After  the  Civil  War  came  a  new  era  in  education.  The  city
schools  were  organized  into  systems,  with  regular  courses  of
study  leading  from  the  first  year  in  the  primary  to  the  last
year  in  the  high  school,  —  a  period  of  eleven  or  twelve  years
of  continuous  schooling.  Buildings  were  constructed  with  due
reference  to  light,  heat,  and  ventilation.  The  high  schools
began  to  increase  in  number  and  in  size.  The  state  univer-
sities already  established  began  to  grow,  and  in  1862  the  states
received  special  land  grants  from  Congress  for  agricultural
colleges;  in  some  instances  these  funds  were  applied  to  the
preexisting  state  universities.  The  colleges  throughout  the
country  began  to  come  into  closer  relations  with  academies
and  high  schools,  which  became  "  feeders "  to  the  higher
institutions.  Many  of  the  older  colleges  became  universities,
by  adding  professional  and  technical  schools.  The  churches,
especially  those  made  up  of  immigrants  from  other  coun-
tries, established  not  only  the  old  type  of  colleges  and
boarding-schools,  but  also  large  day-schools  in  the  cities.
