In  corroboration  of  the  statement  that  settlements  and
concessions  remain  under  Chinese  political  sovereignty,
we  may  quote  Article  I  of  the  Sino- American  Treaty  of
1858,  which  reads  as  follows :

His  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  China  being  of  opinion  that  in
making  concessions  to  the  citizens  or  subjects  of  foreign  powers  of
the  privilege  of  residing  on  certain  tracts  of  land  or  resorting  to
certain  waters  of  that  empire  for  purposes  of  trade,  he  has  by  no
means  rehnquished  his  right  of  eminent  domain  or  dominion  over
the  said  lands  and  waters  hereby  agrees  ...  It  is  further  agreed
that  if  any  right  or  interest  in  any  tract  of  land  in  China  has  been
or  shall  hereafter  be  granted  by  the  Government  of  China  to  the
United  States  or  their  citizens  for  purposes  of  trade  or  commerce,
that  grant  shall  in  no  event  be  construed  to  divest  the  Chinese
authorities  of  their  right  of  jurisdiction  over  persons  and  property
within  said  tract  of  land,  except  so  far  as  that  right  may  have  been
expressly  rehnquished  by  treaty.
As  a  typical  treaty  provision  defining  the  rights  of
foreigners  in  the  Treaty  Ports  we  may  quote  the  follow-
ing from  Article  III  of  the  Sino- American  agreement  of
1903.
Citizens  of  the  United  States  may  frequent,  reside,  carry  on
trade,  industries  and  manufactures,  or  pursue  any  lawful  avocation,

of  Chinese  within  the  settlements  at  Shanghai.  This,  however,  is  an
exception  of  practice  rather  than  of  strict  treaty  or  legal  right.
