702.  Establishing  a  Common  Road 403

703.  Reconnaissance 403

704-708.  Surveying  and  Locating  Common  Roads 405

709.  Gradients 407

710-713.  Final  Location 408

714-720.  Earthwork— Excavations  and  Embankments. 411

721.  Drainage , 416

722.  Road-coverings 419

723.  Pavements— Wood  and  Stone 420

724.  McAdam  and  Telford  Roads 423

726.  GravelRoads 425

728.  Asphaltic  Roads 427

729.  Repairing  Common  Roads 428

730.  Cross  Dimensions  of  Common  Roads 429

731.  PlankRoads ..  430


II.   RAILWAYS.
732.  Definition...                                                                             ..  430

733-736.  Rails 430

737.  Supports. 433

738.  Ballast 434

739.  Temporary  Railways .• 434

740.  Gauge 435

742.  Curves 436

743    Sidings,  etc ..436

746-747.  Gradients 438

748-753.  Tunnels 439


CONTENTS.  XI

is  not*.  FAOK.
754-768.  Experiments  of  Baron  Von  Weber  on  the  Stability  of  the

Permanent  Way 443

755.  Stability  of  Rails  to  Lateral  Pressure 442

756.  Stability  of  the  Permanent  Way 443

757.  Stability  of  the  Permanent  Way  to   Resist  Horizontal  Dis-

p  acoment 444

759.  Stability  of  the  Rails  on  the  Sleepers. 448

762-763.  Experiments  on  the  Resisting  Power  of  Railway  Spikes 451

764  Experiments  on  the  Effect  of  Bed-plates 454

765.  Force  Required  to  Draw  Spikes 456

766.  Total  Resistance  due  to  Spikes  and  Friction. 458

768.  Weber's  Deductions  from  Tabulated  Results 461

769.  Sleepers. . 463

770.  RailJoints 464

771-776.  Steel  Rails 464


CHAPTER  VIII.
CANALS.
777-780.  General  Remarks 467

781.  Cross  Section 470

782-783.  Supply  of  Water 471

784-786.  Locks-Use  of,  etc 472

787-793.  Feeders  and  Reservoirs 474

794.  Lifts  of  Locks 47ft

795.  Levels 480

796-815.  Locks— Principles  of  Construction 482

816-817.  Accessory  Works— Culverts 488

818-819.  Aqueducts— Canal  Bridges 489

820-822.  Waste-weir— Guard  Lock 490

823.  General  Dimensions  of  Canals 491

824.  Locomotion  on  Canals. . .  .     493


CHAPTER  IX.
RIVEES.
