"  In  that  Council,"  said  Cardinal  Manning,  "  the  first  seeds
of  the  contests  of  the  Bishops  and  Regulars  were  sown
in  Gallwey's  unseemly  speech  and  Father  G.  Porter's
theory  that  the  Sincere  Christian  and  the  Catechismus  ad
Parochos  are  the  books  for  the  Secular  Clergy.  He  did
not  say,  but  this  means,  that  all  that  is  higher  is  not
for  them."

We  have  seen  how  Father  Gallwey  selected  Man-
chester for  his  first  trial  of  strength  with  a  member  of
the  Hierarchy.  The  conduct  of  the  Bishop  had  upset
all  calculations,  and  the  Jesuits  had  been  obliged  to  give
way.  But  Cardinal  Manning  kept  the  promise  he  had
made  in  his  letter  to  the  Bishop  of  Salford,  that  he  would
make  this  cause  his  own.  Perhaps  it  would  be  true  to
say  that  the  cause  had  really  been  his  own  from  the  first.
At  any  rate,  in  the  time  between  July,  1873,  and  Low
Week,  1877,  the  Religious  Orders  had  made  such  ex-
periments on  the  patience  of  the  Bishops,  that  Cardinal

320


BISHOPS   AND   REGULARS  321

Manning  had  no  difficulty  in  convincing  his  colleagues
the  time  had  come  for  concerted  action  and  a  common
appeal  to  the  Holy  See  for  the  permanent  settlement  of
the  whole  group  of  questions  about  which  doubt  existed.
Apart  from  the  claim  of  the  Jesuits  to  open  schools
without  the  leave  of  the  Bishops,  there  were  other  dis-
putes which  had  to  be  decided  one  way  or  the  other  in
the  interests  of  the  orderly  administration  of  the  dioceses.
