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The  location  fixed,  the  preparation  of  the  ground,  and  staking  out  the  orch-
ard are  next  in  order. Commencing  at  one  side,  set  stakes  at  each  end  of
where  you  want  the  first  row. Then  taking  your  best  plow,  strike  out  two
deep  furrows  right  in  line  with  these  stakes,  turn  around  and  throw  the  dirt
back  again,  making  a  back  furrow  where  the  rows  of  trees  will  come,  plow-
ing half  way  to  the  next  stakes. Repeat  this  operation  at  each  row,  and  you
will  then  have  your  land  laid  off  into  lands,  and  the  trees  are  to  be  planted  in
the  centers,  where  the  ground  is  pulverized  deeply  and  where  it  can  not  be
stirred  deeply  again  as  long  as  the  trees  remain. Now  fit  the  ground  as  you
would  for  a  good  crop  of  corn  and  with  the  same  tools. To  lay  off  the  ground
for  planting,  prepare  stakes,  eighteen  or  twenty  inches  long,  corn  stalks  will
do,  stretch  a  line  for  each  row  and  then  run  a  wheelbarrow  along  it. or  make
a  mark  in  some  way  that  you  can  easily  see. After  the  rows  are  all  marked
one  way,  stretch  a  line  across  the  rows,  at  right  angles,  getting  the  angle  as
a  carpenter  would  in  layiDg  out  the  foundation  of  a  building,  and  from  the
line  so  established,  measure  off  the  two  outside  rows  setting  a  stake  where
each  tree  is  to  come,  on  the  line  previously  made. The  stakes  in  the  inter-
mediate rows  can  now  be  set  by  sighting  or  by  stretching  a  line  across. In
digging  holes  a  replace  should  be  used  to  ensure  getting  the  tree  in  line  and
at  the  right  depth. This  is  a  board  six  inches  wide  with  a  hole  near  each  end
and  a  notch  cut  out  on  one  side  equidistant  between  the  end  holes  and  in  a
line  with  them. To  use  this  replace,  lay  it  on  the  ground  with  one  of  the
stakes  in  the  center  notch,  place  other  stakes  in  the  end  holes,  remove  the
board  and  dig  the  hole  with  the  original  stake  as  the  center. 