Sigmund Freud ( FROYD; German: ['zi:kmUnt 'fRoYt]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 - 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology and became an affiliated professor in 1902.

During this formative period of his work, Freud valued and came to rely on the intellectual and emotional support of his friend Wilhelm Fliess, a Berlin based ear, nose and throat specialist whom he had first met 1887. Both men saw themselves as isolated from the prevailing clinical and theoretical mainstream because of their ambitions to develop radical new theories of sexuality. Fliess developed highly eccentric theories of human biorhythms and a nasogenital connection which are today considered pseudoscientific. He shared Freud's views on the importance of certain aspects of sexuality -- masturbation, coitus interruptus, and the use of condoms -- in the etiology of what were then called the "actual neuroses," primarily neurasthenia and certain physically manifested anxiety symptoms. They maintained an extensive correspondence from which Freud drew on Fliess's speculations on infantile sexuality and bisexuality to elaborate and revise his own ideas. His first attempt at a systematic theory of the mind, his 'Project for a Scientific Psychology' was developed with Fliess as interlocutor.  Freud had Fliess repeatedly operate on his nose and sinuses to treat "nasal reflex neurosis", and subsequently referred his patient Emma Eckstein to him. According to Freud her history of symptoms included severe leg pains with consequent restricted mobility, and stomach and menstrual pains. These pains were, according to Fliess's theories, caused by habitual masturbation which, as the tissue of the nose and genitalia were linked, was curable by removal of part of the middle turbinate. Fliess's surgery proved disastrous, resulting in profuse, recurrent nasal bleeding - he had left a half-metre of gauze in Eckstein's nasal cavity the subsequent removal of which left her permanently disfigured. At first, though aware of Fliess's culpability - Freud fled from the remedial surgery in horror - he could only bring himself to delicately intimate in his correspondence to Fliess the nature of his disastrous role and in subsequent letters maintained a tactful silence on the matter or else returned to the face-saving topic of Eckstein's hysteria. Freud ultimately, in light of Eckstein's history of adolescecent self-cutting and irregular nasal and menstrual bleeding, concluded that Fliess was "completely without blame", as Eckstein's post-operative hemorrhages were hysterical "wish-bleedings" linked to "an old wish to be loved in her illness" and triggered as a means of "rearousing [Freud's] affection". Eckstein nonetheless continued her analysis with Freud. She was restored to full mobility and went on to practice psychoanalysis herself.  Freud, who had called Fliess "the Kepler of biology", later concluded that a combination of a homoerotic attachment and the residue of his "specifically Jewish mysticism" lay behind his loyalty to his Jewish friend and his consequent over-estimation of both his theoretical and clinical work. Their friendship came to an acrimonious end with Fliess angry at Freud's unwillingness to endorse his general theory of sexual periodicity and accusing him of collusion in the plagiarism of his work. After Fliess failed to respond to Freud's offer of collaboration over publication of his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality in 1906, their relationship came to an end. CANNOTANSWER

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Freud had Fliess repeatedly operate on his nose and sinuses to treat "nasal reflex neurosis", and subsequently referred his patient Emma Eckstein to him.
Sigmund Freud (FROYD; tyska: ['zi:kmUnt 'fRoYt]]; född Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 maj 1856 – 23 september 1939) var en österrikisk neurolog och psykoanalysens grundare, en klinisk metod för behandling av psykopatologi genom dialog mellan en patient och en psykoanalytiker. Freud föddes åt galiciska judiska föräldrar i den moraviska staden Freiberg, i det österrikiska riket. Han kvalificerade sig 1881 till medicine doktor vid Wiens universitet. Vid fullbordandet av sin habilitering 1885 utnämndes han till docent i neuropatologi och blev 1902 till adjungerad professor. Under denna formativa period av sitt arbete värderade Freud och kom att förlita sig på det intellektuella och känslomässiga stödet från sin vän Wilhelm Fliess, en Berlinbaserad öron-, näs- och halsspecialist som han först hade träffat 1887. Båda männen såg sig som isolerade från den rådande kliniska och teoretiska mainstreamen på grund av sina ambitioner att utveckla radikalt nya teorier om sexualitet. Fliess utvecklade starkt excentriska teorier om mänskliga biorytmer och en nasogenital koppling som idag anses pseudovetenskaplig. Han delade Freuds åsikter om betydelsen av vissa aspekter av sexualitet -- onani, coitus interruptus, och användandet av kondomer -- i etiologin av vad som då kallades de "faktiska neuroserna", främst neurastheni och vissa fysiskt manifesterade ångestsymptom. De upprätthöll en omfattande korrespondens från vilken Freud hämtade sig från Fliess spekulationer om infantil sexualitet och bisexualitet för att utarbeta och revidera sina egna idéer. Hans första försök till en systematisk teori om sinnet, hans 'Project for a Scientific Psychology' utvecklades med Fliess som samtalspartner. Freud lät vid upprepade tillfällen operera sin näsa och bihålor för att behandla "nasalreflexneuros", och hänvisade därefter sin patient Emma Eckstein till honom. Enligt Freud omfattade hennes sjukdomshistoria svåra bensmärtor med därav följande begränsad rörlighet, samt mag- och menstruationssmärtor. Dessa smärtor var enligt Fliess teorier orsakade av vanemässig onani som, då näsvävnaden och genitalierna var förbundna, var botande genom att en del av mittturbinatet avlägsnades. Fliess operation visade sig katastrofal, vilket resulterade i rikliga, återkommande näsblödningar - han hade lämnat en halv meter gasbinda i Ecksteins näshåla vars efterföljande borttagande lämnade henne permanent vanställd. Till en början, även om han var medveten om Fliess skuld - Freud flydde från den hjälpsamma operationen i skräck - kunde han bara föra sig till delikat förtrolig i sin brevväxling till Fliess arten av sin katastrofala roll och i efterföljande brev upprätthöll en taktfull tystnad i frågan eller återvände till det ansiktsbesparande ämnet Ecksteins hysteri. Freud drog slutligen, i ljuset av Ecksteins historia av adolescent självskärande och oregelbunden näs- och menstruationsblödning, slutsatsen att Fliess var "helt utan skuld", då Ecksteins postoperativa blödningar var hysteriska "wish-blödningar" kopplade till "en gammal önskan att bli älskad i sin sjukdom" och utlöstes som ett medel att "återuppliva [Freuds] tillgivenhet". Eckstein fortsatte ändå sin analys med Freud. Hon återställdes till full rörlighet och övergick till att själv utöva psykoanalys. Freud, som hade kallat Fliess "biologins Kepler", drog senare slutsatsen att en kombination av ett homoerotiskt fasthållande och resterna av hans "speciellt judiska mystik" låg bakom hans lojalitet mot sin judiske vän och hans efterföljande överskattning av både hans teoretiska och kliniska arbete. Deras vänskap kom att sluta med att Fliess blev arg på Freuds ovilja att stödja hans allmänna teori om sexuell periodicitet och anklagade honom för maskopi i plagieringen av hans verk. Efter att Fliess 1906 misslyckats med att svara på Freuds erbjudande om samarbete över publiceringen av hans Tre Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, upphörde deras förhållande. CANNOTANSWER Svar på följande fråga genom att ta ett citat från artikeln: Finns det några andra intressanta aspekter på den här artikeln?
Sigmund Freud (FROYD; German: ['zi:kmUnt 'fRoYt]]; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method of treatment of psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian city of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified for a doctor of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1881. Upon completion of his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed associate professor of neuropathology and became an adjunct professor in 1902. During this formative period of his work, Freud valued and came to rely on the intellectual and emotional support of his friend Wilhelm Fliess, a Berlin-based ear, nose and neck specialist whom he had first met in 1887. Both men saw themselves isolated from the prevailing clinical and theoretical mainstream due to their ambitions to develop radically new theories of sexuality. Fliess developed highly eccentric theories of human biorhythms and a nasogenital connection that is today considered pseudoscientific. He shared Freud's views on the importance of certain aspects of sexuality -- masturbation, coitus interrupttus, and the use of condoms -- in the etiology of what was then called the "actual neuroses", mainly neurastheni and some physically manifested anxiety symptoms. They maintained an extensive correspondence from which Freud drew from Flies' speculations about infantile sexuality and bisexuality to elaborate and revise his own ideas. His first attempt at a systematic theory of the mind, his 'Project for a Scientific Psychology' developed with Fliess as a interlocutor. Freud repeatedly had his nose and sinuses operated on to treat "nasal reflex neurosis", and subsequently referred his patient Emma Eckstein to him. According to Freud, her medical history included severe leg pains with consequent limited mobility, as well as stomach and menstrual pains. These pains were, according to Flies' theories, caused by habitual masturbation which, when the nasal tissue and genitalia were connected, were curative by removing part of the midturbine. Flies' operation proved disastrous, resulting in abundant, recurring epistaxis - he had left half a meter of gauze in Eckstein's nasal cavity whose subsequent removal left her permanently disfigured. At first, although he was aware of Flies' guilt - Freud fled from the helpful operation in horror - he could only bring himself to delicately confidential in his correspondence to Fliess the nature of his disastrous role and in subsequent letters maintained a tactful silence on the issue or returned to the face-saving subject of Eckstein's hysteria. Freud finally concluded, in light of Eckstein's history of adolescent self-cutting and irregular nose and menstrual bleeding, that Fliess was "completely without guilt", as Eckstein's post-operative bleeding was hysterical "wish bleeding" linked to "an old desire to be loved in his illness" and triggered as a means of "reviving [Freud's] affection". Eckstein still continued his analysis with Freud. She was restored to full mobility and went on to practice psychoanalysis herself. Freud, who had called Fliess "Kepler of Biology", later concluded that a combination of a homoerotic attachment and the remnants of his "specially Jewish mysticism" was behind his loyalty to his Jewish friend and his subsequent overestimation of both his theoretical and clinical work. Their friendship ended with Fliess becoming angry at Freud's unwillingness to support his general theory of sexual periodicity and accused him of collusion in the plagiarism of his work. After Fliess failed in 1906 to respond to Freud's offer of collaboration over the publication of his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, their relationship ended. CANNOTANSWER Answer the following question by taking a quote from the article: Are there any other interesting aspects to this article?
Freud lät vid upprepade tillfällen operera sin näsa och bihålor för att behandla "nasalreflexneuros", och hänvisade därefter sin patient Emma Eckstein till honom.
Freud repeatedly had his nose and sinuses operated on to treat "nasal reflex neurosis", and subsequently referred his patient Emma Eckstein to him.