Onomatopoeia (/ - -/, (listen); from the Greek ὀνοματοποιία; ὄνομα for "name" and ποιέω for "I make", adjectival form: "onomatopoeic" or "onomatopoetic"; also onomatopœia) is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates, resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes. Such words are themselves also called onomatopoeias. Common onomatopoeias include animal noises such as "oink", "meow" (or "miaow"), "roar" and "chirp". Onomatopoeia can differ between languages: it conforms to some extent to the broader linguistic system; hence the sound of a clock may be expressed as "tick tock" in English, "tic tac" in Spanish and Italian (shown in the picture), "dī dā" in Mandarin, "katchin katchin" in Japanese, or "tik-tik" in Hindi.
Although in the English language the term onomatopoeia means 'the imitation of a sound', the compound word onomatopoeia (ὀνοματοποιία) in the Greek language means 'making or creating names'. For words that imitate sounds, the term ὴχομιμητικό (echomimetico) or echomimetic) is used. The word ὴχομιμητικό (echomimetico) derives from "ὴχώ", meaning 'echo' or 'sound', and "μιμητικό", meaning 'mimetic' or 'imitating'.
- 1 Uses
- 2 Comics and advertising
- 3 Examples in media
- 4 Cross-linguistic examples
- 5 In linguistics
- 6 The evolution of language
- 7 Role in early language acquisition
- 8 In other languages
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 External links
In the case of a frog croaking, the spelling may vary because different frog species around the world make different sounds: Ancient Greek brekekekex koax koax (only in Aristophanes' comic play The Frogs) probably for marsh frogs; English ribbit for species of frog found in North America; English verb croak for the common frog.
Some other very common English-language examples are hiccup, zoom, bang, beep, moo, and splash. Machines and their sounds are also often described with onomatopoeia: honk or beep-beep for the horn of an automobile, and vroom or brum for the engine. In speaking of a mishap involving an audible arcing of electricity, the word "zap" is often used (and its use has been extended to describe non-auditory effects generally connoting the same sort of localized but thorough[clarification needed] interference or destruction similar to that produced in short-circuit sparking).
For animal sounds, words like quack (duck), moo (cow), bark or woof (dog), roar (lion), meow/miaow or purr (cat), cluck (chicken) and baa (sheep) are typically used in English (both as nouns and as verbs).
Some languages flexibly integrate onomatopoeic words into their structure. This may evolve into a new word, up to the point that the process is no longer recognized as onomatopoeia. One example is the English word "bleat" for sheep noise: in medieval times it was pronounced approximately as "blairt" (but without an R-component), or "blet" with the vowel drawled, which more closely resembles a sheep noise than the modern pronunciation.
An example of the opposite case is "cuckoo", which, due to continuous familiarity with the bird noise down the centuries, has kept approximately the same pronunciation as in Anglo-Saxon times and its vowels have not changed as they have in the word furrow.
Sometimes, things are named from the sounds they make. In English, for example, there is the universal fastener which is named for the sound it makes: the zip (in the UK) or zipper (in the U.S.) Many birds are named after their calls, such as the bobwhite quail, the weero, the morepork, the killdeer, chickadees and jays, the cuckoo, the chiffchaff, the whooping crane, the whip-poor-will, and the kookaburra. In Tamil and Malayalam, the word for crow is kaakaa. This practice is especially common in certain languages such as Māori, and so in names of animals borrowed from these languages.
Although a particular sound is heard similarly by people of different cultures, it is often expressed through the use of different consonant strings in different languages. For example, the snip of a pair of scissors is cri-cri in Italian, riqui-riqui in Spanish, terre-terre or treque-treque in Portuguese, krits-krits in modern Greek, cëk-cëk in Albanian, and katr-katr in Hindi. Similarly, the "honk" of a car's horn is ba-ba (Han: 叭叭) in Mandarin, tut-tut in French, pu-pu in Japanese, bbang-bbang in Korean, bært-bært in Norwegian, fom-fom in Portuguese and bim-bim in Vietnamese.
Onomatopoeic effect without onomatopoeic words
An onomatopoeic effect can also be produced in a phrase or word string with the help of alliteration and consonance alone, without using any onomatopoeic words. The most famous example is the phrase "furrow followed free" in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. The words "followed" and "free" are not onomatopoeic in themselves, but in conjunction with "furrow" they reproduce the sound of ripples following in the wake of a speeding ship. Similarly, alliteration has been used in the line "as the surf surged up the sun swept shore...", to recreate the sound of breaking waves, in the poem "I, She and the Sea".
Comics and advertising
Comic strips and comic books make extensive use of onomatopoeia. Popular culture historian Tim DeForest noted the impact of writer-artist Roy Crane (1901–1977), the creator of Captain Easy and Buz Sawyer:
- It was Crane who pioneered the use of onomatopoeic sound effects in comics, adding "bam," "pow" and "wham" to what had previously been an almost entirely visual vocabulary. Crane had fun with this, tossing in an occasional "ker-splash" or "lickety-wop" along with what would become the more standard effects. Words as well as images became vehicles for carrying along his increasingly fast-paced storylines.
Advertising uses onomatopoeia for mnemonic purposes, so that consumers will remember their products, as in Alka-Seltzer's "Plop, plop, fizz, fizz. Oh, what a relief it is!" jingle, recorded in two different versions (big band and rock) by Sammy Davis, Jr.
Rice Krispies (US and UK) and Rice Bubbles (AU)[clarification needed] make a "snap, crackle, pop" when one pours on milk. During the 1930s, the illustrator Vernon Grant developed Snap, Crackle and Pop as gnome-like mascots for the Kellogg Company.
Sounds appear in road safety advertisements: "clunk click, every trip" (click the seatbelt on after clunking the car door closed; UK campaign) or "click, clack, front and back" (click, clack of connecting the seat belts; AU campaign) or "click it or ticket" (click of the connecting seat belt, with the implied penalty of a traffic ticket for not using a seat belt; US DOT (Department of Transportation) campaign).
The sound of the container opening and closing gives Tic Tac its name.
In many of the world's languages, onomatopoeic-like words are used to describe phenomena beyond the purely auditive. Japanese often uses such words to describe feelings or figurative expressions about objects or concepts. For instance, Japanese barabara is used to reflect an object's state of disarray or separation, and shiiin is the onomatopoetic form of absolute silence (used at the time an English speaker might expect to hear the sound of crickets chirping or a pin dropping in a silent room, or someone coughing). In Albanian, tartarec is used to describe someone who is hasty. It is used in English as well with terms like bling, which describes the glinting of light on things like gold, chrome or precious stones. In Japanese, kirakira is used for glittery things.
Examples in media
- James Joyce in Ulysses (1922) coined the onomatopoeic tattarrattat for a knock on the door. It is listed as the longest palindromic word in The Oxford English Dictionary.
- Whaam! (1963) by Roy Lichtenstein is an early example of pop art, featuring a reproduction of comic book art that depicts a fighter aircraft striking another with rockets with dazzling red and yellow explosions.
- In the 1960s TV series Batman, comic book style onomatopoeic words such as wham!, pow!, biff!, crunch! and zounds! appear onscreen during fight scenes.
- Ubisoft's XIII employed the use of comic book onomatopoeic words such as bam!, boom! and noooo! during gameplay for gunshots, explosions and kills, respectively. The comic-book style is apparent throughout the game and is a core theme, and the game is an adaptation of a comic book of the same name.
- The chorus of American popular songwriter John Prine's song "Onomatopoeia" cleverly incorporates onomatopoeic words (though 'ouch!' is not the sound of pain): "Bang! went the pistol. | Crash! went the window. | Ouch! went the son of a gun. | Onomatopoeia | I don't wanna see ya | Speaking in a foreign tongue."
- The marble game KerPlunk has an onomatopoeic word for a title, from the sound of marbles dropping when one too many sticks has been removed.
- The Nickelodeon cartoon's title KaBlam! is implied to be onomatopoeic to a crash.
- Each episode of the TV series Harper's Island is given an onomatopoeic name which imitates the sound made in that episode when a character dies. For example, in the episode titled "Bang" a character is shot and fatally wounded, with the "Bang" mimicking the sound of the gunshot.
- Mad Magazine cartoonist Don Martin, already popular for his exaggerated artwork, often employed comic-book style onomatopoeic "sound effects" in his drawings (for example, "thwizzit" is the sound of a sheet of paper being yanked from a typewriter). Fans have compiled The Don Martin Dictionary, cataloguing each "sound" and its "meaning".
A key component of language is its arbitrariness and what a word can represent,[clarification needed] as a word is a sound created by humans with attached meaning to said sound. No one can determine the meaning of a word purely by how it sounds. However, in onomatopoeic words, these sounds are much less arbitrary; they are connected in their imitation of other objects or sounds in nature. Vocal sounds in the imitation of natural sounds doesn't necessarily gain meaning, but can gain symbolic meaning.[clarification needed] An example of this sound symbolism in the English language is the use of words starting with sn-. Some of these words symbolize concepts related to the nose (sneeze, snot, snore). This does not mean that all words with that sound relate to the nose, but at some level we recognize a sort of symbolism associated with the sound itself. Onomatopoeia, while a facet of language, is also in a sense outside of the confines of language.
In linguistics, onomatopoeia is described as the connection, or symbolism, of a sound that is interpreted and reproduced within the context of a language, usually out of mimicry of a sound. It is a figure of speech, in a sense. Considered a vague term on its own, there are a few varying defining factors in classifying onomatopoeia. In one manner, it is defined simply as the imitation of some kind of non-vocal sound using the vocal sounds of a language, like the hum of a bee being imitated with a “buzz” sound. In another sense, it is described as the phenomena of making a new word entirely.
Onomatopoeia works in the sense of symbolizing an idea in a phonological context, not necessarily constituting a direct meaningful word in the process. The symbolic properties of a sound in a word, or a phoneme, is related to a sound in an environment, and are restricted in part by a language's own phonetic inventory, hence why many languages can have distinct onomatopoeia for the same natural sound. Depending on a language's connection to a sound's meaning, that language's onomatopoeia inventory can differ proportionally. For example, a language like English generally holds little symbolic representation when it comes to sounds, which is the reason English tends to have a smaller representation of sound mimicry then a language like Japanese that overall has a much higher amount of symbolism related to the sounds of the language.
The evolution of language
In ancient Greek philosophy, onomatopoeia was used as evidence for how natural a language was: it was theorized that language itself was derived from natural sounds in the world around us. Symbolism in sounds was seen as deriving from this. Some linguists hold that onomatopoeia may have been the first form of human language.
In the development of a language, sounds that are associated with natural objects then go on to form words with related meanings. For example, gl- at the beginning of an English word can denote something that is shining or iridescent (e.g. glitter, glisten, gleam).[dubious ]
Role in early language acquisition
When first exposed to sound and communication, humans are biologically inclined to mimic the sounds they hear, whether they are actual pieces of language or other natural sounds. Early on in development, an infant will vary his/her utterances between sounds that are well established within the phonetic range of the language(s) most heavily spoken in their environment, which may be called "tame" onomatopoeia, and the full range of sounds that the vocal tract can produce, or "wild" onomatopoeia. As one begins to acquire one's first language, the proportion of "wild" onomatopoeia reduces in favor of sounds which are congruent with those of the language they are acquiring.
During the native language acquisition period, it has been documented that infants may react strongly to the more wild-speech features to which they are exposed, compared to more tame and familiar speech features. But the results of such tests are inconclusive.
In the context of language acquisition, sound symbolism has been shown to play an important role. The association of foreign words to subjects and how they relate to general objects, such as the association of the words takete and baluma with either a round or angular shape, has been tested to see how languages symbolize sounds.
In other languages
The Japanese language has a large inventory of ideophone words that are symbolic sounds. These are used in contexts ranging from day to day conversation to serious news. These words fall into four categories:
- Giseigo: mimics humans and animals. (e.g. wanwan for a dog's bark)
- Giongo: mimics general noises in nature or inanimate objects. (e.g. zaazaa for rain on a roof)
- Gitaigo: describes states of the external world
- Gijōgo: describes psychological states or bodily feelings.
The two former correspond directly to the concept of onomatopoeia, while the two latter are similar to onomatopoeia in that they are intended to represent a concept mimetically and performatively rather than referentially, but different from onomatopoeia in that they aren't just imitative of sounds. For example, "shiinto" represents something being silent, just as how an anglophone might say "clatter, crash, bang!" to represent something being noisy. That "representative" or "performative" aspect is the similarity to onomatopoeia.
Sometimes Japanese onomatopoeia produces reduplicated words.
As in Japanese, onomatopoeia in Hebrew sometimes produces reduplicated verbs::208
There is a documented correlation within the Malay language of onomatopoeia that begin with the sound bu- and the implication of something that is rounded. As well as with the sound of -lok within a word conveying curvature in such words like lok, kelok and telok ('locomotive', 'cove', and 'curve' respectively).
The Qur'an, written in Arabic, documents instances of onomatopoeia. Of about 77,701 words, there are nine words that are onomatopoeic: three are animal sounds (e.g., "mooing"), two are sounds of nature (e.g.; "thunder"), and four that are human sounds (e.g., "whisper" or "groan").
There is wide array of objects and animals in the Albanian language that have been named after the sound they produce. Such onomatopoeic words are shkrepse (matches), named after the distinct sound of friction and ignition of the match head; take-tuke (ashtray) mimicking the sound it makes when placed on a table; shi (rain) resembling the continuous sound of pouring rain; kukumjaçkë (Little owl) after its "cuckoo" hoot; furçë (brush) for its rustling sound; shapka (slippers and flip-flops); pordhë (rumorous flatulence) and fëndë (silent flatulence).
- Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0
- Roach, Peter (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15253-2
- ὀνοματοποιία, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ὄνομα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ποιέω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- Onomatopoeia as a Figure and a Linguistic Principle, Hugh Bredin, The Johns Hopkins University, Retrieved November 14, 2013
- Definition of Onomatopoeia, Retrieved November 14, 2013
- Basic Reading of Sound Words-Onomatopoeia, Yale University, retrieved October 11, 2013
- English Oxford Living Dictionaries
- Anderson, Earl R. (1998). A Grammar of Iconism. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780838637647.
- DeForest, Tim (2004). Storytelling in the Pulps, Comics, and Radio: How Technology Changed Popular Fiction in America. McFarland.
- James Joyce (1982). Ulysses. Editions Artisan Devereaux. pp. 434–. ISBN 978-1-936694-38-9.
...I was just beginning to yawn with nerves thinking he was trying to make a fool of me when I knew his tattarrattat at the door he must ...
- O.A. Booty (1 January 2002). Funny Side of English. Pustak Mahal. pp. 203–. ISBN 978-81-223-0799-3.
The longest palindromic word in English has 12 letters: tattarrattat. This word, appearing in the Oxford English Dictionary, was invented by James Joyce and used in his book Ulysses (1922), and is an imitation of the sound of someone [farting].
- Assaneo, María Florencia; Nichols, Juan Ignacio; Trevisan, Marcos Alberto (2011-01-01). "The anatomy of onomatopoeia". PLoS One. 6 (12): e28317. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028317. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3237459. PMID 22194825.
- RHODES, R (1994). "Aural Images". In J. Ohala, L. Hinton & J. Nichols (eds.) Sound Symbolism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- "The Study of Onomatopoeia in the Muslims' Holy Write: Qur'an: OneSearch for Articles, Books, and More". eds.a.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
- Bredin, Hugh (1996-08-01). "Onomatopoeia as a Figure and a Linguistic Principle". New Literary History. 27 (3): 555–569. doi:10.1353/nlh.1996.0031. ISSN 1080-661X.
- Laing, C. E. (2014-09-15). "A phonological analysis of onomatopoeia in early word production". First Language. doi:10.1177/0142723714550110.
- Osaka, Naoyuki (1990). "Multidimensional Analysis of Onomatopoeia -A note to make sensory scale from word" (PDF). Studia phonologica: 25–33 – via Kyoto University Research Information Repository.
- Assaneo, María Florencia; Nichols, Juan Ignacio; Trevisan, Marcos Alberto (2011-12-14). "The Anatomy of Onomatopoeia". PLoS ONE. 6 (12): e28317. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028317. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3237459. PMID 22194825.
- Inose, Hiroko. "Translating Japanese Onomatopoeia and Mimetic Words." N.p., n.d. Web.
- Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781403917232 / ISBN 9781403938695
- WILKINSON, R. J. (1936-01-01). "ONOMATOPOEIA IN MALAY". Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 14 (3 (126)): 72–88. JSTOR 41559855.
- Crystal, David (1997). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55967-7.
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). Greek Grammar. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. p. 680. ISBN 0-674-36250-0.
|Look up onomatopoeia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
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Impressionism is a 19th century movement known for its paintings that aimed to depict the transience of light, and to capture scenes of modern life and the natural world in their ever-shifting conditions.
Identify the characteristics of Impressionism
- The term ” impressionism ” is derived from the title of Claude Monet’s painting, Impression, soleil levant (“Impression, Sunrise”).
- Impressionist works characteristically portray overall visual effects instead of details, and use short, “broken” brush strokes of mixed and unmixed color to achieve an effect of intense color vibration.
- During the latter part of 1873, Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organized the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs (“Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers”) to exhibit their artworks independently to mixed critical response.
- The Impressionists exhibited together eight times between 1874 and 1886. The individual artists achieved few financial rewards from the impressionist exhibitions, but their art gradually won a degree of public acceptance and support.
- Impressionists typically painted scenes of modern life and often painted outdoors or en plein air.
- En Plein air: En plein air is a French expression that means “in the open air,” and is particularly used to describe the act of painting outdoors, which is also called peinture sur le motif (“painting on the ground”) in French.
- Vista: From Italian vista (“view, sight”). A distant view or prospect, especially one seen through an opening, avenue, or passage.
- flâneur: A man who observes society, usually in urban settings; a “people-watcher.”
Impressionism is a 19th century art movement that was originated by a group of Paris-based artists, including Berthe Morisot, Claude Monet, August Renoir, Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro, and Alfred Sisley, as well as the American artist Mary Cassatt. These artists constructed their pictures with freely brushed colors that took precedence over lines and contours. They typically painted scenes of modern life and often painted outdoors. The Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting en plein air. However, many Impressionist paintings and prints, especially those produced by Morisot and Cassatt, are set in domestic interiors. Typically, they portrayed overall visual effects instead of details, and used short, “broken” brush strokes of mixed and unmixed color to achieve an effect of intense color vibration.
Radicals in their time, early impressionists violated the rules of academic painting. In 19th century France, the Académie des Beaux-Arts (“Academy of Fine Arts”) dominated French art. The Académie was the preserver of traditional French painting standards of content and style. Historical subjects, religious themes, and portraits were valued (landscape and still life were not), and the Académie preferred carefully finished images that looked realistic when examined closely. Color was somber and conservative, and traces of brush strokes were suppressed, concealing the artist’s personality, emotions, and working techniques.
Impressionist painters could not afford to wait for France to accept their work, so they established their own exhibition—apart from the annual salon organized by the Académie. During the latter part of 1873, Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organized the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs (“Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers”) to exhibit their artworks independently. In total, 30 artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April 1874 at the studio of the French photographer and caricaturist Nadar.
The critical response was mixed. Critic and humorist Louis Leroy wrote a scathing review in the newspaper Le Charivari in which, making wordplay with the title of Claude Monet’s Impression, soleil levant (“Impression, Sunrise”), he gave the artists the name by which they became known. The term “impressionists” quickly gained favor with the public. It was also accepted by the artists themselves, even though they were a diverse group in style and temperament, unified primarily by their spirit of independence and rebellion. They exhibited together eight times between 1874 and 1886. The individual artists achieved few financial rewards from the impressionist exhibitions, but their art gradually won a degree of public acceptance and support. Their dealer, Paul Durand-Ruel, played a major role in this as he kept their work before the public and arranged shows for them in London and New York.
The Impressionists captured ordinary subjects, engaged in day to day activities in both rural and urban settings. Impressionist artists relaxed the boundary between subject and background so that the effect of an impressionist painting often resembles a snapshot, a part of a larger reality captured as if by chance.
The development of Impressionism can be considered partly as a reaction by artists to the challenge presented by photography, which seemed to devalue the artist’s skill in reproducing reality. In spite of this, photography actually inspired artists to pursue other means of artistic expression, and rather than compete with photography to emulate reality, impressionists sought to express their perceptions of nature and modern city life.
Scenes from the bourgeois care-free lifestyle, as well as from the world of entertainment, such as cafés, dance halls, and theaters were among their favorite subjects. In their genre scenes of contemporary life, these artists tried to arrest a moment in their fast-paced lives by pinpointing specific atmospheric conditions such as light flickering on water, moving clouds, or city lights falling over dancing couples. Their technique tried to capture what they saw.
Édouard Manet, a French painter, was a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.
Express why Édouard Manet is considered a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism
- His early masterworks, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l’herbe) and Olympia, engendered great controversy and served as rallying points for the young painters who would create Impressionism. Today, these are considered watershed paintings that mark the genesis of modern art.
- His style in this period was characterized by loose brush strokes, simplification of details, and the suppression of transitional tones.
- Manet’s works were seen as a challenge to the Renaissance works that inspired his paintings. Manet’s work is considered “early modern,” partially because of the black outlining of figures, which draws attention to the surface of the picture plane and the material quality of paint.
- juxtaposition: The extra emphasis given to a comparison when the contrasted objects are close together.
- Impressionism: A 19th century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists. Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), common, ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.
Édouard Manet (1832–1883) was a French painter. One of the first 19th century artists to approach modern and postmodern-life subjects, he was a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism. His early masterworks, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l’herbe) and Olympia, engendered great controversy and served as rallying points for the young painters who would create Impressionism. Today, these are considered watershed paintings that mark the genesis of modern art.
Manet opened a studio in 1856. His style in this period was characterized by loose brush strokes, simplification of details, and the suppression of transitional tones. Adopting the current style of realism initiated by Gustave Courbet, he painted The Absinthe Drinker (1858–59) and other contemporary subjects such as beggars, singers, Gypsies, people in cafés, and bullfights. Music in the Tuileries is an early example of Manet’s painterly style. Inspired by Hals and Velázquez, it is a harbinger of his lifelong interest in the subject of leisure.
The Paris Salon rejected The Luncheon on the Grass for exhibition in 1863. Manet exhibited it at the Salon des Refusés (Salon of the Rejected) later in the year. The painting’s juxtaposition of fully dressed men and a nude woman was controversial, as was its abbreviated, sketch-like handling, an innovation that distinguished Manet from Courbet. At the same time, this composition reveals Manet’s study of the old Renaissance masters. One work cited by scholars as an important precedent for Le déjeuner sur l’herbe is Giorgione’s The Tempest.
As he had in The Luncheon on the Grass, Manet again paraphrased a respected work by a Renaissance artist in his painting Olympia (1863), a nude portrayed in pose that was based on Titian’s Venus of Urbino (1538). Manet created Olympia in response to a challenge to give the Salon a nude painting to display. His subsequently frank depiction of a self-assured prostitute was accepted by the Paris Salon in 1865, where it created a scandal.
The painting was controversial partly because the nude is wearing some small items of clothing such as an orchid in her hair, a bracelet, a ribbon around her neck, and mule slippers, all of which accentuated her nakedness, sexuality, and comfortable courtesan lifestyle. The orchid, upswept hair, black cat, and bouquet of flowers were all recognized symbols of sexuality at the time. This modern Venus’ body is thin, counter to prevailing standards, and this lack of physical idealism rankled viewers. Olympia’s body as well as her gaze is unabashedly confrontational. She defiantly looks out as her servant offers flowers from one of her male suitors. Although her hand rests on her leg, hiding her pubic area, the reference to traditional female virtue is ironic: female modesty is notoriously absent in this work. As with Luncheon on the Grass, the painting raised the issue of prostitution within contemporary France and the roles of women within society.
The roughly painted style and photographic lighting in these two controversial works was seen by contemporaries as modern: specifically, as a challenge to the Renaissance works Manet copied or used as source material. His work is considered “early modern,” partially because of the black outlining of figures, which draws attention to the surface of the picture plane and the material quality of paint.
Impressionist painting broke from the traditions of the Academie, favoring everyday subject matter, exaggerated color, thick paint application, and an aim to capture the movement of life as opposed to staged scenes.
Describe the characteristics of Impressionist painting
- In the middle of the 19th century, the Académie des Beaux-Arts dominated French art, valuing historical subjects, religious themes, and portraits as opposed to landscapes or still life.
- In the early 1860s Monet, Renoir, Sisley, and Bazille met while studying under the academic artist Charles Gleyre. They discovered that they shared an interest in painting landscape and contemporary life rather than historical or mythological scenes
- Impressionist paintings can be characterized by their use of short, thick strokes of paint that quickly capture a subject’s essence rather than details.
- Impressionist paintings do not exploit the transparency of thin paint films (glazes), which earlier artists manipulated carefully to produce effects.
- Thematically, Impressionists works are focused on capturing the movement of life, or quick moments captured as if by snapshot.
- Académie des Beaux-Arts: The Academy was created in 1816 as a merger of the Académie de peinture et de sculpture (Academy of Painting and Sculpture, founded 1648), the Académie de musique (Academy of Music, founded in 1669) and the Académie d’architecture (Academy of Architecture, founded in 1671).
In the middle of the 19th century, the Académie des Beaux-Arts dominated French art. The Académie was the preserver of traditional French painting standards of content and style. Historical subjects, religious themes, and portraits were valued; landscape and still life were not. The Académie preferred carefully finished images that looked realistic when examined closely. Paintings in this style were made up of precise brush strokes carefully blended to hide the artist’s hand in the work. Colour was restrained and often toned down further by the application of a golden varnish.
In the early 1860s, four young painters—Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille—met while studying under the academic artist Charles Gleyre. They discovered that they shared an interest in painting landscape and contemporary life rather than historical or mythological scenes. Following a practice that had become increasingly popular by mid-century, they often ventured into the countryside together to paint in the open air, or en plein air, but not for the purpose of making sketches to be developed into carefully finished works in the studio, as was the usual custom. By painting in sunlight directly from nature, and making bold use of the vivid synthetic pigments that had become available since the beginning of the century, they began to develop a lighter and brighter manner of painting that extended further the Realism of Gustave Courbet and the Barbizon School.
Impressionist paintings can be characterized by their use of short, thick strokes of paint that quickly capture a subject’s essence rather than details. Colors are often applied side-by-side with as little mixing as possible, a technique that exploits the principle of simultaneous contrast to make the color appear more vivid to the viewer. Impressionist paintings do not exploit the transparency of thin paint films (glazes), which earlier artists manipulated carefully to produce effects. Additionally, the painting surface is typically opaque and the play of natural light is emphasized.
Thematically, the Impressionists focused on capturing the movement of life, or quick moments captured as if by snapshot. The representation of light and its changing qualities were of the utmost importance. Ordinary subject matter and unusual visual angles were also important elements of Impressionist works.
Modern sculpture is generally considered to have begun with the work of French sculptor Auguste Rodin.
Differentiate modern classicism in French sculpture from that of earlier classical sculpture
- Typically, modernist artists were concerned with the representation of contemporary issues as opposed to grand historical and allegorical themes previously favored in art. Rodin modeled complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surfaces into clay and many of his most notable sculptures clashed with the predominant figure sculpture tradition, in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. The spontaneity evident in his works associates him with the Impressionists, though he never identified as such.
- Rodin’s most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory in favor of modeling the human body with realism, and celebrating individual character and physicality.
- It was the freedom and creativity with which Rodin used these practices, along with his more open attitude toward bodily pose, sensual subject matter, and non-realistic surface, that marked the re-making of traditional 19th century sculptural techniques into the prototype for modern sculpture.
- Though his work crossed many stylistic boundaries, and he did not identify as an Impressionist specifically, Degas is nonetheless regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism.
- The sculpture Little Dancer of Fourteen Years, by Edgar Degas c. 1881 was shown in the Impressionist Exhibition of 1881 and drew a great deal of controversy due to its departures from historical precedent, a key motive of the Impressionists.
- Auguste Rodin: Auguste Rodin was a French sculptor. Although Rodin is generally considered the progenitor of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past. He was schooled traditionally, took a craftsman-like approach to his work, and desired academic recognition, although he was never accepted into Paris’s foremost school of art.
Modern classicism contrasted in many ways with the classical sculpture of the 19th century, which was characterized by commitments to naturalism, the melodramatic, sentimentality, or a kind of stately grandiosity. Several different directions in the classical tradition were taken as the century turned, but the study of the live model and the post-Renaissance tradition was still fundamental. Modern classicism showed a lesser interest in naturalism and a greater interest in formal stylization. Greater attention was paid to the rhythms of volumes and spaces—as well to the contrasting qualities of surface (open, closed, planar, broken, etc.)—while less attention was paid to storytelling and convincing details of anatomy or costume. Greater attention was given to psychological effect than to physical realism, and influences from earlier styles worldwide were used.
Modern sculpture, along with all modern art, “arose as part of Western society’s attempt to come to terms with the urban, industrial and secular society that emerged during the 19th century.” Typically, modernist artists were concerned with the representation of contemporary issues as opposed to grand historical and allegorical themes previously favored in art.
Modern sculpture is generally considered to have begun with the work of French sculptor Auguste Rodin. Rodin, often considered a sculptural Impressionist, did not set out to rebel against artistic traditions, however, he incorporated novel ways of building his sculpture that defied classical categories and techniques. Specifically, Rodin modeled complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surfaces into clay. While he never self-identified as an Impressionist, the vigorous, gestural modeling he employed in his works is often likened to the quick, gestural brush strokes aiming to capture a fleeting moment that was typical of the Impressionists. Rodin’s most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory, in favor of modeling the human body with intense realism, and celebrating individual character and physicality.
Rodin was a naturalist, less concerned with monumental expression than with character and emotion. Departing with centuries of tradition, he turned away from the idealism of the Greeks and the decorative beauty of the Baroque and neo-Baroque movements. His sculpture emphasized the individual and the concreteness of flesh, suggesting emotion through detailed, textured surfaces, and the interplay of light and shadow. To a greater degree than his contemporaries, Rodin believed that an individual’s character was revealed by his physical features. Rodin’s talent for surface modeling allowed him to let every part of the body speak for the whole. The male’s passion in The Kiss, for example, is suggested by the grip of his toes on the rock, the rigidness of his back, and the differentiation of his hands. Rodin saw suffering and conflict as hallmarks of modern art. He states that “nothing, really, is more moving than the maddened beast, dying from unfulfilled desire and asking in vain for grace to quell its passion.”
Rodin’s major innovation was to capitalize on such multi-staged processes of 19th century sculpture and their reliance on plaster casting. Since clay deteriorates rapidly if not kept wet or fired into a terra-cotta, sculptors used plaster casts as a means of securing the composition they would make out of the fugitive material that is clay. This was common practice among Rodin’s contemporaries: sculptors would exhibit plaster casts with the hopes that they would be commissioned to have the works made in a more permanent material. Rodin, however, would have multiple plasters made and treat them as the raw material of sculpture, recombining their parts and figures into new compositions and new names. As Rodin’s practice developed into the 1890s, he became more and more radical in his pursuit of fragmentation, the combination of figures at different scales, and the making of new compositions from his earlier work.
The Walking Man
A prime example of his radical practices is The Walking Man (1899–1900). It is composed of two sculptures from the 1870s that Rodin found in his studio — a broken and damaged torso that had fallen into neglect and the lower extremities of a statuette version of his 1878 St. John the Baptist Preaching that he was having re-sculpted at a reduced scale. Without finessing the join between upper and lower, between torso and legs, Rodin created a work that many sculptors at the time, and subsequently, have seen as one of his strongest and most singular works. This is despite the fact that the object conveys two different styles, exhibits two different attitudes toward finish, and lacks any attempt to hide the arbitrary fusion of these two components. It was the freedom and creativity with which Rodin used these practices—along with his activation of the surfaces of sculptures through traces of his own touch—that marked Rodin’s re-making of traditional 19th century sculptural techniques into the prototype for modern sculpture.
Edgar Degas was a French artist famous for his paintings, sculptures, prints, and drawings. He is especially identified with the subject of dance; more than half of his works depict dancers. He is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism, although he rejected the term, preferring to be called a Realist.
During his life, public reception of Degas’s work ranged from admiration to contempt. As a promising artist in the conventional mode, Degas had a number of paintings accepted in the Salon between 1865 and 1870. He soon joined forces with the Impressionists, however, and rejected the rigid rules, judgments, and elitism of the Salon—just as the Salon and general public initially rejected the experimentalism of the Impressionists.
Degas’ work was controversial, but was generally admired for its draftsmanship. His La Petite Danseuse de Quatorze Ans, or Little Dancer of Fourteen Years, which he displayed at the sixth Impressionist Exhibition in 1881, was probably his most controversial piece; some critics decried what they thought its “appalling ugliness” while others saw in it a “blossoming.” The sculpture is two-thirds life size and was originally sculpted in wax, an unusual choice of medium for the time. It is dressed in a real bodice, tutu and ballet slippers and has a wig of real hair. All but a hair ribbon and the tutu are covered in wax. The 28 bronze repetitions that appear in museums and galleries around the world today were cast after Degas’ death. The tutus worn by the bronzes vary from museum to museum.
Recognized as an important artist in his lifetime, Degas is now considered one of the founders of Impressionism. Though his work crossed many stylistic boundaries, his involvement with the other major figures of Impressionism and their exhibitions, his dynamic paintings and sketches of everyday life and activities, and his bold color experiments served to finally tie him to the Impressionist movement as one of its greatest artists.


- Created by: RJ_
- Created on: 17-05-17 12:19
Physical activity: movement that gets the body moving and heart pumping
Exercise: Physical activity done which requires effort to improve health and fitness
Healthy Balanced lifestyle: Day to day life that has quality and wellness which includes, Diet, exercise, injury prevention, sleep, hygeine, stress, relationships
Lifetime sport: Enjoyed over a lifetime e.g. tennis
Benefits of regular participation in sport
- Physical benefits: to do with the body (loose weight)
- Mental benefits: to do with the mind (stress relief)
- Personal benefits: to do with self (improved self esteem)
- Social benefits: to do with others (having positive relationships)
The need for regular participation in physical act
Sedentary lifestyle: modern technology has reduced the need to move and exercise (cars, lifts, washing machines, TVS). More hours being spent infront of TV. young people are not being as active and not getting their 60 mins exercise a day which is leading to obeisty and a non healthy active lifestyle.
The barriers facing young people in their particip
- Lack of oppertunity (taking part based on time and money)
- Lack of provision (availibility of facilities)
- Lack of esteem (confidence inself)
The definitions, characteristics and benefits of..
- Activities done for a variety of reasons at a fun level
- It is available to all
- In free time
- Limited funding
- Taking part not winning
- Activites done in the natural environment ( a walk)
- Escape from modern life, thoughts and feelings
- respect for environment
- Gaining a sense of adventure (sense of excitment)
The definitions, characteristics and benefits of..
- Learning of physical, personal, qualitive values through schools
- Oppertunities (GCSE, A levels)
- Specialist staff
- Prepare for a career in sport
- Healthy active lifestyle
- Learning in and about the natural environment
- as part of structured school programme
- Special trips
- Specialist staff
- Physical health and skill learning
- Preperation for active leisure (love the outdoors)
- Appreciation of environment
The definitions, characteristics and benefits of..
- Organised competitive skilful physical activity, which requires commitment and fair play.
- Is for those who have physical prowess (skill) and physical endeavour (effort and skill)
- It is at a designated time and length
- At a designated place with purpose built facilities
- High commitment and competition
- sponpership and media
- Sportsman ship = Fair play
- Gamesman ship = Stretching the rules to gain an unfair advantage
- Deviance = seriously breaking the rules and norms
The United Kingdom
Ethnic sports: Highland games, Shrovetide football, cheese rolling
- Festive/ Ritual
Nineteenth century Public Schools
- Queen victoria reigned for 65 years
- Improved transport
- upper middle class boys attend elite, fee paying, boarding schools.
- Working class improved
Public Schools help to promote and organise sports and games
- Funding - Build specialist facilities, employ specialist coaches
- Plenty of time to practise
- usually plenty of space
- games were compulsory every day
- Boys involved in organisation
How did team team games spread
- ex-pupils from these schools took on major leadership roles in society spreading the passion for team games.
Traditional Amateur to a more professional approac
- 1900- amateurs took part in sport for love not money. They could afford to spend time away from work playing sports and games for enjoyment.
- Working class men could not afford to miss work. If they had great talent they might get a chance to pay full time (professional)
- Professionals in modern sport involves full time commitement planning and high levels of funding.
The move from amateurism
- Mass of participation - more people involved in sport
- Sporting exercise - Winning medals
- Organisation of sport- national goverining bodies are working towards more smooth running and professional systems to match modern day sport.
- Government support - Government of UK does not have an outstanding reputation for supporting sport. However national lottery
United States of America
- Powerful, relatively young nation
- Native indians are the original population
- Sport is driven by commercelisation
- Private and corporate businesses use sport to promote products and achieve good will
- Individualism - Each person is responsible for their own success
- Over 250 years has been the land of oppertunity
Nature of Sport
- Result is what matters
- 'win ethic' dominates sport at all levels
- Winning is more important than the taking part
- 2nd place is not an option
- Lombardi 'Winning isnt the most important thing, it is the only thing'
- American dream - ' Success, freedom, equality, and security' Gets you fom rags to riches. Success depends on ability and hard work. Anyone can achieve the dream (age, gender, ethnic backround)
- Sport=Big business
- Companies use it to promote their products and achieve good will
- Few performers become rich and are on the best multi million dollar contracts.
- TV and advertising fund the top level professional sport with sponsership and the media benefiting from it.
Origins and Nature
- Game developed in the influential universities (yale)
- in 1800's there were no accepted rules
- Play was rough so some unis band it
- in 1869 unis played in 1st intercollegiate match
- 25 players per side (handling carrying was not allowed)
- Toughness, endeavour and courage
- After adaptions and modifications american football developed its own rules, tatics and style to play
American Football (2)
- By 1900 the game had developed into a conflict violent game with survival and success dependant on physical force
- It is a tough collision sport
- Each player has a specialist role
- Physical contact is allowed between players who are not in possesion of the ball
- Players must wear special protective equipment
- Very common
- Dangers and expensive equipment make it impractical for recreational play
- Saftey equipment has increased levels of violence as players can hurl themselves at one another
American Football (3)
- Multi billion dollar business
- NFL is a group of companies with teams either privately or run as public companies
- Teams are run and bought at franchises
- Competition between TV networks for coverage night inflates the cost of NFL
- Professionals do not play on saturday's to give universities their own share of TV coverage
The Super Bowl
- Championship game of the NFL
- Half time is an hour long and tv takes advantage of huge TV audience. 30 second advert is 2.6 million dollars.
- Native people where Aboriginals
- Has a small poplulation for the size of the country with only 21 million compared to the usa have 300 million and Uk 60 million
- Britian colonisaton occured in Australis and they have still adapted to British sports
- In 1901 it became an independant country
- Australia has been commited to a policy of multiculturalism since the aboloition of the 'white australian'
- It is climate favourable for sport and activities (better weather than UK) hardly any cancelations of matches
- There is loads of space, beaches, mountains, deserts so it is more open to oppertunity and varied choice (surfing, skiing)
Nature of Sport
- Government fun sport in australia
- Healthy economy
- australians happy to spend money on sport
- Elite sport is highly commercialised (aussie rules - multi million dollar)
- Sporting success has given them internation recognition (sydney olympics)
- Success of national teams (netball, rugby, cricket, hockey, swimming, olympics)
- Role models (ian thorpe - swimmer, shane warn- cricket)
- Large % of TV dedicated to sport
- massive new paper coverage
- School/uni sport shown on TV in some states ( very high status of sport in schools)
- Played on gigantic cricket ovals with 9 officials and 22 players per side.
- Fourth most played team sport in australia
- Australians living and travelling abroad hae taken the game with them
- Widely taught in australian schools
- game appeals to all
- played by men or women
- It is the most highly attended spectator sport in Australia.
Participation of Excellence
The sports development pyramid
- Foundation (bottem) - Young school children. Cognitive stage. 1st attempt at sport
- Participation - school team involvement. regular involvement of extra curriculumn. Start to choose sports which become hobbies
- Performance - District/county level. Emphisis on competition/winning. Dedicated performers who are keen to improve regular training
- Excellence - elite performers. Highly skilled, fully commited, high levels of coaching, element of sport science, specific facilities, coaching, modern technology, media coverage.
Limitations to improvement - discrimination, stereotypes, past experiences
Participation of Excellence (2)
Funding for Elite performers
- Public funding (gov)
- UK sport (lottery funding)
- Private funding (sponsership)
- Voluntary contributions (charities)
Oppertunity, Provision, Esteem
Oppertunity - having the chance to take part
Provision - Hvaing the conditions or physical tools to take part
Esteem - Having the confidence and belief and appreciation
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)
- Part of the government that gives money to sport.
- It decides how lottery money is split between things ( UK sport, olympics)
- Alot of money used to come from the lottery for sport however this has decreased over the past years.
- Responsible for developing elite sport in the UK.
- They manage and distrubute money on where they want elitesm to occur.
- Run elite coaching programmes
- Relationships with international sporting companies
- co-ordinates work to attract major sporting events
- They manage the Talented Athlete Scholarship system
Sport Organisations (2)
Developed national institutes of sport
- To provide Britians Best performers with the practical support needed to compete and win at the highest level
- Provide: Nutritional advice, Sport science, performance analysis and planning, psychology, physiotherapy, career education and lifestyle advice, sports massage, sports vision.
Home country organisations
- Aim: To get people more active and involved
- What do they do: promotes community sport, promotes volunteering, coaching, leadership, focuses on priority groups.
- They work closely with local, regional and national partners and brings together the NGB's, coaches and clubs to increase participation.
- Creates initiatives such as Sporting championships, where role models go into schools to promote sport
- Develops school and clubs links
- Responsible for funding elite sports which are not part of the olympics (netball)
Home country organisations (2)
Sport Council For Nothern Ireland
- Aim: increase particaption especially in young people, improve performance, and improve management of sport
- They increase particiaption in disadvantaged areas and people with disabilities
- Improve knowledge and skills enabling more people to make a contribution in sport.
- Aim: To increase particopation and improve performances in Scottish Sport
- They develop sporting people, organisations and facilities
- Create pathways of oppertunity for people to take part
- Tackle discrimintation and promote equality of oppertunity ensuring safe and fair particiaption
Home country organisations (3)
Sports Council For Wales
- Aim: To get more people active more often
- Get particulary active young people
- Active communities ( adults active 30 mins a day and children 60 mins a day)
- High level performance and excellence focusing on talented performers
The national Cirriculum - 1988 - Compulsory up to 16 which schools have to adibe by it.
- Competence (Body and mind skilfulness)
- Creativity (promblem solving and tactics)
- Healthy active lifestyle (physical activity and health)
PESSCL (Physcial eduction, school sports and club
- Aim: Increase participation in young children
- 2 hours physical education in national cirriculum every week (if this couldnt be met then club links where there to enable them to get the 2 hours)
- Competition managers were employed to ensure kids that werent getting two hours of p.e Could.
- SSCO's were part of this strategy. They were bought in to increase quality of sport in primary schools.
- Leadership: 'Step into sport' - encourage young people 14-16 to become leaders and work in the primary schools
- Schools sport colleges - Were bought in to give a base areas around the country to develop sport. It is a hub site for partnership schools to attend activities
- Gifted and talented: Helps promosing young performers to reach their potential. (identify, telent identification, provision of multi skill academies, support)
- Kite marking: awarded to schools who have developed this strategy (Activemark, sportsmark, Sports Partnership Mark)
Sport: raising the game
- Resulted in national institutes of sport
Sporting future for all
- Better communication and co ordination between schools, local clubs and organisations
- Highlighted the importance of sport and physical activity both socially and economically (health benefits)
National Sports foundation
- Encourage partnerships between private investors and community sports projects
National Governing Bodies
- Each sport has their own NGB
- Swimming (ASA) Football (FA) Tennis (LTA) Rugby (RFU)
- They all have the same aims but relevant to certain sports
- Visions of what they want are written out in a whole sport plan
- This plan must include strategies which should: increase particpation, increase club routes to elites, and increase international success
- NGB fundings come from their county councils as a result of their WSP
- By achieving their targe they will get funded more money
- Some sports depend massively on this where as other sports which are high in the media recieve money from other places.
Funding of Physical Activity
- Public (funding for government, local authorites - national lottery)
- Voluntary (donations, charities or private clubs)
- Private (Businesses, companies and investors - sponsership)
The national Lottery
- Since 1994 has had a huge impact on british sport- primary source
- Provide grants of 200 millon annually
- These grants are distrubuted by UK sport and the 4 home country sport councils to encourage mass participation and sporting excellence.
- The world calss pathway programme and world class events programme are funded by national lottery
Funding of Physical Activity (2)
World Class Pathway Programme
- Gives three different levels of support to elite olympic performers
- 1) World class poduim funding ( For likely medalists, based on olympic results, competitive record- Distrubuted for NGB'S)
- 2) World Class development ( For performers who are about 6 years away from a medal)
- 3) World Class talent (High gifted performers with world class talent selected by NGB's. Who are a max of 8 years away from a likely medal)
World Class events programme
- Supports the bidding for and staging of major sporting events.
- The idea is to give sporting, social, cultural and economic benefits to the hos nation via hosting major sporting events.
Sponsership and the media
The roles of Media
- To inform - About a match result, team analysis, performer behaviour
- To educate - On global sporting issues, sports, skills, coaching techniques
- To entertain - with live coverage of an event or information about private lives
- To advertise - directly or indirectly through sponsership
Positives of Media
- Life long involvement has been increased
- Myths and stereotypes have been crushed
- Sport taken more seriously
- Minority sports can be highlighted within media
- Technology offers slow motion replays, freeze frames.
- Positive role models
- Balanced healthy lifestyle promoted
- More money to sport- to encourage participation
Negatives of Media
- Minority groups arent always covered
- Certain channels unavailable unless you pay
- Increase win at all costs ethic - loss of enjoyment
- Audience may suffer bordem
- Reduces participation - due to armchair spectators
- Myths and stereotypes can be reinforced
- They do not always potray it in a good way
The relationship between Sport, Sponsership and th
- Golden triangle
Sport and media (tv, internet, newspapers, radio)
- Sports available 24/7
- Celebrities and role models created
- Low profile sports get little media attention so little sponsership
- The relationship increases the potential for match fixings and other examples of deviance
Sport and Sponsership (funding of individuals, teams or events to raise company exposure and profit)
- Sponsership increases popularity of sport
- Money from sponsership can help inprove spectator provision
- Powerful sports such as football have some control over their sponsers
Sporsership and Media
- When sports and covered by the media spondership increases (england netball)
- 100% ME - the programme that promotes drug-free competitive sport throughout the UK by providing high quality information on anti-doping and promoting postive attitudes and values
- The world Anti-doping Agency (WADA) Organisation that promotes the fight against doping in sports at international level
Reasons for use
- Physiological - To build muscles, increase energy, increase o2 transport, loose weight, reduce injury
- Psychological - Steady nerves, increase aggression and motivation
- Social - Pressure to win as this can earn them big money. Belief that everyone else is doing it.
Performance-Enhancing Products (2)
- Morality - can be addictive - can cause death -suppress growth - lead to liver and heart problems - depression
- Legality - against the law
- Role modelling - Gives a bad example to others, and gives a bad image to sport.
- Stricter - more out of season testing
- Stricter punishement and life bans
- Educational programmes
- More efficient effective testing programmes
- Role models to reinforce no drugs
Performance-Enhancing Products (3)
The impact of performance of modern technological products
- Increased safety
- Increased comfort
- Improved performance
- eg ( shoes, clothing, medicine, materials, motion analysis, officiating, safety)
Violence in Sport
Possible causes of violence in players
- Crowd behaviour
- Weapons (sticks bats clubs)
- Dissapiontment and frustration
- Provacation (chanting abuse from crowds)
- Nature of the game ( A contact game is likely to lead to aggresion - ice hockey)
- Importance of result ( Team rivalry - position)
- Emotional intensity (media hype)
Possible solutions to the problem
- Technology (video playbacks to assess unfair play)
- More severe penalties (yellow, red cards)
- Education (NGBS to reinforce fair play in performers
- Greater number (more referees, umpires)
Violence in Sport (2)
Possible causes of crowd violence
- Violence (copied from how players act)
- Pre match hype ( by media)
- Controversial decisions (by officials)
- Chanting and abuse from rival fans
- Peer pressure
- The score of the result
- Poor provsion ( poor policing or stewarding)
- Racism or religion
Solutions of Crowd Violence
- Control of alcohol
- Improvement of facilities
- Promotion of sporting events as family entertainment
- Use of CCTV
- More severe punishments
- seperation of fans
The Olympic Games
Backround in the 19th century
- Baron Pierre de Coubertin (wealthy french man who wanted to educate young people and bring them together to increase international understanding)
- He was impressed by the spirit of english public school and values of the games, He wanted simular character development for france.
British Olympic Association
- The principles of the game are: To contribute to building a peacful and better world by educating youth through sport. With a spirit of friendship, and fair play
- The modern olympic was designed to link sport with culture and education
The Olympic Games (2)
Aims and Philosophy
- To bring balance between body, mind and effort for the joy it can bring
- Role modelling to educate and inspire others
- Unity, friendship and respect for others
- Stregthening of sport
- Appreciation of physicall excellence
- The 5 rings are to symbolise the coming together of the 5 world continents with the white backround representing peace.
The internation Olympic Committee (IOC)
- Was founded in paris 1894.
- It is an internations non governmental, non profit organisation and recieves no public money.
- It is funded by profits from marketing, and tv.
- Members include: athletes, administrators, lawyers and journalists.
- Their main responsibility is to supervise the organisation of the summer and winter games. Tries to ensure that commercialisation is well managed and controlled.
- It makes decisions about future olympic games.
- The IOC supports the running of each Olympic games by national olympic committees (NOCs) such as British olympic association (BOA)
The Olympic Games (3)
The Britsh Olympic Association (BOA)
- Promotes the olympic games throughout the UK
- Organises visits to the host cities before the games
- Enters team GB to the games
- Helps to select the team
- Helps athletes and NGB's prepare to perform in the games
- Manages team GB (organisation, transport, team wear)
- Fund raises
- Appoints offical sponsers for 2012
- Works on olympic bids
- Organises olympic days in UK
- Promotes good public relations
The Olympic Games (4)
Commercialisation of the Olympics
- It used to be an amateur games however this provided problems for certain athletes in countries.
- Some athletes were well funded however britsh athletes were still running for love and lagged behind. They had to commit more time and effort to training and therefore less time and effort into paid work
- The first olympic games to be associated with Commercialisation was the LA games 1984. Previous games (canade) had lost millions through the hosting of the games.
- In the 1984 games Peter uberroth charged huge sums of money for tv and radio rights, persauded private companes to build major facilities and invited sponsers to invest. This therefore created a huge global audience to make games attractive to sponsers.
- Shop window effect could also be used
- Appointed companies become part of the olympic partner (TOP) programme which is managed by the IOC. In return for investment they can use the olympics logo on their products .
The Olympic Games (5)
The olympic Games as a vehicle for nation building
- Showcase a country and its politial system. (china used beijing olympics to show its economic rise and emerge as a world power)
- With sporting success it is able to increase the popularity of a government (Mexico - the black power salute)
The Olympic Games (6)
- Potential increase in participation in sport among young people
- Improved health and fitness
- Improve feel-good factor
- Improved road and rail networks
- Income from increased tourism
- Business profit
- Increased funding and investment
- World class facilities
- A higher profile for sport
- improved organisation of sport
- Reduced crime
- London promoted as a business area
- increased employment
- Arguements against: High council tax bills, few long term jobs, focus on elitism, soaring costs, Increased housing prices