Background: Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (nee Murray; December 9, 1906 - January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. One of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer of computer programming who invented one of the first compiler related tools. She popularized the idea of machine-independent programming languages, which led to the development of COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today. Hopper had attempted to enlist in the Navy during World War II, but she was rejected by the military because she was 34 years of age and thus too old to enlist.
Context: In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation as a senior mathematician and joined the team developing the UNIVAC I. Hopper also served as UNIVAC director of Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. The UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market in 1950, and was more competitive at processing information than the Mark I.  When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she "was told very quickly that [she] couldn't do this because computers didn't understand English." Her idea was not accepted for 3 years, and she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in 1952. In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done. The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was A-0.  In 1952 she had an operational link-loader, which at the time was referred to as a compiler. She later said that "Nobody believed that," and that she "had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic." She goes on to say that her compiler "translated mathematical notation into machine code. Manipulating symbols was fine for mathematicians but it was no good for data processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators. If they are they become professional mathematicians, not data processors. It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of COBOL, a computer language for data processors. I could say "Subtract income tax from pay" instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols. COBOL is the major language used today in data processing."  In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming, and her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC. CANNOTANSWER
Question: What happened to the company

Answer:
the company was taken over by the Remington Rand corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original compiler work was done.
Bakgrund: Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (nee Murray; 9 december 1906 - 1 januari 1992) var en amerikansk datavetare och United States Navy bakamiral. En av de första programmerarna på Harvard Mark I-datorn var hon en pionjär inom datorprogrammering som uppfann ett av de första kompilatorrelaterade verktygen. Hon populariserade idén med maskinoberoende programmeringsspråk, vilket ledde till utvecklingen av COBOL, ett tidigt programmeringsspråk på hög nivå som fortfarande används idag. Hopper hade försökt ta värvning i flottan under andra världskriget, men hon avvisades av militären eftersom hon var 34 år och därmed för gammal för att ta värvning. Sammanhang: 1949 blev Hopper anställd vid Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation som senior matematiker och gick med i teamet som utvecklade UNIVAC I. Hopper tjänstgjorde även som UNIVAC-chef för Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. UNIVAC var den första kända storskaliga elektroniska datorn som fanns på marknaden 1950, och var mer konkurrenskraftig på att bearbeta information än Mark I. När Hopper rekommenderade utvecklingen av ett nytt programmeringsspråk som skulle använda helt engelska ord, fick hon " mycket snabbt veta att [hon] inte kunde göra detta eftersom datorer inte förstod engelska." Hennes idé accepterades inte på 3 år, och hon publicerade sin första uppsats i ämnet, kompilatorer, 1952. I början av 1950-talet övertogs företaget av företaget Remington Rand, och det var under tiden hon arbetade för dem som hennes ursprungliga kompilatorarbete gjordes. Programmet var känt som A-kompilatorn och dess första version var A-0. 1952 hade hon en operativ länklastare, som vid tillfället benämndes kompilator. Hon sa senare att "Ingen trodde på det", och att hon "hade en löpande kompilator och ingen skulle röra den. De sa att datorer bara kan räkna." Hon fortsätter med att säga att hennes kompilator "översatt matematisk notation till maskinkod. Manipulering av symboler gick bra för matematiker men det var inte bra för dataprocessorer som inte var symbolmanipulatorer. Mycket få människor är verkligen symbol manipulerare. Om de är det blir de professionella matematiker, inte dataprocessorer. Det är mycket lättare för de flesta att skriva ett engelskt uttalande än det är att använda symboler. Så jag bestämde att dataprocessorer borde kunna skriva sina program på engelska, och datorerna skulle översätta dem till maskinkod. Det var början på COBOL, ett datorspråk för dataprocessorer. Jag skulle kunna säga "Subtrahera inkomstskatt från lön" istället för att försöka skriva det i oktal kod eller använda alla typer av symboler. COBOL är det stora språk som används idag vid databehandling." 1954 utsågs Hopper till företagets första chef för automatisk programmering, och hennes avdelning släppte några av de första kompilatorbaserade programmeringsspråken, bland annat MATH-MATIC och FLOW-MATIC. CANNOTANSWER Fråga: Vad hände med företaget Svar:
Background: Grace Brewster Murray Hopper (nee Murray; December 9, 1906 - January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy Bak Admiral. One of the first programmers on the Harvard Mark I computer, she was a pioneer in computer programming who invented one of the first compiler-related tools. She popularized the idea of machine-independent programming languages, leading to the development of COBOL, an early high-level programming language still in use today. Hopper had attempted to enlist in the Navy during World War II, but she was rejected by the military because she was 34 years old and thus too old to enlist. Context: In 1949 Hopper became an employee of Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation as a senior mathematician and joined the team that developed UNIVAC I. Hopper also served as UNIVAC director of Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market in 1950, and was more competitive at processing information than Mark I. When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she was "very quickly told that [she] could not do this because computers did not understand English." Her idea was not accepted for 3 years, and she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in 1952. In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the company Remington Rand, and it was while working for them that her original compiler work was done. The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was A-0. In 1952 she had an operational link loader, which was at the time referred to as compiler. She later said that "No one believed it", and that she "had a running compiler and no one would touch it. They said computers can only count." She goes on to say that her compiler "translated mathematical notation into machine code. Manipulation of symbols went well for mathematicians but it was not good for computer processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators. If they are, they become professional mathematicians, not computer processors. It is much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided that computer processors should be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. It was the beginning of COBOL, a computer language for computer processors. I could say "Subtract income tax from pay" instead of trying to write it in octal code or use all types of symbols. COBOL is the major language used today in data processing." In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first head of automatic programming, and her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including MATH-Matic and FLOW-Matic. Question: What happened to the company Answer:
Företaget övertogs av Remington Rand och det var under tiden hon arbetade för dem som hennes ursprungliga kompilatorarbete var utfört.
The company was taken over by Remington Rand and it was while working for them that her original compiler work was done.