Bleeding  Wounds. — The  shoulder  and  breast  are  exposed
to  deep  and  extensive  wounds  from  shafts,  from  the  pole  and
the  splinter-bar.  Until  professional  assistance  can  be  obtained,
all  that  need  be  done  is  to  arrest  the  bleeding,  which,  however,
is  seldom  very  profuse  from  lacerated  wounds.  Some  blood
must  escape,  and  much  may  be  lost  before  life  is  endangered  ;
but  if  a  large  stream  be  running  from  some  particular  point,
pressure  may  be  applied  till  the  veterinarian  arrive.  En-
deavor to  seize  the  wounded  vessel  between  the  finger  and
thumb,  or  apply  a  finger  on  the  origin  of  the  stream.  This  is
better  than  general  pressure,  by  means  of  a  handkerchief,
which  fills  the  wound  with  blood,  and  prevents  a  proper  ex-
amination by  the  veterinarian.  Bleeding  wounds  on  the  legs
may  be  bound  by  a  handkerchief.
Choking. — Heavy  draught  horses,  going  up  hill  with  much
weight  behind,  sometimes  choke  in  the  collar.  The  collar
presses  upon  the  windpipe,  and  the  horse  instantly  falls;
sometimes  he  staggers  for  a  moment  before  sinking,  but  in
general  there  is  no  warning.  Should  the  fall  throw  the  col-
lar off  the  windpipe,  the  horse  recovers  immediately.  The
first  thing  to  be  done  is  to  free  the  windpipe,  if  it  be  not  al-
ready free.  The  collar  must  be  pulled  down,  or  the  draught
rolled  forward,  so  as  to  throw  the  strain  from  the  collar.
This  must  be  done  quickly ;  pressure  on  the  windpipe  will
produce  death  in  three  minutes.     Should   the  driver  observe

30


350  STABLE    ECONOMY.
the  horse  stagger  before  he  falls,  he  may  keep  him  on  his
feet  by  pulling  him  to  a  side,  setting  the  wheels  across  the
hill.
