"  Italian  legislation,  in  so  far  as  emigration  to  other  than  oversea  countries  is  concerned,  is
mainly  devoted  to  preventive  measures  for  the  protection  of  the  legal  and  economic  position  of  the
emigrant  working  in  a  foreign  country.  For  this  purpose,  Italian  legislation  resorts  to  special
provisions  for  the  regulation  of  labour  contracts  and  the  enrolment  of  workers,  completed  in
Italian  territory  between  foreign  contractors,  or  their  representatives,  and  the  Italian  labourers
seeking  employment  in  a  foreign  country.  No  action  can  be  taken  in  connection  with  the  enrol-
ment of  Italian  emigrants  for  work  abroad  without  special  authorisation.  The  demand  for  labour
embodied  in  the  contracts,  and  which  form  a  hasis  for  the  enrolment  and  subsequent  recruiting  of
workers,  shall  be  submitted  for  the  approval  of  the  General  Emigration  Department,  and  shall,


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moreover,  contain  certain  obligations  on  the  part  of  the  contractor,  imposed  by  the  law  in  the
interests  of  the  emigrant.  In  addition,  all  disputes  arising  out  of  similar  labour  contracts  com-
pleted in  Italy  shall  be  under  the  jurisdiction  of  special  courts.  "

JAPAN.
"  The  main  object  of  this  legislation  is  both  to  protect  emigrants  who  are  not  familiar  with
conditions  in  other  countries,  and  to  prevent,  illegitimate  practice  in  business  by  the  agent  for  emi-
gration and  his  representatives  who  may  attempt  to  profit  by  the  ignorance  of  emigrants.  The
law  therefore  provides  not  only  for  the  control  of  migration  but  for  a  guarantee  fund  which
the  agent  has  to  deposit  with  the  Government,  the  equipment  and  voyages  of  vessels  which
cany  the  emigrants  abroad,  etc.  "

'LUXEMBURG.
"  The  emigration  of  workers  is  not  subjected  to  any  special  regulation  by  law."

THE  NETHERLANDS.
"The  legislation  in  force  leaves  emigration  completely  free,  but  a  new  emigration  bill  is  in
preparation.  "

NORWA  Y.
