Article  1 2. — In  case  of  infringement  of  the  terms  of
Articles  i,  9,  10,  and  n,the  Burgomaster1  may  suspend
provisionally  the  working  of  the  establishment,  and,  if
necessary,  may  close  it  and  seal  down  the  apparatus.
FRANCE.
There  is  no  legislative  enactment  in  France  for  the
regulation,  restriction,  or  prevention  of  the  emission  of
smoke  from  factories,  business  premises,  or  private
dwelling-houses,  but  a  series  of  Police  Ordinances  has
been  published  in  Paris.
On  the  nth  November  1854,  an  Ordinance  was
published  requiring  the  owners  of  steam  engines  to
consume  their  smoke  or  to  use  fuel  which  would  not
produce  more  smoke  than  coke  or  wood.  This  Ordinance,
which  applied  to  Paris  only,  was  premature  and  too
absolute  in  its  provisions,  and  consequently  fell  com-
pletely into  desuetude.
On  the  i  Qth  January   1865,  an  Ordinance  was  pro-

1  Koyal  Decree  of  the  24th  December  1898.
64  SMOKE    ABATEMENT

mulgated  ordering  the  owners  of  boiler  furnaces  of  every
description  to  consume  their  own  snioke,  a  delay  of  six
months  being  given  to  allow  them  to  effect  this  improve-
ment. This  Ordinance,  which  applied  to  the  whole  of
France,  was  of  too  sweeping  a  nature,  and  owing  to  the
passive  resistance  of  manufacturers  and  the  deficiency
of  smoke- consuming  apparatus,  was  as  unsuccessful  as
the  previous  one.
In  1894  a  Commission  was  formed  to  consider  some
means  of  remedying  the  evil  effects  caused  by  the
pollution  of  the  air  by  smoke  proceeding  from  coal  burnt
by  industrial  establishments  in  Paris.
The  formation  of  a  Special  Technical  Commission  was
decided  upon  in  order  to  thoroughly  examine  the
different  apparatus  for  the  consumption  of  smoke.
