861),  if  wc  are  lo  liderjland  by  the  former  4.i*i^
yia,  or  l»niitinienl  for  lite,  "tirjdl  (lay  they)
differs  from  ootnciam,  inaamiich  aa  th«e  who  an
ban  iohed  loae  their  property  by  confucation,  whercea
the  oatrociied  do  not;  the  former  olio  have  no  fixed
place  of  abode,  no  time  of  rotam  onigned,  but  the
latter  haie."  Tbii  oHradim  woa  initituted  by
Cleiathenei,  after  [he  eipuUion  of  the  Peiiiitra-
tidae ;  ita  nature  and  objecta  are  thua  explained
by  Arialotle  (Pol,  iil  8)  i  —  "  Democratic^  alatea
(he  obecrrei)  uied  to  oaliaciie,  and  remove  fitini
the  city  lor  e  definite  time,  those  who  appeared  to
be  pre-eminent  above  their  Jellov-dtioenii  by  Ra-
oon  of  their  wealth,  the  number  of  their  fineudi,  or
any  other  meana  of  influence."  It  ia  well  knowik,
aud  implied  in  the  qnotation  jaat  given,  that  oetra-
ciun  wai  not  a  nuniahment  for  any  crime,  bat
novol  of  thoee  who  pos-
it power  in  the  ilate  to  excite  eilher
envyorlew.  ThoiPlnlwch  (^rtX.  10)  auyailwaa
agood-nalond  wayofalhij-ingenTy  (^4^atiTa|M-
fuinafiAi>4pvn>t),  br  the  homlliodgnof  ■uperior
digaity  and  power.  Mr.  Orote  (HitiaiyqfGmoe,
viJ.  iv.  p.  200,  4c.)  haa  eome  very  ingenioui  re-
marlu  in  defence  of  oatmciim,  which  he  maintaina
wa>  a  wiae  pncaution  for  mainloining  the  demo-
cntical  eonatitulioo  ntablkhed  by  Clejathenca.
He  obaerrea  that  "  Cleiithenaa,  by  the  apiiit  of
hia  tefoima,  aeciired  the  heany  aUoefanMiit  of  the
body  of  citiaou ;  bat  ttota  the  fint  genoratton  of


t  a  preouti
daumcient }


body  of  citiaou ;  b
Inuiig  iiMm,  niide


then;


BXSILIUH.
