statement  that  in  England  the  upper  classes  for
the  most  part  do  not  lie,  and  that  the  lower
classes,  though  almost  habitually  liars,  are  gene-
rally ashamed  of  lying.  "  Englishmen,"  said
Pattison,  "  lie  as  much  as  foreigners ;  but  En-
glishmen have  a  dim  consciousness  that  they  are
lying,  while  foreigners  believe  all  the  while  that
they  are  telling  the  truth."  This  preferring  of
conscious  guilt  to  guilt  born  of  self-deceit,  will  at
once  recall  Aristotle's  comparison  between  a/cpaa-la
and  aKo\.ao-la,  and  perhaps  is  not  wholly  unlike
St.  Paul's  comparison  between  doing  wrong  things
and  having  pleasure  in  them  that  do  them.  I  re-
member asking  Charles  Austin  if  he  did  not  think
that  too  much  fuss  was  made  when  a  late  Bishop
of  Durham  appointed  a  highly  respectable  son-in-
law  to  a  good  living.  Being  in  a  paradoxical  vein,
he  answered:  "What  I  mind  is,  not  the  thing
that  was  done,  but  the  sanctimonious  way  in
which  it  was  done.  If  Ben  Stanley  had  done
anything  of  the  kind,  he  would  have  written  in
big  letters  in  his  diary,  This  is  a  job,  and  that
would  not  have  been  half  as  bad.  I  should  not
hate  Torquemada  so  much  if  I  did  not  know  that
he  was  thoroughly  convinced  that  he  was  doing
his  duty."  Carlyle  has  paid  Frederic  the  equivocal
compliment  that,  although  he  often  deceived  others,
he  never  deceived  himself.
