CH.  I.]  IN  CIVIL   CASES.  61

wbich  may  any  ways  concern  moneys  dae  for  fireight  of  ships
hired  and  let  to  hire,  moneys  lent  to  be  paid  beyond  the  seas
at  the  hazard  of  the  lender,  and  also  of  any  cause,  business,
or  injury  whatsoever,  had  or  done  in  or  upon  or  through  the
seas  or  public  rivers  or  fresh  waters,  streams,  havens,  and
places  subject  to  overflowing  whatsoever,  within  the  flowing
and  ebbing  of  the  sea  upon  the  shores  or  banks  whatsoever
adjoining  to  them  or  either  of  them,  from  any  of  the  said  first
bridges  whatsoever  towards  the  sea,  throughout  our  JdngdoniB
of  England  and  Ireland  in  our  dominions  aforesaid,  or  else-
where beyond  the  seas,  or  in  any  ports  beyond  the  seas
whatsoever."^

In  Scotland,  the  Admiralty  has  cognizance  of  "  all  com-
plaints, contracts,  ofiences,  pleas,  exchanges,  assecurations,
debts,  coimts,  chsurter-parties,  covenants,  and  all  other  writ-
ings concerning  lading  and  unlading  of  ships,  freights,
35  hires,  money  lent  upon  casualtiesand  hazard  at  sea,  and
all  other  businesses  whatsoever  among  sea-farers  done
at  sea,  this  side  sea  or  beyond  sea ;  the  cognition  of  writs  of
appeal  from  other  judges,  and  the  causes  and  actions  of  re-
prisal and  letters  of  mark ;  and  to  take  stipulations,  cognos-
cions,  and  insinuations  in  the  books  of  the  Admiralty."'

In  Scotland,  the  Judge  of  the  Admiralty  is  "  the  King's
justice-general  upon  the  seas  or  fresh  water  within  flood  and
mark,  and  in  all  harbours  and  creeks,"^  and  he  "  hath  pow-
er within  the  sea-flood  over  all  sea-faring  men,  and  in  all  sea-
faring causes  and  debates,  civil  and  criminal."*

The  Admiralty  Courts  in  the  British  provinces  in  North

1  De  Lovio  v,  Boit,  2  GaU.  R.  463,  note.       «  Ibid,  468,  note,
3  2  Bro.  Civ.  and  Ad.  Law,  30.        *  Zpuch.  91.
