on  a  large  scale  against  the  Jews  of  Russia,  especially  in
the  West.  By  the  end  of  June  the  <'red  cock"  had
crowed  over  15  towns  in  Western  Russia,  including  Mo-
hilew,  containing  25,000Jnhabita.nt8,  Witebsk,  with  23,*


520  RUSSIAN  NIHILISM  AND

000,  and  Slonira,  with  20,000,  as  well  as  smaller  towns
like  Wolcowysk,  Scherwondt,  Augustowo,  Nowo-Gucdek,
Ponovicz,  and  Lipsk.  Many  thousands  of  Jews  were
rendered  homeless  by  this  means,  and  on  July  3d  6,000
Jews  lost  their  homes  by  fire  at  Minsk,  4,800  being  de-
prived of  every  means  of  subsistence  at  the  same  time.
The  town  of  Pinsk,  in  the  same  province,  suffered  a  like
fate.  And  shortly  afterward  a  conflagration  took  place
at  Koretz,  in  Wolhynia,  in  which  30  lives  were  lost  and
5,000  souls  left  without  a  home.  Every  week  added  to
the  number  of  fires  in  towns  inhabited  by  Jews  till,  by
the  end  of  September,  the  list  extended  to  41  towns.
This  probably  involved  the  loss  of  homes  to  20,000
JeAvs.
To  the  mass  of  homeless  and  penniless  creatures  in
Southern  Russia  must  be  added  the  many  victims  of  pil-
lage. The  violence  of  the  mobs  often  wrecked  whole
streets  of  houses  as  completely  as  any  fire,  and  it  is
known  that  2,000  were  thus  rendered  homeless  at  Kief,
1,()00  at  Smielo,  1,000  at  Konotop,  600  at  Ouehow,  and
300  at  Aluchoff.  The  value  of  property  destroyed  in
the  south  has  been  reckoned  to  reach  $80,000,000.
