(Cic.  e.  Vtrr.  i.  SI,  ii.  71,  ad  AU-'ii.  1  ;  SueL
Aag.  21 ,  Tadt^nui.  it.  6.)

The  publicani  had  to  gire  aecurily  to  the  ttate
for  the  mm  at  which  Uey  bought  one  or  mote
bnncbea  of  the  MTenue  in  a  proTince  i  but  u  for
Ihii  rUHHi  the  pnpoty  ot  efen  the  wealthiest  in-
diiidnal  miut  have  been  inadequate,  a  nnmber  of
equitea  geoerally  united  ti^ether  and  formed
company  (eocit,  tocieCat  or  corpua),  which  waa  r
eogniaed  by  the  itate  (Dig.  3.  tit.  4.  a  1),  and  by
which  they  were  enabled  to  Carry  on  their  under
takinga  upon  a  large  icale.  Such  ooinpaiuei  np-
pcar  ai  early  aa  the  Kcond  Punic  war.  (Lit.
xiiii.  48,  49.)  Tbe  iham  which  each  partner  of
nteh  a  company  took  in  the  buiiiisi,  were  called
partea,  aud  if  they  w«e  hubII,  psrliculae.  (Cic.
jm  Rabir.  PoO.  2  ;  Val.  Maji.  vi.  9.  S  7.)  The
mpcuMible  petHn  in  each  compuy,  and  tbe  one
who  eonlracted  with  the  itate,  waa  called  muncepa
^Fmt- 1,  o.  MuKoepB  ;  Peeudo-Aicon.  u  i>R»aJ.  p.
113,  ed.  Orelli.)  (Mi  -    •       ■


PUBLICANL  973

becDmeaneiDberofacompany  of  publican! ;  froed-

men  and  iliiTea  were  excluded.  (Pieudo-Atcon.  u

JMoMol.   p.   113;    Cic.   e.    Vtrr.   iii.    39.)      No

Roman  magiatrmta  bowerer,  or  goremor  of  a  pn>-

Tince,  waa  allowed  to  lake  nuj  ahare  whatever  ia

acnmpaxy  ofpublicani  (Cic,  c  Cctt.  iii.  67),act!gU'

lation  WMch  waa  chiefly  iatended  si  a  protection

agwiut  tbe  oppreaiion  of  tbe  iJivvinciali.    During

later   period  of  tbe  empire   Tarioua  changei

i  introduced  in  the  tiirming  of  Ibe  public  reve-

I.     Although  it  waa,  on  tbe  whole,  a  rule  that

lonon  ifaomd  be  cmapelled  to  take  any  ahare

«  ocfoned.  (Burmann,  Victij/,  Pop.  Rota.
