Thus a scheme of expression becomes a scheme of
reality. When a three- world scheme is substituted
for the seven-world scheme, the four worlds are
transformed into four substances, as earth, air, fire,
and water. Hence the cardinal points of compass
become the cardinal substances. The habit of
relegating all animals, all plants, all properties, and
all qualities to the seven worlds, is continued under
the new scheme by making a something like a
classification between properties and qualities, and
transmuting the properties and qualities to sub-
stances or attributes of substances and qualities, to
world beings and attributes of world beings.
Properties are grouped in fours because there are
four horizontal comers of the world, and qualities
are grouped in fours because there are four vertical
comers of the world as evidenced by time. Thus
a scheme of expression becomes a scheme of philos-



FALLACIES OP REFLECTION 379

ophy. Wet and dry, cold and hot, c6nstitate a
scheme of cardinal properties; earth, air, fire, and
water, a scheme of cardinal substances; justice,
prudence, temperance, and fortitude, a scheme of
cardinal virtues.
It is an error of this nature into which Kant fell
when he considered space and time as forms of
thought The habit of expressing thought in terms
of form led him to the conclusion that space and
time, as disparate properties, are identical with
thought as a succession of judgments, instead of
being concomitant with thought. But more than this,
it was the void form and the void spaoe which Kant
supposed to be forms which we are compelled to use
as a priori elements of reason when we consider
form and state.
