References:  —

Dejerine,  J.  Contribution  a  l'ltude  des  troubles  de
l'ecriture  ehez  les  aphasiques.  C.  R.  Soc.  Biol.,
1891.
Wernicke,  C.  Ein  Fall  von  isolierter  Agraphie.  Mo-
narch, f.  Psychiat.  u.  Neurol.,  XIII,  1903,  241-265.
Westphal.  Ueber  einen  Fall  von  amnestischer
Aphasie,  Agraphie  und  Apraxie  nebst  eigenartigen
Storungen  des  Erkennens  und  eklamptische
Psychose.  Deutsche  Med.  Woehenschr.,  XXXIV,
1908,  2320.
Wolff,  G.  Zur  Pathologie  des  Lesens  und  Sehrcibens.
Alio.  Zlsch.  f.  Psychiat.,  LX,  1903,  509.
AGREGATION  —  The  highest  teacher's  di-
ploma of  the  French  secondary  schools,  re-
quired of  all  full  professors  in  the  lycees  (q.v.).
In  the  boys'  schools  there  are  eight  orders  of
agreges,  viz.  philosophy,  letters,  grammar,
history  and  geography,  mathematics,  physical
sciences,  natural  sciences,  and  modern  languages
(English,  German,  Italian,  Spanish).  The
candidates  for  the  agregation,  the  examination
for  which  comes  generally  at  the  completion
of  the  course  in  the  higher  normal  school,
although  it  is  not  restricted  to  students  of  that
institution,  must  already  hold  the  bachelor's  and
the  master's  degree  and  the  diploma  of  higher
studies.  The  difficulty  of  this  examination  is
still  further  increased  by  the  fact  that  it  does
not  depend  upon  attaining  a  certain  standard
of  intellectual  power,  but  is  a  competitive
examination,  the  number  of  appointments
to  be  made  in  each  group  being  determined
by  the  Minister  one  year  in  advance  in  accord-
ance with  the  probable  needs  of  the  service.
The  possession  of  the  agregation  carries  with  it
five  hundred  francs  per  year  over  and  above
the  regular  salary  attached  to  the  position.
There    are   five   agregations   for  women,    viz.:


letters,  history,  mathematics,  physical  and
natural  science,  and  modern  languages.  There
are  likewise  agregations  in  the  various  fields
of  professional  education:  law,  medicine,  and
pharmacy.
See  France,  Education  in.
