194  DEMOCRACY  IN  EDUCATION

It  is  just  the  persistence  of  the  old  folkway  attitude,
The  human  mind  tears  itself  free  from  an  old  institution
whose  arbitrary  authority  it  can  no  longer  endure,  but  it
does  not  tear  itself  free  from  institutionalise,.  It  proceeds
to  construct  a  new  institution  for  its  own  refuge,  and  then
all  the  old  institutional  sanctities  gather  around  this  new
structure.  From  within  the  old  structure  the  ideals  of  in-
dependence of  individual  thought,  individual  responsibility
in  conduct,  free  life  on  the  basis  of  reason,  had  all  seemed
the  revelation  of  a  divine  new  order.  Rebellion  from  the
old  brings  freedom  to  realize  the  new.  The  new  is  con-
structed, but  the  rebel  under  the  old  system  has  now  become
the  center  of  authority  under  the  new  order,  and  he  sub-
mits to  the  individual  disagreement  of  his  underlings  with
just  as  little  grace  as  was  manifested  toward  himself  under
the  old  system.  The  Pilgrims  in  America  are  standard  ex-
amples of  this  folkway  tendency.
Protestantism,  in  the  sense  which  Luther  first  gave  it,
cannot  exist  without  freedom  of  intelligence,  genuine  lib-
erty of  the  individual  reason.  Free  religion  can  only  find
itself  at  home  in  the  world  of  free  science.  But  when  Eras-
mus wrote  of  the  tendency  of  the  times,  "Wherever  Luth-
eranism  rules,  there  the  sciences  are  neglected,"  he  wrote
the  beginning  of  the  end  of  that  fundamental  Protestant-
ism which  was  the  first  hope  of  the  Reformation.
