3  Barrels,  or  2  Hogshead    .     1  Butt,       .     .     .     butt.
13.  DRY  MEASURE.
2  Pints,  marked  pts.  make  1  Quart,     marked      qrt.
4  Gallons        1  Peck,     ....      pc.
4  Pecks,  or  5  Pecks  water?   .  ^     ,    ,

measure      ...       5   l  Bushel>      '          '     bus«

*«  32  Bushels 1  Chaldron,       .     .       ch.
36  Bushels 1  Chaldron  in  London,  ch.
NOTE.     Salt,  coal,  sand,  fruits,  oysters,  roots,  corn,  and  dry  goods,
are  measured  by  Dry  Measure.
REDUCTION.
REDUCTION  teaches  to  exchange  numbers  of  one  denomi-
nation to  another,  retaining  the  same  value.
It  consists  of  two  sorts;  viz.  Descending  and  Ascending,

CASE  I.
Reduction  Descending  is  bringing  a  greater  denomina-
tion into  a  less.
GENERAL  RULE.
Multiply  the  highest  denomination  given  by  so  many  of
the  next  less,  as  make  one  of  that  greater,  and  thus  con-
tinue to  do  till  the  number  is  brought  into  the  denomination
o.required.
REDUCTION.  gv

EXAMPLES.
1.  In  £945,  how  many  pence  ?
£945

20=shilliugs  in  a  pound.
18900=shi1Hngs.
12=pence  in  a  shilling.
228800=pence.  Ans.  226800.
PROOF  As  Reduction  Descending  is  performed  by  mul-
tiplication, «t  is  proved  by  division  ;  that  is.  by  changing
the  order  of  (be  question,  and  dividing  the  last  product  by
the  last  multiplier.
In  the  preceding  question  the  order  will  be.  In  226800
pence,  how  many  pounds  ?

Last  mult.  12)226800=last  product.
2.0)1890,0


£945  Ans.  as  above.  Ans.  £945.
CASE  II.
To  reduce  a  mixt  number  to  a  less  denomination.
RULE.  Multiply  the  highest  denomination  as  before  di-
rected, adding  the  less  units,  which   stand  in   the  given
number  to  the  products,  which  are  of  the  same  name.
EXAMPLES.
2.  In  £344     18     4|  how  many  farthings  ?

20


6898-{-18  shillings.
12


5780-{-4  pence.
4


331122+2  farthings.  Ans.  331122  qrf.
1.  MONEY.
