4.  The  principal  motives  for  closure  of  a  rela-
tionship are:  (a)  The  maintenance  of  quality,  which
is  often  combined  with  the  interest  in  prestige  and
the  consequent  opportunities  to  enjoy  honour,  and
even  profit.  Examples  are  communities  of  ascetics,
monastic  orders,  especially,  for  instance,  the  Indian
mendicant  orders,  religious  sects  like  the  Puritans,
organized  groups  of  warriors,  of  retainers  {Minis-
teriulen)  and  other  functionaries,  organized  citizen
bodies  as  in  the  Greek  states,  craft  guilds;  (b)  ori-
entation to  the  scarcity  of  advantages  in  their  bear-
ing on  consumption  needs  {Nahrungsspielruum)."
Examples  are  monopolies  of  consumption,  the  most
developed  form  of  which  is  a  self-subsistent  village
community;  (c)  orientation  to  the  scarcity  of  oppor-


7.  This  is  a  reference  to  the  Betriebsrate  which  were
formed  in  German  industrial  plants  during  the  Revolution
of  1918-19  and  were  organized  in  the  Weimar  Constitu-
tion as  cut i i led  to  representation  in  the  Federal  Economic
Council. — Et>.
8.  Weber  here  refers  to  Nahrungsspielraum.  The  con-
cept refers  to  the  scope  of  economic  resources  and  oppor-
tunities on  which  the  standard  of  living  of  an  individual
or  a  group  is  dependent.  By  contrast  with  this,  Erwerbs-
spielraum  is  a  similar  scope  of  resources  and  economic
opportunities  seen  from  the  point  of  view  of  their  possible
role  as  sources  of  profit.  The  basic  distinction  implied  in
this  contrast  is  of  central  importance  to  Weber's  analysis
later  on. — Ed.
tunities  for  acquisition  (Erwerbsspielraum).  This  is
found  in  trade  monopolies  such  as  the  guilds,  the
ancient  monopolies  of  fishing  rights,  and  so  on.
Usually  motive  (a)  is  combined  with  (b)  or  (c).
