drew  up  the  Siete  Partidas,  a  manual  of  military  laws,  to  which
Zouche  occasionally  refers ;  in  Italy,  various  treatises  are  pro-
duced— e.g.,  by  Gratian  (the  Decretum),  Thomas  Aquinas,  Bar-
tolus,  Baldus,  and  others  ;  in  France  we  find  already,  at  the  end
of  the  fourteenth  century,  UArbre  des  Batailles  of  Honore  Bonet ;
in  Germany  early  attempts  at  similar  disquisitions  are  made  by
Gabriel  Biel  in  his  Collectarium.1

In  England  the  unification  of  the  country  began  with  the
Norman  Conquest ;  some  two  centuries  later  the  principle  of
Parliamentary  representation  was  firmly  established ;  adminis-
tration of  justice  was  organized  ;  to  Henry  VII.  is  due  the
innovation  of  permanent  embassies  ;  under  Henry  VIII.  foreign
politics  occupied  much  attention,  canon  and  Roman  law  were
the  predominant  systems.  Before  this,  Oxford  had  had  a  school

1  Cf.  E.  Nys,  Notes  pour  scnnr  a  CHistoire  litteraire  et  dogmatique  du  Droit
International  m  Angletcrrc  (Bnixollos,  1888).
