Monitoring SharePoint 2010 farm

Question: I'm assigned to monitoring our SharePoint 2010 intranet environment.
I want to know about best practices for that and if there is any tool our checklist for this task.
Thank you
Answer: SharePoint is a bundle of services.  If you already have a tool for monitoring other servers (SCOM, Solar Winds, etc) you can use that for SharePoint as well.  What to monitor depends on your own needs and SLA/OLA requirements.
You may get away with just monitoring the basic services in windows and making sure the machines are on.  Or you may be required to actually pull down an HTTP request to make sure a page is responding as expected.  These are very specific requirements per organization. The more you monitor the more work there is managing those monitors.
If you know nothing about SharePoint, and have to monitor it I would suggest first getting to know and understand the servers.  Log in to each every day and check the logs and services, get to know what is running, which log entries are normal, and which ones need to be addressed.  Find out what's being used on the system (just web viewing, search, other application services, etc) to determine what you should be watching and declare critical.
But that all being said pay special attention to the SQL server, that and permissions will most likely make up the majority of causes for issues you will see.
Comment: how can I use SCOM for monitoring sharepoint 2010
Comment: That is a question too big to answer here.  SCOM has management packs for SharePoint.  It will give you more information than you thought you needed until you tune it.
Answer: Sam SharePoint Farm Monitoring Tool 1.0
SharePoint Farm Monitoring Tool is to monitor SharePoint 2010 and SharePoint 2013 farms and indicate to take action against the objects.
Tool Link:
https://sites.google.com/site/samarendraswain/my-products/sharepointfarmmonitoring

Monitoring SharePoint 2010 farm


MS Word: protect header only from editing

Question: I'm creating letterhead template in MS Word for a client. They want to protect the header from editing but allow the footer to be editable. I can't seem to get the Protection feature to do that. It will protect both but not just one. Thoughts?
Comment: make the letterhead jpg and insert the picture (letterhead) in ms word.
Answer: Actually no way to be sure else than in OS level protect the file that is in server or belongs to Adminstrator. Otherwise the user can allways write a new file that replaces the old.
But it's possible make things a little more tricky to prevent accidental edits.
Method 1: Create a form that has an editable rich text object, allow user only to fill forms
Method 2: Allow no edits, but insert a linked object that the user can edit and update.
Method 3: A programmed. custom script based system, that disables some normally available controls- for example editing the header or erasing the watermark image.
Method 1 is very restrictive; only one text style is available.
Method 2 needs a robust network system where the links cannot be broken by allowing users to move files. Proper preparations are needed  to keep the links alive. This is beyond the capablities of ordinary user and lightweight system adminstrators, too. A database specialist is needed.
Method 3 needs a competent software specialist, too
Customized systems 2 and 3 become problematic when their creator leaves or needs more money than he has got.
Very weak - but better than nothing - eding hindrance is achieved by inserting a background image. It holds the wanted fixed parts; texts too. Unfortunately the timestamp cannot be a part of a fixed image. In ordinary, non-custom Word that image is removed in 5 seconds.


Copying Multiple Selections (by Attribute) to One Output Shapefile using QGIS Python scripting?

Question: INTRODUCTION
The code below makes a selection and then saves to an 'Output' file (shapefile?) each time through the "FINAL ITERATION LOOP".  Each 'Output' file will contain all selected civic address points (from the "Input" shapefile) on one of the streets assigned to employee Joe Blow (Joe Blow's streets come from the CSV file "FSS_Streets_Test_Sample" and are appended to the "joeblow" list).

QUESTION
But what if I wanted only a single output shapefile (or layer)?  One with ALL civic address points on ALL streets in the 'joeblow' list?
Perhaps the trick is to give "selectbyattribute" multiple street names as the final parameter?  Is that possible?  If not, how do I make multiple selections and essentially concatenate them one after the other until all (z) civic address points on all streets belonging to "Joe Blow" (in the 'joeblow' list) have been highlighted before then saving them in a (single) new shapefile?

Tip - most of the script is just 'laying the ground work' such as building lists (e.g. unique list of all streets ("streets"), and streets assigned to "Joe Blow" ("joeblow").  Perhaps you'll prefer to skip to the end, where the two "qgis" tools are executed.

CODE
from PyQt4.QtCore import *
from qgis.core import *
from qgis.utils import iface
import processing

##Input=vector
##Input_Field=field Input

# Assign .CSV of streets assigned to employees, "FSS_Streets_Test_Sample", to variable 'vl'
vl = QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().mapLayersByName('FSS_Streets_Test_Sample')[0]

# Set vl as the "Active layer"
iface.setActiveLayer(vl)

# Instantiate 'streets' list
streets = []
# Get List of Unique streets from 'STRNAME' column in 'vl'
for f in vl.getFeatures():
    if f['STRNAME'] not in streets:
            streets.append(f['STRNAME'])

# Instantiate list of streets assigned to "Joe Blow"
joeblow = []
# fill that list with streets belonging to "Joe Blow" as indicated in 'vl'
for f in vl.getFeatures():
    if f['FSS'] == 'Joe Blow':
        joeblow.append(f['STRNAME'])

#Count number of streets belonging to "Joe Blow"
z = len(joeblow)

# FINAL ITERATION LOOP: Iterate through streets belonging to "Joe Blow", each time selecting from the "Input" shapefile, all fields (civic addresses) where the "Input_Field" (STRNAME), equals ("0"), particular street(s) belonging to 'joeblow' (street(s) within the 'joeblow' list)
for k in range(0,z):
    processing.runalg('qgis:selectbyattribute', Input, Input_Field, 0, joeblow[k])
    processing.runalg('qgis:saveselectedfeatures', Input, 'Output')

# End Script

Notes:
Inputs given to GUI when script is run...
The 'Input' file is a shapefile of civic address points (along streets obviously).
The 'Input_Field' is a column called "STRNAME" within the 'Input' shapefile
The CSV file - "FSS_Streets_Test_Sample" is in the Layers Table of Contents of my Map Project.  It basically has 2 columns: employee name ("FSS"), and street name (also called "STRNAME").

Incidentally when the script finishes executing...
a) Civic addresses relating to the last street (but not all streets) in the "joeblow" list are now highlighted on the 'Input' shapefile layer.
b) The GUI disappears without throwing any error messages in the GUI's "Log" Tab (although there are messages in the various tabs of the "Log Messages" window.
c) But... I'm not seeing any 'Output' files (temp layer or shapefile) generated by the "qgis.saveselectedfeatures" tool.
Comment: Could you append FIDs to a list then do one final select by attributes to select anything where the FID is in your list?
Answer: The solution I ended up using was to replace "selectbyattribute" "selectbyexpression" and place it in a loop, each time iterating through my list of streets and adjusting my "expression" accordingly.
processing.runalg('qgis:selectbyexpression', Input, expression, 1)

Setting "1" as the third attribute adds to the current selection.


Questions about resources for learning chinese

Question: Should questions asking for resources for learning chinese be allowed? (I asked one myself...)  This type of question will tend towards simple answers and could have lots of repeat slightly overlapping answers.
Answer: I don't mind questions like: "What are some good quality podcasts?" I think there would only be a few and they are not so easy to find.
So I would be in favour of asking these types of questions on the site if we can come up with good quality answers.
As long as the questions don't ask for personal opionion like why is book X better than book Y.
Answer: This type of questions is normal in this early stage of a SE site, so they shouldn't worry.
But they are a one-time questions, which means that future visitors will use them and not ask more. I think that in a while from now, they should be considered simple duplicates.
Answer: It can be included in FAQ section. Maybe now is a bit early for FAQ.
Answer: My thought on this is that it would be good to get a bunch of meta questions going for this type of question.  This would both satisfy the people who benefit from that type of question and it wouldn't clog up the rest of the site.
Answer: We should make a FAQ to collect this kind of information as soon as possible for the beginning learners to advantage ones. Besides this, everyone can take part in this by editing, removing some useless to maintain that.
If possible, when you enter this forum, a pop-up window will show you to tell you "If you wanna find more resources to learn Chinese, please go to here"——Here's just the link to refer the references we've found.....


Does FaceTime work if I purchase my iPhone in Saudi Arabia then move countries?

Question: I purchased an iPhone 6 with FaceTime from Saudi Arabia. Can I use FaceTime while I am India because someone told me that if you purchase an iPhone in Saudi Arabia the FaceTime does not work anywhere.
Answer: This blog-post claims, selecting a different country in the settings while setting up your account already does the trick. But since the article is from 2010, it may not apply to iOS8:
http://www.macgasm.net/2010/10/23/facetime-saudi-arabia-workaround/
YouTube video about iOS 8 and Facetime, based on a jailbroken device using Cydia:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6QSRN3NUec
It's a shame Apple bends down to those regimes and prunes down key functionality. Clearly shows that iMessage / Facetime encryption works (as long as you trust Apple).
You might want to look into Signal (encrypted audio calls, Instant messaging should be coming in first half of 2015):
https://itunes.apple.com/app/signal-private-messenger/id874139669?mt=8
Hope this helps!


Covariate shift detection

Question: Is there any standard approach for detecting the covariate shift between the training and test data ? This would be useful to validate the assumption that covariate shift exists in my database which contains a few hundred images.
Answer: There are methods like the Kullback-Leibler divergence model, the Wald-Wolfowitz test for detecting non-randomness and covariance shift.
A simple test for quick analysis of covariance test would be to build a machine learning model, where the model is repeatedly tested with inputting training data and the production data.
In case, the model can make out the difference between the training and production datasets then it can be a sign of covariance shift.
Answer: Adaptive learning with covariate shift-detection for motor imagery-based brain–computer interface
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00500-015-1937-5
EWMA model based shift-detection methods for detecting covariate shifts in non-stationary environments (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031320314002878)
Answer: Here is a simple procedure you can use:

learn a classifier to distinguish between train/test data (using regular X features)
compute the phi correlation coefficient to estimate the quality of the classifier = the separability of the train/test data
set a threshold (e.g. .2) above which you can claim there is a covariate shift (and start looking as corrections)
Answer: The problem of covariate shift ultimately results in datasets with different underlying mathematical structure. Now, Manifold Learning estimates a low dimensional representation of high-dimensional data thereby revealing the underlying structure. Often Manifold Learning techniques are not projections -- therefore, different and more powerful, than standard PCA.
I've used Manifold Learning techniques (for eg: IsoMap, MDS, etc) to visualize (and, if possible, quantify) the "(dis)similarity" between train and test datasets.
Answer: You don't give many clues about what properties of the images you might be considering, but it seems that what you might want to measure is the difference in the distributions of the training and tests sets. A useful place to start would be with the Kullback–Leibler divergence, which is a measure of the difference of two distributions.

Covariate shift detection


Capturing wild yeasts?

Question: Has anyone done any experiments trying to capture wild yeasts around their home/property and ferment with them? Any tips, methods, ideas, etc. would be appreciated.
Comment: Haven't tried it yet (although that might change tomorrow), but for methods check out this question: http://brewadvice.com/questions/804/open-fermented-or-native-yeast-beers
Answer: I think its largely trial and error of leaving an open fermentor around for a day, then close it up and seeing what you get.
Not sure if the "coolness" factor of saying you did it would outweigh the cost of burning through enough worts to get one batch right.... then you'd probably spend just as much time trying to repeat it.
Comment: there's no rule saying you have to spend 5 gallons of wort per attempt. Maybe make up some wort, put a small amount into a number of small jars, leave them sit out for a bit until it looks like fermentation has taken hold then seal/airlock and monitor. Taste the ones that don't look infected. Use the best as a starter for a large batch.
Comment: Interesting idea, so I stand corrected.  I still like the control of using the huge variety of cultured bretts and lambic blends and bacteria available from commercial supplies like WLP and Wyeast .
Answer: Yes, I have done this.  In fact, I'm doing it right now.  I took some wine grapes (pinot, from my winery) and crushed them into juice and skins.  DON'T rinse them first.  The first time I just left them in a mixing bowl, loosely covered with an unsealed plastic lid, until they fermented spontaneously on the native yeast.  From there, I made a sourdough starter by mixing in flour every few days while straining out seeds and skins until it was entirely white.
This year I just poured the mashed up juice (aka must) into a plastic bottle and loosely covered it with the lid.  It fermented on the native yeast after 5-7 days. Then I poured the wine off the top and boiled up some DME, cooled it and pitched the native yeast into it (in an Erlenmeyer flask), covered loosely with foil.  It fermented.  When done, I poured off most of the beer after the yeast settled out and stored it in the fridge in a sanitized jar.  Voila.  Native Saccharomyces that you can brew with.
I haven't yet brewed with it though... but am making a mean sourdough.  Will let you know what happens with the beer.
Comment: ps adding some Fermaid K yeast nutrients will help this all along.
Comment: haha that's awesome, I've actually just done the same exact thing this past week or so. My question with this method is: since it was hanging out on grapes this is most likely more like a wine yeast than an ale yeast right? Not that that matters to me at this point, just curious.
Comment: Yeah, it's a wine yeast, from one perspective, which is also basically the same thing as an ale yeast.  I think we're dealing with Saccharomyces cerevisiae either way.  Meaning, it'll ferment into a funky farmhouse-style beer, most likely.  The difference being that my culture came from un-inoculated wine-- so it was the native yeast that came in on the skins, so there's a variety in there, to be sure.  It'll be top-fermenting either way.

Capturing wild yeasts?


Send email to specific users using webforms

Question: In a view, everytime a user clicks on a link "click to connect" field, an email has to be sent to the specific username based on its id. I am using webform to send the mail. But, it restricts me to send all mails to the same email address.
In order to hide the email to which mail has to be sent, I am fetching the id of the user(to whom mail has to be sent) in a hidden field in webform. But, i cant figure out a way to get the destination email dynamically.
Comment: Webform is the module for making surveys in Drupal.
Answer: Why not activate individual user contact forms, add a User: Link to contact page field to your view, and put your 'Click to connect' in the Text to display?
This will allow users to control whether or not they wish to receive such emails. They will be able to opt out in their account page and the link will not appear in the view.
Answer: This won't directly answer your question but
http://drupal.org/project/mimemail will format your mail all pretty like with html goodness.
http://drupal.org/node/37480 v6 & http://drupal.org/project/mailsystem v7 will handle all the heavy lifting.
There's quite a few tutorials on boath google is really your friend there with out more information on how you want to send them. Rules can, triggers can, Cron can,  and modules can with hooks. They all can be sent "at a button press" so to speak. Rules though is probably where you want to look if your going for plug and pray sort of approach. A custom module will involve the api & hooks.
Good reading at http://drupal.org/node/1124376 v6/7/8 Please also specifiy which version of Drupal you are asking about since each version has different modules & api.


Significance of Summer Schools in CV

Question: When applying for PhD in US or EU, do universities give any importance to the summer schools (7 days/15 days) candidate has attended? I mean, are the summer schools a worthy addition to the CV?
Answer: If you did something relevant that relates to the PhD position you are applying to, then it should be fine to include it in the CV.
Answer: My contacts in the chemistry department at my institution have told me that "summer schools" don't really count that much, and that your research experience/publication record, letters of recommendation, and coursework rigor/performance are worth much much more.
Let me tell a story. A certain institution has been putting on a "summer school" for graduate students in a certain branch of mathematics for a few years now. One of the graduate students from my institution went one year. He told his advisor that quite a few students attending treated it like a paid-for vacation (indeed, I thought the attendees were paid an obscene amount to such sit in on a few lectures upon finding out how much they were paid). Those people simply didn't show up to the lectures or, if they attended, were just doing their own thing (reading something else, on their laptops, sleeping, etc.) during the lectures.
So it would make sense, at least to me, there would (and should) be little to no weight put on a summer school that consisted of not requiring any 1-on-1 interaction with faculty nor any sort of submitted written work on the part of the students. Or not requiring doing anything in a lab, in this case I suppose.
Certainly it doesn't hurt to include a summer school on your CV though, I just can't see it helping all that much either.

Significance of Summer Schools in CV


How do Hindus decide which gods or goddesses to worship?

Question: Just wondering How do Hindus decide which gods or goddesses to worship?
Comment: Hindus decide as per their wish. Some may make their Ishta Devata some God and some other. Actually it depends on Prakirti Swabhava and Past life karma of person which determines a person will be devotee of which God...
Comment: As told by Tezz most indians can identify their Ishta Devta.Plus there are specific Gods whose worship yields specific results.For ex-For attaining riches Lakshmi ,Kubera are worshiped,for removing obstacles Ganesha is worshiped,for attaining Knowledge,vidya Saraswati is worshiped & so on and so forth..Our scriptures also recommend  worshiping specific Gods as remedies for specific planetary doshas.
Comment: As a child, the parents tell - which God to worship.
As a youth, many other factors, lead to a selection.
As a householder, the influence of the wife/husband, and children, plays a big role-in deciding which God to worship together/ or otherwise.
Worship of any God with true devotion=worship of all Gods, for God is one, even though we know it by different names.
Comment: Depends on the Philosophy and sect of the Worshiper like Advaitins or followers of Advaita follow Panchayatan system where they include worshippers of Shriman Narayana, Shiva, Shakti, Ganesha, Surya. While Vaishnavas like Shri Vaishnavas including me only worship Shirman Narayana as Bramhan, although we worship other gods but its just because its either required dharma(like Worshipping Surya sun god in Sandhyavandana daily) or just to please them(in turn Shriman Narayana) like people worship navagraha's.
Comment: We keep in mind this verse while worshiping other devtas 'Aakashat patitam toyam yatha gacchati sagarm sarva deva namaskaram keshavam pratigacchati', meaning : "Like water from the rainy clouds ultimately reaches ocean similarly namaskar or worship to every god reaches Bramhan Shriman Narayana".
Comment: You can choose any Deva as your Ista Deva based on your liking. But worshiping Ista Deva as mentioned in  Kundali gives you more benefits. Check your kundali.
Comment: not duplicate but similar to
http://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/2316/how-do-you-find-out-your-ishta-deva-personal-deity?rq=1
Comment: They are not choosing. Normally a hindu family has a kula devatha for them worshipped by their ancestors. Those who follow by generations will worship that God and Goddess as Ishta Devatha. Once in year they go to that temple and do archanas etc.
Answer: As per chapter 22 (The Lunar Dynasty) of Kurma Purana, Kartavirya Arjuna's sons also had similar question and they approached Saptarshis to get an answer.
This is what Vashishtha and other sages told them:

One worships the god that one chooses. There are no rules in this regard. All gods yield the desired fruit, if properly worshiped.

Further Vashishtha and other sages said:

To the extent that there are rules, there are as follows:

Kings worship Vishnu, Ishvara (Shiva) and Purandra (Indra);

Brahmanas worship Agni, Aditya (Surya), Brahma and Pinakdhari (Shiva);

Devas worship Vishnu;

Danavas worship Trishuldhari (Shiva);

Yakshas & Gandharvas worship Soma (Chandra, the Moon God);

Vidhyadharas worship Vagdevi (Saraswati);

Sidhdhas worship Hari (Vishnu);

Rakshasas worship Rudra Shankra (Shiva);

Kinnaras worship Parvati;

Rishis worship Brahma and Trishuldhari Mahadeva (Shiva);

Women worship Devi, Vishnu, Isha (Shiva) and Bhaskara (Surya, the Sun God);

Grihsthas worship all;

Brahmacharis worship Brahman;

Vanprasthis worship Arka (Surya, the Sun God);

Sanyasis worship Maheshwara (Shiva);

Bhutas worship Bhagvan Rudra (Shiva);

Kushmandas worship Vinayaka;

Prajapati Brahma is god for all;

But Men should worship Hari (Vishnu) after realizing that Rudra (Shiva) is no different from Vishnu. Else, Hari (Vishnu) will not destroy the enemies of the king.
Answer: sectarian Hindus (in modern times, this amounts to more or less just vaishnavites) only worship the god prescribed for their sect.  non-sectarian Hindus may worship one or all of their grama devata - the guardian deity of their village or their kula devata - the deity worshipped by their clan or their ista devata - or chosen, cherished deity.
Most Hindus today worship multiple Gods who may include God-men like Sai Baba.
Some deities are worshiped for specialized reasons - garbarakshambigai to get pregnant and deliver the baby safely, the deities of some temples are worshiped to cure disease and so forth.  And unless their is a sectarian clash all Hindus would go on pilgrimage when they get a chance and would worship the deities of 'marquee temples' like Puri Jagannath, Chidambaram Nataraja, tirupati venkatachalapati etc.
Answer: As S K already said, 'non-sectarian hindus(largest percentage) worship multiple Gods', but additionally they also have firm and vocal beleive that "all Gods are basically one, so it does not matter, which God basically one chooses". Hence, you will see that:
(a) Same Hindu when goes to Vishno devi yatra, he will affirm Devi as his favurite/biggest/isht devtaa.
(b) But next year same person may be going on pilgrimage to Vrindavan during holi, and he will proclaim krishna/vishnu as biggest/isht-devtaa.
(c) During Ram lila, he may proclaim Ram as jai shri ram or during death procession of somebody else he may proclaim - "Ram naam satya hai".
This practical fluidity of switching of isht-devtaa of majority of hindus comes from a philosophical basis called Smartism ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smarta_tradition ) and also the fact that Hindu religion is basically Omnist ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnism ) at core level, it beleives multiple paths are all correct simultaneously, so they have no problem switching Gods(even isht-devtaa) and paths almost at fluid level.

Also, in Gita , krishna has himself also supported sankhya yoga, which does not beleive in God per se. Many yogic tradition followers, beleive Shiva as adiyogi (and not as God). So for them even ishta-devta choice does not even arises.

But there are sectarian hindus which will stick to a particular God, depending upon which guru/tradition/clan they got initiated from/belong to. So his clan may already have a particular ishta-devtaa, and he will follow that God as isht-devtaa.
Comment: //practical fluidity of switching of isht-devtaa//. I appreciate your observation, but let me clarify that going to temples/dhaams of different Gods does not imply switching of isht-devtaa. Hindu sees all Hindu Gods as family. So, there is no "total ordering" (if you know maths).  Just like two sets can't be compared/ordered, two Hindu Gods can't be compared/ordered. This aspect is exclusive among Hindus and is not Omnism, but unordered view of Gods as family members.
Answer: As rightly said in this comment, for Hindu & non-Hindu the worshipping happens based on Nature (swabhAva / Prakruti):

BG 17.2 - The Blessed Lord said That faith of the embodied beings, born of their own nature, is threefold-born of sattva, rajas and tamas. Hear about it.
  BG 17.3 - O scion of the Bharata dynasty, the faith of all beings is in accordance with their minds. This person is made up of faith as the dominant factor. He is verily what his faith is.
  BG 17.4 - Those with sattva, worship the deva-s; those having rajas, worship the ogres (yaksha) and monsters (rAkshasa); Other people possessed of tamas, worship ghosts and the spirits
  (Gambhirananda)

In today's world, it's complicated to know who is praying whom due to various purpose underneath. e.g. if X prays to lord Krishna for money then actually X is praying "money" (Kubera). Through the particular deity one also gets results of their prayers.


How do surface and deep syntax differ in dependency grammars?

Question: Consider the sentence I will go to Belfast tomorrow. How do its surface and deep syntax tree differ in a dependency-based grammar?
Answer: That depends of course on the particular dependency grammar (DG) that one chooses. There are many versions of DG, and they disagree about such matters in important ways. Lucien Tesnière, the father of modern DGs, did not distinguish between deep and surface syntax. He would have produced just one dependency analysis of the sentence, and this analysis would have lacked linear order.
An analysis in Meaning-Text Theory (MTT) might acknowledge seven different analyses of the sentence, since MTT acknowledges seven layers of representation.
Word Grammar would probably acknowledge just one analysis in terms of dependency arcs, and these arcs would appear above the actual sentence, which means there would be just one surface analysis of the sentence.
The type of DG that I prefer is monostratal in syntax, so there would be just one syntactic analysis. It looks like this:

If I am forced to produce a deep syntactic analysis of the sentence, there are various ways that I could do it. All of these ways would, though, abstract away from linear order in the tree. Here's one possibility:

This analysis lacks linear order. Note, however, that the function words are present in the tree, will and to. Some analyses of deep syntax might assume that function words are not present at that layer; they would then exclude all function words from the hierarchical analysis. Or other DGs might subordinate function words to content words in deep syntax, in which case they would subordinate will to go and to to Belfast.
For me, these questions about the nature of deep syntax cannot be answered. We cannot see, hear, or measure deep syntax in any emperically verifiable way. I therefore prefer to avoid the notion of deep syntax, remaining with surface syntax entirely. Surface syntax is much closer to what we can hear, see, and measure emperically. But I know a number of DG people who strongly disagree with my position in this area.
In sum then, there is no one answer to the question that would be accepted by the DG community in general. There are, rather, a number of competing answers. The one who poses the question should therefore decide for him- or herself which of the answers is best.
Answer: There are two main differences:

Deep syntax structures are dags,
Only content words serve as nodes there.

The idea is that deep syntax structures should be as language independent as possible. In your sentence "will" is only a tense carrier and "to", though being a semantic preposition, functions as a case marker (illative). From a graph-theoretic perspective, to translate a surface tree into a deep dag is to remove all the nodes that represent function words from the graph. Thus at the level of deep syntax a sentence has the same structure in all languages unless there's a lexico-semantic mismatch (in which case the edge labels will be different).
In grammars with feature structures, deep structures are constraint-based. In LFG, for example, c-structures are phrase structure trees but f-structures are isomorphic to (deep) dependency dags (if one substitutes thematic roles for grammatical functions).
From a logical perspectives, deep syntax dags are "hierarchical logical forms". Lambda calculus could be used to incrementally assemble the logical form and there's a one-to-one relationship between logical forms and dags.
Also worth mentioning is information structure which is sometimes added to dags (though it's not part of syntax sensu stricto). It may be expressed as an ordering on nodes (as in FGD). Note that to fully account for syntax one needs a LP component (such as topological trees) which means that surface dependency trees are uninformative since they can be reconstructed from structures at the other levels. They can be view as a blend of topological trees and deep syntax dags. Surface trees tell us little but are structurally closer to the phonetic form of the sentece.
Update: A few definitions might be useful:

Surface syntax trees are totally ordered (graph-theoretic) trees. There's a one-to-one mapping between their nodes and the words in the sentence. Since they're ordered, they can be tangled/nonprojective (nonprojectivity is a scale which includes planarity, well-nestedness, and full nonprojectivity).
Deep syntax trees are dags that contain only content words. In case of pro-drop or if there are other covert elements, they can contain nodes that have no counterpart in the surface syntax tree (in Spanish "me gusta" the subject is covert). Dags are the same as feature structures (in fact, feature structures are merely a pictorial representation of dags). Deep syntax trees are called "tectogrammatical" in FGD. At this level the literal meaning (linguistic meaning, character) is captured. The representations are scope-free and there's no coercion.
Logical forms are formulae in formal logics. Here things get more complicated since there are many different logics. In general a logical form in higher-order logic is structurally very similar to the corresponding deep syntax tree. In first-order logic, logical forms are flattened deep syntax trees. The meaning of words (that is, the chunks used to build up logical forms) come from the lexicon (sometimes they're called "semantic forms").
Comment: What source can you cite that says that deep syntactic analyses subordinate function words to content words? You are citing LFG, which is a constituency grammar. Bresnan (2001) and Falk (2001), two prominent textbooks on LFG, do not mention DG. The term "dependency grammar" does not even appear in their indexes. The construal of LFG f-structures as dependency syntax deep structures needs to appear in established literature. Please cite this literature.
Comment: @TimOsborne I haven't said that. I said that deep syntax structures don't contain function words (FGD and XDG work like this, aside from all approaches to "deep syntax" based on first-order or higher-order logic).
Comment: @TimOsborne As for LFG, I said that the structures are isomorphic (which can be trivially seen), not that Bresnan mentions DG (some LFG people do, though). There are tons of literature on the relationship between feature structures and dags (googling for it reveals slides for undergraduate courses at Saarbrücken). But perhaps more important is that DG people say that: Kruijff, Oliva, Hajičová... It's not a "theorem" to be proven by the way, it's what everybody sees right away (as it follows directly from the definitions).
Comment: Tesniere includes function words in his stemmas, and his stemmas cannot really be construed as surface syntactic representations, since they lack linear order. MTT also produces a layer of syntax that contains function words but that lacks linear order.  What one construes as deep syntax therefore varies considerably based upon the DG at hand. DGs are more varied than your answer suggests.
Comment: The question I think you might ponder concerns what the LFG people think about being so closely associated with DG. My guess is that many of them would not like it. Broad claims become much more convincing if they are supported by good literature. When the LFG people start stating in writing that LFG f-structures are DG deep syntax, I will get on board with you.
Comment: @TimOsborne Tesniere's "stemmas" are surface trees. A total ordering on the nodes can always be inferred from the underlying sentence. DGs are varied but at the level of deep syntax (tectogramatics) the differences are very small.
Comment: Let us [continue this discussion in chat](http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/21875/discussion-between-atamiri-and-tim-osborne).
Comment: So for you, surface syntax lacks linear order entirely. Is that right?
Comment: @TimOsborne No, surface trees are (totally) ordered. I think this is the basic and generally accepted definition. BTW obvious observations needn't be stated in writing. Nevertheless it's been stated in a few papers (Kuhn?).
Comment: The answer is almost criminally slanted. It presents certain theories that have been developed for computational purposes as established *linguistic* theories. From a *linguistic* pov, the trees computationalists produce are laughably inadequate. Their psycholinguistic and cognitive implications are totally off-track, not that they'd care. Most computationalists wouldn't know gapping from sluicing even if their life depended on it. They're also doing a great job of ignoring much of the *empirical* work on functionality, i.e. that on functional hierarchies.


2001 Toyota 4runner - Which wheel is causing "P0500 - Vehicle Speed Sensor A"?

Question: My 4runner is getting "P0500 - Vehicle Speed Sensor A". What does the "A" mean? Which wheel is that?
Comment: No, any of the sensors failing can cause the speedo to stop working and for p0500 to set. Flash the codes, it'll tell you where to look next.
Comment: Is the ABS light on? Does the speedometer work?
Comment: @Ben Yes and No. You actually helped me with this problem [here](https://mechanics.stackexchange.com/questions/50338/2001-toyota-4runner-147k-miles-speedometer-dead-and-various-dashboard-lights). I've been getting mixed answers from various people.
Comment: OK, so if the ABS light is on that means one or more of the wheel speed sensors or the VSC ECU it self is bad. This is most commonly a Wheel speed sensor harness issue. Flash out the codes per that other question. You can try ohming the sensor I think the correct reading is around 1.5kΩ, you can find the component test in your service manual. But you should really scope the sensor output.
Comment: @Ben Thanks! Is there a way to know which wheel? I was thinking that "A" may correlate to a some wheel.
Answer: This has to do with the main vehicle speed sensor (VSS), not the wheel speed sensors. It's a generic code from the P050x series. The other P050x codes are specific issues.
Symptoms of a P0500 DTC may include:

Loss of anti-lock brakes the "anti-lock" or "brake"
Warning lamps on the dash may be lit
The speedometer or odometer may not work properly (or at all)
Your vehicle's RPM limiter may be decreased
The shifting of an automatic transmission may become erratic
Other symptoms may also be present

Things which might be at issue are:

The Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) is not reading (functioning) properly
There is a broken/frayed wire leading to the vehicle speed sensor
The vehicle's PCM is not correctly configured for the actual tire size on the vehicle
Comment: This helped me find [Testing the vehicle speed sensor](http://www.toyota-4runner.org/3rd-gen-t4rs/127574-testing-vehicle-speed-sensor.html) which has further information for my specific vehicle.


Good profile for slicing ABS in Slic3r?

Question: Does anyone know of a good slicer profile (i.e., an <code>.ini</code> file.) for Slic3r for printing ABS for a Prusa i3 MK3S printer?
Comment: Welcome to 3DPrinting.SE! I'm not sure I understand your question? What's wrong with using Slic3r as the slicer for ABS? The slicer is fairly filament agnostic, meaning, it doesn't care. You as the user setup the parameters for the filament when you slice. The slicer then creates the g-code which your printer can interpret. There are presets within the slicer which can be used, then tweaked if needed for your specific needs. Again, this is filament agnostic to the slicer. Can you clarify what you actually want?
Comment: So you are after a profile for Slic3r. A profile that works for one printer may not work for another printer. Basically, as such, this is not a good question for SE. Every slicer is able to produce printer files for ABS, it is usually the printers that have difficulty to print ABS properly because of its high tendency to warp because of the large shrinkage. If you rewrote the question to explain what your problems with printing are, people could answer you what slicer settings you could change to produce better prints. ABS has a good alternative that can be printed as PLA; look into PETG.
Answer: ABS is a plastic type that has a relatively large shrinkage when cooling down compared to other filaments;e.g. much more than the popular replacement PETG (which prints similarly as PLA but has properties like ABS).
As of this shrinkage, it is the operator of the slicer to produce an environment to properly print ABS. This not only implies that correct settings for the slicer itself need to be chosen (depending on the brand: high hotend temperature; about 220-240 °C, high heated bed temperature; 90-110 °C, using a large brim), but also that the printing environment is optimally setup to allow printing successful prints. You should think of adhesion to the build plate, modifying parts to include so-called Mickey Mouse ears and an enclosed printer space to regulate the temperature. ABS doesn't like temperature changes as that will result in split layers. This is why ABS is difficult to print for most people, it is best not to choose this when you just starting printing, nowadays much better alternatives are available called Co-polymers like PETG.

Good profile for slicing ABS in Slic3r?


Intuition behind biclustering

Question: I am self-studying Kevin Murphy's book Machine learning - A probabilistic perspective and stumbled upon the following paragraph on biclustering. I understand the independence assumption - but am not yet seeing how this allows one to cluster. Can someone provide the intuition behind this?
Answer: If I understand your question, the link between independence and clustering is this. That data points within each cluster are generated IID from a distribution belonging to the cluster.
Suppose we had a simple model, where each data point is assigned a colour token (red or blue) and a shape token (square or circle) and its colour-shape combination determines which probability distribution it is drawn from:

red squares are IID Normal(0,1)
blue squares are IID Normal(10,1)
red circles are IID Normal(0,3)
blue circles are IID Normal(10,3)

But when you get the data you generally aren't told which data points received which tokens. Or even how many different shapes / colours were involved. So if each combination is equally likely the resulting histogram of draws would look something like:

The inference process tries to recover this. The inference process he suggests isn't clear to me from the level of description given.

Intuition behind biclustering


set js-indent-level from .eslintrc?

Question: when I edit javascript, I'm usually actually editing someone else's code. Is there a way to dynamically set the value of js-indent-level from a .eslintrc file?
Comment: Considering that `.eslintrc` doesn't have to be a JSON, getting that information out will be hacky. An easy solution could be to bind running `--fix` to a key, or you could look into something like [EditorConfig](https://editorconfig.org/).
Answer: I know nothing about eslint or it's rc file, but TMTOWTDI as the Perl folks are fond of saying. Here's is how I solved a similar problem for myself using shell-command-to-string. I needed to get the version of CMake that was installed on whatever system I happened to be on.
(defvar cmake-mode-cmake-version
  (let (l)
    (setq l (shell-command-to-string
             (concat cmake-mode-cmake-executable " --version")))
    (string-match  (rx bow
                       (one-or-more digit)
                       "."
                       (one-or-more digit)
                       (zero-or-more "." (one-or-more digit))
                       eow)
                   l)
    (match-string 0 l))
 "The version of CMake from `cmake-mode-cmake-executable'")

First, we define a new variable cmake-mode-cmake-version. Then we run shell-command-to-string with a string that I concat together. At this point you're going to want to use something like "grep indent-level .eslint". (Again, don't know anything about eslint. Just working off the cuff here). Next, in string-match we look for a version string using a regex constructed with the rx package. With match-string we return the result of the last match (the one we just did with string-match), and cmake-mode-cmake-version now contains something like '3.11.1'. It's not the most lispy code, but hopefully it's clear.
Now, you could of course forego the concats, and the string-matchs, etc. Assuming your rc file is list of "things = values" then we could imagine something like:
(eval-after-load "js-mode"
  (defvar my/eslint-indent
    '(let (l)
      (setq l (shell-command-to-string "grep indent-level .eslintrc | egrep -o '\\d+$' | tr -d '\\n'"))
      l)
   "The indent level from .eslintrc"))
  (setq js-indent-level my/eslint-indent))

where we set js-indent-level after loading our chosen JavaScript mode. Of course this is just an example, and you'll have to tweak it some for your own needs.

set js-indent-level from .eslintrc?


Short Selling Specific to India

Question: I'm trying to short sell for the first time and when I asked my broker he says that only Intraday short selling is allowed.That really didn't make any sense as the articles I read said I can short sell a stock for longer periods. The broker said if I want to do it for a month or so I need to do that in F&O. Can anyone suggest me how to short a stock for a long time?
Comment: I'm new to stock market and wont to know about short selling, can you explain how to hold short sell for 2 or 3 days. And kya kisi bhi company k share ko short sell kr skte h ya fir sirf kuch selected company's ko.
Answer: In India the Short is what is called in other markets call as "Naked Short" [I think I got the right term]. It means that you can only short sell intra day and by the end of the day you have to buy back the shares [at whatever price, if you don't; the exchange will do it by force the next day].
In other markets the Intra day shorts are not allowed and one can short for several days by borrowing shares from someone else [arranged by broker]
India has a futures market, so you can sell/buy something today with the execution date of one month. This is typically a fixed day of the month [I think last Thursday]
Comment: Yes, "Naked Short" is right, and in the US, it's not permitted. There are penalties for doing so.
Answer: In India the only way to short a stock is using F&O which I personally find to be sufficient for any shorting needs. However, Futures can be generally sold for upto 3 months but options have more choices which are even upto 5 years you can buy a put of a longer duration and when you want to do buy-back, you can directly sell the same option by squaring-off the trade before expiry date. You generally get approximately the same profit as shorting but you get to limit your risk.
Answer: In India, as suggested above, short/long position can be taken either in F&O or Spot market. The F&O segment short/long can be kept open for appx. 3 months by taking position on the far contract.
In intra-day/Spot market, usually the position has to be squared at the end of day or the broker will square it during expiry (forcibly). However, having said that, it is a broker specific feature, as per National Stock Exchange (NSE) or Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) any transaction has to be settled at the end of T+2 days (T being the trade day).
Some brokers allow intra-day positions to be open for T+1 or T+2 days as long as the margin is provided. This is a broker specific discretion as the actual settlement is on T+2 (or in some cases as the exchange specifies).
So, in general, to short a stock for a longer time, F&O segment should be used.

Short Selling Specific to India


Can someone help me identify this weed?

Question:
It's not a fuzzy weed like a geranium. Smooth leaves, with a citrusy smell when rubbed.
Answer: That appears to be a hardy perennial Geranium variety, one of the true cranesbill Geraniums (unlike Pelargoniums). Many varieties of Geranium, such as 'Wargrave's Pink', have smooth leaves. Leave it alone, unless you don't want it growing where it is - you might be able to identify it fully once it flowers later on. It's not a 'weed' as such, although the accepted definition of 'weed' is simply a plant that's growing where you don't want it.
Comment: Yes I Googled Cranesbill and so far it appears to be exactly same plant. I am so happy whenever an opportunity arises to meet yet another "weed" to add to my meals (I love bitter foods as a side dish) and for medicinals or for nice scents I can offer to my deities to enjoy on my home altar (Hare Krishna).  Here in southern U.S. most the weeds in my garden are edibles and all are useful in some way. I may even retire from active gardening and just harvest them.  I got wild rabe, purslane, lambsquarter, henbit, cleavers, golden rod, cattails...  Bamboo, thanks for your help!
Answer: Given that the geranium has a citrus smell, I'll identify it as Geranium x cantabrigiensis, either the basic hybrid or the 'Biokovo' cultivar. If it's Biokovo, it will bloom with a pale pink flower; if the basic hybrid, the flowers will be magenta. I find Biokovo to be a nice groundcover, spreading stoloniferously rather than rhizomatously, which means that it's easy to kill if you don't like it. The leaves in both spring and fall are scarlet. It's not a rampant spreader, either - maybe a foot or so a year once established.
Comment: Yes, I'll check for those flowers. I really appreciate your help, Jurp! Hare Krishna
Answer: This is possibly a species of anemone. The reason for this is that the plant form is a cluster of basal leaves with long leaf stems; it does not seem to be producing a tall main branching stalk which will carry the flowers. Possibly it will produce one later. Some anemones are known for their scent, for example the musky scent of Anemone nemorosa. Of course all will be clearer when the flower appears, as it certainly will given the nice healthy appearance of the leaves.
Comment: Thank you Colin for your input. I'm letting an eye on them waiting for flowers
Answer: It looks like a cutleaf geranium, they are all over my yard and alley for the last couple years. Seem to have spread like wildfire. Sprayed lawn with crossbow and it knocked them out. Eugene, Or.

Can someone help me identify this weed?


Opening my third eye experience

Question: I've been meditating for me get a week and have always felt connected to my spiritual side. My dad has been meditating for about 30 years so I go by his guilds.
I just wanted to know if anyone else felt what I have been feeing.
After a few try's I saw an eye approach me and it kind of scared me away so I stopped the meditation till the next day.
After that I've been getting vibrations coming through my body (from my feet to shoulders) every time I meditate.
What should I expect next? Are there levels of meditation?
Comment: Hi Nicole and welcome to Buddhism SE. We have a [Guide](http://meta.buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/1502/i-am-a-new-user-here-at-buddhism-se-what-should-i-know-before-i-post?cb=1) and a [Resource section](http://buddhism.stackexchange.com/help) for new users that you might like.
Comment: Hi Nicole! Welcome! Could you describe for us what kind of meditation you were practicing when this happened?
Answer: Yeah, initially you may experience all kinds of glitches. When you don't meditate a lot of energy is stuck at different layers of your body-mind, and when you start meditating those layers start connecting to each other and energy starts flowing up and down.
So you may get a headache or feel like you are flying or see some flashes of colors, or get various body experiences etc. These are all like hallucinations, don't take them too serious. It is only a side effect of your energy moving to a more balanced state.
Some of them are very cool. Some of them can be super interesting thoughts or intellectual realizations. You job is to not fall in love with them on one hand, and don't fight them on the other hand, but let them come up and pass away so you can keep going.
Next you may expect funny dreams. Maybe lucid dreams when you know you're dreaming. Maybe flying dreams. Maybe dreams in which you go through walls. You may also start noticing how in your post meditation you become more steady and your senses get a lot brighter, like you feel more awaken.
On the other hand, at some point you may feel like meditation gets very frustrating. For some reason you start hating it. Usually that means you got stuck on some preconceived notion of how meditation is supposed to go. If that happens, let go of that!
Comment: +1 to what Andrei says. Right after an unusual event it's common to panic or obsess about it, but the memory of even the most earth shattering experience will turn mundane in six months to a year. So it's great you had an experience, but let it go, it's in the past. Inhabit the present.
Comment: The lesson I was always taught was to observe their existence, and allow them to pass by.  If the elicit a fear response, then such an ideal is hard to accomplish.  In that case, also observe the fear, and allow it to be.  Over time, you will approach things from different angles, and one day you will be able to observe such things without fear, and then choose to let them pass by.

Opening my third eye experience


What marks the beginning of a bear market?

Question: I continue to hear that our "aging bull market" continues to plod along, but the indices are falling relative to their high point in late January. What is the metric by which one determines the beginning of a bear market?
Comment: This question marks the beginning of a bear market. Or at least, that's what I'm claiming a year from now!
Comment: Unfortunately, by the time you know it's a bear market as defined by the 20% rule), you've given up a lot of portfolio value.  IOW, the beginning of the bear market was 25% higher than the classic definition level.
Comment: @BobBaerker What marks the beginning of a bull market?  And what if this happens right after the market drops 20%?
Comment: @Michael Some define a bull market as a period of several months or years during which  prices are consistently rising. Others define it as 20% up, similar to a bear being 20% down.
Comment: @BobBaerker Did a bit of searching, and it appears that another measure some use to define a bull market beginning is when the price reaches and exceeds the high point from which the 20% (for a bear) or 10% (for a correction) down was measured.
Comment: @BobBaerker - the % up or down has nothing to do with the definitions.
Comment: It is incredibly misguided, on many levels, to think there is a "definition" of a "bear market".
Comment: I am afraid it is you who is misguided Fattie, because you obviously have not heard of Technical Analysis.
Answer: You can't determine the beginning of a bear market at the time — if you could then it would immediately become a crash, as everyone would try to sell. It can only be determined retroactively, after the fact.
Comment: This is a helpful insight, but it seems like a comment rather than an answer.
Comment: Yes you can - and I will define it in my answer.
Comment: This is the actual answer.
Comment: @Fattie - as I have mentioned already a bear market is simply describing the direction of the market as going down - so what you are saying and what this answer is saying is that you cannot determine if and when the market is going up or down. That is why you are incorrect and why this answer is incorrect.
Answer: From Investopedia:

Although figures vary, a downturn of 20% or more from a peak in multiple broad market indexes, such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) or Standard & Poor's 500 Index (S&P 500), over a two-month period is considered an entry into a bear market.
Comment: This is the definition from [Investopedia](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/uptrend.asp).
Comment: While it's true that this is an often-mentioned "definition", of course the concept "know a bear market" is utterly meaningless.  If you search on the internet "how does faster than light travel work?" you'll find many "definitions".
Comment: @Victor: The answer says so, too.
Comment: @Fattie - in Technical Analysis there is only one definition of a bear market and when it officially begins. There may be other definitions but these are usually put up by Fundamental Analysts who don't really read price charts and so give it a % drop to define it.
Comment: If you argue your point of view then you are saying that any definition in Technical Analysis is not a true definition.
Comment: LOL quite true about fundamentalists.
Answer: I would like to say that there is no absolute method to identify the beginning of the bear market. What we can say is "Oh, It was bear market."
You will recognize it when you passed it
My method is paying attention to policymaker...
In this circumstances, If THE FED keep raising Fund rate, we are in the good shape (raising rate means THE FED believe everything ok and economic can burden higher interest rate). Contrary, If THE FED reverse their current path and begin to cut the rate, and followed by massive sell off in the stock market, I will say It is the beginning of bear market
See DJIA chart at December 2007, THE FED cut their rate and you see bear coming
Comment: What's with the pointless capslock?
Comment: something about recessions as well as inverted yield curves come to mind as well...
Comment: In fact there is an absolute method to identify the beginning of a bear market - I will define it in my answer.
Comment: You're going to be getting a nobel prize for this one, Victor.
Comment: @Aerovistae only if it's one that you can't only use retroactively.
Comment: @user20574 - see my answer - note that if HD's price dropped below the orange line in Feb 2017 it would have been the start of a bear market for that stock, however it didn't, prices continued going higher making more HHs and HLs. That is why the confirmation is so important.
Answer: I'll try to explain it this way, OP:
You've probably heard people say sentences such as the following - this could be in conversation, or on one of the many "market" TV shows ...

"Wow, the market is tough just now."
"The markets are performing horribly today!"
"This whole year has been bad on the DOW."
"Market performance was poor this year."
"NASDAQ really sucked this year, it was tough."

(Conversely, there are any number of positive statements: "Last year was great on the markets." "NYSE was fantastic last year."  "This year has been a great run so far." and so on.)
Consider those descriptive phrases such as:

is tough ...
performing horribly ...
has been bad ...
performance was poor ...
really sucked ...

Now - say you said "what is the definition of is tough , or performing horribly -?  What marks the beginning of is tough , or performing horribly ?
I'm sure you can see, that question would be meaningless.
There's no "definition" or "beginning mark of" descriptive phrases such as is tough, performing horribly, really sucked and so on.
A "bear market" is - very simply - a descriptive term in English.
That's all there is to it.
Exactly like "poor", "excellent", "troubling", "challenging", "fantastic" and so on.
There is absolutely no definition or quantification of "bear market".
It's just a phrase (like "challenging", "difficult", etc).
Anything you're heard to the contrary is completely wrong.
Comment: So are there definitions for uptrend and downtrend? Or are these just descriptive words as well? Because a bull market is basically an uptrend and a bear market is basically a downtrend. In fact the definition of bear (in market terms) is used to describe sellers in the market and bull is used to describe buyers in the market. So in more general market terms bull defines upward movements in price and bear defines downward movements in price. Bull and Bear do have actual definitions in the financial markets and more specifically in Technical Analysis.
Comment: They are descriptive words.
Comment: As I commented below your answer, yours is the only answer with any factual information.  (Downvotes are irrelevant on this site.)
Comment: Yes they are describing the state of the market and in Technical Analysis they have specific definitions for when they start and when they finish.
Answer: To find what the metric by which one determines the beginning of a bear market (or a bull market) you first need to understand what the uptrends and downtrends are. These are best understood by learning their definitions.
The definition of an uptrend is Higher Highs (HH) followed by Higher Lows (HL).
The definition of a downtrend is Lower Lows (LL) followed by Lower Highs (LH).
To understand what HH, HL, LL, and LH are, see the chart below:

A HH is a new peak higher than the previous peak. A HL is a new trough or low higher than the previous low. Similarly, a LL is a new low lower than the previous low, and a LH is a new peak lower than the previous peak.
See the price of a rising stock usually does not rise in a straight line over the long term, it generally goes up to a new higher peak (HH), down a bit to a HL, a low which is higher than the previous low, and then a new higher peak again (HH). So each proceeding highs is higher than the previous high and each proceeding low is higher than the previous low. This can be seen in the chart with HHs followed by new HHs and HLs followed by new HLs.
So what is the definition of the end of an uptrend (or as you have put it, the beginning of a bear market)?
The beginning of a bear market is defined by a LL (a lower trough below the previous HL) confirmed by a LH (a new peak which is below the previous peak). Once price moves below the LL (the horizontal orange line at the top-right corner of the chart at the low of the LL) this by definition is the beginning of a bear market.
Sometimes you may have a LH without a LL before it like in the chart. In this scenario, as soon as the price moves below the previous HL and makes a new LL this is the beginning of the bear market.
You might be asking what about the LL in August 2015, isn't the a break in the trend? By definition it isn't, because even though there was a LL it was then followed by a HH - which means that the uptrend continues.
Now the above chart is a weekly chart so it is showing the longer term trend. Depending on the time frame you are looking at the market might be in different trends at the same time. For example the chart above was clearly in an uptrend between July 2014 to July 2016 on the weekly chart, however, if we move down to a 30 minute chart between 1st Feb 2016 to 8th Feb 2016, we can clearly see that it is down-trending on this chart shown below.

So the weekly chart determines the trend for long term traders and investors, whilst the 30 minute chart would determine the much shorter trend for a day trader or other short term traders.
Note: The S&P500 made a LL on Feb 9, 2018 of 2532 and a LH on March 16, 2018. So if prices drop and close below 2532 next week it will be the beginning of the bear market (currently at 2588).
Comment: A trough can't be the beginning of a bear market, because it's already below the peak price. The bear market begins immediately after the peak price is achieved, but can't be identified as such until substantially later.
Comment: @MikeScott - did you even read the definitions. These are the definitions of when an uptrend begins and ends and when a downtrend begins and ends. A bear market begins when a downtrend begins. These are the actual definitions.
Comment: Did you invent those definitions, or take them from somewhere?
Comment: @PaŭloEbermann - I have in no means invented these definitions, I learnt them from many books, courses and other forms of education. But just for you here is a link from [Investopedia](https://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/uptrend.asp) with the same/similar definitions.
Comment: Whilst it is bizarre this was downvoted (as it at least contains plenty of good information), there is no "definition" of a bear market.  It's just a descriptive phrase.  Like saying "The market is great this year!" or "the market sucked last year!"  It means: quite simply: utterly nothing.  It's literally a simile for ...... "bad" ...... and that's it.
Comment: The top graph is "flat" and the bottom graph is "a bit of a dip".  Additionally both cases (as with, obviously, any graph of anything) if you simply choose different scales it will be described by completely different phrases.
Comment: @Fattie - A bear market is by definition a downtrend and a downtrend is defined, as I said, by lower lows and lower highs. The whole point of the different chart intervals is because they are used by different players. I long term investor or trader would in no means use a 30 minute chart to determine if the stock or market is rising or falling, but a day trader would. Similarly a day trader doesn't car what the market is doing over the weeks and years, they are concerned about the current last day or two and what is happening in the moment.
Comment: Regarding the 2 charts, the top chart is showing an uptrend, HHs followed by HLs - if it was a flat market you would usually have a range that the price moved between. The second chart shows a big dip and a good opportunity for a day trader to have taken a short position. The same chart to a long term investor would be meaningless - just some noise in their long term plans. What I was trying to demonstrate by the 30 minute chart was that every trend has a smaller trend within it. If you don't understand Technical Analysis then you probably don't understand much of this.


Is there any solution to Process1_Initialization_Failed on Windows 7?

Question: I have a BSOD problem that I cannot repair. I would be so grateful if someone could provide a solution.  I have Windows 7 OS installed on the computer.
The stop error message resembles the following:

A problem has been detected and Windows has been shut down to
  prevent damage to your computer.
PROCESS1_INITIALIZATION_FAILED
If this is the first time you've seen this Stop error screen,
  restart your computer. If this screen appears again,
  follow these steps:
Check to make sure any new hardware or software is properly
  installed. If this is a new installation, ask your hardware
  or software manufacturer for any Windows updates you might need.
If problems continue, disable or remove any newly installed
  hardware or software. Disable BIOS memory options such as caching
  or shadowing. If you need to use Safe Mode to remove or disable
  components, restart your computer, press F8 to select Advanced
  Startup Options, and then select Safe Mode.
Technical Information:
*** STOP: 0x0000006B (0xC0000034, 0x00000002, 0x00000000, 0x00000000)
Beginning dump of physical memory
  Physical memory dump complete.

I tried different solutions found on the internet like:

deleted the bootcat.cache located at %SystemRoot%\system32\codeintegrity
system check disk utility --it deleted some files, recovered a .dll
system restore failed with the following code error: 0x80070002 (for all of the restore points)
tried to boot into safe mode, last known configuration etc.

but none of them seem to work, and the blue screen reappears
I'm considering a software problem since I found out that Roxio Go Back can
cause this problem. I don't have that software installed, but
the last software related activity on the computer that could have caused this,
involves uninstalling IconPackager and installing ClocX(1.5 b2) which made some
registry changes involving start-up (it should run when Windows starts up).
I currently managed to install Windows 7 on another partition on the same PC
so I have access to the folders in that other partition for any debugging needs.
Is it possible to recover my old Windows installation?
Answer: I've been having the same Issue (BSOD) on Windows 7 Ultimate 64bit on my HPDV4 Laptop and here's my solution.
Get a copy of bootcat.cache from a working system of similar configuration and  copy it here
C:\Windows\System32\CodeIntegrity  overwriting existing file.
This has been working 100% although just deleting the file doesn't help.
Comment: this didn't work for me, and the file wasn't re-created after the next reboot
Answer: This usually means there is a critical system file missing or corrupt, run an offline System File Checker from the Windows Recovery Environment.
Once you have the command prompt loaded in RE, run this command, this will scan all system files for corruption and improper versions, replacing them as needed. Hopefully it will get it booting again.

sfc /scannow /offbootdir=d:\  /offwindir=d:\windows

Source of Information
Comment: Unfortunately, the sfc utility won't always work.  If, for example, the BSOD first occurs during a software update, the update will still be incomplete.  If sfc detects a pending update it will just print out "There is a system repair pending which requires a reboot to complete.  Restart Windows and run sfc again."
Answer: In my case the bootcat.cache was more of a symptom than the issue. The bootcat.cache file will not regenerate if the folder C:\Windows\System32\catroot\{F750E6C3-38EE-11D1-85E5-00C04FC295EE} has errors. Some virus scanners (McAfee in my case) sometimes screw up and this folder gets renamed to a tmp folder. After copying the bootcat.cache file from another PC, I boot into windows and do the following (Just doing the bootcat copying hasn't been all that stable for me):

Search through all of the tmp***.tmp folders within C:\Windows\Sytem32\catroot and find the one with the most files. I've typically seen them around 800-1000 files, though this may vary I guess; I'm no expert.
Copy these files into the {F750E6C3-38EE-11D1-85E5-00C04FC295EE} folder, overwriting when prompted. Then go and rename bootcat.cache in C:\Windows\System32\CodeIntegrity\ so if this doesn't work you can restore it.
Reboot now and it should regenerate the bootcat.cache for your current PC. If not, you can always copy the {F750E6C3-38EE-11D1-85E5-00C04FC295EE} folder from a different PC, though some drivers may show as "unsigned" and you have to re-install them to make it go away.

We had a rash of these after a domain wide McAfee issue and either copying from the temp file or from another PC has worked on about 10 PCs and 3 servers with 2008 R2 installed so far.
Source: (SFW). Did not work for us as they said, but pointed me in the right direction.
Answer: I ran into the same error today, but found a different cause. This page is one of the first Google results for the error, so in case anyone else finds this, here's what happened:
I was getting the same error on every boot. If I tried booting in safe mode, I could see that it would crash while loading CLASSPNP.SYS. I tried using the recovery console on my Windows 7 DVD, and before it finished loading, it would crash with a MEMORY_MANAGEMENT BSOD. That was mostly independent of my Windows install, so it's a sign that something was seriously wrong.
I burned a Memtest86+ CD and booted from that. Within seconds, it found massive errors in a chunk of memory:

Removing the defective RAM stick solved the problem immediately. No files on disk were corrupt, they were just being corrupted while loading.


Do I have to recheck my bag after going through customs if I do not get on my connecting flight?

Question: The cheapest flight I can find from Punta Cana, Dominican Republic to Raleigh, North Carolina, has a 15-hour layover in Charlotte, NC. I would much rather just rent a car in Charlotte and drive home, than wait for the next flight to Raleigh. When I arrive in Charlotte and go through customs, can I not recheck my bags and just end the trip in Charlotte?
Comment: If you're arriving on AA 1926 at 6:21 pm, you might be able to get on either the 8:10 (AA 1861) or the 10:40 pm (AA 1829) without an additional charge (or for what you'd pay for a rental car).
Answer: I've never come through Customs at CLT, but at every other airport, you can just collect your bags and walk out of the customs hall no problem.  No one will inspect the bags and force you to recheck them.
To be clear, you are violating ticketing rules and contract with the airline, but this is otherwise a common practice.
As a side note, 15 hours is a long time and it's possible they might not accept bags so far in advance, especially if it's overnight, even if you wanted to re-check.  I checked, aa.com presumably, and see the 4 hour rule for certain stations.  CLT is not listed.
Answer: You don't have to recheck your bags. Once you collect them and pass immigration, you are effectively "landed" in the US.
I would collect the bags, go to the rental place, collect my car and be on my way. 15 hours is a ridiculous layover time.


How does armor affect stealth?

Question: Does the type of armor matter? I know that Power Armor has a negative impact on stealth but I haven't really found anything substantial about other armors. Will I be detected more often when wearing metal armor than leather?
Comment: I know that in Fallout 3, stealth is affected by your armor's weight. Not sure about Fallout 4, but I've had an easier time sneaking around after unequipping all of my metal armor.
Answer: Your ability to sneak is directly effected by the weight of the armor you're wearing.
In most cases, it would be better to have lighter armor equipped.
If you have at least rank 4 in the Science! perk, you can modify your power armor chest with a stealth boy. This greatly increases the stealth capabilities, and would likely outweigh the stealth benefits of wearing lighter armor.
Comment: Ok, thanks for the explanation.
OT:Exposing my own ignorance but I've read somewhere that the SB mod only works when you stand still. Is this true?
Comment: Ill have to test that myself. I havnt used one in a long time.
Comment: Do you know how much the armour weight affects stealth?
Comment: No. But if it hasnt been answeres by the time GECK is out, i imagine it would not be hard for me to determine
Comment: Based on what? I cant find any info anywhere about this
Answer: Currently the stealth boy for the Power Armor does show only when you are staying still. However the stealth boy for normal use shows you invisible when you're moving. However the description of the stealth boy power armor upgrade simply says that it activates a stealth field when crouched, so... It is currently unknown if this is a bug or not.
P.S. While the third person view does show you visible when moving while crouched in power armor, its possible that this is only a visual bug and either more extensive testing is required, or people will know for sure when the Creation Kit comes out.
Comment: It is only active while still, though it's moderately easy to mod that away so you can have full stealth whenever you are "sneaking".  Insanely powerful that way.

How does armor affect stealth?


How do I let user 'Y' write in folder 'A' only when executing script 'X'?

Question: How do I let user Y write in folder A only when executing script X?
Answer: I believe that this will require program X having setuid permissions, and belonging to a user UA that has write privileges to folder A. Then when X is invoked it runs as UA, no matter what user it was invoked by.
Most shells (maybe all) won't let scripts have setuid permissions, they'll just ignore that permission bit unless X is a binary. of course x could be a binary wrapper that just executes some separate script X.sh.
You shouldn't setuid X as root if you don't have to. You could make folder A be writable by a user UA with less privileges.
Alternatively, you could make folder A be writable by a dedicated group, and assign X to that group, and use setgid on X instead of setuid.
Answer: This issue is commonly faced by games - nethack for example has "bones" files and a hiscore table that should be writable by the game but not by any of the individual non-administrator users. This is done by having the executable setgid.
http://nethack.wikia.com/wiki/Setgid has a rundown on this system. The advantage is that an exploit of nethack would only get you group games privileges, rather user root privileges.
Answer: How about having script x write to /usr/bin, but as user z which is a user account for this specific purpose?
Granted, this means using the sticky bit, which has its own security concerns, but you can lock down user z (no logins, very restricted permissions beyond /usr/bin, etc.)
I'm not the best on Linux security, but it was the only thing I could come up with on short notice.
A lot of applications execute privilege separation--they do everything they can as an unprivileged user and then the one or two operations that require root are actually done by a separate process. (Alternately: start as root, do the one-two things that require root, and drop privileges.)
Your other option, off the top of my head, is sudo.


How to fix the peeling and cracking of leather?

Question: The surface of my leather sofa has worn out and started peeling off and cracking.I have used dye and leather filler to fix the cracking but it cracked again after few month.  Is there any method which helps to transform it permanently and also work for peeling off?
Comment: You can't fix either, but the treatment to prevent it getting worse depends on the type of leather- broadly aniline or split/painted will react very differently.
Answer: Glycerine (sold in pharmacies) is used to soften stiff leather and prevent it from cracking. It won't fix the cracks that already exist but you could use it to prevent further deterioration.


What is a permaculture solution for dealing with deer in a suburban environment?

Question: The old problem of the deer moving into the city.  My neighborhood is overrun.  So far the best solution I've seen to keep them at bay is fences or hedges.  The true permaculture solution would be to simply grow enough that the deer can eat their fill and there's still plenty for you.  But that's not tenable when you're working on a suburban lot and with deer population densities 10x what is found in the wild.  So, short of fences or hedges, anyone got any ideas?
Comment: "grow enough that the deer can eat their fill" - wouldn't their population grow to match?
Comment: I think the most permaculture solution would be "eat the deer".
Answer:
Make up a batch of bone sauce and apply it to your tree trunks:

The first pot is buried in moist soil leaving an inch or two above ground. The second, upper, pot if filled with bones and a screen goes between the two pots. Clay seals the pots. A small fire is burned on top of the pots for about two hours. Then the wood is pulled away and the pots are covered with dirt. Let the pots cool overnight. Carefully clean all of the dirt off so that no dirt ends up in the bone sauce / salve.

Grow plants that deer don't like. They didn't touch my garlic last spring, but they ate everything else... it's rumored that planting garlic around trees might keep them away, I don't know how well this works if there's a lot of feeding pressure.

Grow lots of plants that deer do like as a distraction to keep them from the stuff you want for yourself.

Grow "deer resistant" plants. Elderberries are supposed to tolerate being munched just about to the ground -- the roots will send up new canes.

Get a dog; you'll still need a fence to keep the dog contained, but the requirements for a dog-proof fence are easier to meet than the requirements for a deer-proof fence.

See also questions where this has come up on gardening.SE:

What is the best way to keep deer away?
What is the best way to prevent animals from eating my garden without a fence?
What is the best way to keep deer away?

I think the bottom line answer from that last question is this:

You will also find suggestions to use bars of soap, human hair, dogs or getting a hunting licence. These will work for some deer, some of the time but if you want a solution for all of the deer, all of the time you need a fence.

I'm not suburban, but I have a lot of deer pressure, and the only thing that works for me is a fence (and it has to be a good fence). (I haven't tried the bone sauce yet.)
Comment: With respect to dog fence... you don't know my dog o.O  Bloody beast is Houdini. He's a velociraptor in disguise.  About the only thing he hasn't figured out how to do yet is open doors, and it's only a matter of time.  But great answer!  And yeah, there's going to be a lot of duplicated information between the SEs.  I suggested a feature in Meta that would help, but I dunno how receptive the SE folks are gonna be to it.  It must have come up before by now and since it's not a feature yet I can't imagine it's something they want to implement. Still.. worth throwing out there.
Answer: Surely the most natural solution would be for the human population to reduce the deer population by eating them.
Comment: Or for the deer to reduce the human population by eating them so they can reclaim some more of their former territory. But that seems less likely.
Answer: Nature's solution to an overpopulation problem would be predators or disease.
Introducing a wolf or two to the area would help cull the herd a little.
I'm less comfortable with the suggestion of spreading a deer-soecific disease, as it has a much higher likelihood of losing control.
Comment: +1 for looking more deeply in to the ecosystem.
Comment: Cougars have been re-introduced into our area for precisely this reason.
Answer: Toby suggested planting some fast growing non-delicious species around the perimeter, perhaps crabapple.  That way, the deer will stick to those instead of eating your food.
Answer: I put up an electric fence.  The deer wire is about 3 foot off the ground.  I take a piece a tinfoil the size of my hand put a dab of peanut butter on it and fold it over, in half.  The deer are attracted to it, by smell, must touch it, get stung, then leave and never come back again.  I do not know why it works but it has for me for several years and I see deer in my garden during the winter when the fence is down.


Is there a way to remove the dent/bend?

Question: I have a 2005 KHS Flite, which I am fairly sure is a Reynolds 520 frame, that I absolutely love and have morphed through many variations (the original brakeless fixie, then both breaks free-wheel, then upright gentleman's bike that can still whip, and so on).  Someone tried to steel it or just decided to fuck with it, and bent the downtube/put a dent in the downtube.  It's not major enough to keep me from riding it -  at least I don't think it should, I could be wrong. I was wondering if there is anyway to work out the dent.  Maybe from the inside out somehow?  It's thumb print size into the metal, with little to no warping around the indentation.
Comment: Unfortunately, the downtube is about the worst in this regard, because it's difficult to fish anything effective in there.  The frame block approach is worth a shot, I suppose.  The fact that the tube is "ovalized" a bit should not really be a problem if you squish it from the right direction.  Or just let it be.  I've seen folks riding bikes where the downtube was rusted completely in two.
Answer: Since you didn't put a picture, I'm going to guess it is not significantly dented enough to worry about it (in which case, I'd just leave it alone since anything else will be uglier), but you should take it to a bike shop to get a professional opinion (so everything here is obviously all at you're own risk).
One way is the ShelBroCo Dent Removal System (joke). A more serious overview from Sheldon Brown's site is here.
For seat tubes and head tubes, you can try from the inside to press the dent out but I don't see you you could do it on the downtube.
Frame blocks (made by companies like Bicycle Research, though you could make your own if you have access to a machine shop quite easily) are one solution. They're essentially 2 machined pieces of metal which you clamp over the tube and rotate the frame to try to push the tube back into shape. An example is here. Note that this will strip the paint off that area as well.
Bondo is another solution.
The extreme solution is to replace the tube (or part of it).
Comment: Amazing!  The picture of the dent in the ad for the ShelBroCo Dent Removal System is exactly the same size and shape of my dent. Spot on.
Comment: but alas, the downtube is ovalized. Do they make frame blocks in ovalized shapes?
Comment: You can't rotate an oval tube, so no.
Comment: Doh!  That should have been obvious. Great answer anyway!
Comment: You should still probably get a professional opinion if you're not feeling comfortable about it though. If the metal has been pinched at all for example, that can make the frame unsafe.

Is there a way to remove the dent/bend?


What is the punishment for receiving a seruv from a Bais Din?

Question: What is the punishment for receiving a seruv from a Bais Din for litigating B'Arkoas (in non-Jewish courts) without a heter?
Comment: The punishment wouldn't be for the siruv. It would be for going to Arkaos which is like "lifting his hand against the Torah of Moshe"
Answer: A search found the following on the consequences of  a shtar siruv:
1) Rabbinical Council of America "Jun 1, 1993 -- RESOLUTION: MATTER OF PRE-NUPTIAL AGREEMENTS &
RECALCITRANT SPOUSES"

Resolved, that any person against whom there is an outstanding Shetar
  Siruv, issued by a Beit Din consisting of three Orthodox Rabbis, in
  regard to matters of issuance or receipt of a Get:
  1. Shall not be permitted to occupy any elective or appointed position, or position as employee, within the Synagogue organization
  or within any of its affiliates.
  2. Shall be excluded from membership in the Synagogue or in any of its affiliates.
  3. Shall not be called to the Torah nor be given any other liturgical honor on any occasion.
Further, that such person who reside within our community:
  4. Shall have his or her name announced on a regular monthly basis at the conclusion of Sabbath services.
  5. Shall have his or her name published in the Synagogue bulletin with a call to the membership to limit their social and economic relations
  to such persons.

2) Rabbinical Court of Greater Cleveland Feb 2005. The named person is subject to the strictures of Yoreh Deah 334 (2).
3) Beth Din of America

A summoning beth din may issue a "seruv," or a contempt order. A seruv
  is simply a public  declaration by a beth din that someone was
  summoned to beth din but refused to meet their  obligation under
  Jewish law to appear in front of the beth din. Sometimes, Jewish
  communities or synagogues impose sanctions on such people, such as not
  giving them  aliyos (being called up to the reading of the Torah) or
  refraining from social interaction, to  pressure the person to meet
  their obligation. The beth din is not necessarily involved at  that
  point – the community or synagogue decides what measures are
  appropriate.

I did not find how these were applied practically.
Comment: At least item 1 is irrelevant, as it discusses what was done "in regard to matters of issuance or receipt of a Get" whereas the question asks about someone "litigating B'Arkoas (in non-Jewish courts) without a heter". +1, though, for item 3.
Comment: @msh210 Your comment accepted. It implies that there may be different standards for a shtar seruv depending on the circumstances under which it was issued.
Answer: Are you asking how G-d punishes it? I don't know.
As far as what we can do today, today's batei din don't have the power of corporeal punishment. (Israel is a bit more complicated, let's assume we're talking elsewhere.) Depending on the language of the seruv, the rabbis could call on the Jewish community to shun the individual; deny him any honors in synagogue; or potentially even bar his entrance to synagogue altogether. Shulchan Aruch discusses different levels of bans, some of which would mean the individual can't even count for a minyan. Rabbenu Tam is famous for describing an agreement that no one in the Jewish community would do business with someone found in contempt; my understanding is this is rarely used today (but I heard Rabbi Hershel Schachter state it might be necessary to bring it back).
In short, it can vary, and it only works based on how people in the local community agree to abide by it. If the fellow under contempt walks away from the community altogether, well we live in a liberal society and there's little we can do. (Though we could still assemble peaceful protests on public land outside the guy's house, for instance.)


Software For Writing Math Equations In Blogger

Question: I am new to blogging world. Sometimes i need to put math equations in my blog. So, Is there any software for that and also where can I download it. Also, If there will be any other advice related to it please mention.
Comment: Did you try a search? There are many hits for example: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/integration/blogger/install.php
Answer: MS Word has an editor of sorts. After creating the equation, use a screen capture to grab something for the web.
Math Magic (Free)
http://www.mathmagic.com/product/litewin.html
MathCast (Free)
https://sourceforge.net/projects/mathcast/
MathType ($$ Design Science)
http://www.dessci.com/en/products/mathtype/
Comment: Using image for math formulas is a bad idea. Not only it takes much more bandwidth, it'll become blurry on hidpi screens or when the user zooms in
Comment: You're right about images if you go with jpeg or gif. I've never had an issuse when using uncompressed PNG. Bandwidth was a real concern 20 years ago when ADSL lines were the thing and having T-1 line was impressive. When the average user is connecting at 56Mbps or better, I'm not going to worry about a 2-500k image file.
Answer: MathJax sure:
Example:

$$ b=\frac{\sum\limits_{i=1}^n y_i - a \sum\limits_{i=1}^n x_i} {n}$$

Also you can try AsciiMath.


How do I apply my copyright information from XMP automatically with DigiKam?

Question: I have an xmp file with my copyright information provided by the Creative Commons license wizard. How can I configure DigiKam to automatically apply this information to every image I import?
Answer: I believe you can use the metadata templates for this purpose, but the digiKam documentation is not exactly clear on this.
According to section 2.4.3 of the digiKam Handbook:

At the very least,
  for all images that will be exported and/or published in any form, the authorship and copyright
  information should be part of their metadata. Nothing more simple to do with digiKam: you can
  setup the default identity, and any images ingested be digiKam will be automatically informed.

I believe this is referring to the metadata templates which you can define by opening digiKam then selecting the "Settings" menu, then "Configure digiKam". In the window that appears, select the "Templates" icon from the scrolling menu on the left. You should now see the "Metadata templates" page of digiKam's settings, and you can define copyright and author information here. There are also tabs for "Location", "Contact" and "Subjects" but I don't know why you would want these values to be appended to all imported images.
I recommend you run some tests to check that you get the result you want with a few test images, before going ahead with a mass import of your image library.
Answer: Unfortunately, the way that templates are implemented in digiKam requires a separate template for every combination of copyright, location, and contact information.  Applying a template will overwrite all 3 types of information, even if it is blank in the template or exists already in the file.  Since this is the case, I have written an Exiftool script for myself that I can run on a directory to set the copyright information, and a separate ExifTool script that sets the contact information.
Answer:
As the other answer already said, add a copyright metadata template in Settings.
After import mark all images in the folder and then
go to metadata/tags sidebar and add the information you want
OR open the batch manager (ctrl-B) and apply your metadata there.

I do not know whether you can do it directly on import. It might be possible.


Comparing gear ratios on different bike types

Question: How can I compare gear ratios on different wheel sizes? How can I compare gear ratios on MTB with tracking bikes with bigger wheels? How can I compare gear ratios with gear hubs?
Comment: A good calculator for gear inches, gear ratios, and other useful stuff: http://www.bikecalc.com
Answer: Typically you quote gear sizes in gear inches, very basically this is the drive wheel diameter multiplied by the ratio between the two gear cogs, traditionally quoted in inches.
Also sometimes mentioned is development which is the amount of distance travelled by one revolution of the cranks (the astute will notice that is going to be proportional to gear inches and possibly a more meaningful quantity).
The more complex alternative, but one which is an absolute number, rather than measured in distance is Sheldon Brown's gain ratio  which tries to include the crank length in the equation to get some sort of appreciation for the extra work for the smaller cranks found on, e.g., road bikes in comparison to ATBs. So for every unit travelled by the pedal on its circular journey, the bike will travel x units along the ground.
Hubs will still have an absolute number of sprockets, even if it is just an equivalence to a real cog so can still contribute to these equations.
Comment: +1. I'd just got as far as typing in "Sheldon" when I saw your answer pop up.@Hubidubi his site really is worth a read - there is stuff on there about internal hubs also but this isn't an area I know a lot about.
Comment: @Pete hah :) to be honest, "go search Sheldon Brown" would answer 90% of all technical questions on here ...
Comment: I think Gain Ratio is the ratio between linear velocity of the pedal axis and forward bike movement, and not circular velocity of crank as written. A longer crank-arm gives a lower gain ratio, since the same amount of linear movement on the pedal would give a smaller angular movement, making it easier to turn. (I admit it's difficult not to be complicted when talking about this... :o)
Comment: @heltonbiker oh sure, it is, strictly, not a measure of gear _ratio_ but the OP did mentioned the comparison between different classes of bike so I went the extra mile and introduced the crank length element too. I suspect that 'development' is the most intuitive measure, but it is gear inches that you see everywhere. Gear ratio just seems like Sheldon Brown scratching his own itch and I'm not entirely surprised it hasn't taken off. I mean, as you say, who thinks in circular velocity? ;)
Comment: I think Gain Ratio would be fair because it gives the ratio between force applied to the pedals, and force applied to the ground by the rear wheel. Force vs force, or even linear speed vs linear speed, two things of the same magnitude. Now I find MUCH more natural the development measure, even if the physical entities are not of the same nature (cadence vs. bike speed, or torque vs force). In particular, I think the best measure of a gear to be in "cadence vs speed", or "speed vs cadence" form.
Answer: Whilst this doesn't expand further on the answers already given another site probably worth noting as it covers all of your examples with addition of direct comparisons, it's also very easy to understand is:
http://www.gear-calculator.com/#
Answer: Unless you consider the crankarm length (which usually is NOT done for the sake of simplicity), you have one (or two, in the case of gear hubs) "multipliers" to get the ratio of speed (and torque) between the crank and the wheel, and one final conversion between angular speed and forward speed. That would either allow you to calculate forward speed for a given RPM, which is one of the best parameters to judge how a given gears "feels" on any bike.
First you have to calculate the gear ratio between chainring and cog. As an example from one of my bikes, if you have a 46t chainring and a 16t cog, dividing 46 by 16 gives you 2.875 which is a first multiplier.
Then, if I am in the 6th gear of my hub, the table from the manufacturer says it gives me a 0.528 REDUCTION ratio.
So, for every crank turn I have 2.875 times 0.528 = 1.518 wheel turns. If I know that my wheel has a circumference of 2.115 meters, then for each crank turn I'll go 3.21 meters forward.
Now if I take any other similar sized and similar weight bike and ride any other combination which gives me 3.21 meters per crank revolution, these gears most probably will feel very similar, and both bikes could be ridden side by side with the same cadence, even if one bike had a 20 inch wheel (that would mean the gear and hub ratio would have to be higher to compensate.
Although it is possible to calculate wheel circumference from wheel radius (radius * 2 * PI), the best way is to measure - with a tape - the actual distance travelled by the bike as you push it forward until the tire gives a whole turn.
Hope this helps!
Answer: The standard scheme is to convert gear ratio into "gear inches" (or, I suppose, in Europe "gear centimeters").  This goes back to the old "penny-farthing" bikes where to get a larger "gear ratio" you'd get a bike with a larger front wheel.
"Gear inches" is the diameter of a "direct drive" wheel that will travel, in one turn of the pedals, the same distance that a geared bike in a given gear will travel in one turn of the pedals.
You first calculate gear ratio, which is the number of front teeth divided by the number of rear teeth, then multiply that by wheel diameter.  (Look up actual tire diameter on Sheldon Brown's web site, since rim "diameter" doesn't really measure anything.)
(Or there are no doubt several web sites that will do all this for you.)
To calculate gear inches for an internal geared hub you'd start with the fact that the vast majority of such hubs have their "fastest" gear be a "lock-up" where the wheel turns once for each turn of the sprocket.  Then you calculate gear inches for that.  If you then have the ratios of the other gears you can multiply/divide (as appropriate for the presentation of the ratios) to get gear inches for the other gears.