8.  Mode  of  enforcing  ordinances ;    herein  of  actions  and  prosecutions  and

their  nature  ;  mode  of  pleading  ordinances;  requisites  of  complaints  to
enforce  ordinances  ;  construction ;  defences ;  evidence,  &c.
§§  306-423

CHAPTER  XIII.
MUNICIPAL   COURTS.
In  England,  and  at  common  law.  American  corporation  courts.  Constitutional
provisions.     Constructions.     Right  to  jury  trial.     Competency  of  citizens  to


CONTENTS   OF   VOLUME   I.  XIX

be  local  judges,  jurors,  and  witnesses.  Summary  convictions,  when  valid.
Indictable  offences.  Distinctions.  Extent  of  jurisdiction.  Jury  on  appeal.
Review  by  Superior  Courts §§  424-441


CHAPTER  XIV.
CONTRACTS.
1.  Extent  of  power  to  contract,  and  how  conferred.
2.  Mode  of  exercising  the  power.
3.  Seal  not   necessary   unless   required  ;   may  be   concluded   by  vote  or

ordinance.
4.  When  bound  by  contracts  made  by  agents  ;  mode  of  execution.
5.  Contracts  beyond  corporate  powers  void  ;  ultra  vires  a  defence*

6.  Implied  contracts;  when  deducible.
7.  Ratification  of  unauthorized  contracts.
8.  Provisions  requiring  letting  to  the  lowest  bidder.
9.  Contract  of  suretyship.
10.  Rights  and  liabilities  as  respects  authorized  contracts;  cases  mentioned.
Power  to  settle  disputed  claims  ;  to  give  extra  compensation;  to  em-
ploy attorneys.
11.  Contracts  for  public  works  ;  rights  of  contractors.
12.  Same:  corporate  control  under  stipulation.
13.  Evidences  of  indebtedness  ;  negotiable  bonds.
14.  Ordinary  wan-ants  or  orders  ;  their  legal  nature.
15.  Liability  of  indorsers  thereof.
16.  Payment  and  cancellation  of  orders  and  warrants.
17.  Rights  and  remedies  of  holders  thereof.
18.  Defences  thereto ;  ultra  vires;  fraud;  want  of  consideration.
19.  Orders  payable  out  of  particular  fund.
20.  Interest  on  corporate  indebtedness'.
21.  Railroad  aid  bonds;  course  of  decision  in  United  States  Supreme  Court.
22.  Leading   cases  in  the  United   States   Supreme   Court  on   the   subject

noticed.
23.  Decision  in  State  courts  referred  to.     Author's  conclusions  stated.
