bone.  How  late  they  survived  in  Europe  no  written
history  tells,  though  the  unwritten  history  of  flint
weapons  in  caverns  shows  that  Palaeolithic  man  hunted
the  great  beast ;  while  in  Asia,  as  all  readers  know,
his  whole  body  has  more  than  once  in  summer  dropped
out  of  the  frozen  mud  cliffs  of  the  great  Siberian  rivers,
a  region  in  which  he,  perhaps,  survived  very  much  later
than  in  Europe.  We  may  be  permitted  to  regret  that
'  the  red  lady  of  Paviland '  was  exhumed  44  years  ago,
long  before  the  art  of  '  Cave  Hunting '  ranked  as  a
branch  of  palseontological  science  in  which  an  early
history  of  man  is  involved.
On  the  west  side  of  Caermarthen  Bay  lies  Caldy
Island,  about  a  mile  from  the  Pembrokeshire  shore,  near
Tenby.  About  forty  years  ago  a  cave  was  discovered
there  in  the  northern  sea-cliff,  which  was  quarried  for
limestone,  and  which  I  visited  with  Dr.  Buckland
in  1841,  when  the  last  relics  of  the  cavern  were  disap-
pearing under  the  operations  of  the  quarrymen.  Bones
and  teeth  of  Mammoths,  Ehinoceroses,  Hysenas,  Lions,
and  other  Mammalia  common  in  such  caves  occurred  in
abundance,  and  I  well  remember  the  glee  with  which
Dr.  Buckland  on  his  knees  gathered  the  bony  harvest
into  a  large  silk  bandana,  while  surreptitiously  I  sketched
him  in  the  act.  Other  caves  have  since  been  explored
in  Caldy,  and  on  the  mainland  of  Pembrokeshire,  with
like  results.
I  specially  mention  the  caves  in  Caldy,  because  they
help  to  prove  the  long  lapse  of  time  that  has  taken
place  since  so  many  great  mammals  lived  on  ground,
part  of  which  is  now  only  an  island  one  mile  in  length.
