What  is  for  us  the  most  interesting  part  of  the  psychology
is  to  be  found  mainly  in  the  sixth  and  succeeding  chapters  of
the  Leviathan5.  The  sixth  chapter  itself  is  devoted  to  a  dis-
cussion "Of  the  Interiour  Beginnings  of  Voluntary  Motions,

1  1588-1679.     The  chief  works  of  Hobbes  germane  to  the  present  discussion
are:   Human  Nature  (1650,  2nd  ed.  1651),  and  Leviathan  (1651).
2  Sidgwick,  History  of  Ethics,  p.  159.
3  1583-1645.
4  Sidgwick,  op,  cit.,  p.  161.
5  There  are  numerous  editions.     Our  references  by  page  will  be  to  that
published  in  'Everyman  Library.'


n]         or  Instinct  from  Hobbes  to  Ducjald  Stewart         23

commonly  called  the  Passions."  What  Hobbes  calls '  voluntary '
or  'animal  motion'  is  distinguished  from  'vital  motion'  by  the
fact  that  it  is  always  determined  by  a  preceding  thought1.
Before  the  external  phase  of  the  movement  itself,  in  walking,
speaking,  striking,  and  the  like,  there  is  an  internal  phase  which
he  calls  'endeavour,'  "the  small  beginnings  of  motion2."  Of
'endeavour'  there  are  two  kinds,  'endeavour'  towards,  which
is  appetite  or  desire,  'endeavour'  fromwards  which  is  aversion3.
Hobbes  draws  a  distinction  between  appetites  and  aversions
which  are  innate,  and  appetites  and  aversions  for  particular
things  which  arise  from  experience4,  but  in  his  subsequent
discussion  he  does  not  attempt  to  develop  this  distinction.
Instead  he  proceeds  to  classify  human  emotions  and  sentiments
on  the  basis  of  the  wider  distinction  between  appetite  and
aversion,  and  extracts  the  ethical  distinction  between  good  and
evil  from  the  same  psychological  source5.
