3.  Refuse  and   Winnowings. — These   are   usually  powdered   and
added  to  the  pure  article  or  sold  separately.     The  refuse  and  winnow-
ings  of  spices,  pepper  in  particular,  are  quite  generally  used  as  indi-
cated.    This  will  explain  why  it  is  possible  for  some  dealers  to  sell
ground  spices  and  other  vegetable  powders  at  a  price   much  below
that  of  the  market  value  of  the  genuine  crude  drug  itself.     The  fraud
is  not  by  any  means  easily  detected  by  the  novice  because  the  histolog-
ical characters  of  the  refuse  and  winno wings  are  the 'same  or  similar
to  those  of  the  pure  article.     Giving  careful  attention  to  weight,  color,
odor  and  taste  (organoleptic  tests),  will  generally  disclose  the  fraud,
especially  when  combined  with  a  careful  microscopical  examination.
4.  Exhausted  Drugs. — Exhausted  4ru£s>  whether  crude  or  pow-
dered, are  not  infrequently  redried  and  again  placed  upon  the  market,
generally  after  being  mixed  with  the  pure  article.     This  applies,  for
instance,  to  tea,  ground  coffee,  expressed  cloves  and  other  powdered
spices,  drugs  and  other  medicinal  substances.     In  some  hotels  and
tea-houses  where  tea  is  used  in  large  quantities,  the  exhausted  leaves
are  collected,  dried  and  rolled  with  good  tea  and  placed  upon  the
market.     Coffee  grounds  are  collected,  dried  and  mixed  with  good
ground  coffee.     Exhausted  powders  are  taken  from  the  percolators,
dried  and  mixed  with  pure  powders.
5.  Inferior  Drugs. — 'Drugs  having  become  more  or  less  worthless
through  infection  with  vegetable  and  animal  parasites,  through  age,
exposure  to  moisture  and  sunlight,  etc.,  are  sold  as  genuine  or  mixed
with  the  genuine.     Drugs  more  or  less  worthless  because  collected
out  of  season,  improperly  dried,  etc.,  are  also  placed  upon  the  market.
