In  some  foreign  countries  there  is  a  system  called  the  civil
death,  by  which  a  person  convicted  of  a  serious  crime  loses  his
citizenship  and  thus  can  no  longer  hold  property  or  act  as  a
member  of  the  community ;  and  many  foreign  countries  banish
their  own  citizens.  Absolute  loss  of  citizenship  as  a  penalty
for  crime  does  not  prevail  anywhere  in  the  United  States,  and
it  is  doubtful  whether  any  state  can  legally  expel  one  of  its
citizens.  The  only  recorded  case  of  banishment  of  a  citizen
by  the  United  States  was  the  sending  of  C.  L.  Vallandigham
across  the  border  into  the  Confederacy  during  the  Civil  War ;
and  that  was  justified  at  the  time  only  as  a  military  measure.
10.   Privileges  and  Obligations  of  Citizenship.
In  nlany  respects  the  alien  has  the  same  duties  and  the
same  rights  as  the  citizen  :  he  must  obey  the  laws  an^  pay
taxes,  and  all  his  privileges  he  holds  by  temporary  favor.
The  citizen's  rights,  on  the  other  hand,  are  based  on  long
tradition  amounting  almost  to  an  indefeasible  right,  on  solemn
limitations  in  the  federal  and  state  constitutions,  and  on
federal  and  state  statutes.
