Is a defense lawyer who knows, for certain, that a client is guilty, obligated to try and prove innocence?

Question: As per the title, is a defense lawyer who knows, for certain, that a client is guilty, (e.g. the client says so, etc.) obligated to try and prove innocence?  What is a defense lawyer obligated to do in such circumstances?
Comment: A client saying so does *not* mean that a lawyer knows for certain that the client is guilty; a signed confession does not  constitute absolute proof either (and people do all sorts of crazy things against their best interest). "Guilt" often involves assessing mental state (e.g. "reasonable fear"), plus a careful reading of the law. Being an actual witness to the crime is really the only way to be be absolutely certain about the event. It would help if you fleshed out the question, to separate "suspect that he is guilty" from "know it".
Comment: http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/representing-client-whom-the-lawyer-thinks-is-guilty.html
Comment: I guess you mean a criminal case. There the burden of proof is on the accusation side, so the defense lawyer does not need to prove that his client is innocent; he only needs to show that the charges against his client are not supported by the evidence presented. Think that the juries do not declare somebody "innocent", they declare him "not guilty".
Comment: Let's say that the defendant basically says that the facts of the complaint against him are true, to the lawyer, and the lawyer knows or otherwise has no reason to believe the client is or was under duress or an altered mental state.
Comment: The lawyer is still there to make sure the defendant is treated fairly. Even if their client admits to them that they're guilty, a defense attorney is still responsible for making sure they are only found guilty of the actual crime and that the prosecution does not pad charges or attempt to do something unethical themselves. Defense is *not* about trying to let a person get away with a crime like some people believe. It is about ensuring a person gets a fair trial, which should inherently get them found not guilty if they aren't guilty.
Answer: To know a defendant is guilty is to know that the government has convinced a judge or jury beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed all the elements of a crime.
A lawyer can't know that the government will accomplish this prior to a trial.
Options for a lawyer who determines that the government has a strong case include:

seeking to have evidence excluded
looking for other grounds for appeals
establishing affirmative defenses
negotiating a plea deal for a lighter sentence or less serious crime
the lawyer will continue to force the government to prove their case
Comment: Suppose that a lawyer becomes convinced (after taking on the client) that his client is guilty: what prevents him from withdrawing from the case, or revealing that evidence to the prosecution? What happens if a lawyer had prior knowledge of wrong-doing, e.g. Murdoch Esq. previously witnesses Castle committing murder? Once he take on the client, can / must he reveal evidence that he was aware of prior to taking on the client?
Comment: There is nothing ethically wrong with presenting a full and strong defense in a case where the factual allegations of the prosecution happen to be true. Indeed, the defense lawyer is obliged to do so. The only limitation is that in this circumstance the lawyer can't present testimony to the court that the lawyer knows is perjured. Also, a defense lawyer can ethically seek jury nullification.
Comment: That was actually an invite to expand on the answer: why can't a lawyer bail if he thinks (knows) the client is guilty; is an attorney obliged to reveal inculpatory evidence not coming from attorney-client relation?
Comment: @user6726 a lawyer who is a witness to an alleged crime cannot act for either the prosecution or the defence
Answer: Defendants (and their lawyers) need to prove nothing: the onus is on the prosecution to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt. That is why defendants are found guilty or not guilty - they are never found innocent.
That said, while jurisdictions vary, the NSW Barrister's Rules are representative of the obligations of an advocate in common law jurisdictions. Of note:

Duty to the Court

A barrister has an overriding duty to the Court to act with independence in the interests of the administration of justice.
A barrister must not deceive or knowingly or recklessly mislead the Court.
A barrister must take all necessary steps to correct any misleading statement made by the barrister to a court as soon as possible after the barrister becomes aware that the statement was misleading.
A barrister must, at the appropriate time in the hearing of the case if the court has not yet been informed of that matter, inform the court of:
(a) any binding authority;
(b) where there is no binding authority any authority decided by an Australian appellate court; and
(c) any applicable legislation;
known to the barrister and which the barrister has reasonable grounds to believe to be directly in point, against the client's case.

Duty to client

A barrister must promote and protect fearlessly and by all proper and lawful means the client's best interests to the best of the barrister's skill and diligence, and do so without regard to his or her own interest or to any consequences to the barrister or to any other person.
A barrister must inform the client or the instructing solicitor about the alternatives to fully contested adjudication of the case which are reasonably available to the client, unless the barrister believes on reasonable grounds that the client already has such an understanding of those alternatives as to permit the client to make decisions about the client's best interests in relation to the litigation
A barrister must seek to assist the client to understand the issues in the case and the client's possible rights and obligations, sufficiently to permit the client to give proper instructions, including instructions in connection with any compromise of the case.
A barrister must (unless circumstances warrant otherwise in the barrister's
  considered opinion) advise a client who is charged with a criminal offence about any law, procedure or practice which in substance holds out the prospect of some
  advantage (including diminution of penalty), if the client pleads guilty or
  authorises other steps towards reducing the issues, time, cost or distress involved in the proceedings.

Criminal pleas
40A. It is the duty of a barrister representing a person charged with a criminal offence:
(a) to advise the client generally about any plea to the charge; and
(b) to make clear that the client has the responsibility for and complete freedom of choosing the pleas to be entered.
40B. For the purpose of fulfilling the duty in rule 40A, a barrister may, in an appropriate case, advise the client in strong terms that the client is unlikely to escape conviction and that a plea of guilty is generally regarded by the court as a mitigating factor to the extent that the client is viewed by the court as cooperating in the criminal justice process.
40C. Where a barrister is informed that the client denies committing the offence charged but insists on pleading guilty to the charge, the barrister;
(a) must advise the client to the effect that by pleading guilty, the client will be admitting guilt to all the world in respect of all the elements of the charge;
(b) must advise the client that matters submitted in mitigation after a plea of guilty must be consistent with admitting guilt in respect of all of the
  elements of the offence;
(c) must be satisfied that after receiving proper advice the client is making a free and informed choice to plead guilty; and
(d) may otherwise continue to represent the client.
Independence

A barrister must not act as the mere mouthpiece of the client or of the instructing solicitor and must exercise the forensic judgments called for during the case independently, after the appropriate consideration of the client's and the instructing solicitor's wishes where practicable.

So a barrister's duty if they believe the client is likely to be proven guilty is to advise them of this and point out that this is a mitigating factor in sentencing. Notwithstanding, a barrister is never permitted to deceive the court or allow the court to be deceived - this almost certainly means that a barrister will not call the defendant as a witness if the barrister believes the client will perjure themselves.


Right knee hurts on squat

Question: When I squat in athletics my right knee hurts on the inside and sometimes when we max out or something my knee will hurt all day. If weight and load are needed, I weigh 105 lbs and squat 185 lbs. I ask my coaches but they say I'm fine, but I think they think I can just work through it. Could it be from my max jump from 155 - 185? By max jump I mean I was at 155 and within two weeks I was at 185 I'll have more info in the next 2-3 Hours.
Comment: What do you mean "max jump from 155-185"? How long have you been squatting? What has your progression looked like? Could you say what weight you started at, how many sets/reps you've been doing, and how quickly the weight has increased?
Comment: In addition to what Sancho asked, form could be an issue too. Are you hitting full depth (i.e. below parallel)? Knees not caving in? What type of squats are you doing (low bar, high bar, powerlifting, front, etc.)?
Comment: Indeed, I would make sure a coach/PT is checking your form on the maxed squat, because it is possible your knees are buckling or turning in as you come up. As for the "max jump," I'm not sure what you mean, but frequent jumping with bad form/support can cause knee issues, so it's something to consider.
Comment: I just want to recommend [this](http://www.runningwritings.com/2011/09/injury-series-tendon-remodeling-part-ii.html) article because it helped me.
Answer: You most likely have poor hip mobility and activation. Inside knee pain can be associated more with adductor tightness/hip external rotation, you should be stretching those anyway.
Here are the steps to directly improve symptoms when training

Stop doing movements that cause pain.
Do dynamic and static stretching before every workout.
Do a light cardio warm up before hand to increase internal temperature, increase circulation and warm up joint synovial fluid.
Do plenty of warm up reps with little to no weight and slowly ramp up (155 -> 185lbs is 20% increase, too much for hitting a max, try something like 155, 175, 185)
Do box squats instead of free squats.
Do slow negatives (Come down slowly, 2 second count is fine on squats) and don't bounce. When you drop quickly the tendons, ligaments and other tissue have to use more force to decelerate and reverse the weight. Imagine a car collision at 10mph vs 80mph. So control the weight down.

For overall the knee health, I recently wrote an article on dealing with knee pain.
Some main points:

Daily low intensity activity is essential.
Regular foam rolling.
Increase flexibility by stretching common tight areas such as the adductors, IT band, hip flexors (Psoas, Iliacus), and hamstrings.
Improve ankle mobility and flexibility.
Make sure knee is in line with your feet and doesn't bow inwards. Usually has to do with adductor length.
Do more single leg movements! Start with in place lunges, master those and move on to more advanced movements.
Improve glute and hip activation by doing glute bridges, just make sure to use your glutes and not your lower back on those.

That should help a lot!
Comment: Newer research suggests doing static stretching pre-workout can promote injury, rather than prevent it. I'd stick to dynamic, unassisted stretching.
Comment: Static stretching is essential to achieve the prerequisite flexibility for training. Going beyond that might increase injury due to decreased stability. Mike Boyle talks more about static stretching in [this article.](http://www.strengthcoach.com/public/1333.cfm) " Static stretching would be done to increase flexibility while the muscle is most prone to increase in length. Dynamic warm-up would follow to prepare the muscles for exercise. Coaches need to think about length changes for long-term injury prevention and dynamic warm-up for short term injury prevention. Both are critical."
Comment: I know people want to hold on to static stretching because they've been doing it for so long, but the research that doing it before any exercise increases injury is continuing to pile up, and has been for more than a decade.
Comment: I actually was against static stretching pre-workout before I started incorporating them back into my training programs. The issue isn't really about do or don't. It's a tool, when used properly yields great results.
Answer: Without more info this is difficult to say. But I used to experience this same sort of pain and it was due to a muscle imbalance. Though I am right handed I am left leg dominant and my vastus medialis on my right leg was much smaller than on my left. My vastus lateralis on both legs, however, were pretty well developed (my squat stance is wide so my hips are strong). This caused the tendon on my knee to pull a little to the right giving me pain that was the equivalent to "Runners Knee". I corrected this by performing additional leg exercises to strengthen my right leg with emphasis on the vastus medialis. The first two things I would suspect are form and muscle imbalance.
Answer: There's quite a lot that could be going slightly awry, I'd highly recommend working through:
http://www.mobilitywod.com/2011/05/episode-253365-knee-pain-case-study.html
and
http://www.mobilitywod.com/2011/09/episode-318365-knee-pain-on-stairs-or-hills.html
I suspect you'll be able to self-diagnose using these posts.

Right knee hurts on squat


Location Unit Conversions Data

Question: I'm making a unit conversion code to convert from an Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) location to a Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude (LLA) location and vice versa. I'm also making a code to convert from East, North, Up (ENU) to both of these locations as well. I have the code written out but I don't have any reliable data to test my code. Does anyone know of a link I can go to for the different location units of major cities and the north/south poles? If not a link to a reliable conversion calculator would help as well.
Answer: I just found this page for matlab:
http://uk.mathworks.com/help/aeroblks/ecefpositiontolla.html
I hope it can help.
Comment: Thanks this helps. Unfortunately though I still don't have any data to compare my ENU to ECEF conversion code to.

Location Unit Conversions Data


Corny Real Ale?

Question: I am interested in learning some of the intricacies associated with 'real ale'. I realize that out in industry, this is done in large stainless steel (or aluminum?) barrels with special corks etc etc in order to achieve the desired level of carbonation and aging. My question is, has it been attempted to replicate this keg conditioning using a corny keg, aside from simply adding priming sugar and letting it carb? Would a first attempt at this be as simple as hooking up a pressure relief of some sort to the CO2-in port, and letting it sit at 58F (ish) for awhile, or is the cask conditioning process much more involved than this?
Answer: Real Ale, that's
"beer brewed from traditional ingredients, matured by secondary fermentation in the container from which it is dispensed, and served without the use of extraneous carbon dioxide". (CAMRA)
As homebrewers, we can emulate this by:

Not pasturizing our beer...(ok that was easy!)
preparing the corny for use as secondary/fining/dispensing vessel by shortening the liquid out tube so not to pick up sediment, and adding a pressure relief on the CO2 in port.
racking from primary directly to the keg.
Using finings to clear the beer rather than a filter.
Optionally using pure nitrogen rather than CO2 to dispense, so avoiding the "extraneous CO2" part. (Personally, I'm not a purist, so I'd probably just use CO2, set to keep the volumes of CO2 in the 1.2-1.4 range.)

A lot of what we do as homebrewers is similar to traditional methods since we're not trying to  or have the means to exploit economy of scale or produce sterile, filtered beer. For the most part, producing real ale can be a lot like normal homebrewing in kegs, apart from not using forced carbonation.
Depending upon how you naturally carbonate the beer, the pressure relief is optional. If you rack when the gravity is 4 points above final, then you don't need a pressure relief valve - the residual fermentables is the right amount to provide the appropriate level of carbonation at fermentation temperature (see link).
In the case where we don't know the exact FG or we hit final gravity before racking, then the pressure relief valve is the way to go. Set it from usual keg pressure charts according to the cellar temperature (typical 55-60F) and aim for 1.2-1.4 vols of CO2. If final gravity was reached, then add priming sugar. You can also add priming sugar even if FG wasn't reached - any excess CO2 will be bled off.
One problem with natural carbonation in a keg is that sometimes the corny lid doesn't seal - it takes a blast of CO2 or N2 to get a complete seal so the CO2 produced from fermentation is kept in the keg. Again, if you use CO2, that's more "extraneous CO2", but it's a personal choice if you think this will affect the beer.
Comment: The mouthfeel of beer served through handpumps is usually quite different from pressure-served beer, especially if the pump has a creamer nozzle. Go very easy on the carbonation though, and you should be able to approximate it.
Comment: If you want to go all out, add a hand pump and a cask breather, they should be easy to connect to a corny. That's how on of the microbreweries here in Norway (Kinn Bryggeri) serves all its draft ales. The cask breather adds CO2 to the keg at ambient pressure and is a no-go for camra purists, for some archaic and pointless reason.
Comment: But for all the hassle (and purist issues aside), would the beer taste any different compared to just pushing out the beer with very low level carbonation?
Answer: It is really as simple as putting in some priming sugar and letting it go to "keg condition" for carbonation.
In a true real ale situation you might rack from primary to keg when there is still <10% of the sugar remaining.  In this case you are not adding any priming sugar.
But there's nothing more to it than sealing the keg and getting the beer to carbonate on the trapped pressure.  Just like bottling.  A measured amount of sugar will produce a measured about of CO2 and carbonation.  No need to hook up a "pressure relief of some sort".

Corny Real Ale?


Putting wider wheels on a hybrid bike

Question: I've recently had a bike donated to me by a friend so I can start commuting to work. It's a hybrid style bike, and uses 700x32C tyres. My ride to work is along a pretty bumpy, muddy canal path and my feeling is that the tyres currently on the bike are a bit too narrow for the terrain. I'm very new to cycling, and particular bike maintenance, so this might be a dumb question, but can I replace the wheels on the bike with something wider? If so, what measurements should I take from the bike to make sure I get something that fits?
Comment: Generally you can install wider tires, up to a point.  The main limiting factor is whether the brake arms will rub the sides of the wider tires, and this is mostly an issue with "V-brakes" (which are the most common style these days).  Replacing the entire wheel (or just the rim) is generally unnecessary unless you go to a much wider tire.
Answer: Frame clearance can be a problem, especially if the mud is sticky and the tire too close - it can clog up quite badly if you go too wide. If you have V brakes, these can also, however my experience has been worst case is new brake pads.
29" Mountain bike tires are 700C. (As Always - http://sheldonbrown.com/tire-sizing.html has the answer), so you now have a wide range of tires to choose from. The web page also has a great chart for tire width vs Rim Width compatibility. With a bit of luck you will not need new rims, just tires.
If in doubt, take the bike to the guys at the LBS and have a chat with them. They will put you right on local conditions and will hopefully know the route you are riding and give good suggestions.

Putting wider wheels on a hybrid bike


Is citric acid is a anti foaming agent?

Question: I added citric acid in my dish washing liquid. It stopped foaming.  Iwant my liquid again to foam. because I prepared 4 litres of liquid. Please let me know how can i get back my liquid foam. please answer immediately.
Comment: Any acid is an anti-foaming agent (if you have an anionic surfactant, that is).
Answer: Citric acid is not a defoaming agent in itself. It is routinely used for pH adjustment in many commercial hand-dishwashing agents.
But it depends on the surfactant in the product. As Ivan tells, anionics will at some point be protonated by acids, and thereby loose their surface activity –and foaming capability.
Commercial anionic surfactants like ethersulfates will only do so at rather low pH, outside what is relevant for dish-washing products. But if your product is based on saponified oils it's another story. Many fatty acids are weak acids (pK in the rage of 4-5) and will be significantly protonated at pH even as high as 5-6.
By the way: making good foam is as much an art as a science :-). If you want to dig deeper in the subject, I can recommend "Prof Steven Abbot –Surfactant Science, Principles and practice". It is freely available on the web.
Answer: If your dishwashing liquid is an anionic surfactant which is protonated by the citric acid, you may have noticed a precipitate of some kind, or perhaps an unusual oiliness. If you can, check the pH.
A possible cure would be to raise the pH to 8 or 9 and stir or shake. Borax should do the trick. Sodium carbonate (washing soda) could work, but would probably give some foam from evolution of CO2, so do it little by little. More alkaline materials like sodium or potassium hydroxide would be less safe for home use because of possible overdosing.
Grease removers are generally not acidic, because most greases are more dispersible/removable with alkaline aqeous surfactants.

Is citric acid is a anti foaming agent?


Can I borrow and play a friends ps4 game on my console?

Question: I just bought a ps4 and I was wondering if I can borrow a friends ps4 game and play it on mine? If I play it on my console will it harm my friends psn account?
Answer: Yes, you can borrow your friend's PS4 game and play it without any problems or repercussions to either of your accounts.
Borrowing games from friends is essentially the same as buying games second-hand, which is still possible as of 2016-05-01, but only with disk-based games.
Note that you cannot redeem any DLC codes that your friend has already redeemed, as these can only be redeemed once.

You may not even need to borrow your friend's games in the first place, thanks to the PS4's new Share Play feature.

How to use Share Play.
Share Play has a couple of restrictions you might want to keep in mind:

Share Play allows unlimited 60 minute sessions.
  A host may only invite one friend per session.
  Shared games must be available on PlayStation®Store in both the host's and friend's countries for Share Play to be used.
  German users can use Share Play only with other German Sony Entertainment Network account holders.
  Games must be multiplayer.
  Games using PlayStation®Camera not supported.
  Any trophies earned by friends are not retained.
  Hosts must have a PlayStation®Plus membership.
  Friends must have a PlayStation®Plus membership to join a "play a game together" session.
  PlayStation®4 system and Sony Entertainment Network account required.
  Both host and friend must be PSN Friends and online at the same time.
  If the Parental Control Level of the host's game does not match the friend's Parental Control Level setting, or if the friend's age is lower than the game's age rating on PlayStation®Store, Share Play cannot be used.
  German friends are required to input their German ID number if the game is rated 16+.
Comment: Not the best quote, as it comes from pre-release. Xbox One also has no restrictions on physical disc, and does not require online unless the game deliberately does.


Can I invite my phd student to be a guest editor of a special Issue of a Journal I am guest editor as well?

Question: I am an Assistant Professor in the USA and I was invited to be a guest editor of a Special Issue for an international peer-reviewed Journal. I was asked to find 2 other guest editors. Can I invite my PhD student to be a guest editor? Are there any reasons not to do it? I thought it would look good on his CV. I will handle most of the papers, I will give him just 2-3 papers to handle so it won't take too much of his time. He has 2 papers published as first name on this topic.
Comment: Sounds like something you should ask the editor. I don't think that there should be an actual restriction but this changes by journal.
Comment: Yes, but I was also asking from a general point of view...is it a good idea to do it?
Comment: Beware that invitations to be a guest editor frequently come from predatory journals.  I get them at least once a week.
Answer: As someone who served as guest editor already:
I don't see a problem in principle by inviting/recommending an additional person (including students) for this job. I guess I would ask the editorial team, as @Buffy suggested already.
I would not invite a student for other reasons though:
Usually this is a lot of work, which blocks students from working on their thesis or related studies. This depends of course if the student wants to do it as an investment in a later career.
Moreover, I think it would be good to have a few years of experience in publishing, which helps you to select reasonable reviewers. This will be different for other fields, but from my experience, there were almost never any perfect fits to reviewers. It was rather hard to identify, who may have expertise in some exotic areas to review a certain paper. Here a few years in the business definitely help. I assume this would be much harder for students - or it would all come back to you rather than taking work away from you.
Keep in mind, even if you give them just 2 or 3 papers, this can result in some serious work, if reviewers don't react or you don't have any good matches from the start, ...
Finally, the statement to "find two other guest editors" somewhat sounds like you would be working with a predatory journal. Without knowing the actual journal, this is how I would interpret this situation.
Answer: In general there is no problem unless the journal editor objects - which I doubt. But tell them that it is a student you recommend. The editor may want some assurance that the student is "ripe" for such a task.
But, you are correct that this is good experience for the student.


Does the pronunciation of ん change with the sound following it?

Question: For example, the word かばん (bag) is pronounced kabaN when it's alone but what if another word like と (and) comes after it? Would it be still pronounced kabaNto, or  should you consider the following と and say kabanto?
Comment: There is a definite difference between say, きんえん and きねん, but the example you gave doesn't seem all that different to me. To some degree the why the ん is pronounced is from the mora after it. せんぱい gets close to an 'm' sound than せんせい does, because of the need to sound the ぱ. Thats just my observation though and i dont know the specifics of it.
Answer: Yes, it does. For example, ん is pronounced like [n] in かばんと、かばんの、and かばんで (before [t], [n] or [d]), like [ng]/[ŋ] (as in siNGer) in かばんが and かばんか (before [g] or [k]), and like [m] in かばんも (before [m], [p], or [b]).
Answer: Adding to the other great answers, with かばん, the N, for linguists, is a uvular nasal /N/, almost like a real nasal vowel.
The original /N/ pronunciation is also retained, or become a nasal vowel before approximants (like y and w-sounds: や、ゆ、よ、わ...)as in ほんを、こんや、...
In general, the ん sound can also vary depending on the speaker. Although, all this stuff is what I've learned so far. Please correct my errors too!


In the suggested edit review, the user should be asked for a rejection reason when choosing "reject and edit"

Question: As I'm starting to review suggested edits, I noticed, as would anyone else, the following popup that occurs requesting a reason for the edit rejection. However, when I click Reject and Edit, the popup does not appear. Is this for a reason? I am rejecting the edit just the same as when using simply Reject, so it seems to me it would be desirable to offer feedback using this same popup behavior.
Comment: @Tom It's not as though there is just one "correct" edit where the original editor can see, "oh, that's what I should have done". Viewing the "proper" edit does not offer specific feedback about why *their* edit was rejected, which would inform future editing.
Comment: There is no need for that popup. When you click "reject" you want to tell the editor why their edit is bad. But when you select "reject and edit", then your edit tells the editor how the proper edit looks like.
Comment: I don't really agree with this. The only reason you'd be opting to "Reject and Improve" an edit is because it offered no improvement whatsoever. Thus, the edit you ended up submitting is all the guidance that any prospective editor needs about what they should have done instead. I don't see the merit in adding an additional click to this process.
Comment: @CodyGray it's not "Reject and Improve", it's "Reject and Edit", so my edit may (likely?) bear no resemblance to the original edit... anyway, I maintain that the new edit itself very often doesn't provide the same feedback as the rejection reason.
Comment: huh, not a bad request - I usually work around this by drafting a "response" edit message, but I highly doubt editors read them. Plus it feels like communicating via git commits.
Comment: @AdrianMole if you straight out reject the edit you then may have to wait for additional rejections until you can edit it again. I can't see too many people doing that.
Comment: Re my previous comment, back in 2015 the message the author of the rejected edit got upon a "reject and edit" was: "This edit did not correct critical issues with the post - view the revision history to see what should have been changed." I can't see newer ones, as I haven't suggested anything since 2016 or so, but this message captures the meaning quite well in my opinion. How would one of the canned reasons be more specific than this?
Comment: If you *really* need to send a message to the original editor, then you can simply "Reject" and then edit it outside the review queue. That may be appropriate on *rare* occasions (spam/vandalism being one) but, as others have said, I don't see it being a useful feature in most cases.
Comment: I will admit the lack of an ability to indicate that an edit is incomplete or inappropriate is one reason I don't "reject and edit" and instead just reject the edit entirely.  Incomplete edits that ignore 20-30 grammatical in an existing contribution mistakes are simply not helpful
Comment: Doesn't the reject reason in the previous editor's edit suggestion list say something along the lines of "This edit has been rejected, see the revision history for what should've been changed"? That is the gist of why the edit is rejected IMO. "You did(n't) do something that was(n't) supposed to happen, check what the new edit is to learn".
Comment: It would probably help to include an example so people could see where the differences between the suggested edit and the one you made instead need an explanation.
Comment: @Adriaan - I think canned ones won't make a difference, true. As I mentioned to Braiam on their answer, oftentimes a reviewer (me at least) wants to not only provide feedback for the edit author but also educate them. Meta guidelines, external references, etc (something like what Peter does with their edits)
Answer: I support this proposal. If I ever suggest an edit, and I am told that my edit did not fix the critical issues with the post, then I'd like to know exactly what those critical issues to fix are.
Sometimes it isn't too obvious what mistakes were in the post, looking from the revision history, and I'd rather get some written feedback from the editor. If you argue that a canonical feedback for "reject and edit" is useless, then why do we even have the popup in the first place? I've learnt a lot about editing just from those canonical reject reasons, so if an edit of mine was rejected I would think, "Ok, don't do these types of edits. ".
Aditionally, "reject and edit" sends a different message to the editor than just "reject". If I simply reject an edit, I'm saying that the post's meaning was changed, or that the edit had no use. But if I reject and edit, I am telling the editor that they not only made a bad edit, but they also failed to identify and correct issues with the post, which every editor should be able to do.
I feel like the best way to implement this would be to open a popup with a custom reject reason when you click "reject and edit". The custom reject reason would be optional, but it would be possible for a reviewer to submit some feedback as to what they missed in the post.
Comment: or at lead provide a button to allow the reviewer to choose if they want to give custom feedback - anything would be better than communicating via edit summaries
Comment: Sometimes I reject edits because I want to start from the author's original text and do a more complete fix. There may be nothing wrong with the suggested edit other than it prevents me from making the change I think is better. If the suggested edit was extensive, comparing the revisions gives more information than any length-limited  or canned comment. I'm not going to spend time explaining why I wanted to start from the original text when it should be obvious from the changes I made. I'll just pick the vaguest canned comment.
Answer: Rejecting an edit with your own edit implicitly tells the previous editor "you dun goofed". There's no need for additional context, because what exactly is the previous editor going to do with it? You've already overwritten their bad edit anyway - if they want to see how they goofed, they should be diffing their bad edit against your good one, not referring to some overly-simplified canned reasons.
Comment: "what exactly is the previous editor going to do with it?" -- They will learn why *their specific edit* was rejected and, hopefully, not make the same mistake in the future when editing other posts. If "you dun goofed" is sufficient feedback for rejected edits, I'm confused what value the popup offers in the first place.
Answer: If you want to provide guidance about the rejection, how is an example of what they should've done not the best case scenario? Rejection reasons are useful only when the post isn't improved and can't be improved. Rejection with edit guides the editor with a example of what is wrong with the post and how to fix it, making the user a better editor. The rejection reasons just tells you what is wrong with the edit, but not how can you make better edits.
Comment: Slightly off topic but regarding this: "Rejection reasons are useful only when the post isn't improved and can't be improved." -- I'd choose "reject" when the edit is clearly wrong and I can't think of a substantive edit. Should I only do so if if I am *certain* the edit **cannot possibly be improved**?
Comment: @C.Peck of course. How can you improve the post by editing if you don't know how you can do so?
Comment: More often than not, there is a FAQ on meta one would like to link to for the education of the editor, or a link to the dictionary definition, or to a grammar/syntax/semantics reference. We can't in the current setup unless we put all this either A. In the edit summary, B. In a comment on the post. Both options are subpar and are a misuse of features intended for something else.
Comment: @OlegValter there's so much you can do with putting giant walls of text in front of users. A simple "if you see something that can be improved, click edit" is enough.
Comment: @Braiam I am not talking about putting giant walls anywhere - I am talking about providing actionable feedback for those who care to learn. Yes, there are those, contrary to what one might think. I've seen those with my own eyes. I really fail to see why we, reviewers, should communicate with those people via deliberate misuse of features.
Comment: @OlegValter there's no actionable feedback to be had. "You've done goof" like the other answer says and "see here, this is how it's done" like my answer said. There's no redressing. Just a teaching moment.
Comment: @Braiam you are free to believe that. That doesn't mean there is no demand for giving actionable feedback. If you think there is none, I can only tell you that you are wrong - there is, a lot. Giving specific feedback is sometimes needed, providing more than just your own take on edit helps not only the post, but the editor whose edit got rejected as well.
Comment: @OlegValter the actionable feedback was already given, with plenty of guidance. More won't do good. That's not something I believe, we've learned that on SO. Try ask Tim Post, Shog, Jon or any old school CM.
Comment: @Braiam I prefer not to make arguments based on authority. There's nothing really actionable with the current system: "your edit got rejected, and someone overrode it with theirs". That's all it conveys, nothing else. Whereas it could point to discussions, explanations of why things the way there are, or contain some personalized editors that still care.
Comment: @OlegValter is not authority, it's experience. Experience that many of us were afraid SE would lose when most of them went away. Also, what you hope the editor which edit was rejected to do? Again, the actionable feedback was given before the edit was submitted, it wasn't correctly followed.
Comment: @Braiam if [this](https://i.stack.imgur.com/MPkO7.png) is actionable feedback before submitting, I am the British queen. The only things editor gets are ambiguous, and if they want to learn, they have to do exactly what you say should not be done - they have to go to meta, find a FAQ/Q&A buried somewhere under the abyss of posts and read a wall of text. What's more, it is not all black&white either - there are *specific* errors in judgement of good editors that we, as reviewers, can help alleviate.
Answer: You could, in this case, briefly describe the motivation for your edit in your edit comment.  This allows anyone reviewing the edit trail to understand what you were trying to correct about the edit you rejected.
Adriaan points out in a comment that the reject reason points folks to the review history, so there is some chance they would see the comment.
Comment: I think you misunderstood my comment :) I find leaving reviewer comments in edit summaries a misuse of the feature - it is like communicating with collaborators via commit messages. It's not what these things are for.
Comment: @OlegValter It reminds me of when I used to chat with my friends through google docs by sharing the document :). Like this, that wasn't the way it was intended to be used. Also, is it even possible to leave a edit summary? I thought it would get overwrited...
Comment: @10Rep yeah, we did a similar thing at one point :) Re:summary - it's possible - I just take the edit summary and append my comments in square brackets in the hopes that the author notices the rejection and is curious enough to go into the post history (!) and read the comment
Comment: @OlegValter I just tried reject and edit, and I saw the edit summary I left. But the main problem is that the feedback doesn't suit what an edit summary is supposed to look like. Out of context someone might get confused...
Comment: @10Rep - yeah, exactly why I support this request :) It's a workaround misusing a feature not intended to be used like that
Comment: Communicating with the editor through edit comments is not that helpful. I mean, what's the chance they'll see it?


Is there an advantage to a heater with a ceramic heating body?

Question: My supermarket sells two heating-fans that look similar, but one of them costs twice as much as the other. The only difference I noticed is that the more expensive one says it has a "ceramic heating body".
What advantage, if any, does such a heater have? (I need it for heating a home in a standard apartment).
Answer: According to the Wiki post regarding ceramic heaters, the heating element in this type of device has a positive temperature coefficient (PTC). This means that as the device gets hotter, the power it accepts is reduced, making this a self-regulating heater.
Resistance heaters using nichrome wire or other high-resistance wire are also PTC but according to the same post, the level of temperature required is much higher.
The ceramic heater would have a greater perceived level of safety, although most of these devices have safety features for tip-over protection.
It's possible (but not researched) that ceramic heaters have a higher production cost. It's also possible that these heaters enjoy a perceived high-tech aspect, as resistance (hot-wire) heaters have been around for decades.
Answer: There may be advantages/disadvantages in terms of safety, though all electric space heaters have to meet certain safety guidelines, and all are potentially dangerous if used near children & pets (burns), draperies & furniture (fires) and water (shocks).
From an efficiency standpoint, while some types of electric heaters may seem to produce hot air better, that is more likely due to quality & speed of the fan (for those that have fans) than anything else. Every electric heater is fundamentally limited to the simple equation of 1 kWh = 3,412 BTU. Unlike lighting and other uses where a more efficient device means "less heat", except for the fan (which uses very little power compared to the heating element), all the power used in a space heater should be turned into heat. If it is "wasted", it just becomes heat in a different place (e.g., wires become hot) and the end result is the same 3,412 BTU/kWh.
Most portable heaters are sized based on the available circuit size. In the US, that means 15A. Plenty of people have 20A circuits, particularly in newer homes, but very often the receptacles are designed for 15A loads (NEMA 5-15 instead of NEMA 5-20), so that is the effective limit - most manufacturers don't bother to make a bigger heater because it would result in too many returns for "what kind of crazy stuff are they selling that won't fit my outlet!". Plus, if your heater was designed for 20A then if you put any other significant load (even a few hundred Watts like a computer or food processor or whatever) on the same circuit then you'd be tripping breakers regularly. So 15A is the default. That means a maximum of 15 x 125 = 1,875 Watts (which is why you will see 1,875 as the limit on a lot of timers and other devices). But continuous loads (and a space heater in a room that starts out cold is most definitely a continuous load) are limited to 80% = 1,500 Watts. Therefore you see the vast majority of portable space heaters in the US rated at 1,500 Watts. And 1,500 Watts of heat is 1,500 Watts of heat, no matter how good the fan is or how fancy the cover is or what new type of heating element is used. A good fan will certainly help disperse the heat, but in the end, 1,500 Watts can only do so much. A furnace for a typical house might be 50,000 BTU or more. There is only so much that 5,100 BTU can do.
Answer: The basic difference will be the life of the elements. The ceramic body support for the element reduces stress on the element so they fail less often. I find the thermostats fail in small portable units more often than the elements so for a small unit I would not spend the extra. If this is a built in I would spend the extra for a ceramic body but since you said supermarket I would guess it is a portable and I would go with the one at 1/2 the price.


What is the origin of the three factors of authentication?

Question: The three factors of authentication - something you have, something you know, something you are - are ubiquitous in security literature, but I have yet to find a reference to the origin of the paradigm. Can anyone shed some light on this?
Comment: @Deer Hunter There have been a few expansions of the three factors proposed lately - something you do, etc. But three factors is how it has been known for a long time, and generally how it is still referred to, even when the new factors are proposed. There is no consensus I'm aware of for additional factors of authentication.
Comment: Someone who knows *you* is the fourth factor AFAIR.
Comment: At least for something you know/are the origins can be traced to the Holy Bible (_shibboleth_).
Comment: Oldest mention in the Google Books corpus of two-factor authentication seems to be 1979, but from context it seems to have been a well established term at that time.
Comment: @DeerHunter - The fourth factor of authentication is usually referred to as _someplace you are_ (based on location and typically uses GPS), at least according to ISC2 and [some others](http://blog.dustintrammell.com/2008/11/21/four-factor-authentication/). ;)
Comment: @DeerHunter and TildalWave - there have been numerous suggestions and efforts to taxonomize the fourth factor. So far none of them really make a ton of sense universally, and NONE of them have been widely accepted at all (outside of a vendor's reality distortion field).
Comment: @DeerHunter Or [someone you "know"](http://alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxbiblic.html).
Comment: "Someone who knows you" is an implementation of "something you are". They can recognize you because you look and sound like the same person they met before.
Answer: The origin of three-factor authentication paradig is unknown, but one thing is for certain: it predates mankind. Controversial? Let's see. Ask yourself, how does e.g. a father gorilla recognize a newborn cub as being one of his offspring, even if its mom is not around? By something it has - a smell of its mom. Something it knows - the distress call. Something it is - a newborn gorilla cub. So, we have a newborn gorilla cub that's calling in distress the way gorilla cubs do, and smells of its mom, the way she did when father gorilla mated with her. That's a three-form authentication, and as far as nature is concerned - it's good enough. Does it predate gorillas? Sure. Any animal species that exhibit certain amount of social responsibility, and/or their behavioral patterns dictate the need for such identification of its members would - by this necessity alone - have similar methods in place. Or such goes the Darwinian explanation.
But what about its etymology, the origins of this phrase as us humans use it? The answer is, that we don't know for sure who exactly coined this phrase first, or indeed when. The phrase describing this method of authentication was probably changed many times throughout history, but its modus operandi remained the same. One example of three-form authentication - that would be used in early days of our civilization - would have been in use with military couriers, or diplomatic envoys. Their messages would face authentication scrutiny that is sufficiently confirmed by a three-form authentication. Messengers would be required to know something (password), have something (a recognizable seal) and be something (e.g. a member of some tribe), before they would be allowed to deliver their message to its intended recipient. I believe it's relatively safe to assume, that we do have historical records of such authentication methods being used, that they were described by various names, and that we can not tell with any degree of certainty who could hold a claim to its first use.
Comment: @thelionroars1337 - By _'we'_ I meant me, you, everyone that read your question and didn't have any additional information, and all the literature that all of us have ever read on the topic (refers to this _three-factor authentication_ paradigm in the same way) yet fails to credit any author for it (which is rare and inexcusable in scientific and other expert publications). Google, or other search engines, are none the wiser either. I think it's fairly safe to ascertain my assumption can be read in the broadest meaning of _'we'_. ;)
Comment: The concepts of identity and authentication are very old, and I would agree that they are fairly fundamental concepts for any social animal. However any of the other factors of authentication I've seen proposed - someone who knows you, somewhere you are, something you do - have been used by humans (at least) from ancient times for authentication, alone or with other factors. So at some point a decision has been made about which factors of authentication are appropriate (for some specific context).
Comment: Well, I wanted to show that they're ubiquitous in security literature because of its fundamentally ubiquitous nature. Yes, which three forms of authentication would be used (out of all kinds of possible ones) in some specific context, or indeed if three by number, depends on which _set of methods_ is considered sufficiently identifiable with acceptable margin of error. The three methods mentioned just so happen to be most widely adopted and provide a secure enough mechanism for message authentication in most cases. Who first realized that and wrote it down - we simply don't know.
Comment: If by 'we' you mean you and me, you're right. But otherwise it's too sweeping a statement. It may just be that not many people have considered it. I take your point about sufficiently identifiable with acceptable margin of error though.


Does exploiting a spatial Locality in Cache always leads to a lower miss rate?

Question: I've read that, incorporating many words(spatial locality) per cache blocks leads to lower miss rate. Is it the case always?
One possibility of such approach is to make a single cache block of size equal to the size of the cache, but that would be meaningless as far as benefits of memory hierarchy are concerned. Isn't it so?
Answer: Spatial (and temporal) locality are both heuristics. Many (in fact, most) algorithms run on data structures in some sequential manner, which many times means that the memory used is consecutive.
However, there are examples where spatial locality may actually be very bad. Perhaps the most common example is scanning a 2-dimensional array: consider an $n\times n$ array, then in the memory, it is represented as an $n^2$ length array, where the entry $i,j$ is in cell $i+n*j$.
If you scan the array row by row, then spatial locality is excellent, your cache will always prepare the next row.
However, if you scan by column, then not only will you always get a miss, but using spatial locality, you will actually retrieve the same rows over and over.
Comment: Another example would be a structure with only one or two elements that are hot. One can use hot/cold separation with slab allocation to fit hot elements from multiple objects in a single cache block, but that can be just a statistical optimization. Array of structures vs. structure of arrays is similar to your 2D array example (e.g., the 179.art "hack").
Comment: Nice example! But how will you frame it in the context of cache? (I mean considering spatial locality per cache block).
Comment: I don't understand what you mean by "per cache block". Are you looking at a second level cache?
Comment: @Shaull I simply mean that, if more words(bytes) are placed per block, then we need less no. of blocks to design the cache, so in one sense it will help increase spatial locality, but in another sense wouldn't it create high latency to transfer such large blocks between adjacent levels, consequently producing more misses?
Comment: @Winn - indeed, this is the tradeoff when using cache.
Comment: The whole row won't necessarily be brought into cache, that depends on the size of the block vs the row.
Answer: If you use larger blocks in the cache, it will mean having less blocks available (given fixed cache size). If the blocks are too large, part of them isn't used; if they are too small, there is much traffic loading them.
More than very general statements like the above, it is almost impossible to say anything unless considering some specific memory access traces. Real workloads access memory in definite patterns that moreover change in time. Look up the working set model.
Answer: If you increase the size of the data imported into the cache, it obliterates an equal amount of data that is previously a part of the cache- your cache, at the end of the day, can accommodate only a given number of bytes. Considering the column based access of matrix elements example discussed previously by Shaull, if I make the size of data equal to number of columns that reduces the chance of a miss. However if the number of columns are so big that it can't fit in the cache you still have a miss despite increasing the cache-block size. So in a nutshell, not always but does the job most of the times as there are only a few applications with irregular data patterns and only data-intensive applications can fill up the cache so fastly that it needs to invalidate it's contents entirely for fetching new data.  Hope that helps.


How Do I Create a WordPress Demo Site with Limited Admin Access

Question: So I have developed a WordPress theme. Now I would like to setup a demo site for users to take the theme for a test run without having to install it on their end. It would have one demo account. With the demo account you will be able to access the WordPress admin dashboard, and test the theme customizer. However the account will not be able to save any posts/pages or customizer settings. Maybe an error message that says settings/posts cannot be saved. Is there a way to achieve this? Maybe a plugin available that can enable me to do this? Just have no idea how to go about doing this and would love any help that can be provided. Thanks
Comment: Use the plugin `user_role_editor` and create custom role with capabilities that you want to allow.
Answer: I would think that you would need to give the user the ability to create posts/pages and save customizer settings to really get a feel of the theme.
I would create a new "admin" user role that has all the permissions of an admin, except creating/deleting users. This way you can't get locked out of your site. Then i would create a function by hooking into the wp_logout action hook to delete all posts/pages, and set the customizer settings back to default, when the user logs out.
Alternatively, you can use the Adminimize plugin, which should enable you to do exactly what you want.


Emails disappear when moving from Inbox to anywhere else

Question: Whenever a client of mine has a message open, they click on Move To Folder and the list of recent folders comes up.  That person selects a folder but the message does not appear in there.  What I have found out was that if I right-click on the message and move it that way the message will move successfully.  Or if the message is open and I do use the Move To Folder shortcut that if I select Other Folder and choose a folder they will move that way.  Which leads me to believe that the folders in the recent folders list point somewhere else.  So my question is, how can I find out where those folders point to?
Answer: Identifying the actual email client and its server access protocol/mechanism is needed to lend effective/proper assistance.
If this is via IMAP, then you might take a closer look at the IMAP folders on the server versus the definitions/configuration on the client. There are server/client configurations where "hidden" IMAP folders are in use and (seemingly) duplicate IMAP folders may exist for an account.


Does every song in a particular scale require finger to be positioned in the same way?

Question: I'm a beginner learning keyboard. I'm not sure of the right fingering techniques (except some basic concepts like avoid crossing fingers or positioning fingers in a weird way). Let's say I'm learning a song in G scale, I'll have my fingers positioned in a certain way since I know the notes of that song. Now if i want to play another song in G scale, my finger position will be in a different way since the notes of this song are different. So how will my fingers learn to play any song in a given scale without looking at the keyboard if there's no consistency in my finger positioning?
Answer: Good beginner question! In the first set of songs you'll learn, you'll probably be expected to use the first five notes of that G scale. So you'll put your hand in a position where all five notes are playable with a finger each - like middle finger will press B every time.
After that, it does appear to get tricky. And learning the G major scale is, in my view, not really going to be ultra helpful. All that does is give you a straightforward fingering for - the G major scale. And not many pieces use those notes in that consecutive order, so it's not a particular 'rule' to follow.
You have to assess each piece on its own - some may only need the hand to move up to play an E above where your little finger is, on the D. No real need to do any more than just stretch out that little finger when E is played. Other times, you will need to move your whole hand across, and maybe back later. Since every piece is different, you need to make your own judgments.
Often, especially in tutor books, suggested fingerings are given. They're there to help, but may not be the best ones for your fingers. One of the fun bits of practising is working out what's best for you. After time and experience, you'll look at something, and your hands will go automatically to the best place. Although some passages will still need examining very carefully - particularly fast ones with lots of notes, and you'll have fun working out your fingering for them!
A good 'rule' to follow is that once you decide on a particular fingering in something you're learning - stick to it. Constantly changing the fingering will make it a longer learning process. That, and the ubuquitous 'a teacher will make life so much easier'...
Answer: actually you can take any finger on any key, but often it is more comfortable to use the thumb for the white keys and the longer fingers for the black keys. A good example is the scale of B major as you can play it 123 1234 1 then you go through the circle of fifth and mind that always the seventh degree (ti) is playes by finger 4 and the thumb takes the root note (do).
I try to transpose songs in different keys by keeping the same fingerings, even if the thumb has to play on black keys. I also try to play the same motives in sequences with the same fingersettings - if possible.
B.t.w.:
avoid crossing fingers or positioning fingers in a weird way can be sometimes be quite appropriate and is not rarely proposed by editors and composers.
Answer: " I'm learning a song in G scale, I'll have my fingers positioned in a certain way since I know the notes of that song. Now if i want to play another song in G scale, my finger position will be in a different way since the notes of this song are different. "
And it's even worse than that!  Even within the SAME piece of music, even if it stays diatonically in G all the way through, you're very likely going to have to use several hand positions, some of which won't correspond to the positions used when playing the G scale!
Look at the most famous 'Piece in G' for piano players.

I'll let you work out a fingering for yourself.  A lot of it can be 'scale of G' position.  Some of it can't be.
You go on to say "...how will my fingers learn to play any song in a given scale without looking at the keyboard if there's no consistency in my finger positioning?"
But there WILL be consistency.  Once you've settled on a good fingering, stick to it.  Your fingers WILL 'learn' it.
I must warn you that most pieces, beyond elementary teaching material, DON'T stick to the notes of one scale.  'Minuet in G' is actually quite unusual in going 16 bars without departing from the home scale.  (The next bit, not shown here, is a bit more adventurous.)  And you'll play them, without looking at the keyboard, in the same way as a skilled typist types anything from a single word to a complete essay without looking at their fingers.  Don't worry about it!
Answer: What Tim says. But also, in general avoid putting your thumbs on black keys when you're doing stepwise (scale) passages. It's usually awkward.
The single universal rule about fingering is to use the fingering that best brings out the music in your mind. The tough part about this is that it isn't always clear what that is, especially when you're a beginner. Seems like every fingering is awkward, and nothing brings out the music exactly the way you want it!
Over time, certain patterns will begin to emerge that work for you, and you'll be able to reuse them as you move from song to song. For example, you'll find that you can play a G with your little finger and automatically reach down an octave with your thumb without looking, as in bar 4 of the Minuet in G that Laurence has posted. I can put my thumb and little finger of either hand on a table, and without moving them go to a piano, and show that they are spaced exactly an octave apart. No big trick; any advanced pianist and most intermediate-level pianists can do it.
As you get more and more of those patterns under your belt, you'll find that you're able to work through songs more and more by feel, with less and less need to look at the keyboard. Scale exercises are very good to help you get some of those patterns down. They will help you learn patterns that extend stepwise passages past five notes, by teaching you how to pass your fingers over your thumbs and your thumbs under your fingers without having to think about it. Most stepwise passages are pieces of scales, after all. Once you have them down, you can pull out the piece you want and reuse it when you're reading music.


How do I draw mind maps seamlessly with touch screen only?

Question: Desktop software such as MindManager and FreeMind allows you to easily draw Mind Maps. But their interface rely on much keyboard shortcuts that doesn't work (well) on Android virtual keyboard. Is there a way to draw such mind maps seamlessly with touch screen only?
Answer: I've been using the app Thinking Space. Certainly not as efficient but good if i want to map a quick idea out.
Comment: [Thinking Space](http://www.thinkingspace.net) is what I currently use. I've recently upgraded to Thinking Space Pro to get the additional attachment/linking feature. However, its touchscreen interface doesn't yet feel fully baked. The on screen menu/submenu doesn't make full use of my Viewpad WVGA screen real estate. The quick tool bar has a gesture button, but gestures are still being revised. However I agree this is my best choice so far, so I'm marking this answered.
Comment: [Thinking Space on Android Market](https://market.android.com/details?id=net.thinkingspace)
Answer: Try mind map memo. Easy to add new branches with a simple swipe but not as powerful as Thinking Space.
Comment: Positive first look at [Mind Map Memo](http://www.takahicorp.com/android/mindmapmemo.html). The screenshots looks nice, since the nodes can connect at four sides (Thinking Space basically connects on left and right sides only). But first feel of the touch screen interface is a bit negative, zoom is only via a slide bar (Thinking Space has multi touch pinch zoom). I'll try it out more ...
Comment: [Mind Map Memo on Android Market](https://market.android.com/details?id=com.takahicorp.MindMap)


What does 'Enable global server wide lock for CiviMail' do?

Question: At Administer > CiviMail > CiviMail Component Settings, there is a setting called 'Enable global server wide lock for CiviMail'. What does it do? When it is a good idea for a site to have it and when it is a good idea for a site to have it on?
Answer: From the comments in CRM/Core/Lock.php:
<code>   * @param bool $serverWideLock
   *   Should this lock be applicable across your entire mysql server.
   *   this is useful if you have multiple sites running on the same
   *   mysql server and you want to limit the number of parallel cron
   *   jobs - CRM-91XX
</code>
So basically if you are running multiple civicrm instances on one box and want to limit the number of mailing jobs happening across all instances. This was funded by NYSS and was applicable to their installation.
Comment: So the lock is put on the ability of an instance to run its mailing queue?
Answer: From https://issues.civicrm.org/jira/browse/CRM-9153
For multi-sites with a large number of sites (e.g. NYSS with 80 sites), running on a few servers we might want the number of cronjobs processing a mailing to be limited across ALL sites, not across one specific site. Fortunately MySQL locking mechanism is server-wide and we can reuse this, which also means this will not work on sites with multiple MySQL servers. Briefly, we will:

Introduce a global setting that allows the admin to enable server wide locks (false by default)
Modify the core locking code, CRM_Core_Lock to enable calling functions to specific if server wide locks or site specific locks should be used. Site specific locks are the default
Modify the cron script to read this setting and choose the locking mechanism


How to calculate distances from points to multiple features at the same time?

Question: I have a point layer and I want to calculate the distance from each point to a number of line features (rivers, roads etc.). Using the "Near" tool I can do this for one feature at a time (eg rivers) and I get 2 new fields in the attribute table indicating the id of the nearest feature and the distance. Fine. However, trying to find distance to the next features (eg roads) simply overwrites the previous ones (for rivers). The problem is I want to get distances to multiple features and get them all added separately to the attribute table. I tried to change the field name to see if this helped but I can only change the "Alias" so it makes no difference. I am working in Arcmap 10.0. Thanks.
Answer: You are correct, the Near tool only generates the distance to the single nearest feature.
ArcGIS can do this using the Generate Near Table option, also in the Analysis -> Proximity section of the toolbox. More information here: http://resources.esri.com/help/9.3/ArcGISDesktop/dotnet/Gp_ToolRef/analysis_tools/generate_near_table_analysis_.htm - be sure to untick the "Find only closest feature" box.
Once the table has been generated, you can use joins to join it back up to your spatial data.
Note: I believe it may require an ArcInfo level license.
Answer: The Near tool overwrites the NEAR_FID and NEAR_DIST fields each time the tool is run. You will need to Add Field using a name that corresponds to each line layer (e.g. distriver, distroad, etc.) that you used Near to calculate the distances for, and then Calculate Field equal to the NEAR_DIST values. Then run the Near tool on the next line layer and repeat until all line layers have distances copied in to unique field names in the attribute table.
An alternative to the Near tool (and useful for anyone without an ArcInfo license) is Spatial Join with the CLOSEST match_option, where you can enter a unique distance_field_name. This results in a redundant output that must be used as the input to the next Spatial Join with another line layer and unique distance_field_name and so on...
With Spatial Analyst, you can create Euclidean Distance rasters to each of the line layers, name the output rasters as distriver, distroad, etc. and then use Extract Multi Values to Points  to get the distance values into the point layer attribute table. You will need to decide on appropriate cell size for your distance rasters, but these layers are then available for additional modeling if needed.
Answer: Having not seen these answers before, I used a workaround method - after running the 'near' function, I exported the data as a CSV before running the next 'near' function - so at the end I had one .csv for each two-way comparison I was interested in, and then copy-pasted those columns into one database.
Export process:
Go into the attribute table, drop down the 'table options' menu to 'export', change the output table location to the desired folder, change the file type to 'text file', and remove the '.txt' extension from the filename.
Comment: You can also just open the dbf of the shapefile in OpenOffice and edit the field names.  No exporting necessary.


What's the difference between DIAMETER and 802.1X Authentication?

Question: I'm studying the 802.1.X authentication guidelines and the DIAMETER protcol as successor of RADIUS but i can't figure out what are the main difference between pure 802.1X Port-Based Authentication and DIAMETER.
What are their differences?
Comment: 802.1X communicates with a server to determine authentication. DIAMETER is simply an alternative to RADIUS. You cannot compare 802.1X to a server, but you could compare RADIUS and DIAMETER.
Comment: Did any answer help you? If so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you can post and accept your own answer.
Answer: 802.1X provides client-side/front-end port-level authentication (between suplicant and authenticator). RADIUS and Diameter provide back-end authentication (between authenticator and authentication server).
Essentially, they are different things. 802.1X is an application while RADIUS/Diameter can potentially provide authentication for various applications.
Note that Diameter is no acronym like RADIUS, but a play of words - the diameter is twice the radius.
Comment: ahahah didn't notice the joke, that's nice


Is it illegal to download copyright videos for free?

Question: I want to publish fan-made videos on YouTube that contain clips from movies and TV shows. No money will be gained for myself. Is the act of downloading those movies and TV episodes for free, editing them, and publishing them legal in America?
Answer: Evaluating a potential copyright violation is very fact-intensive, so we don't have enough information to answer the question.
Making a copy is generally going to be a copyright violation, but there's still going to be a lot of breathing room under the fair use doctrine. Again, we'd need more details to provide a useful answer, but you may be able to analyze the question yourself using the following information.
Analysis of fair-use defenses looks at four questions, and the answers to the questions can tip the scales in favor of or against a finding of fair use:

Does your kind of copying affect the market for the original? To what extent can your copy fulfill the demand for the original? What if there were widespread copying of the kind you're considering? The more potential there is for the copies to replace the original, the less likely it is to be fair use. This is the most important factor in the analysis.
Why did you make the copy? If you made the copy for purposes of news reporting, criticism, or commentary, it's more likely to be fair use. If you made a copy just so you could watch again later whenever you feel like it, that's may still be fair use, but it is somewhat less likely. If you made a copy so you could sell it for profit, that's almost certainly not fair use.
How much did you copy? Did you copy the whole thing, or did you copy only as much as you needed to achieve your purpose under Question 2? If you copy "too much" -- both in the raw amount and as a fraction of the whole work -- it's less likely to be fair use.
What did you copy? Such works can be copyrighted but are not part of the Highly creative works, such as poems, music, and movies, are at the "core" of copyright principles. A fair use analysis will be more stringent in these cases than when copying a purely factual work, such as a phone book, biography, or list of statistics. This is the least important factor in the analysis.

So take all of those and imagine the answer to each on a spectrum. If you see things generally tipping in the direction of fair use, that's a good indication that you're going to be safe. If you see things tipping in the other direction, you may want to reconsider.
Again, these can be notoriously tricky questions. If you're dealing with a real situation, you should consult an attorney to get an answer specific to your situation.
Comment: I believe factors 1 and 2 would be eliminated given that my video is non-profit and will not affect the original that much. However, for factor 3, how can I copy "only as much as I need to achieve my purpose under Question 2?" A movie is a movie. I cannot cut the video when it is downloading nor can I control how much I download. If I download a movie, the whole thing would download. Also, I publish edited snippets from the episodes that I download.  So, I am not sure how factor 3 works in my favor.
Comment: My suspicion is that you are incorrectly applying Factors 1 and 2, but I can't say for sure because you haven't provided enough detail about the use you're envisioning.
Comment: I'm not sure what details to provide. Basically, I want to download whole episodes from TV shows for free, edit them, and publish them on YouTube for non-monetary purposes. I edit them for fun and to improve my video editing skills. All I want to know are does this infringe upon copyright laws? Does this qualify as fair use?
Comment: What kind of editing are you talking about?
Comment: Like splitting the episodes into clips no longer than 30 seconds. Mashing clips from different episodes together and combine the result with music. Videos like these: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0JGCm0V2JJE
Comment: I see. I don't see anything here that suggests this would be the kind of "transformative" use you're looking for in fair-use analysis. This video does not appear to be a commentary on its subject, just a derivative product -- a product that the original author could just as easily provide. That means that Factors 1 and 2 would be strikes against fair use. On top of that, it's copying motion pictures and music, which are at the "core"of copyright protection. I'd say that this is not fair use.
Comment: If this is not fair use, then how come the many people who have uploaded videos like these have not been sued by the owners?
Comment: Because they haven't been caught? Because the owners don't care? Because the cost of suing is not worth the payoff? You'd have to ask the owners.


Can we use Piti as a meditation subject?

Question: Can we use Piti as a meditation subject?
There are 40 meditation objects are given in Visuddhimagga as follows.
Ten recollections; ten foul objects; ten kasinas; four sublime abidings; four formless absorptions; one resolution into elements; and one perception of the filthiness of food.
My question is whether we can keep four form absorptions as a meditation objects, but specifically Piti as a meditation object.
Answer: Anything can be used as an object of meditation.  Hell, you could use a chocolate cake if it tickled your fancy.  But just because you can use anything, it doesn't mean that you should.  The best objects are those that are consistent, stable, repeatedly accessible, and don't give rise to additional mental formations.  The breath is most often used because it checks all of those boxes quite easily.  Piti can meet those same requirements, but until you hit the 1st jhana, it is entirely too unstable and inconsistent.  It can also give rise to clinging and attachment which would ultimately prevent you from moving past the 2nd jhana.
Comment: The breath is consistent and stable?
Answer: Piti can be used as a meditation subject.
When one is moving from the 2nd Jhana to the 3rd one notes the Piti and gradually suppress it. In this instance, ones focus it the Piti.
Answer: Similar to dishonesty about attaining jhana, clinging to rapture & jhana leads to rebirth in hell. Therefore, the Lord Buddha did not teach those who have unshakeable permanent faith in Him to "keep rapture" as meditation object. Instead, the Buddha taught those with unshakeable permanent faith to view impermanent alien diseased rapture with Right View.

There is the case where an individual, withdrawn from sensuality,
  withdrawn from unskillful qualities, enters & remains in the first
  jhana: rapture & pleasure born from withdrawal, accompanied by
  directed thought & evaluation. He savors that, longs for that, finds
  satisfaction through that. Staying there — fixed on that, dwelling
  there often, not falling away from that — then when he dies he... goes
  to hell
AN 4.123

There is the case where a monk, secluded from sensuality, secluded
  from unskillful qualities, enters & remains in the first jhana:
  rapture & pleasure born of seclusion, accompanied by directed thought
  & evaluation. He regards whatever phenomena there that are connected
  with form, feeling, perception, fabrications & consciousness, as
  inconstant, stressful, a disease, a cancer, an arrow, painful, an
  affliction, alien, a disintegration, an emptiness, not-self. He turns
  his mind away from those phenomena, and having done so, inclines his
  mind to the property of deathlessness: 'This is peace, this is
  exquisite — the resolution of all fabrications; the relinquishment of
  all acquisitions; the ending of craving; dispassion; cessation;
  Unbinding.'
AN 9.36
Comment: But a disciple of the Blessed One, having stayed there, having used up all the life-span of those devas, is unbound right in that state of being. This, monks, is the difference, this the distinction, this the distinguishing factor, between an educated disciple of the noble ones and an uneducated run-of-the-mill person, when there is a destination, a reappearing.
Comment: Unbound means non-attached and not telling lies.
Comment: parinibbāyati means Nibbana
Comment: you seem to not understand. "unbound" means "not attaching to rapture"; viewing rapture as impermanent. But your question is about attaching to rapture. AN 4.123 says the mind can be unbound while experiencing impermanent diseased alien rapture. But in your question, you want to keep rapture. Therefore, your question lead to rebirth in hell and not Nibbana.
Answer: Teachers like ie Leigh Brasington teach directing attention away from the breath to a pleasant sensation when such a feeling has spawned so that it may grow in intensity.
One can't just use joy as a meditation because it has to be brought about by directing the mind to a theme for the purpose of joy and withdrawing from the theme when achieved.
Also piti is only a factor in the 1st and the 2nd jhanas (by 4 fold classification). The 3rd and the 4th are without piti.
Comment: For reference; Leigh Brasington's Practical Guide to Jhana, Sutta dealing with directed and undirected development ie SN47.10


I was never asked to create a password for my Bitcoin Wallet

Question: Last week I downloaded a Bitcoin Wallet from bitcoin.com.  It is on my iPad.  I also put the same wallet on my iPhone.  As I was setting the wallet up, I recorded my 12-words, placed them in the proper order when asked, I wrote them down, then sent my wallet info to iCloud using the provided address and created a password for that.  It is a file in iCloud named "wallet.data"... but... is that the only password I need?  My iCloud password??  I don't recall being asked to create any other password than that.  Please help.  My Wallet now has 1000's in funds received but will I ever be able to spend it??  I'm a bit in a panic at the moment.  Please help.
Answer: A few things...
As a general rule do not store your seed phrase on services like iCloud or Google Drive etc. If your account is compromised by someone with malintent, your crypto will likely disappear forever.
You don't need a password and even if the app required you to make a password to login you wouldn't really need the password to access your coins. You only need your seed phrase.
You can input your seed phrase with the same bitcoin wallet program or almost any other
and gain access to your coins again. As long as you have the seed phrase, your good.
Also, I would move those coins to a new address with a new seed phrase if you value those funds.
One more thing, hardware wallets are generally your most secure option.
Comment: I have the seed phrase, yes... I was befuddled when I tried to export my wallet to a desktop version from the same place (bitcoin.com).  I typed in the words leaving a space between each, but it wasn't accepted.  Do I need to enter the words in a certain way?  (Thanks for your earlier reply)
Comment: Did you try more than once? Maybe you had a spelling error or the order was incorrect? Did you possibly copy the phrase down incorrectly?
Comment: I did try exporting my wallet more than once.  Didn't work at all.  I'm probably forgetting to do something basic.  I'll experiment.  Also, I'm borderline "OCD" when it comes to filling in text/data.  Double- and triple-checking everything... that's me... so I'm sure I got it right.  About the password that I was so worried about... I successfully opened the "wallet.data" file using the password and a downloadable decryption tool from bitcoin.com.  I think I'll burn the "wallet.data" file to a DVD and remove it from iCloud.  Do you think that's a good idea?  Thx again for your help.
Comment: If the amount is quite large I would just create a whole new wallet.But if it was encrypted maybe its fine. I never took that route to be honest. It doesn't hurt to play things safe, generally speaking.

You tried exporting or importing several times?
Comment: I tried exporting from the original wallet on my iPad to a new wallet on my desktop computer so that I would have access to the same account in both places.  It worked between my iPad and iPhone but that was just a case of scanning a QR code.  My mac desktop is old and can't do QR Codes.


Huawei honor 4x - merge/link contacts

Question: I bought Huawei honor 4x a couple of weeks ago and I've been banging my head on how to merge/link contacts. I got 400 odd contacts from google and facebook (some are same contacts with different names). I am trying to manually link some contacts. I choose the contact -> edit. I am not able to find the link/merge contact option. I have now ended up with multiple entries and I am not able to merge them.
Where the is the link/merge option?? I have tried a lot and am frustrated.
Comment: Do you have a google account? Add your contacts to gmail, and try the merge in the gmail contact list. Much easier on the computer than on the phone. I am not sure how facebook contacts are managed, so try with one or two contacts first, and post results here.
Answer: As an alternative to default Contacts app, I found these apps namely Merge + and Simpler Contacts & Dialer
which allows merging duplicate phone contacts.

About Merge +

Merge+ helps you easily find & merge duplicate contacts.
  With Merge+, you can join duplicate contacts in your Android phone & Tablet with only three clicks:

LAUNCH Merge+ to find duplicate contacts
REVIEW merge suggestions and mark who to merge
MERGE your selected duplicate contacts

About Simpler Contacts & Dialer

With Simpler you can easily merge all your duplicate contacts and quickly find the contacts your need.
MAIN FEATURES

Simply merge all duplicate contacts!
Never lose your contacts again with Simpler Backup!
T9 Dialer - quickly search by name & numbers
Quickly call to your frequently used contacts
Clean & intuitive design - Android Lollipop L Style

SIMPLY MERGE DUPLICATE CONTACTS

Merge all duplicate contacts with one tap!
Find & merge contacts with similar names.
Find & Merge contacts with duplicate phone or email.

Huawei honor 4x - merge/link contacts