxx.dll". Make sure it is compiled before accessing the page

What can I do to resolve this?
Answer: This could be due to a lot of reasons.
I would start by trying one of the following things..

Make sure your IIS Site has the correct .net version specified - same as your application
Make sure you have all the required .net components installed in windows features (control panetl)
Look at event viewer for more errors and post it here
Answer: OK guys here is the solution.
Since my testing server is having Microsoft .NET framework 3.5 so on the development server while publishing from VS 2010, I have to choose target framework as 3.5.
Do this:
Right click web site -> Property Page -> Build -> Change the target framework.
After doing this setting, publish the web site again.


is it possible to get "bokeh balls" using a cellphone camera?

Question: Is it possible to get "bokeh balls" using an cellphone camera? I'm using an iPhone but the question could apply to any cameraphone. bI'm sure there are a lot of apps which allow you to insert fake ones, but I am referring to "real" ones generated using the cameras optical system.
Comment: Basically the combination between sensor size and maximum aperture is not great enough to produce very substantial bokeh. You can do certain things to maximize it, but it will not reach a very significant level. See also: http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/2/how-can-i-maximise-that-blurry-background-sharp-subject-bokeh-effect , http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/13252/how-do-i-find-a-point-and-shoot-camera-specifically-for-bokeh-a-very-shallow-d , and http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/2706/what-is-bokeh-exactly
Answer: Yes, it is possible - however, a quick experiment shows that it's a little tricky and that the results aren't as good as what you can from a bigger camera.
The bokeh discs are just out of focus lights - so all you have to do is place some lights and "defocus" them.
Here's what you do:

You need an iPhone 3GS or later, earlier models are not capable of changing focus and so can't make anything out-of-focus.
You need lights, Christmas lights often used for this, you need to place the lights as far away from you as possible (the farther away they are the bigger the bokeh disc) and you need them to be much brighter than the background (that last part is easy, just make sure the background isn't acting like a big reflector directing light into the camera and you'll be fine).
You need to focus on an object that is very close to the phone, something like 5-10cm (2-4inch) from the phone, maybe even closer - anything farther and the lights will be in focus - this means your subject has to be quite small to be this close and still not fill the frame (just place your subject in front of the phone and tap on it on the screen to make the phone focus on it)

This will be easier if you can use something to hold the phone (and the subject) since any movement will make the phone refocus and bring the lights back into focus.
Comment: This is true, with the exception that cell phone cameras have vanishingly small (nearly true pinhole size) entrance pupils. That is going to put a very tight limit on how large background blur circles can get...regardless of how distant the "background" gets.
Comment: @Nir: title changed (now: cellphone, not only iPhone). You may want to edit the answer accordingly.
Answer: Instead of trying to describe it by mere words, I'm posting this to show the size of those bokeh balls. They are quite small, as you can see. Bright ones are made of several overlapping "balls" but some dim ones appear individual. Actually all background blur is made of these circles, but only those created by a point light come up visible.

Photo taken with a Nokia smartphone. 1/50 sec, focal length 4,7 mm, f/2.8, ISO 79
Click for original size photo.
Comment: I think this answer is important, as it is the only one to touch on a VERY important concept: The ENTRANCE PUPIL is the key limiting factor that affects the maximum size of a blur circle. The entrance pupil in a cell phone camera is TINY...a few millimeters at most, less than a millimeter on average. That is going to severely limit anyone's capability to create truly "pleasing" boke or blur circles of any meaningful size. It probably is NOT possible to produce nice, big, spherical blur circles like you get from a DSLR (where entrance pupils can be inches in size.)
Comment: @jrista - Yes, quite impossible I should say.
Comment: I believe it's possible to edit the question itself, changing "iPhone" to "cellphone". That'd make more sense. I'm trying to do this right now.
Comment: @EsaPaulasto: title changed (now: cellphone, not only iPhone). You may want to edit the answer accordingly.
Answer: Bokeh is the name for out-of-focus highlight, so its presence is enhanced when the depth of field is shallow (so that you have a lot of the background out of focus) and when there are bright highlights. You could try to focus on an object as close as possible to the phone, with bright spots in the background (typical set up: focus on a flower like if you were doing a macro picture and the light passing through the leaves of the tress in the "distant" background will possibly give rise to bokeh).
This blog post recommends using a macro iPhone lens and provides an example of the results, so that you can appreciate if it's something that could satisfy your needs.
Answer: While there are a lot of answers that offer how to go about blurring the background with a cell phone camera, it should be pointed out that technically speaking, getting "pleasing background blur", especially that with nice big blur circles, is NOT going to be possible with a cell phone.
Background blur, specifically the amount of blur and the upper limit on the size of a "blur circle", is explicitly determined by the size of the ENTRANCE PUPIL. This is most commonly referred to as the "physical aperture", however that term is actually not really accurate and largely irrelevant...it is difficult to know the actual physical diameter of the aperture in any given lens without knowing explicit details about it's design. What we normally call physical aperture is really the aperture as viewed through the front of the lens. The proper term for that is entrance pupil.
The larger the entrance pupil, the larger background blur circles can get relative to the frame. The smaller the entrance pupil, and you will run into that upper limit faster. In a DSLR, entrance pupils can be quite large. In a fast normal to short tele prime (50mm to 135mm), entrance pupils can be as much as a couple inches in diameter. On a supertelephotp f/4 prime, the entrance pupil can get as large as six inches!
This is in stark contrast to cell phone cameras...where entrance pupils may only be a couple millimeters for the best phones with the absolute largest apertures. On average, cell phone entrance pupils may only be a millimeter in diameter...if that. This makes cell phone cameras the closest thing to a true pinhole camera, and will intrinsically limit the amount and quality of background blur.
An iPhone, while it may be capable of slightly blurring the background when you focus on something EXTREMELY CLOSE, you will not realize anything quite the same as you can get out of a DSLR. You wont' see those nice, big, smooth, soft, and maybe even spherical background blur circles that I suspect you are after. From a physical standpoint, while you might get a speckling of small blur circles when you focus on something sufficiently close...all you'll really see is general blur, and not much else. Very similar to what Esa Paulasto shared in his answer.
Comment: Something to consider: The size of the sensor in cell phone cameras is very small. So, relative to the motive, a 1mm *bokeh ball* would appear just as large as a 1cm one on a sensor 100 times (10×10) as large. Anyhow, what's the formula for calculating bokeh ball size?
Comment: Relative to the scene, really, which would ultimately have to do with focal length. Focal length in cell phones is wider, so those 1mm blur circles are relative to a very large scene.
Comment: @Johann3s' [answer](http://photo.stackexchange.com/a/39867/19634) provides the information I have been looking for.
Comment: Yeah, according to Johann's answer, boke balls will never be more than 0.5% (HALF A PERCENT) of your image width. Accordingto Johann, that is 5 pixels (out of thousands on either the horizontal or vertical axis). In other worlds, not enough to be useful or meaningful in any realistic context.
Answer: Yes, you can.
The size of the balls depends on four parameters:

Aperture
Focal length
Distance between subject and camera
Distance between subject and background

There is an online calculator which can calculate the size of your bokeh balls as a percentage of the image width, based on the crop-factor, subject, aperture and focal length. In the graph below, the iphone is compared with a 20mm f/2.8 lens on a crop dslr, for a very small subject of 10cm high. (smaller subject=bigger bokeh) As you can see the blur size of the iphone is really small in comparison.

If the background is far enough away, the bokeh bubbles will be 5px in width when the image is shown at 1000px width. Note that this is an extreme situation, and the bokeh is still very small. In general you will never see the bokeh. The comparison shown above can be visited with this link.
Answer: iPhone 3Gs and laters have the ability called AE/AF Lock (Auto Exposure/Auto Focus Lock) just like on modern DSLRs. Focus on a very close subject by tapping on it on the Camera screen app and hold for 1-2 secs, you will see the focus square pop 3 times and the message AE/AF Lock appear at the bottom of the screen, from now the focus and exposure reading will be locked on the spot that you tapped. Now move the camera to the area you want to snap bokeh and take the photo.
Comment: This only works if there isn't a subject that isn't very close that you also want in focus.


Where does the term "old salt" originate

Question: I know an old salt is an old sailor in maritime jargon, but where does the term originate. Does it have to do with the fact that sea water is salty? Why does the old salt have to be old, can't s/he be just a salt (not assault, that'd be awful)? Or sea salt?
Comment: I suspect this may have something to do with the idea of a worker being "worth his salt," (from *salarium*, Latin for a remunerance to Roman solders to purchase salt, from which we get the term *salary*), and the "old" would be necessary to suggest the sailor had been seasoned enough to have demonstrated his worth. But I could be wrong.
Comment: Naval tradition has it as the amount of bleaching done to clothes result of washing in sea water, and the brine that accumulates on the brim of a hat.
Answer: Apparently it refers to the salty water of the seas, according to Etymonline. Old refers to veteran, experienced:
Old salt:

Meaning "experienced sailor" is first attested 1840, in reference to the salinity of the sea.

Green's Dictionary of Slang gives usage examples from 1830:

1830:   N. Ames Mariner's Sketches 7: The ceremony of shaving on crossing the line was omitted, to the manifest disappointment of the 'old salts'.
Answer: Conventionally old salt would have been literally what it sounded like. Searches of both Early English Books Online (EEBO) and Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) yield a lot of collocations like "old salt butter" (for cooking) or "old salt beef" (for military ration) and "old salt works/pits" in addition to "old salt" itself. Similar collocations are visible in a Google Books search between 1800 and 1830.
I can find no origin point for the sailor term earlier than this entry in the Oxford English Dictionary in "old salt, n." within "old, adj.":

1828   Ariel (Philadelphia) 23 Aug. 72/1   Landsmen generally have very mistaken notions concerning sailors... 'Tom Coffin' is a caricature, and not a very good one of an 'old salt', but terribly strained and stiff.

So why "old salt?" The sailor would be old, and sailors would be associated with the salty brine. Furthermore, there were existing associations between "old salt" and the quality of food preparation. For instance, one 1816 magazine claims:

Old salt (clean muriate of soda) is regarded as the best, and it is used grated or pounded. New salt being generally deliquescent is less adapted for salting ...

Old salt is a better curer because it doesn't turn liquid as easily from moisture in the air (that's what deliquescent means anyway). Furthermore, corned beef or, as some military books called it, old salted beef, was a common ration for both army and naval units. Here's William Blair writing The Soldier's Friend: or, the means of preserving the health of military men; addressed to the officers of the British army in 1798, accessed behind the paywalled ECCO:

Where either salt-fish or salmon is used, however, it should be boiled in sea-water, which not only saves the expense of salt, but also renders the food more agreeable; even very old salt beef is improved, and rendered more palatable, by first steeping, and afterward boiling, it in salt water.

There's no evidence for a direct connection between old salt and rations, but the shared context between the two suggests an association between the oldest and most ragged of rations and an old, stringy, preserved sailor.
Comment: **Old** = familiar, experienced *My old friend* / *He's an old hand.* OED: **Salt**: 2. Proverbial and allusive uses. **h.** With reference to the saltness of the sea, in phrases denoting fondness for or adaptability to a seafaring life.

Where does the term “old salt” originate


No way to access to internet conecting PC to hotspot wifi Android device

Question: My phone connects to internet properly. When activating Hotspot wifi, PC detects and reveices an optimal signal but there is no connection to internet at all. With other wifi signals it is properly working. Using USB the same happens. It seems that  Bluetooth connection is allowing access to internet but it is too slow. Any idea about how to make it work? Thank you.
Answer: Your phone only has one (1) WiFi chip.
This means it can only connect to one WiFi AP or act as a hotspot,
not both at once.
When you activate the WiFi hotspot, you get a warning, telling you that this will disconnect you from your current AP and use mobile data.


How do they know which flavor was the neutrino if it collapses into an electron or electron-neutrino?

Question: I read an article that talked about how oscillation of neutrinos worked. It caught my attention that the author of the article mentioned that when a neutrino is measured (by the interaction with nucleus) in a neutrino telescope, independently of it's quantum state, the neutrino would collapse into an electron or electron- neutrino(I don't know if this is true, it's just something I read in an article). If this is true, and all neutrinos collapse into the same quantum state of "electron" and "electron-neutrino" then How do they measure the other probabilities? (tau, muon, anti-tau, anti-muon, etc)  Or how do they know they exist?. Thank You, This is something I read, maybe I misunderstood, if so, someone explain me because I'm confused. Thank you
Comment: You can call it a collapse, if you like. The important part is that only a fraction of the neutrinos register in the instrument if the wave function is a mixture of the three flavors. That's how the mixing was discovered in experiments that were trying to measure the neutrino flux from the sun, which came out too small. The possible hypothetical solutions were that we either don't understand the physics at the core of the sun (which it seems we do) or that the neutrinos change flavor before they reach the detector. Take a look at the related questions! Some answers are really good.
Comment: Have a look at the answer here http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/95858/do-solar-neutrinos-actually-oscillate-between-electron-mu-and-tau
Comment: The answer is essentially the same as that to: http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/145742/how-do-we-know-what-the-flavour-of-the-neutrino-from-a-beta-decay-is. Flavor states are defined by their interactions.
Answer: The first detection of any kind of neutrino (Reines-Cowan experiment) was the detection of what we know to be the electron antineutrino that induces the inverse beta decay of many nuclei:
$$ \bar\nu_e + p \to n+ e^+ $$
In the $SU(2)$ electroweak theory, the $e^+$ at the end makes it clear that the initial particle has to be the electron-flavor-type, and it has to be an antineutrino, not a neutrino.
They didn't appreciate the $SU(2)$ symmetry at the beginning so they first considered a single neutrino species. This leads to an immediate conflict with the experiments. Muons are known to decay to $\mu\to e+\nu+\bar\nu$ which implies that there has to be a cubic vertex with $\nu$ (the universal one), the muon $\mu$, and the charged W-boson. However, if this vertex existed, one would also predict the decay $\mu\to e+\gamma$: $\nu$ and $W$ appear in the intermediate state before they merge to a $e$ again which may decay to $e$ and $\gamma$.
By comparing the diagram, this $\mu\to e+\gamma$ process should have the branching ratio at least $10^{-4}$ times the branching ratio to any $\mu \nu\bar\nu$ final state. However, the experimental upper bound was soon $10^{-11}$. So the decay to $e\gamma$ just doesn't occur. It can only be prevented if the two neutrinos in $\mu\to e \nu\bar\nu$ are different, and the $\mu \nu_e W$ vertex is set to zero. If that's so, the $\mu$ may split to $W\nu_\mu$, but those can't merge to $e$ anymore – the loop diagram for $\mu\to e\gamma$ requires two different vertices and one of them is zero. That's how the two neutrino flavors prevent the $\mu\to e \gamma$ decay.
A similar logic may also be applied to the decay $\tau\to e\gamma$ although the experiment is much harder to measure.
After some years, people realized that the solar model predicts a certain number of the electron neutrinos etc., and what is detected is lower than that. The oscillations explain the deficit: some neutrinos change to flavors that are undetectable. A similar explanation of a different explanation was in terms of the atmospheric neutrinos.
Various oscillations have been measured more accurately, as a function of the distance etc. Also, new methods to detect the other neutrino flavors were designed. For example, in some emulsions, $\nu_\tau$ may collide and directly produce the $\tau^+$, which is basically a proof that the original neutrino had to be an $SU(2)$ partner of the $\tau$.
Concerning the measurement "problem": in the $SU(2)$ theory, the neutrinos are always organized as the flavor partners of the $e,\mu,\tau$ charged leptons' mass eigenstates. The neutrino mass eigenstates are ignored. That's sensible because the neutrino oscillations are very slow – occupy macroscopic times and distances – so a neutrino created in a flavor eigenstate (a superposition of mass eigenstates) remains in this flavor eigenstate (not mass eigenstate) for quite some time, and the oscillation is just a slow process "long after" the nuclear processes. That's very different from the quark mass eigenstates – the quarks immediately move depending on their mass, so we always want to work with the mass eigenstates. The underlying difference is purely quantitative, however.
A general neutrino may be a superposition of the three flavors, and of the neutrinos and antineutrinos (that's correlated with the left-handed vs right-handed helicity, at least in the so far possible experimental situation in which the neutrino speed is almost the speed of light). The complex amplitudes in front of the 6 possibilities are probability amplitudes that the superposed neutrino will act as a particular flavor/helicity combination. The "collapse" only occurs once we (an observer) actually measure (=learn) which flavor it was, by seeing the products of the reactions.
So it's misleading that the nuclear reaction already "collapses" something. If the nuclear reaction requires an electron neutrino, the reaction will have a zero probability to occur if the initial neutrino is a muon or tau neutrino etc. So only the term in the superposition that corresponds to the electron neutrino will contribute to the reaction. If we measure the information that the reaction took place, we know the result of the measurement of the flavor, and it had to be the $\nu_e$ flavor. If we measure that there was no reaction, it could have been because the neutrino had a wrong flavor; or because it missed the target. If one has lots of neutrinos such that many electron neutrinos would be predicted to hit the target and induce reactions, but if we see no reactions (or fewer reactions), it proves that some of the neutrinos were non-electron neutrinos ("wrong flavors").
Answer: Completing the answer by  @Motl, here is how one detects a muon neutrino in a bubble chamber, I will address

How do they measure the other probabilities? (tau, muon, anti-tau, anti-muon, etc) Or how do they know they exist

The beam entering is muon neutrinos by construction , and the event has a muon . Lepton number conservation means that the incoming neutral particle is a nu_mu.
In a counter experiment one would have to have muon detectors, or tau detectors.  In the Grand Sasso experiment they use a similar technique to bubble chamber photos:

From July 2006 to December 2012, the CNGS project sent muon neutrinos from CERN to the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (link is external) (LNGS), 732 kilometres away in Italy. Neutrinos interact so weakly with other particles that they pass easily through the intervening rock. At Gran Sasso, two experiments, OPERA (link is external) and ICARUS (link is external), wait to find out if any of the muon neutrinos have transformed into tau neutrinos.
OPERA, in Hall C of the Gran Sasso underground labs, was built in 2003–2008. The taus resulting from the interaction of tau neutrinos are observed in "bricks" of photographic films (nuclear emulsion) interleaved with lead sheets. Each brick weighs 8.3 kg; the two OPERA supermodules contain 150,000 bricks arranged into parallel walls interleaved with plastic scintillator counters. Each supermodule is followed by a magnetic spectrometer for momentum and charge identification of penetrating particles. During data collection, a neutrino interaction and its corresponding brick are tagged in real time by the scintillators and spectrometers. These bricks are extracted from the walls asynchronously with respect to the beam for film development, scanning and for the topological and kinematic search of tau decay

Photographic films, emulsions, are similar in logic to bubble chambers, as in the photo above. The interactions are found and a tau detected by fitting the four vectors of the measured particles of the netrino_tau interacting with a nucleus of the film.


How and with what software was this image created with?

Question:
I want to know, how it was possible to create the cubes, with their shinny, dark and cubed parts? I know it could be doable with Photoshop, but how? Is there any software better suited to make it than that?
Comment: quite similar to this question - http://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/11198/how-is-the-artwork-at-adobe-com-created/11204#11204
Comment: The cubes were probably made in a 3-D program. But I'm far too inexperienced for any further insight.
Answer: From the web site's about page:

I'm first and foremost an Interactive Visual Designer, but I also possess an high skill level in Programming, Motion Graphics, Video and 3D Animation.
Web: HTML/CSS, Flash/AS3, Jquery/AJAX, PHP/MySQL, Wordpress, Tumblr, Dreamweaver.
Design and Motion Graphics: Photoshop, Illustrator, After Effects, Premiere, Mocha.
3D: 3DS Max, V-Ray, SynthEyes.

Given the way the image looks, my guess is that it was modelled in 3D Studio Max, rendered using V-Ray, possibly with some post production in Photoshop (it looks like the parallax effect was created by using 3 separate images, so a little tweaking in Photoshop may have been needed).
Comment: Almost what I thought about the parallax being 3 images, and indeed being parallax. But, I was just searching for plain parallx tutorials or scripts, but all of them are different types, just full background slid parallax thing, do you know what this effect is particulary called?
Comment: I can't tell you what it's called, but I can tell you the the three images use the mouse coordinates to shift each image. They probably shift on a particular scale, meaning the first image moves x amount more than the second image, which moves x amount more than the third image.
Answer: To expand on Marc's answer I dug into the source code of the page.
There's a div tag in the html like such:

`

Each image (bottom, middle, top) is merely a png, and they are layered on top of one another.
That means there's a script, or numerous scripts that interact to move the images around the page. Off the top of my head I'd say, as I mentioned in my comment, that the images rely on the cursor's X and Y coordinates and adjust themselves according to the coordinates.
At the top of the source code we find a number of different scripts. One of them is called "jparallax" which traces back to this website, where you can find numerous demos.
Comment: Genius!! for finding me that site. I was looking for that. Thank you
Comment: When in doubt, ctrl+u :)
Comment: Obviously, I got this thanks to you: http://stephband.info/jparallax/demos/index.html
Comment: Ctrl+U?  Which OS/Browser are you using Johannes?  (^_^)
Comment: I'm using Windows. This shortcut works in Chrome and Firefox, and I wouldn't be surprised if it worked in other major browsers either. I'd assume the Mac equivalent would be cmd+U, but it could be different.
Answer: I think this must have been created with Cinema 4D.
Comment: Impossible to say really *which* 3D software in particular was used here. It *could* have been cinama 3D.
Comment: The creator says he uses 3DS Max, V-Ray and SynthEyes on his website.
Comment: Yes, but you could have used Cinema 4D, used a body mesh for the Shape Object then a MoGraphic function to fill the body with cubes, a Random effector to change the shapes of the cubes, then rendered it out...  The smaller cubes/particles, were probably rendered as a second scene then composited in Photoshop...  Just saying that Cinema 4D could also be a good answer...  (^_^)


Finding Multiplicative Inverse In Field

Question: Consider the finite set Z_257 of non-negative integers less than 257. The number 257 is a prime, so Z_257 forms a field with addition and multiplication mod 257. How can I use the Extended Euclidean Algorithm to find the multiplicative inverse of the element 254 in this field.
Answer: For such small numbers, brute force search will do: by definition $a^{-1}\bmod p$ is the integer $x$ in $[0,p)$ with $a\,x\bmod p=1$. The desired $x$ can be found by trial and error. This requires less than $p$ additions, tests, and subtractions, noting we can move from one candidate $x$ to the next using that $((a\,(x+1))\bmod p)\,=\,((((a\,x)\bmod p)+x)\bmod p)$.

One of the most recommendable and fastest classical algorithms is the (half) extended Euclidean algorithm. In crypto, we sometime prefer that variant avoiding negatives. There also are binary variants. Essentially, these find unknown $x$ solving the Bézout identity $a\,x+p\,y=1$ for given $a$ and $p$, and some immaterial unknown $y$.

Yet another method uses $x\gets a^{p-2}\bmod p$. It's applicable when $p$ is prime and integer $a$ is not a multiple of $p$. It follows from Fermat's little theorem. This uses less than $2\log_2(p)$ modular multiplications, using binary modular expoentiation. The method is extensible to any group of known order.
Comment: Using brute force as suggested, with 254x ≡ 1 (mod 257) I arrived at 171. Is this correct?
Comment: 254×171 = 257×169 + 1, thus the result is OK, congratulations. But I advise trying one of the extended Euclidean algorithms; it's much faster.

Finding Multiplicative Inverse In Field


Can lysozyme also lyse gram-negative bacteria and if yes, how fast?

Question: Lysozyme attacks peptidoglycan, which are found in Gram-positive bacteria. I know someone who uses lysozyme to lyse Escherichia coli, which is Gram-negative. How is that possible? Can lysozyme lyse all bacteria, independently of their Gram status? Does anybody have information on how long I should leave lysozyme in a bacterial solution for it to be effective?
Answer: Gram-negative bacteria also have peptidoglycan which can be degraded by lysozyme. However they have an outer membrane lying outside the peptidoglycan layer and this will block lysozyme action.
Because of this if you intend to treat Gram-negative bacteria with lysozyme it is necessary to add something that will disrupt the outer membrane—the usual choice is EDTA since removal of magnesium ions by chelation will destabilise the outer membrane.
Comment: @charlesdarwin Published protocols tend to focus on using EDTA/lysozyme treatment to prepare spheroplasts rather than killing. See https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4223228/ for an example. Note that the authors add sucrose to prevent the cells from lysing i.e. as an osmoprotectant.  Their report indicates that rather short treatments (5 min) are enough to form spheroplasts: in the absence of sucrose these cells would have lysed.
Comment: Do you know what concentration of EDTA and lisozyme would be ideal for killing the bacteria?
Comment: I've heard that lysozyme can, even _in vivo_, attack gram-negative bacteria through some alternative mechanism possibly unrelated to attacking peptidoglycan.
Comment: Do you know what they mean by '125 mM EDTA-NaOH'? Is it 125 mM EDTA and 125 mM NaOH?
Comment: Also, do you think that the bacterial proteins will be denatured after the lysis of the bacterial cell membrane?


Unusually high data usage by Google Play Store

Question: I've just noticed that my data usage for Google Play Store this month is >350MB. I've got it set to update over WiFi only and background data is restricted, so I don't know where this has come from. I haven't been downloading any apps either. Does anyone know what could have caused this and more importantly how do I stop it? It's a Sony Xperia Z3 running 5.0.2. Thanks!
Answer: I recently had problems with my phone eating up an extra 4GB of my data plan in one month. Not fun.
First try, Settings -> Apps -> All, and reset cache for each Google Play Services, Google Play Store, and Google Services Framework. Restart the phone, and watch.
If that doesn't do the trick, try resetting the cache AND data for each of the three. Again, restart.


Until what age did little boys in the early 1900s wear dresses?

Question: I found a family photo from 1910.  Someone wrote on the back that it was four sisters and a baby brother from my uncles and aunts.  But that wouldn't work for the ages of those particular children.  I suspect that two of the children identified as sisters are actually brothers.  That would work better in the family time line.  But they are clearly wearing white dresses and appear to be 4 or under, possibly even age 5.  I know that American boys at the turn of the 20th century wore dresses, especially from upper-class families, until a certain age.  When did such boys transition to pants and shirts?!
Here is an early photo approximately 1911 to 1913.   Here is a second photo showing kids that match the ages and sexes of the family. .  The order should be a girl born in 1905.  The next in line was a boy born in 1908, then a girl born in 1910, and a boy in 1911 and a girl in 1913 (plus others later).  These photos were taken in Adrian, Georgia.  I think that the oldest girl in both photos is the same, my Aunt Dorothy.  But the "girls" next to her I think are really boys, as is the one on the far right. I'm not convinced that the little girl with the angry look is a relative.
Comment: Are you able to include the photo in your question by using the **edit** button?  Also, what country and state/province was the photo taken in?
Answer: Jo B. Paoletti, Associate Professor of American Studies at the University of Maryland, is the author of Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America, recently published by Indiana University Press.  She discusses the transition from dresses to more gendered clothing throughout the entire book, but for the time period you are looking at, I recommend reading Chapter 2, "Dresses are for Girls and Boys".
This quote refers to research Paoletti did in UCLA's collection of completed baby books, following a long discussion of the transition from long dresses for newborns (longer than the child's toes) to short dresses:

During the same twenty-year period, skirted styles for
  toddler boys also disappeared. Some authorities laid out strict rules
  for dressing, according to age.  Vogue in 1900 outlined the stages of
  boy-dressing very specifically: long dresses until six months, then
  short dresses up until age three, then either Russian blouses with
  knickers or kilt suits up until the age of five or six.  Harper's
  Bazaar noted that boys were usually put into trousers "as soon as they
  were too old for baby frocks" at about three years.  Despite this
  advice, toddler boys photographed between 1890 and 1910 and boy paper
  dolls were increasingly less likely to be wearing skirts and more
  likely to be wearing knickers.

Paoletti says that by the 1920s boys were 'nearly always' wearing trousers.
Earlier in the chapter, Paoletti discusses subtleties in details of the clothing -- the design of the bodice, or pleating of the skirt -- for the period before the turn of the century.  An expert on children's clothing of the period might be able to pick out clues in the details and handwork of the clothing that more modern readers would miss.
You might be able to get some clues by searching for photos in the collections of the National Archives, state archives and libraries, or your local library. If you want to find other scholarly reference works on dating children's clothing, try Google Scholar or JSTOR.org, or check WorldCat.org.
Keep in mind that in some cases, children could be wearing heirloom garments that have been passed down in the family, so the garments could be older than the photo.  But several websites and bloggers say that the end of World War I is the delineator for boys' skirted suits -- which makes sense, given the other cultural changes that were happening at the time.
Resources:

Family Photos: What are they Wearing? on the Find My Past blog
Children's Clothing Collection at The Wisconsin Historical Museum
Children's Wear Fashion History: Children's Wear Fashion History:  1800-1950s at The Costume Gallery Websites
Photo Gallery accompanying When Did Girls Start Wearing Pink? at Smithsonian.com (the article cites Paoletti and the gallery shows some of the illustrations from Pink and Blue). Compare the photo from 1905 of the sister and brother showing skirt lengths appropriate to their ages.
Answer: Boys typically wore dresses until they were reliably potty-trained (about age 3-1/2 to 4). Mainly because the buttons and fasteners of the day were cumbersome and time-consuming while trying to get at a leaky cloth diaper.
Modern zippers began appearing in children's clothes in the late 1920s, and boys graduated to pants when they started crawling.


Render in Real Time? Fasten Render Times?

Question: i do love to use this software, for a lot of things, like faster modeling, and friendly interface;
The thing is, i work for a Dome System, so i have to Render 4K (4096x4096p) resolution frames at 60fps, and in fisheye format, so even little 30 seconds in 3D took three entire days, a LOT OF TIME, (and with basic textures/animation)
I've seen on plugins to other softwares like After Effects, that in 'Elements' you can lower the render times A LOT. Same with Cinema4D and AE implementation.
The thing is, before trying to jump into those mix of softwares, is there any way to fasten render times, in Internal, Cycles or any other possible rendering option? Even if its possible to make it nearly of real-time rendering?
I only use simple textures, maybe bump, not too much geometry because i don't like to use that much due to optimization, but render times is something that is actually killing my own job, because i can't preview somehow the animations i make the same day so it's like being animating things blind.
Please, if someone know a possible option, please tell me, i'm worried.
Comment: Have you tried Eevee yet? its still pretty buggy but it may help.
Comment: You should provide an example scene so that we can look into possible ways to optimize it.
Answer: it depends of your gpu/workstation, gtx 1060 doesn't handle 4k well, you should try to reduce render samples , you should take a look to this tutorial made by Blender guru, aimed to get a smaller render time: click here , by the way if you want something closer to real time rendering, you can reduce samples in preview mode, then you could use rendered mode in blender
you could try:
rendered: 128
preview: 32 or 64
but be careful of it, the less samples, less quality you'll have
but you will have more shorter render times

here is another tutorial to achieve similar "real time rendering" workflow  like evee engine used in last version of blender, but instead, in the oldest versions without the brand new real time rendering engine "evee" ,
hope this can be useful for you, cheers
Comment: Thank you, i'm going to try that option, also, i'm going to also share my computer specs if that helps too.


Controlling 64 parallel LEDs using using Raspberry Pi

Question: I have 64 LEDs connected to one another using a single long wire. I want to control each LED individually to create patterns of lightening. And I am using GPIO pins to achieve that. I search but couldn't a way to control each LED individually. Any suggestions?
Comment: Do you have any other information which you think might be useful?
Comment: This cannot be answered without a wiring diagram. connecting 64 LEDs to a single GPIO pin will simply not work, not to mention letting you "control each LED individually".
Answer: The problem with your current approach is the fact that wire does not have memory. In your current configuration you could use serial connected flip-flops. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_register)
You can use the following, dedicated circuit or a equivalent one
http://www.aliexpress.com/store/product/Raspberry-Pi-Accessories-Infinity-Cascade-BPI-IO-Extend-Board-BPI-A-004-Compatible-with-Banana-Pi/1534002_32237049558.html
What it does? It offers you the possibility of output an infinite? number of components by cascading.
The principle is simple. Serial transmission
You send 100011101....on a single GPIO and the opposite LEDS light up.
Answer: I would consider having a look at the MAX7219 IC.  This costs less than $1 and can control a 64 LED matrix.  The IC contains memory of the state of each LED and also controls the multiplexing to keep them all illuminated as needed.  What's more, is it uses SPI and hence only requires 2 GPIO pins to control the whole story.  You will have to rewire your LEDs into eight groups of eight common anode or common cathode arrangements.
Although primarily designed for controlling 7 segment LEDs, it has a perfectly fine mode for controlling 8x8 matrix of LEDs.  It doesn't care that the matrix has become a single line ... your software will be controlling which LEDs are lit anyway.
Home page for the IC is here:
http://www.maximintegrated.com/en/products/power/display-power-control/MAX7221.html
More available on Google and YouTube.


Lexus gs300 no throttle response

Question: I have a 2005 Lexus gs300. Today while driving the car, it started to drop rpms while in drive.. as I drove further I was not able to get a response from pressing the gas pedal. The car can roll on it's own power nothing else. When I got home I checked the codes and I got a couple codes: P2121, P2127, P2138, P2757. What do I do now should I replace the whole throttlebody?
Answer: Based on the results found when searching online for the error codes, it appears that the main issue you're seeing is caused by the throttle pedal sensor, and isn't related to the throttle body.

P2121 - Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch 'D' Circuit Range/Performance.
  P2127 - Throttle Position Sensor E Circuit Low Input.
  P2138 - Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch D/E Voltage Correlation.
  P2757 - Torque Converter Clutch Press Control Solenoid Control Circuit Performance or Stuck Off.

I'd recommend checking the connection to the sensor to make sure it's securely plugged in and not corroded.
The last code P2757 looks somewhat different though. I don't know how they relate to each other, but one switch being stuck might trigger decreased voltage somewhere else, so checking all the sensors/switches would be good.
Comment: Thanks for the info. Where is the  pedal position  sensor located some places I looked say it's on or near the pedal and other places say it's near the throttlebody. And there is 2 different sensors that were manufactured.
Answer: have the same issue in my 2000 GS300. Already cleaned and checked connectors and replaced TPS sensor then noticed i dont hear the throttle motor moving when i move the throttle linkage with the key on. Have a spare motor gonna swap out the entire throttle body unit.

Lexus gs300 no throttle response


What's does "Mastwurf - gesteckt" mean when talking about climbing knots?

Question: I'm translating this term for a video. It seems to refer to a clove hitch, but I'm having a little trouble working out what the "gesteckt" stands for.
Comment: If I would be someone with knowledge in "knoting" I would know what the corresponding wiki article is talking about = which part of the english article refers to gesteckt: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webeleinenstek . Yes, Mastwurf is s clove hitch. And it is said to be a very well known one.
Comment: @Peter-ReinstateMonica: now that we've explained it everyone here knows what 'gesteckt' means and how it fits in with other methods. But I didn't know before I actually had to learn and use it, and I wouldn't expect climbers to learn those details. And even if, I wouldn't expect them to correctly translate it into a language that I believe doesn't have a nautical term (to commandeer :-)) for it. I may be wrong, tho.
Comment: I mean, did you even try to plug the term into google? Which part of the first result ([an instruction with images](http://www.outdoorfreunde.net/knoten/mastwurf-gesteckt)) was it that didn't satisfy your curiosity? ;-)
Answer: "Clove hitch" is correct, in German also known as "Weblein-" or "Webeleinenstek".
English doesn't distinguish between "werfen" and "stecken", afaik. These are just two methods of tying the knot. In boating, "stecken" means tying by hand, "werfen" means you take the end (that's the rope anywhere along its length) in two loops and throw them over the bitt. The latter needs some practice, but is the easiest and quickest way to get a land connection single handed (boating-wise, I mean).
Look at the link @ShegitBrahm provided, under "Festmachen am Pfahl", the first depiction shows how to "stecken", the last one how to "werfen" the knot.
Comment: A "thrown" knot does not need to be thrown at all. The difference is that a thrown not can be put on the "to-be-tied"-object after doing the knot. "sticking" means you have to built the knot around the object, as there is no open end to "throw" it over (as the bitt in boating). This is the more prevalent way for knots, as you can tie it around a rail/ladder/tree/whatever. It is more universal but not as quick/easy to do.
Comment: I just wanted to point out that "geworfen" sometimes is also called "gelegt" and has a more narrow use case than "gesteckt".
Comment: Depending on circumstances and skill it can gently be laid with two fingers, cool be thrown to show-off in front of the marina café, pushed over a pilling with a boat hook while balancing on one leg and holding on to a stay, only to end up in the water and blocking the propeller. Yeah, there are a lot of ways and methods, other knots are better suited. And if the rope is sticky you can just try and rely on its adhesive forces :-) But that doesn't help answer the question.
Answer: There are two fundamentally different ways to tie a clove hitch:

"gesteckt", using the end of the rope, see Method 1 in this video. For this method, you don't have to access the end of the pole you're tying the rope to. In general, "(einen Knoten) stecken" means tying a knot step by step (i.e. statically) using the end of the rope.
"geworfen", using the middle of the rope on the end of the pole, see Method 2 in the same video. For that method, you don't need the end of the rope. In general, "(einen Knoten) werfen" means tying a knot dynamically in few steps, using the rope's kinetics (i.e. inertia and stiffness).
Comment: Thanks! Hm, the video is not in the edit history of the question either... might indeed have been in a deleted comment.
I've simply removed the reference, since linking another clove hitch video would be somewhat redundant by itself.
Comment: just a minor remark: there is no video linked in the question. Maybe you are referring to a link given in a comment below the question?


Choosing a 32-bit microcontroller

Question: Now that most vendors offer a diverse variety of ARM Cortex-M chips, why would one pick a Renesas or Freescale product? I understand that there are reasons for somebody to go with a PIC32 as they are familiar with tools etc, there also reasons to use a 16 or 8 bit MCU from TI or Atmel as they might think it's somewhat more suitable for their design, but why would one want to use a Renesas RX or Freescale ColdFire?
Comment: If the volume is large enough, even moderate factors that make a particular chip (including it's peripherals) more suitable or cost effective for a task can justify dealing with a new software architecture.  Also, those other designs aren't necessarily new architectures anyway - many of the coldfire devices are 68000 family descendants.
Comment: @errordeveloper: don't get discouraged by downvotes, especially not one.
Comment: somewhat related thread: http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/37423/how-to-choose-a-mcu-platform , although it deals with a wider set of choices
Comment: I usually look at peripherals and price.
Comment: Damn, I had a feeling this will get downvoted ;~(
Answer: I think the best answer to this question, which gets asked a lot, is to look at a good survey. Embedded has a very good survey and it includes many factors.
Look at it and you can see many of the factors motivating people:
UBM Embedded Market Study 2012
Some of the factors you mentioned, and many others are covered and reveal  a wide variety of factors play into the selection. Familiarity with the parts dominate, but the strength of the ecosystem is very important.

Choosing a 32-bit microcontroller


How do I get rid of birds living in an air vent?

Question: On the outside of my house I have at least one bird living in an air vent. I would rather that they lived somewhere else. I was thinking I could put some sort of netting over the vent when the bird does not seem to be around. My wife is concerned that there could be a bird's nest with eggs in there and does not want to leave the eggs to die. What is the best way to safely remove these birds without hurting them?
Comment: Shove a cat into your air vent.
Answer: Go rent a shopvac, and gently suck them up.  Then when you return the shopvac, they will safely place the birds outside of the business for no additional charge (as long as you don't tell them about it.)
Just kidding, if they have eggs right now then you will just have to wait.  If they don't then there is a plethora of things you can do.  The netting is fine, or remove the nest while it is away.
Comment: Ha, you had me for a second.
Comment: You may also want to determine the species, as some birds are protected and removing their nest could come with a fine.
Comment: I ended up installing a bird guard over the air vent. All is well after a year with the bird guard. The tenants have successfully been evicted.
Comment: If you remove the nest, make sure you put up the netting right away.  If you don't you may find the bird has built a new nest, and you will have to remove that one as well.  If there are eggs in the nest, wait until they leave (at the end of the season) before taking any action.
Answer: Many people have been taught that leaving a human scent on nests and eggs will lead to abandonment. But, as noted by Doresoom, the issue of leaving a scent on eggs is not a problem.
The problem is that physically disturbing the nest can lead to abandonment. Some say this varies with species and how far along in development the young are. Moving the nest to a completely new location might be too risky. It might be possible to move it slightly, but is best to avoid it if possible.
I'm with Tatton and just waiting it out. It adds some extra character to the house for a season, and the old nest makes for a cool souvenir.
Comment: The human scent/abandonment business is an [old wives' tail](http://www.snopes.com/critters/wild/babybird.asp). Physically moving the eggs can alarm the mother birds if they notice the change.
Answer: hang up an artificial owl out there and no birds will come around.
Comment: The owl should be moved occasionally so as not to get the target birds complacent after seeing it in the same spot.
Answer: If the vent is high, take a ladder, unscrew the screws and take the nest out gently. If you think it's too dangerous, call an exterminator and ask him to do the job. Or if you have someone in your family that could do it, ask them.
Answer: Here is a video that shows and explains how to not only remove the birds but also how to prevent them from renesting in the future.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v1wvYWTKog
Comment: Tarryn, welcome to the site. Please take some time to describe an outline of what the video covers. That way if the owner removes it from YouTube, your answer will still have value.


Can you use plastic mulch in the vegetable garden without drip irrigation?

Question: I'm in usda hardiness zone 7a in NJ. Can you use plastic mulch for plants in the vegetable garden without drip irrigation or soaker hoses? If so how do you water plants with plastic mulch?
Answer: Yes. I've never had drip irrigation, but I have used plastic much some years. If watering is needed, pour it in the holes where the plants are (or I suppose you could make other holes for it, but I never have). Or you could park a soaker hose under the plastic and connect it when needed. You can shape the ground such that most water landing on the plastic runs in to the holes (ie, dish rather than mound.) Water landing on the paths will also migrate sideways eventually. Of course, the plastic also slows the ground drying out under it.
Comment: Yes. The whole bed is "raised" but the top of the bed (other than the extreme edges) is dished towards the plants. An inch or  2-3 cm will do it.
Comment: Making a dish shape for each plant is one of the things I was considering. Have you actually done that?
Comment: Question for both you and @FiascoLabs Do you leave the plastic on throughout the whole season or do you remove it in the summer when temps become very hot?
Comment: All summer - until after the tomatoes are gone, which is usually after frost.  Pull dead tomatoes, then roll up plastic. When the temps are very hot, it's mostly shaded by foliage.
Answer: This is on loam, may not work well on sandy, well drained soil.
The way I did it was to have shallow trenches on either side of the raised bed (4-6in berm) my tomatoes were planted in. The berm was prepared with shallow depressions where each plant would be placed and the mulch film rolled out over the top of the berm with enough slack to let it sag into the depressions.
The plants were planted through X cuts in the mulch plastic just big enough to allow a 4" hole to be dug to accept the root ball. Fold the plastic back in place to cover the root ball, water at the plant base as till you're past transplant shock and the plants are established. Put cages in place.
Water the trenches to saturation and the water will capillary up in the soil. It was pretty nice having a totally weed free operation and you can check for soil moistness by feeling in around under the mulch next to the plant base.
The mulch also cuts way back on evaporation (nothing is worse than bare soil) and let me deeply water once a week during the hottest part of the season with no signs of moisture distress.
Comment: Both answers were very helpful but Ecnerwal's answer was more suited to my garden setup.


Service to build a dashboard for Firebase database

Question: Is there any service in which I can inject my Firebase database and build complex queries and visualise them? Real time injection and querying will be an added benefit.
Comment: I couldn't find any tool that work with Firebase. Could you sync the DB to any of the following DBs? MySQL, Postgres, SQL Server, AWS Redshift, Google BigQuery, Druid, H2, SQLite, Oracle, Crate, Google Analytics, Vertica.
Comment: @Sonamor Sync is an option. I was thinking to directly connecting to Firebase. But, if it's not possible, then I guess I can stream data to MySQL. I'm kind of inclined to Google BigQuery also, with it's Data Studio. Entire solution will be at one place. With MySQL, I have to again rely on a 3rd party dashboard. What do you suggest?
Comment: I am using metabase, metabase.com it it's open source and on premises, you can set it up on 5 minutes if not less. It has permissions and the ability to either write SQL or use its own language. Also it gets updates regularly and its actively maintained.
Answer: As you said on your comment that sync is an option. I would suggest Metabase,
you can set it up in 5 or less minutes. You can write your queries either in SQL, or its own Metabase Language.
You can set up permissions, it's open source, actively developed and maintained. I've used it on a MySQL Database to create dashboards. It support other DBs as well, actually all the DBs I mentioned on my comment and other drivers are being build in the community.
Also it has an option to set up variables so a user can select which data the want to retrieve.
eg. You give access to a user, to a dashboard & questions which has variables, and the user can select which data-range he wants the data from.
Personally, I am amazed how an open source project can be that good and easy to set up. That's how Open Source projects should be.
Last but not least, I would suggest to switch from it's own H2 database (it holds the dashboard data there) to MySQL for extra data protection as H2 is prone to corruptions with a sudden power cut as I found.


Root genymotion devices

Question: I have added Samsung Galaxy S4 using genymotion while I was using windows os. Now I'm using linux and added that device again. My problem is that the S4 is not rooted on my linux machine. I wonder if this is a bug ?
If it's not a bug can someone help me to root this device ?
Answer: Genymotion devices are rooted by default.
For example start a device then type adb shell command. It will open a rooted shell:
root@vbox86p:/ # whoami
root

You can also manage the root access of your applications by opening superuser app through the apps launcher.
Comment: sir i run the command adb shell but i get error .. i really dont know why my genymotion device is not rooted by deafault.
Comment: If you want help you will need to provide more information. So please answer to all of these questions: how do you know the device is not rooted? Why do you want a rooted device? What is the error you get when running adb shell, please provide the logs. Post these answers on your question's post.

Root genymotion devices


How can I make my child interested in playing chess?

Question: I am just an OK player and I wish for my eight-year old kid to learn chess and be interested in it too. Can you please give tips/ideas as to how can I make my child interested in it?
Answer: In my experience it is likely that kids get interested in whatever you are interested in.  So, play a couple of chess games with a friend or set up some chess problems and work on them yourself at a time where your kid can see what you are doing.  It is quite likely that your kid will start asking questions what you are doing and wants to play as well.
Whenever my sons sees me setting up the chess board he wants to play... unfortunately he is not even three years old, so besides learning the names of the pieces there is not much he can do yet. ;)
Comment: This is the way I learned chess! :-D
Comment: In my experience it is likely that kids get interested in whatever you are interested in. wooow.
Answer: I have grown up loving chess from 4 years old playing a video-game(for Windows DOS), which a lot of old school animations.
The game is called "Battle Chess".
You can play here: https://classicreload.com/battle-chess.html
Comment: That brings back memories! +1, it's probably one of the reasons I got interested as well.
Comment: I just tried to play a game against it, I'm moving a bishop (Bf1-c4) and I see some kind of 'lag' which makes the animation last forever. *Exactly* the same bug as I remember from 20+ years ago ...
Answer: Well when I was younger I had this program called Chessmaster 9000. The program itself was extremely oriented in making the concepts obvious. I realize that this isn't really a decent answer, but that is what REALLY got me originally interested. It was much too long for a comment.
Answer: I don't like the idea of forcing your child to be interested in it. Neither of my parents knew how to play, and I developed interest when mom bought me Chessmaster on PS2. I played quite regularly for a year until my parents decided to find a junior chess club for me to play in. My dad did teach himself how to play with me, but I had more free time and progressed far more quickly.
I like the idea of letting children explore the game themselves, which helps to develop a lifelong interest. I feel that forcing your child to play chess is like forcing them to learn a musical instrument. If they don't have fun with it, they will most likely quit when they become teenagers and have little to show for it as an adult.
I should mention that I never had a structured study plan when I was younger, just simply playing game after game. Because of the amount of free time I had then, I wish I devoted more of that time to proper chess study, although I never had the resources to know how to do this properly.
I recommend once your child develops an interest themselves, then you can start to guide and help them progress as much as possible. Explaining why they are doing something (and ensuring they understand) is better than forcing it upon them.
If one of the parents plays chess, then the child might naturally become interested in what the parent is doing. However, a key thing for kids is to make it fun. It is crucial to remember that they are kids, and you cannot teach them something the same way in which you would teach a beginner adult. In most mammals, the children learn by playing and having fun, while the adults supervise from the side. The same concept applies for most things taught to children.
Answer: Chess has become a very young and fashionable sport. To become a good player you need to - First dilute chess complexity for your kid...go step by step.let him get interest. Like 8 Queen puzzle, pawn game only..or let him learn freely.

Start early , Take it as Fun , focus on developing interest with easy tools
Never force to practice , keep stress totally out .
Talk theory don't teach theory.
Ensure getting good result since start..good means genious approach in play, toughness to win.
Working more Hrs gives more result
Every child is unique , don't compare speed of learning. Ultimately depth of learning matters
Play with stronger opponents
Answer: We can learn a few things from the childhoods of Magnus Carlsen, Judit Polgár, and Hikaru Nakamura.
1. Don't pressure your child.

I felt, OK, they'e definitely not geniuses, but it doesn't matter. Chess was something we could do together, just a hobby. — Henrik Carlsen [Source]

Let the kid own the process and the result. — Henrik Carlsen [Source]

I just want him to be happy. And as long as he's happy, he can do whatever he wants. — Sigrun Øen [Source]

I just set things into motion and they did the rest on their own. — Laszlo Polgár [Source]

I didn't want him at first to play chess, because I thought it was unfair to have him measure up to his brother, who was very good… But the more I pushed him away, the more interested he became. — Sunil Weeramantry [Source]

In interviews, Magnus Carlsen's father has explained that he initially viewed chess as an enjoyable family pastime and never had any ambitions for his child. Similarly, his mother has said that her focus was on her son's happiness and not on any kind of success or achievement at the game.
Even though Judit Polgár's father had aspirations for her and her sisters, he understood that he would succeed only if the children show interest. Laszlo managed to get his daughter interested in chess by creating an environment where chess was present as part of the family home.
As for Hikaru Nakamura, he was already exposed to chess in his childhood since his older brother was a chess player. His stepfather and coach Sunil did not push him into it, and in fact initially tried to do the opposite of that.
2. Make it social.

My sisters also still live at home, so it is quite a family-centred existence. One of the things that first motivated me to take up chess as a child was the desire to beat my elder sister. — Magnus Carlsen [Source]

We lived in a small apartment where my sister Susan had already serious chess trainings in the living room behind closed doors. I very much wanted to go in to that room. — Judit Polgár [Source]

Both Magnus Carlsen and Judit Polgár had the opportunity to play chess with their respective father and older sisters when they were young.
Sometimes a peer with whom a child can play can help cultivate a child's interest in a certain game or activity. If your child does not have siblings, you can try looking for chess clubs for kids or other opportunities for him/her to play chess with other children.
3. Make it fun and don't overwhelm your child.

It is a difficult game… I have read some books about supposed prodigies who picked up chess (snaps fingers) like that, but I don't believe those stories anymore. — Henrik Carlsen [Source]

I don't believe that there is one method for everybody. I was being criticized all the way during Hikaru's upbringing as a chess player that I'm letting him play too much blitz. — Sunil Weeramantry [Source]

Magnus Carlsen's father believes that chess is a difficult game, especially when it comes to coordinating one's pieces together. He has described how he helped Magnus get into it by playing with him using less pieces on the board.
Hikaru's stepfather has also spoken on the importance of focusing on the aspect of the game that gives the child enjoyment. Hikaru enjoyed playing very fast chess and did not show interest in reading highbrow chess books.
Answer: I've seen a few tricks work like:

Make silly/simple bets.... like the looser has to do 20 jumping jacks, or something stupid and funny.  Makes it more fun and slightly competitive.

Have the better player give up a few pieces.  Queen, rooks, bishops, knights, whatever.  Have the weaker player pick the pieces that have a total maximum value of say 15 points.  This teaches the value of the pieces.

Have the better player play blindfolded for maybe the first 2,5, or 10 moves, depending on their ability.

More time to the weaker player.

Start teaching with just a few pieces... Not all of them.  Like king/pawn... King rook, king queen.  Then they will know what endings to strive to achieve.

Some fundamentals like king opposition is important.

Capture a piece of candy or pennies on all 64 squares with knight moves.  They get to keep what they catch.  Or the fewest knight moves.
Answer: I have the title of tennis teacher and have been giving lessons to childs for a couple of years and my experienze tells me you cannot.
I remember many childs that came to the tennis lesson while they didn't like or be specially in good in the sport.
Worst is when their parents (who have obligated him do something he or she doesn't like) come to ask you "why does my child doesn't play well forehand?", while first his child has not many tennis habilities, second he or she hasn't show any effort on performing his technic.
This applies to chess, and maybe more. Because you obligate a child to be hours in a closed room thinking on something he really does not want to be thinking on.


SharePoint 2013: Excel Import Issue

Question: I'm importing an excel list with many columns, but one of the columns is unable to be used in a lookup table. The column contains the multiple owners for the main object and sharepoint can't read it for some reason. Every other column can be used for a lookup but this one. I want to use this column to show who owns the object being reference in a documentation list.
Sorry if this is phrased incorrectly, let me know what more info you need.
Comment: You're trying to get the owners using a lookup from another list?
Comment: The list contains information imported from excel. Each Row has the ID, Name, Owner, etc of the specific item. The owner column isn't working in sharepoint. When I want to create a document in the document library I have a lookup to the list that gets the Name, but I can't get a lookup to work for the owner.
Answer: This isn't an excel issue. Person or group fields can't be retrieved using a lookup. You can get around this by using code, or by making a string copy of the owner field by running a workflow each time the item is changed, and the string can be retrieved using a lookup.
Comment: The problem is, that sharepoint isn't recognizing them as people or groups, it's just multiple lines of text
Comment: Right, you can't import a person/group field from Excel (http://sharepoint.stackexchange.com/questions/41297/working-with-data-imported-from-excel-into-a-sharepoint-list). Easiest way to get the owner would be to create a person/group field, go into datasheet view, and copy the single line of text into Owner. This won't work for users who have never logged into your site collection, but there's a workaround; let me know if you need it.
Comment: My list has 7442 entries and each one has 1-6 owners. That is going to be very painful.
Comment: It's just like copying and pasting an entire column in excel. It should only take a couple minutes. I don't know however, off the top of my head, whether it will work for multiple owners.
Comment: What is the work around for those who haven't logged into the site? My site pulls user data from our outlook user database, so everyone in the company is there.
Comment: I create a dummy permissions group that has no one in it, and put all of the users into it. It adds them to the hidden user list for the site collection. (I copy the user column into word, then find and replace `^l` with `;`.)

SharePoint 2013: Excel Import Issue


Octave apart voicing

Question: Strictly speaking, can adjacent voices (aside from tenor and bass) be an octave apart from each other? They can't be more than an octave apart but is it a violation of principle to make them an octave apart?
Comment: You should state which idiom your voice leading question applies to. (Although judging from your previous questions I have a qualified guess, but the random reader might not know.)
Answer: In traditional four-part harmony, adjacent voices may be up to a major-tenth apart at the widest possible range.  It is preferential for them to remain an octave or less in distance, but octaves themselves are perfectly acceptable.  The Tenor and Bass voice may be up to a perfect-twelfth part, though Bach certainly has broken this rule.
There are some Bach chorales that I have played where there was a 2 1/2 octave split between the Bass and Tenor voices.
Comment: @Chris, you can communicate with other users in [chat]. Keep comments related to the post in question.
Comment: Most of my questions are aimed at jjmusicnotes, and he does not use chat. But if I am violating community rules then by all means tell me.

Octave apart voicing


Verification Statements and Acceptance Criteria

Question: We are using verification statements which describe how the requirement should be tested. These statements are co located and associated with the requirement. How is this different than a set of acceptance criteria?
Answer: The term Acceptance Criteria are usually associated with User Stories, from XP (an Agile methodology). User Stories are supposed to be from a user point of view ("Hey Bob, look at my watch. When I get a phone call, the caller ID pops up on my watch screen"). Therefor, Acceptance Criteria also from that user's point of view. For example, your Acceptance Criteria may specify that:

The Name and Phone Number of the person calling scroll across the top.
Calls without caller ID show up as "Unlisted Caller"
After you answer the call, the words "On Call" are at the top of the screen.

User Stories and Acceptance criteria do not specify exactly what do to - this is by design. They put constraints on what should be done and let the team solve the problem as well as it can within those constraints. This differs from many other requirements specification techniques that detail exactly what is expected.


Paint black bumper in white

Question: Can I buy a black used bumper and paint it in white by a dealer for my white car? Or do I only have to buy a white bumper or plain (without paint) original for further painting?
Comment: Are you painting it yourself or having it painted. Is it a plastic bumper cover from the 1980's to present  or a metal bumper from the 1970's or earlier.
Answer: Yes, as long as there isn't any damage to it, you can do this. You don't even need to get it painted by the dealer. Most body shops (if their worth their mettle) can color match to your car. You'll need to allow them to pull the color code off of the car, then you're golden.
It is easier to get a clean, unpainted one for the body shop to paint, but they can do it. They'll have to scuff the paint which is on there, fix any blemishes, then paint it. If the paint which is on it is not in good shape (cracked or pealing), they'll have to strip it for you, then primer, then paint it. This would cost a little more in the preparation department, but it can still be done.

Paint black bumper in white


Change the monospace font used by Gmail

Question: When I get a mail in Gmail and somebody has used plain text, it shows me in the Courier New font which is default on Windows. I changed the monospace font in Chrome's settings to Consolas but Gmail doesn't honor that. Any ideas on how to change from Courier New to Consolas for plain text emails?
Answer:
Install the Stylish browser extension.
Click the Stylish icon and go to "Manage Styles"
Add this style.  It will configure Gmail to use a fixed-width font for plaintext messages:
<code>@namespace url(http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml);
@-moz-document domain("mail.google.com") {
  /* change the font family and font size of body message */
  div[class="a3s aXjCH"] {
   font-family: DejaVu Sans Mono, Liberation Mono, Luxi Mono, courier, arial, sans-serif !important;
  }
}
</code>

This is adapted from my first answer posted here: http://dannyman.toldme.com/2007/03/08/gmail-fixed-width/ ... which I will now update.
Alternatively, there are several (similar?) styles available within Stylish already: https://userstyles.org/styles/browse?search_terms=gmail+monospace
Answer: Ensure that you actually did change the default Monospace font. Google Chrome refreshes my font changes immediately, in monospace and in regular font, so changes should show up in browser.
Your user profile may also be corrupted - see my answer for a guide on how to create a new profile.
Comment: Yes, I have checked. On other sites where monospace is used, Chrome shows Consolas only. Only in Gmail, this is happening
Comment: @pratnala Huh. That is *very* strange. I'm honestly stumped now - maybe try clearing your cookies and your cache?
Comment: I'll try and let you know.

Change the monospace font used by Gmail


Dusk vs. Twilight

Question: I'm really confused about the correct usage of dusk and twilight. Can we use them to describe the time before night falls or day breaks?
Comment: What did you find in the dictionary entries for these words?
Answer: This is actually an interesting question, since they aren't quite synonyms as one might imagine. Here's what a bit of research produced:
The casual difference in definition is as follows (via Wikipedia):
Twilight:

Twilight is the illumination of the Earth's lower atmosphere when the Sun itself is not directly visible because it is below the horizon.

Dusk:

Dusk is the darkest stage of twilight in the evening.

However, there are 3 more rigorously defined types of twilight and dusk — civil, nautical, and astronomical. Here are the distinctions (via timeanddate.com):
Civil Twilight:

Civil twilight occurs when the Sun is less than 6 degrees below the horizon. In the morning, civil twilight begins when the Sun is 6 degrees below the horizon and ends at sunrise. In the evening, it begins at sunset and ends when the Sun reaches 6 degrees below the horizon.

Civil Dusk:

Civil dusk is the moment when the geometrical center of the Sun is 6 degrees below the horizon in the evening.

Nautical Twilight:

Nautical twilight occurs when the geometrical center of the Sun is between 6 degrees and 12 degrees below the horizon. This twilight period is less bright than civil twilight and artificial light is generally required for outdoor activities.

Nautical Dusk:

Nautical dusk occurs when the Sun goes 12 degrees below the horizon in the evening.

Astronomical Twilight:

Astronomical twilight occurs when the Sun is between 12 degrees and 18 degrees below the horizon.

Astronomical Dusk:

Astronomical dusk is the instant when the geographical center of the Sun is at 18 degrees below the horizon. After this point, the sky is no longer illuminated.
Comment: Yes- at night, twilight is a period that dusk comes at the end of.
Comment: In common usage (at least in American English), they seem to be completely interchangeable (along with *sunset*), except for poetic differences. By "poetic", I mean that *dusk* has possibly more sinister connotations than *twilight*, and of course there are commonly used phrases like "dawn 'til dusk" where one would not be swapped for the other.
Comment: Nick: that means twilight comes first and dusk second?
Comment: I think of dusk as relating to a stage of the sunset process, while twilight describes the light in the sky. For example in a very northerly (or southerly) place, you might have days or weeks of twilight, but dusk would only happen once (or not at all).
Answer: To add to @Nick's answer dusk = evening and twilight = morning or evening although first light and dawn are more often used when referring to the morning.
Comment: Also: daybreak.

Dusk vs. Twilight


When did we learn that Slytherin's common room is in the dungeons?

Question: It's commonly pointed out that Slytherin's common room is in the dungeons, which is a rather silly place to send them when there's a troll in the dungeons. However, did we actually know that the common room was there when we read Philosopher's Stone or did we learn this later on?
Comment: The dungeons are extensive. Presumably the Slytherin dungeons are unconnected from the rest of the dungeons.
Comment: and additionally, the common rooms apparently have various spells outside and within to protect them. See the portrait of the fat lady that guards the Gryf common room, and sliding staircase that prevents boys from entering the girls dorm in the same, etc...if they could make to their common room, it's quite likely the Slyths would be quite safe there
Comment: Have you read the books?
Answer: During the events of Chamber of Secrets
As far as I can tell, there's no mention of the location of the Slytherin common room in the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. It's difficult to prove a negative, but I searched that book for all uses of "Slytherin", "dungeon" and "common" (to pick up mentions of "common room") and none of them mentioned the location of the Slytherin common room.
That means that the first time we learn the location of the Slytherin common room is during Harry's second year, when they take Polyjuice Potion to trick Malfoy.

'We'd better get going,' said Harry, loosening the watch that was cutting into Goyle's thick wrist. 'We've still got to find out where the Slytherin common room is, I only hope we can find someone to follow...'
  ...
  'Any ideas?' muttered Harry.
  'The Slytherins always come up to breakfast from over there,' said Ron, nodding at the entrance to the dungeons.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Chapter Twelve - The Polyjuice Potion

For what it's worth, sending the Slytherins to their common room when there's a troll in the dungeons may not be that silly. The castle dungeons seem to be quite large:

The labyrinthine passages were deserted. They walked deeper and deeper under the school, constantly checking their watches to see how much time they had left. After a quarter of an hour, just when they were getting desperate, they heard a sudden movement ahead.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Chapter Twelve - The Polyjuice Potion


In P2PKH Multisig Transactions, what is the address?

Question: In P2SH transactions, the address is the hash of the redeemScript. What is it for P2PKH transactions?
Answer: There are no "addresses" in protocol. There are only "output scripts". The address is only human-readable representation of script which matches the "output script".
The output script for bare multisig transaction is [m] + [hash1] + [hash2] + ... + [hashN] + [n]
And all of these parts are significant. There is no "classic" representation of such address yet.
bc.i uses the form of (Escrow X of X1 X2 X3) (where Xn is standard p2pkh address) but you may use your own.
Comment: So bare multisig transactions do not have "addresses"?


installshield error 1628 when installing FSX on Windows 8.1

Question: I have just successfully uninstalled FSX from an ageing XP machine and am trying to install it on a computer running Windows 8.1. However the installer gets part way through opening, it then crashes giving me a 1628 error. I have tried renaming and deleting the installshield folder in the common files folder, I still get the error. Any thoughts on what the problem might be? Please do not give me a link to the Microsoft support page on 1628 errors because it is completely useless for anyone running windows 8.1.
Answer: Okay after hours of trying to get it to install I now have FSX running stable, if you are having the same problem I had here is what I did to get it to install.
Step 1: Got to the settings app in windows 8.1 and create a new account
Step 2: Log onto the new account and insert the first disk for FSX open the disk in the windows file manager and find the installer application
Step 3: right click on the application and run as an administrator
Step 4: FSX should now start to install, follow the on-screen instructions , it took around an hour for my install to complete but it may take longer on other computers
I hope this helps those having similar problems
if it still does not install make sure any installwizard folders are deleted from the common files folder in program files and that no installwizard processes are running. Once you have done this try the installation again.
If you need further information please leave a comment
Answer: I went to Control Panel Programs, run programs made for older versions of Windows, let it look at the setup.exe on the install disc.  It recommended XP SP3 and I clicked on Test.  The whole installation went like clockwork, prompting for disc after disc, and it now runs flawlessly (although not using super-wide screen on my new machine)
Enjoy!
Comment: Yes that would work for first time installations but in my case a version of FSX had been previously installed, and there was some kind of registry error because of that as well as an update from Windows 8 to 8.1.  That was causing the error not the fact that FSX only works on newer versions of windows with compatibility settings. A clean install of FSX should work without a problem on windows 8.
Answer: To resolve error 1607 and 1628, follow the guide:
http://simus-paradise.forumactif.com/t1017-erreur-1607-et-1628#36973
It works fine.
Comment: While this link may answer the question, it is better to include the essential parts of the answer here and provide the link for reference.  Link-only answers can become invalid if the linked page changes. - [From Review](/review/low-quality-posts/173484)
Comment: ok, I'll try to resume. First open regedit.exe and found "F535B2CF-C9BB-4162-B03A-02D69". You must delete every key simalar, possible 3 or 4, all in HKEy local machine. Second: Go to programFiles + CommonFiles + InstallShield + Driver + 11 + Intel32. Inside Intel32, right clic on the 3 IDriver and in Compatibility, check "use as administrator". Do for the 3 IDriver. That's All.