With  regard  to  the  relative  value  of  Moslem  and
Unbelieving  lives,  it  would  appear  that  the  view  of
the  earlier  period  was  more  equitable  than  that  of  the
later  ;  as  has  been  seen,  a  number  of  traditions  are
cited  according  to  which  such  convinced  and  even
fanatical  Moslems  as  Omar  and  Ali,  when  a  Moslem
had  murdered  a  Christian,  handed  the  murderer  over
to  the  family  of  the  murdered  man,  or  else  themselves
ordered  his  execution ;  and  a  tradition  even  ascribed
an  act  of  strict  justice  of  this  sort  to  the  Prophet
himself  Other  traditions  were  cited  to  show  that
in  the  earliest  period  the  blood-money  was  the  same
for  all  denominations ;  and  both  these  theories  were
accepted  by  Abu  Hanifah,  whose  code  is  official  in
the  Ottoman  empire.  Shafi'i,  however,  while  de-
manding the  execution  of  an  Unbeliever  for  the
murder  of  a  Moslem,^  emphasises  the  maxim,
"  Believer  is  not  to  be  slain  fpr  Unbeliever,"  and
assesses  the  blood-money  for  a  Jew  or  Christian  at
one-third  that  due  for  a  Moslem,  while  he  fixes  that
for  a  Mazdian  at  one-fifth.  The  JNIoslem  murderer
of  an  Unbeliever  is,  however,  according  to  him,  to  be
punished,  but  not  excessively,  whether  the  punish-
ment take  the  form  of  stripes  or  of  imprisonment.
1   Umm  vii.  136.  2  n,ifi.^  vi.  SS.
8


114    EARLY  DEVELOPMENT  OF  MOHAMMEDANISM

The  former  should  not  be  numerous  ;  and  the  period
of  imprisonment  ought  not  to  be  longer  than  a  year.
