Why do current carrying conductors need to be uncharged?

Question: I've come across a lot of physics problems which ask of a current carrying wire has an electric field around it or will a current carrying conductor A  induce charge on an adjacent grounded conductor B, and everywhere the explanation to the question is that current carrying conductors are electrically neutral. It's stated like a universal truth everywhere and I can't understand why does a conductor need to be neutral to carry current? Are there instances of charged conductors carrying currents?
( I understand that bit about electrons of the metal and the positive kernel cancelling each other's charges. My question is, if I dump some charge on a current carrying wire, will it still carry current?)
I'm in high school, so a simple explanation will be appreciated.
Comment: Can you provide an example of where it is stated that a current-carrying conductor must be neutral?
Comment: How could *static* charge accumulate and stay separate (positive - negative) in a closed conductive circuit? What force would keep them separated? Contrast this with an antenna where there is dynamic charge separation but it is not not static.
Answer:
Why do current carrying conductors need to be uncharged?

They don't.  Consider the simple case of a cell (battery) connected, via two conductors, to a resistor.
Though there is a current through the conductors, they are not electrically neutral; the conductor connected to the positive (negative) terminal of the cell has net positive (negative) charge.
As William Beaty explains here, this is necessarily the case since the energy flow from the cell to the resistor implies the existence of both an electric and magnetic field along the length of the conductor such that there is a non-zero Poynting field.
From the linked Wikipedia article:

Note the dashed electric field lines between the conductors.
Comment: Read the Beaty article. Beautifully explained. Got it now. Thanks!
Answer: You are correct. If you have a closed circuit with a current and then add a charge to the conductor by some other means (not from the same battery that produces the current, but from some Van de Graaff generator or something similar), then indeed you would end up with a charged conductor carrying a current.
The meaning of the statement you see everywhere is that this charge cannot be added by using the same battery that produces the current, because the difference of the potentials (voltage) on the ideal conductor is zero. In other words, any charge on a conductor would immediately "run away" as a curent to compensate the opposite charge on the other end. Unless the entire circuit is charged by a separate source.
Answer: Current-carrying conductors do not have to be uncharged, but any charge on them is likely to flow elsewhere when connected to another conductor. If they are charged, it does not affect their ability to conduct a current.
A power supply is an electric circuit made up of conductors. If you connect a charged conductor to another conductor, such as a power supply, the charge will be shared between the two conductors in proportion to their capacitances. A power supply usually has a very high capacitance, far larger than the capacitance of a wire. So most of the charge on a conducting wire would flow into the power supply circuit when they are connected.
Quite often electric circuits (especially power supplies) are "earthed" at some point, so the excess charge is then shared with the Earth, which has (essentially) "infinite" capacitance. Very little charge is likely to remain on the charged conductor.
One situation in which the conductor could retain its charge when connected to a power supply is when it is one plate of a parallel-plate capacitor. Provided that the other plate remains isolated and charged, almost all of the charge would remain on the current-carrying plate. It's current-carrying ability is not affected because a steady current does not change the amount of charge on the capacitor plate.
Comment: You seem to be missing the last part of the question, "if I dump some charge [from a separate source] on a current carrying wire, will it still carry current?" - Sure it would. The current would still be generated by the circuit battery, not by the charge dumped from a separate source, but the answer is yes, a charged conductor can conduct current just as well as a neutral conductor.
Comment: @safesphere There is no point in me repeating what you have already written. :)


What is the OpenELEC/XBMC equivalent of ctrl-alt-del?

Question: OpenELEC freezes on me intermittently in the middle of video playback, likely because the video file itself is corrupt. What can I do to bring it out of its frozen state, and, e.g. back into the file explorer (or somewhere else equally sensible)?
Answer: you may pull the power plug, wait for 1-2 seconds and connect it back again.
still, I'm not sure your problems are because of broken video files, most probably there's something wrong with your power supply, please, make sure you have an adequate power supply, able to provide at least 2A at 5V.
Comment: Pulling the plug on XBMC can cause corruption issues. They don't recomend it.
Answer: OpenELEC and XBMC use the Xorg server as the foundation of the GUI. By default, X can be exited via Ctrl+Alt+Backspace.  Try that next time this happens; if it works you will either get spit to console or a login screen, but the video player will be dead.  Unfortunately, getting the keystrokes through the lock-up may take time.  So try it a few times and give that a few minutes.
I cannot promise that OpenELEC and/or XBMC have not disabled the Ctrl+Alt+Backspace default behaviour, so if this clearly does not work, have a look here and see if you can apply the suggestions.  These are with regard to a Ubuntu installation, but the X server is the X server -- it's the same fundamental piece of software and can be controlled/configured using the same methods.


JIRAS: Project jiras and backlog under project do not match

Question: I recently joined a new company and am trying to make sense of their JIRA queue.  If I look at the issues under the project they vary from the issues listed under the project backlog. Why would there be a difference between the two? What is the best way to align them?
Answer: Assuming that your company is using Jira Agile, your project backlog is defined by a Board, defined by some criteria: typically either a project or a search query. That search query may be a subset of the project or may even incorporate issues from other projects.
If you have the appropriate permissions, you can see the query by going to Board -> Configure from the top-right hand corner of the screen. On the General tab, you can find the Saved Filter configuration that defines the board.
You can configure the Saved Filter to pull from the entire project, or refine the query as needed by writing your own query in Search, and saving it as a Filter. Make sure to share the filter with the project so that others can see it.
Answer: Firstly you need to find out from the Project Manager how JIRA has been configured for this project. You have mentioned 1) Issues under the project 2) Issues in the backlog.
1) I interpret project issues as those traditionally tracked in a RAID log by a PM. Confirm with your PM if this is what project issues actually are. JIRA is highly configurable, so without knowing how it has been set up including usage of labels, you won't be able to solve your problem.
2) Issues in the backlog should be Epics or User Stories. Confirm with your scrum team if this is definitely the case.
JIRA is powerful, but sometimes without standardisation of usage across an organisation you can see some real turkeys. A mess basically.
If you have not already done so, set up your own filters and dashboards to interrogate the issues under the project. Confirm with the PM and scrum team how labels are being used. Then look out for issues that have labels which should be mutually exclusive.
Once you have gone through the above process you may be able to confirm exactly what is going on.


What if our Sun were located in the middle of a globular cluster?

Question: Say you took our current solar system and relocated it deep in the heart of a globular cluster such as Omega Centauri. What would the night sky look like? Would the starshine of nearby stars be enough to turn the sky blue or cast shadows or are they still too far away to do that? What would the day sky look like? How would nearby starts affect the Earth's ecosystem? Is it even possible for a solar system such as ours to exist in a stable form in such surroundings?
Comment: The view? damn epic: on one side the rest of the cluster, on the other side, the full Milky Way. I'd give my life to see it once with my eyes.
Answer: The night sky would certainly be spectacular from within a globular cluster! To get an estimate for the total brightness of the stars, let's say there are 6000 stars visible to the naked eye1.
Let's make the globular cluster a big one, like Omega Centauri, with ten million stars2.
The roughest approximation would be to say that those ten million stars would have exactly the same average brightness and color distribution as our night sky, so your Omega Centauran sky would be simply 10^7/6000 = 1667 times brighter than our sky.
[EDIT: In my initial analysis, I lumped skyglow together with direct starlight. Since a Centauran sky would presumably have the same background, atmospheric glow, and the only difference is that there are more stars, the correct answer will be smaller than 1667. Does not affect the final answer of REALLY SPECTACULAR!, though. I haven't found a resource yet that gives the average sky brightness due only to direct starlight. The table in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_brightness, for instance, gives only how much of the diffuse glow of the sky is due to scattered starlight.]
Every factor of 100 in brightness corresponds to five magnitudes, so a little logarithm magic tells us that a factor of 1667 is eight magnitudes brighter.
A typical figure for a moonless, Earthly night sky3 is 21 or 22 mag/arcsec. That gives us a sky brightness for Omega Centaurans of 13 or 14. Bright urban skies4 are about 17 mag/arcsec, so we're talking much brighter than even New York City skies, by the three magnitudes. That is roughly half the perceived difference in brightness between the brightest stars in the sky and the dimmest perceivable stars on a good, dark night.
Corrections to be made to our crude estimate:

Globular clusters are old, old, old. All the hot, bright, blue stars (except a few aberrations called blue stragglers...) are already dead, leaving only the dimmer, redder stars, compared to the ensemble of stars Earthlings see.
Earth is in the middle of a relatively homogeneous area. Omega Centauri is much denser in the middle and sparser outside, so that would mean the true average brightness ought to be increased somewhat for this correction.
Humans can't see to the edge of the Milky Way (even in the direction perpendicular to its plane), so Earth's sky stars trail off into infinity and beyond, as far as we can tell. Omega Centaurans would have a relatively sharp cutoff at the edge of the cluster, with perhaps only a couple of non-cluster stars visible. I can't calculate in my head how that would change the overall sky brightness. It might not make a difference.

Footnotes:

http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview/id/742414.html
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090301.html
http://www.ing.iac.es/Astronomy/observing/conditions/skybr/skybr.html
http://mysite.verizon.net/vze55p46/id18.html

PS What is a mag/arcsec, you ask? It's a handy measurement of the brightness of extended objects (like galaxies and nebulae, unlike stars) for astronomers but really, really confusing for novices. If you cut out an average swatch of the image of some object that is 1 arcsec X 1 arcsec, then that swatch's total brightness, expressed in magnitudes, would be the surface brightness of the object. But be very careful in basing calculations on surface brightnesses, because they do not act like ordinary things that are somethings per unit somethings, like velocity or current! That is a whole 'nother discussion, beyond the scope of this answer.
Comment: I can't help but think of _Nightfall_. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightfall_(Asimov_short_story)
Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortle_Dark-Sky_Scale might also help give a feel for sky brightness and magnitudes.
Comment: Would it really be that interesting? I imagine it'd be pretty boring, considering that's what we'd be so used to. That is to say, it would be about as awesome as the one we have, because it's what we've always had. To those of use who love the sky, we'd think it's awesome just like we think ours is. To those who simply live under it, they would probably just live under that one too.
Answer: I just have to say that our planets would probably never get life because other suns would no doubt destroy the planets. however if we did live in a place like that night would be as bright as day.


In Hotmail, can I forward an email I've received as an attachment?

Question: Does Hotmail let me forward an email as an attachment? When I try forward an email it reformats the contents and puts greater=than signs in front of every line.
Answer: I guess you cannot send an email as an attachment unless you use a desktop email client which lets you save it as an attachment.
Answer: I suppose you can't really do that via Hotmail, but there are workarounds to avoid adding the > in front of every line, if that's your only concern.
You can import your mails into a Gmail account and forward them from there in a better format. You can also choose the From to be your Hotmail account so people won't be confused on who is that Bernhard Hofmann with a different mail than usual.
Comment: You could also press this little up button.. since I guess this answer was helpful :)


How much cash per person may we bring from South Africa to Switzerland?

Question: When travelling from South Africa To Switzerland as a family of 6, what is the amount of cash as a family we are allowed to take on us?
Comment: Are you concerned how much you can import, export or both? I remember SA is quite strict on exporting funds.
Answer: The official documentation is here: http://www.ezv.admin.ch/zollinfo_privat/04414/04415/index.html?lang=en

In the case of liquid funds of CHF 10,000 or more, an entry will be made in the information system of the Customs Administration. If there is a suspicion of money laundering or terrorist financing, the funds may be temporarily confiscated or handed over to the police.

10K CHF is about 10K USD, and this line between "We don't care" and "We might care" is pretty consistent between many countries (it's often roughly 10K USD in whatever local currency).
So you can bring 60K CHF with no questions asked.  Hopefully that's enough!
Comment: If you bring that much, do not have one person carry it all. Generally that is not something customs people like to see.


Will the new Part 23 changes reduce the cost of avionics for existing aircraft?

Question: Will the part 23 changes coming in August help to reduce the cost of IFR GPS avionics? I'm looking to upgrade the IFR avionics in a 1978 Cessna 182.
Comment: Part 23 rewrite is mostly for the performance based certification standards on aircraft. This may have some effect on avionics, but if you are flying around in a certified airframe you'll need TSO'd avionics. It may help bring prices down a little bit, but the $1000 or so you might save on "cheap" avionics is, in my opinion, not worth the savings over name-brand stuff from Garmin.
Comment: a link to the "new part 23 changes" would help in making this question a bit more specific and not mixing it up next time there will be changes.
Comment: @RonBeyer You can buy the same G5 from Garmin for experimental aircraft for $1,000 less than certificated aircraft. And the reason we have the G5 is because "cheap" avionics Dynon proved that the technology works in experimental aircraft and the FAA was persuaded to TSO it. A performance based standard is long overdue for avionics, and the FAA is taking baby steps toward that goal.
Comment: @JScarry The TSO/Non-TSO isn't going to change. Not saying that a performance based standard isn't where we should be.
Answer: Unfortunately not: the purpose of the part 23 rewrite is to make it easier to certify a new aircraft type (not individual avionics or other systems) and it doesn't apply to existing aircraft. AOPA has a good overview, including this (emphasis in the original):

10. Are the performance-based standards applicable to all aircraft?
No.  The new process of using performance-based standards is limited
  to new airplanes certified under Part 23, which would include
  airplanes with a maximum passenger-seating configuration of 19 or
  less, and a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 19,000 pounds or
  less.

To address the cost point directly, in theory if the part 23 rewrite creates additional demand for new aircraft, and if those aircraft use avionics that can also be retrofitted to existing aircraft, then the increased demand might reduce prices. But that's highly speculative.
Answer: I would say that the answer is a qualified 'yes.'  The revised rules do not modify the need for type certificates nor does it affect the certificates of any existing certificated aircraft.  So the major benefit will be when attempting to certificate a new aircraft design.
But the new rules can be applied to a modification to an existing type certificate.  In fact the FAA normally insists that when you make a major modification to an existing design, the changes must be compliant with the current rules.  This has historically been a burden because the rules kept getting tighter as time went along.
With the revised Part 23, the new rules can be used as the certification basis for an STC to an aircraft.  The primary issue is that this isn't a cheap process regardless of the underlying certification basis. But EAA has been working to obtain STCs that can be used just for this purpose.  In fact, they were able to obtain an STC for the installation of Dynon EFIS-D10A or EFIS-D100 as replacement for the primary attitude indicator. It should be pointed out that the Dynon equipment does not have a TSO or a PMA, but is  verified against the recently developed ASTM 3153-15, Standard Specification for Verification of Avionics Systems.
EAA's STC has an approved model list.   From EAA's site:

Currently, the Approved Model List (AML) includes the following
  aircraft series (including all variants on each type certificate):
Beechcraft Bonanza/Debonair, Beechcraft Musketeer/Sundowner/Sierra,
  Beechcraft Skipper
Cessna 150, Cessna 152, Cessna 170 Cessna 172, Cessna 175, Cessna 177,
  Cessna 177RG, Cessna 180/185, Cessna 182, Cessna 205/206/207, Cessna
  210
Grumman AA-1/AA-5
Maule M-4/5/6/7
Mooney M20
Piper PA-24, Piper PA-28, Piper PA-32, Piper PA-38

EAA members can purchase the STC from EAA for $100, allowing the Dynon equipment to be installed in any of the AML aircraft types.
Hopefully the use of this type of a process will expand and provide for more options at lower price points than in the past.  While it isn't a panacea, it will help.


Selecting features within bounding box using QGIS?

Question: What is the best way within QGIS to select all of the features within a rectangular bounding box? Is it necessary to create a separate layer with the box, then to use the intersection tool within vector research -> select by location?
Answer: Obviously you can do rectangular bounding box selection with default selection tool with mouse/touchpad down + hold and move + up (there is also selection tool by polygon, freehand and elipse)
You can also use Select features using expression and make selection by comparing feature Geometry xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax to your extent - minimum, maximum coordinates.
And yes, there is also tool you already mentioned - Vector - Research Tools - Select by location...
All depends what you want to achieve.


In Star Trek: Birth of the Federation, why don't I gain science research from espionage?

Question: I have been playing Star Trek: Birth of the Federation for years now (still hooked) but not once have I ever gained any science research points from science specific espionage. Is there a reason for this? Is it just me or is this actually a bug in the program (or designed this way)? If so what is the purpose of actually using up intelligence points on science espionage?? I have gone through the manual many times and it implies that you can gain science research from intelligence but I just don't see how.
Comment: I envy you. I lost my CD years ago. One of the best 4X ever made.
Answer: I think it's a bug. To me it ought to be a feature, too.
Edit:
here is something I have found in a guide:

Playing the Cardassians allows you to use espionage well. The
  Cardassians are the only race that can actually gain more research
  through espionage than doing it themselves. However, that requires a
  significant investment in intelligence resources as well as a large
  enough fleet to keep the targets from retaliating with force.

So I recommend on trying it with the Cardassians next time or try to patch your game, have fun :)
Comment: Welcome to Arqade!  Unfortunately, what you were linking to there is piracy.  Since we don't condone that in any way, I have removed your extra text.
Comment: @user67288: Relative. [MicroProse had a turbulent history](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroProse), but it was bought by [Atari](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari) which now holds all the rights until the copyright expires (you can thank Disney for the long wait). Now as I just read, Atari is bankrupt. I'm not a lawyer, but if Atari manages to close their doors without selling their stuff, the copyright is effectively gone as the owning entity is gone...now, we'll have to wait for that, too. Or we could also ask Atari nicely if they abandon it before that...until then, we obey the laws.
Comment: sorry, didn't think it was important for a 15 years old game that no one has a cd from anymore >.< I had no evil thoughts at all. But ok I'll acceppt these terms for the future.


What if I don't know what tag(s) my question relates to?

Question: Especially as a non-expert still learning the language, how should I tag certain questions when I have no idea what the correct terminology for the topic is? I often even do not know what an appropriate English grammar tag name would be.
Comment: Don't worry too much about it. There are many users with the ability to re-tag the questions for you if there are better alternatives.
Answer: If I'm not wrong, while you are writing your question there are automatically generated suggestions that show questions similar to the one you are currently writing. Perhaps you can take a look at other questions and observe what tags are appropriate for that type of question.
Answer: Take a look at the list of tags on JLU - https://japanese.stackexchange.com/tags. Almost all of the most popular tags have a description so you can know what it's for.
Also, there are a lot of straight forward tags, like katakana if you're asking about something related to katakana (I know it's your favorite!).
You are only required to use one tag when you submit a question. You should be able to find at least one straight forward tag for your question. And, like @Flaw said in the comments, there are users who will add tags for you. I know this happened to me a lot when I first joined JLU. Maybe try to watch your questions to see if this happens and learn from the tags that were added.
If you need further help with understanding a tag, you could always ask in meta or in Chat.


How to export blog posts from sharepoint 2010 and import them in new blog in sharepoint 2016

Question: Which is the best way of exporting blog posts from sharepoint 2010 to blog in sharepoint 2016. (from a blog subsite to a blog subsite)
Answer: I did the things in this way:

Exporting the posts using Central Administration
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee428301.aspx
After that I used SharePoint Management shell in order to import the
posts in the new blog site.
https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee428322.aspx
Comment: Please mark it as the answer if it answered to your original question/problem. Additionally, if you can add some steps in more detail and how they were executed, that would be really great and likely help others in the future!


Disassembling a bed frame

Question: Trying to take apart a bed frame. Does anyone have any idea on how to open these?
Thanks.
Comment: Rather than a cam-lock, that (the black part in the brown part) looks like a bolt-head you may need to turn many times (1/4 turn at a whack) to disconnect. Not quite the usual bed-bolt.
Comment: Try placing a screwdriver into the slot, rotating the cam a quarter turn counterclockwise, then separating the joint.
Answer: Just about the only thing you can do is turn the cam 1/4 turn at a time and keep trying to separate the joint. These are usually easy to lock and unlock is why they are used. But if they were over tightened ever or the wood was repaired or even wrong in size like from a factory defect, you could find yourself turning these things back and forth all day because they will only unlock in one specific "sweet spot".
I know these cams can be frustrating and even cause people to second guess clockwise,counter clockwise, lefty loosey-righty tightly and so on.

Disassembling a bed frame


Pauli repulsion contribution in electronic structure computations

Question: I am looking for a method to estimate the contribution from Pauli repulsion to the interaction energy of a molecular dimer in an electronic structure computation (e.g. with Density Functional Theory). I'm aware of SAPT and SAPT(DFT) decomposition schemes, but as far as I understand, these estimate the contribution from the exchange interaction (amongst other contributions), which contains both Pauli repulsion and covalent bonding. Are there other energy decomposition schemes (or other methods in general) that can estimate the purely repulsive part of the exchange interaction?
Answer: I'm honestly not overly familiar with these schemes, but I believe the ADF package has a bonding energy decomposition scheme by Ziegler and Rauk implemented in it, and there's also the Morokuma scheme which looks to be available in at least GAMESS and ADF. I think these both produce the terms you're looking for.
Answer: I found an energy decomposition scheme that does exactly what I was looking for. Here is a link to a paper describing the scheme:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3253797
The sum of the repulsive and electrostatic contribution to the interaction energy of a dimer is defined as the difference in energy between the dimer and the two separate monomers, where the electron density of the dimer is constrained to be the sum of the monomer densities. This paper shows that this energy can be computed variationally in the context of Kohn-Sham DFT. The electrostatic interaction is easily identified, and the residual can be attributed to Pauli repulsion.


ST-Link Tool in elementary OS

Question: I'm trying to install a tool (ST-Link) to write programs to a STM32 micro controller.
Could you give me a hint how to do it?
Answer: To install stlink in elementary OS, you will have to build it from source code. Please follow the instructions,
At first please install these required packages for stlink by executing,
sudo apt install build-essential cmake libusb-1.0-dev libgtk-3-dev clang gcc
Then please download stlink and extract it to stlink(you can choose any name, but we will use it in the process.
Go to the stlink folder and execute the following commands,
make release
make debug

The debug target should only be necessary for people who want to modify the sources and run under a debugger. The top level Makefile is just a handy wrapper for:
mkdir build && cd build
cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug ..
make
You could install to a user folder e.g $HOME: cd build/Release; make install DESTDIR=$HOME
Or system wide: cd build/Release; sudo make install
Fixing cannot open shared object file
When installing system-wide (sudo make install) the dynamic library cache needs to be updated with the command ldconfig.
The above information is grabbed from stlink's github repo.

ST-Link Tool in elementary OS


Measurement error library

Question: Is there a python library that would keep track of uncertainty in measured data? i.e. if I put in a figure of a±b is there an easy way to track the propagation of error through calculations.
Comment: https://pythonhosted.org/uncertainties/
Comment: Have never tried it myself, but after I introduced him to Python, one of the mechanical engineers at work is using [this](http://pythonhosted.org/uncertainties/).
Answer: The two basic approaches I can think of are:

interval arithmetic
something like polynomial chaos expansions

I'm sure there are other approaches out there.
In brief, interval arithmetic redefines common arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.) over intervals, so that given an interval $I$, a function $f$, and the interval extension $F$ of $f$, $f(I) \subset F(I)$. In other words, the image of the function is always contained in the interval extension, and the interval extension may drastically overestimate the bounds of your function.
Paul is right that naive implementations of interval arithmetic may yield overly conservative bounds; the "dependency problem" will also yield overly conservative bounds, even if the implementation of interval arithmetic is state-of-the-art.
Polynomial chaos expansions instead treat uncertain quantities as random variables, and decompose these random variables (and thus, their probability density functions) into the sum of a collection of standard random variables (for instance, with a uniform probability density function, a Gaussian probability density function, etc.) scaled by coefficients. The random variables are selected so that their probability density functions are orthogonal to each other with respect to a weighted inner product, so these expansions look a lot like Fourier series, Chebyshev series, and so on. Propagating this expansion through your calculations will give you a probability density function for your output, and is another way to propagate uncertainty.
Comment: If you can characterize your uncertainty in terms of probability distributions, polynomial chaos methods are much more preferable to interval methods.
Answer: It sounds like what you may need is a library that supports interval arithmetic.  A cursory google search reveals the following library:
Pyinterval
As others have suggested, it seems that the pythonhosted.org package "uncertainties" also accomplishes this task as well.
Keep in mind that interval computations may yield overly conservative bounds on the resulting computations, since dependencies between intervals are not taken into consideration.
Comment: The `uncertainties` package does take dependencies ("correlations") between errors into account. It does not implements interval arithmetic but instead (linear) error propagation theory.
Answer: The usual way used by scientist for tracking uncertainties is to keep track of the standard deviation of quantities, so I will assume that this is what you need.
There are a few programs that can do this automatically so that you don't have to implement formulas that are inconvenient to handle.
I just had another look at the current offer, and I would recommend the uncertainties package too. You can perform arbitrary calculations with numbers with uncertainties as if they were simple floats, and the results automatically contains an uncertainty, propagated correctly.
Disclaimer: I'm the author of this package.
Answer: If the errors are quite small, and you don't need exact conservative estimates, you can estimate such uncertainties with an algorithmic differentiation library, such as ad (which I never used, but found by searching). Here is an example:
Example
from ad import adnumber
import ad.admath as adm
import math as m

x = adnumber(1.0)
x_err = 0.01

# Error in starting value for Newton's method
z = adnumber(1)

# Solve the equation y + sin(y) - x = 0 for y
y = x - adm.sin(x) + z
while abs(y + m.sin(y) - x) > 1e-8:
  y = y - (y + adm.sin(y) - x) / (1 + adm.cos(y))
  print((y, y.d(x)))

print("Value: %s\nEstimated error: %s\nSensitivity to starting value: %s" % \
      (y.x, abs(y.d(x)) * x_err, abs(y.d(z)/y.x)))

Output
(ad(0.3912318441940903), 0.48321150365251125)
(ad(0.5094172293334197), 0.5309477254386529)
(ad(0.5109731138269538), 0.5341096893266438)
(ad(0.510973429388556), 0.5341113161301007)
Value: 0.510973429388556
Estimated error: 0.005341113161301007
Sensitivity to starting value: 7.680410775256825e-13

Comment: Taylor series approaches are used by interval arithmetic libraries, and these typically involve some automatic differentiation tool. I've seen more work combining AD and interval arithmetic for uncertainties than AD alone.
Comment: @Kirill: What you propose here is exactly what the `uncertainties` package does transparently for the user, since it applies linear error propagation theory (http://pythonhosted.org//uncertainties/).

Measurement error library


How do you say Good Day to all for a group of people?

Question: Kann Man sagt "Guten Tag zu Alles" to mean the he is saying good day to all in a group.
Answer: I find the usual way to be just

Hallo

while looking at everybody in the group.
If you want to emphasize that you really greet everybody, you can say

Hallo zusammen

Which I (North German)  find more common to say than

Hallo alle miteinander

which feels slightly outdated to me, but still works.
Of course you can replace Hallo with Guten Tag.
Comment: My first German manager used to write "Hallo zusammen".  Which when she wrote in English she would always directly translate to "Hello together", which always made me chuckle! (Which is probably why I never corrected her!)
Answer: The Nominativ case, as suggested by πάντα ῥεῖ and infinitezero, is one (natural) option.
However, there are others. It's possible to use Dativ (whom do you wish a good day?):

Guten Tag Euch allen!
(...) allen Anwesenden einen Guten Tag.

If you use the right preposition, you may even use Akkusativ, e.g.:

Guten Tag an alle!
Answer:
Kann Man sagt "Guten Tag zu Alles"

That's wrong in many ways:
Kann man sagt muss Kann man sagen heissen.
zu Alles cannot be used to refer for a group of people.
The usual way to say that in German is

Guten Tag alle miteinander.
Answer: You could also say "Guten Tag allerseits".
Comment: That's a good solution. It is not too casual, but also not too stiff.


Don't publish/update a post when a plugin finds errors in custom fields

Question: I have a question about how to stop processing a post when a plugin(server side) finds errors on custom fields.
Basically I developed a plugin which adds and process some custom fields in the edit post panel. When i click on publish/update button i'd like to stop the process of updating or saving the post...in fact the plugin can stop the process of storing data from the custom fields when occurres errors but even with errors, posts can be published or updated anyway.
How can I handle this situation?
Thank you all!
Answer: welcome to WordPress Answers. I'm afraid there isn't a (server-side) way of preventing posts being submitted.
The hook that is fired when a post is saved, save_post, is fired after the post and its custom fields are saved to the database.
However, you can always retrieve the custom field values, validate them and then delete any invalid fields
(Keep in mind that you'll only want to delete custom fields with keys that your plug-in deals with. Users will not be impressed if they can't save their own custom field data because your plug-in thinks its invalid. On a related note, you should prefix your custom field keys with a prefix unique to your plugin)
Anyway, do to the above... (note: this is untested)
add_action('save_post', 'my_save_post');
function my_save_post($post_id) {

    //Make sure you check this isn't an autosave.
    if ( defined( 'DOING_AUTOSAVE' ) && DOING_AUTOSAVE )
         return;

    // Check if the user can edit this post
     if ( !current_user_can( 'edit_post', $post->ID ) )
         return;

    //The keys you wish to validate. For best practise, keys should be prefixed.
    $plugin_keys = array('my_plugin_some_key','my_plugin_another_key','my_plugin_don_key');

   foreach($plugin_keys as $key):
        $values = get_post_custom_values($key, $post_id);
        //validate value
        //Rather than deleting invalid data, you could use update_post_meta
        $is_invalid = false; //set to true if the value is invalid.
        if($is_invalid)
            delete_post_meta($post_id, $key);//delete invalid data
   endforeach;
}

A few words of warning. $values is an array of values associated with key $key. It could be an array of 1, or any number. This is something you'll need to keep in mind when validating the values.
Secondly, delete_post_meta($post_id, $key) delete's all of the posts custom field values with key $key. If you only wish to delete a value-key pair, you'll want delete_post_meta($post_id, $key,$old_value).
For more information on these see the Codex on delete_post_meta and get_post_custom_values.
Finally if you wish to change the post status back to draft if you find invalid data, you may wish to look at my answer to this question.
Comment: Thank you Stephen. At the moment my plugin already does the validation on the custom fields in the way that you mentioned, and if one of them is invalid it doesn't process the metadata. Anyway I didn't think about the post status...it's a good idea to reset the post to draft if one of the fields is invalid. Thank you so much I'll give it a try.
Comment: No problem! So you're saving data from a custom metabox? (Custom fields in the custom field metabox get handled automatically - that is they are saved prior to save_posts hook). Don't forget to mark answers as correct so others know you're question has been answered / what the solution was :D.
Comment: Sorry the silly question, but how can I mark the answers?
Comment: Click the grey tick to the left of the question :D.
Comment: done....eheheh sorry about that!I'm a newbe in here!!
Comment: no worries, we all were at some point!


Why Convert method is used to ConvertBack a value in WPF combobox?

Question: The exact question is -- why Convert is used instead of ConvertBack, and why really ConvertBack is needed here in the first place?
Problem
Below is EXAMPLE of my problem, I tried to simplify things. This is plain WPF, no 3rd party libraries, the problem itself is classic master-detail with a little twist.
I have listbox (list of cities) and datagrid (which lists all my friends + telephones). When I select listbox, datagrid should refresh and show the guys from the selected city. The datagrid looks like this:
Name | Phone | PhoneType
Mark | 76447 | cellphone
...

The key issue here is PhoneType column. Each cell should be a combobox filled with predefined phone types (fetched from database). And the twist lies with the db structure. It is something like this:
typeID | PhoneType | PhoneDescription
1      | cellphone | NULL
2      | neighbour | call only in case of emergency

In my datagrid combobox PhoneType should be displayed BUT if PhoneDescription is present, it should be used instead of plain PhoneType.
End of the problem. You with me?
Implementation
In order to have combobox in datagrid I have to use template column with combobox inside, instead of combobox datagrid column (here is why: WPF Datagrid ComboBox DataBinding). So here it is my combobox:
<ComboBox ItemsSource="{Binding Path=PhoneTypesList,
          RelativeSource={RelativeSource AncestorType={x:Type Window}}}"

Ok, here (above) I define what should be listed in Combobox dropdown list. A list of PhoneType records (in database sense).
          SelectedValuePath="typeID"
          SelectedValue="{Binding Path=typeID}">

Combobox should be aware of the current value of phone type of my friend so here (above) is how I bind those values -- on one hand I set that typeID from PhoneType record should be used for matching, and on the other hand I set that typeID from Friend record should be used. This way WPF knows which record of phone types should be used as current value.
(If you are not 100% familiar with this binding, here is nice explanation:
Difference between SelectedItem, SelectedValue and SelectedValuePath )
Btw. typeID is used twice because in general I prefer using exactly the same name for related fields (foreign key fields) in database.
I have the list, I have the matching done, now -- for displaying I cannot use just a DisplayMemberPath because I need something more dynamic.
  <ComboBox.ItemTemplate>
    <DataTemplate>
      <TextBlock Text="{Binding Converter={StaticResource PhoneTypeConverter}}"/>
    </DataTemplate>
  </ComboBox.ItemTemplate>
</ComboBox>

So to display PhoneType, I get entire record and choose appropriate string.
[ValueConversion(typeof(PhoneTypeRecord), typeof(string))]
public class PhoneTypeConverter : IValueConverter
{
    public object Convert(object value, Type targetType,
        object parameter, CultureInfo culture)
    {
        if (value == null)
            return null;

        var record = ((PhoneTypeRecord)value); // crash!
        return record.PhoneDescription ?? record.PhoneType;
    }

    // we don't do any conversion back
    public object ConvertBack(object value, Type targetType,
        object parameter, CultureInfo culture)
    {
            return null;
    }
}

Error
I compile entire application, I run it, I click on any city. It works as expected, great.
Then I click on ANOTHER city. And the application thinks a bit, and then before city listbox or datagrid is refreshed it crashes with exception (see the marked line above) saying:

Unable to cast object of type
  'System.String' to type
  'MyBuilderApp.PhoneTypeRecord'.

And with this I have no clue what is going on. Why string is passed to Convert??? It looks more like ConvertBack.
Comment: Put a break point in your converter and see what string it is being given. That might help you identify the problem.
Comment: @Rachel, you have forced breakpoint on exception in VS ;-) Empty (not null) string.
Answer: I think in this case, it would be a lot easier on you to use a PriorityBinding. It will handle the case where the description is null, and use the type for you:
<ComboBox>
  <ComboBox.ItemTemplate>
    <DataTemplate>
      <TextBlock>
         <TextBlock.Text>
           <PriorityBinding>
             <Binding Path="PhoneDescription" />
             <Binding Path="PhoneType" />
           </PriorityBinding>
         </TextBlock.Text>
      </TextBlock>
    </DataTemplate>
  </ComboBox.ItemTemplate>
</ComboBox>

Comment: Thank you for that approach, but in general I would like to understand how things work. Here it is really strange, that Convert is used for converting back (!) data.
Comment: Well, I can't be entirely sure why a string is being passed to the converter after selecting another item, but the DataContext for the Binding is changing to a string somehow. If your converter does an "as" cast, and returns when it is null, it may work.
Answer: As I see it, textblock is binding to what is returned from the PhoneTypesList. And then is uses the converter on this, which expects a PhoneTypeRecord.
I suppose that PhoneTypesList is a list of PhoneTypeRecord right ?
What I've noticed is that in the converter, I get the full list not every element in the list. So you actually get a list/collection/observableCollection of PhoneTypeRecord. Verify it.
You can also add a condition like this in the converter:
if(value != typeof(what_you_are_expecting) throw new InvalidOperationException("something is wrong");

Comment: TextBlock is "binded" to element of PhoneTypesList, not entire collection. "PhoneTypesList is a list of PhoneTypeRecord" -- correct. "In the converter, I get the full list not every element in the list" -- incorrect. It is converter for TextBlock value, not ItemsSource converter (for entire combobox). And about checking the incoming types -- after first click it is only PhoneTypeRecord (several times, each time per each element in the list). On the second click, the first type which comes in is string.


Can you interact with other Pokemon players over the internet and streetpass at the same time?

Question: I was hanging out with a friend who has Pokemon X/Y, and we wanted to trade. We were registered as friends and had interacted in-game via both internet and Streetpass before, but we weren't able to see each other. Since we were at his house and he was connected to the internet, I tried connecting to the internet, too, and that worked. Can you not connect to another player via Streetpass if they are connected to the internet? Or was this a fluke?
Comment: @BenBrocka - Streetpass definitely works with your 3DS open, so long as you're either in the home menu or in a 3DS game. If you're in a DS or DSi game, it wont work
Comment: I don't think Streetpass works if your 3DS is open
Comment: Yes, I know it works with the 3DS open. I first interacted with him in a place with no internet because we had Streetpass working for us.
Answer: Streetpass and Wi-Fi require exclusive use of the same radio - they can't both be on at the same time. If the 3DS is able to connect to the internet using a connection registered in your Internet Settings, it will do so automatically and disable Streetpass. Once internet connection is lost, it will switch back to Streetpass.
Note that you can battle/trade etc over local wireless or IR by selecting the Battle option in the PSS menu (top-middle of the touch screen), you don't require internet or Streetpass when you're both sitting in the same room.
Comment: I knew we didn't need it for the same room. We were at my friend's house, and he, naturally, was connected to the interwebs.


why does my laptop display keep switching between black & normal randomly every few seconds?

Question: Our  sony vaio laptop is only about a year or so old (Windows 7 + Google Chrome). When it's turned on it works great but last week it started quickly fading the display / screen to black when being used normally - typing or using cursor control etc .  Moving the cursor (which is not visible when screen is black) or stopping typing for a second, then pressing any key again, brings the display back up to normal.  The only other effect is if typing, mostly (but not always) it doesn't display the letters typed when the screen is black.
Sometimes it will be ok for maybe 10 seconds before fading, at others it will fade black within a second of getting back to normal
It has been alright for a week - seemed to cure itself - but started doing it again today.
Today a couple of times, as it went black there was a very quick flash of a white band about 25mm wide right across the bottom of the screen
Thought it was a separate problem but maybe linked? When display was ok, it would start then stop displaying letters while  was typing. Very infuriating.
Does the all the above with the charger plugged in & on battery power only. Nothing to do with any of the F keys. HELP!!
Well, despite thinking I had the solution hence me answering my own post... Fully charged battery, mains plugged in or not. It is still doing it! the bloody laptop is almost unuseable.
Answer: Maybe answering my own question here;
I suspect this is due to low battery. Despite showing over 50% charge it struggles to run screen, wireless etc from that level, even when initially plugging mains charger in. Took a long time to stabilise, while I was attempting to use it. I would expect the mains power to run it ok regardless of lowish battery. It ran fine after maybe an hour of charging. Maybe battery was at a lower charge than status manager was showing
Is this is indicating another problem?


What would happen if the elevators were set to opposite angles?

Question: For example left elevator angle = +30 deg, right elevator angle = -30 deg. Would these settings be able to induce a rolling moment on the aircraft? What would happen with the pitch?
Comment: Related: [Do fighter jets use elevators as ailerons?](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/q/47708/14897)
Comment: @757toga - I linked to something similar to what OP is asking, the all-moving stabilitors of some jet fighters that move asymmetrically for roll control.
Comment: @ymb1- some aircraft use "spoilerons" instead of, or in supplement to, ailerons. During a left turn, for example, the left spoileron deflects upward spoiling the lift cause the left wind to descend. I've never heard of conventional elevators acting as an aileron. Might be some type of hybrid assembly on an airplane somewhere.
Comment: @757toga - not elevators, stabilitors, see the linked post. I'm linking to something related, not a duplicate.
Answer: This would be an elevon application (ailerons + elevator).  Found on flying wings and deltas.  Theoretically possible on a standard tail.
With elevons, one up and one down will roll the aircraft with out pitching it.  Interesting that this can be done from the front, back, or center of the aircraft.
Someone may wish to correct me, I believe Burt Rutan put both elevator and aileron function in the canard of one of his planes to simplify the control linkages.
So, as a designer, yes this is possible.
Answer: To supplement Robert's answer, this arrangement is used not only on flying wings, where it is indeed ubiquitous, but on many more 'classical' designs.
On flying wings these surfaces are called 'elevons', but in other cases they would be termed 'differential stabiliser'.
Primarily they are found on supersonic swing wing fighter aircraft: F-14, Tornado, MiG-23, -27. The latter, for example, has flaps occupying all its trailing edge, and entirely relies on differential stabilisers and spoilers for roll control. But even non-swing-wing designs (e.g. MiG-25, Su-27) use differential stabilisers to augment roll control (sometimes only in some flight regimes).
Like with any combined control (for example, V-tail), if you use one channel (say, roll), you reduce capacity in the other. This has to be accounted for in the design, typically with increased deflection range and/or surfaces area. But there is no particular difficulty with zeroing the effect in the opposite channel: that is, in most cases deflecting symmetrically ±10° (30 is perhaps too much) will produce roll but no pitch.


In scientific writing, what is the protocol for shortening nouns?

Question: I often see place or species names shortened in scientific journal articles and would like to know what the correct protocol is.
Can I shorten "Gough Island" to just "Gough"? Or "leatherback turtle" to "leatherback"?
Comment: I'd look at how my references (citations) do it, and journal guidelines.
Comment: It seems random throughout references and even within each reference! My experience is that journal guidelines don't give that much detail.
Comment: Often, you'll write it out in full the first time you use it, and show the shortened form in a parenthesis, or say something like "which we will henceforth refer to as ... for brevity"
Comment: Sounds like if the term could only refer to a single subject it would be okay. So Leatherback turtle could be shortened to Leatherback or Turtle as long as it was the only leatherback/turtle you were referencing to avoid any confusion. As long as a reader knows what you are referring to, it should be okay.
Comment: In that case, I'd say pick a style that seems consistent with the journal you are submitting to, and use that consistently through your paper. The editor deals with wrong formatting all the time, but you can help the editor by  being consistent in your own usage.
Answer: Typically, if we are going to introduce any shorthand for a long name (including initializing it), the first time we use it in full and then note the shorter name we will use throughout: This can just be the shortened name in parentheses if no worded explanation is needed; (xxx) implies "hereinafter xxxx". Or it can be an actual sentence to introduce it.
Examples:

The experiments took place on Gough Island (Gough),
The primary experiments were performed on leatherback turtles (leatherbacks),
The most time-consuming element of this computation is the third Hessenberg Factorization of the outer product. We call this the 'outer HF'.
Measuring the Inter-Element Coupling Factor (IECF) is the focus of our concern in this study,
Answer: Precision is more important than word count!
Don't abbreviate just for having fewer words.
Also, follow the conventions of specific fields. For scientific nomenclature, for example, genus name can be abbreviated to one letter when the genus is understood:
P. semiperverens, P. australis and P. aromata are found only in North America.
The examples in the question, in my mind, are not ideal. Using generic terms is better than using truncated terms. In other words, I'd shorten "Gough Island" to "the island" on subsequent mentions, and use "turtles" rather than "leatherbacks."
However, there are much worse examples of abbreviations used in technical and academic writing, so use whatever you prefer without resorting to non-words -- like "LT" for "leatherback turtle."
As always, check a reliable style guide for particular fields of study and organizations. Check Strunk & White for the best overview of clear, concise writing.


Create a persistant notification out of a non-persistant one

Question: I'm looking for a way to make my Todoist notifications more "sticky" or persistent.  I've used reminder apps that let you have notifications that keep coming up even after you dismiss them unless you specifically say they are complete.  Or if you don't see or hear the notification, it plays the notification sound again after a user-specified number of minutes, just to make sure you are alerted.  I've been looking for an app that can grab notifications from a specified other app and notify you in this sort of customized way, or a way to do this in Tasker maybe?
Answer: I figured out a way to make this happen by turning on notification reminders in accessibility settings!


How can I set the language of Safari and launch using Selenium?

Question: I need to launch the Safari browser for automation with a specific language(Korean) for automation purpose. I am using selenium with python for automation. How can I do that ?
Comment: I have heard we cant change the language alone for Safari. Is it true ?
Answer: Chrome offers a modification of desired capabilities and I believe all the modern web browsers will also do. I did not try particularly with Safari web driver.
Did you try desired capabilities to change the accept_languages": "Korean" using safari web driver.
Also, If you have tests verifying the content in the specific language, automating with Selenium will give you hard time going forward. Checking language specific content against your expected result(assuming hardcoded expected content) will fail for even minor changes.
If you have the choice to try with new tools, try with tools like applitools.


Git post commit mails

Question: Could someone recommend a free git hosting service providing post commit mail notifications which include diff contents?
Answer: For a bit of a roundabout solution, a service like GitHub offers an RSS feed of commits and then you can use an RSS to email service like Feed My Inbox.

Git post commit mails


Blender seems to extend invisible keyframes in the animation timeline

Question: I'm trying to do a simple idle animation...I click on frame 1, insert location/rotation.  Everything seems fine.  I move to the next frame...say 10 frames ahead and move the hips down slightly.  Auto key frame is added...but when I scrub, I can see that the position I just set doesn't actually end up in that location until another 10 or so frames.
I have middle clicked down to scroll the frames down, I have clicked the home button while in the timeline but Blender won't end the animation on the current keyframe.  Instead it extends it beyond where there are any keyframes and I can't see them to re adjust them.
I've even tried multiple versions of Blender but it keeps doing the same thing.  I'm sure it's me doing something dumb but I can't figure it out
Answer: OMG...I had "Time Remapping" enabled.  I had it set from 100 frames to 250 frames.  Guess I don't know how to properly do a loop.


Did Moshe have an earlier name?

Question: Moshe was given his name by Pharaoh's daughter after she drew him from the water. However, Moshe was already three months old when this happened. Did he have a name before Pharaoh's daughter found him?
Answer: Talmud Bavli (Sotah 12a):

ותרא אותו כי טוב הוא תניא ר"מ אומר טוב שמו ר' יהודה אומר טוביה שמו רבי נחמיה אומר הגון לנביאות אחרים אומרים נולד כשהוא מהול וחכמים אומרים בשעה שנולד משה נתמלא הבית כולו אור
"And she saw that he was good" (Shemos 2:2): R' Meir says his [Moshe's] name was Tov. R' Yehuda says his name was Tuvia. R' Nechemia says that he was to become a prophet. Others say that he was born circumcised. The Sages say that when he was born, the whole house filled with light.

These are five opinions of what Yocheved saw in her son Moshe that the Torah describes as "good". But according to R' Meir and R' Yehudah, it seems that she named Moshe at birth either Tov or Tuvia.
Answer: The Gemara in Megillah 13a lists a number of names for Moshe:
ירד, גדור, חבר, שוכו, יקותיאל, זנוח
Yered, Gedor, Chever, Socho, Yekutiel, Zanoach
Comment: ...and Yalkut Shimoni (166) says that each of them was given to him by another person or group: his father called him Chever, his mother called him Yekusiel, Miriam called him Yered, etc. (Poor kid must have had quite an identity crisis!) Although it seems from the context that at least some of these were bestowed on him after Pharaoh's daughter had named him Moshe.
Answer: On a peshat level, either

he did not receive a name until that point, perhaps because they were not certain he would survive, or
he did receive a name, but for some unspecified reason, the Torah never mentioned it.

At the same time, in Divrei Hayamim 4:18, we read:

and his wife Hajehudijah bore Jered the father of Gedor, and Heber the father of Soco, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah--and these are the sons of Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh whom Mered took.

And Chazal have a general approach that Divrei Hayamim was only given to derash. Therefore, from this pasuk, they darshened many names of Moshe, and gave meanings to these names. Since the end of the pasuk says that these are the sons of Bityah bat Pharaoh, they equate Mered with Calev and Bityah as Bat Par'oh, and make each of the names in this pasuk a separate name of the same individual, Moshe. Thus,

Yered
Avigdor (the father of Gedor)
Chever
Socho
Yekusiel
Zanoach.

See Sanhedrin 19b:

R. Johanan says it is derived from the following: And his wife Ha-Jehudiah29  bore Yered the father of Gedor [and Heber the father of Soco, and Jekuthiel the father of Zanoah]30  and these are the sons of Bithia the daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered took.31  Now, 'Mered' was Caleb; and why was he called Mered?32  — Because he opposed the counsel of the other spies.33  But was he [Moses]34  indeed born of Bithia and not rather of Jochebed? — But Jochebed bore and Bithia reared him;35  therefore he was called after her.

Or Megillah 13a:

R. Simon b. Pazzi once introduced an exposition of the Book of Chronicles as follows: 'All thy
  words are one,
  2
   and we know how to find their inner meaning'. [It is written], And his wife the
  Jewess bore Jered the father of Gedor, and Heber the father of Socho, and Jekuthiel the father of
  Zanoah, and these are the sons of Bithya the daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered took.
  3
   Why was she
  [the daughter of Pharaoh] called a Jewess? Because she repudiated idolatry, as it is written, And the
  daughter of Pharaoh went down to bathe in the river,
  4
   and R. Johanan, [commenting on this,] said
  that she went down to cleanse herself
  5
   from the idols of her father's house. 'Bore': But she only
  brought him [Moses] up? — This tells us that if anyone brings up an orphan boy or girl in his house,
  the Scripture accounts it as if he had begotten him. 'Jered': this is Moses. Why was he called Jered?
  Because manna came down [yarad] for Israel in his days.
  6
   'Gedor": [he was so called] because he
  fenced in [gadar] the breaches of Israel. 'Heber', because he joined [hiber] Israel to their Father in
  heaven. 'Socho', because he was like a sheltering  booth [sukkah] for Israel. 'Jekuthiel', because
  Israel trusted in God [kiwu le'el] in his days. 'Zanoah', because he made Israel abandon [hizniah]
  their inquities. 'Father of', 'father of', 'father of': he was a father in Torah, a father in wisdom, a
  father in prophecy. 'These are the sons of Bithya whom Mered took'. Was Mered his name? Was not
  Caleb his name?
  7
   — The Holy One, blessed be He, said: Let Caleb who rebelled [marad] against the
  plan of the spies come and take the daughter of Pharaoh who rebelled against the idols of her father's
  house.

There is also the derasha in Sotah 12a:

And when she saw him that he was good.29  It has been taught: R. Meir says: His name was Tob [good]; R. Judah says: His name was Tobiah; R. Nehemiah says: [She foresaw that he would be] worthy of the prophetic gift; others say: He was born circumcised; and the Sages declare, At the time when Moses was born, the whole house was filled with light — it is written here, And when she saw him that he was good, and elsewhere it is written: And God saw the light that it was good.32

The question is what we are to make of such derashos. We could say that Chazal intended these either
1. literally, or
2. homiletically / allegorically ('derech derash', as some Rishonim call it), or
3. both
And then, if we say that they meant it literally, then we can either

agree with them that this is historical truth, as we must
disagree with them, and thus be heretics, or
disagree with them, and be Jews in good standing (following e.g. Shmuel HaNagid in Mavo LaTalmud)

My own sense is that, despite these midrashim which give names (corresponding to attributes of Moshe), thus filling in the gaps, none of these names was historically Moshe's name.
Answer: Chizkuni writes that we are all suffering from a lack of reading comprehension. Yocheved called him Moshe.

חזקוני שמות פרק ב פסוק י
בת פרעה לא היתה יודעת לשון הקודש, אלא כך פשוטו של מקרא, ותקרא יוכבד את שמו משה ותאמר לה בת פרעה מהו לשון משה והגידה היא לה שהוא לשון המשכה ואז אמרה בת פרעה יפה קראתו כן כי מן המים משיתהו. משה משוי אין כתיב כאן אלא משה לומר כשם שמשיתיהו כן יהיה הוא מושה אחרים פי' יהיה מושה ישראל ממצרים.
Comment: This Chizkuni is difficult. How does the plain meaning lend itself to Yocheved naming him Moshe? It says וַיִּגְדַּ֣ל הַיֶּ֗לֶד וַתְּבִאֵ֙הוּ֙ לְבַת־פַּרְעֹ֔ה וַֽיְהִי־לָ֖הּ לְבֵ֑ן וַתִּקְרָ֤א שְׁמוֹ֙ מֹשֶׁ֔ה
Answer: There is a liturgical poem for Simchas Torah listing seven names of Moshe, not all of which I can think of off the top of my head.
His most-popular name other than Moshe was "Avigdor", which is believed to be likely what his mother named him, from what I heard.
Comment: Vayikra Rabbah (1:3) lists 10 names for him, in fact.
Comment: I thought ten too http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/627663/jewish/What-Was-Moses-Real-Name.htm
Answer: Five names not listed in other answers:

Shemaiah - given by the Jews because Hashem "listened" to their cries in his days (Yalkut Shimoni)
Ben Netanel - because Torah was "given" to him by Hashem (Vayikra Rabba)
Aviyatar - because Hashem "overlooked" the sin of the Golden Calf because of Moshe (Vayikra Rabba)
Levi (Yalkut Shimoni)
Monios - his Egyptian name (Ibn Ezra)

Did Moshe have an earlier name?


Problems booting, any way to log this to a file?

Question: Is there any way to capture the log of the boot process you see on screen to a file on the FAT partition when it's not getting to the point of booting from the root fs?
Answer: You may not be able to create a file, but you can go low tech and hookup a VCR or use a camcorder to capture the text as it scrolls across the screen.
Answer: Yes, you have to derive a serial console out of the GPIO of the Raspberry Pi and then connect it to your development PC. This post and this page show how to do it. However you'll need some basic knowledge in electronics to have it work properly.
Comment: Thanks, I guess until I get this, I will just have to transcribe error messages from the screen.


PCR based diagnostic kit. Primer design

Question: I am working in a improved diagnostic tool with an innovation in sample handling and in time reducing modifications of an existing PCR protocol. I would like to know whether is it commandatory to design new primers for the detection of such pathogens (not published) in order to patent such diagnostic kit. Thanks in advance
Answer: To answer this question requires some specialized knowledge. Fortunately I know a bit about this field. If you are trying to get a patent in order to make money licensing to other companies, there is an incentive to make the patent as universal as possible. If your innovation applies across a range of assays then it could be very valuable to others. In this case, I would clearly recommend trying to pursue a patent that is not specific to a single pathogen and thus doesn't necessitate the design of new primers. Even if the innovation applied to a single assay, I'd try to get the patent without needing new primer design. If you specify new primers as a requirement of the claims, then it would be easy to circumvent your patent by simply using existing primers or primers of a different sequence. Thus, you may get a patent, but it wouldn't provide much protection.
In any case, I highly recommend you work with a patent attorney or agent with experience in molecular diagnostics. Going it alone may seem like it will save you money, but you are much more likely to either find your patent application rejected or a patent so narrow as to be of little value.

PCR based diagnostic kit. Primer design


Samsung galaxy s2 bootloader

Question: I was trying to install the Ubuntu touch into my Samsung galaxy s2 .. when I entered at the terminal 'adb reboot bootloader' the mobile rebooted but didn't enter the boot loader !! any help please? thanks :)
Answer: Hold the volume-down button, the Home button and power button until the phone restarts and don't let go, the bootloader should appear after 10 seconds approx.

Samsung galaxy s2 bootloader


Suggestions for repairing a broken guitar tuning key

Question: I own a Cort KX5, which is an inexpensive beginners guitar. Being my first electric, love it to bits. Unfortunately, someone seems to have knocked it against my TV stand(which it normally stands next to) and broken the tuning key for the g string(present key condition pictured).
I was able to find a replacement on AliExpress, but this will take 30-40 days to arrive and none of the stores around me (in Bangalore,India) seem to carry the same key type, a replacement would require me to drill holes for the holding screws(I'm keen to not alter the guitar physically). Does anyone know of a way I can repair the broken key so that I can use it until the replacements arrive?
Answer: I imagine there's a screw in the end of the part that's broken off. take it out, and find a longer screw that will go into the hollow of the other part. It needs to be a good fit, without exploding the bigger part. Use epoxy resin (two-part adhesive) making sure it goes into both holes. Screw the replacement screw in, but be careful to scrape off any that would bond the turning part to the rest. If that does the trick, I'd put the B string machine head where the G was, and use the mended one in the middle of three. Then invest in either a stand, or a wall hanger - and use it!


Fisher's exact test, contingency tables

Question: Are there any other methods for an $m\times n$ contingency table with $m$ or $n$ greater than 2 for use with small samples ($np<5$) other than Fisher's exact test?
Answer: Smaller expecteds than that aren't necessarily a problem for the Pearson chi-square or for the G-test. The rule you mention is more than 50 years old and is pretty conservative, but in any case, the actual discrete distribution for them can be simulated and exact p-values computed for them as well.
What's the specific situation you're in?

Fisher's exact test, contingency tables


Settling debt with a credit card company

Question: Is it Halachically sound to settle debt for less than owed with a credit card company?
Comment: See also: http://mi.yodeya.com/questions/284/do-our-sources-address-strategic-loan-defaults and don't miss the comments.
Answer: Hm.  We have a concept called "it is a mitzva to pay back your debts" (and thus, for instance, if you were looking to liquidate some assets anyhow, you must give your creditor cash, rather than the assets).  On the other hand, here the creditor is completely willing to waive the remainder of the debt.
From a strict halachic perspective, if they waive the debt that's it you're fine.  From an ethical perspective ... I'd think one should make a reasonable effort to pay in full (e.g. purposely going into debt with a plan of making some kind of deal like this is a very bad idea, for all sorts of reasons), but if someone's really in a pinch, we'd say a waived debt is a waived debt.
Comment: ... but CYLOR, of course.
Comment: Should be no different than declaring bankruptcy.  There's a machlokes achronim whether dina d'malchusa alone would suffice to allow it; however, we have a stronger principle here: "hakol k'minhag hamedina."  ("It all follows the custom of the land.")  The company enters a relationship with Reuven understanding fully well that some percentage of their customers could default.
Comment: To rephrase and clarify:

The question is asked with the concept of "it is a Mitzva to pay back you debts". Reuvain would love to pay his bills, however he has lost his job, and is unable to at this point. Credit card companies do not care if you are in trouble and want their minimum payment that is due each month. He can default and settle with them for 20-30 cents on the dollar. Is this Halachically correct?


What does it mean "like a slug"?

Question:
The Dursleys often spoke about Harry like this, as though he wasn't
  there - or rather, as though he was something very nasty that couldn't
  understand them, like a slug. (Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's
  Stone)
Answer: A slug is a creature like a snail but without a shell. It is wet and slimy and considered rather repulsive.
Some pictures here:
The author is expressing that the family find him repulsive, treat him like he is stupid, and wish he wasn't there. But, much like slugs in the garden, is something that they have to live with.
Comment: Poor little slugs!  I don't consider them repulsive.  I think they're cute :-)
Comment: Most of the time, when you refer to a person as a "slug", that means they are slow and lazy, for example: _Martha always says, "I'm a slug in the morning."_ In this Harry Potter excerpt, though, Adam is right, the meaning of the metaphor is different; it means _unnoticed_ or _disregarded_.

What does it mean “like a slug”?


bread maker vs conventional oven vs countertop oven vs fan force oven?

Question: I am planning to bake bread often. So I am wondering about the various types of ovens or whether I should get a bread machine instead. What are the characteristics of the various types so that I can decide what is best for me?
Answer: It depends on what you want.
A bread maker is great if you want to measure out the ingredients, press go, and come back later to a predictable fresh loaf.  Mine also makes good pizza dough.  I have quite a cool house much of the year (and no good warm spots), so proving bread is slow  without it.
If you want to experiment, or to make sourdough or unusual bread, an oven of some form is more useful. There are advantages and disadvantages of different types of oven, but basically you need one that's got a reliable thermostat and is big enough for anything you want to cook in it.
If you've already got an oven, a breadmaker can be used to make dough, then you can bake rolls or loaves in the oven. Any given breadmaker will have a small range of sizes it can do, so if you occasionally want a lot of  bread in one go, but normally only a little, you'll end up making it by hand after all. Another option is a stand mixer combined with an oven - that's flexible and saves effort, but you have to be there at the right time, just as if you're kneading by hand
Answer: I've used all three rather extensively. And a regular (non convection) oven.
Bread machine pros:

Throw in the ingredients, push the "go" button, come back in a few hours and there's bread.
You can make some really delicious bread with very little effort.
You can make just the dough, then bake it in a regular oven.

Bread machine cons:

You can only make one shape of bread – the shape of the machine's pan.
There's a hole in the bottom of your loaf from the machine's paddle.
It takes up a fair amount of real estate on your countertop and only does one thing – make bread.

I have a rather large, good quality countertop oven.
Countertop oven pros:

It does way more than bake bread. The wife and I live in a tiny one bedroom apartment. Even though our kitchen has a full sized convection oven, we still dedicate fully half of our countertop to the oven. It easily gets as much or more use than the full sized oven. If you do a lot of cooking, or there's just one or two of you, I highly recommend a countertop oven even if not baking bread.
You can make some really delicious bread.

Countertop oven cons:

It takes up a lot of real estate.
Even if it's a big one, it's still pretty small. One of my go tos is a no knead pain de boule in a standard cast iron Dutch oven. It won't fit. I have to make a smaller recipe and bake it in a ceramic, lidded casserole dish. Many, if not most, regular loaf pan recipes are for two loaves of bread. I don't think I can fit two loaf pans in mine. My larger pain de mie pan will not fit. I don't think my baguette pan would fit. I don't think a full sized muffin tin would fit.

Regular, full sized oven – convection or not pros:

You probably already have one.
You can make pretty much whatever shape and size loaves you want.
You can cook other things in it – not just bread.

Regular, full sized oven – convection or not cons:

Can't think of any.

Conclusion: If you already have a full sized oven, use it unless you dislike kneading bread and don't have a stand mixer. Otherwise, use a bread machine.
I would only use a countertop oven if no other options were available.
Answer: Your fan forced oven is likely best, but no doubt there are bread makers out there that are better than some ovens. Baking/pizza steel can help a lot with the challenges of bread in a consumer oven, and cast iron combination cooker or dutch oven can give you something similar while additionally mcgyvering some steam.


Can you ask questions about equipment recommendations?

Question: This is pretty simple. I heard through the grapevine about a feature on a common piece of lab equipment (in this case a liquid N2 freezer). There are so many vendors so I want to simply ask if anyone knows if that exists and where I could look. Is that appropriate for this forum?
Answer: This is one of those "off topic" areas which is (mostly) regulated across the network. Just like "big list" questions are not accepted anywhere with a few notable exceptions, so are "shopping recommendation" questions not accepted by default, based on Jeff's blog post, with some sites explicitly allowing them.
But the network has evolved since then, and recognized more about he trouble/usefulness of certain types of question. We even have a whole Software recommendations site. The way I have seen it, and it may make good sense on Biology, is:

if you are faced with a problem of discovery, then it should be OK to ask it. This means that you know your needs well, can formulate them, and ask if there is at least one product on the market which covers them. For example, "Is there a freezer which can maintain two different temperatures in two drawers?" Some preliminary research should be expected of the asker, similar to homework questions. "Which lab freezer can keep a temperature below 0 Celsius?" is clearly not useful, as basically any of them should do this.
if you are faced with a problem of choice, then it should be off topic. This happens when you have no idea what you need and want somebody to make your buying decision for you. Example: "Which is the best lab freezer under $XXX on the market?"

This is a criterion geared towards dividing recommendation questions into the ones which are objectively answerable by experts' knowledge, and the ones which are totally subjective and based on too little information. It has also proven itself in practice - Software recommendation uses it, and seems to be doing well so far.
Answer: I might be wrong, but my feeling is that on SE/SO product recommendations should be requested via following pattern:

What should I look for buying X for Y? My additional requirements are a, b, c, and d

Answer might look like:

For a and b optimal parameters are $\alpha$ and $\beta$, however equipment that can do that simultaneously is very expensive.

For example of question (maybe off-topic on Bio@SE):

What parameters are most important in modern PCR machines?
  How to discern bad scientific journals from good?
  What to beware of looking for cheap -20 freezer for general lab stocks?

Because these things have more or less definite and measurable (quantitative) answers and less prone to personal biases (e.g. I like eppendorf and hate VWR).
Comment: We've had cases on Cooking where people come with no idea what they need in equipment, but when they tell us what they are planning to cook with the equipment, we can tell them which features will be useful for them. This is what I meant with the "can work" comment. If they don't have a strict use case, it's hopeless though. ("What will you use your mixer for?" "Baking.") There are interesting cases like "How important is RPM on a mixer", but sadly they don't get answered well, because none of us has that much knowledge about what makes a good mixer good.
Comment: Good point. I've seen it used on other sites, and when the asker really does not know what he needs, it can work (although not always).
Comment: thats the problem, if asker dont know what is needed, everyone is just wasting time debating pepsi _vs_ cola
Answer: From the help center asking, it says

What topics can I ask about here?
Biology Stack Exchange is for people studying biology at any level. Questions are from students, academics and active researchers in biology and closely related fields, including:

general questions about biological concepts
questions about the biological mechanisms behind medical conditions
questions about techniques in a biological or biochemical laboratory

Questions on interdisciplinary subjects like bioinformatics are also welcome, as long as they focus on the biological part of the subject.
Which questions are off-topic?

personal medical questions and health advice
philosophical or ethical questions related to biology

Please see these tips on writing a good question before posting.
Please look around to see if your question has been asked before. It's also OK to ask and answer your own question.
If your question is not specifically on-topic for Biology Stack Exchange, it may be on topic for another Stack Exchange site. If no site currently exists that will accept your question, you may commit to or propose a new site at Area51, the place where new Stack Exchange communities are democratically created.
For more help, see "What types of questions should I avoid asking?"

So what does this tell is about your question? Well, not much of anything since it isn't expressly forbidden or allowed. That is, it is a gray area. The community may perceive it as a decent, worthy, or acceptable,  but there is the flip side as well. It could be perceived as not a good fit. As long as you show research effort, it may fit in and be okay.
My advice is to post it but not as a problem statement. The worst that will happen is closure and maybe advice on where else to try and ask. I can't think of another SE that it would fit in though.


Should the "evangelicalism" tag be created to match other denominational tags?

Question: Most denomination tags are in the noun form: methodism protestantism catholocism etc. And then there is evangelical which is an adjective. Shouldn't it be changed to evangelicalism? We would probably also need to create a tag synonym.
Answer: Many denominations do not have an "-ism" name anyway.  Some examples that come to mind:

Mennonite
Brethren
Church of Christ

If, in the name of consistency, we had a mennonitism tag, it would be absurd.  I think the best we can hope for in terms of consistency is to consistently use the term most commonly used to describe a given denomination, regardless of whether the word is a noun (such as the -isms) or an adjective (such as 'Mennonite' or 'Brethren') or a more general descriptive term (such as 'Church of Christ').
Answer: I'm in broad agreement with Justin and Caleb that consistency would be good to aim for. Unfortunately it isn't quite attainable if we standardise on "-isms" as "baptism" could mean the Baptist denomination or the act of baptism (or doctrines associated with it). Using "baptism" as a denominational tag would be very confusing.
I also agree with Caleb that an evangelicalism tag  would be seldom used as most questions would (hopefully) be focussed on a particular evangelical denomination or would have a slightly wider scope (protestantism). It could of course be argued that protestantism is equally redundant as a tag for similar reasoning, but that's probably a subject for a separate thread.
Comment: I've been considering the idea that dropping the -isms on all of these might make things easier in the long run. It works well for a few things like Catholicism and Presbyterianism but it becomes really awkward beyond that. Those few example work with generic names like "Catholic" and most denominations have much easier monikers to use.
Comment: Also, I think in spite of the varied usage, "protestant" is a little bit easier to define than "evancelical".
Answer: Yes, I think they should be consistent. (And as moderators if this gets enough votes we can rename it).
However, "evangelicalism" is not a denomination and it is a very difficult to categorize word -- in my book it's nearly meaningless. I'm not sure what all should get that tag in the first place. I might argue that we don't have anything yet for which that is an important and definitive enough distinction to even have a tag.


Is dowry allowable in Islam?

Question: In a discussion with my friend he said Islam allow man to ask money(dowry) to marry a girl.
Is any thing like that.Please give me suggestions.
Answer: In Islam it is the groom who have to give the dower(Mahr in arabic) to bride.
Quran says

"And give the women [upon marriage] their [bridal] gifts graciously.
  But if they give up willingly to you anything of it, then take it in
  satisfaction and ease." 4:4 source :http://quran.com/4/4

Giving of dower and acceptance of it is important part of marriage, without giving of dower, marriage would be invalid. So if groom demands from the bride more than what is given as dower, then in effect it is like he is not giving the dower.
As mentioned in the verse, after dower is given, if bride willingly give back from the dower, then there is nothing wrong in receiving it.
Answer: Assalam o allaikum.
Islam has no concept of giving Dowry, but still, in several Muslim customs, this tradition seems to be increased. Particularly in regions like Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. In fact, the custom of giving dowry has never been legitimated by Islam and is not widely spread among Muslims of other ethnicities. It appears to be the replication of previous Hindu custom in which daughters have no share in the property of the family but were given expenditures that could be in the form of households. On the contrary, the daughter in Islam has a full right to their family property and inheritance.
Dowry is mostly given in the form of cash, goods, or belongings by the bride's family to the bride in order to catch the attention of her in-laws and her husband and moreover after marring would become the property of him or his family, which is not practiced in Islam and is against the principals of Islam. In Islam, it is not allowed that a woman is owned by a family or is traded in such a way. As it is an offensive behavior to demand money from the bride or the family from the bride or his relatives.
If the bride's father gives a gift to his daughter, it is not a dowry.! In Islam, Groom can not demand and neither has any right on anything given to the bride by her family.
In fact, in Islam, it is the opposite of what is practiced today. Because in Islam it is not the bride's father who has to pay money to the groom but it is the groom himself who has to pay an amount to the bride (known as Mahr).
According to Islam, Mahr is the obligation, in the form of money or possessions paid by the groom, to the bride at the time of marriage (payment also has circumstances on when and how to pay). While the mahr is often money, it can also be anything agreed upon by the bride such as jewelry, home goods, furniture, a dwelling, or some land. Mahr is typically specified in the marriage contract signed upon marriage.
I hope I am able to clear your misconception by this.

Is dowry allowable in Islam?


Optimal number of threads for compute-intensive task on server with Hyperthreading

Question: When running a compute-intensive task on a server with an Intel i7 quad-core processor with Hyperthreading, is it ideal to run eight threads (for the eight virtual cores), or only four (for the four physical cores)? Each thread achieves consistent 100% utilization of a virtual core.
Answer: 8 threads would be ideal, assuming there's no significant additional overhead in result combining or anything like that. With only four threads, any execution units that couldn't be saturated by the single thread per virtual core would be wasted. With eight threads, they can be used.
Note that this only applies to the unrealistic assumption that each thread can saturate a core. Also, it might not apply if the division of the processor cache resources negatively impacted performance. Some tasks have performance that "falls off a cliff" at a certain cache size. If your cliff is between the full cache size of the physical core and half that cache size, then four threads might be better.
Answer: The doctrine I was taught when compiling was 1.5x the number of cores.  This accounts for any time when a thread/process is waiting on I/O.
If your task has no chance of blocking on slower operations like I/O then there may be no need to exceed the number of cores but if it can, you will want more processes than cores.
Look at it this way: if you have four cores and three processes, you can never achieve 100% CPU.  The same is true for four processes when one of them is blocking on I/O.  If you have six processes with no blocking, you might be slightly less efficient as the kernel uses up some CPU time swapping the processes on and off the four cores but no core will ever be idle.
Unfortunately I have no idea about the physical/virtual aspect of your question.
Answer: My guess is that is optimal to use one task per core and disable hyperthreading.
If I start as many cpu-intensive threads as I have logical cores, I will have fast context switches for the cpu intensive tasks, but expensive ones for the background tasks since the hyperthreading totally consumed by the cpu intensive tasks. On the other hand, if I start as many cpu-intensive threads as I have physical cores I will have no context switches to those tasks and fast context switches for the background tasks. Seems good, but the background tasks will found free logical processors and will run almost imediatedly. It is like they are realtime performace (nice -20).
I do not know how fast a context switch between two tasks on the same core is. Also I am afraid that by sharing the cache between two threads on the same core will lowers the cache hit frequency (unless they are running the same smaller than 1mb program). I doubt it is without penalties. My intuition is that that a complex cpu intensive task will run faster on one task per core than one task per virtual processor. But if you do that you will left two virtual processors free and background tasks will get priority they should not have.
In the first scenario the hyperthreading is uselles, the background tasks will use expensive context switches because I maxed out hyperthreading with the normal processing. The second is unaceptable because up to 50% of my cpu power gets prioritized to the background tasks.
I usually disable hyperthreading on my intel desktop and servers. I show how in https://serverfault.com/a/720471/309821.
But this is based on guesswork.
I have the impression that is better, but it may not be.


Get users who have permission through a sharing link Powershell sharepoint Online

Question: I want to generate a report of every document and permissions on it.
Permissions contains General Permission and Users who have permission through a sharing link/ or external sharing link.
When I run a code I get a result like  "SharingLinks.fdbe4441-98ec-47f5-9795-78f8e6e826e9.OrganizationEdit.00e9b96f-8eb7-4a68-b162-f7accc9fec66  : Contribute"
It means this document has been shared with Sharing Link having Contribute permission.
Please see the Image below. It shows all the users having permission. But how can I get this info using Powershell script (PnP-Powershell)
Comment: Looking for a similar approach. All I can think so far is to grab all the items in a list and filter by the ones which has unique accessrules defined
Comment: Did you manage to get PowerShell for your requirement? I have the same requirement and coudnt find any script
Answer: <code>#$fileUrl -NewFolder/logo.png
$file = Get-PnPFile -Url $fileUrl -AsListItem

Get-PnPProperty -ClientObject $file -Property RoleAssignments
$members = Get-PnPProperty -ClientObject $roleAssignments -Property RoleDefinitionBindings, Member
$member = $roleAssignments.Member
#list of users
$Users = Get-PnPProperty -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue -ClientObject $member -Property Users
#Return Accesstype
$accessType = $roleAssignments.RoleDefinitionBindings.Name;
   if ($member.Title -like "SharingLinks*") {
            if ($Users -ne $null) {
                $array = foreach ($user in $Users) {
                Write-host $user.LoginName, $accessType
                }
           }
    }
</code>


How is the value of an item in a bundle determined in cases of theft?

Question: Suppose someone steals a part of a sellable object (e.g. stealing a wheel from a car dealer) or one item in a bundle (e.g. taking half of a bag of donuts)? Or suppose the value of the item cannot be easily measured, such as if someone were to steal the Declaration of Independence? How would the value of the item be determined for purposes of sentencing and classification of crime?
Answer: The value of items stolen is determined as a factual matter at trial based upon the evidence presented at trial (unless the prosecution and defense stipulate to a value). Usually, the exact value isn't material, only which statutory range of values of several possible choices, the good in question belongs in according to the trier of fact.
This could include evidence of the offered retail price, the purchase price, the testimony of the owner, market quotations for goods in which there is a ready market, and expert testimony of property appraisers.
Usually, the jury would make this determination with either a special verdict on the question, or by choosing a particular charge to convict upon, when there are several lesser included charges brought based upon the value of the item stolen.
Sometimes, the matter is left to the judge, for example, in the case of a federal judge applying the sentencing guidelines in a case where there is merely a conviction of a theft offense without a specified value.
A determination that impacts the maximum possible statutorily authorized punishment must be made beyond a reasonable doubt and must be made by a jury if there is a jury trial.
A determination made for sentencing purposes by a judge within the range of punishments authorize by the crime of conviction is often made in a post-trial hearing before a judge on a preponderance of the evidence basis with looser evidentiary standards than apply at trial.
A trial court trier of fact's determination of the question is upheld on appeal if there was any evidence in the record consistent with, or which could support, the determination made at trial.


Disable ALL video outputs and USB Ports. Only remote access

Question: I don't know if this is possible.
I'm hosting a web farm on raspberry pi (for fun).
And one of them is at friend's house. I can access the pi remotely using VNC.
How can i prevent my friend from accessing the PI like plugging it to a screen?
Comment: I assume sticking glue or some other concoction in to the USB/HDMI port is out of the question?  Or perhaps "clamp down" the metal around the USB/HDMI? You're looking for a software/programmatic way?
Comment: @BruceWayne I was wondering if there was software way. I thought for sure their would be way
Comment: It's covered in the comments, but if they have physical access to the Pi, it'd be relatively difficult for you to 100% lock them out/prevent unauthorized access...which is why I suggested the more ...physical? route.
Comment: Possible duplicate of [Disabling USB ports](https://raspberrypi.stackexchange.com/questions/8448/disabling-usb-ports)
Answer: You can disable the HDMI output on your Pi by running:
<code>/usr/bin/tvservice -o
</code>
(the option is documented in the code here)
The USB ports can apparently be disabled by running:
<code>echo 0x0 > /sys/devices/platform/bcm2708_usb/buspower
</code>
However, since the USB and Ethernet share a controller, turning off the USB also disables the Ethernet... which isn't great, if you're hoping to connect via Ethernet to your Pi!
Note also that if the Pi is rebooted, these settings will not persist, so the attacker would briefly be able to access USB and video output.
Alternatively, you could, if you're willing to physically modify the Pi, just block the ports with a filler material. This must of course be irreversible, so the Pi will be irreparably damaged, but may at least place a roadblock in the way of an attacker.

Ultimately, a determined attacker with physical access could work around any of these constraints (simply by taking out the SD card and editing it to disable all of these protections). Depending on how important the data is, you need to decide whether you can trust your friend not to tamper with the device (else host it yourself).
Comment: @Marcel the production solution is to limit physical access to the people you trust. Either you trust your friend, you need to keep it in a secure container, or keep it at your house.
Comment: Not irreparably; they could remove the ports and put new ports on.
Comment: So there's no really a 'Production' solution. I was just wondering. Thanks for the help!
Answer: Other than the "locked case" solution, you could remove the USB drivers for input devices. That would allow the USB-based networking to continue working while stopping keyboards and mice working. However, none of this prevents him from removing the SD card and accessing the files directly - hence the need to lock it in a box.
(I believe this is input.o, hid.o and mousedev.o modules, but I've not tried it.)
Answer: Another solution (you have asked in a comment for a "'production' solution") could be to restrict physical access by encapsulating the Raspberry Pi into a lockable case (container like a server rack or IT cabinet). This way you do not need to partial damage the device with glue or something like that.
There are small cabinets available with a glass door. This could be really usefull if you need the status of the LEDs: in case you need this information simply ask your friend to look for the LEDs and report back.
Just a few different examples, not a recommendation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Industrial-computer.jpg
http://www.chassis-plans.com/portable-storage-system/
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00JZVUBFE/
Or you could build your own case like you need it. Options are endless.
Comment: Side note, the locks used on cases like these are super-easy to pick and should be replaced if you want any real security.  However, any lock (almost!) can be picked if your attacker has enough time and privacy - and it sounds like your friend has both.
Comment: @JPhi1618 good point! And if needed one could implement according sensors to detect it (case status = open) and trigger notification.