This  is  far  different  from  the  common  notion  of
the  effects  of  trade.  People,  somehow  or  other,
imagine  that  trade  has  some  unknown*  beneficial
effects — that  giving  employment,  and  furnishing
the  necessaries  of  life,   are  the  same  thing  ;  but

*  The  articles  of  commerce,  being*  chiefly  the  refined
manufactures,  require  much  greater  labour  than  is  employed
in  producing  the  necessaries  of  life  ;  hence,  large  quantities
of  the  latter  are  sent  away  to  procure  a  small  quantity  of
the  former.
68  HALL   ON    CIVILISATION.
this  cannot  be  the  case,  except  the  labour,  as  has
been  said  before,  is  actually  directed  to  produce
them,  which  can  only  be  done  by  agriculture,  and
the  coarser  manufactures  ;  or  when  such  things
as  their  labour  does  produce,  are  exchanged  for
the  necessaries.  To  conceive  that  trade  can
operate  in  any  other  way,  is  somewhat  like  reviving
the  old  exploded  notions  of  occult  qualities.
