four

CONTRIBUTING   SCIENCES


CHAPTER  XVH
THE  PHYSIOLOGICAL  RELATIONS  OF  MIND

IN  his  "Manual  of  Ethics,"  Prof.  John  S.  Mac-
kenzie makes,  and  admirably  expresses,  a  serviceable
distinction  between  what  are  called  normative  sciences*
and  others,  as  follows :  "  A  science,  it  is  said,  teaches
us  to  know,  and  an  art  to  do;  but  a  normative  science
teaches  us  to  know  how  to  do;  .  .  .  it  is  a  kind
of  science  that  has  a  very  direct  relation  to  a  corre-
sponding art  There  is  scarcely  any  art  that  is  not
indirectly  related  to  a  great  number  of  different  sci-
ences. The  art  of  painting,  for  instance,  may  derive
useful  lessons  from  the  science  of  optics,  anatomy,
botany,  geology,  and  a  great  variety  of  others.  The
art  of  navigation,  in  like  manner,  is  much  aided  by
the  sciences  of  astronomy,  .magnetism,  acoustics,  hydro-
statics, etc.  But  such  relationships  are  comparatively
indirect.  The  dependence  of  an  art  upon  its  corre-
sponding normative  science  is  of  a  very  much  closer
Character."  Astronomy  is  the  foundation  of  the  art
of  ocean  navigation,  calendar-making  and  uses,  chro-
nology, etc.  Medicine  refers  habitually  to  physiology,

*  "The  Sciences  that  Lay  Down  Rales  or  Laws,"  p.  8.
240  Science  of  Education

botany,  chemistry;  teaching  to  physiology,  psychology,
ethics,  logic,  etc.  The  more  general  science  of  educa-
tion is  comprehensive  of  facts  and  principles  derived
from  these  last  and  certain  other  sciences.  It  is  com-
plex, and  the  relations  between  this  and  its  contributing
sciences  are  not  always  immediately  discernible.  That
there  are  such  connections  of  dependence  will  appear
in  the  discussion.
