least  for  their  comrades,  and  lived  solitary,  would  perish  in
greater  numbers.  With  respect  to  the  origin  of  the  parental
and  filial  affections,  which  apparently  lie  at  the  base  of  the
social  instincts,  we  know  not  the  steps  by  which  they  have
been  gained;  but  we  may  infer  that  it  has  been  to  a  large
extent  through  natural  selection.  So  it  has  almost  cer-
tainly been  with  the  unusual  and  opposite  feeling  of  hatred
between  the  nearest  relations,  as  with  the  worker-bees
which  kill  their  brother  drones,  and  with  the  queen  bees
which  kill  their  daughter  queens;  the  desire  to  destroy
their  nearest  relations  having  been  in  this  case  of  service  to
the  community.  Parental  affection,  or  some  feeling  which
replaces  it,  has  been  developed  in  certain  animals  extremely
low  in  the  scale,  for  example,  in  star-fishes  and  spiders.
It  is  also  occasionally  present  in  a  few  members  alone  in  a
whole  group  of  animals,  as  in  the  genus  Forficula,  or
earwigs.
The  all-important  emotion  of  sympathy  is  distinct  from
that  of  love.  A  mother  may  passionately  love  her  sleep-
ing and  passive  infant,  but  she  can  hardly  at  such  times
be  said  to  feel  sympathy  for  it.  The  love  of  a  man  for
his  dog  is  distinct  from  sympathy,  and  so  is  that  of  a  dog
for  his  master.  Adam  Smith  formerly  argued,  as  has
Mr.  Bain  recently,  that  the  basis  of  sympathy  lies  in  our
strong  retentiveness  of  former  states  of  pain  or  pleasure.
Hence,  ^'^the  sight  of  another  person  enduring  hunger,
cold,  fatigue,  revives  in  us  some  recollection  of  the
states,  which  are  painful  even  in  idea.''^  We  are  thus
impelled  to  relieve  the  sufferings  of  another  in  order  that
our  own  painful  feelings  may  be  at  the  same  time  relieved.
