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Since your abstract is a summary of your paper's contents, you should write it once the contents of your paper are finalized.  To reflect the fact that it is a summary, your abstract should use present  tense when referring to results and conclusions and past tense when referring to methods and measurements taken. Do not use future tense.  Reread your essay before writing the abstract to refresh your memory. Pay close attention to the purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendations mentioned in your paper. Write a rough draft of your abstract without looking directly at your paper. This will help you to summarize without copying key sentences from your paper. An abstract can either be informational or descriptive.  An informational abstract states the purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendations included in your report. The abstract should highlight essential points in order to allow the reader to decide whether or not to read the rest of the report. Its total length should be about 10 percent or less of the length of the report. Descriptive abstracts include the purpose, methods, and scope defined in the report, but not the results, conclusions, or recommendations. These abstracts are less common to APA style and usually fall under 100 words. The purpose is the introduce the subject to the reader, essentially teasing the reader into reading the report in order to learn the results. In order to write a thorough informative abstract, you should ask yourself various questions about the purpose and results of your work.  For instance, ask yourself why you did the study, what you did, how you did it, what you found, and what those findings signify. If your paper is about a new method, ask yourself what the advantages of the new method are and how well it works. The abstract exists to summarize your paper, so including information in the abstract not used in the paper is a little like false advertising.  Even if the information is closely tied to information used in the paper, it does not belong in the abstract. Note that you can and should use different wording in your abstract. The information should be the same as the information in your paper, but the way that information is phrased should differ. The abstract should be dense and phrased in a way that allows it to be read alone.  Avoid phrases like, "This paper will look at..." Since the abstract is so short, you should cut straight to the facts and details of your paper instead of spending effort explaining their connection to your paper. Do not rephrase or repeat the title since the abstract is almost always read along with the title. The abstract should be complete on its own since it is often read without the rest of the paper. Report on your findings rather than commenting on them. You can and should state your findings, but do not attempt to justify them. The paper itself should be used to justify your findings and provide additional support, not the abstract. Do not use "I" or "we." Instead, opt for neutral third person words like "it," "they," "he or she," and "one."  You should also stick with active verbs more often than passive verbs. For instance, the strongest statement for an abstract would be, "research shows." Avoid using phrases like  "I researched" or "it was researched." While abbreviations and acronyms may appear in the text of the essay, they should not appear in the abstract. Also avoid trade names and symbols.
Write your abstract last. Know which type of abstract you need to write. Ask yourself questions about your paper. Only include details used in your essay. Let the abstract stand alone. Do not comment on your findings. Avoid using the first person. Avoid abbreviations.
Sammanfatta denna artikel: Eftersom ditt abstrakta är en sammanfattning av din pappers innehåll, bör du skriva det när innehållet i din tidning är klar. För att återspegla att det är en sammanfattning, bör ditt abstract använda presens när du hänvisar till resultat och slutsatser och tidigare tempus när du hänvisar till metoder och mätningar som gjorts. Använd inte framtida tempus. Läs om uppsatsen innan du skriver abstracten för att friska upp minnet. Var noga med syftet, metoderna, omfattningen, resultaten, slutsatserna och rekommendationerna i ert dokument. Skriv ett grovt utkast av ditt abstrakt utan att titta direkt på din tidning. Detta hjälper dig att sammanfatta utan att kopiera nyckelmeningar från din uppsats. Ett abstrakt kan antingen vara informativt eller beskrivande. I en informationssammanfattning anges syftet, metoderna, omfattningen, resultaten, slutsatserna och rekommendationerna i rapporten. Abstracten bör lyfta fram viktiga punkter för att läsaren ska kunna avgöra om han ska läsa resten av rapporten eller inte. Dess totala längd bör vara ungefär 10 procent eller mindre av rapportens längd. Deskriptiva sammanfattningar inkluderar det syfte, de metoder och den omfattning som definieras i rapporten, men inte resultaten, slutsatserna eller rekommendationerna. Dessa abstrakt är mindre vanliga till APA-stil och brukar falla under 100 ord. Syftet är att introducera ämnet till läsaren, vilket i huvudsak retar läsaren att läsa rapporten för att lära sig resultaten. För att kunna skriva ett grundligt informativt abstract bör du ställa dig olika frågor om syftet med och resultatet av ditt arbete. Fråga dig själv varför du gjorde studiet, vad du gjorde, hur du gjorde det, vad du hittade och vad dessa fynd betyder. Om din uppsats handlar om en ny metod, fråga dig själv vilka fördelarna med den nya metoden är och hur bra den fungerar. Abstractet existerar för att sammanfatta ditt papper, så att inkludera information i det abstrakta som inte används i tidningen är lite som falsk reklam. Även om informationen är nära knuten till den information som används i tidningen hör den inte hemma i det abstrakta. Observera att du kan och bör använda olika formuleringar i ditt abstract. Informationen ska vara densamma som informationen i din tidning, men sättet att formulera informationen bör skilja sig åt. Abstracten ska vara tät och formulerad på ett sätt som gör att den kan läsas ensam. Undvik fraser som: "Det här papperet kommer att titta på..." Eftersom abstraktet är så kort, bör du gå rakt på fakta och detaljer i din tidning istället för att lägga ner ansträngningar på att förklara deras koppling till din tidning. Omformulera eller upprepa inte titeln eftersom abstracten nästan alltid läses tillsammans med titeln. Abstracten bör vara komplett på egen hand eftersom den ofta läses utan resten av tidningen. Rapportera om era resultat snarare än kommentera dem. Ni kan och bör ange era resultat, men försök inte rättfärdiga dem. Tidningen i sig bör användas för att motivera dina resultat och ge ytterligare stöd, inte abstrakt. Använd inte "jag" eller "vi". Välj istället neutrala tredjepersonsord som "det", "de", "han eller hon" och "en". Man bör också hålla sig till aktiva verb oftare än passiva verb. Till exempel, det starkaste uttalandet för en abstrakt skulle vara, "forskning visar." Undvik att använda fraser som "Jag forskade" eller "det forskades". Medan förkortningar och akronymer kan förekomma i essätexten, bör de inte förekomma i det abstrakta. Undvik också handelsnamn och symboler.
Summarize this article: Since your abstract is a summary of your paper content, you should write it when the contents of your newspaper are finished. To reflect that it is a summary, your abstract should use present tense when referring to results and conclusions and previous tenses when referring to methods and measurements made. Do not use future tenses. Read about the essay before writing the abstract to refresh your memory. Be careful with the purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions and recommendations of your document. Write a rough draft of your abstract without looking directly at your newspaper. This helps you to summarize without copying key sentences from your essay. An abstract can be either informative or descriptive. An information summary sets out the objectives, methods, scope, results, conclusions and recommendations of the report. The abstract should highlight important points for the reader to decide whether or not to read the rest of the report. Its total length should be about 10 percent or less of the length of the report. Descriptive summaries include the purpose, methods and scope defined in the report, but not the results, conclusions or recommendations. These abstracts are less common to the APA style and usually fall below 100 words. The purpose is to introduce the subject to the reader, which essentially teases the reader to read the report to learn the results. In order to write a thoroughly informative abstract, you should ask yourself various questions about the purpose and results of your work. Ask yourself why you did the study, what you did, how you did it, what you found and what these findings mean. If your thesis is about a new method, ask yourself what the benefits of the new method are and how well it works. The abstract exists to summarize your paper, so including information in the abstract not used in the paper is a bit like false advertising. Although the information is closely linked to the information used in the paper, it does not belong in the abstract. Note that you can and should use different formulations in your abstract. The information should be the same as the information in your newspaper, but the way in which the information is formulated should differ. The abstract should be dense and formulated in a way that allows it to be read alone. Avoid phrases such as: "This paper will look at..." Since the abstract is so short, you should go straight to the facts and details of your newspaper instead of putting efforts into explaining their connection to your newspaper. Do not rephrase or repeat the title because the abstract is almost always read along with the title. The abstract should be complete on its own because it is often read without the rest of the magazine. Report on your results rather than comment on them. You can and should state your results, but do not try to justify them. The magazine itself should be used to motivate your results and provide additional support, not abstract. Don't use "me" or "we." Instead, choose neutral third-person words such as "it", "they", "he or she" and "one". Active verbs should also be kept more often than passive verbs. For example, the strongest statement for an abstract would be, "research shows." Avoid using phrases like "I researched" or "it was researched". While abbreviations and acronyms may appear in the essay text, they should not appear in the abstract. Also avoid trade names and symbols.
Skriv ditt abstrakta sista. Vet vilken typ av abstrakt du behöver skriva. Ställ dig själv frågor om din tidning. Inkludera bara detaljer som används i din uppsats. Låt det abstrakta stå ensamt. Kommentera inte dina fynd. Undvik att använda den första personen. Undvik förkortningar.
Write your abstract last. Know what kind of abstract you need to write. Ask yourself questions about your paper. Just include details used in your essay. Let the abstract stand alone. Don't comment on your findings. Avoid using the first person. Avoid abbreviations.