Psychology  19


a  lock  gate,  they  must  be  opened,  that  the  external  world  may
stream  into  the  mind.  They  must  be  made  sensitive  like  a
photographic  plate,  that  the  manifold  objects  of  the  external
world  may  be  imprinted  in  pictures,  clear,  sharp,  and  enduring,
upon  the  mind.  As  sight  is  "  the  leading  avenue  "  of  perception,
the  term  which  Pestalozzi  used,  and  which  means  literally
sight  perception,  may  be  extended  to  all  perceptions  or  "  obser
vations  "  made  through  the  other  senses.  This  term  is  An-
schauung,  the  act  of  observing  the  qualities  of  an  object  and
then  combining  them  in  the  mind.
If  we  examine  our  mental  life,  we  find  that  some-
Presentation,  .,  .  ,   ,         ,          .  ...
feeling,  and  thing   appears   to   take   place   in   us   without   any

llmg'  expenditure  of  power  on  our  part ;  this  is  presen
tation.  Again,  something  else  appears  to  take  place  with  us,
so  that  we  are  pleasurably  or  painfully  affected  by  it ;  this  is
feeling.  And  yet  again,  something  else  appears  to  go  out  of
us  as  our  own  doing,  and  to  this  the  general  term  willing  or
acting  is  applied.
In  the  older  systems  of  psychology,  as  elsewhere  ex
plained,1  intellect,  feeling,  and  will  were  considered  to  be  dis
tinct  capacities  or  faculties  of  the  soul.  Herbart,  on  the
contrary,  considered  these  three  activities  to  be  simply  modes
of  one  element  common  to  all.  He  founded  his  proof  on  ex
perience,  metaphysics,  and  mathematics.  We  can  here  only
explain  his  theory  of  mental  life  in  so  far  as  it  rests  on  ex
perience.  *

First,  in  regard  to  presentation,  he  held  that  we
Presentation.  .  ,/  ., '.
