Sink  in  thyself  !     There  ask  what  ails  thee,  at  that  shrine."  ^

Socrates,  indeed,  did  not  set  the  subjective  against  the
objective.  On  the  contrary,  according  to  Xenophon,
he  tried  to  prove  by  the  argument  from  design  that
the  world  is  the  manifestation  of  intelligence.  But
he  was  the  first  to  lay  emphasis  on  the  subjective,  and
to  teach,  as  it  was  expressed  by  a  later  writer,  that
"  it  is  by  the  god  within  that  we  know  the  god
without."  For  he  set  up  the  reason  of  the  individual
as  the  highest  authority  and  guide  of  his  moral  life,
and  demanded  that  the  law  of  the  state  should  vindi-
cate itself  before  the  inward  tribunal.
The  same  thought  runs  through  all  the  works  of
his  great  followers,  Plato  and  Aristotle.  Both  of
these  maintain  that  the  world  is  a  rational  system
which  reaches  its  culminating  manifestation  in  the
life  of  man.  They  admit,  indeed,  that  reason  must
speak  to  man  from  without,  through  the  visible  world
of  nature  and  also  through  the  laws  and  customs  of
civil  society,  ere  it  can  be  awakened  to  speak  within
him.     They  even  admit  that  the  majority  of  men  are

^  Matthew  Arnold,  Empedocles  on  Etna,
VOL.  I.  2  A


370  THE  EVOLUTION  OF  RELIGION.
