The  deductive  elements  may  be  summed  up  as  follows:
The  traditions,  customs,  and  habits — the  "folkways"  of  the
past — which  are  still  effective  long  after  they  may  seem  to
have  been  broken  down;  the  institutions  of  the  Middle
Ages  which  still  exist  in  many  regions  untouched  by  the
modern  movement  and  in  all  lands  are  still  influential;
fixed  methods  of  industry ;  manners  of  the  common  life  and
prejudices  of  all  classes  of  people,  these  being  more  effective
in  control  than  reason ;  the  definite  philosophy  of  a  created
and  completed  world  within  which  all  change,  if  there  is
any  such  thing,  must  still  go  on;  fixed  systems  of  knowl-
edge, dominated  by  Aristotle's  logic,  to  which  all  new
knowledge  must  conform;  traditional  representations  of
psychology  which  had  made  no  real  progress  since  the  time
of  the  Greeks  and  which  supposed  that  the  mind  was
molded  by  the  objects  it  considered;  in  short,  the  general
spirit  of  a  fixed  universe,  created,  complete,  and  logically


ELEMENTS  IN  MODERN  EDUCATION       237

and  psychologically  finished,  which  the  mind  for  its  own
salvation  must  learn,  and  to  which  in  learning  it  must  con-
form and  submit.
The  inductive  elements  may  be  summed  up  as  follows:
The  impulses,  energies,  and  enthusiasms  released  in  the
whole  modern  movement — the  new  humanity,  the  new  an-
tiquity, and  the  new  world  of  physical  nature;  the  spirit
and  hope  of  a  progressive  realization  of  these  finer  ideals;
the  new  treasures  of  knowledge  in  all  the  wide-reaching
ranges  of  exploration  and  investigation  with  telescope  and
microscope  and  compass;  the  new  worlds  of  thought  and
action  which  offer  new  outlets  to  pent-up  impulses  and
burdened  populations;  the  expectation  of  the  unknown  in
the  geographical,  astronomical,  physical,  biological,  and
social  aspects  of  the  world.
