Other  Northern  provinces,  say  @  5^  %  extraction  .  =  1  *65     „    „       „
Negros  Island  (with  almost  exclusively  European

mills),  say  @  7J  %  extraction  .         .         .         .  =  2*75     „     „       „


272  Sugar-cane  cukivation

From  Yloilo  the  sugar  is  chiefly  exported  to  the  United  States,
where  there  is  a  demand  for  raw  material  only  from  the  Philippines  for
the  purpose  of  refining,  whilst  from  Manila  a  certain  quantity  of  crystal-
grain  sugar  is  sent,  ready  for  consumption,  to  Spain.  Consequently,  in
the  Island  of  Luzon,  a  higher  class  of  machinery  is  employed.  In  1890
there  were  five  private  estates,  with  vacuum-pans  erected,  and  one
refinery,  near  Manila,  (at  Malabdn).  Also  in  1885  the  Government
acquired  a  sugar-machinery  plant  with  vacuum-pan  for  their  model
estate  at  San  Ramdn  in  the  Province  of  Zamboanga ;  the  sugar  turned
out  at  the  trial  of  the  plant  in  my  presence  was  equal  to  SI  D.  S.  of
that  year.  Convict  labour  was  employed.  During  the  Rebellion  half
the  machinery  on  this  estate  was  destroyed  or  stolen.
It  is  a  rare  thing  to  see  other  than  European  mills  in  the  Island
of  Negros,  whilst  in  every  other  sugar-producing  province  roughly-
made  verticcd  cattle-mills  of  wood,  or  stone  (wood  in  the  south  and
stone  in  the  north),  as  introduced  by  the  Chinese,  are  still  in  use.  With
one  exception  (at  Cabanatuan,  Nueva  Ecija),  which  was  a  failure,  the
triple-effect  refining-plant  is  altogether  unknown  in  this  Colony.
