England  controls  the  graphite  from  Ceylon.  However,  there  seems
to  be  a  general  opinion  that  Ceylon  production  is  likely  to  decrease
unless  the  control  passes  into  the  hands  of  some  one  who  will  introduce
modern  efficient  mining  methods.  England  normally  allows  about  two-
thirds  of  the  Ceylon  product  to  come  to  the  United  States.  England's
own  supply  of  crucible  graphite  is  now  mainly  obtained  from  Madagascar,
where  an  English  owned  and  controlled  company  operates  on  the  island.
Amorphous  graphite  is  obtained  from  Italy  and  Chosen.  A  London
company  operates  in  Quebec,  producing  some  flake  and  dust.  English
capital  is  invested  in  Italian  graphite  deposits  and  apparently  also  in
the  Spanish.
Through  her  sovereignty  over  Madagascar,  France  probably  controls
the  world's  best  future  supplies  of  flake  graphite.  The  deposits  are  large,
conveniently  situated,  and  remarkably  rich — 20  per  cent,  or  more  graph-
ite. They  are  capable  of  greatly  increased  production.  Already  the
output  exceeds  that  of  any  other  country,  though  the  deposits  have  been
developed  but  recently.  France  has  a  small  local  production  of  amor-
phous graphite,  and  obtains  some  from  Italy.
Germany  is  now  chiefly  dependent  on  Bavarian  flake  graphite  for
crucibles.  The  efforts  made  during  the  war  to  get  Ceylon  graphite  in
through  Holland  and  Switzerland  indicate  that  the  Bavarian  supply  is
not  wholly  satisfactory.  Amorphous  graphite  is  supplied  from  Austria.
Overproduction  has  made  it  possible  at  times  to  sell  the  products  in
America  below  cost.
Japan  produces  some  flake  graphite.  Chosen  has  an  abundant  supply
of  the  amorphous  variety.  In  Chosen  there  have  been  recent  discoveries
of  crystalline  graphite  which  may  be  of  importance.
Figure  11  shows  the  changes  in  the  annual  output  of  graphite  in  the
chief  producing  countries,  and  Figure  12  shows  the  percentage  of  crucible
graphites  produced  by  the  main  sources  of  supply.
