The  Treaty  of  Madrid  drew  a  definite  boundary,
France  gave  up  all  claim  to  homage  from  Flanders  and
Artois,  and  Charles  the  Fifth,  in  his  Burgundian,  or
rather  in  his  Flemish,  character,  finally  gave  up  all  claim
to  the  lands  on  the  Somme.
The  south-western  frontier  was  thus  fixed ;  but
meanwhile  the  new  state  had  advanced  in  other  direc-
tions. Philip's  last  great  acquisition  was  the  duchy
of  Luxemburg.  He  now  possessed  the  greater  part  of
the  Netherlands ;  but  his  dominions  were  still  intersected
by  the  bishoprics  of  Utrecht  and  Liittich  and  the  duchy
of  Geldern.  The  duchy  of  Geldern  and  county  of  Zut-
phen  were  added  by  Charles  the  Bold.  But  they  formed
a  precarious  possession,  lost  and  won  more  than  once,
down  to  their  final  annexation  under  Charles  the
Fifth,  Of  the  two  great  ecclesiastical  principalities  by
which  the  Burgundian  possessions  in  the  Netherlands
were  cut  asunder,  the  bishopric  of  Liittich,  though  its
history  is  much  mixed  up  with  that  of  the  Burgundian
Dukes,  and  though  it  came  largely  under  their  influence,
was  never  formally  annexed.  Jiut  the  temporal  princi-
pality of  the  Bishop  of  Utrecht  was  secularized  under
Charles  the  Fifth.  Friesland,  the  Friesland  immediately
east  of  the  Zuyder  Zee,  was  already  reincorporated  with
the  dominions  of  the  {)rince  who  represented  the  an-
cient counts  of  Holland.  The  whole  Netherlands  were
thus  consolidated  under  the  rule  of  Charles  the  Fifth.
They  were  united  with  the  far  distant  county  of  Bur-
gundy, and  with  it  they  formed  tlie  Burgundian  circle
in  the  new  division  of  the  Empire.    The  bishopric  ol


DOMIXIONS   OF   CHAELES   THE   FIFTH.  299

Llitticb,  whicli  intersected  the  whole  soiitliern  part  of    citap.
YIII.
