At the end of the discussion about “Philosophical Perspectives in
Education”, the students can be able to:
a. Define the different philosophies,
b. State the importance of philosophy in education,
c. Participate in the discussion, and
d. Create their own philosophy in education.
Why might the study of philosophy be particularly
important to educators?
Which branch or branches of philosophy would you want
to emphasize in your classroom? Why?
Do you learn better deductively or inductively? Why
do you think?
Philosophy means "love of wisdom." It is made up of two
Greek words, philo, meaning love, and sophos, meaning
wisdom. Philosophy helps teachers to reflect on key
issues and concepts in education, usually through such
questions as: What is being educated? What is the good
life? What is knowledge? What is the nature of learning?
And What is teaching? Philosophers think about the
meaning of things and interpretation of that meaning.
Even simple statements, such as "What should be
learned? Or What is adolescence?" set up raging debates
that can have major implications.
5. Your educational philosophy is your beliefs about
why, what and how you teach, whom you teach,
and about the nature of learning. It is a set of
principles that guides professional action through
the events and issues teachers face daily. Sources
for your educational philosophy are your life
experiences, your values, the environment in which
you live, interactions with others and awareness of
6. When you examine a philosophy different from your own, it
helps you to "wrestle" with your own thinking. Sometimes this
means you may change your mind. Other times, it may
strengthen your viewpoint; or, you may be eclectic, selecting
what seems best from different philosophies. But in
eclecticism, there is a danger of sloppy and inconsistent
thinking, especially if you borrow a bit of one philosophy and
stir in some of another. If serious thought has gone into
selection of strategies, theories, or philosophies, this is less
problematic. For example, you may determine that you have
to vary your approach depending on the particular learning
needs and styles of a given student. At various time periods,
one philosophical framework may become favored over
7. Branch Metaphysics: What is the nature of
Educational Examples –Do you think human beings are
basically good or evil?
–What are conservative or liberal
What issues are related to nature,
existence, or being?
Is a child inherently evil or good?
How might your view determine your
What is the nature and origin of the
cosmos or universe?
Is the world and universe orderly or it marked
What would one or the other mean for a
Epistemology: What is the
nature of knowledge?
How do we come to know? How
do we come to know?
How would an anthropologist
look at this classroom? A
political scientist? A biologist?
How do we know what a
Knowing based on:
–Senses and Feelings
–From authority or divinity
–Reasoning or Logic:
What reasoning processes
yield valid conclusions?
–Deductive: reasoning from the
general to the particular.
All children can learn. Bret is a fifth
grader. He has a learning disability. Can
–Inductive: reasoning from the specific to
the general .After experimenting with
plant growth under varied conditions,
plants need water and light
Axiology: What values
should one live by?
Is morality defined by our
actions, or by what is in our
–What values should be
taught in character
What is good and evil, right
Is it ever right to take
something that does not
belong to you?
What is beautiful? How do
we recognize a great piece
of music? Art?
Can there be beauty in
8. Four General or World Philosophies
The term metaphysics literally means "beyond the physical." This area of
philosophy focuses on the nature of reality. Metaphysics attempts to find
unity across the domains of experience and thought. At the metaphysical
level, there are four broad philosophical schools of thought that apply to
education today. They are idealism, realism, pragmatism (sometimes
called experientialism), and existentialism. Each will be explained shortly.
These four general frameworks provide the root or base from which the
various educational philosophies are derived.
Two of these general or world philosophies, idealism and realism, are
derived from the ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. Two are
more contemporary, pragmatism and existentialism. However, educators
who share one of these distinct sets of beliefs about the nature of reality
presently apply each of these world philosophies in successful classrooms.
Let us explore each of these metaphysical schools of thought.
Idealism is a philosophical approach that has as its central tenet that
ideas are the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. In a search
for truth, beauty, and justice that is enduring and everlasting, the focus is
on conscious reasoning in the mind. Plato, father of Idealism, espoused
this view about 400 years BC, in his famous book, The Republic. Plato
believed that there are two worlds. The first is the spiritual or mental
world, which is eternal, permanent, orderly, regular, and universal. There
is also the world of appearance, the world experienced through sight,
touch, smell, taste, and sound, that is changing, imperfect, and
disorderly. This division is often referred to as the duality of mind and
body. Reacting against what he perceived as too much of a focus on the
immediacy of the physical and sensory world, Plato described a utopian
society in which "education to body and soul all the beauty and
perfection of which they are capable" as an ideal. In his allegory of the
cave, the shadows of the sensory world must be overcome with the light
of reason or universal truth. To understand truth, one must pursue
knowledge and identify with the Absolute Mind. Plato also believed that
the soul is fully formed prior to birth and is perfect and at one with the
Universal Being. The birth process checks this perfection, so education
requires bringing latent ideas (fully formed concepts) to consciousness.
11. In idealism, the aim of education is to discover and develop each
individual's abilities and full moral excellence in order to better
serve society. The curricular emphasis is subject matter of mind:
literature, history, philosophy, and religion. Teaching methods
focus on handling ideas through lecture, discussion, and Socratic
dialogue (a method of teaching that uses questioning to help
students discover and clarify knowledge). Introspection, intuition,
insight, and whole-part logic are used to bring to consciousness
the forms or concepts which are latent in the mind. Character is
developed through imitating examples and heroes.
Realists believe that reality exists independent of the human mind. The ultimate
reality is the world of physical objects. The focus is on the body/objects. Truth is
objective-what can be observed. Aristotle, a student of Plato who broke with his
mentor's idealist philosophy, is called the father of both Realism and the scientific
method. In this metaphysical view, the aim is to understand objective reality
through "the diligent and unsparing scrutiny of all observable data." Aristotle
believed that to understand an object, its ultimate form had to be understood, which
does not change. For example, a rose exists whether or not a person is aware of it.
A rose can exist in the mind without being physically present, but ultimately, the
rose shares properties with all other roses and flowers (its form), although one rose
may be red and another peach colored. Aristotle also was the first to teach logic as
a formal discipline in order to be able to reason about physical events and aspects.
The exercise of rational thought is viewed as the ultimate purpose for humankind.
The Realist curriculum emphasizes the subject matter of the physical world,
particularly science and mathematics. The teacher organizes and presents content
systematically within a discipline, demonstrating use of criteria in making decisions.
Teaching methods focus on mastery of facts and basic skills through demonstration
and recitation. Students must also demonstrate the ability to think critically and
scientifically, using observation and experimentation. Curriculum should be
scientifically approached, standardized, and distinct-discipline based. Character is
developed through training in the rules of conduct.
13. Pragmatism (Experientialism
the mind and lead to indecisiveness.
For pragmatists, only those things that are experienced or observed are
real. In this late 19th century American philosophy, the focus is on the
reality of experience. Unlike the Realists and Rationalists, Pragmatists
believe that reality is constantly changing and that we learn best
through applying our experiences and thoughts to problems, as they
arise. The universe is dynamic and evolving, a "becoming" view of the
world. There is no absolute and unchanging truth, but rather, truth is
what works. Pragmatism is derived from the teaching of Charles
Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), who believed that thought must produce
action, rather than linger in
14. John Dewey (1859-1952) applied pragmatist philosophy in his
progressive approaches. He believed that learners must adapt to
each other and to their environment. Schools should emphasize the
subject matter of social experience. All learning is dependent on the
context of place, time, and circumstance. Different cultural and
ethnic groups learn to work cooperatively and contribute to a
democratic society. The ultimate purpose is the creation of a new
social order. Character development is based on making group
decisions in light of
15. For Pragmatists, teaching methods focus on hands-on
problem solving, experimenting, and projects, often having
students work in groups. Curriculum should bring the
disciplines together to focus on solving problems in an
interdisciplinary way. Rather than passing down organized
bodies of knowledge to new learners, Pragmatists believe
that learners should apply their knowledge to real situations
through experimental inquiry. This prepares students for
citizenship, daily living, and future
individuals, as we make meaning of our lives.
The nature of reality for Existentialists is subjective, and lies
within the individual. The physical world has no inherent
meaning outside of human existence. Individual choice and
individual standards rather than external standards are central.
Existence comes before any definition of what we are. We
define ourselves in relationship to that existence by the choices
we make. We should not accept anyone else's predetermined
philosophical system; rather, we must take responsibility for
deciding who we are. The focus is on freedom, the development
17. There are several different orientations within the existentialist
philosophy. Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), a Danish minister and
philosopher, is considered to be the founder of existentialism. His was a
Christian orientation. Another group of existentialists, largely European,
believes that we must recognize the finiteness of our lives on this small
and fragile planet, rather than believing in salvation through God. Our
existence is not guaranteed in an after life, so there is tension about life
and the certainty of death, of hope or despair. Unlike the more austere
European approaches where the universe is seen as meaningless when
faced with the certainty of the end of existence, American existentialists
have focused more on human potential and the quest for personal
meaning. Values clarification is an outgrowth of this movement. Following
the bleak period of World War II, the French philosopher, Jean Paul
Sartre, suggested that for youth, the existential moment arises when
young persons realize for the first time that choice is theirs, that they are
responsible for themselves. Their question becomes "Who am I and what
should I do?
18. Related to education, the subject matter of existentialist
classrooms should be a matter of personal choice. Teachers
view the individual as an entity within a social context in which
the learner must confront others' views to clarify his or her own.
Character development emphasizes individual responsibility for
decisions. Real answers come from within the individual, not
from outside authority. Examining life through authentic thinking
involves students in genuine learning experiences. Existentialists
are opposed to thinking about students as objects to be
measured, tracked, or standardized. Such educators want the
educational experience to focus on creating opportunities for
self-direction and self actualization. They start with the student,
rather than on curriculum content.
19. Educational Philosophies
teach, the curriculum aspect.
Within the epistemological frame that focuses on the
nature of knowledge and how we come to know, there are
four major educational philosophies, each related to one or
more of the general or world philosophies just discussed.
These educational philosophical approaches are currently
used in classrooms the world over. They are Perennialism,
Essentialism, Progressivism, and Reconstructionism.
These educational philosophies focus heavily on WHAT
Robert Maynard Hutchins and Mortimer Adler
For Perennialists, the aim of education is to ensure that students acquire
understandings about the great ideas of Western civilization. These ideas have
the potential for solving problems in any era. The focus is to teach ideas that are
everlasting, to seek enduring truths which are constant, not changing, as the
natural and human worlds at their most essential level, do not change. Teaching
these unchanging principles is critical. Humans are rational beings, and their
minds need to be developed. Thus, cultivation of the intellect is the highest
priority in a worthwhile education. The demanding curriculum focuses on
attaining cultural literacy, stressing students' growth in enduring disciplines. The
loftiest accomplishments of humankind are emphasized– the great works of
literature and art, the laws or principles of science. Advocates of this educational
philosophy are Robert Maynard Hutchins who developed a Great Books
program in 1963 and Mortimer Adler, who further developed this curriculum
based on 100 great books of
William Bagley, James D. Koerner, H. G. Rickover, Paul
Copperman , Theodore Sizer
Essentialists believe that there is a common core of knowledge that needs to be
transmitted to students in a systematic, disciplined way. The emphasis in this
conservative perspective is on intellectual and moral standards that schools should
teach. The core of the curriculum is essential knowledge and skills and academic
rigor. Although this educational philosophy is similar in some ways to Perennialism,
Essentialists accept the idea that this core curriculum may change. Schooling
should be practical, preparing students to become valuable members of society. It
should focus on facts-the objective reality out there--and "the basics," training
students to read, write, speak, and compute clearly and logically. Schools should
not try to set or influence policies. Students should be taught hard work, respect
for authority, and discipline. Teachers are to help students keep their non-
productive instincts in check, such as aggression or mindlessness. This approach
was in reaction to progressivist approaches prevalent in the 1920s and 30s.
William Bagley, took progressivist approaches to task in the journal he formed in
1934. Other proponents of Essentialism are: James D. Koerner (1959), H. G.
Rickover (1959), Paul Copperman (1978), and Theodore Sizer (1985).
Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole child, rather
than on the content or the teacher. This educational philosophy stresses that
students should test ideas by active experimentation. Learning is rooted in the
questions of learners that arise through experiencing the world. It is active, not
passive. The learner is a problem solver and thinker who makes meaning
through his or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context.
Effective teachers provide experiences so that students can learn by doing.
Curriculum content is derived from student interests and questions. The
scientific method is used by progressivist educators so that students can study
matter and events systematically and first hand. The emphasis is on process-
how one comes to know. The Progressive education philosophy was
established in America from the mid 1920s through the mid 1950s. John
Dewey was its foremost proponent. One of his tenets was that the school
should improve the way of life of our citizens through experiencing freedom
and democracy in schools. Shared decision making, planning of teachers with
students, student-selected topics are all aspects. Books are tools, rather than
24. Social Reconstructionsim
Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the
addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society
and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a
curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education.
Theodore Brameld (1904-1987) was the founder of social
reconstructionism, in reaction against the realities of World War II. He
recognized the potential for either human annihilation through
technology and human cruelty or the capacity to create a beneficent
society using technology and human compassion. George Counts
(1889-1974) recognized that education was the means of preparing
people for creating this new social order
Critical theorists, like social reconstructionists, believe that
systems must be changed to overcome oppression and improve
human conditions. Paulo Freire (1921-1997) was a Brazilian
whose experiences living in poverty led him to champion
education and literacy as the vehicle for social change. In his
view, humans must learn to resist oppression and not become its
victims, nor oppress others. To do so requires dialog and critical
consciousness, the development of awareness to overcome
domination and oppression. Rather than "teaching as banking,"
in which the educator deposits information into students' heads,
Freire saw teaching and learning as a process of inquiry in which
the child must invent and reinvent the world.
26. P8 cont’d
For social reconstructionists and critical theorists,
curriculum focuses on student experience and
taking social action on real problems, such as
violence, hunger, international terrorism, inflation,
and inequality. Strategies for dealing with
controversial issues (particularly in social studies
and literature), inquiry, dialogue, and multiple
perspectives are the focus. Community-based
learning and bringing the world into the
classroom are also strategies.
Which general or world view philosophy best
fits with your own views of reality? Why?
What have you learned from the history of
education that is related to these metaphysical
It is said that an image is worth a thousand
words. What might be your image metaphor for
each of these world or metaphysical
Directions: Write your philosophy of education. A statement of
your personal beliefs about teaching and learning in A4
size, minimum of 100 words, and single spacing.
Hint: Use "I believe" statements to help you get started. This is not what
others believe, but your own beliefs.
Relevancy – ----------------5
Organization of ideas---5
Total: 20 pts
29. Why you teach?
What is the purpose of education?
What is your role as an educator?
Whom you teach?
How will you reach the diverse children in your
How do you define your community of learners?
How and What You Teach?
What are your beliefs about how children learn?
How will your beliefs affect your teaching?
How do you balance the needs of the individual learner with the needs of the
What are your goals for students?
Where You Teach?
How will you bring a global awareness into your classroom?
What will be your relationship with the community, parents, teaching colleagues,
Suggestions for Writing an Educational Philosophy Statement
30. I believe the children are our future...
I believe each and every child has the potential to bring something unique and special to the world. I will help
children to develop their potential by believing in them as capable individuals. I will assist children in discovering who
they are, so they can express their own opinions and nurture their own ideas. I have a vision of a world where people
learn to respect, accept, and embrace the differences between us, as the core of what makes life so fascinating.
Teach them well and let them lead the way...
Every classroom presents a unique community of learners that varies not only in abilities, but also in learning styles.
My role as a teacher is to give children the tools with which to cultivate their own gardens of knowledge. To
accomplish this goal, I will teach to the needs of each child so that all learners can feel capable and successful. I will
present curriculum that involves the interests of the children and makes learning relevant to life. I will incorporate
themes, integrated units, projects, group work, individual work, and hands-on learning in order to make children
active learners. Finally, I will tie learning into the world community to help children become caring and active
members of society.
Show them all the beauty they possess inside. Give them a sense of pride...
My classroom will be a caring, safe, and equitable environment where each child can blossom and grow. I will allow
children to become responsible members of our classroom community by using strategies such as class meetings,
positive discipline, and democratic principles. In showing children how to become responsible for themselves as well
as their own learning, I am giving them the tools to become successful in life, to believe in themselves, and to love
Let the children's laughter remind us how we used to be...
Teaching is a lifelong learning process of learning about new philosophies and new strategies, learning from the
parents and community, learning from colleagues, and especially learning from the children. Children have taught
me to open my mind and my heart to the joys, the innocence, and the diversity of ideas in the world. Because of this,
I will never forget how to smile with the new, cherish the old, and laugh with the children.
Sample Educational Philosophy Statements


Social expectations in the nineteenth century encouraged a kind of pessimistic selflessness that could have resulted in a woman thinking of herself as nothing, as or worth less than nothing. Women of that time were controlled by "superiors" like their husbands or fathers and forced to lose their identity under repressing social system-- patriarchy. In "The Yellow Wallpaper", Gilman skillfully reveals this aspect that drives woman desperate by fabricating the plotline of her own story. Gilman's narrator is confined in a nursery and forced to do nothing because it's recommended for her mental illness. But by her patriarchal husband and the treatment without considering her as a being, the narrator's condition gets worsened. With nothing to stimulate the narrator, she becomes obsessed with observing the yellow wallpaper and imagining a crawling woman inside it. It becomes an inspiration for the narrator to find self-identity. Identifying herself with the crawling woman in wallpaper, the narrator completely descends into madness at the ending. Throughout the process of searching for a true identity of the narrator, Gilman begs the important questions to be asked: What deprives the narrator of her identity? What does the yellow wallpaper symbolize? And lastly, does her insanity record itself as a triumph or a defeat? In this paper, I will attempt to cover these answers from a feminist perspective with the theme of "searching for identity".
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Officially born into the prominent and well-known Beecher family in 1860 as Charlotte Anna Perkins, Gilman was eager and passionate for self-improvement from when she was a child. The overly critical circumstances in Gilman's life, however, forged impenetrable obstacles on the path to her utmost desires. In her childhood, for example, she underwent traumatic experiences, especially when Gilman's father abandoned the family high and dry, leaving them impoverished when she was only thirteen. Therefore, her family was sent to reside with relatives and relocated so often during her dim and lacking childhood. This could have been one reason that Gilman developed such an ambivalent opinion towards marriage and a factor that could have influenced her to not marry during her early adulthood. Of course, that chaste vow was severed when she married, but the couple's sweet oaths terminated when the two came down with a decision to divorce with one daughter left at the end of their unsuccessful relationship. Many years later, Gilman was remarried to her cousin and they remained happily married until his sudden death. Tragically, in 1935, Gilman discovered that she had an incurable case of breast cancer and committed suicide after serving years as an advocate for the right-to-die.
"Gilman used her energies and her gifts in an effort to understand the world and her place in it and to extend that knowledge and those insights to others." (Lane, 1990:229) Gilman lived at a time of great change and underwent events that had great influence on the development of the American society such as Industrial Revolution and Women's Movement. Not accepting these events happen without appropriate examination, she became an enthusiastic writer, commentator, social critic, and feminist. She criticized the limitation of social order, especially its effects on the status of women. In her works, Gilman devoted herself to inspiring women with her revolutionary ideas and raising the standard of life for women by pointing out severe problems in society.
Unfortunately, Gilman's work was buried in the archives of literature and temporarily forgotten amongst avid readers in the years following her death. In the 1970s, however, feminist writers and theorists rediscovered and reappraised Gilman's work for its accurate show display of social abuse. Many of Gilman's writings are read today as significant examples of feminist literature. "The Yellow Wallpaper" in particular has generated much attention as modern readers appreciate both its literary value and profound social commentary.
1.2 The Yellow Wallpaper and Social Background of the Time
When "The Yellow Wallpaper", was published in the 1892 edition of The New England Magazine, people only praised the story's exquisite imagery and chilling mood. However, this story was categorized as a chilling reminder that revealed powerful force of social norms after it was released once more in The Feminist Press at 1973 as a separate volume. Soon enough, "The Yellow Wallpaper" became the representative icon of feminist literature.
The storyline of "The Yellow Wallpaper" is simple. After giving birth, the narrator suffers from some undefined illness-- a kind of nervous fatigue or depression; therefore, her husband, a doctor, decides to take her into a colonial house off in the countryside for three months. For the ailed young wife, the entire family is expected to adjust to a rural lifestyle, and her sister-in-law takes over the tedious household chores and newborn infant as they may be detrimental to the wife's recovery. Additionally, she is kept from meeting others, writing, and enjoying any other activity that may require a so-called "harmful" level of concentration and effort. Even though she is pampered with her husband's attention and love, her mental health chances the opposite direction and descents into an irrevocable condition of insanity. Hence, the readers are able to peek into her own world of hysteria through the entries of her journal that she keeps away from her husband's prying view. Indeed, the suave method in which she executes her prominent use of syntax and sentence spacing clearly proves that there were several interruptions. Not only do the rhythmic passages elicit suspense and adrenaline-pumping fear, but it also allows the readers to sympathize with the main character and progressively understand the development of her immense discomfort. However, when it is ultimately revealed that she is finally insane, the readers undoubtedly fall into the same shock as does her husband.
Her pitiful story clearly exemplifies exactly how a woman may lose her freedom and self identity under the patriarchal social system. When "The Yellow Wallpaper" was written, the position of women was very different from what it is today. Women could not vote and they were destined to spend their lives only in domestic sphere. Though some could earn, the wages they got were legally owned by their fathers and husbands. They were just forcibly expected to fulfill their duties as devoted mothers and wives and be satisfied with the fact. Likewise, though their consciousness was gradually awakening, their legal and social statuses were still based on their dependence upon the men around them. This conflict and psychic discontinuity caused a sort of hysteria for many women of the time. In that sense, the nervous breakdown the narrator is suffering in this story is typical of that particular century. Under such social backgrounds, Gilman reveals women's limited and oppressed situation by putting the narrator against the conventions of those bleak days. Ironically, though the narrator's husband is seen as the clear villain through the whole story, he is only a reflection of the society he belongs to. The narrator's desire and passion to find more in her life do not agree with social expectations and they make her grow away from the idealized model of woman at that time.
1.3 Literature Review: Studies on "The Yellow Wallpaper"
After giving birth, Gilman herself suffered depression for three years and finally succumbed to the "rest cure" prescribed by the famous physician, Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell. However, because she was forced to do nothing and see no one, Gilman's depression got worse and worse. She eventually refused those directions and returned to her daily routines and work. Then, she recovered and wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper." Here, she claimed that the short story was essentially a critical proposition against the doctor who had tried to cure her through ineffective means, and proudly stated the purpose of writing it, "It was not intended to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy, and it worked" (Gilman, 1992:53).
However, it was not easy for Gilman to publish "The Yellow Wallpaper" because editors and readers were unwilling and unready to accept it. When the story was sent to Scudder, an influential editor, the reaction was beyond bittersweet and overly critical. He refused the story as saying that "I could not forgive myself if I made others as miserable as I have made myself" (Scudder, 1998:33). It is possible that the atmosphere of Victorian America and its high expectations for literature within their cultural and socially accepted range required that Scudder reject "The Yellow Wallpaper." The story did not suggest the kind of uplifting ending like typical stories of the time; moreover, the protagonist who became insane was an ordinary middle-class wife. Gilman's uncomfortable portrayal of such a normal female citizen descending into madness within the Victorian patriarchal social system caused Scudder to feel "miserable," and he may have rejected the story for the purpose of protecting his readers from the taboo shock factor of it.
Without a doubt, after its publication, "The Yellow Wallpaper" was greeted with strong but mixed reactions and commentaries. Readers of that sheltered time period criticized this work of literature harshly for its abnormal context and taboo storyline. On the other hand, for feminist critics, it was regarded as a literary masterpiece because it offered a feminist perspective on the social situation confronting sexual politics when most authors were frightened and preferred to stay in the safe zone to please the easily aroused audience. Hedges evaluated it:
For aside from the light it throws on the personal despairs, and the artistic triumph over them, of one of America's foremost feminists, the story is one of the rare pieces of literature we have by a nineteenth-century woman which directly confronts the sexual politics of the male-female, husband-wife relationship(Hedges, 1992:124).
And Gilbert and Gubar referred to the "The Yellow Wallpaper" as "a striking story of female confinement and escape, a paradigmatic tale which seems to tell the story that all literary women would tell if they could speak their 'speechless woe'"(Gilbert and Gubar, 1998:34).Warren also praised "The Yellow Wallpaper" as "a devastating portrait of a woman struggling to free herself from a conventional, personality-destroying marriage based on constricting sex roles" (Warren, 1984:259).
Through many feminist readings, "The Yellow Wallpaper" became not simply a horror piece, but a fictional arena in which Gilman questioned and challenged the submissive role forced upon women. The short story became an avant-garde work that still serves as an encouraging icon of female strength and perseverance even if they may be suppressed by male dominance.
In regard to the shocking and controversial ending, critics still continue to debate whether her descent into madness was either a triumph or a defeat. Relatively speaking, the earliest studies conducted in the 1970s deemed "The Yellow Wallpaper" as a victorious story of a woman attempting to free herself from a patriarchal society. Gilbert and Gubar gave the most optimistic interpretation about such a subject as saying that:
A supposedly mad woman has been sentenced to imprisonment in the 'infected' house of her own body; however, through identification with the double trapped on the other side of the wallpaper, the woman -whom society perceived as mad- escapes from her textual and architectural confinement into the open space of her authority(36).
Through Kennard's eyes, the narrator's madness was seen even more optimistically as "a form of higher sanity, as an indication of a capacity to see truths other than those available to the logical mind" (Kennard, 1992:180).
But some critics, on the other hand, emphasize the obvious limitations of the narrator's situation at the end of the story. In Hedges's perspective, the narrator achieves temporary freedom but "is destroyed" (Hedges, 1992:132) because she is completely mad, so she claims it cannot be a complete "freedom" (131).
Chapter Two Analysis of "The Yellow Wallpaper" with the Theme of "Identity"
2.1 Searching for Identity
2.1.1 Patriarchy and Identity
In the nineteenth century America, women were repressed, judged, and controlled by a patriarchal system of social order. Women did not share the same responsibilities and rights that men possessed as a natural gift, and were kept close only as "objects" rather than people. Similarly in "The Yellow Wallpaper," the narrator's identity is also forced down by such crude and oppressing social expectations and duties-patriarchy.
First, the narrator in this story is completely dominated by her husband, John, which is not an uncommon case when taking the background and historical context of the situation. The narrator says, "John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage. John is practical in the extreme. He has no patience with faith, an intense horror of superstition, and he scoffs openly at any talk of things not to be felt and seen and put down in figures"(13). As such, John is so "rational" and humbled by his gender superiority that he doesn't care for his wife's true emotional discomfort and merely believes that she is suffering from nothing more than a "slight hysterical tendency." Instead, as a physician, he prescribes the "rest cure," confining the narrator to the nursery and prohibiting her from using her imagination because he believes it would worsen her health. Throughout the story, John treats the narrator, his wife, like a child as he affectionately calls her either a "blessed little goose" or a "little girl." Also, when the narrator tries to talk about what troubles her to him, he ignores her desperation and refuses to view her as an equal and more as his line of responsibility. Though we can obviously see that he loves and cares for his bride, the way he expresses this sort of adoration and fondness is absolutely restricted, limited, and hypocritical. He doesn't listen or even attempt to feign interest at the face of her personal desires and respect her identity or existence at all. In doing so, the narrator is forced to become a submissive wife to her biased and highly sexist husband.
At the same time, the narrator is compelled and tempted to live life accordingly as a devoted mother like Jennie, John's beloved younger sister. While the narrator constantly fails in her duties as "the angel in the house," Jennie cordially undertakes all the maternal duties that the nineteenth century views about the role of women typically suggests like finishing all the household chores, nurturing the family, negating her own desire for the sake of a stable marriage, and staying content to spend her life as a trophy mother and bride. The narrator almost enviously observes, "She is a perfect and enthusiastic housekeeper, and hopes for no better profession. I verily believe she thinks it is the writing which made me sick!"(17). Jennie symbolizes the happily domesticated woman, while the narrator is portrayed as being a part of an abnormal class for harboring a dangerous desire to break free from such domestic restraints. Writing is only way for the narrator to express herself, but Jennie agrees with John's evaluation and also prevents her from enjoying such simple activities that require no straining effort on the narrator's part. Jennie may be able to understand the narrator better than John as a woman, but she doesn't listen to her, either, and attempts to tame her to be a socially accepted mother and housewife like herself. This forceful expectation stifles the narrator and gradually deters her from discovering her own true self-worth.
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The "rest cure" that is prescribed to the narrator when she is suffering from neurasthenia is also a symbol of patriarchy that demolishes her human identity. The treatment prioritizes her to linger in the confines of a nursery, partake in absolute rest, keep away from mental or social activities, and also requires a complete isolation from family and friends. Although John, the narrator's husband and doctor, means well to cure his mentally troubled wife, he eventually worsens her health by separating her from the outside world. The "rest cure" only narrows the focus onto the physical condition of the patient and not the emotional or mental, which later proves to be ineffective in curing her unidentified ailment. John only considers her as a passive subject of treatment and, in some cases, as a glorified but incapable overgrown infant. The patriarchal social system that forces a woman's submission in the domestic setting and her obedience in a doctor/ patient relationship is influential in this particular treatment.
Then, the narrator's defiant action of resistance for self-expression in the story escalates to the breaking point with the "writing" issue. The main character hides her journal because writing in it is profoundly against her husband's wishes. She attempts to hide her diary every time he returns from his business outings, saying each time: "There comes John, and I must put this away-he hates to have me write a word." Although John "absolutely forbids" her from writing by arguing that it would essentially interrupt her recovery , the narrator feels that writing provides her freedom and comfort because she truly believes that "congenial work, with excitement and change, would do good"(14). As Gilbert mentions and asserts, role of writing is for the narrator's personal expression rather than an action of resistance toward her husband in this story. For this reason, she keeps writing the secret journal and expressing her feelings on the pages because writing is the only accessible method she can take advantage of to free her independent opinions and uncover her own identity amongst the constricting levels of repression. In that sense, her enforced inactivity would have gradually led to her ironic and unexpected self-destruction and the act of writing actually represents a meaningful struggle for self-actualization.
All these facts also imply the real reason as to why the main protagonist should remain anonymous from the beginning to the end of this story. It is unusual that the main character has no name and fails to introduce herself while the other minor characters (even the nanny) appear to have a name. Gilman purposely deprived the narrator of a name to emphasize the fact that women of that historical era lose their identities, being forced to live only as ideal mothers or wives in the patriarchal society. This idea is so open-ended that presumably any wife, mother, or-in general, women-may have their own personal identity stripped from them amongst the workings of such a dehumanizing and male-dominated society.
2.1.2 Symbolism of the Yellow Wallpaper
While the narrator is confined in the nursery, she begins to pursue her ambitions to find out the mystical meaning of the wallpaper and fabricate imaginary stories stemming from it as she observes its picturesque designs and intricate patterns. Because she disobeys John's orders and suggestions after imagining the woman trapped in the yellow wallpaper, it has a symbolic significance as an inspiration for her to discover her true identity.
As she studies the wallpaper during her free time, she feels that she is breaking free from her oppression and exclaims, "And I know John would think it absurd. But I must say what I feel and think in some way-it is such a relief!"(19). While being prohibited to write and partake in such recreational activities, the yellow wallpaper becomes her greatest and only visual and mental pleasure as she proclaims, "Life is very much more exciting now that it used to be. You see, I have something more to expect, to look forward to watch" (22). Whenever the narrator attempts to converse about her repressed feelings to her husband, he would not hear of it, however, the wallpaper seems to listen to her frenzied thoughts and reflect her truest emotions. Thereby, the narrator's struggle to observe the stationary wallpaper symbolizes searching for her identity by the approach she uses to portray its significance throughout the story.
When the narrator "meets" the yellow wallpaper for the first time, she thinks that it is the "worst paper" that she has never seen in her life. As it takes on the role of mirroring her unconscious mind, she does not feel satisfied with herself and becomes even more and more confused and lost within the chambers of her own sanity. Consequently, the process that the narrator undergoes to find meaning in the pattern worsens her condition, yet she continues the search regardless of it being detrimental to her health. The longer the narrator admires the paper, the more definition she perceives in both parts of the paper, which reveals itself to be a front pattern of bars and a back pattern that resembles a woman. Continuously, the narrator dissects these odd shapes from the design, imagining eyes and other organic forms not native to its original pattern. The narrator notes with fascination and horror of "the shadow of the woman who is creeping in the wallpaper," (24) in which she also realizes that "the woman seems to shake the pattern to get out of the wallpaper" (25). The narrator parallels this vision of the caged woman to her own current state wherein she is confined in the nursery room, unable to practice her personal liberties to her own freedom of will. In summation, the unidentified woman trapped behind the barred pattern of the yellow wallpaper most obviously represents the narrator's social condition and her state of mind.
At first, the woman in the wallpaper appears to be calm during the daytime, but behaves wildly in the nighttime when she violently shakes the pattern to free herself from the bars. As time goes on, the woman in the wallpaper begins to be active both during the day and night; therefore, the narrator becomes absolutely obsessed with observing the formless figure. When she tries to uncover the buried secrets inside of her, the woman trapped in wallpaper inspires the narrator to listen to her own repressed inner voice. At the same time, she encounters uncomfortable truths that drive her to hopelessness; consequently, we can observe the narrator's transition from her acceptance to her gradual desire to escape.
Then, the narrator perceives the woman trapped in the wallpaper as a representation of herself that is trapped by the restrictive patterns of her own society. For this reason, she is determined to rip the wallpaper off the walls as if she attempts to overcome her situation and permanently eliminate the patriarchal forces that restrain her: "I pulled and she shook, I shook and she pulled, and before morning we had peeled off yards of that paper"(25). Finally, the narrator liberates the woman captivated in the wallpaper by destroying it; furthermore, she identifies herself with the figure and ultimately becomes mentally unstable. The narrator is no longer an unpleasant or repressed woman as she declares, "It is so pleasant to be out in this great room and creep around as I please!"(26).
And throughout the whole process, the color yellow has a significant symbol. The yellow color is usually associated with warmness and happiness; however in this story, it is linked to a malignant source that descends the narrator into insanity. As the "uncomfortable" yellow color, it not only symbolizes feelings of frustration and anger that the narrator feels under repressions, but also alludes the old and stuffy patriarchal society she faces in an ironic way. Gilman probably decided the dubious color "yellow" with a significant purpose to describe the unpleasant atmosphere, and I think it worked amazingly. From observing the wallpaper to destroying it, the entire process symbolizes the narrator's struggle to rediscover her self-identity in the midst of such "yellowed" social constraints.
2.2 Insanity: Triumph or Defeat?
At the chilling finale of this story, the narrator escapes in a way no one expected. When John discovers his wife crawling on her hands and declaring "I've got out at last," (27) he is so overwhelmed by her drastically changed condition that he faints. The narrator, by interacting with the wallpaper and the woman trapped within the intricate designs, and creating the subtle meaning of the wallpaper, projects her psychotic thoughts and tendencies to the object of her obsessions and thirsts for her liberty from a largely patriarchal society wholesomely embodied in her husband. At the breaking point, the limitations and restrictions set by her husband's actions are the very cause that drives her into utter insanity.
Then, does the narrator truly triumph and worm her way out of her supposedly inevitable doom at last? A few opinionated critics like Gilbert and Gubar argue that the story's conclusion is not based on mere madness; rather, they perceive the young wife's state of insanity as a trifling victory because she was able to escape her husband John's demanding clutches and break the suffocating bonds between her and a cruel, domineering patriarchal society (Gilbert and Gubar, 1998:36). They might see the "insanity" as a victory because the patriarchal and hypocritical husband of the narrator, John, is temporarily defeated, or at least momentarily stunned. John's feminine faint of surprise can be viewed as the least triumph that the mad woman achieves. Likewise, Schopp-Schilling also sees the narrator's final descent into madness as a supreme defiance "which ultimately enables her to creep triumphantly over her husband" (Schilling, 1992:143). By tearing the wallpaper off, the narrator feels that she has achieved a sense of self-expression that couldn't have been executed or carried out by other persons, and though the narrator loses her sanity in the process, she displays a stable resistance to such oppressive domestic restraints and makes an arbitrary decision, so the insanity is ultimately interpreted as a triumph or escape from her symbolic confinement.
On the other hand, some critics assert that her irrevocable condition in the end is more of a defeat rather than optimistic success. In contrast with Gilbert and Gubar's statements, Haney-Peritz argues that "the narrator does not move out into open country; instead, she turns an ancestral hall into a haunted house and then encrypts herself therein as a fantasy figure"(Peritz,1992:271). Presumably, it is only in her subconscious that the narrator can conquer her mental restraints. She seems to triumph in the end by creeping over John, but such an uncanny act is only summoned from the miserable depth and corners of her desire and depression. She is unable to overcome the impediments that confine her in sanity, and sequentially, her capricious insanity empowers her to find and express herself. Additionally, it is noticeable that John only fainted, which leaves the open-ended possibility of her husband waking up from his state of unconsciousness later on and oppressing her even more harshly for fear of her psychological health and rationality declining. Therefore, with her husband's suppression only suspended for a specific amount of time, the narrator is not exactly safe or truly free from her domestic ties.
Both sides of the debate are accredited. In various ways, the narrator both wins and loses. The narrator's brief triumph cannot be discredited because her horrific insanity had incredibly changed John's attitude: "John who was never nervous in his life" (15) cried. His transformation possibly paved the path and might have established the foundation for women's possible liberation. At the same time, the narrator could not have completely achieved such an overthrow because this liberation goes unfortunately hand in hand with her insanity. However, I would rather label her ending endeavors as a trifle of a triumph because at least it could become inspiration for every woman that was fighting against such persecuting social restraints. I guess this is what Gilman tried to appeal through this story. Gilman stated the purpose of writing this story like this, "It was not intended to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy, and it worked" (Gilman, 1992:53). She has shown what results will come when a woman is confined with no self expression, no rights to make her own decision, and no desire to stimulate her. By that, the ending not only just points out the severity of those problems but also inspires women to resist oppressive gender roles, to take back repressions, and especially to find their own ways to fulfill their desires.
Chapter Three Conclusion
Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" is so amazing in that she not only skillfully created and fabricated the complex plotline of her own story, but she also incorporated the fundamental and significant causes that led women of that time to insanity as a result of their mental anguish and anxiety. Although this influential short story is apparently similar to Gilman's other works in its awareness of women's problems, it actually distinguishes itself from the rest. Even Gilman herself considers it different and special under certain circumstances. The author once claimed that she didn't expect the story to be categorized as a piece of "literature" in any way because she wrote the story for a "special" purpose. "The real Purpose of this story was to reach Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, and convince him of the errors of his ways. I sent him a copy as soon as it came out, but no response. However, many years later I met someone who knew him who said he had told them that he had changed his treatment since reading 'The Yellow Wallpaper.' If that is fact, then I have not lived in vain" (Gilman, 1983:317). Despite this, "The Yellow Wallpaper" has been regarded as the best of Gilman's creative writing and masterpiece in American literature. Unlike many mainstream literary works at that time, "The Yellow Wallpaper" does not offer an uplifting ending or introduce a desirable female model; rather, through her depiction of a woman tumultuously descending into insanity by means of a corrupted patriarchy, it horribly accuses the extreme restrictions confronting women in their society by emphasizing the devastating results of social and physical confinement and the dangers of limited escape.
Ultimately, Gilman leads the reader to focus on the destructive powers of social restraints and the devastating tragedies that could be an offspring of such a strict system. I wholeheartedly agree with Gilman's implicated but strong opinion in "The Yellow Wallpaper." Today modern women have relatively more freedom of expression and enjoyment than women from previous eras; however, in our present society, there still exists anonymous victims of the patriarchal societies, suffering, like the story's narrator, from "John" and some kind of "wallpaper." I would humbly suggest that our society should continue its brandished efforts to abolish the remained domestic and sexist restraints lest another unnamed, repressed woman should go insane or become another victim to such social atrocities.
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Modern jazz music is a genre that blends traditional jazz elements with contemporary styles, creating a fresh and innovative sound. With complex harmonies, improvisation, and experimental approaches, it captivates both jazz enthusiasts and a wider audience.
This genre emerged in the late 1940s and 1950s as musicians sought to break away from the constraints of swing and bebop, and create something new. Artists like miles davis, john coltrane, and herbie hancock were instrumental in shaping this genre, incorporating elements from rock, funk, and electronic music.
Today, modern jazz continues to evolve, with artists pushing boundaries and exploring new sonic possibilities. It is a dynamic and captivating genre that showcases the creativity and virtuosity of its musicians.
The Evolution Of Modern Jazz
Early Origins And Influences
- Jazz music has a rich history that spans over a century, with its roots tracing back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the african-american communities of new orleans.
- This genre of music emerged as a fusion of several musical traditions, including ragtime, blues, spirituals, and marching band music.
- The unique blend of african rhythms, european harmonic structures, and improvisation techniques formed the foundation of early jazz.
- Key influencers of early jazz include louis armstrong, jelly roll morton, and duke ellington. These musicians and others played a significant role in shaping the genre and popularizing it among a wider audience.
- Early jazz was often performed in small bands, known as “hot jazz,” which brought together different instruments like trumpets, clarinets, trombones, and rhythm sections consisting of piano, banjo, drums, and bass.
Development Of New Techniques And Styles
- Over the years, jazz music continued to evolve and incorporate new techniques and styles. This evolution was driven by the creativity and innovation of jazz musicians.
- In the 1940s and 1950s, a movement known as bebop emerged, characterized by intricate melodies, faster tempos, and extended improvisation. Musicians like charlie parker and dizzy gillespie were at the forefront of this new style.
- Post-bop, which followed bebop, introduced further variations, with artists like john coltrane and miles davis pushing the boundaries of improvisation and exploring new harmonic structures.
- Fusion jazz emerged in the 1960s and blended elements of jazz with rock, funk, and electronic music. This genre was characterized by the use of electric instruments, synthesizers, and a more pronounced rhythm section.
- Free jazz, pioneered by ornette coleman, experimented with unconventional chord progressions, emphasized improvisation, and challenged traditional musical structures.
- Jazz-rock fusion also gained popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s, combining elements of jazz improvisation with the energy and power of rock music. Bands like weather report and mahavishnu orchestra embraced this style.
- Contemporary jazz continues to reflect the influence of various genres and cultural elements, with artists exploring different fusions, such as latin jazz, afro-cuban jazz, and smooth jazz.
Influence Of Notable Jazz Musicians
- Numerous notable jazz musicians have left an indelible impact on the genre and its evolution.
- Louis armstrong, often referred to as “satchmo,” popularized jazz and brought it into the mainstream. His virtuosic trumpet playing, distinctive scat singing, and charisma made him an iconic figure in jazz history.
- Duke ellington, a prolific composer and pianist, led his orchestra for decades, creating timeless compositions that showcased the sophistication and elegance of jazz.
- Miles davis, one of the most influential figures in jazz, constantly reinvented his sound and played a pivotal role in the development of various subgenres, from cool jazz to jazz fusion.
- John coltrane expanded the boundaries of improvisation and pushed the technical and emotional limits of the saxophone, leaving an enormous impact on the avant-garde and free jazz movements.
- Other influential musicians include ella fitzgerald, billie holiday, thelonious monk, charlie parker, and herbie hancock, among many others. Each of these artists contributed to the evolution of jazz through their unique styles and musical vision.
Jazz music has come a long way since its early origins, incorporating diverse influences, evolving techniques, and the visionary contributions of noteworthy musicians. From the rich tapestry of new orleans to the avant-garde experimentation of modern jazz, this genre remains vibrant, constantly adapting and captivating audiences worldwide.
Exploring Modern Jazz Genres
Contemporary Jazz Fusion
Contemporary jazz fusion is a captivating genre that combines elements of jazz with various other musical styles, creating a fusion of sounds that appeals to a wide range of music enthusiasts. Here are some key points to explore about contemporary jazz fusion:
- Unique blend: Contemporary jazz fusion merges elements of jazz, rock, funk, and electronic music, resulting in a diverse range of musical expressions. It combines intricate improvisation, complex harmonies, and compelling rhythms, showcasing the versatility of jazz.
- Innovations in instrumentation: Contemporary jazz fusion incorporates traditional jazz instruments such as saxophone, trumpet, and piano, but also introduces electronic instruments and synthesizers. This infusion of new sounds and experimenting with unconventional instruments pushes the boundaries of the genre.
- Fusion with other genres: One of the defining characteristics of contemporary jazz fusion is its ability to seamlessly blend with other genres. Artists often collaborate with musicians from different backgrounds, including pop, r&b, and world music, creating an eclectic and vibrant musical tapestry.
- Technical mastery and improvisation: With its intricate compositions and complex arrangements, contemporary jazz fusion demands technical proficiency from its musicians. It celebrates individual skill and improvisation, allowing for creative expression and dynamic performances.
- Broad appeal: Contemporary jazz fusion has gained popularity among both jazz aficionados and mainstream listeners. Its fusion of diverse musical styles creates a captivating and accessible sound that transcends genre boundaries, appealing to a wide range of music lovers.
Avant-garde jazz is a daring and experimental genre that pushes the boundaries of traditional jazz conventions. It challenges established norms and explores new realms of musical expression. Here are some key points to delve into when exploring avant-garde jazz:
- Break from tradition: Avant-garde jazz rebels against traditional jazz structures and norms, embracing unconventional melodies, dissonance, and free improvisation. It encourages artists to explore uncharted territories and challenge listener expectations.
- Non-linear compositions: Unlike traditional jazz, which follows a somewhat predictable song structure, avant-garde jazz embraces abstract and non-linear compositions. It prioritizes exploration and spontaneity, allowing the music to evolve in unexpected and innovative ways.
- Free improvisation: Avant-garde jazz places a strong emphasis on free improvisation. Musicians are encouraged to break away from conventional harmonic and melodic constraints, offering them the freedom to express themselves without constraints.
- Extended techniques: Avant-garde jazz musicians often employ extended techniques, unconventional playing methods, and innovative use of their instruments. These techniques can include the use of multiphonics, alternative bowing, and extended vocal techniques, among others.
- Audience engagement: Avant-garde jazz invites listeners to actively engage with the music. It challenges them to embrace the unfamiliar and explore new sonic landscapes. It is an adventurous genre that encourages active listening, inviting the audience to interpret and participate in the musical journey.
Smooth jazz is a melodic and accessible genre that emerged in the 1970s as a more polished and commercially oriented form of jazz. Its popularity soared in the 1980s and continues to captivate audiences today. Here are some key points to consider when exploring smooth jazz:
- Relaxing and easy-going: Smooth jazz is characterized by its laid-back, soothing melodies and gentle rhythms. It provides a musical backdrop that is often described as easy-going, creating an atmosphere of relaxation and tranquility.
- Pop influence: Smooth jazz incorporates elements of popular music, blending jazz with elements of r&b, funk, and pop. It combines catchy melodies, smooth grooves, and accessible harmonies, appealing to a broad audience beyond traditional jazz enthusiasts.
- Emphasis on melody: In smooth jazz, the melody takes center stage. Catchy and memorable melodies are often accompanied by lush arrangements and tasteful improvisation. This focus on melodic hooks contributes to the genre’s accessibility and widespread appeal.
- Instrumental and vocal variations: Smooth jazz can be instrumental, featuring skilled musicians who showcase their improvisational abilities. Additionally, it also embraces vocal performances, with smooth jazz vocalists often delivering soulful and heartfelt renditions.
- Aesthetic ambience: Smooth jazz is known for creating a pleasant and sophisticated atmosphere. It is frequently heard in elevators, restaurants, and other venues where a relaxed and elegant ambiance is desired. Its mellow soundscapes evoke feelings of serenity and enjoyment.
Contemporary jazz fusion, avant-garde jazz, and smooth jazz represent diverse and captivating subgenres within the wider realm of modern jazz music. From the fusion of different genres and experimentation to the avant-garde rejection of norms and the melodic accessibility of smooth jazz, these genres continue to push the boundaries of jazz and captivate listeners with their unique sounds and artistic expressions.
The Impact Of Technology On Modern Jazz
Incorporating electronic instruments and effects:
- The infusion of electronic instruments and effects has revolutionized the sound and possibilities of modern jazz. Key points include:
- Experimentation with synthesizers, samplers, and drum machines has opened up new avenues for creating unique sounds and textures in jazz compositions.
- Electronic effects such as reverb, delay, and distortion have added depth and dimension to jazz recordings, allowing musicians to explore new sonic territories.
- Integration of electronic instruments like electric guitars and keyboards has broadened the tonal palette of jazz, offering more versatility and expressive capabilities.
- Fusion genres like electronic jazz and jazztronica have emerged, combining traditional jazz elements with electronic elements to create boundary-pushing music.
The role of recording and production techniques:
- The advancements in recording and production techniques have significantly influenced the creation and dissemination of modern jazz. Key points include:
- High-quality recording equipment and digital audio workstations have made it easier for jazz musicians to capture their performances with precision and clarity.
- Mixing and mastering techniques have enhanced the production value of jazz albums, resulting in more polished and professional-sounding recordings.
- The ability to edit and manipulate recorded tracks has provided musicians with greater freedom to experiment and refine their musical ideas.
- Collaborative recording techniques have become more prevalent, allowing jazz musicians from different locations to create music together seamlessly.
Online platforms and streaming services:
- The rise of online platforms and streaming services has had a profound impact on the accessibility and reach of modern jazz. Key points include:
- Online platforms like bandcamp, soundcloud, and youtube have provided a space for jazz artists to share their music directly with a global audience, bypassing traditional record labels.
- Streaming services like spotify, apple music, and tidal have made jazz albums and playlists easily accessible to listeners worldwide, promoting discoverability and exposure for both established and emerging jazz artists.
- Social media platforms enable jazz musicians to connect with their fans, share updates, and build communities, fostering a sense of engagement and interaction.
- Online platforms and streaming services have democratized the music industry, allowing independent jazz artists to gain recognition and success without traditional gatekeepers.
Technology has undoubtedly reshaped the landscape of modern jazz, ushering in new sonic possibilities, refining production techniques, and revolutionizing the way the music is consumed and shared. As jazz continues to evolve, embracing technology will undoubtedly shape its future and keep the genre vibrant and relevant in the digital age.
Modern Jazz Innovations
Modern jazz is a genre that is constantly evolving and pushing boundaries. Through exploration of new harmonies and rhythms, experimental improvisation techniques, and fusion with other musical genres, modern jazz continues to captivate audiences and challenge traditional notions of music.
In this section, we will delve into these three key innovations in modern jazz.
Exploration Of New Harmonies And Rhythms
- Jazz musicians have always sought to expand the harmonic language of the genre. In modern jazz, this exploration has reached new heights, with musicians incorporating complex and dissonant chord progressions, unconventional scales, and modal interchange.
- Rhythms play a crucial role in jazz music, and modern jazz musicians have taken this to new levels of complexity. They experiment with intricate rhythmic patterns, polyrhythms, and metric modulation, creating a rich and dynamic sonic landscape.
Experimental Improvisation Techniques
- Improvisation is at the heart of jazz, and modern jazz artists have taken improvisation to new and daring territories. They embrace a spirit of freedom, pushing the boundaries of what is possible within the realm of improvisation.
- Techniques such as free improvisation, where musicians abandon traditional harmonic and rhythmic structures, allow for spontaneous and unpredictable musical moments. Artists embrace the unexpected, resulting in raw and authentic musical expressions.
Fusion With Other Musical Genres
- One of the defining characteristics of modern jazz is its fusion with other musical genres. Jazz musicians draw inspiration from diverse genres such as rock, hip-hop, electronic music, and world music, creating a fusion that is both innovative and captivating.
- By incorporating elements from different genres, modern jazz becomes a melting pot of musical styles, resulting in a fresh and unique sound. This fusion not only attracts new audiences but also creates opportunities for collaboration and cross-pollination between artists.
Modern jazz is characterized by its constant innovation and exploration. Through the exploration of new harmonies and rhythms, experimental improvisation techniques, and fusion with other musical genres, modern jazz remains at the forefront of musical creativity. It continues to captivate listeners with its ever-evolving sound and ability to push the boundaries of what is possible in music.
So join the journey and explore the captivating world of modern jazz today.
Iconic Modern Jazz Musicians
Modern Jazz Music
Modern jazz is a genre that has revolutionized the music industry with its innovative sounds and groundbreaking techniques. Within this genre, there are iconic musicians who have left an indelible mark on modern jazz history. In this section, we will explore three legendary artists who have redefined the boundaries of jazz and continue to influence musicians today.
John Coltrane’S Groundbreaking Improvisation
- John coltrane, one of the most influential jazz musicians of all time, revolutionized jazz improvisation.
- Coltrane’s mastery of the saxophone and his ability to push the boundaries of traditional jazz harmonies set him apart from his contemporaries.
- His album, “giant steps,” showcased his virtuosic improvisational skills and complex harmonic structures.
- Coltrane’s innovative approach to improvisation, utilizing rapid chord changes and unconventional scales, opened up new possibilities for jazz musicians.
- His mesmerizing playing style continues to inspire jazz musicians across the globe.
Miles Davis And His Influence On Jazz And Beyond
- Miles davis, a true musical visionary, not only revolutionized jazz but also left a profound impact on various genres beyond the realm of jazz.
- Davis is known for his ability to seamlessly adapt to changing musical styles and effortlessly blend them into his own unique sound.
- His album, “kind of blue,” is considered one of the most influential jazz albums of all time, incorporating modal jazz and showcasing the talent of his ensemble.
- Davis’ exploration of fusion music in the late 1960s and 1970s paved the way for jazz-rock fusion and influenced a new generation of musicians.
- His fearless exploration of new sounds and willingness to push boundaries continues to shape the landscape of modern jazz.
Herbie Hancock’S Fusion Of Jazz And Electronic Music
- Herbie hancock, a trailblazer in the fusion of jazz and electronic music, has consistently pushed the boundaries of jazz throughout his career.
- Hancock’s groundbreaking album, “head hunters,” brought together funk, rock, and jazz, highlighting his versatility as a musician.
- He embraced synthesizers and electronic instruments, incorporating them into his compositions and performances, creating a new sound that captivated audiences.
- Hancock’s ability to seamlessly blend genres and experiment with new technologies has solidified his status as a forward-thinking musician.
- His contributions to modern jazz continue to inspire artists to explore and fuse different musical genres.
These iconic modern jazz musicians have shaped the evolution of jazz and left a lasting impact on the music world. Their innovative approaches to improvisation, willingness to explore new sounds, and ability to push boundaries have propelled modern jazz into new and exciting directions.
As their influence continues to resonate with musicians today, their contributions serve as a testament to the power of artistic innovation and creativity in shaping the future of jazz.
Modern Jazz Festivals And Events
Jazz music has evolved over the years, giving rise to a myriad of modern jazz festivals and events that celebrate this vibrant genre. Whether you’re a jazz enthusiast or simply looking to discover the magic of jazz for the first time, these festivals and events offer an incredible opportunity to immerse yourself in the world of modern jazz.
From international jazz festivals that attract renowned musicians from across the globe to local jazz showcases that highlight up-and-coming talent, there is something for everyone to enjoy.
International Jazz Festivals
- Montreux jazz festival: This world-renowned festival held annually in switzerland is a melting pot of jazz, blues, and soul music. With its breathtaking setting on the shores of lake geneva, it draws top-notch musicians and music lovers from around the world.
- New orleans jazz & heritage festival: Known as jazz fest, this iconic festival in the birthplace of jazz brings together a diverse range of musicians, showcasing not only jazz but also other genres like blues, gospel, and r&b. It’s a celebration of new orleans’ rich musical heritage.
- North sea jazz festival: Held in rotterdam, netherlands, the north sea jazz festival is one of the largest and most prestigious jazz festivals in europe. It boasts an impressive lineup of international jazz stars, as well as artists from other genres like pop, rock, and soul.
Jazz Cruises And Specialized Events
- Blue note at sea: Imagine cruising the high seas while being serenaded by world-class jazz musicians. Blue note at sea offers exactly that, combining the allure of a luxury cruise with an unforgettable jazz experience. It’s the perfect way to unwind and enjoy a unique musical journey.
- Jazz in the gardens: This annual music festival in miami gardens, florida, brings together jazz, soul, and r&b artists in a lively outdoor setting. It not only showcases established jazz musicians but also provides a platform for emerging talent, making it a must-attend event for jazz enthusiasts.
- Monk institute international jazz competition: This prestigious competition showcases the next generation of jazz musicians, providing them with a platform to shine. It is a testament to the ever-evolving nature of jazz and its ability to captivate audiences across generations.
Local Jazz Showcases And Venues
- Smalls jazz club: Nestled in the heart of greenwich village, new york city, smalls jazz club is a renowned venue that has been at the forefront of the city’s jazz scene since the early 90s. It offers an intimate setting where jazz aficionados can experience live performances by talented musicians.
- Jazz alley: Located in seattle, washington, jazz alley is a top-notch venue that has hosted legendary jazz artists from around the world. With its cozy atmosphere and stellar acoustics, it’s the perfect place to immerse yourself in the rich tapestry of jazz.
- The green mill: This historic jazz club in chicago, illinois, has a storied past dating back to the prohibition era. Known for its vibrant atmosphere and world-class jazz acts, the green mill is a must-visit destination for jazz lovers visiting the windy city.
These modern jazz festivals, specialized events, and local showcases are just a taste of the incredible range of opportunities available to explore and experience the magic of jazz. Whether you prefer the grandeur of international festivals, the intimacy of local venues, or the allure of jazz cruises, there is no shortage of ways to immerse yourself in the rhythms and melodies of modern jazz.
So join the movement, let the music guide you, and discover the boundless beauty of modern jazz for yourself.
Modern Jazz Education And Community
Modern jazz is not just a genre of music, but a thriving community of musicians, educators, and enthusiasts. The education and community aspects of modern jazz are crucial in preserving and evolving this unique art form. Whether you’re a beginner looking to learn jazz or an experienced jazz musician seeking a sense of belonging, there are various programs, online resources, and local communities to support your journey.
Jazz Education Programs And Institutions
- Jazz education programs play a vital role in nurturing young talent and providing a solid foundation in jazz theory, history, and performance. Here are some key features of these programs:
- Comprehensive curriculum: Jazz education programs offer courses in improvisation, composition, music theory, ear training, and ensemble performance.
- Renowned faculty: Many programs are led by experienced faculty members who are seasoned jazz musicians themselves, ensuring that students receive expert guidance and mentorship.
- Performance opportunities: Students get the chance to showcase their skills through concerts, recitals, and collaborations with fellow musicians.
- Workshops and masterclasses: Guest artists and renowned jazz musicians often visit these programs to conduct workshops and share their insights with students.
Online Resources For Learning Jazz
In today’s digital age, learning jazz has never been easier. Online platforms and resources provide accessible and comprehensive lessons for aspiring jazz musicians. Here are some notable features of online jazz learning:
- Video tutorials: Online platforms offer a wide range of video lessons covering various aspects of jazz, such as improvisation techniques, jazz theory, and specific instrument mastery.
- Interactive lessons: Some websites provide interactive exercises and quizzes to enhance understanding and retention of jazz concepts.
- Community forums: Online jazz communities allow aspiring musicians to connect, share their progress, ask questions, and receive feedback from fellow learners and experts.
- Online courses and certificates: For those seeking a more structured approach, online platforms offer jazz courses with certificates upon completion, providing recognition for your dedication and progress.
Local Jazz Communities And Jam Sessions
Connecting with local jazz communities is an excellent way to immerse yourself in the vibrant jazz scene and expand your musical network. Here’s what you can expect:
- Jam sessions: Local jazz communities frequently hold jam sessions where musicians of all levels can gather, interact, and improvise together. These sessions offer valuable learning experiences and opportunities to collaborate with other musicians.
- Live performances: Jazz clubs, festivals, and music venues often host live performances by local and touring jazz artists, allowing you to witness the artistry firsthand and gain inspiration.
- Workshops and seminars: Many communities organize workshops and seminars conducted by renowned jazz musicians, providing invaluable insights and guidance on various aspects of jazz music.
- Networking opportunities: Being an active participant in local jazz communities can open doors to collaborative projects, gigs, and collaborations with other musicians.
Remember, jazz education and community go hand in hand, contributing to the growth and preservation of the genre. So, embrace the wealth of resources and opportunities available to you and immerse yourself in the dynamic world of modern jazz. Happy learning and jamming!
The Influence Of Modern Jazz On Popular Culture
Modern jazz music: the influence of modern jazz on popular culture
Modern jazz has undoubtedly left an indelible mark on popular culture. Its influence can be seen and felt across various forms of artistic expression, including film and television soundtracks, fashion and visual art, as well as the incorporation of jazz elements in popular music.
Let’s explore how modern jazz has shaped these areas and continues to captivate audiences worldwide.
Modern Jazz In Film And Television Soundtracks
- Modern jazz has been an integral part of many film and television soundtracks, adding depth and sophistication to the storytelling. Its distinct rhythms, improvisation, and unique harmonies breathe life into on-screen narratives.
- Incorporating modern jazz in soundtracks enhances the emotional impact of scenes, creating a captivating ambiance that heightens the audience’s connection with the story. The infusion of jazz elements adds a layer of complexity and depth to the overall cinematic experience.
Jazz-Inspired Fashion And Visual Art
- The avant-garde nature of modern jazz has had a profound influence on the world of fashion and visual art. Jazz musicians exude a certain style and energy that resonates with artists and designers, inspiring them to create unique and unconventional pieces.
- Jazz-inspired fashion often combines elements of elegance and rebellion, embracing the freedom of expression that is inherent in jazz music. From flowing silhouettes to bold patterns and colors, jazz-inspired fashion celebrates creativity and individuality.
- The visual art world has also embraced the essence of modern jazz, with artists translating the spirit of jazz into their works. Abstract paintings, mixed media collages, and unconventional sculptures often capture the improvisational and dynamic nature of jazz music, inviting viewers to experience the same sense of freedom and spontaneity.
Incorporation Of Jazz Elements In Popular Music
- Modern jazz’s influence extends beyond its niche genre and infiltrates popular music across various styles and eras. Artists from different backgrounds have eagerly incorporated jazz elements into their work, resulting in impressive and groundbreaking compositions.
- Jazz-infused popular music showcases the fusion of genres, blending the complexities of jazz with the accessibility of mainstream sounds. This integration has given birth to timeless songs that have become cultural touchstones, transcending generations and appealing to a wide audience.
- From the soulful melodies of stevie wonder to the experimental explorations of radiohead, the incorporation of jazz elements in popular music creates a dynamic and captivating listening experience. It adds depth, unpredictability, and a touch of sophistication that sets these songs apart from the mainstream.
Modern jazz continues to have a profound impact on popular culture, leaving its imprint on film and television soundtracks, fashion and visual art, as well as the world of popular music. Its influence spans across artistic disciplines, enriching our collective cultural landscape and captivating audiences with its timeless allure.
Modern Jazz And Social Movements
Jazz, as a genre of music, has always had a close relationship with social movements. From its early beginnings in african-american communities to its global influence today, modern jazz has served as a powerful tool for cultural expression and protest.
It has played a significant role in civil rights movements and has become a symbol of diversity and inclusivity. Let’s delve deeper into these aspects:
Jazz As A Tool For Cultural Expression And Protest
- Jazz has provided artists with a platform for expressing their cultural identity and challenging societal norms.
- Through improvisation and experimentation, jazz musicians have broken traditional boundaries, using music to convey emotions, experiences, and stories.
- By incorporating elements of blues, gospel, and african rhythms, jazz has been able to capture the struggles and triumphs of marginalized communities.
- Jazz has been a means of protest against racial and social injustices, shedding light on the inequality faced by african-americans throughout history.
- It has been used as a form of resistance, amplifying the voices of those who have been silenced.
The Role Of Modern Jazz In Civil Rights Movements
- During the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, jazz played a crucial role in inspiring change and unity.
- Jazz musicians like nina simone and max roach used their music to express the frustrations and hopes of the african-american community.
- Songs like “mississippi goddam” and “we insist! Freedom now suite” became anthems for the movement, voicing the collective anger and demands for equality.
- Jazz served as a platform for communication and solidarity, bringing people from different backgrounds together in the fight against discrimination.
- It provided a soundtrack for protests and rallies, infusing the movement with energy and passion.
Jazz As A Symbol Of Diversity And Inclusivity
- One of the defining characteristics of modern jazz is its embrace of diversity and inclusivity.
- Jazz has evolved into a global language, transcending borders and cultural barriers.
- It has become a medium for collaboration between musicians from diverse backgrounds, fostering understanding and unity.
- Jazz festivals and events around the world celebrate this diversity, bringing together musicians and audiences from various cultures and ethnicities.
- The genre’s capacity to blend styles and traditions allows for the exploration of new possibilities and the creation of unique musical expressions.
Modern jazz has had a profound impact on social movements, serving as a tool for cultural expression, protest, and change. It has provided marginalized communities with a voice, ignited conversations about equality, and symbolized diversity and inclusivity. The power of jazz lies not only in its captivating melodies but also in its ability to inspire, unite, and challenge the status quo.
The Future Of Modern Jazz
**the future of modern jazz**
As the world moves forward, so does the world of jazz. The future of modern jazz holds many exciting possibilities, with new trends and innovations shaping the genre. Younger jazz musicians are making their mark, bringing fresh perspectives and influences into the mix.
Despite the ever-changing landscape of the music industry, jazz continues to hold its relevance, captivating audiences with its unique blend of improvisation and expression.
Trends And Innovations In Contemporary Jazz:
- Fusion of genres: Contemporary jazz is no longer confined to traditional boundaries. Artists are experimenting with fusing jazz with various genres like hip-hop, electronic music, and even classical music, creating new and exciting sonic landscapes.
- Incorporation of technology: Technology has opened up a whole new world of possibilities for jazz musicians. From using electronic instruments and effects to incorporating digital production techniques in their compositions, modern jazz musicians are embracing technology to push the boundaries of the genre.
- Incorporation of global influences: Jazz has always been influenced by different cultures and musical traditions, and this trend continues in modern jazz. Musicians are incorporating global influences, such as latin american rhythms, african percussion, and indian classical music, to create a rich and diverse sound.
The Influence Of Younger Jazz Musicians:
- Fresh perspectives: Younger jazz musicians bring a fresh perspective to the genre, infusing it with their unique experiences and influences. They are not afraid to push boundaries and explore new sonic territories, injecting a sense of innovation and excitement into modern jazz.
- Blurring of genres: Young jazz musicians often come from diverse musical backgrounds, which allows them to blur the lines between genres. They effortlessly combine elements of jazz, funk, soul, rock, and other genres, creating a fusion that appeals to a broader audience.
- Embracing diversity: Younger jazz musicians are more inclusive, embracing diversity not only in their musical influences but also in their collaborations. They actively seek out musicians from different backgrounds and cultures, resulting in a more inclusive and globally influenced jazz community.
Jazz’S Continued Relevance In The Music Industry:
- Timeless appeal: Jazz has a timeless appeal that transcends generations. Its roots may lie in the past, but its ability to connect with listeners on an emotional level continues to make it relevant. The improvisational nature of jazz allows for unique and spontaneous performances that captivate audiences.
- Influence on other genres: Jazz has been a source of inspiration for countless musicians in various genres. Its influence can be heard in modern pop, rock, and even hip-hop music. This cross-pollination allows jazz to maintain its relevance and influence in the ever-evolving music industry.
- Resilience and adaptability: Jazz has weathered numerous changes and challenges throughout its history. Its resilience and adaptability have allowed it to thrive in an ever-changing music industry. Jazz musicians continue to innovate and find new ways to keep the genre alive and relevant.
The future of modern jazz is bright and promising, with trends and innovations shaping the genre, younger musicians bringing fresh perspectives, and jazz’s continued relevance in the music industry. As technology advances and global influences continue to merge, jazz will undoubtedly continue to evolve, captivating audiences and inspiring musicians for generations to come.
Frequently Asked Questions On Modern Jazz Music
What Is Modern Jazz Music?
Modern jazz music is a genre that blends traditional jazz elements with contemporary influences, such as rock, hip-hop, and electronic music. It is characterized by complex rhythms, improvisation, and a focus on individual expression. Modern jazz music is often experimental and pushes the boundaries of traditional jazz.
Who Were The Pioneers Of Modern Jazz Music?
Pioneers of modern jazz music include artists like miles davis, john coltrane, thelonious monk, and charlie parker. These musicians revolutionized jazz by introducing new techniques, harmonies, and improvisational styles. Their innovation and creativity laid the foundation for future generations of modern jazz musicians.
How Does Modern Jazz Music Differ From Traditional Jazz?
Modern jazz music differs from traditional jazz in several ways. While traditional jazz emphasized collective improvisation and a set structure, modern jazz focuses more on individual expression and incorporates influences from other genres. Modern jazz also utilizes more complex rhythms and harmonies, pushing the boundaries of traditional jazz conventions.
What Are The Key Features Of Modern Jazz Music?
Key features of modern jazz music include improvisation, complex rhythms, harmonic experimentation, and a fusion of different musical styles. Modern jazz musicians often use intricate arrangements and unconventional instruments to create unique and innovative sounds. The genre emphasizes personal expression and individuality.
Is Modern Jazz Music Popular Today?
While modern jazz may not have the mainstream popularity of other genres, it continues to have a dedicated following of enthusiasts. Modern jazz can be heard in jazz clubs, festivals, and on independent record labels. Its influence can also be seen in other genres, such as contemporary r&b, hip-hop, and electronic music.
Modern jazz music is a rich and dynamic genre that continues to push boundaries and captivate audiences worldwide. Its fusion of different musical styles, improvisation, and distinct rhythms create a unique and ever-evolving sound that appeals to both traditional jazz enthusiasts and new listeners alike.
From its origins in the early 20th century to its continued evolution today, jazz has consistently been a vehicle for artistic expression and cultural exchange. The contributions of influential jazz musicians, such as miles davis, john coltrane, and chick corea, have shaped the genre’s trajectory and inspired generations of musicians.
Whether you’re a seasoned jazz aficionado or just beginning to explore the genre, modern jazz music offers a wealth of diverse and exciting music to discover. So, immerse yourself in the captivating world of jazz, and let its melodies, harmonies, and rhythms transport you to a place of creativity, emotion, and pure musical bliss.