Chord progressions and rules

Question: In chord progressions, can a chord move to any other chord or is there any strictly rule? Can chords freely for to other chords?
Answer: This question is too broad since the answer lies in what kind of music you are talking about. Baroque and Classical-era music has some pretty strict rules for chord movement, but the rules got a lot looser the music moved to chromaticism. Schoenberg made a pretty good case for why any chord can justifiably follow any chord, but that doesn't mean every progression sounds good. The short answer is "not really", but it is extremely subjective and dependent on style/era.
Comment: I agree about the Classical-era (a better name in this context would be common-practice harmony) but for most of the Baroque era the concept of "a chord" was quite different from the modern notion ("C major", "D dim 7", etc, etc) and in fact harmonic progressions (in the modern sense of the word) were much more adventurous than in the classical era - because baroque composers weren't really thinking about "chord progressions" at all!
Comment: …  for example, that the idea that C-E-G, E-G-C, and G-C-E were different "inversions" of the same (C major) chord, which is now universal, was more or less unknown in the Baroque era - it did not appear in any textbook until Rameau's dated 1744 - i.e. near the end of the baroque era, and at the time that book was not considered  to be "mainstream thinking" about music theory.
Comment: @alephzero, good to know. I know that the Baroque composers were thinking more linearly than chordally, but my teacher drove home tonic and dominant when I was doing all my fugues and chord progression was discussed when writing canon, so I guess I just assumed that was part of the thinking of the time.
Comment: @HeatherS. and to add to this, pre-baroque renaissance music can sound almost modern in its harmonic adventurousness sometimes https://youtu.be/5lRCpwmHdZg https://youtu.be/puJvWNi2PKA
Answer: If you're talking about 'music in general', then any chord can move to any other chord. Whatever you try, the universe won't end, and some people might like any given chord progression; even if they don't like it in one arrangement, they might like it in a different arrangement.
However, as Heather says, what chords and motions are 'allowed' (or expected) is an important aspect of what defines a style. Most compositions aim to fit (to some degree) into the expectations of one or more pre-existing musical styles, to allow tensions and resolutions to be created with reference to the common harmonic 'vocabulary' of that style. If you don't aim to fit at all into an existing style, then there's nothing to limit what harmonic (or rhythmic, melodic, timbral...) choices you make, but you may have to work harder to find an audience to enjoy your composition; most listeners are looking for music that they can relate to what they are already familiar with.
Answer: In music produced now, yes, any chord can follow any other chord. In music there are 'rules', but they're more guidelines than anything else - this sounds better when you play this/that/the other.
The main criteria are going to be the listener's ears (and brain!) What sounds good generally is good, so take a few chords, play them in sequence, and listen carefully. Or watch the listener's reaction.

Chord progressions and rules


Mass Lead Conversion - Programmatically or Using Data Loader

Question: Is there a way to mass convert leads into accounts and contacts using data loader? I believe that Partner API exposes a method that we can call to mass convert leads. Is there a way in Apex (using a scheduled class for example) to do the same?
Answer: Yes, it's possible to mass convert leads in Apex Code.  See the documentation on Database.convertLead here: Database.convertLead docs
You can convert up to 100 leads at a time and you can use it in a scheduled class or as part of a batch apex operation (or both) if you want to convert much larger sets of leads.  The documentation linked above contains good sample code at the bottom of the page.  However, the example is for a single lead, here's a multiple lead conversion example:
<code>// Create some sample leads.
List<Lead> myLeads = new List<Lead>{
    new Lead( LastName = 'Last1', Company='Company1' ),
    new Lead( LastName = 'Last2', Company='Company2' )
};
insert myLeads;

// Get a valid lead conversion status.
LeadStatus convertStatus = [SELECT Id, MasterLabel
    FROM LeadStatus WHERE IsConverted=true LIMIT 1];

// Create a list of lead conversions, then create a leadConvert object
// and add it to the list of lead conversions to be executed.
List<Database.LeadConvert> leadConversions = new List<Database.LeadConvert>();
Database.LeadConvert lc = new database.LeadConvert();
lc.setLeadId( myLeads[0].id );
lc.setConvertedStatus( convertStatus.MasterLabel );
leadConversions.add( lc );

// Create the second lead conversion and add it to the list.
lc = new database.LeadConvert();
lc.setLeadId( myLeads[1].id );
lc.setConvertedStatus( convertStatus.MasterLabel );
leadConversions.add( lc );

// Execute the conversions and check for success.
List<Database.LeadConvertResult> results = Database.convertLead( leadConversions );
System.assert(results[0].isSuccess());
System.assert(results[1].isSuccess());
</code>
Comment: Keep an eye on validation rules, WF rules and account triggers  and so forth that your lead conversion might set off.  If you are running things in a batch to convert large numbers, any data issues are going to be really magnified.
Comment: Also you have to do all your own matching! The UI is friendly looking for similar Accounts and Contacts within those accounts, anything via the API doesn't auto-match like the UI.


The cook time and temperature I need is not an option on my crockpot

Question: How do you adjust the cook time for a recipe that says cook on low for 6 hours to coordinate with a programmable crock pot that only has settings for 4-6 hours on High and 8-10 hours on low?
Answer: Go for 8 hours on Low.
2 more hours on low shouldn't hurt anything too much, for many slow-cooking extra cook-time can actually be beneficial. More cook-time usually means a more tender finished product.
Whatcha cookin? That would help us answer this question better.
Comment: ...though just to be on the safe side, be sure to terminate the cooking if the bouquet gets to where it fills the room; for slow-cooked dishes flavor lost to the air (in the form of a bouquet) will translate to flavor spent or, that is, a less flavorful dish when served.
Answer: Or go for 5-7 hours on low
Though, yes, a longer cook time on low is not likely to harm what you're cooking (and, yes, it may be helpful to know what it is that you're cooking), if you're determined to use this machine and determined to stick to the time constraints you defined, all you can really do is think of your 6 hours on low as 5-7 hours on low --in which case you first would run your machine on its 8-10 hour setting for three hours with nothing but water (for example) in the crock and then swap out the water for your ingredients (in which event hopefully you'd find an alternate use for wasted that cook time).


What is Itachi's illness?

Question: What was Itachi's mysterious illness?
Do you think Tsunade could have cured it? I'm aware that it is a terminal illness.
And when did Itachi get this illness?
Comment: [Microscopic polyangiitis](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic_polyangiitis), most likely.
Comment: Well I believe it was the same issue Sasuke had with the sharringan causing sight loss. But due to his nature he probably learned some other technique which causes health loss to the user.
Comment: @hikari Sight loss is not terminal nor an illness like Tobi pointed out when he told Sasuke the truth. Itachi was on Medicine just to extend his life long enough to fight and die by sasukes hand.
Comment: @Ryan your right about it not being terminal. But I also never said that it was. The point I was driving at is that the jutsu that Itachi uses puts an unnatural strain on the body so it starts breaking down. However the assumption I had prior is wrong due to his illness being actually unrelated.
Answer: The disease is never named.
This is actually quite common in manga/anime. It's often said that a character has some disease without the name of the disease ever being stated.
In some cases, the disease may be implied, such as in the case of said character suddenly being bald, in which case cancer is being implied. This can give a story some realism
In other cases, no symptoms are given or the symptoms are very generic, so that it's impossible to determine what disease the character has. This is done because it means less work on the author's part if they're not familiar with a disease that has the symptoms they want and means less time has to be spent developing things that don't have any relevance to the story.
In this case, very little information is given about Itachi's illness other than that it's terminal. It's likely that the author did this simply because what Itachi had didn't really matter to the story in any way. The only important thing is that it forced Itachi to speed up his plan, knowing he would die.
There is one other thing we know about his disease. According to Narutopedia, this disease had an effect on Itach's chakra. Because of this, it is reasonable to assume that this disease either isn't real or it's based on a real disease with this fictional characteristic attached.
Answer: Tobirama said in one episode that the Uchiha develop their Mangekyo Sharingan from knowing despair and great pain, and that their despair is reflected in how strong their eyes are.
Basically his illness is a rebound of his powers on his body; his body isnt able to handle the power without a new power to help control his eyes.
You can refer this link to learn more about Itachi
http://naruto.wikia.com/wiki/Itachi_Uchiha
Comment: "Itachi at some point contracted a terminal illness. He kept himself alive through the years with medicine and sheer willpower so that he could live long enough to die by Sasuke's hand."    No idea where you got the thought that the Mangekyou caused this, but somehow did not for everyone else who had one.
Answer: To be honest, i think that itachi may have never fully recovered from 8 trigrams attack he received from Kohinata Mukai as an anbu (itachi shinden,book 2,page 30) in that novel, itachi got hit with at least eight od the 64 palms technique. We dont know if hus internal organs or chakra flow ever fully recovered after that,and the tremendous strain from using mangekyo and other techniques was probably a bit too much with a deficient chakra flow. Every time he used chakra probably affected his vital organs somehow.  This seems unlikely,simce i cant see him being unable to be treated, since hinata was able to recover after neji tried to kill her,but its the best theory i have.

What is Itachi's illness?


Add content editor webpart programmatically and still keep it editable

Question: Essentially what I want is to pre-load the existing content editor with some text may be from a configuration(by adminstrator) or from the list.
So I am creating a custom wp that will act like a wrapper to the existing content editor and add some text to it. But this makes the CEWP uneditable to the user. Please suggest.
I am using SharePoint 2010 foundation.
Answer: Here's my working code for SP 2010 for adding text to the existing CEWP. I think it must be identical to the example mentioned above:
<code>SPListItem pageItem;// Need to get page SPListItem
SPLimitedWebPartManager manager = SPContext.Current.Web.GetLimitedWebPartManager(pageItem.Url, PersonalizationScope.Shared);
            ContentEditorWebPart contentEditor = manager.WebParts.OfType<ContentEditorWebPart>().Single(); // You can choose a specific CEWP instance by any conditions if you like
            XmlDocument xDoc = new XmlDocument();
            var contentRoot = xDoc.CreateElement("ContentRoot");
            string content = "abcde!";
            contentRoot.InnerText = editor.Content;
            contentEditor.Content = contentRoot;
            manager.SaveChanges(contentEditor);
</code>
Answer: Wrapping the webpart with custom code shouldn't be needed; should be able to do what you want by updating the contents.  The following article should get you moving in the right direction.
Programmatically Updating a SharePoint Content Editor Web Part -- note this is for SharePoint 2007, but as you didn't mention what version you are using...
Comment: I am using SharePoint 2010 foundation.
Comment: It is a great solution but what if I had more than one content editor on the page? I am looking more towards setting (preloading) text to a specific CEWP on the page and still keep it editable for the user.


Can you use a large creature's dead body as a means to walk over a grease spell so that you are unaffected by that spell?

Question: In 5e, if a Grease spell is cast and a large (eg. 10'sq facing) creature is killed on it, covering the same area as the spell, could other players/NPCs/monsters walk over that creature as if the Grease spell does not exist?
Comment: Are you asking as the player or as the DM?  In other words, are you looking for a way to make a ruling for your players, or, are you trying to make a point to,/,with your DM about something that happened in game? Welcome the RPGSE, Paul.  The [tour], [help], [ask] and [answer] provide guidance on the best way to use the SE format.  A key to that is to consider, in presenting a question, "what problem am I trying to solve?"
Comment: Thank you for your kind welcome. I was trying to be neutral in order to allow for both perspectives to be considered. This thing happened and I was interested to see if there were any views on it that we could take into our game.
Comment: I am glad that you found the answer useful.  Hope to 'see' more of you; we have a wealth of RPG experience in our various Q&As here, and not just about D&D.
Answer: The rules do not say
Here's the spell description:

Slick grease covers the ground in a 10-foot square centered on a point within range and turns it into difficult terrain for the duration.
When the grease appears, each creature standing in its area must succeed on a Dexterity saving throw or fall prone. A creature that enters the area or ends its turn there must also succeed on a Dexterity saving throw or fall prone.

There is no rule "grease spell effect is negated when a large creature is lying upon" in any official source book. We on the internet can only tell you that spells do based on the books, because we are not DMing your game. We cannot change or expand upon the rules and say "this is part of how the spell works". We do not have that authority; the DM of the game does, and we aren't that.
Large creatures are not 10ft wide
The Grease spell covers 10-foot square, and a large creature does not cover 10-foot square:

A creature's space is the area in feet that it effectively controls in combat, not an expression of its physical dimensions. (PHB p. 191)

Keeping in mind that a large creature isn't a 10 x 10 square object, the DM may, for example, call for a Dexterity (Acrobatics) check for walking along the irregular surface that is the prone body.
Nothing states that you can't though
"There is no rule for that" does not equal "you can't do that". Player characters can (and probably should) do perform actions not detailed elsewhere in the rules:

When you take your action on your turn, you can take
one of the actions presented here, an action you gained
from your class or a special feature, or an action that
you improvise.
When you describe an action not detailed elsewhere
in the rules, the DM tells you whether that action is
possible and what kind of roll you need to make, if any
(PHB p. 192 , emphasis mine)

You can try to walk over it, but the result will depend on the situation — how exactly the creature is lying, what body does that creature have, et cetera. This is the DMs job to adjudicate such things, so it becomes exactly the "ask your DM" type of question.
One thing we can say though — there is no "fluff" ignorable text in that description. It says "slick grease covers the ground", therefore this slick grease is the exact reason why a walking creature "must succeed on a Dexterity saving throw or fall prone". If you completely cover the grease with something big and heavy enough to provide a sound surface, it probably negates the spell effect (but still, ask your DM).
Comment: Just to emphasise the part about large creatures not filling a 10' square. The size rules are about how much space a creature controls while "in combat", not their physical size. Most humans aren't 5' wide for example! (Exception for the Gelatinous Cube :). Plus it may be not much easier to walk on an uneven squishy dead creature than on a grease spell.
Comment: Very helpful and insightful. "It depends on the situation" I think is the best way to consider it and a good bit of player/DM conversation can only add to the game.
Comment: Nice edit. +1
Comment: @Paul in comparison to the previous editions, 5e really favors the "[rulings over rules](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/100544)" principle, so  "it depends on the situation" (equals "ask your DM") is a valid answer to may questions initially posed as questions about the rules.
Comment: One note: I'd argue that in the case a Large creature covers the slippery grease, it's still difficult terrain (depending on anatomy and armor considerations) so while a creature wouldn't have to make a Dex save, they're still not moving unimpeded through the space.


What pedals would achieve this guitar tone?

Question:

I get the feeling it's a combination of rolling off the treble and octave pedal but I'm not entirely sure and figure someone else out there would be much more informed than I am on this kind of thing.
Answer: That's an Envelope Follower or Envelope Filter. Probably an Auto-Wah.
These pedals basically make a smoothed-curve signal using the (high-)frequency (or amplitude after a band-pass) of the input signal, and then use that as a control parameter, usually for tone/eq/compression attack etc.
For modern pedal simulator software, a single envelope follower can be assigned to multiple parameters on multiple effects: such as simulating a univibe by adjusting wet/dry Dopler Speaker, auto-wah intensity, and phaser modulation speed all at once based on how loud the input signal is.
See, for example: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_detector


Need to extract rectangle coordinates from a shapefile

Question: New R user. I'm trying to create an observation window for a point pattern in R using a shapefile imported from ArcGIS. I've imported the shapefile and it is recognized by R as a feature class type:polygon. I need the xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax of the extent and that is all in order to specify these in creating the owin object. I can't seem to extract these values from the polygon. I know this is very basic but I can't put 2 and 2 together here.
Comment: object@bbox if its an sp* object
Answer: You can create a rectangle with the boundary box of your polygon. I use rgdal package to make a reproducible example, but you could use only raster package with shapefile() function instead of readOGR():
library(rgdal)
library(raster)

dsn <- system.file("vectors", package = "rgdal")[1]
ogrListLayers(dsn)
polygon <- readOGR(dsn=dsn, layer="scot_BNG")

Creates an extent object using bbox and convert it to polygon:
e <- extent(polygon@bbox)

e <- as(e,"SpatialPolygons")

See the results:
plot(polygon)
plot(e, add= T)

Comment: see my "answer" above-- your solution worked-- thanks !
Comment: You do not need to call the bbox slot, the extent function does this for you. It is as simple as: e <- as(raster::extent(polygon), "SpatialPolygons")


pronunciation of word origins

Question: there are many sources for indo-europian languages' etymology but I don't know where to find one which shows the pronunciation of the word's origins. for example, I can't understand how the given greek or old germanic words are pronounced.
Comment: why negative remarks? I would appreciate some explanations.
Comment: currently the question is too general to be reasonably answerable because the scope is too large. You're asking for how to pronounce, in principle, *any* language. If you ask new questions, each one about one specific language, we can give you good answers
Answer: Wiktionary, for all its (usually overstated) flaws, very often has IPA for entries; in the case of Greek, it usually has pronunciations for several different time periods, even.
Greek, specifically, has a very phonemic writing system, so once you get a handle on the phonology of the language the pronunciation of more or less any word is very transparent. Any Greek textbook will have a section on phonology, and if you want something a bit more thorough but still very accessible, W. Sidney Allen's Vox Graeca is excellent.
The spelling of reconstructed languages like Proto-Germanic is almost always perfectly phonemic—that's the point. The exact phonetic realisation will often be in doubt (at least more so than for Greek), but again, familiarity with the phonology and with the conventions of the specific language will get you a long way. Wikipedia will often have an adequate introduction, e.g. Proto-Germanic.
At the risk of sounding obvious, if you want to know how words were pronounced in a given language, you will need to acquire at least a passing familiarity with that language.
Answer: Since you tagged the question proto-indo-european, I'll also add:
The pronunciation of reconstructed proto-languages is always somewhat uncertain, and the older we go, the less certain we can be. For Proto-Indo-European, there's no real consensus about how it should be pronounced: were the "voiced" stops glottalized, perhaps ejective? Were the "voiced aspirated" stops actually aspirated? Were the "velar" stops actually post-velar, or maybe uvular? Was *h₁ a stop or a fricative? And so on.
For most scholars, this doesn't really matter, since there's no real reason to actually speak reconstructed PIE. But as a result, there tend not to be any good pronunciation guides for it. If you want a way to pronounce it (maybe as a mnemonic), you'll need to pick one of the many, many theories; personally, I'm a big fan of ejectives and uvulars, but none of the theories are without problems (for my favorite theory: so where did the ejectives go?).
Comment: @shetal I've provided a bit more of my own interpretation [in this answer](https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/a/31498/10559), but if you want published resources on this, I'd recommend asking a new question: "what full proposals for PIE phonetics have been published?" or something like that. There are many out there!
Comment: I'm really enthusiastic about PIE, to be exact, all proto- forms of any family and you seem to know much about PIE. I'll really appreciate it if you share some good sources. thx

pronunciation of word origins


What is Sitecore Analytics Database used for

Question: I have my Sitecore multisite up and running.(Version 8.2).The values and data are populated on both Mongodb and SQL databases.But May I know what is the use of Analytics Database stored on the SQL server, and how the data is being captured and stored on the sql database.Is there any links/documents available ,to explain the same.
Answer: The Analytics DB is used as a reporting database for xDB. MongoDB is the collection database and periodically this is aggregated and stored in the Analytics db (also called the reporting db).
If you are disabling xDB and Tracking, then there is no need for the Analytics DB.
You can read more here: https://doc.sitecore.net/sitecore_experience_platform/82/setting_up_and_maintaining/xdb/platform/reporting_database_reference
Comment: Thanks for the update.I'm not disabling xDB and Tracking.The data is stored on both Mongodb and SQL.I just need to know Analytics data is directly captured from MongoDB or not !.
Comment: It is directly added from MongoDB through Processing server, or Content Management server if you are enabling Processing functionality there. Hope this answers your question.


Turning and tacking carpet where it meets vinyl flooring

Question: I had new carpet installed and I had them cut it so I can turn and tack the carpet over the edge of my new luxury vinyl plank.  Now I'm looking for tips on how to get a nice straight carpet edge and what fastener (carpet tack. special stape, etc.  I should use for tacking.  I absolutely do not want to us one of those nasty metal edges.
Comment: So, what are you using to protect the edge of the vinyl plank?
Comment: My personal preference is to put a mini-threshold trim to cover the edge of the floor.  This does two things; it provides the expansion gap the floor needs to move with the seasons and it gives the carpet a high enough surface to butt up against and not look awkward.  The mini-threshold is usually available in the same finish as the floor.  As an example: http://www.ecobuildingstore.ca/sites/default/files/imagecache/product_full/teragren_moldings/ECO-Baby_Threshold.jpg
Comment: I want to lap the vinyl plank with the carpet.  The plank is less than 3/16 thick and I am lapping at the cut end of the planks. I laid a straight edge down and cut the plank ends clean along the straight edge.  These are all in door ways.
Answer: To turn and finish a carpet edge, you use a carpet "z bar" along with tack strip. It will be nice and straight if you lay the bar and tack strip straight and are careful when trimming and tucking the carpet.

After tacking, you tamp down the z bar to secure the carpet edge. There are other designs besides the one shown in this image. Choose a heavy commercial grade bar. If your intention is to run this up and over the wood plank you will have a hump, most installers would finish it to the edge. My preference is to use a wood transition bar instead of the "nasty metal" type you describe.


Looking for DPA 5100 Case Suggestions

Question: Looking for ideas of housing a DPA 5100 While in transit.  Currently have it sitting in the mfg cardboard box inside of my larger FX kit pelican.  Looking for something new and more sturdy as the cardboard box is getting old.  I would like it to nest within the 1650.
Answer: I bought a smallish psuedo pelican case locally quite cheaply, which fits both my TR606 and Bassbot and it has that foam which you can form by plucking to fit... Not really an answer, its probably a bit big to have inside a larger pelican case..... but a related question: what do you think of the DPA 5100 in use? Whats been your favourite use of it so far with great results?
Comment: @Tim  I am going to be honest here.  I do not have much experience with the 5100. I recently started a new job at a Dub stage here, and one of my duties is to maintain the FX kits.  I have no personal experience with this mic.  I can say I prefer using it than upmixings/forcing stereo tracks into a 5.1 environment.  This job has moved me into the 5.1 field. :)   I could give you my boss' opinion on it, but it is not mine.  I am hoping to start taking out the smaller kit to record random things and use all the fancy toys they have and make my own opinions on them.

Looking for DPA 5100 Case Suggestions


Turn off water heater as well during winter?

Question: If I am going on vacation for an extended period during winter (it occasionally gets below freezing here), should I turn off water valve AND the gas water heater or just turn off the main water valve?
I am seeing a lot of people advising to close the main water valve but leaving the gas water heater on "pilot" or "low". I am worried because what if a water line bursts and drains the water out of the water heater? Wouldn't it damage the water heater?
Please advise.
Thank you,
RK.
Comment: There's no harm to turning off your hot water heater if you want. You'll just have to light it again when you get home. People are probably advising you to leave it on pilot so you can just turn it back up when you get home.
Comment: If you turn it off, you should open one or more hot water faucets. It won't hurt to leave it on pilot with the main shut off, the gas supply to the main burner will not open and the small pilot flame will not cause damage even if the tank somehow emptied (which is unlikely as the main is shut off and a downstream pipe failure would only gravity drain that section of line, not the whole tank).
Comment: @JimmyFix-it What's the reason to open hot water faucets?
Comment: @gregmac, I'd _guess_ that it lets air into the system to prevent a leak from siphoning the tank dry.
Answer: Ideally..

Turn the power/gas off to the water heater.
Turn off the water to the building.
Remove the water from the entire building, including the water heater, toilet tanks and water supply lines.
Pour RV antifreeze into every waste trap, including the toilet bowls.

The building is now winterized and your safe even if the heat goes off.
If the heat goes off and you haven't removed all the water, you will probably pay for it.
Comment: Hello again. Another good answer: thanks.
Answer: some water heaters will burn the elements out if the water is off of corse this electric, If you turn the water off the safest thing to do is turn the gas valve to pilot then the burner cannot come on , and you dont have to worry about gas leask that althow are extreemly rare can happen. with the pilot burning that is not a concern,, this is what most land loards do when properties are unoccupied.saving $ also
Answer: You should winterize the system. Drain and purge the pipes and water heater as well as add rv antifreeze " pink" to the lines. I pour a few cups in all drains. A warm water heater will not keep water in pipes warm without circulation and will cause pipes to burst if cold enough to freeze and expand the water sitting in the pipes.
Comment: Shouldn't you use a food grade PG or glycerol here?
Comment: very good point on the food grade glycol, However the antifreeze is only in drain lines and if properly flushing system at the beginning of the season there should never be an issue with it being ingested. Nothing is 100% but the antifreeze should  never return through faucets. I say should because I've seen some odd plumbing so anythings possible but unlikely. The pink antifreeze I mentioned is for winterizing anything that has water lines that will not be used during winter.extended periods of below freezing weather draining and purging the water system with compressed air is recommended.


How to invert the colors properly in Blender?

Question: When I invert the colors in Blender, I don't get the same result at all as Photoshop. The middle-grey background should not change, but it gets brighter in Blender while it stay the same value in Photoshop.
Answer: Blender will generally linearize colors when importing 8bit images. Photoshop does not. Normally, Blender's behavior is correct but in this case you are encoding data here, not colors. You can inform Blender of this and disable the de-gamma step by setting your input color space to "linear" or "raw" instead of "sRGB".
Comment: That also won't quite nail it. The problem is that an inversion is on display referred encoded values, and as a result, a 2.2 power curve won't invert entirely 1:1 with Photoshop, and it certainly won't work at all on scene referred data coming from Cycles. "Inversion" of a colour has no real-world equivalent, and is rather a hack to achieve something else. For alpha, which is always a bounded 0..1 linear ratio, 1.0- value will work correctly.
Comment: Yeah, globally disabling CM is a very poor solution, it should be bypassed specifically for saving the cavity map. Just not sure how to do that.
Comment: Thank you for you answer. I had already tried the linear and raw mode, the background grey doesn't change when i invert the image, but the source image appears brighter and the result is brighter than Photoshop.
Comment: Blender will also convert back to non-linear when saving, this seems to be the other issue. When I set color management to "none" AND the input space to "linear", the result is the same as Photoshop. Not sure if there's another way to disable gamma correction of the final output apart from disabling CM or saving as OpenEXR. I thought "save as render" did this, but it doesn't seem to work here.
Comment: It works but it becomes hard to manage the other images and colors. For example an image attached to a multiply node with a completely white color becomes darker.
Comment: Bartek Skorupa show the solution in his tutorial i have edited my initial post with his node setup.
Answer: Here is the node setup to invert the colors properly:
Comment: Using this, I do not get the same depth map back. Why is that?
Answer: Here's a visualization of how you can change the color space to "Raw" so that you can do inversion properly:

Before inversion:

After inversion:

And for depth maps (connect the Z-pass to a Normalize node first)
Before inversion:

After inversion:


What is a "Layer 3 Switch"?

Question: What is a "Layer 3 Switch"?   I essentially understand the OSI model, well maybe I don't and maybe that is why I don't understand.   Its just that I don't see how/when/if a "managed switch" becomes a "layer 3 switch".  Or, is a "managed switch" automatically a layer 3 switch?
Comment: Did any answer help you? If so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you can post and accept your own answer.
Answer: Managed switches are in simple terms switches that can be "managed." Managed means that they can provide information/statistics about their operation and usually that they can be configured. While the vast majority of managed switches can be configured for IP (and this includes all the more capable devices with full feature sets), there are some that can be managed strictly over L2 with proprietary management software but this limits them severely in terms of what advantages they have over a non-managed switch.
A L3 switch is a switch that can perform some or all the functions of a router in addition to being a switch.
This then begs the question, what is the difference between a L3 switch and a router? Technically speaking, a L3 switch is a router. Or put another way, a device which performs L3 functions is a router (this is also why they can call consumer gateway devices "routers"), and a L3 switch performs L3 functions.
So why the distinction? People will point out many things sometimes, but you can always find exceptions to those (whether it is based on features, performance, etc). In my mind it really comes down to one thing.
L3 switches are designed first and foremost to perform L2 functions. Even if they have a full L3 feature set and high L3 performance, the primary motivation behind their design and engineering is L2.
Routers are first and foremost designed to perform L3 functions. Even if they have L2 modules or functionality, the primary motivation behind their design and engineering is L3.
So when it comes to pushing new capabilities, features and/or performance, the focus is often on their primary layer of operation first. An example of this was the Cisco 6500 L3 switch and the 7600 router. While they were both basically the same platform and could use much of the same hardware/modules, the focus was different.
Answer: Layer-3 switches can route, too.  Some layer-2 switches are managed so that you can change settings. All layer-3 switches are managed because you need to configure the settings.
Layer-2 switches only switch at layer-2.
Layer-3 switches can switch at layer-2, but they can also route at layer-3. Layer-3 switches don't necessarily have all the features of a router, but some are quite sophisticated.
Comment: Now that helps.  So are routers a layer 3 device?
Comment: Yes, routers are layer-3 devices. Hubs are layer-1, bridges (switches _are_ bridges) are layer-2, and routers are layer-3.
Answer: layer 3 switch and managed switch and layer 2 switch are different terminologies have some common features and some differences

Layer 2 switch : is the device which can operate in the osi layer 2 and make its own switching decisions based on layer 2 address (MAC address) and may perform basic (QOS ,ACL)
Layer 3 switch : is the device which can operate in the osi layer 3 and make its own switching decisions based on layer 2 address (MAC address) and make its own Layer 3 functions (routing,QOS,ACL and so on) based on Layer 3 address (IP address)
Managed switch : both Layer 2 and Layer 3 must given IP to be managed so it is not necessary for a switch to be layer 3 to be managed , even layer 2 switches can be managed

other impotent question may you ask your self , what is the deference between L3 switch and Router where both operate in the same layer??

Layer 3 switch has some thing called ASIC which enhance switching performance but Router not
by default Router can perform Layer 3 functions more than Layer 3 switch (some dynamic routing like BGP not enable by default on L3 switch may need extra license but not default , route-map , object tracking and so on) but it is also depend on the vendor

What is a "Layer 3 Switch"?


How to sync the dubbed audio to original video?

Question: I have English movie Die hard in English having total length for example 1hour 30minute original time and dubbed movie length 1hour 28minute.how to equalize both audio.apparently it is impossible. how can i cut original English movie so that i can equalize one video .I can cut but it is difficult to find out from which scene i cut the movie.i want to make dual audio movie.is there any software that can do this?
Answer: I've had the same problem where the video and audio were compressed separately and came out with as two different lengths.  Even just a half second difference will mean that the audio at the end of the video will be out of sync a half second.
I don't know what editor you are using, but I'm using Sony Vegas.  So I'll give you the steps for it then just adjust for your editor.

First un-group the audio and video files if they are grouped by pressing U.
Synch up the first sound or word in the video with the audio.  It will be out of sych at the end, but that's okay for now.
Convert the length of the video into seconds and the actual length of the audio into seconds.  For your example you said it was a 90 minute video (5400 seconds) and an 88 minute (5280 second) audio.
Now divide the larger file by the smaller file.  5400/5280 = 1.022727
Now you know that the audio has somehow become 2.2727% shorter somehow.
Now you can right click on the video in your timeline and set the playback rate to .977  - This will shrink your video down to match your audio.


What is the cutoff Yashan date for Heckers flour?

Question: What is the Yashan cutoff date for Heckers flour?
Comment: @DanF As far as I know, only the Bach suggests the potential for being lenient when the grain was definitely owned by a non-Jew. Virtually all other authorities reject this leniency and the overwhelming majority consider it to still be a biblical prohibition.
Comment: esther Faham, welcome to Mi Yodeya, and thanks for bringing your question here! Please consider [registering](http://judaism.stackexchange.com/users/login) your account, to [enable](http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/44557/why-should-i-register-my-account) more site features, including voting.
Comment: @DanF In addition to Loewian's point, there is no reason the ownership of the milling company is relevant at all.
Comment: http://www.crcweb.org/yoshon%20guide%20prelim.%205774.pdf
Comment: Question (assumption) beforehand - As far as I know, Heckers is a non-Jewish owned company. If you buy such flour, is there a requirement for it to be *yashan*?
Comment: http://www.star-k.org/YoshonQuick-2015-3.pdf
Answer: From Y. Herman's Guide to Chodosh (5776):

Heckers white flour contains 100% winter wheat, as determined by
  independent sources. Probable Chodosh date for malt is Dec 15, code
  best by use date of June 15 17 (18 months after packing.)

Some people are not strict about malt, in which case the white flour is always Yoshon (since winter wheat in the United States is always planted well before Pesach yet doesn't hit store shelves till after).
With regard to Hecker's whole wheat flour:

Heckers whole wheat flour Chodosh code Aug
  2 16 (1 year after packing.)


Can CC BY 4.0 content be adapted into a CC BY-SA 3.0 work?

Question: If an original work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0), can an adapted work (i.e. derivative work) be made from it and published under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0)?
Answer: Yes, because CC-BY 4.0 is a permissive license.
Permissive licenses in general are much easier to redistribute, usually all that's required is that you preserve the copyright notice. In CC-BY 4.0's case, you just need to provide attribution in one of many ways.
It's why not just CC-BY 4.0, but many permissively-licensed works can be included in proprietary ones.
The one thing you cannot do is take away the attribution requirement, for example by distributing under an even more permissive license, such as CC0.
Comment: Are there any requirements that exist in BY 4.0 (e.g., don't DRM or tivo-ize, or something even more obscure) that do not exist in BY-SA 3.0? If there were any 4.0-only terms like that, that seems like it could be a problem; if there are not, it might be worth mentioning the absence of any such issue. Or, if there is such a difference, but it's not a problem, I wouldn't mind hearing about that, either.
Comment: Thanks. This matches my understanding. I was hoping for an answer that would address the version number difference (e.g. re: database rights), but I don't *think* it is material in the case of CC BY -> CC BY-SA.


Where do stocks get their value from?

Question: I'm aware that some companies give out dividends to their shareholders, but are there companies that don't? And if they don't, what incentivizes people to buy stocks at the IPO? Is it simply the belief that other people will value the stocks?
Comment: I think this is covered here: https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/16262/is-belief-in-future-dividends-the-only-long-term-value-of-stock
Answer: Yes, there are companies that DON'T pay dividends to their shareholders. Some of these well-known companies are:

Amazon.com Inc (AMZN)
Facebook Inc. (FB)
Netflix Inc. (NFLX)

The main incentive shareholders get by buying at IPO is CAPITAL APPRECIATION.
98% of the time, the company will only be listed on the stock exchange if it has strong financial fundamentals. Thus, a case in which no one buys into that company as soon as it goes public is very rare.
Share prices change due to the changes in the supply and demand of that company's share. Hence, when the company's IPO is launched, a lot of retail as well as institutional investors buy into that stock and increase the demand for it, while the supply stays relatively stable.
This increases the price of the company's share in the short run. However, if the company has strong financial fundamentals its price would continue to grow steadily. But if a company has weak financial fundamentals, the company's stock price may even drop below its IPO price after a few days of its IPO's launch.
Below is the price of Facebook. Inc since its IPO launch. As the company had strong fundamentals it grew into the social media giant it is today.

However, a company like Groupon had a minute increase in its price just for a few days after its IPO launch due to the rapid increase in demand as discussed above. However, because the company did not have strong financial fundamentals, its price gradually started to lower.

So what incentivizes people to purchase a company's share AT IPO?
The very high probability of the stock to jump above its IPO launch price for a few days.
After which, its price is determined by the company's VALUES/ FINANCIAL FUNDAMENTALS
Cheers!

Where do stocks get their value from?


Mitigating DDoS With Command of Ports

Question: Is there any type of DDoS where closing or taking full control of all port capabilities would be useful in mitigation of an attack?
Comment: Thanks Ian - that's much more on topic. I have a feeling the answer's going to be a no, though. I have done a fair bit of work on DDoS mitigation and can't imagine this working.
Comment: Thank you.  I imagine you are right as well.  It seems this would simply play into their hands.
Comment: What do you mean by "port capabilities"? Open, closing, filtering are all under our control. What else are you thinking about?
Comment: The thing with ddos is you're saddled with the unenviable task of determining what a legitimate transaction is. Assuming you assiduously collate traffic data for your site, you would be able to have a better view of what constitutes legitimate traffic, after all if 90% of your traffic originates from north america, a sudden surge of 40% traffic from china without any intervention on your part means you could safely drop entire netblocks without being too worried about your business.
Answer: The only thing I can think of is a broadcast storm or similar, where responses from the target are what's keeping the attack going.  These are rare and almost invariably accidental, and there's an easier way to stop them than messing around with ports: just take the target system briefly offline.
Comment: Wouldn't this accomplish what was intended?  I guess I'm wondering if a SYN flood or UDP storm that was malicious could be mitigated using the proposed method...assuming those fall into a "broadcast storm" as you've stated.
Comment: SYN floods and UDP storms are simply a matter of an attacker throwing data faster than the target's connection can handle.  Since the attack is against the *connection* rather than the *computer*, port control won't help.
Answer: Manual DDoS mitigation( taking control over the ports ) is no longer recommended due to DDoS attackers being able to circumvent DDoS mitigation software that is activated manually. Best practices for DDoS mitigation include having both anti-DDoS technology and anti-DDoS emergency response services

Mitigating DDoS With Command of Ports


How can a I redirect an HTTPS request to a HTTP server?

Question: I have a Web Application running in HTTP. However I wanted to test a Web Service that is running on HTTPS using CORS. Since HTTP won't allow HTTPS request, I wanted to setup a proxy in my Web Application so that it appears as HTTPS. How can I achieve this redirection in Linux?
Comment: Maybe [stunnel](https://www.stunnel.org/index.html) could help?
Answer: I've found devd from https://github.com/cortesi/devd to be quite helpful for this type of debugging/development. This is an utility that can act as a local webserver as well as a reverse proxy, and it's the latter functionality that will be especially useful in this case.
It also conveniently has a --crossdomain option for setting the CORS header Access-Control-Allowed: *
E.g redirecting HTTPS requests on port 443 to HTTP server on localhost port 8080:
# devd --tls --port 443 http://localhost:8080
(it will autogenerate self-signed cert and save it to ~/.devd.cert, if it doesn't already exist)
Answer: The normal was is to set up a reverse proxy between your application and the rest of the network. The proxy terminates the SSL connection, and makes an unencrypted connection to the backend.
Popular choices include HAProxy, Nginx, and Apache (mod_proxy). For example, Stack Exchange uses HAProxy to terminate TLS/SSL.


Is it harm to curse (i.e., use swearwords)?

Question: I curse a lot, because I am surrounded by many teenagers who also curse a lot. Is it haram to curse in Islam? What is the punishment? How can I prevent cursing?
I heard that cursing is a major sin. I want to make sure that true.
Comment: To my assumption, cursing Muslim as well as non-Muslim is not allowed in Islam. Instead you can ask forgiveness and make Dua to show them right path.
Answer: At the initial step, I ought to mention that it doesn't justify your negative practice that you said "I curse a lot because i am surrounded by many teenagers who also curse a lot.".
At the second step, as a Briefly speaking, generally cursing (using bad language or word) is considered as a bad act. It would be beneficial for you to pay attention to the verse below of the Holy Quran as a related issue concerning cursing. (Al-An'am: 108):

وَلَا تَسُبُّوا الَّذِينَ يَدْعُونَ مِن دُونِ اللَّـهِ فَيَسُبُّوا
  اللَّـهَ عَدْوًا بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ ۗ كَذَٰلِكَ زَيَّنَّا لِكُلِّ أُمَّةٍ
  عَمَلَهُمْ ثُمَّ إِلَىٰ رَبِّهِم مَّرْجِعُهُمْ فَيُنَبِّئُهُم بِمَا
  كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ ﴿١٠٨
And do not insult those they invoke other than Allah, lest they insult
  Allah in enmity without knowledge. Thus We have made pleasing to every
  community their deeds. Then to their Lord is their return, and He will
  inform them about what they used to do. (108)

There is a narration from Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his household) that said:

Allah prohibited the Jannah (paradise) for every abuser (a person that
  curses) who is shameless-dishonored and doesn't care what is said to
  him (her) and wouldn't be worried and sad.
ان الله حرم الجنه علی کل فحاش بدی قلیل الحیاء لایبال ما قال و لا ما
  قیل له (کافی، ج۲، ص۳۲۳؛ وسائل، ج۱۱، ص۳۲۹؛ تحف العقول، ص۴۱۶).

Or it has quoted that Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) said:

Cursing the Moslem is Fsq (debauchery) and Sin.
سِبَابُ الْمُسْلِمِ فُسُوقٌ»؛ شیخ طوسی، محمد بن حسن، الأمالی، ص 537،
  قم، دار الثقافة، چاپ اول، 1414ق؛ شیبانی، أحمد بن محمد، مسند احمد بن
  حنبل، ج 6، ص 157، بیروت، مؤسسة الرسالة، چاپ اول، 1421ق.

Conclusion, you indeed ought to strive not to curse anymore and ask Allah to forgive you. (So, as a famous general Islamic rule, Allah will forgive everyone who repent...)
Piece of advice, you can follow the  following verses which suggest that it is better to forgive who make us angry.

Kind speech and forgiveness are better than charity followed by injury. And Allah is Free of need and Forbearing. (Qur'an 2:263)

and this

And those who avoid the major sins and immoralities, and when they are angry, they forgive, Qur'an 42:37 (Read more context)

References:

tanzil.net
ahlolbait.blog.ir
www.islamquest.net
Answer: Well at the very first place your behavior is expected I guess.

O ye who believe! Let not a folk deride a folk who may be better than they (are), not let women (deride) women who may be better than they are; neither defame one another, nor insult one another by nicknames. Bad is the name of lewdness after faith. And whoso turneth not in repentance, such are evil-doers. (Qur'an 49:11)

Next, more detailed answer whether cursing is allowed in Islam or up to which extent it is allowed this answer is pretty informative.
In short, some say, cursing a Muslim is not allowed (at any cost) and cursing a disbeliever is OK but not suggested.
The rest as to why is it better to not curse is answered pretty well in here by Shia_Sunni____________UNIT

How can I prevent cursing?

Well for that, only one answer is there. And that is be patient.
May the creator guide us all.
Comment: We can't ask forgiveness on behalf of disbelievers.
Comment: To my assumption, cursing Muslim as well as non-Muslim is not allowed in Islam. Instead you can ask forgiveness and make Dua to show them right path.
Answer: Cursing is definitely a major sin - stay away from it and surround yourself with good people. Just because your friends or classmates curse doesn't mean it's okay. Please, for your sake, try to avoid these kinds of people as they will drag you down the wrong path and perhaps up through the horrifying levels of hell.
May Allah guide us all to the straight path.
Comment: Welcome to Islam SE. Answers should be elaborate and focused on addressing the question. Claims should be supported by evidence. Please visit our [tour] in the [help], and refer to [answer].
Answer: Dear brother or sister,
Cursing is a sin. Please for your sake, stop and just ask for forgiveness. Don't be friends with these type of people. They will eventually lead you to hell. Allah the almighty will forgive you. Trust me.


Who infuses the futures contracts in the first place in the market?

Question: Who is the very first buyer of a futures contract? Don't tell me the first seller of course because then it's spontaneous to ask who did that seller bought from in the first place ?
Answer: Open interest represents the number of contracts that exist on  any given day.  There are 4 scenarios:

(1)   If both parties to a trade are initiating a new position (one new buyer and one new seller) then open interest will increase by one contract.
(2) If both traders are closing an existing or old position (one previous buyer and one previous seller) then open interest will decline by one contract.
(3) If someone long an option sells to a new trader, open interest will not change (contract changing hands)
(4) If someone short an option buys from a  new trader, open interest will not change  (contract changing hands)

(1) applies to your question.  There are no contracts in existence so a willing buyer and a willing seller agree on price and a contract is created.
Comment: I think this person is asking if there is the equivalent of a market maker for futures.  If so, is the market maker a known or knowable entity.
Comment: Perhaps.  Or maybe when he said buyer and seller he meant buyer and seller.
Comment: Yes, I wanted to know if there was an issuing authority of the futures. But  now I get it that contracts are created in the market itself when one person enters into a long position and another in a short position. When they both square off, the contract or open interest offsets and falls by one. If any one of them squares off the position, in that case someone else in the market takes his place. Like if someone has shorted and wants to square it off, then he will buy it. For him to buy, someone in the market has to enter into the short position. One long position for a short. Got it!
Comment: Max - The exchange acts as the intermediary.  In the case of options, the market maker or an investor/trader could be the counter party.
Answer: "Buyer of a futures contract" is a bit misleading, although I realize this is the standard phrasing. You are not actually "buying" a contract - you are entering into a contract in which you are the buyer of a commodity. The other party in that contract is the futures exchange which also creates a contract between them and the "seller".
If you are buying to close out an existing short position, the exchange nullifies your original contract rather than creating a new contract that offsets the original one.
Whether the "seller" is opening or closing a position is of no consequence to you. The exchange handles all of this and keeps track of "open" contracts (as Bob's answer illustrates).
Comment: Absolutely. I rephrase that the person entering into a position is a party to the contract. Still I couldn't assimilate when you said that 'the futures exchange also creates a contract between them and the seller'. Just to make my question more straightforward, assume you are the future exchange. You issued only one futures contract and I was the other party to it. I bought it and entered into the position. I held on to it till its expiry. I profited say 30 bucks on it. Who will pay me the price differential? You being the Exchange?
Comment: @MaxMarshall If you are the exchange in that scenario, you would _also_ originate (or close) a sell contract with another counterparty. If there's not another counterparty willing to sell, then no buy would occur. The exchange does not apy the difference - the other party does. The exchange is just a silent intermediary.  There are "market makers" in some commodity markets that help facilitate this like in equity markets
Comment: Crystal about it now. Grateful to you for your explanation. Thank you.


Natural Raw Water

Question: I have been drinking natural unfiltered raw water straight from rivers, streams, springs and ponds and I haven't ever gotten sick from it. I strongly believe and know it in my heart that water from springs, rivers, streams and ponds is cleaner and better for you than tap water and filtered processed water that we get which isn't natural water. If I've never gotten sick from it than it's okay right?
Comment: this sounds like a personal medical question, if you are asking if clarity of water is an indicator of toxins or parasites or lack there of the answer is no.
Comment: @Ryan you are playing a statistics game, eventually, you will encounter some water with a large enough parasite or bacterial load to make you sick.  I and a number of people I worked with felt the same especially when we worked near the timberline.  Eventually, we all got sick at one time or another due to water born pathogens, one of my work partners ended up in the hospital for over a month because of a particularily bad gardia infection.
Comment: (Not) Getting sick from raw water is probably associated to (no) bacteria in the water. However, there might be heavy metals or organic pollutants in raw water. Organic pollutants are unlikely when being far from anthropogenic activities. However, heavy metals might be dissolved in natural water. There can be negative long term consequences: e.g. if there is lead (Pb) in the water.
Answer: It all depends where you are and how carefully you choose your water sources. In the Malaysian jungle (peninsular Malaya and Sarawak), I used natural water sources all the time for years on end without ill consequences. There are numerous springs and small streams where the water is always good, but we never used a main river where there was habitation upstream. On rare occasions we used a wild pig wallow, provided the water was crystal clear. On even rarer occasions I have used natural water sources when camping in the British countryside, where even more care is required. One never knows what chemicals may have got into the run off, though up in the hills it is safer.
You may have a very good immune system, but not all people have. Usually I used natural water sources when there was no other choice, but in an inhabited area I would choose tap water if it was easily obtainable. It is the opinion of the medical profession that tap water is just as good for you as natural water, and carries less risk.

Natural Raw Water


Kitchen drain causes basement laundry drain pipe to overflow

Question: We have a setup where our washer is in the basement directly below our kitchen sink. From the looks of it they both drain directly into the same sewer/drain line. To the right of the washer is a floor drain. We have had some issues with the water backing up the washer's drain pipe when the washer is either draining or when the kitchen sink is draining (but only when a large amount of water is dumped in down the sink and then the garbage disposal is run to drain it more quickly. A plumber has been out twice to auger the line, but it doesn't seem to alleviate the problem completely. Could it be something other than the drain line?
Answer: I take it nothing backs up the floor drain?
I am going to assume this is an older house.  The floor drain is probably not hooked up to the sewer line and drains outside to a rock pit or something which is why it doesn't back up.
Perimeter drain that comes into your house with rain / ground water and feed into your sewer service line inside the house would be odd.  Modern setups have perimeter drain go to a sump well and the sump well then outflow to the storm drain.  In the case where the city doesn't have a storm/sewer main separation then these typically Y right before the entry into the sewer main.  Ideally you don't want them connected as if the sewer backs up it would go into your perimeter drain.
How far out did the plumber auger the line?  Did they use a root grinding attachment?  30 feet isn't very far, I can't imagine that takes you to the city main.  Even 60 feet typically doesn't cut it.
I suspect your main sewer service line probably has a partial blockage and prevents a surge of water from draining fast enough to the sewer main.  Last time I had this the plumber dumped a bottle of knockout plus down it.
https://www.barrettinepro.co.uk/25/337/Toilet-Drain-Unblocker
I suppose venting is a possibility if the vertical pipe that is receiving the kitchen and washing machine outflow isn't vented the water could struggle to flow quickly enough.  When you look on the roof above the wall where the vertical pipe is do you not see a vent?  Do you have sewage smells coming into the house, if there was no vent your traps would be siphoned routinely and allow sewer gas to enter your house.  Is the kitchen an add on or original to the house?
If the water is backing up the pipe that receives the washer outflow and nothing is coming up the floor drain and that floor drain is connected to the same sewer line then it sounds like your restriction is before the floor drain.  What diameter pipe is the vertical piece that receives the washer and sink outflow?
Comment: Yes, it is an older house - a 1959 rancher in Kansas. I have always assumed that the floor drain was hooked up to the sewer line because when the sewer line is blocked, the sewage comes up through the floor drain, or at least out near the area near there. We have exterior clay drain pipe/tile around the perimeter of the foundation, and it enters into this floor drain through an opening in the wall. Our plumber angered the line over 30 feet - twice. I don't know if he used a root-grinding attachment, though. I was wondering if it was a venting issue.
Comment: Also, when the kitchen sink is drained or the washer drains sometimes the water comes up slightly in the floor drain, but not very much.
Comment: + for the possibility of a gray water drain I know the op said it was not. many folks don't know these are legal in many areas I have even seen a septic system replaced because the gray water gravel had become filled with dirt. That was a big legal battle the home owner lost because he contracted to have the tank and field replaced not knowing the kitchen and laundry were on a different drain field with no tank.


Measuring distance between points along line in QGIS

Question: I have a road network and different points connected to the roads. I would like to measure the distance between several points along the roads.
Basically I want to do the same like the Road Graph Plugin, but I want to measure not only the distance between two points and also would like to get the results in an attribute table.
Comment: Welcome to gis.stackexchange! Please note that a good question on this site is expected to show some degree of research on your part, i.e. what you have tried and - if applicable - code so far. For more info, you can check our [faq].
Comment: Perhaps this post might help: [QGIS calculate distance of point along a line](http://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/25337/qgis-calculate-distance-of-point-along-a-line).
Answer: I first thought this question was basically same as another recent question Points layer distance from the start of line layer in QGIS.
However, there is an added complexity in this one, that OP requires distance between (not a distance from the start point).
So I needed QGIS 3.0 get_feature_by_id() function to calculate the difference between records.
(1) Calculate the distance of each point along the line, from the start point of the line.
Please see Points layer distance from the start of line layer in QGIS
(2) Calculate distance between points, based on the distance taken from previous step (1).
Again, open the attribute table of Points layer, which has distance field.
Create a new field interval by the below expression:
  attribute(get_feature_by_id('Points', $id+1), 'distance')
  - attribute(get_feature_by_id('Points', $id), 'distance')

This expression calculates the difference between points by (value at next row minus value at current row).
NB: The $id is unrelated to id field shown in the picture. Sorry if it is confusing.


How to cut mesh by curved surface

Question: I need the "extra" from the roof to be removed. For some reason I can't make this work with booleans. Thank you.
Comment: A blend file would be highly useful here, and a better description of exactly what final result you want to achieve.
Comment: The Boolean modifier depends on the volume.
Comment: @brasshat I think the OP wants to remove the part of the cube above the curved plane. It is possible to make boolean modifiers work without a manifold mesh, if the normals are pointing the right way and you don't have any non-manifold parts intersecting the target object.
Comment: It may be that a booleans modifier is the best way to go, but I'm not yet convinced of that, partly because I personally lack the information to make that judgement. The boolean modifier may be better now; when I explored it several versions back, I found it tended to produce geometry which needed so much cleanup in a situation similar to the one illustrated by the OP, that it was easier to modify the geometry in other ways.
Answer: It's not entirely clear to me exactly what you mean by '"extra" from the roof'. If you mean the overhang on the sides, you could modify the geometry by cutting (in any one of several ways, though in my own workflow a boolean modifier would not be a choice I'd make) the surface of the roof, and removing the vertices outside the new geometry.
If instead of that, you mean the parts of the rectangles extending above the roof, then you'd probably want to modify the walls. Again, there are several ways to accomplish this, but exactly which one would be most useful is hard to say without seeing more information.

How to cut mesh by curved surface


Stack and Queue, Why?

Question: Why and when should I use stack or queue data structures instead of arrays/lists? Can you please show an example for a state thats it'll be better if you'll use stack or queue?
Comment: stacks and queues are implemented with arrays and lists.
Answer: You've been to a cafeteria, right? and seen a stack of plates? When a clean plate is added to the stack, it is put on top. When a plate is removed, it is removed from the top. So it is called Last-In-First-Out (LIFO). A computer stack is like that, except it holds numbers, and you can make one out of an array or a list, if you like. (If the stack of plates has a spring underneath, they say you "push" one onto the top, and when you remove one you "pop" it off. That's where those words come from.)
In the cafeteria, go in back, where they wash dishes. They have a conveyor-belt where they put plates to be washed in one end, and they come out the other end, in the same order. That's a queue or First-In-First-Out (FIFO). You can also make one of those out of an array or a list if you like.
What are they good for? Well, suppose you have a tree data structure (which is like a real tree made of wood except it is upside down), and you want to write a program to walk completely through it, so as to print out all the leaves.
One way is to do a depth-first walk. You start at the trunk and go to the first branch, and then go to the first branch of that branch, and so on, until you get to a leaf, and print it. But how do you back up to get to the next branch? Well, every time you go down a branch, you "push" some information in your stack, and when you back up you "pop" it back out, and that tells you which branch to take next. That's how you keep track of which branch to do next at each point.
Another way is a breadth-first walk. Starting from the trunk, you number all the branches off the trunk, and put those numbers in the queue. Then you take a number out the other end, go to that branch, and for every branch coming off of it, you again number them (consecutively with the first) and put those in the queue. As you keep doing this you are going to visit first the branches that are 1 branch away from the trunk. Then you are going to visit all the branches that are 2 branches away from the trunk, and so on. Eventually you will get to the leaves and you can print them.
These are two fundamental concepts in programming.
Comment: For a computer science student, this is the best answer. Love the real-world examples.
Comment: This is a very good discussion on how to use queues and stacks, but the OP is asking for when to use stacks and queues versus arrays and lists.
Comment: @Candic3: I tried to answer that in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th paragraphs.
Comment: I really appreciate this answer
Comment: best answer by landslide even after a decade.
Answer: Because they help manage your data in more a particular way than arrays and lists.
Queue is first in, first out (FIFO)
Stack is last in, first out (LIFO)
Arrays and lists are random access. They are very flexible and also easily corruptible. IF you want to manage your data as FIFO or LIFO it's best to use those, already implemented, collections.
Comment: "List" when distinct from "array" generally implies a linked list, so not exactly random access.
Comment: @Porculus: Depends on the environment. .Net features a generic List<> collection and an ArrayList class since 1.0 that allow random access via the [] operator. The linked list implementation is specifically named LinkedList
Comment: It communicates to other maintainers of the code how the data structure should be used.
Comment: I'd say that simpler interfaces give their implementations more latitude. And there is always the classic search example, where depth first becomes breadth first by substituting a queue for a stack, and different again with a priority queue.
Answer:
Use a queue when you want to get things out in the order that you put them in.
Use a stack when you want to get things out in the reverse order than you put them in.
Use a list when you want to get anything out, regardless of when you put them in (and when you don't want them to automatically be removed).
Answer: When you want to enforce a certain usage pattern on your data structure. It means that when you're debugging a problem, you won't have to wonder if someone randomly inserted an element into the middle of your list, messing up some invariants.
Comment: Thank you for addressing why a stack or queue may be _better_ than an array/list.
Comment: I'm surprised this isn't the top answer. You're the only one who addressed the issue instead of saying general things.
Answer: Stack
Fundamentally whenever you need to put a reverse gear & get the elements in constant time,use a Stack.
Stack follows LIFO it's just a way of arranging data.
Appln:

Achieving the undo operation in notepads.
Browser back button uses a Stack.

Queue:
Queues are implemented using a First-In-Fist-Out (FIFO) principle
Appln:

In real life, Call Center phone systems will use Queues, to hold people calling them in an order, until a service representative is free.
CPU scheduling, Disk Scheduling. When multiple processes require CPU at the same time, various CPU scheduling algorithms are used which are implemented using Queue data structure.
In print spooling
Breadth First search in a Graph
Handling of interrupts in real-time systems. The interrupts are handled in the same order as they arrive, First come first served.
Answer: Apart from the usage enforcement that others have already mentioned, there is also a performance issue. When you want to remove something from the beginning of an array or a List (ArrayList) it usually takes O(n) time, but for a queue it takes O(1) time. That can make a huge difference if there are a lot of elements.
Answer: Arrays/lists and stacks/queues aren't mutually exclusive concepts. In fact, any stack or queue implementations you find are almost certainly using linked lists under the hood.
Array and list structures provide a description of how the data is stored, along with guarantees of the complexity of fundamental operations on the structures.
Stacks and queues give a high level description of how elements are inserted or removed. A queue is First-In-First-Out, while a stack is First-In-Last-Out.
For example, if you are implementing a message queue, you will use a queue. But the queue itself may store each message in a linked list. "Pushing" a message adds it to the front of the linked list; "popping" a message removes it from the end of the linked list.
Answer: It's a matter of intent. Stacks and queues are often implemented using arrays and lists, but the addition and deletion of elements is more strictly defined.
Answer: A stack or queue is a logical data structure; it would be implemented under the covers with a physical structure (e.g. list, array, tree, etc.)
You are welcome to "roll your own" if you want, or take advantage of an already-implemented abstraction.
Answer: The stack and the Queue are more advanced ways to handle a collection that the array itself, which doesn't establish any order in the way the elements behave inside the collection.
The Stack ( LIFO - Last in first out) and a Queue (FIFO - First in First out ) establish and order in which your elements are inserted and removed from a collection.
You can use an Array or a Linked List as the Storage structure to implement the Stack or the Queue pattern. Or even create with those basic structures more complex patterns like Binary Trees or priority queues, which might also bring not only an order in the insertion and removal of elements but also sorting them inside the collection.
Answer: There are algorithms that are easier to conceptualize, write and read with stacks rather than arrays. It makes cleaner code with less control logic and iterators since those are presupposed by the data structure itself.
For example, you can avoid a redundant "reverse" call on an array where you've pushed elements that you want to pop in reverse order, if you used a stack.
Answer: I think stack and queue both are memory accessing concepts which are used according to application demand. On the other hand, array and lists are two memory accessing techniques and they are used to implement stack(LIFO) and queue(FIFO) concepts.
Answer: The question is ambiguous, for you can represent the abstract data type of a stack or queue using an array or linked data structure.
The difference between a linked list implementation of a stack or queue and an array implementation has the same basic tradeoff as any array vs. dynamic data structure.
A linked queue/linked stack has flexible, high speed insertions/deletions with a reasonable implementation, but requires more storage than an array. Insertions/deletions are inexpensive at the ends of an array until you run out of space; an array implementation of a queue or stack will require more work to resize, since you'd need to copy the original into a larger structure (or fail with an overflow error).
Answer: Stacks are used in cache based applications, like recently opened/used application will comes up.
Queues are used in deleting/remove the data, like first inserted data needs to be deleted at first.
Answer: The use of queue has always been somewhat obscure to me (other than the most obvious one).
Stacks on the other hand are intrinsically linked to nesting which is also an essential part of backtracking.
For example, while checking if in a sentence brackets have been properly closed or not, it is easy to see that

sentence := chars | chars(chars)chars | chars{chars}chars | chars[chars]chars --- suppose cases like (chars) is not valid
chars := char | char char
char := a | b | ... | z | ␢ --- ignored uppercase

So now, when checking a given input is a sentence, if you encounter a (, you must check whether the part from here to ) is a sentence or not. This is nesting. If you ever study about context free languages and the push down automata, you will see in detail how stacks involved in these nested problems.

If you want to see difference between the use of stacks and queues, I recommend that you look up Breadth-First Search and Depth-First Search algorithms and their implementations.

Stack and Queue, Why?


Size of modules within initrd

Question: I am currently trying to manually replace the kernel within ubuntu-core on an embedded device with a custom kernel. However when I try to update the initrd my initrd becomes much bigger.
Here is what I did:

Extract the initrd that was shipped with ubuntu
Make a list of all modules within the old initrd
get the same modules from the new module director at /lib/modules/new_kernel_version
add these modules to the initrd and remove the old ones

If I do this my initrd becomes quite bigger than the original one, so I checked the individual modules. I picked the btrfs.ko filesystem driver as an example. So by comparing these two modules I noticed the one I just picked into the initrd was much bigger, which caused the difference in size.
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 999K Nov 14 15:06 btrfs.ko

For the btrfs.ko within the shipped initrd.
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7.2M Nov 14 15:08 btrfs.ko

For the new btrfs.ko.
What is different between these two modules? Could this be caused by some faulty setting for the new kernel? When producing the kernel I copied /proc/config.gz and used make oldconfig to update it, so all optimisations should be the same for both kernels.
Or is there something else which is being done to the modules before they are put into the initrd? Maybe is there even some better way to build a new initrd for the new kernel in ubuntu altogether.
Update:
I just also tested with an initrd which I created from scratch using the mkinitrfs command within ubuntu, and it has the same size difference that I found for the initrd I manually updated.
Answer: Your modules have lots of symbols and debug information. The command you want is
strip --strip-unneeded.

Size of modules within initrd


How to best display a lot of information or data on a single webpage?

Question: Are there any "rules" or recommendations in UX Design for displaying a lot of data on a webpage? Or how to select the most needed information to display data?
Comment: Also, there is a question about "too much data" on the site: http://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/1459/how-to-display-too-much-data
Comment: You might look at sites similar to yours. Social sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest all show tons of information on a single page. Or are you doing something like Amazon, which also shows a lot of info on a single product-detail page. Or are you doing something like an analytics site?
Comment: Thanks for your answers. I often get jobs where i have to display a lot of content on one page. Sometimes the content types are products of a company, sometimes it's just a lot of text (articles etc). Given that it's very difficult to get a clean look and work with whitespaces to separate the content for a better user experience. I know the 10 usability rules of jakob nielsen but it's not helping for a bigger amount of content. I just wanted to know if somebody made up some good rules for these problems.
Comment: I would say that if there was a rule, that it would be not to display too much information on a single page (it leads to other debates like whether you should paginate or scroll continuously as well), and there are always ways to optimize the content on a page so that it is suitable for scanning and reading. Putting too much content on a page will prevent the application of most good design practices. The only exception might be if you want to deliberately create the appearance of having a lot of content (e.g. advertising or listing site), but it doesn't seem to improve the user experience.
Answer: A quick google turns up this article: 14 Beautiful Content-Heavy Websites for Inspiration
It offers several principles, reworded here:
White space – allow the content (and your visitors' eyes) room to breathe
Boxes, borders & graphical planes – Segment the information into visual categories
Intuitive search method – Let your users jump straight to the info they need
Grids – Although not always necessary for comprehension, keeping content within a rigid, consistent structure helps reduce the effort required to process it
Strong information hierarchy – Establish a consistent design language using content types (blurbs, excerpts, call to actions)
Visual hierarchy – The relative importance of different content areas and elements can be visually implied in many ways, ranging from typographic treatments (headlines, sub-headings, pull-quotes, etc.), to image sizes and saturation, placement, etc.
I would add one more important thing that ties into the hierarchical points.
User-Centric Content Decisions - Try as best you can, via user testing and analytics, to determine what content users really want/need and use that information to influence related decisions.
Comment: Thank you for your answer. Since i'm a developer, most of the time i don't know how to reach information about ux, since it's rarely discussed in computer science (gladly it's slowly changing). Your information are very important and precious for people like me :)
Answer: Much of the time, it's most useful to summarize your data into visuals and higher-level categories that allow you to drill down to the specific data.  This is why infographics are so powerful and why sites like mint.com are loved.
Categorizing your data in mutually exclusive, collectively exhaustive (MECE) ways will also eliminate redundancies in what you're displaying while also making sure what is displayed is thorough.  For example, make sure to segment your data into say, 3-5 categories, but also provide an "Other" category that can catch anything that may not apply (this works well so long as the Other category is relatively small).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECE_principle
You could then choose to present the most often clicked categories above the fold.
Comment: Thank you for your answer :). I definitely learned something new today.
Answer: Design principle: Organizing information https://uxplanet.org/design-principle-organizing-information-343a7ef936a8
UX Design Guidelines For Content Heavy UI https://theuxblog.com/blog/design-guidelines-for-content-heavy-ui
How to strategically plan for data-heavy UX design https://getflywheel.com/layout/plan-data-heavy-ux-design-how-to/
Comment: We see that you have many good references here. But please extract the relevant information (for the question) and add em to your answer. There is a high chance that links could get stale in the future. Thank you :)


Is it harmful for the engine if you drive a long distance nonstop?

Question: I'm planning to have a 370 kilometers road trip between two cities. I want to drive at 90 km/h average speed and without any break or stop. Is it harmful for the engine to run nonstop for about 4 or 5 hours?
A petrol engine 4cyl 1.8L 16V.
Comment: That is just about a good warm-up for a modern engine.
Comment: if it is a healthy engine I wouldn't worry the slightest bit about it. Just check tire pressure and oil levels before. Some stop might be a good idea to have some rest for you (driving while being exhausted is much more expensive than some theoretical engine wear)
Comment: No issue, I do an 800km trip with only 1 stop for fuel in 8 hours... The engine runs better after this as it gets thoroughly warm and while I use the cruise control for most of it, it has to get disengaged at some points.
Comment: PS ; In the US 370 k is not a long distance.
Answer: Automobile engines can tolerate long periods of operation under normal conditions. Extreme conditions such as off-roading and similar racing events subject the engine to more extreme conditions than a long trip on paved roadways.
I have operated a motor vehicle for about as long as your reference figures with zero problems. One aspect of long running I had read about years ago, specific to small displacement engines is to vary the speed periodically.
If your vehicle has cruise control you may want to disengage it for a few minutes every hour to address that consideration. I believe that the caveat of continuous engine speed was for older engines without the benefit of today's high tech lubrication and other sophisticated engine systems.
I've not seen it repeated in recent times.
Periodic stops to rest the driver and perhaps to check engine oil levels are indicated.
Answer:
Is it harmful for the engine to run nonstop for about 4 or 5 hours?

What would the harm be as opposed to the "harm" by driving if say 1-2 hours at a time, then stopping, the continuing, then stopping, ...?
If you have watched the water thermometer needle in an engine, you should know it doesn't take more than 3-10 minutes depending on the outside temperature for the engine to reach operating temperature.
If the car you're planning to drive has an insufficient cooling system, and it overheats, it would overheat in less than 20 minutes based on the rate of temperature rise. An overheating car would be the only reason you absolutely need to stop periodically in a 370 km trip, and the stops in an overheating car would be so frequent and the cooling periods so long that the trip would not be feasible.
Another reason for stopping might be adding fuel or recharging. Most good vehicles, fossil fuel based or electric, can go 370 kilometers, although an electric car with too small battery might need one recharge.
Yet another reason for stopping might be adding oil, but most manufacturers specify that acceptable oil consumption is about a liter per 1000 km. The dipstick amount between "low" and "full" is typically around a liter, so even with an oil-consuming engine, stopping to add oil is less frequent than stopping to refuel. Besides, most engines in good working condition do not consume practically any oil at all. I haven't needed to add any oil in my current or previous car between the oil change interval.
If you know how the world economy works, long-haul truckers are hauling goods, running their engines for more than 4-5 hours continuously. If letting the engine rest would be good for its health, they would include periodic stops.
The periodic stops are for the driver, not for the engine. The engine likes continuous opreation. The worst conditions for an engine are frequent short trips in cold weather where the engine never gets a chance to heat up.
Comment: I do my 800 km (see above) and the level does not move. Depends on the quality of the engine...


Steps to find neighboring device to a Cisco ASA firewalls

Question: What are the right steps to locate a neighboring device adjacent to a Cisco ASA firewall? Can anyone help me with the steps please, one by one?
Comment: Hi Souvik Bhattacharya, In addition to what Ron said, if you want to generally see what is flowing through the ASA then you could run the Packet Capture Wizard via the CLI or ASDM. This will help identify what IP Addresses are speaking to what IP Addresses. https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/security/asa-5500-x-series-next-generation-firewalls/118097-configure-asa-00.html
Comment: The OP was asking about neighboring devices, not traffic flowing through the ASA (such as client computers and servers).
Answer: This answer by Cisco that "we don;t support it because it is a security device" is fairly poor.
The Device, if it's a good security device, could easily have this implemented as  a passive-only feature if they are concerned about it.
IN FACT:  The ASA already receives all of the CDP/LLDP packets from it's neighbors, it just doesn't respond to them and has no ability to show their info to you directly.
However you can still use the ASA to Capture the broadcasts coming to it, and then use wireshark to see their content to know what the neighbors are.
Whether you do that manually or they implement it as a feature to passively report on them, there is no information given to the other hosts about the existence of the ASA.
That said, security through obscurity is anything but.
We have about 23 ASAs give or take in our environment and they're good, but some of the official word from cisco why things are the way they are "for security" is more than a bit disingenuous.
For instance:
They STILl do not support Secure Renegotiation, they used to but a bug was found 5+ years ago, and their oficial solution was to remove this security feature instead of fixing the bug.
When we have audits we have to explain this.
They also fully support these protocols out of the box which is great:

TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 (0xc030)   ECDH secp256r1 (eq. 3072 bits RSA)   FS 256
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 (0xc02f)   ECDH secp256r1 (eq. 3072 bits RSA)   FS 128
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 (0xc027)   ECDH secp256r1 (eq. 3072 bits RSA)   FS 128

However if you enable the free license of Anyconnect they provide you, then they purposefully drop the supported Encryption without warning, and the handshake to many new browsers doesn't correctly support Forward secrecy when connecting using them.

TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 (0x6b)   DH 2048 bits   FS
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 (0x67)   DH 2048 bits   FS

Furthermore ASDM doesn;t support Forward Secrecy at all (at least as of 7.8.11) so to use ASDM to manage their firewall, they seem to require you to leave this enabled (as all other options are worse #DES/RC4 etc):

TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 (0x3d)   WEAK

And to be clear the RA Anyconnect Client software does not change I use the same client to connect to a system with a "free"license as I do to one where the free license is disabled.
Now, you might be thinking well they only want you to use good TLS security with the paid license because they had to code to support the better TLS protocols.
Well then limit us to IPSEC VPN tunnels, since we already use those, since they are more secret then the HTTPS protocols you do allow on the free license.
In that scenario it's only the external web page which users access to log in and download the client initially which is being compromised by this.
So it actually makes us more vulnerable on the ASA and not on our RA VPN connections themselves, which might have been what they were trying to do?
Regardless this is clearly a "Go To" answer for them if they can make more money by not implementing a feature, or fixing a bug, or trying to force you to purchase another license after having sold you a product with an intentional flaw in the feature you were specifically selling us "includes 750 free RA VPN licenses, no need to buy premium if you don't need to put a Firewall on the end user"
Okay I am getting a little grip-y here.
The long and short of it is there is a way to get this info if you need it, but it takes a lot of work to get at it so you'd only bother if you REALLy needed to get it that way.
Another way to get some of the info you want, from the switch side (find your firewalls) which I like to use is to change the MAC address of your Firewall to be something you can easily find (especially for our clusters) and make sure you make them in such a way which tells you their interface, which makes it a snap to find them by using sh mac add and sh ip arp on the switches.
Yes CDP would be better, and like I said you can get it if you need it, but only fro the firewall side.
And yes, most of the info the info LLDP/CDP provide can be determined through a bunch of work, and if you were a security threat, you might be interested in getting some of that info, although some would be useless, but you could absolutely find it through some muscle work on your own, and a hacker, they're gonna have time, they're gonna do that anyway, everyone makes the argument about not making it easier for them but look if they are going to open all of your kitchen drawers anyway, having a label that says "spoons" on one and "Plates" on another isn't a realistic problem.
And even assuming the broadcast of this info was dreaming to be coming from the ASA, they could still change the devices capture and report it so you could see it's neighbors, which are probably all switches YOU control and run CDP on and see other things the ASA can not, like the ISP router.
Answer: On most Cisco equipment you say
show cdp neighbor

But my undestanding is that ASA devices don't do CDP.
https://supportforums.cisco.com/t5/security-management/find-out-device-directly-connected-to-cisco-asa/td-p/1959536
I believe you can look at the learned ether address tables in SNMP, but it's hard work in comparison.
Comment: Or `show lldp neighbor` if LLDP is enabled (which it isn't by default on Cisco equipment).  And, yes, you're correct that ASAs do not support CDP (or LLDP).  They also don't have SSH or Telnet clients for the same reason: security.  If the device is compromised the attacker is more limited in what they could do next to further penetrate the network.
Comment: If your ASA is compromised they already own the network, there is nothing that owning the ASA itself would prevent them from doing that would be more than a minor speed bump versus having that feature on the device. (CDP/LLDP/SSH client)  Consider that the ASA allows SCP and SFTP commands to be sent from it alreay which means you can still log into any Scp server and grab whatever you want, and that CDP/LLDP packets are easily captured by the ASA and reviewed in Wireshark.  and an attacker would be prepped to do these things while for an admin they're a pain.
Comment: @BenPersonick That is not true. Just because a firewall has been penetrated does not imply that the rest of the network has, too. Also, there may be more than just one perimeter device just for that sort of risk (a firewall that leads to another firewall, for example). Also, having SCP or SSH (or other types of clients) and access to the firewall doesn't imply that traffic would be permitted further up/down-stream.  Not allowing CDP and LLDP is to prevent someone from seeing an exact model of neighboring devices to then be able to look for exploits pertaining to that specific model, or such.
Comment: Many organizations also use different brands of equipment to help mitigate exploits of one brand so they don't automatically apply to other gear. For example, Cisco firewalls on the WAN edge but Juniper firewalls on the LAN edge.
Comment: Yes, but you chose to do that for security as appropriate, not because the features didn't exist on the devices.  CDP and LLDP can be configured to listen only and on a per-interface basis  Furthermore as I stated in my full answer if you if the next hop down the line is running LLDP or CDP on the next device down the packets are still being received by the ASA and can easily be captured and reviewed causing more headache for the admin to do on a rare occasion than a malicious party who would be prepped to do so if they wanted that info.
Comment: @BenPersonick I suppose that's a fair argument.
Answer: The ASA is a security device, so it was designed to communicate with untrusted devices.  That means it doesn't send  or receive any more information than necessary.  So things like CDP are not available.
Generally, the only information on a neighboring device you can get is the MAC addres, via arp.
show arp

will list all the MAC addresses the ASA has recently communicated with.


Using pre-process to wrap multiple regions in html

Question: I'm using Omega, and have 6 regions in a particular zone.  The first and second region span the width of the zone with 12 columns, and the other 4 are 1/4 in-line blocks.  I want to set the background for the 4 in-line blocks to a particular color.  How can I wrap those 4 regions inside a div so I can set the background color?
Answer:
How can I wrap those 4 regions inside a div so I can set the
  background color?

You can use .tpl files for that.
<?php if ($region_first || $region_second): ?>

        <?php if ($region_first): ?>

                <?php print $region_first; ?>

        <?php endif; ?>

        <?php if ($region_second): ?>

                <?php print $region_second; ?>

        <?php endif; ?>

<?php endif; ?>

Comment: No way to do this in pre-process?
Comment: You can use preprocess function to add a css class to regions, it's ok, but if you need to add some html you ought to use .tpl files - that's what they are for. There is no way to wrap several or even one region in div with preprocess function. At most you can wrap the content, but not the entire region.
Comment: I see.  To stay in proper flow, I should probably create a new zone for those regions.


Is it possible to classify biosignal data based on feature extraction through multiple linear regression model?

Question: i have 16 channel  2 class motor imaginary right hand ,right leg data.IS it possible to classify this through multiple linear regression model based on feature extraction?can i classify 3 class data like LF,RH,RF
Comment: sorry, this is still unclear and too broad. You can classify anything, sometimes even meaningfully, but it's totally unclear what features you want to extract to from what. We're not in your head! You have to imagine (or not, because this is the actual case) that you're explaining your question to someone who's never heard of what you're doing.We're experts, but not for your work, but for signal processing. Please learn to tell common knowledge from things only people can answer that are you or your advisor. Considering the quality of your previous questions, *have* you talked to your advisor?
Comment: Yes i have talked to my adviser.actually,i have extracted some features like median,mode,standard deviation  from the EEG signal.i want to train the multiple linear regression model for classify or signal recognition .Is it possible or not?
Comment: @galib29 Yes it is, in theory at least. What exactly are you interested in? Can you make the question a bit more specific?
Answer: multiple linear regression produces a linear model of a response as a weighted sum of predictor variables.
I believe that you are asking an equivalent question, that is, if a linear classifier can classify.
The answer would be yes, qualified to mean as well as a linear classifier  can.
The linear classifier has limitations such as discussed in:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptron
where one example is known as the xor problem.
I would think that given the data you have, you could answer your own question.


Does tmux support session initialization?

Question: Tmux supports creating sessions, and with the -A flag attaching to session if they already exist rather than creating them. But, if they don't exist and tmux has to create them, what's the best way to supply the information needed to initialize them while retaining the ability to simply attach if a session by the same name already exists.
Answer: The -A flag takes a command argument that only runs if the session is not initialized,
tmux new-session -A -s com "irssi"

For example that will either

Attach to a session named com
Create a session called com and start up irssi in that session.