S in Jones, Marks, etc., and s in all p'u-

rals :n English and many other lan-

^ guages is simply ttie sign of the

secondary extension of the primary
concept.
(8) From AdJectiTCS.
— itas denotes the quality expressed by the

adjpc^ive. Adjectives in — ins makp
substantives in — ^ietas; those in stiv;
make them in stas.
88 LiATIN SYNONYMS.
abstract notion of the quality expressed

— tUa. by the adjective.
— ^ndo denotes greater duration in quality than

— ^itas.
— «do found in only few words.
' — ^moi«i» abstract notion of quality; and like

— tudo denotes duration and pecul-
iarity of the quali.y more than — -ela.
Hence qnertmonia is a stronger term
than quereila.
(152)

NOUDS.
(70©)

Acies, 'army' the battle line drawn up in form of a

wedge.
Agmen, ** the army on the march.
Copiae, •• troops in the collective capacity.
Bxerdtas, ** the army that has been drilled.
BfUites, '* the individual soldiers.
Vires, " forces as dynamic or effective powers.
Ep'stnla, 'letter' as writing sent to some one.
liitera, •* as a letter of the alphabet.
liiterae, " as something written.
Literae, 'learning* as knowledge expressed in writing.
Doctrina, " as knowledge taught.
Emditio, " as the means of mental and moral cul-

ture.
Hnmanitas, ** as the refinement of education and

taste.
Oognitio, 'knowledge' subjective or static knowledge.
LATIN SYNONYMS. 89



Notitia, 'knowledge* general knowledge — all knowledge.
Scientia, ** pract.'cal knowledge, illustrated in the

world about us.
Certamen, 'fight* the effort to decide the contest in favor

of either party.
Pngilatio,
Pngilatas,

Pagna,

Proeliam,

Dimicatio,



the action of fighting, fight in progress
the finished fight.
