many,  Sweden,  and  several*  other  European  countries,  they
were  not  wholly  without  official  dictation  nor  were  they  free
to  all  citizens  alike.  Open  competition,  thus  established  in
Great  Britain,  said,  in  substance,  to  every  British  subject :
The  administration  confers  no  favors  by  appointments,  the
great  parties  arc  not  allowed  to  coerce  you,  the  high  officers


232  CIVIL  SERVICE  IN   GREAT  BRITAIN.
