KENKAN WƆ Albanian Arabic Bicol Chichewa Chinese Cantonese (Simplified) Chinese Cantonese (Traditional) Chinese Mandarin (Simplified) Chinese Mandarin (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Ewe Finnish French Ga Georgian German Greek Hiligaynon Hungarian Igbo Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Malagasy Malayalam Myanmar Norwegian Papiamento (Aruba) Papiamento (Curaçao) Polish Portuguese Rarotongan Romanian Samoan Sepedi Shona Silozi Sinhala Slovak Slovenian Spanish Sranantongo Swahili Swedish Tagalog Thai Tsonga Tswana Turkish Twi Ukrainian Urdu Venda Vietnamese\nWƆ BƐYƐ 1455 mu no, nsakrae kɛse baa Bible tintim mu. Johannes Gutenberg de nhoma tintim afiri tintim Bible a edi kan koraa a wɔde akyerɛw afiri ayɛ. Awiei koraa no, na ɛnyɛ den bio sɛ wo nsa bɛka Bible kyerɛwtohɔ no bi esiane nsa a wɔde kyerɛw a na ɛyɛ akwanside no nti. Afei de, na wobetumi atintim Bible pii a ne bo nso nyɛ den. Ná ɛrenkyɛ koraa na Bible no abɛyɛ nhoma a wɔakyekyɛ wɔ wiase sen nhoma biara.\nNá Gutenberg Bible no wɔ Latin kasa mu. Nanso, ankyɛ na Europafo nhomanimfo hui sɛ wohia Bible nkyerɛwee a ɛwɔ mfitiase kasa ahorow—Hebri ne Hela—mu a wobetumi de wɔn ho ato so. Katolek Asɔre no buu Latin Vulgate no sɛ ɛno nkutoo ne Bible nkyerɛase a wogye tom, nanso na akwanside akɛse abien wɔ hɔ. Wɔ afeha 16 no mu no, na nnipa pii nte Latin kasa ase. Bio nso, wɔ mfirihyia apem mu no, wohuu mfomso pii a akyerɛwfo ayɛ wɔ Vulgate nkyerɛwee no mu no.\nNa nsɛm asekyerɛfo ne nhomanimfo hia Bible bi a ɛwɔ mfitiase kasa ahorow mu, ne Latin nkyerɛase a etu mpɔn. Wɔ 1502 mu no, ɔsɔfopɔn Jiménez de Cisneros, a ɔyɛ amammui ne honhom fam fotufo ma Isabella I a ofi Spania no, sii gyinae sɛ wɔde nhoma biako pɛ bedi wɔn ahiade horow no ho dwuma. Wɔfrɛɛ saa nkyerɛase titiriw yi Complutensian Polyglot. Cisneros de sii n’ani so sɛ ɔbɛyɛ Polyglot, anaa Bible biako a ɛwɔ kasa pii mu, a Hebri, Hela, Latin nkyerɛwee no ne Aram de no afã bi a eye sen biara wom. Na wofii ase tintim ade no nkyɛe, enti na saa botae a wobedu ho no nso bɛma ade tintim adu ne mpɔmpɔnso.\nCisneros fii n’adwuma a ɛyɛ den yi ase denam tete Hebri nsaano nkyerɛwee pii a ɔtotɔe a saa bere no na abu so wɔ Spania no. Ɔsan nso boaboaa Hela ne Latin nsaano nkyerɛwee ahorow ano. Ná eyi na ɛbɛyɛ Polyglot nkyerɛwee no nnyinaso. Cisneros de anoboaboa adwuma no ankasa hyɛɛ nhomanimfo kuw bi a ɔboaa wɔn ano wɔ Alcalá de Henares Sukuupɔn a ɛwɔ Spania, a wɔatew no foforo no nsa. Erasmus a ofi Rotterdam ka nhomanimfo a ɔtoo nsa frɛɛ wɔn sɛ wɔmmɛka kuw no ho no, nanso saa ɔkyeame a wɔagye din yi poo nsato no.\nNhomanimfo yi de mfe du na ɛboaboaa Bible nhoma bebrebe yi ano, na ɛno akyi ansa na wɔde mfe anan yɛɛ ne tintim ankasa. Mfiridwuma ho ɔhaw pii sɔree, esiane sɛ na Spania nhoma tintimfo nni Hebri, Hela anaa Aram nkyerɛwde mfiri nti. Enti, Cisneros faa nhoma tintim ho ɔbenfo, Arnaldo Guillermo Brocario, sɛ ne dwumayɛni ma ɔyɛɛ saa kasa ahorow yi ho nkyerɛwde afiri a wɔde betintim saa kasa horow yi. Awiei koraa no, nhoma tintim mfiri no fii adwuma ase wɔ 1514 mu. Wowiee po ahorow asia no wɔ July 10, 1517 mu, na n’asram anan akyi pɛ na ɔsɔfopɔn no wui. Wotintim nea wɔawie no mfuamfua bɛyɛ ahansia, na nea ɛyɛ nwonwa ne sɛ saa bere no na na Spania atirimɔden asenni no gu so denneennen. *\nSɛnea Wɔhyehyɛɛ Nkyerɛase No\nNá Polyglot no kratafa biara kura nsɛm pii. Wɔ po ahorow anan a ɛne Hebri Kyerɛwnsɛm no hyia no mu no, Vulgate nkyerɛwee no puei wɔ kratafa biara mfinimfini; Hebri nkyerɛwee no na na edi ne nkyɛnmu wɔ akyi; na Hela nkyerɛwee no, ne nkyerɛase a wɔakyerɛ emu nsɛmfua biara ase tẽẽ akɔ Latin mu no, na ɛyɛ ɔfã a ɛhyɛ mu no. Wɔde nsɛmfua a Hebri nsɛm pii fi mu no hyehyɛɛ nkyɛnkyɛn. Na wɔ kratafa biara ase a ɛne Pentateuch (Mose nhoma anum) no hyia no, samufo no de Targum of Onkelos (Bible nhoma anum a edi kan a wɔde Aram nsɛm ankasa bi akyerɛw) ne Latin nkyerɛase bi kaa ho.\nNá Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm no wɔ afã abien wɔ Polyglot no po a ɛto so anum no mu. Ná Hela nkyerɛwee no wɔ ɔfã biako mu, na Latin nkyerɛwee a ɛne Vulgate no hyia no wɔ ɔfã biako nso mu. Wɔde nkyerɛwde nketewa a na ɛma ɔkenkanfo no abusuabɔ a ɛda kasa ahorow no nyinaa nkyerɛwee a ɛne wɔn ho hyia no ntam wɔ ɔfã biara mu. Polyglot no Hela nkyerɛwee no ne Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm no fã a edi kan a wowie, anaa ɛno ne “Apam Foforo” a edi kan a wotintim sen biara, na Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm nso a Erasmus tintimii no bae wɔ eyi akyi pɛɛ.\nNhomanimfo no hwɛɛ po a ɛto so anum no mu yiye araa ma mfomso a epuei wɔ mu no yɛ 50 pɛ. Esiane ahwɛyiye kɛse a nhomanimfo yi yɛe nti, nnɛyi adwenkyerɛfo abu no sɛ ɛkorɔn kyɛn Erasmus Hela nkyerɛwee a agye din no. Hela nkyerɛwde a ɛyɛ fɛ no ne kan nsaano nkyerɛwee a emu da hɔ fɛfɛɛfɛ no dii nsɛ. R. Proctor ka wɔ ne nhoma The Printing of Greek in the Fifteenth Century no mu sɛ: “Nidi nka Spain sɛ wɔatumi ayɛ Hela nkyerɛwee a edi kan a akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɛyɛ Hela nkyerɛwee afiri a ɛsen biara a wɔayɛ pɛn no.”\nPolyglot no po a ɛto so asia no kura nneɛma ahorow a ɛboa Bible adesua: Hebri ne Aram nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma, Hela, Hebri ne Aram din ahorow a wɔakyerɛ ase, Hebri kasa mmara a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu, ne Latin mu nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ ama nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma no. Ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ wɔakamfo Complutensian Polyglot no sɛ “nkyerɛwee afiri adwinni ne Kyerɛwnsɛm mu nyansahu mu nkaedum.”\nNá Cisneros adwene a okura wɔ saa nkyerɛwee yi ho ne sɛ “ɛbɛkanyan kyerɛw nsɛm no sua a de besi saa bere no na wɔagyae no,” nanso, na ɛnyɛ ne pɛ ne sɛ ɔbɛma obiara nsa aka Bible no bi. Osusuwii sɛ “ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde Onyankopɔn Asɛm hintaw koraa a ɛremma nnipa mpapahwekwa nya mu ntease.” Ná ogye di nso sɛ “ɛsɛ sɛ Kyerɛwnsɛm no tra tete kasa abiɛsa a Onyankopɔn maa ho kwan ma wɔkyerɛw nsɛm wɔ mu a wɔde bɔɔ ne Ba no asɛndua no atifi no mu nkutoo.” * Eyi nti wɔamfa nkyerɛase biara a ɛwɔ Spania kasa mu anhyɛ Complutensian Polyglot no mu.\nVulgate no Ne Mfitiase Kasa Ahorow No\nSɛnea Polyglot no yɛbea te ankasa no de akasakasa baa nhomanimfo a wɔyɛe no ntam. Spania nhomanimfo, Antonio de Nebrija, * a wɔagye din no na wɔde nsakrae a wɔbɛyɛ wɔ Vulgate mu a ebepue wɔ Polyglot Bible no mu no hyɛɛ ne nsa. Ɛwom sɛ Katolek Asɔre no buu Jerome Vulgate no sɛ ɛno nkutoo ne nkyerɛase a wɔama ho kwan de, nanso Nebrija huu hia a na ehia sɛ ɔde Vulgate no toto mfitiase Hebri, Aram, ne Hela nkyerɛwee ahorow ho no. Na ɔpɛ sɛ osiesie mfomso a ada adi sɛ abɛhyehyɛ Vulgate mfuamfua a ɛwɔ hɔ mu no.\nNea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔasiesie abirabɔ biara a ɛwɔ Vulgate no ne mfitiase kasa ahorow no mu no, Nebrija hyɛɛ Cisneros nkuran sɛ: “San sosɔ akanea abien a adumdum wɔ yɛn som mu no, Hebri ne Hela kasa ahorow no. Ma wɔn a wotu wɔn ho ma saa adwuma yi akatua.” Na ɔde nyansahyɛ a edi hɔ yi nso mae: “Bere biara a nsakrae foforo bi bepue wɔ Latin Apam Foforo no nsaano nkyerɛwee no mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ yɛde kɔtoto Hela nsaano nkyerɛwee no ho. Bere biara a akyinnyegye bɛsɔre wɔ Latin nsaano nkyerɛwee ahorow no mu anaa wɔ Apam Dedaw no Latin ne Hela nsaano nkyerɛwee no mu no, ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhwehwɛ sɛ efi Hebri mu pɛpɛɛpɛ anaa.”\nCisneros gyee afotu yi toom dɛn? Wɔ Cisneros nnianim nsɛm a ɛwɔ Polyglot Bible mu no mu no, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ɔdaa ne nsusuwii adi pefee. “Yɛde Jerome a wɔagye no atom no Latin nkyerɛase asi Hyiadan [Hebri nkyerɛwee] ne Apuei Fam Asɔre [Hela nkyerɛwee] no ntam, te sɛ nea wɔsɛn awifo baanu no wɔ Yesu nkyɛn no, a egyina hɔ ma Roma, anaa Latin, Asɔre no.” Enti, Cisneros amma Nebrija kwan ma wansiesie Latin Vulgate sɛnea ɛne mfitiase nkyerɛwee no hyia no. Awiei koraa no, Nebrija sii gyinae sɛ obegyae adwuma no mu sen sɛ ɔde ne din bɛto nkyerɛwee mu nsakrae a ɛtɔ sin so.\nƐwom sɛ Polyglot Bible a wɔyɛe wɔ Alcalá de Henares no yɛɛ anammɔn kɛse a wotu de tintim nkyerɛwee a emu da hɔ wɔ mfitiase kasa a wɔde kyerɛw Bible no mu de, nanso wɔ bere ne bere mu no, amammerɛ dii nhomanim so. Wobuu Vulgate no sɛ ɛkorɔn araa ma ne samufo no tee nka wɔ mmere pii mu sɛ ɛyɛ wɔn asɛyɛde sɛ wobesiesie “Apam Foforo” no Hela nkyerɛwee no ma ɛne Latin de no ahyia sen sɛ ɛno mmom ne Hela de no behyia. Eyi ho nhwɛso biako ne atoro nkyerɛwee a agye din a wɔfrɛ no comma Johanneum no. * Hela mfitiase nsaano nkyerɛwee no mu biara nni hɔ a saa kasasin yi wom, na ɛda adi sɛ wɔde hyeem mfehaha pii a Yohane kyerɛwee ne krataa no akyi; saa ara na kasasin no nso ampue wɔ Vulgate no Latin nsaano nkyerɛwee a akyɛ sen biara no mu. Enti, Erasmus yii saa kasasin mu nsakrae yi fii ne Hela “Apam Foforo” no mu.\nPolyglot no samufo no tee nka sɛ ɛyɛ akyide sɛ wobeyi nkyekyɛm bi a ayɛ Vulgate nkyerɛwee a wɔde di dwuma no fã wɔ mfehaha pii mu no afi mu. Enti, wɔmaa atoro nkyerɛwee no traa hɔ wɔ Latin mu na wosii gyinae sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ ase na wɔde ahyɛ Hela nkyerɛwee no mu sɛnea ɛbɛma afã abien no ne ne ho ahyia.\nAde a Wogyinaa So Yɛɛ Bible Nkyerɛase Foforo\nComplutensian Polyglot no bo a ɛsom no nnyina nokwasɛm a ɛyɛ kɛkɛ sɛ ɛno na ekura Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm mũ nyinaa a edi kan ne Septuagint no a wotintimii no so. Sɛnea Erasmus Hela “Apam Foforo” no bɛyɛɛ Nkyerɛwee a Wɔagye Atom wɔ Hela Kyerɛwnsɛm no mu no (nea wogyinaa so yɛɛ nkyerɛase ahorow pii kɔɔ kasa horow mu), saa ara na Polyglot Hebri nkyerɛwee no nso yɛɛ ade titiriw a wogyinaa so kyerɛɛ Hebri-Aram Kyerɛwnsɛm no ase. * William Tyndale de Polyglot no dii dwuma sɛ Hebri nkyerɛwee titiriw a ogyinaa so yɛɛ ne Bible nkyerɛase kɔɔ Engiresi kasa mu.\nEnti, nhomanimfo kuw a wodii Complutensian Polyglot ho dwuma no boae ma Kyerɛwsɛm no ho nhomanim kɔɔ anim. Ne tintim fii ase wɔ bere a na Bible ho anigye kɛse a wɔrekyerɛ wɔ Europa nyinaa no afi ase ama nkurɔfo anya ɔpɛ sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ ase akɔ kasa a mpapahwekwa ka no mu no. Polyglot no bɛyɛɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔyɛe a wɔde siesie na wɔde kora Hela ne Hebri nkyerɛwee no so no mu biako a ɛboae kɛse. Eyi nyinaa ne ɔsoro atirimpɔw hyia sɛ ‘Yehowa asɛm mu tew,’ ‘yɛn Onyankopɔn asɛm bɛtra hɔ daa.’—Dwom 18:30; Yesaia 40:8; 1 Petro 1:25.\n^ nky. 6 Wɔyɛɛ mfuamfua ahansia wɔ krataa so, ne mfuamfua asia wɔ mmoa nhoma so. Wɔ 1984 mu no, wotintim nkyerɛase no fã a ɛne nea wɔyɛe wɔ mfiase no di nsɛ no kakraa bi.\n^ nky. 12 Hebri, Hela, ne Latin.—Yohane 19:20.\n^ nky. 14 Wobu Nebrija sɛ Spaniafo nhomanimfo a adesamma nsɛm haw wɔn no mu odikanfo (nhomanimfo a wɔyɛ fakaa). Wɔ 1492 mu no, otintim Gramática castellana (Castilifo Kasa ho Mmara) a edi kan. Wɔ mfe abiɛsa akyi no, osii gyinae sɛ ɔde ne nkwa nna a aka besua Kyerɛw Kronkron no.\n^ nky. 18 Atoro nkyerɛwee a wohu wɔ Bible nkyerɛase ahorow bi mu wɔ 1 Yohane 5:7 no kenkan sɛ “Agya, Asɛm no, ne Honhom Kronkron no na ɛwɔ soro: na baasa yi yɛ biako.”\n^ nky. 21 Sɛ wopɛ Erasmus adwuma ho kyerɛwtohɔ a, hwɛ September 15, 1982, Engiresi Ɔwɛn-Aban, nkratafa 8-11.\nƆsɔfopɔn Jiménez de Cisneros\n[Mfonini Fibea wɔ kratafa 28]\nShare Share Complutensian Polyglot No—Ade Titiriw a Ɛboaa Kasa Asekyerɛ\nw04 4/15 kr. 28-31