For instance, there are some who say, that it is
"T^USti to punish any ont.ibr_the^ake of_ex?iiaple-to
others ; that punishment is just, only when intended




HOW CONNECTED WITH JUSTICE. 83

for the good of the sufferer himself. Others maintMn ^^

the extreme rRVfll-Hft.Pfintgrujj npr that, tt > pnnitfh pararma

who have_ attajne d years of_discretion, for their own £."-•'
benefit,, is. deB potism a nd injiiBtice. since if the matter ^p^
at issue is solely their own goodj no one has a right
to control their own judgment of it ; but that they
mayjustly be punished to prevent evil to others, this
being an exercise of the legitimate right of self-
defence. Mr. Owen, again, affirms that it J s unjust
• jto jiunish at all ; for the criminal did not make hia
lown character ; hia education, and the circumstances
Whichsiirround liim, hsive made him a criminal, and
^lor these he h imt. ](.'-^|ioiiaib]e. All these opinions
^ Jar^^Siremely pliiU^i]»Lv ; 'ind so long 3.6 the question

is argued as one of justice simply, without going down /y^^.^'f
to the principles which lie under justice and are the -^Tt*'
bource of its authority, I am unable to see how any of . ^^^
Ithese reasoners can be refuted. For, in truth, every _^ tr^-**
1 o ne of tbft thrRA hnilds upon rules of justica-cQU:^ 5^,-r^
I fe8se^[jjEUfi. The first appeals to the acknowledged ^^-^^ ^
injustice of singling out an individual, and making .^t^*./
him a sacrifice, without his consent, for other people's c*»-*^-i
benefit. The second rehes on the acknowledged **:H'<J
ustice of self-defence, and the admitted injustice of i -^
forcing one person to conform to another's notions of I
what constitutes hia good. The Owenite invokes the
admitted principle, that it is unjust to punish any one
for what he cannot help. Each_i8_triiimpliaiit-flaJQDg
as he is not compelled to take into consideration any, ' i/*
othex maxims of justice than the one he_hag^eiected j
but as soon as their several maxims are brought face
to face, each disputant seems to have exactly as much
to say for himself as the others. No one of them can



V V



84



UTILITARIANISM.
