furnished  with  the  documents  of  causes  to  be
discussed  every  month,  and  these  they  have  to
study.  The  Archives  and  Library  are  open  to
them,  and  eight  days  before  a  meeting  of  the
Congregation,  they  assemble  under  the  presi-
dency of  the  Secretary  and  Auditor  for  dehber-
ation.  Each  gives  his  opinion,  the  Secretary
makes  his  observations,  and  the  result  is  trans-
mitted to  the  Cardinals.  There  is  not  to  be
expected  from  these  students  the  maturity  and
prudence  that  come  from  age  and  experience,
but  this  is  in  a  wa}^  compensated  by  their  having
the  principles  of  law  still  fresh  in  their  minds,
and  these  they  apply  apart  from  considerations
foreign  to  the  case.  Their  opinion,  while  it  does
not  bias  the  Cardinals,  is  nevertheless  not
without  its  value.  They  are  bound  to  work
two  hours  a  day,  and  when  their  course  of  four
years  is  finished,  they  receive  the  title  of
Advocate,  and  can  then  plead  before  the  Sacred
Congregations,  and  are  recognised  as  procurators
of  parties.  Entrance  to  the  Studio  is  sought
after  by  those  especially  who  propose  to  them-
selves an  official  career.
In  the  Congregation  of  Bishops  and  Regulars,
Consultors  are  an  institution  of  but  recent
date.  In  the  Congregation  of  Rites  there  are
Consultors  in  causes  for  canonization.  In  cases
v/hich    regard    moot   points   and   controversies


SACRED    ROMAN    CONGREGATIONS.  399

about     rites     and     ceremonies,    the    Apostolic
Masters  of  Ceremonies  are  the  Consultors.
13.
