Pliny  asserts  her  universal  authority.  Toto  quippe  mundo,  in
locis  omnibus,  Fortuna  sola  vocatur,  sola  laudatur,  et  cum  conviciis
cohtur.  Volubilis  a  plerisque,  vero  et  caeca  etiam  estimata,  vaga,
inconstans,  varia,  indignorum  fautrix.    Huic  omnia  expensa,  et


APPENDIX.  «d3

in  iota  ratione  mortalium  utramque  paginam  facit.  Nat.  Hist,
lib.  ii.  c.  7*

Bishop  Berkeley  has  quoted  some  aathorities  to  prove,  that  the
antients  'understood  nothing  more  by  Necessity  and  Fate,  than  the
eten^al  reason  of  the  law  of  nature,  or  the  spiritual  power  by  which
the  order  of  the  world  is  administered  and  disposed.  Siris.  p.  271.
But  necessity  and  fate  are  directly  opposed,  by  the  best  writers  of
antiquity,  to  the  will  and  power  of  the  gods,  and  plainly  described
as  separate  and  distinct  existences,  and  the  irresistible  rulers  of
earth  and  heaven.  When  Jupiter  wished  to  save  Patroclus,  he  in-
quired into  the  decree  of  Destiny,  and  was  compelled  to  resign  the
hero  to  his  fate.  11.  xx.  Ovid  asserts  that  the  destiny  of  things  is
written  on  adamant,  and  describes  Jupiter  and  Venus  as  proceeding
to  consult  the  Fates,  in  order  to  discover  what  was  to  be  the  lot  of
Julius  Csesar.  Metamorph.  lib.  xv.  Diana,  in  the  Phsedra  of  Euri-
pides, approaches  to  console  the  expiring  Hypolitus.  I  cannot,
says  she,  change  the  order  of  destiny,  but  I  shall  revenge  your
death,  by  sacrificing  some  lover  favoured  by  Venus.  Hesiod,  in
his  Genealogy  of  the  Gods,  adverts  also  to  this  all-governing
power,  and  describes  it  as  the  progeny  of  Night  and  Erebus ;  and
Homer  says,  that  the  destiny  of  Achilles  was  twined,  at  his  birth,
with  the  thread  of  life,  and  that,  though  the  mightiest  of  the  gods
were  his  friends,  his  fate  must  be  fulfilled.     Iliad,  xx.
