Mergus  cucullatus  Linnaeus,  Yarrell,  iv,  p.  509  ;    Saimders,  p.  477.
Distribution. — British  Isles. — Very  rare  vagrant.  Four  fully
authenticated,  viz.  young  male  Menai  Straits  (N.  Wales),  winter
1830-31 ;    pair   Queenstown   Harbour   (Cork),  Dec,  1878 ;    female

l2


148  A   HAND-LIST   OF   BRITISH   BIRDS.
Shannon  Estuary  (Kerry),  Jan.,  1881.  Single  birds  also  said  to
have  been  taken  Dingle  Bay  and  Tralee  Harbour  (Kerry),  Knockdrin
(Meath),  near  Sligo  and  Norfolk  (winter,  1837-38).
Distribution. — Abroad. — North  America.  Breeds  from  central
British  Columbia,  Great  Slave  Lake,  central  Keewatin,  central
Ungava,  and  Newfoundland,  south  to  Oregon,  New  Mexico,  Louisiana
and  Florida  ;  winters  from  southern  British  Columbia  south  to
LoAver  California,  Mexico,  the  Gulf  States  and  Cuba.  Single
records  from  Alaska,  Bermudas.
PHALACROCORAX  CARBO

316.  Phalacrocorax  carbo  carbo  (L.)— THE  CORMORANT

Pelecanus  carbo  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  ed.  x,  i,  p.  133  (1758 — Europe.
Restricted  typical  locality  :    Sweden).
Phalacrocorax  carbo  (Linnseus),  Yarrell,  iv,  p.  143  ;    Samiders,  p.  361.
Distribution. — British  Isles. — Resident.  Generally  distributed,
outnumbering  Shag  east  coast  Great  Britain  from  Flamborough
northwards,  most  of  Welsh  coast,  and  Irish  coasts  except  north
and  west.  Commonly  visits  many  inland  w^aters,  and  breeds  in
a  few  places  on  inland  cliffs  and  in  parts  of  Connaught  in  trees.
Some  appear  to  move  southwards  in  autumn.
Distribution. —  Abroad. —  Northern  Hemisphere  generally,  but
replaced  by  various  subspecies  in  Africa,  India,  Australia,  New
Zealand,  though  the  status  of  eastern  forms  is  as  yet  uncertain.
PHALACROCORAX  GRACULUS

317.  Phalacrocorax  graculus  graculus  (L.) — THE  SHAG.
Pelecanus  Graculus  Linnaeus,  Syst,  Xat.,  ed.  xii,  i,  p.  217  (1766 —

Europe.     Restricted  typical  locality  :    Sweden).
Phalacrocorax  graculus  (Linnaeus),  Yarrell,  iv,  p.  151  ;   Saunders,  p.  363.
