A paragraph should always be coherent. Unity,coherence,emphasis And Topic Sentence In The Paragraph 0 The whole composition is composed of words that have different meanings, sentences that tell something and paragraphs that show series of sentences which eventually forms bigger ideas. Activities include planning, drafting, revising, and editing as well as instruction in grammar, punctuation, and usage. The paragraphs have a general focus, but some sentences are unrelated. ELA-Literacy. Describe paragraph coherence. For example, if you are supporting a major point with three subordinate points, introduce the subordinate points with the simple ordinal numbers first, second, and third, or a variation such as first, next, and finally. Paragraph 5: Conclusion. This means you will most likely be doing persuasive writing in response to the prompt. In particular, opening and closing paragraphs, which serve different functions from body paragraphs, generally don’t have topic sentences. Use consistent verb tense. A paragraph should be unified, coherent, and well developed. An essay is unified when all of the paragraphs illustrate, clarify, explain, support and/or address the idea expressed in the essay's thesis statement. If your topic sentence has more than two ideas, you need to develop them in separate paragraph. • (1)There are several reasons for the destruction of the English religious houses. GRAMMAR; 1. If you are having trouble developing or explaining your key points within your paragraphs, check to see if your paragraphs. The Writing Process, Part 2. Paragraph Writing Worksheets. addition b. On the other hand, in addition informs the reader that. The best way to demonstrate the importance of unity is to show how the intrusion of irrelevant information can disrupt our understanding of a paragraph. In reality, though, the unity and coherence of ideas among sentences is what constitutes a paragraph. Sustain an argument throughout a 750-word essay. In this lesson you will learn about paragraph unity and coherence without which a paragraph cannot be called a complete composition. Consider this example text: The haystack was important. What suggestions would you make about adding/subtracting specific examples to help illustrate the writer's classification and/or division? Some of the paragraphs had too much information in them that could have been left out. Look for problems in: 1) unity (one paragraph, one topic) 2) coherence (sensible ideas, logical sentence sequence, good paragraph flow) 3) development (sufficient length and/or good organization). The paragraphs are unified, and they have enough development, but the connections between the ideas is not clear, either because of logic problems or inadequate language to connect the ideas. They are particularly useful for writers who have difficulty developing focused, unified paragraphs (i. The paragraph should follow a compare and contrast format. weegy Weegy: In each paragraph of an essay, one particular idea or topic is developed and explained. A paragraph is unified if every sentence in the paragraph is relevant to the general topic of that paragraph. more organized and coherent. The multiple choice questions will test your knowledge of the following topics:. The topic sentence is usually the first sentence of a paragraph. It can be scientific research, example, and so on. Contains a central coherent paragraphs, and effective transi-. _____ Is each body paragraph unified (all the ideas belong in the paragraph and relate clearly back to the topic sentence)? 9. • write a unified, coherent, and well-developed comparison and contrast essay; • recognize the value of process writing, self-correction, peer feedback and instructor’s feedback to write a unified, coherent, and well-developed essay; and • appreciate how this pattern of writing is related to their every day and academic writings. However, the writer shifts abruptly from example to example, weakening the coherence of the essay. A unified paragraph will have a clear focus, with no tangential or off-topic material. As you will see, all of these traits overlap. Demonstrate the ability to incorporate and document material from outside sources. In order to successfully do so, however, it is essential that the paragraph be written in a unified and coherent manner. The Commission argues (34) that the task that is being entrusted to the implementing regulation is the creation of a complete and coherent system of charges payable to the Agency, a coherent set of rules and criteria, a comprehensive and coherent system, which entails supplementing ‘non-essential elements’ of Regulation No 528/2012 on the basis of the principles laid down by the. Paragraphs should be "unified, coherent, and adequately developed, while flowing from one to the next as smoothly as possible" (Hult and Huckin, The New Century Handbook, 103). A good paragraph is thoughtful, unified, coherent, and well-developed. In writing, it is provided by a clear and understood structuring of paragraphs and sentences in writing. Produce clear and coherent writing (including multi-paragraph texts) in which the. Thoughtful, logical progression of supporting examples; Mature transitions between ideas. Experiment. Write a unified, coherent paragraph using a clear topic sentence, technical terminology and specific support, given a technical topic. Example of a unified paragraph Example 1: (1) generally, language has three functions according to its purpose: informative. How Do You Create Unity And Coherence In An Essay? Do you need help in your essay writing? There are so many factors to a well-written essay that it’s likely you will want to hone at least one area. If you want to make your paragraph understandable for all the kinds of readers out there, you have to make sure that you have written a coherent paragraph. The sentences are disconnected from each other, making it difficult for the reader to follow the writer's train of thought. Paragraphs should have both coherence and unity. A good first draft can almost always be improved by revision, editing, and rewriting. Many students define paragraphs in terms of length: a paragraph is a group of at least five sentences, a paragraph is half a page long, etc. Write a Unified, Coherent Paragraph. A paragraph is unified if? c. In a coherent paragraph, all sentences show their relationship to one another. The paragraph should consist of a well-developed paragraph, which means: you need a topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence (clincher). Overall, the organization is handled in a competent, familiar manner, but may tend toward the. In order to build a biblical-theological framework for understanding man and man's relationship to God, including God's purposes and continuing work, you must first understand the unified biblical narrative, including its four major plot. Do not confuse UNITY and COHERENCE: unity in a paragraph means that the entire paragraph should focus on one idea Coherence involves the clear movement of thought from sentence to sentence or paragraph to paragraph 5. Below are examples of awful, bad, fair, and good paragraphs. 2Incorporate appropriate and reasoned support and evidence. Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. An essay is unified if all the paragraphs relate to the thesis, whereas a paragraph is unified if all the sentences relate to the topic sentence. Paragraph Unity and Coherence. Paragraphs need to connect with one another smoothly and logically. Employers view the ability to write effectively as a necessary skill. Revise a draft to add, delete, or clarify ideas as needed. emphasis; paragraphs unified, coherent, usually effective in their development; transitions between paragraphs clear but abrupt, mechanical, or monotonous Plan and purpose of theme not apparent; undeveloped or developed with irrelevance, redundancy, or inconsistency; paragraphs incoherent, not unified, or undeveloped; transitions between. If you shift from the more personal "you" to the impersonal “one,” from past to present tense, or from “a man” to “they,” for example, you make your paragraph less coherent. Unified, Well Organized and Coherent. Each paragraph should be unified: A paragraph is unified when each sentence it contains supports the main idea of the paragraph. Is your written composition centered around its main idea expressed in the thesis statement? Are supporting paragraphs used to develop that idea?. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. - These sentences illustrate the main idea formed in the topic sentence by providing details such as: facts, statistics, personal experiences, definitions, examples, arguments, etc. This is where all the real 'work' of the argument occurs. Use context clues to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words or words with multiple meanings. • is coherently, logically, and effectively organized through well-developed paragraphs that are unified by specific, vivid, and appropriate details • demonstrates a substantial, in-depth understanding of the text(s) being employed • analyzes ideas and issues using well-chosen examples and evidence drawn from one or texts and, if. (From Clark and Haviland. The essay would be more coherent if there were more order. To do this, each body paragraph should possess the following qualities: Unity—every sentence relates directly to the main idea of the paragraph. By: Lucelis LópezHello. Write a factual report, a letter of application for a job, and a resume with a cover letter. The following checklists will help guide you from a good first draft to an improved, refined final draft. One-Paragraph Jane Schaffer-style Concrete Detail (FACT) Support for your topic sentence Fact Can’t be argued with For instance, the center of the city is full of different kinds of buildings including a two-thirds scale Eiffel Tower, a giant black glass pyramid, a scaled-down replica of the New York skyline, and a faux Medieval castle. What is a paragraph? This document is taken from information provided by Dr. Writing: Paragraphs and Transitions. Write unified, coherent, adequately developed paragraphs. You can view samples of our professional work here. Coherence allows the reader to move easily throughout the essay from one idea to the next, from one sentence to the next, and from one paragraph to the next. Coherence is a quality of writing that allows it to make sense to the reader. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. This often happens when the support for an assertion is complicated and requires a whole series of examples or a lot of explanation. " In short, you need to give each idea 1-2 paragraphs. A unified paragraph sticks to one topic from start to finish, with every sentence contributing to the central purpose and main idea of that paragraph. Coherence: the idea is that the paragraph or essay is organized in order to make sense. The article pointed out that a signature-based code analysis in PT Application Inspector is divided into the following stages:. Paragraphs need to connect with one another smoothly and logically. The body of the paper is orderly, unified, coherent, and fully developed. Write a focused topic sentence in a unified, coherent paragraph Recognize vocabulary items learned in lessons when encountered in a variety of aural situations Explain the purpose of different types of software, hardware, and peripherals. You also know that in each of the body paragraphs, you need to have the topic sentence, supporting details and closing sentence. Apply techniques for developing effective sentences and unified and coherent paragraphs. The dinner that she likes cooking the most is lasagna. SANTA ANA UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT INTERMEDIATE WRITING ASSESSMENT SCORING GUIDE 6 and examples. Each of the topic sentences must likewise support the thesis statement. Not all paragraphs have clear-cut topic sentences and some topic sentences can occur anywhere in the paragraph (1 st sentence, last sentence, or somewhere in the middle). These are the themes of the text – ideas that arose in the writer’s mind as their response to the situation in which they lived, that is, their context. Topic sentences are a key element in developing unified and coherent paragraphs. How to create good paragraph & essay ? Unity 2)Order 3)Coherence 4)Completeness 1) Example: No. Coherence and Unity are related, but they are not the same thing. Transition. Sufficient number of examples and details that relate to the topic. Example of a unified paragraph Example 1: (1) generally, language has three functions according to its purpose: informative. Sometimes someone you know comes in. The writer’s progression of ideas is generally logical and controlled. A coherent Paragraph must also have no irrelevant or unrelated sentences to the topic ideas and show a chose connection between the ideas flow from the outset to the end”. This chapter will help you learn to write and analyse the types of paragraphs common in academic essays. Air Force's Strategic Air Command. Developing Unified and Coherent Paragraphs. _____ Is each of my body paragraphs coherent (with a clear, logical "flow" of ideas)?. ” (Birch 1989:25) “Discourse can be defined as a stretch of language consisting of several sentences that are. Effective paragraphs are unified, coherent, and an appropriate length (topic sentence, body supporting main idea, analysis, or examples) A. A paragraph should always be coherent. Revision also helps us in presenting an organized and coherent paragraph. Every sentence must contribute to the paragraph by explaining, exemplifying, or expanding the topic sentence. Body paragraphs effectively and accurately support the thesis. 10 Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline. First, we share the view expressed by the Secretary-General that the recommendations contained in the report should be reviewed as an integrated and coherent whole and should first be thoroughly discussed by the General Assembly in an efforts to agree on reform programmes that are conducive to the strengthening of the functioning, coherence and. The dinner that she likes cooking the most is lasagna. In writing, emphasis is a technique that helps the writer transmit exactly what he or she wants to say with all the power and force with which he or she wants to say it. In the language of writing, the paragraph is unified (i. Opening: First Paragraph A. They usually have problems with coherence and, mostly, with cohesion. Lastly, a good concluding sentence must summarize the paragraph and bring topic sentence in different words. Testing for Unity and Coherence 2A. Body Paragraphs Unity - Body Paragraphs Unity & Coherence Paragraph Unity [sentences are unified to the topic] All sentences in paragraph relate to the topic sentence All paragraphs relate Body Paragraphs Unity & Coherence Paragraph Unity [sentences are unified to the topic] All sentences in paragraph relate to the topic sentence All. Biblical Worldview Essay Instructions. Coherence is one of the two qualities that give a written or spoken text unity and purpose. The body should be unified: focused on expanding one central idea—the thesis of the essay. Language – The writing is composed in formal, edited English, although it may have some errors in mechanics and usage; its sentence structures and word choices are adequate if undistinguished. View the pronunciation for unified. Conclusion. of the paragraph, identifies the controlling idea and establishes the purpose of the paragraph. There should be many examples to support the main idea of the paragraph. Consider the following example:. Compose compare/contrast and cause/effect paragraph with appropriate topic sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence Compose cohesive paragraphs unified by a central topic and controlling idea Compose a basic, 3 to 5 paragraph, narrative essay Use commas in lists in written assignments. Today you will learn to organize your topic sentence and supporting sentences to created an unified and coherent paragraph. It is coherence that makes your paragraph become understandable even for those who are not wide readers. Weak Example: For me, the worst thing about waiting tables is the uniform. You’ll find that unified paragraphs often. To make your writing coherent, you can use a variety of devices that tie together words in a sentence, sentences in a paragraph, paragraphs into an essay. The Title Mirrors the Dominant Idea of the Paper A. A paragraph should be Coherent. To be as effective as possible, a paragraph should contain each of the following: a topic sentence, adequate development, unity, and coherence. Resource Description: This lesson focuses on teaching university students or adults studying academic writing about the concepts of coherence and cohesion in academic writing. Each paragraph flowed right into the next paragraph and it was easy to follow. I want to show you the correct use of coherence and cohesion in different types of text. An essay is unified if all the paragraphs relate to the thesis, whereas a paragraph is unified if all the sentences relate to the topic sentence. - State the central idea of a paragraph in a topic sentence. specific examples and details. 2008/09 School Year Sample Questions PART D: COMPOSITION INSTRUCTIONS: Using standard English, write in the Response Booklet, a coherent, unified, multi-paragraph (3 or more paragraphs) composition of at least 300 words on the topic below. Here’s a rule for transitions at the beginning of paragraphs: look back and look forward. Paragraphs are well developed, unified, and coherent. Lastly, a good concluding sentence must summarize the paragraph and bring topic sentence in different words. , topic), purpose (e. This idea directs the paragraph's development. The use of pronouns is very important in creating coherence, and the lists of Transitional Words in HW 185 and 158-59 (WWR 184) should be consulted frequently. Examples include: Manufacturing – an product assembly process, a quality assurance process, a corrective/preventive maintenance process. The GPU would make sure the flag is clear, add its items to the buffer, and set the flag. A good paragraph is thoughtful, unified, coherent, and well-developed. Add transition signals. 2,The paragraph shows coherence. There may. True or false? ' and find homework help for other Literature questions at eNotes. Paragraphs need not only to be well-developed and unified, but also to be coherent. Identify factors affecting readability and revise messages to improve readability. Similarly, paragraph (III) shows the unified actions by thousands of American students, workers, and consumers to help the children working in factories in overcoming violence, intimidation, etc. -Coherent: All sentences should be logically connected to each other. Pay close attention to spelling, word formation, phrases, clauses, as well as sentence variety and arrangement. Transitions between and within paragraphs strengthen the relationships among ideas. Conclusion was strong and satisfying. Each paragraph of your paper should. Notice that if this were the structure of an academic paragraph, the assessor would immediately (and incorrectly) assume that the paragraph topic was "Socrates". sentences that are free of most of the basic grammar errors, paragraphs that are unified and coherent, and short essays with a clear central idea. A good paragraph develops a single idea and brings that idea into sharp focus. This is a way of. example, where one proposition has the function of being a specification, a generalization, an example or contrast of another proposition. This is especially true within paragraphs that discuss multiple examples or discuss complex ideas or concepts. Coherence is the logical transition between the parts inside the paragraph. Biblical Worldview Essay Instructions. Often, they serve--visually--as a kind of punctuation. Within a paragraph, transitions are often single words or short phrases that help to establish relationships between ideas and to create a logical progression of those ideas in a paragraph. A good paragraph is thoughtful, unified, coherent, and well-developed. Writing a Coherent Essay This workshop attempts to provide a useful guide for writing a coherent college-level essay. Starting a new paragraph is a signal to your reader that you are beginning a new thought or taking up a new point. An analogy would be like a family: most members of the family are related by blood, adoption, or marriage. Good paragraphs are unified and coherent. In the following exercise, you will learn more about unified and coherent paragraphs, anchored by a strong topic sentence. Paragraphs need not only to be well-developed and unified, but also to be coherent. After I got how to make a good paragraph, we learned unity and coherence which should be concluded in paragraph. The 5-paragraph structure might seem boring, but it is a good way to keep your points organized when writing an essay. Sample of paragraph writing pdf. When I mean to refer to a game’s internal consistency, logic—or lack thereof—I say “(in)coherence. An essay is unified if all the paragraphs relate to the thesis, whereas a paragraph is unified if all the sentences relate to the topic sentence. Paragraphs are unified around a main point, and all sentences in the paragraph should clearly relate to that point in some way. For example, in the paragraph about washing the cocker spaniel,you would not put the instructions about brushing the dog ahead of those about dryinghim. Write courtesy letters and formal invitations. Remember these cohesive devices when reading the section on paragraphs – they are essential to achieving coherence. Writing Prompts, Scoring Rubrics, and Sample ResponsesContent This book is composed of reproducible pages that are designed to help students improve on their basic writing skills as they prepare for the seventh-grade Writing Assessment. An alternative is to organize philosophical stances according to basic issues. Helpful hint - don't be tempted to plagiarise examples! Keep in mind, though this site is. Thus, the validation effect is more than “additive comprehension;”  it is an explicit acknowledgment that a viewer-player’s transmedia traversals actually matter in some way. Adding transitions is not the only way to improve coherence, but they are often useful and give a mature feel to your essays. A well-developed, effective paragraph is unified and coherent with specific supporting details; it contains a focused topic sentence that announces the paragraph's main point and supports the thesis statement; and the details in the paragraph, the sentences in each paragraph, and the paragraphs themselves, need to be in an effective, logical. Coherence in writing is the logical bridge between words, sentences, and paragraphs. Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to inform about or explain the topic. That would be followed by examples from the essay to support that main point. Paragraph writing worksheets, paragraph graphic organizers. The four elements essential to good paragraph writing are: unity, order, coherence, and completeness. You also know that in each of the body paragraphs, you need to have the topic sentence, supporting details and closing sentence. Unified Plan 2020 will launch Oct. Today we will have the task to produce a a coherent and unified. Paragraphs are focused, unified, and coherent. Paragraphs are unified around a main point, and all sentences in the paragraph should clearly relate to that point in some way. An incoherent text is one that lacks unity. Assignment: Biblical Worldview Essay Instructions The purpose of the assignment is to demonstrate your understanding of the unified and coherent nature of the Bible and the theological doctrines. All with useful drop down comments on many aspects of writing including paragraph structure, types, cohesion. Provide a concluding statement or section related to the information or explanation presented. Abstract Qualities Examples Role and Placement of Topic Sentences Summing Up. Get an answer for 'Paragraphs should be unified, focused, and coherent. 55 Into the loom go many threads. If you shift from the more personal "you" to the impersonal “one,” from past to present tense, or from “a man” to “they,” for example, you make your paragraph less coherent. Studying these sample essays and the accompanying annotations will. Paragraphs are well developed, unified, and coherent. In fact, every revision guides us and promises certain learning. A unified paragraph maintains coherence and unity. How to create good paragraph & essay ? 1)Unity 2)Order 3)Coherence 4)Completeness Element#1:Unity Start with the topic sentence. a coherent and unified way, with everything in the text ‘leading’ to an overall idea or set of ideas ‘behind the text’. This is the British English definition of unified. In the paragraph we can conclude that the paragraphs are stick together. The best way to demonstrate the importance of unity is to show how the intrusion of irrelevant information can disrupt our understanding of a paragraph. en calls upon the European Council and the European Commission to work out a clear and unified EU position for the UN conference and ensure that the political agreements reached in Rio de Janeiro will also lead to concrete action; declares, in this connection that public involvement, competence and power on a subnational and local level is a. Emphasis means “force” or “stress. Abstract Qualities Examples Role and Placement of Topic Sentences Summing Up. Good paragraphs are unified and coherent. Your ideas were well supported with good examples. Transitions pronouns and repetition should be used to provide coherence. This is the most common and easiest form of paragraph development: you simply expand on a general topic sentence using specific examples or illustrations. Establish coherence within and among paragraphs through effective transitions, parallel structures, and similar writing techniques. The expression “The pros make it look easy,” however, simplifies all of these ideas about work. The correct use of coherence and cohesion in different types of text. If a sentence is not tied to the main idea of the paragraph, consider cutting it from that paragraph; it could be. Below is the same paragraph revised for coherence. You may focus this paragraph entirely on strengths or entirely on flaws, or you may write about both, but your paragraph should be unified, coherent, and logically organized. Consider linking to these resources from your school, teacher, or homeschool educational site. If you want to make your paragraph understandable for all the kinds of readers out there, you have to make sure that you have written a coherent paragraph. This connection springs. Recognize the correct use of commonly misused pairs (e. After viewing the presentation, Understanding Biblical Narrative, and completing your textbook readings, you will be equipped to demonstrate the coherence of Scripture and share some of the implications of the unified message of the Bible. Developing Unified and Coherent Paragraphs — Schools at Look4. , it contains no irrelevant details). This is the British English definition of unified. An effective paragraph has three parts: claim, evidence, and analysis. Let’s look at an extended example and go through some of the features that make it seem coherent. 1Produce writing for different audiences and purposes 7. For the most part, transitions are meaningful, and sentence -to-sentence connections are sufficient to support the flow of the essay and show the relationships among ideas. Unity, Coherence, and Cohesion. and a concluding sentence. 4 Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. In order to successfully do so, however, it is essential that the paragraph be written in a unified and coherent manner. Sometimes the topic sentence is delayed until the middle or near the middle of the paragraph. Today we will have the task to produce a a coherent and unified. coherence is an important aspect of writing quality. A chapter is built up of paragraphs. Sentences are the building blocks of paragraphs. supporting paragraphs are unified and coherent. They presented seven criteria of textuality. the ideas expressed in previous paragraphs and do they allow readers to predict the ideas expressed in the paragraphs that follow? Does each paragraph have a topic sentence and is the paragraph cogent, coherent and unified? Take a close look at paragraphs. This explanation shows readers why you chose to use this/or these particular examples as evidence to support the major claim, or focus, in your paragraph. Although they are similar, they are not the same. After I got how to make a good paragraph, we learned unity and coherence which should be concluded in paragraph. ELA-Literacy. Everyothersentence supports this one idea with information that points back to it, or explains it! The paragraph is unified around that one idea. You may have a unified paragraph in which all the sentences are relevant to the controlling idea of the topic sentence, but it may leave your reader somewhat confused. Cohesion & coherence: overview. Develop or support a paragraph's main idea with the following kinds of details: Facts, statistics, quotations, definitions, anecdotes or incidents, examples, reasons, and comparisons When a paragraph is _____ and ______, each word, phrase, and sentence in it works together to present the ideas in a sequence that makes sense to the reader. Examples of a unifiedparagraph. In this lesson, you will see some examples and learn some tips for making your writing coherent between words, sentences, and paragraphs. A chapter is built up of paragraphs. How to use coherent in a sentence. Use the brief outline on the next slide to help. The Meijer G-function (31) is very simple in this case. Score: You will be graded out of ten points on your ability to write a unified and coherent composition in an in-class setting, but I will focus on the following: thesis statement, topic sentences, quote integration, coherence, and the overall effectiveness of the essay. Functions of Paragraphs. The paragraph should be unified and coherent with specific supporting details or examples from the story. The beginning of a new paragraph signals to the reader an introduction of a new idea. There just needs to be more information in the paragraphs about Lisa. To state a restricted, unified, precise thesis. Conjunctions improve the paper as a whole by giving the writing coherence, or flow. Example: Overall, Management Systems International has logged increased sales in every sector, leading to a significant rise in third-quarter profits. Coherence, cohesion, and transitions need work. Studying these sample essays and the. Element #1: Unity. Transitions, pronouns, and repetition should be used to provide coherence. For the ACT essay, you'll need an introduction, three body paragraphs (one paragraph for each perspective), and a conclusion. The sentences are disconnected from each other, making it difficult for the reader to follow the writer's train of thought. Mark the key words in the concluding sentence, using the same colors as you did in the paragraph. The best way to demonstrate the importance of unity is to show how the intrusion of irrelevant information can disrupt our understanding of a paragraph. words and phrases (e. Topic Sentence Example. Use research to write an essay on causes or effects that will inform or persuade an audience (Course outcome 1) Form unified, coherent, and well-supported paragraphs in support of the thesis statement (Course outcome 2). It consists of a group of related sentences that develop one main idea. S summarizes paragraph’s content. Maintains multi-paragraph organization. Coherent and Unified Paragraphs 1. -Unity Just as the thesis of your paper should concern one main idea, the rest of your paper too should concern that one idea. Journal of Pragmatics 13 (1989) 239-250 239 North-Holland PARAGRAPHS, & ANAPHORA Thomas R. This is especially true within paragraphs that discuss multiple examples or discuss complex ideas, issues, or concepts. The introduction and conclusion paragraphs will also look different. Therefore, coherent paragraphs entailing delivery depends on a number of well-executed strategies. Weak Example: For me, the worst thing about waiting tables is the uniform. , another, for example, also, because). You know by now that in a 5-paragraph essay, you need to have an introduction, 3 body paragraphs and a conclusion. Every paragraph in a paper should be: • Unified. No spelling errors. A unified paragraph maintains coherence and unity. Prerequisite: writing sample at Level II or successful completion of EAP 0440. Paragraph Structure Linwood Rumney ‘03 Regard the paragraph as the unit of organization for your essay (Strunk and White 15). Do you think this paragraph is unified and coherent?. read the poem, “Bully” (Espada 580-81), and write a unified and coherent paragraph completing the following criteria: Summarize the poet’s claim in ONE (1) sentence using an introductory or signal phrase that names the poem and the author. Paragraphs can be of varying lengths, but they must present a coherent argument unified under a single topic. Make sure that your paragraph is coherent, which means that it is easy to read and understand, that each sentence connects with the next and that everything flows nicely as a whole. Coherence is the idea that everything works together as a unified whole in your writing. A paragraph should be a complete chunk of information that develops the paper's thesis. Native speakers of Semitic languages construct and develop their ideas in writing very differently than native speakers of English do. With a real purpose.


NOWADAYS analytical prose passages are a common part of the English exams: GCSE and IGCSE; SAT, ACT, or AP English. But what are they? What do students have to know and master? How do students tackle questions on prose passages?
I have compiled a dossier for you here . . . so, please get yourself a cup of coffee and enjoy the cruise . . .
PROSE is simply writing or speech that is not poetry. Prose is the most common form of writing. It is not restricted by rhythm or dialogue, and it most closely resembles everyday speech. It is usually straightforward, and may utilize figurative language, dialogue, characters, and imagery.
Prose writing is often divided into two primary categories: Fiction and Non-Fiction
- Fictional Prose is narrative writing that originates from the author’s imagination. It is designed to entertain, but it can also inspire, inform, or persuade.
Primary sub-genres of fiction include a novel, novella (a short novel or long short story), and short story.
- Nonfictional Prose is writing that is based on true events, people, places, and facts. It is designed to inform, and sometimes to entertain.
Primary sub-genres of nonfiction include autobiography and biography; essays, diaries and journals as well as narrative non-fiction.
- Heroic Prose is writing based on the formulaic expressions found in oral traditions, eg: myths and legends as well as fables.
ADDITIONALLY, prose can be . . . .
- Narrative writing which has a storyline and characters. It is often told chronologically.
- Expository writing denotes writing that explains or explores particular topics and themes. Expository writing differs from narrative writing because it does not necessarily tell a story.
- Descriptive writing uses detail, such as the five senses, to discuss a topic in depth. This form of writing is often used in conjunction with narrative, expository, or persuasive writing.
- Persuasive writing attempts to convince the audience of the merits or disadvantages of the topic.
Something inherent in prose is a sense of style, or how speakers and writers communicate their meanings. Prose style is specific to a particular work, author, or genre. Thus, for any analysis done on a piece of prose there are some literary works to be engaged in.
STRUCTURE is also key to prose writing and commonly asked in questions. Structure, or form, is the arrangement of story elements according to purpose, style and genre. While the plot is the events in the story itself, which are heavily affected by character, setting and theme, the structure, on the other hand, is how these elements are presented to the reader.
TWO KINDS OF LITERARY DEVICES
Commonly, the term Literary Devices refers to the typical structures used by writers in their works to convey their message(s) in a simple manner to their readers. When employed properly, the different literary devices help readers to appreciate, interpret and analyze a literary work.
Literary Devices have two aspects. They can be treated as either Literary Elements or Literary Techniques. It will be convenient to define them separately.
Literary Elements have an inherent existence in literary piece and are extensively employed by writers to develop a literary piece e.g. plot, setting, narrative structure, characters, mood, theme, moral etc. Writers simply cannot create his desired work without including Literary Elements in a thoroughly professional manner.
COMMON LITERARY ELEMENTS
- PLOT: It is the logical sequence of events that develops a story. There are five basic elements to the plot:
- Exposition – Often before the plot begins, a section of exposition is provided, which is the introduction that presents the background information to help readers understand the situation of the story.
- Rising action – This is the series of struggles (conflicts and complications) that builds a story toward its climax. The conflicts and complications within a story are what creates the rising action.
- Climax – This is the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a narrative which will somehow determine the outcome of the story. In drama, the climax is also identified with the terms crisis and/or turning point. It’s the point of the story that “changes everything.”
- Falling action – This is the part of the story that shows the “working out” of the action that occurred during the story’s climax. (Certain issues/ happenings must be resolved (worked out) to reach a resolution).
- Resolution – The resolution is also called the denouement. This is the portion of the story where the problem is somehow resolved. It follows after the climax and falling action and is intended to bring the story to a satisfactory end/close.
- SETTING: It refers to the time and place in which a story takes place. This is the time and place of the action of a story. Setting can be of great importance in establishing not only the physical background, but also in creating the atmosphere/mood of the story (tension, suspense, peacefulness, etc.) Setting can include time (minute/hour, year, month, decade, etc.), weather (season, literal weather, etc.), places (planets, countries, cities, buildings, homes, stores, etc.) or any other thing that helps set the background.
- CHARACTERIZATION – This is the personality a character displays as well as the means by which an author reveals that personality. Characters in a story can be one of two types. They can be…
- Static: they remain the same throughout the entire story.
- Dynamic: they change in some important way during the course of the story.
Also… Rounded = a developed character (we get to know them)
- Flat = an undeveloped character (we never get to know them)
Stories often include a protagonist and an antagonist.
- Protagonist: This is the chief character in a work on whom our interest centers. This term is preferable over the terms hero or heroine because a protagonist can sometimes include characters who might be, for example, villainous or weak (but characters whom we are still interested in or concerned about regardless of their flaws in character).
- Foil: This is a character that has characteristics that oppose another character, usually the protagonist. The foil character may be completely opposite to the protagonist, or very similar with one key difference. The foil character is used to highlight some particular quality or qualities of the main character.
- Antagonist: This is the character or force which opposes (literally “wrestles”) the main character; therefore, if the protagonist is pitted against an important opponent, that opponent is called the antagonist.
- POINT OF VIEW: This is the angle or position from which the story is told the narrative view. There are two basic points of view for storytelling: the first-person point of view and the third-person point of view.
- First-person: Through this view, the story is told by one of the characters in his or her own words by using “I.” First-person point of view is always considered to be a limited point of view since the reader is told only what one specific character knows and observes.
- Second -person: Even less common is a story narrated with “you.” This is a very difficult point of view to sustain, as the reader must identify with the “you”, or it must be clear that the “you” character is, in fact, a way for the narrator to reflect back on his or her own actions.
- Third person: Through this view, the story is told by someone outside of the story itself by using “he” or “she.” The third-person narrator may be working from an omniscient view or a limited omniscient view.
- Omniscient: This narrator is an all-knowing observer who can describe all the characters’ actions, thoughts, and feelings.
- Limited omniscient: This is a storyteller who shares the thoughts and feelings of only one particular character or a select group of characters (clearly lacking or failing to share information about other characters).
SPEECH PATTERNS – These forms include:
- Dialogue – where characters of a narrative speak to one another.
- Monologue – delivered by one character to other characters, or at least overheard by other characters if delivered to the audience.
- Interior monologue – a character’s thoughts that addresses the character itself.
- Soliloquy – A speech delivered alone by one character without any other characters overhearing.
- Aside – A speech delivered directly to the audience without any other characters overhearing, the aside is a very short observation, whereas a soliloquy is a longer explanation of the character’s thoughts.
- Stream Of Consciousness – A method of narration that describes in words the flow of thoughts in the mind of a character. The technique aspires to give readers the impression of being inside the mind of the character. Therefore, the internal view of the mind of the character sheds light on plot and motivation in the novel.
- Apostrophe – A character breaks off from addressing one character to address a third party who may either be present or absent in the scene, or even to an inanimate object or intangible concept.
CONFLICT: It is an issue in a narrative around which the whole story revolves. It is also the struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a story that triggers action. Conflict can be internal or external.
- Internal Conflict = Man vs. Self: This is the conflict that takes place within an individual (an inner battle of conscience).
- External Conflict = This is an individual’s struggle against something outside of themselves. There are five basic types of external
- man vs. man (or group of people)
- man vs. society
- man vs. nature/animal
- man vs. supernatural
- man vs. fate or destiny conflict…
Conflicts are also known as complications. When you read, keep in mind that there may be a single conflict that is uncomplicated or easy to recognize in the story or there may be several, more subtle conflicts involved.
MOOD AND TONE: A general atmosphere of a narrative. Mood is the feeling a text arouses and creates in the reader/ audience (such as happiness, anger, sadness, depression, joy, etc.). It is the attitude of the audience/reader toward the subject matter he or she is reading. Tone is the overall feeling, or effect, created by a writer’s use of words. Tone reveals the author’s attitude toward his own subject matter and the audience.
So . . . mood is the attitude of the audience/reader toward the particular subject matter he or she is reading AND tone is the author’s apparent attitude toward his own subject matter and/or the audience
THEME: It is central idea or concept of a story – the basic meaning of a literary work. It is a statement about life…specifically “the human condition”. Themes are UNIVERSAL truths about life.
Because they are universal, they stand the test of time, and themes are repeated over-and-over in books, movies, songs, etc (and then they become what’s called a motif). Theme is rarely a moral/lesson (it is usually just a statement about life that we know/accept to be true).
MOTIF: a narrative element with symbolic meaning that repeats throughout, eg: Martin Luther King Jr. used the motif of “I have a dream” to tie together different ideas such as the historic language of the United States of America’s “Declaration of Independence” with the more concrete images of people who once were at odds sitting down together.
Literary Techniques, on the contrary, are structures usually a word or phrases in literary texts that writers employ to achieve not merely artistic ends but also for readers to gain a greater understanding and appreciation of their literary works. Examples are: metaphor, simile, alliteration, hyperbole, allegory etc. In contrast to Literary Elements, Literary Techniques are not unavoidable aspect of literary works.
To have a better understanding of Literary Devices, it is useful to look at their definition and examples: Techniques, by their nature, are used by writers as an attempt to make the reader think in a certain way. These techniques can be used to intrigue, inspire, persuade or simply convey information to the reader.
COMMON LITERARY TECHNIQUES
IMAGERY: It is the use of figurative language to create visual representations of actions, objects and ideas in our mind in such a way that they appeal to our physical senses. For example: The room was dark and gloomy. -The words “dark” and “gloomy” are visual images. The river was roaring in the mountains. – The word “roaring” appeals to our sense of hearing.
SIMILE AND METAPHOR: Both compare two distinct objects and draws similarity between them. The difference is that Simile uses “as” or “like” and Metaphor does not. For example: My love is like a red red rose” (Simile); He is an old fox very cunning. (Metaphor)
HYPERBOLE: It is deliberate exaggeration of actions and ideas for the sake of emphasis, eg: I have got a million issues to look after!
PERSONIFICATION: It gives a thing, an idea or an animal human qualities, eg: Have you see my new car? She is a real beauty!
ALLITERATION: It refers to the same consonant sounds in words coming together. For example: Better butter always makes the batter better.
ONOMATOPOEIA: words that sound a little like they mean, eg: The autumn leaves and twigs cracked and crunched underfoot.
ALLEGORY: It is a literary technique in which an abstract idea is given a form of characters, actions or events. For example: “Animal Farm”, written by George Orwell, is an example of allegory using the actions of animals on a farm to represent the overthrow of the last of the Russian Tsar Nicholas II In addition, the actions of the animals on the farm are used to expose the greed and corruption of the Revolution.
IRONY: It is use of the words in such a way in which the intended meaning is completely opposite to their literal meaning. For example: So nice of you to break my new PSP!
- Situational Irony: A situation in which the outcome is very different than what was expected.
- Dramatic Irony: Part of a piece of literature in which the reader or audience member has more information than the character(s) and there is thus incongruity between what the characters expect and what the audience knows to be true.
- Verbal Irony: It occurs when a speaker means or feels something very different from what he or she says, often involving sarcasm.
METAPHOR – a descriptive technique that names a person, thing or action as something else, eg: The circus was a magnet for the children.
EMOTIVE LANGUAGE – language intended to create an emotional response, eg: A heart-breaking aroma of death filled the air as he surveyed the devastation and destruction that had befallen them all
OXYMORON – a phrase combining two or more contradictory terms, eg: There was a deafening silence
ANECDOTE – a very short story that is usually interesting or amusing, and concerns real people and real incidents. Anecdotes are often humorous, but also often impart a deeper truth.
PATHETIC FALLACY – a type of personification where emotions are given to a setting, an object or the weather, eg: The clouds crowded together suspiciously overhead as the sky darkened.
STATISTICS and FIGURES – factual data used in a persuasive way, eg: About 80% of people agreed that this would change their community for the better.
RHETORICAL – A question asked just for effect with no answer expected.
HYPOPHORA – a figure of speech in which the speaker both asks a question and immediately answers it.
FLASHBACK – an occurrence in which a character remembers an earlier event that happened before the current point of the story.
FORESHADOWING – the author gives clues about events that will happen later in the story. Often these clues are fairly subtle so that they can only be noticed or fully understood upon a second reading.
ARCHETYPE – also known as universal symbol maybe a character, a theme, a symbol or even a setting or a situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature.
BILDUNGSROMAN is a coming-of-age story, which focuses on a narrative of a young adult growing morally and psychologically into an adult. Thus, a bildungsroman is also sometimes called a novel of formation or novel of education. The most important element of a bildungsroman is the character development that the young adult undergoes through the course of the narrative.
SATIRE is a genre of literature that uses wit for the purpose of social criticism poking fun at some failing of human behavior. Satire ridicules problems in society, government, businesses, and individuals in order to bring attention to certain follies, vices, and abuses, as well as to lead to improvements. It can either be gentle, amusing, and light-hearted or be biting, bitter, and even savage.
ANTICLIMAX – a conclusion that is unsatisfying because is does not meet the expectations that the narrative has been building toward.
HUBRIS – extreme pride and arrogance shown by a character that ultimately brings about his downfall. A character suffering from Hubris tries to cross normal human limits and violates moral codes.
JUXTAPOSITION – to place two concepts, characters, ideas, or places near or next to each other so that the reader will compare and contrast them.
ANTITHESIS – the use of contrasting concepts, words, or sentences within parallel grammatical structures.
Antithesis is very similar to juxtaposition, as juxtaposition also sets two different things close to each other to emphasize the difference between them. However, juxtaposition does not necessarily deal with completely opposite ideas
PARALLELISM – the usage of repeating words and forms to give pattern and rhythm to a passage in literature.
SYMBOLISM – the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. Generally, it is an object representing another, to give an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant.
TAUTOLOGY – states the same thing twice in slightly different wording, or adds redundant and unnecessary words.
UTOPIA – an illusionary place that projects the notion of a perfect society to the reader.
DYSTOPIA – a community or society that is undesirable or frightening.
POETIC JUSTICE – an ideal form of justice in which the good characters are rewarded and the bad characters are punished by an ironic twist of their fate.
CARICATURE – an exaggerated description used to create a silly or comic effect.
TRIPLES – three points to support an argument. Safer streets means comfort, reassurance and peace of mind for you, your family and your friends.
Function of Literary Devices
In general, the literary devices are a collection of universal artistic structures that are so typical of all works of literature frequently employed by the writers to give meanings and a logical framework to their works through language. When such works are read by readers, they ultimately recognize and appreciate them -this is the ANALYSIS part required of High School students.
They not only beautify the piece of literature but also give deeper meanings to it, testing the very understanding of the readers along with providing them enjoyment of reading. Besides, they help motivating readers’ imagination to visualize the characters and scenes more clearly.
Only through practice will you get things right.
Good luck in your endeavours.
As of old: Be EMPOWERED and EXCEL!


12 principles of animation
These are the 12 principles of animation producers use while creating an animation, the quotation mark is marked by myself
Squash and stretch:
‘In 3D animation, squash and stretch is a technique that is applied to an animated or in-motion characters to give them a more exaggerated movement.’
‘An anticipation pose or drawing is a preparation for the main action of an animated scene, as distinct from the action and the reaction.’
‘is the third of twelve basic principles of animation, and is often overlooked by animators, despite its ability to inform every aspect of a narrative. Simply put: Staging directs the audience’s attention toward the most important elements in a scene in a way that most effectively tells the story.’
Straight ahead action and pose to pose:
‘Straight Ahead Action and Pose-to-Pose Action. Straight Ahead Action in hand drawn animation is when the animator starts at the first drawing in a scene and then draws all of the subsequent frames until he reaches the end of the.’
Follow through and overlapping action:
Follow through and overlapping action is a general heading for two closely related animation techniques which form part of the 12 basic principles of animation, identified by Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston in their authoritative 1981 book on Disney Animation, The Illusion of Life.
Slow in and Slow out:
‘Slow In and Out. This refers to the spacing of the in between frames at maximum positions. It is the second and third order continuity of motion of the object. Rather than having a uniform velocity for an object, it is more appealing, and sometimes more realistic, to have the velocity vary at the extremes.’
In nature, arcs are the most economical routes by which a form can move from one position to another. Such arcs are used extensively in animation, since they create motion that is more expressive and less stiff than action along a straight path.’
A secondary action is an action that results directly from another action. Secondary actions are important in heightening interest and adding a realistic complexity to the animation. The secondary action of Luxo Jr’s forward motion is the rippling of his power cord.
‘The Principles of Animation, Timing. or the speed of an action, is an important principle because it gives meaning to movement.’
‘Exaggeration is an effect especially useful for animation, as animated motions that strive for a perfect imitation of reality can look static and dull. The level of exaggeration depends on whether one seeks realism or a particular style, like a caricature or the style of a specific artist.’
‘Solid Drawing In 2D Animation, solid drawing is about creating an accurate drawing with volume and weight, and thinking about balance, and the anatomy in a pose. With 3D animation, animators are less likely to rely on their drawings, but the idea of solid drawing is just as important.’
’12 Principles of Animation: Character Appeal. … Character Appeal is designing a character’s look in a way that’s real, interesting, and engaging to an audience. Character appeal is difficult to quantify – like trying to gauge “charisma” in an actor. Yet as in live action, star quality is important.’
Overall, what I understand from this is that while making an animation before you even get to designing you already know all these 12 principles will apply to it because these principles and basically what makes an animation, if you don’t use these you basically have nothing, just an something in your head, that’s it.
This is the timeline of animation history. As we can see there has been a significant change between the years 1834 to 2012 and even in in the early 90’s the animation technology got very advance for it’s time for example ‘Snow White’.
We are going to be looking at the ways HOW animation has changed these past bunch of decades.
We have come a long way when we take a look at the timeline an the amusing thing is that 3350 drawing animation is still a way of animating to this day which is quite crazy.
As we move on we find out about the ‘zoetrope’ which is quite often used in horror films where the thing is set to spin around and the animation comes alive when you look inside the circle.
‘The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the top of the device.’
Now moving towards the 90’s the technology started to become more advance and as we can see this machine was just a move advance version of the zoetrope.
Moving forward we find that the animation was in the forefront of production and now this would allow more people at once to view something like John Brays studios and from then on animation has become so very advanced from Snow White in 1937 (The Snow White also comes down to drawing production) and to now for example ‘Ice age’ which is fully computer based when designing.
An Individuals Hope
‘A feeling of expectation and desire for a particular thing to happen’:
Now, this is the example that google gives but I’m going to give you my own example of hope. I think the word hope can be used in many events and situations depending on how someone is taking it, for example I’m using Obama’s slogan for this part.
The Poster states ‘hope’. He was the president of America so we clearly know who this is aimed at, yes, the people of america who were in search for hope, they were in a search of a leader that can give them hope for a better America.
So this is where Obama came in and self chose himself to be Hope for America. This slogan somewhat did give hope to the people in that time. Thats my example for hope. Hope can also be used in negative situation so it’s not always good to hope.
‘I hope he/she dies’, this is false hope for someone and for the person hoping because there is a saying that if you think good for people good will happen to you. So hope is also used for pros and cons.
A group of Hope
Religion somewhat lives on hope as well. Majority of religions these days hope for word peace together, it’s their to live a peaceful life and they expect everyone to hope for more or less the same desire but every religion always has an extremist that that has a different type of desire.
In this case i’m using terrorists as an example. They kill innocents and hope to live a happy after life in heaven which is complete nonsense according to the Holy books such as the Quran and Bible. So either hope for something good or don’t hope at all.
Also as the terrorists or extremists get brain washed by their leaders, the leaders give them hope that after killing they will live a happily ever after which clearly isn’t the case.
This is the animation storyboard I designed in my sketchbook using pencil. It shows a basic story example of how the animation will run, how long each scene is and where the camera will be shooting from.
Animation Mood board
This is a mood board which gives us a visual of what kind of animation gave me an idea of what kind of animation I wanted to make.
At first I had an idea of making a character influenced by Johnny bravos body and using the face of action man from Dexter lab. Overall the character turned out great.
However, To move this kind of character around in the animation would be so much effort and I hardly had enough time to make it so I made Second story board with a skinny character, that didn’t move much, only the background made movement.
This idea helped me to finish the animation on time. This character was produced on Illustrator in 10 minutes because his face didn’t need much detail neither his body.
When I looked into this 90s animation, I could not find any ideas from anywhere to what I wanted to do. I found influence from characters from couple of cartoon network cartoons such as Johnny bravo. His physic was perfect for my characters body style and for the face i got influence from a character from Dexters lab which was action man.
My idea developed quite alot along the way because when you create one thing, another pops in mind and then you think, I can actually combine these two to make my piece. For my first idea, the background design developed due to the ‘power puff girls’.
They tend to have a very bright coloured environment and thats what I wanted to make because in my opinion the surroundings gave a good example of hope. Also that kind of background changes the mood in a good way.
My idea did change half way through because my character was so well designed, actually it was too well designed. What I mean by that is that is I would have to put so much effort into little movements of his body which I could do but I hardly had any time left. I changed my whole idea of the story due to that.
My second idea was pretty good. The storyboard was well written in my judgment. The lighting was the only problem, the animation shown was a bit dull and didn’t show much of a crisp image to be honest.
I think the movement could have been much better performed by the characters (MYSELF). This was designed on Illustrator and only Illustrator so we have to allow it. Next time, when i’m designing the scenes i’ll surely use Photoshop for better effects.
I think my final overall all design was satisfactory because as I stated before, I had little time which was my own fault so what I produced at the end was rushed but in reality I think it gave a good image/example on hope. I could make a lot of changes in character movement, the background and the storyboard in general.
Judging by the feedback I got it was exactly what I thought it would be ‘could of been much better’ so keeping that in mind I will do much better next time. I will give myself a lot more time. I also think my animation was too short and it could have been well longer
Overall it may be considered that my animation did not meet the full requirements in success but its something to watch review and hand in.
This is one of the responses I received from my a family member. I think the response was a on point to whatever I had in my head, what I mean by that is this survey overall indicates that this animation needs big improvement and that it wouldn’t be used for official production purposes.
The bunch of responses i received also help me understand how I can produce a better storyboard , not only that the overall survey answered were similar and all mostly stated one thing in particular which was the character development could be improved to a good extent.
In my opinion these survey answer will help me improve my animation because mostly all of the responses were what I already had in mind which means the responses were quite honest. I had overall 4 to 5 responses but the one I put up on my blog had gave me the biggest sense of how i could actually improved.
In all the surveys one response was the same as I stated before and that answer was “character development could be improved”, keeping that in mind I also thought deeper into this issue and finalise what else i needed to improve on alongside the character, which was the background.
One of the questions in my survey was, ‘would you consider this for production’ and the response was always not yet, meaning if I developed the background and the characters the consideration would change.
‘A Zoetrope is another animation device which is very similar to the phenakistoscope. In this case the Zoetrope consists of a cylinder with slits cut vertically in the sides so people can look through and see the moving photographs or drawings.’
‘This also produces the illusion of motion. The person who invented this was William George Horner. He was a British mathematician who was aware about the development of the Phenakistoscope and created the Zoetrope in 1833 or 1834.’
As we can see, William George Horner was a early animator and he produced the zoetrope which allowed people to view animation through a cylinder which spun around, the basic overall point was to view 2d animation through that cylinder because around that time there a wasn’t screen viewing such as tv cinema of any sort so this was a start towards development .
When we look into the later years we find that disney released Snow white which was fully 2d animated, it was unrealistically good for its time because bearing in mind colour for movies was still in process and snow white came out in colour which is something to think about.
When we think about the process from that ‘zoetrope’ time to after 80 years or so we now know audio, colour and a very dramatic and long story board went into making this snow white animation because while comparing to the early cylinder animation we know there was necessarily no audio or a dramatic story board put into the making.
Nowadays, what the zoetrope provided at that time can be produced in a college on a Mac whereas at that time it was made a well developed man.
So it’s something to think about how times change. obviously now in 2d animation we see there are computers in use even for snow white in 1937 and in that process comes along the 12 principles of animation which has already been stated before. IN the earlier days this might have not been acquired.
As we can see, this video takes us through the steps of early animation. We find that this animation in the early days took a lot of effort. we also find that most of the times the animations were produced by hand.
The process went something like this, First to start off with the producers would sit down in a room and and make the storyboard this would then follow up with the flip book or flip pages.
This would mean that after drawing all the characters and background bit by bit with a slight movement on every page, it would then be put under a projector. The colour less animation would then be viewed by people on the projector screen.
The music and sound effect production was quite fascinating, this is because to this day the music is produced live by people playing instruments and body on action (body on and voice action for sound effects.
This is how snow white was mostly produced, it was hands on action. If we compare it to now, most and nearly all companies such as disney have upgraded to everything mostly computer based which in my opinion is better because it illustrates better colour and lighting.
In comparison to my animation, i think flip book animation would make my animation look bad because in flip book or hand drawn animation there is more of a realistic body illustrations, for example a sneeze would mean the face would clench first and it would be easy to draw that with hand but with my animation there is a lot of stiffness.
Overall the basic point of this video is that it shows how the early animation was made and how it relates to snow white 1937.
PIXILATION STOP MOTION
This was my specific research which was pixilation stop motion, it requires some camera movements if needed or else the camera is fixed in one place and the pictures are taken movement by movement. The whole point is that it will look like a picture video so pixel by pixel movements.
My stop motion
I started off my stop motion with two script designs in my sketchbook. This was so I could have an idea of how and where my 5 second stop motion would take place.
So I decided to do a simple but effective design which was me pretending to take out pencils out of the pencil pack on amazon on the monitor which was pretty cool in my opinion.
My second idea was to take pencils out of the phone screen but due to the size it would look unrealistic.
This assignment was Stop motion based but I got given a specific area of it which was pixilation.
This is where the Camera does not move at all and it stays in the same exact position for the remainder of the 5 seconds.
The amusing part of this process is that it gives you a lot of freedom where you can make anything with anything and anywhere.
This is the stop motion
STOP MOTION STORYBOARD
This is the storyboard I have drawn in my sketchbook to give a visual idea of how my stop motion animation would look like.
Stop motion research
‘Stop motion -a cinematographic technique whereby the camera is repeatedly stopped and started, for example to give animated figures the impression of movement.’
Kubo and the two strings is all about stop motion, nothing about this has anything to do with anything other than stop motion.
Other than the backgrounds and some of the characters and motions are green-screen to give it more of a better effect.
In my opinion stop motion takes an intensely long time if you are making and over hour long movie and I struggled with just 5 seconds so we can now see how much effort it takes to make something like this.
Of course, I only used pencils a camera and a Mac in one area but it was still hard to keep still and precise on the movement of the hand.
This is because one foul shot or foul move could ruin all of the 5 seconds because if one picture was deleted all of them would have to be deleted.
Normally how stop motion works is that if there are about 60 shots it will skip from 1 to 4 for 1 move and will get to sixty in a bunch of moves so every image has to be in sink.
This is an example of stop motion animation. We have all watched these cartoons, shows on tv, some when we were younger like shawn the sheep and some new ones like caroline.
I personally think this is a great way of making tv shows because when the younger audience grows up they tend to understand what kind of effort is put into stuff like this so they appreciate it more and then it gets popular.
Moreover I also think that this is a hands on sort of animation which i would personally enjoy making and i’m sure a lot of you would also enjoy it.
Stop motion EVALUATION
I am quite pleased with my stop motion, as I stated before I placed the camera behind the chair in front of the desk. The camera visualising half of the monitor screen because I had to get more of the desk in the camera because the whole idea was to show how the pencils become the letter ‘E’.
I got influence from many stop motions such as shawn the sheep and Wallace and grommet. My stop motion actually relates nothing to those two shows but for my research I looked into the close up scenes for example if the character was holding an object and the camera is zoomed in to show the little movement of how the hand moves. That was my main influence for my idea.
My idea stayed the same throughout the process, that is because in my head i knew what i was trying to produce would really workout well as it was quick and easy to make. The camera was on auto shot mode and it took pictures while my hand moved in slow motion, so the amusing part was that it was all pictures that looked like a 5 second video.
I did have some trouble, while the picture folder was in adobe premier there was a sudden glitch near the end when it was played. That is because I took a triple shot of the same movement by mistake which is also the fault of the auto shot mode, that basically showed me how not to always find the easy way out of these things.
So to sort this out, The folder watched re-batched meaning the whole folder was looked over in adobe premier and the shots were re numbered from 200 to make it easier to understand where the first frame starts from, also the triple shot was taken out s that meant not one of my shots were missing which is bad.
So to solve that i stretched the whole 3 seconds to 5 seconds so that meant the stop motion would skip two to three frames but would still look normal. The glitch still didn’t disappear because stretching just meant the whole 3 seconds were stretched as one not image by image.
I had a long thought about that and i decided to work with it rather than re creating the whole thing again. I put a beat drop music at the point of the glitch which made it seem amusing creative.
Overall I am happy with my work, I just think I could have planned it a bit better rather than jumping to the finale, I also think it somewhat meets the requirements.