Ɔwae—Wosiw Ɔkwan a Ɛkɔ Onyankopɔn Nkyɛn No\nKENKAN WƆ Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English French German Hungarian Italian Japanese Norwegian Polish Russian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Twi Ukrainian\n1, 2. (a) Dɛn nti na Kristoman abakɔsɛm mu mfe 400 a edi kan no ho hia? (b) Nea yebetumi apaw ho nokwasɛm bɛn na Yesu kae?\nDƐN nti na Kristoman mfe 400 a edi kan no abakɔsɛm ho hia kɛse saa? Nea ɛma akokoaa nkwa mfe kakraa a edi kan ho hia no ara na ɛma ɛho hia—efisɛ ɛne bere a obi to nhyɛase ma nipasu a obenya daakye. Dɛn na Kristoman mfehaha a edi kan no da no adi?\n2 Ansa na yebebua saa asɛm no, momma yɛnkae nokwasɛm bi a Yesu Kristo kae: “Monhyɛn ɔpon teateaa no mu; na ɔpon a ɛso ne ɔkwan a ɛtrɛw no ne nea ɛkɔ ɔsɛe mu no, na wɔn a wɔhyɛn mu no yɛ pii. Na ɔpon teateaa ne ɔkwan hihiaa no ne nea ɛkɔ nkwa mu, na wɔn a wohu no sua.” Ahopɛ kwan no trɛw; nnyinasosɛm pa de no yɛ hihiaa.—Mateo 7:13, 14.\n3. Bere a Kristosom fii ase no, na akwan abien bɛn na ɛwɔ hɔ?\n3 Bere a Kristosom fii ase no, na akwan abien na ɛwɔ hɔ ma wɔn a wogyee saa ɔsom a nkurɔfo mpɛ no toom no—sɛ́ wobedi Kristo nkyerɛkyerɛ ne nnyinasosɛm ahorow a wɔnsakra no ne Kyerɛwnsɛm no so anaasɛ wɔne wiase a ɛwɔ hɔ saa bere no bɛyɛ biako na wɔafa ɔkwan a ɛtrɛw a ɛso fa yɛ mmerɛw no so. Sɛnea yebehu no, mfe 400 a edi kan no abakɔsɛm kyerɛ ɔkwan a awiei koraa no wɔn mu dodow no ara pawee no.\nNyansapɛ Nnaadaa No\n4. Sɛnea abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Durant kyerɛ no, ɔkwan bɛn so na abosonsom Roma nyaa tete asɔre no so nkɛntɛnso?\n4 Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Will Durant kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Asɔre no faa nyamesom amanne ne guasodeyɛ ahorow bi a abu so wɔ [abosonsom] Roma a ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na Kristosom reba—abosonsomfo asɔfo nkatakɔnmu ne ntade afoforo, ahodwira mu aduhuam ne nhyira nsu, kyɛnere a wɔsɔ ne afɔrepon no anim akanea a ennum da, ahotefo som, sɛnea wosi asɔredan kɛse, Roma mmara a wɔde asɔre mmara gyina so, abodin Pontifex Maximus a wɔde maa Pope Kunini no, ne Latin kasa wɔ afeha a ɛto so anan no mu . . . Ɛnkyɛ, asɔfo mpanyin na na wɔbɛhwɛ ma nneɛma akɔ so yiye, na wɔadi tumi wɔ nkurow no mu na ɛnyɛ Roma aban mpanyimfo; asɔfopɔn no na na wɔbɛboa amansin amrado anaasɛ wobesi wɔn ananmu; na asɔfo mpanyin bagua asi amansin bagua no ananmu. Roma Asɔre no suasuaa Roma man no.”—The Story of Civilization: Part III—Caesar and Christ.\n5. Ɔkwan bɛn so na biako a wɔne abosonsom Roma ahemman no yɛe no ne nea tete Kristofo kyerɛwee no bɔ abira?\n5 Biako a wɔne Roma ahemman no yɛe yi ne Kristo ne asomafo no nkyerɛkyerɛ bɔ abira koraa. (Hwɛ adaka a ɛwɔ kratafa 262 no mu.) Ɔsomafo Petro de afotu mae sɛ: “Adɔfo, . . . mekanyan mo adwene gyenennyenen, sɛ monkae asɛm a adiyifo kronkron no aka ato hɔ ne yɛn a yɛyɛ mo asomafo ahyɛde a ɛyɛ Awurade ne agyenkwa de no. Enti, adɔfo, sɛ munim dedaw nti, monhwɛ mo ho so yiye, na wɔamfa amumɔyɛfo nnaadaasɛm no amfa mo ankɔ bi, na moamfi mo ankasa tim a moatim no mu anhwe ase.” Paulo de afotu mae pefee sɛ: “Mo ne wɔn a wonnye nni nntwe kɔndua koro; na twaka bɛn na trenee ne amumɔyɛ wɔ? Anaasɛ ayɔnkofa bɛn na hann ne sum wɔ? . . . Enti mumfi wɔn mu, na montew mo ho, sɛnea [Yehowa, NW] se ne no, na monnka nea ɛyɛ fi; na me nso magye mo.”—2 Petro 3:1, 2, 17; 2 Korintofo 6:14-17; Adiyisɛm 18:2-5.\n6, 7. (a) Ɔkwan bɛn so na Helafo nyansapɛ nyaa tete asɔre no “agyanom” so nkɛntɛnso? (b) Nkyerɛkyerɛ bɛn na Helafo nkɛntɛnso daa adi titiriw wom? (d) Nyansapɛ ho kɔkɔbɔ bɛn na Paulo de mae?\n6 Afotu a emu da hɔ yi nyinaa akyi no, afeha a ɛto so abien no mu Kristofo awaefo faa Roma abosonsom mu nneɛma ahorow. Wɔtwee wɔn ho fii wɔn Bible mfiase kronn no ho, na wɔfaa Roma abosonsom mu nneɛma ne abodin ahorow, na Helafo nyansapɛ gyee wɔn adwene. Ɔbenfo Wolfson a ɔwɔ Harvard Sukuupɔn mu no kyerɛkyerɛ mu wɔ The Crucible of Christianity mu sɛ “amanaman mufo a wɔasua nyansapɛ” pii baa Kristosom mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien no mu. Ná eyinom ani gye Helafo nyansa ho, na wosusuw sɛ wohu nsɛdi ahorow wɔ Helafo nyansapɛ ne Kyerɛwnsɛm no nkyerɛkyerɛ mu. Wolfson toa so sɛ: “Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔtaa ka sɛ nyansapɛ yɛ akyɛde soronko a Onyankopɔn nam nnipa nsusuwii so de maa Helafo te sɛ nea ɔnam adiyisɛm a ɛyɛ tẽẽ so de Kyerɛwnsɛm no maa Yudafo no.” Ɔtoa so sɛ: “Asɔre no Agyanom . . . fii ase nkakrankakra sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ sɛnea nyansapɛfo nkyerɛkyerɛ a wɔde wɔn nsɛmfua a asete yɛ den akyerɛw wɔ Academy, Lyceum ne Porch [mmeae a wosusuw nyansapɛ ho] ahintaw wɔ nsɛm a emu da hɔ a Kyerɛwnsɛm no ka no mu.”\n7 Su a ɛte saa buee kwan maa Helafo nyansapɛ ne nsɛmfua bɛhyɛnee Kristoman nkyerɛkyerɛ mu, titiriw Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ ne ɔkra a enwu da gyidi no. Sɛnea Wolfson ka no: “[Asɔre] no Agyanom fii ase hwehwɛɛ nyansapɛ nsɛmfua pii a wɔaboaboa ano no mu sɛ wobenya nsɛmfua abien a eye a wɔde biako bɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nokwasɛm sɛ ɛsono Baasakoro no muni biara, na wɔde foforo no akyerɛ sɛ wɔn nyinaa yɛ biako.” Nanso, na ɛsɛ sɛ wogye tom sɛ “Onyankopɔn a ɔyɛ baasakoro ho adwene no yɛ ahintasɛm a wontumi mfa onipa adwene nte ase.” Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, na Paulo ahu asiane a ɛwɔ “asɛmpa no” a wɔfra mu na ‘wɔdan ani’ no mu pefee bere a ɔkyerɛw Galatia ne Kolose Kristofo no: “Monhwɛ yiye na obi amfa nyansapɛ [Hela, phi·lo·so·phiʹas] ne nnaadaa hunu a ɛnam nnipa atetesɛm ne wiase mfitiasesɛm so na ɛnnam Kristo so ammɛfa mo nnommum.”—Galatifo 1:7-9; Kolosefo 2:8; 1 Korintofo 1:22, 23.\nWɔma Owusɔre Yɛ Kwa\n8. Ade a onipa ntumi nte ase bɛn na wɔakɔ so asusuw ho, na ɔkwan bɛn so na ɔsom dodow no ara abɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu?\n8 Sɛnea yɛahu wɔ nhoma yi mu nyinaa no, onipa akɔ so adwen ne nkwa tiatiaa a owu ma ɛba awiei a wɔnte ase no ho. Sɛnea Germanni nhoma kyerɛwfo Gerhard Herm kae wɔ ne nhoma The Celts—The People Who Came Out of the Darkness mu no: “Nneɛma a nyamesom yɛ no bi ne sɛ ɛma nnipa gye nokwasɛm a ɛne sɛ da bi wobewu no tom, sɛ ebia ɛnam owu akyi asetra pa bi, wu a wowu ma wɔsan wo wɔn, anaa n’abien nyinaa so na ɛyɛ saa no.” Ɔsom dodow no ara gyina gyidi a ɛne sɛ onipa kra nwu da, na ɛkɔ wiase bi mu anaasɛ ɛkɔhyɛ abɔde foforo bi mu wɔ owu akyi no so.\n9. Dɛn na Spaniani nhomanimfo Miguel de Unamuno kae wɔ Yesu gyidi wɔ owusɔre ho no ho?\n9 Kristoman asɔre dodow no ara nso di saa gyidi no akyi. Miguel de Unamuno, afeha a ɛto so 20 mu Spaniani nhomanimfo titiriw bi kyerɛw Yesu ho asɛm sɛ: “Ogyee ɔhonam a enyan [te sɛ Lasaro de no (hwɛ nkratafa 249-52)] mmom dii sɛnea Yudafo nim no, na ɛnyɛ ɔkra a enwu da sɛnea [Hela] Plato akyidifo nim no. . . . Wobetumi ahu eyi ho adanse ahorow wɔ nkyerɛkyerɛmu nhoma biara a ɛka nokware mu.” Owiee asɛm no sɛ: “Ɔkra a enwu da no . . . yɛ abosonsom nyansapɛ nkyerɛkyerɛ.” (La Agonía Del Cristianismo [Kristosom Mu Yawdi]) Saa “abosonsom nyansapɛ nkyerɛkyerɛ” yi hyɛn Kristoman nkyerɛkyerɛ mu, ɛwom mpo sɛ ɛda adi pefee sɛ na Kristo nkura adwene a ɛte saa de.—Mateo 10:28; Yohane 5:28, 29; 11:23, 24.\n10. Nneɛma a efii ɔkra a enwu da mu gyidi mu bae no bi ne dɛn?\n10 Anifere kwan so Helafo nyansapɛ nkɛntɛnso ka ho titiriw na ɔwae a ɛbae wɔ asomafo no wu akyi no bae. Helafo ɔkra a enwu da nkyerɛkyerɛ no kyerɛe sɛ ɛho hia sɛ ɔkra no kɔ mmeae horow—ɔsoro, hellgya mu, ahodwiragya mu, paradise, Limbo. * Esiane sɛ wɔde saa nkyerɛkyerɛ no dii dwuma anifere kwan so nti, ɛbɛyɛɛ mmerɛw maa asɔfo kuw bi sɛ wɔbɛma wɔn nguankuw no akɔ so abrɛ wɔn ho ase, na wɔasuro Owu akyi asetra na wɔanya akyɛde horow afi wɔn hɔ. Eyi ma yebisa asɛm foforo sɛ: Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na Kristoman asɔfokuw a wɔatew wɔn ho no bae?—Yohane 8:44; 1 Timoteo 4:1, 2.\nSɛnea Wɔhyehyɛɛ Asɔfo Kuw No\n11, 12. (a) Ɔwae ho sɛnkyerɛnne foforo bɛn na ɛbae? (b) Dɛn na asomafo no ne mpanyimfo a wɔwɔ Yerusalem no yɛe?\n11 Ɔwae no ho adanse foforo ne sɛ wogyaee Kristofo nyinaa som adwuma a na Yesu ne n’asomafo akyerɛkyerɛ no yɛ hyehyɛɛ asɔfokuw ne mpanyimfo akuw a efii ase wɔ Kristoman mu no. (Mateo 5:14-16; Romafo 10:13-15; 1 Petro 3:15) Wɔ afeha a edi kan no mu wɔ Yesu wu akyi no, n’asomafo ne Kristofo mpanyimfo afoforo a wɔfata wɔ honhom mu a na wɔwɔ Yerusalem no de afotu ne akwankyerɛ maa Kristofo asafo no. Wɔn mu biara anni afoforo no so tumi.—Galatifo 2:9.\n12 Wɔ afe 49 Y.B. mu no, ɛho behiae sɛ wohyiam wɔ Yerusalem bua nsɛmmisa a ɛfa Kristofo nyinaa ho. Bible kyerɛwtohɔ no ka kyerɛ yɛn sɛ bere a wɔn nyinaa boom susuw ho wiei akyi no, “ɛyɛɛ asomafo ne mpanyimfo [pre·sbyʹte·roi] ne asafo mu no sɛ eye sɛ wɔpaw wɔn mu nnipa bi soma wɔn ka Paulo ne Barnaba ho kɔ Antiokia, . . . na wɔkyerɛw nhoma hyɛɛ wɔn nsa sɛ: Asomafo ne anuanom mpanyimfo no kyia anuanom a wofi amanaman mu a wɔwɔ Antiokia ne Siria ne Kilikia no.” Ɛda adi sɛ asomafo no ne mpanyimfo no som sɛ sodikuw a wɔbɛhwɛ ma Kristofo asafo ahorow no atrɛw akɔ mmeae pii.—Asomafo no Nnwuma 15:22, 23.\n13. (a) Nhyehyɛe bɛn na na ɛwɔ hɔ a wɔfaa so hwɛɛ tete Kristofo asafo no mu biara so tẽẽ? (b) Dɛn so na na wogyina paw asafo mu mpanyimfo?\n13 Afei esiane sɛ na sodikuw a ɛwɔ Yerusalem no ne tete Kristofo nhyehyɛe a wɔnam so hwɛɛ Kristofo nyinaa so nti, na akwankyerɛ bɛn na wɔwɔ wɔ asafo biara mu? Paulo krataa a ɔde kɔmaa Timoteo no da no adi pefee sɛ na asafo ahorow no wɔ ahwɛfo (Hela, e·piʹsko·pos, emu na Engiresi asɛmfua “episcopal” fi) a wɔyɛ mpanyimfo a wɔyɛ honhom mufo (pre·sbyʹte·roi), mmarima a wɔn abrabɔ ne wɔn honhom tebea ma wɔfata sɛ wɔkyerɛkyerɛ wɔn mfɛfo Kristofo. (1 Timoteo 3:1-7; 5:17) Wɔ afeha a edi kan no mu no, na mmarima yi nyɛ asɔfokuw a wɔatew wɔn ho. Wɔanhyɛ ntade soronko bi. Na wɔn honhom mu onyin na ɛma wɔda nsow. Nokwarem no, na asafo biara wɔ mpanyimfo (ahwɛfo) kuw, na ɛnyɛ onipa biako a odi tumi sɛ ɔhene.—Asomafo no Nnwuma 20:17; Filipifo 1:1.\n14. (a) Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na awiei koraa no Kristoman asɔfo mpanyin besii Kristofo ahwɛfo ananmu? (b) Hena na ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛyɛ asɔfo mpanyin no mu otitiriw?\n14 Bere bi twaam ansa na asɛmfua e·piʹsko·pos * (ɔhwɛfo, sohwɛfo) redan “bishop” a ɛkyerɛ ɔsɔfo a ɔwɔ ne mansin mu asɔfo afoforo so tumi. Spaniani Jesuitni Bernardino Llorca kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Mfiase no na nsonsonoe kɛse nni bishops (asɔfo mpanyin) ne presbyters (asafo mpanyin) ntam, na na wɔde adwene si nea nsɛmfua no kyerɛ nkutoo so: bishop kyerɛ ɔhwɛfo; presbyter kyerɛ ɔpanyin. . . . Nanso nsonsonoe no daa adi pefee nkakrankakra, na wɔde edin bishop no frɛɛ asɔre no so ahwɛfo atitiriw a wɔwɔ asɔfodi tumi paa a wotumi de nsa gu obi so hyɛ no sɔfo no.” (Historia de la Iglesia Católica [Katolek Asɔre no Abakɔsɛm]) Nokwarem no, asɔfo mpanyin no fii ase yɛɛ adwuma sɛ ahemfo, titiriw fi afeha a ɛto so anan no mfiase. Wɔhyehyɛɛ mpanyimfo akuw anaa asɔfokuw a wodi tumi, na bere bi akyi no, nnipa pii gyee Rome ɔsɔfo panyin a na ɔkyerɛ sɛ ɔne Petro nsiananmu no toom sɛ ɔsɔfo kunini ne pope.\n15. Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda tete Kristofo akannifo ne Kristoman akannifo ntam?\n15 Ɛnnɛ ɔsɔfo panyin dibea wɔ Kristoman asɔre ahorow no mu no kura nidi ne tumi, na wɔtaa ma wɔn akatua akɛse na wɔde wɔn ka ɔman biara mu sodifo atitiriw ho. Nanso nsonsonoe kɛse da wɔn ahomaso ne wɔn dibea a ɛkorɔn no ne ahyehyɛde a ɛkwati akɛsesɛm a ɛhyɛ Kristo ne tete Kristofo asafo no mu mpanyimfo anaasɛ ahwɛfo ase no ntam. Na dɛn na yɛbɛka wɔ nsonsonoe kɛse a ɛda Petro ne wɔn a wose wɔyɛ nsiananmu a wɔadi tumi wɔ Vatican adefo asetra mu ntam no ho?—Luka 9:58; 1 Petro 5:1-3.\nPope Tumi ne Anuonyam\n16, 17. (a) Yɛyɛ dɛn hu sɛ na tete Roma asafo no nhyɛ ɔsɔfo panyin anaasɛ pope bi ase? (b) Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na wofii ase de abodin “pope” dii dwuma?\n16 Tete asafo ahorow a egyee akwankyerɛ fii asomafo ne mpanyimfo a na wɔwɔ Yerusalem hɔ mu biako ne nea na ɛwɔ Roma no, faako a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Kristosom mu nokware no duu hɔ bere bi wɔ Pentekoste afe 33 Y.B. akyi no. (Asomafo no Nnwuma 2:10) Te sɛ saa bere no mu Kristofo asafo foforo biara no, na ɛwɔ mpanyimfo a wɔsom sɛ ahwɛfo kuw a wɔn mu biara nni afoforo a wɔaka no so tumi. Ɛda adi sɛ Roma asafo no mu ahwɛfo a wodi kan pɛɛ no bere sofo ammu wɔn mu biara sɛ ɔsɔfo panyin anaasɛ pope, efisɛ na womfii nhyehyɛe a ɛma ɔsɔfo panyin biako pɛ di tumi wɔ Rome no ase. Ɛyɛ den sɛ yebehu bere pɔtee a onipa anaa ɔsɔfo panyin biako fii ase dii tumi no. Adanse kyerɛ sɛ efii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien no mu.—Romafo 16:3-16; Filipifo 1:1.\n17 Wɔamfa abodin “pope” (a efi Hela asɛmfua paʹpas a ɛkyerɛ agya mu) anni dwuma wɔ mfeha abien a edi kan no mu. Michael Walsh a anka ɔyɛ Jesuitni no kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Ɛte sɛ nea afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa no mu ne bere a edi kan a wɔfrɛɛ Rome Ɔsɔfo Panyin bi sɛ ‘Pope,’ na wɔde abodin no maa Pope Callistus . . . Eduu afeha a ɛto so anum awiei no na ‘Pope’ taa kyerɛ Rome Ɔsɔfo Panyin no nkutoo. Nanso, afeha a ɛto so dubiako no mu ansa na Pope bi tumi kae sɛ wɔde abodin no frɛ ɔno nkutoo.”—An Illustrated History of the Popes.\n18. (a) Roma asɔfo mpanyin a wodi kan no mu hena na ɔde ne tumi hyɛɛ afoforo so? (b) Dɛn so na wogyina kyerɛ sɛ pope no wɔ tumi sen obiara? (d) Dɛn ne Mateo 16:18, 19 ho nokware ntease?\n18 Rome asɔfo mpanyin a wodi kan no mu biako a odii afoforo so tumi ne Pope Leo I (pope, 440-461 Y.B.). Michael Walsh kɔ so kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Leo faa Pontifex Maximus a nnɛyi popenom da so ara de di dwuma a bere bi na ɛyɛ abosonsomfo abodin a wɔde frɛɛ Romafo Ahempɔn besii afeha a ɛto so anan awiei no.” Leo I de nea ɔyɛe no gyinaa nkyerɛkyerɛmu a Katolekfo de ma wɔ Yesu nsɛm a ɛwɔ Mateo 16:18, 19 ho no so. (Hwɛ adaka a ɛwɔ kratafa 268 no mu.) ‘Ɔkae sɛ esiane sɛ na Ɔhotefo Petro ne Asomafo no mu dikanfo nti, ɛsɛ sɛ wobu Ɔhotefo Petro asɔre no sɛ asɔre ahorow no mu titiriw.” (Man’s Religions) Leo I de nea ɔyɛe yi kyerɛe pefee sɛ bere a na ɔhempɔn no di wiase tumi wɔ Constantinople wɔ Apuei fam no, na ɔno nso di honhom fam tumi wɔ Rome wɔ Atɔe fam. Tumi yi san daa adi pefee bere a Pope Leo III yɛɛ Charlemagne ɔhempɔn wɔ Roma Ahemman Kronkron no so wɔ 800 Y.B. mu no.\n19, 20. (a) Wobu pope no dɛn wɔ nnɛ bere yi mu? (b) Pope abodin a wogye tom no bi ne dɛn? (d) Abirabɔ bɛn na wotumi hu wɔ popenom abrabɔ ne Petro de ntam?\n19 Efi 1929 no, wiase nniso horow abu Rome pope no sɛ ɔman foforo, Vatican City, sodifo. Enti, Roma Katolek Asɔre no nkutoo ne nyamesom ahyehyɛde a etumi soma ahemmɔfo, pope ananmusifo, kɔ wiase aban ahorow no nkyɛn. (Yohane 18:36) Wɔde abodin pii hyɛ Pope no anuonyam, ebi ne Yesu Kristo Nanmusifo, Asomafo no Panyin Ɔdedifo, Amansan Asɔre no Sɔfo Kunini, Atɔe Fam Agya Panyin, Italy Sɔfopɔn, Vatican Kurow So Hene. Wɔsoa no apɔmpɔmpɛ so a guasodeyɛ ahorow ka ho. Wɔde nidi a wɔde ma ɔmampanyin ma no. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, hwɛ sɛnea Petro a wose ɔne Rome pope ne Ɔsɔfo Panyin a odi kan no yɛe bere a Roma asraafo ha so panyin Kornelio hwee ne nan ase sɛ ɔresom no no: “Petro maa no so kae sɛ: Sɔre, na me nso meyɛ onipa.”—Asomafo no Nnwuma 10:25, 26; Mateo 23:8-12.\n20 Afei asɛmmisa no ne sɛ, Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na mfeha a edi kan no mu asɔre a awae no nyaa tumi ne anuonyam pii saa? Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na akɛsesɛm a Kristo ne tete Kristofo no anni ne wɔn ahobrɛase no dan bɛyɛɛ Kristoman ahantan ne apɔmpɔmpɛ?\n21, 22. Nsakrae kɛse bɛn na wose ɛbaa Konstantino asetra mu, na ɔde dii dwuma dɛn?\n21 Afe 313 Y.B. ne bere a nsakrae baa Roma Ahemman no mu ɔsom foforo yi mu, afe a wose Ɔhempɔn Konstantino sakra bɛyɛɛ “Kristoni.” Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na onyaa adwensakra yi? Wɔ 306 Y.B. mu no, Konstantino bedii n’agya ade, na awiei koraa no, ɔne Licinius dii Roma Ahemman no so. Kristosom a na ne maame pɛ ne ɔsoro ahobammɔ mu gyidi a na ɔno ankasa wɔ no nyaa no so nkɛntɛnso. Ansa na ɔrekɔ ɔsa wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn Rome wɔ Milvian Bridge wɔ 312 Y.B. mu no, ɔkyerɛe sɛ wɔka kyerɛɛ no wɔ ɔdae mu sɛ ɔnyɛ “Kristosom” nkyerɛwde a edi kan—Hela nkyerɛwde khi ne rho a ɛyɛ Kristo din wɔ Hela kasa mu nkyerɛwde abien a edi kan—wɔ n’asraafo no akyɛm so. * Konstantino asraafo de ‘akraye ade kronkron’ yi dii ne tamfo Maxentius so nkonim.\n22 Konstantino nkonimdi wɔ ɔsa no mu akyi pɛɛ no, ɔkae sɛ wabɛyɛ gyidini, ɛwom sɛ wammɔ asu kosii bere a na aka bere tiaa bi ma wawu wɔ ne sakra no akyi bɛyɛ mfe 24. Ɔhwehwɛɛ mmoa fii wɔn a wɔkyerɛe sɛ wɔyɛ Kristofo wɔ n’ahemman mu no nkyɛn denam “[Hela nkyerɛwde] Chi-Rho [ ] a ɔde yɛɛ ne sɛnkyerɛnne no so . . . Nanso, na wɔde Chi-Rho adi dwuma wɔ abosonsom ne Kristosom nyinaa mu dedaw sɛ ade a ɛma nkyerɛwde ka bom.”—The Crucible of Christianity a Arnold Toynbee ne ne samufo.\n23. (a) Sɛnea nsɛm mu nkyerɛkyerɛmufo bi kyerɛ no, bere bɛn na Kristoman fii ase? (b) Dɛn nti na yebetumi aka sɛ ɛnyɛ Kristo na ɔde Kristoman bae?\n23 Nea efii mu bae ne sɛ wɔtoo Kristoman nhyɛase. Britaniani radio so nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo Malcolm Muggeridge kyerɛwee wɔ ne nhoma The End of Christendom mu sɛ: “Ɔhempɔn Konstantino na ofii Kristoman ase.” Nanso, ɔde nhumu nso kae sɛ: “Wubetumi aka mpo sɛ Kristo ankasa guu Kristoman ansa na ɛrefi ase, bere a ɔkae sɛ n’ahenni mfi wi yi ase no—nsɛm a emu dɔ na ɛho hia paa a ɔkae nyinaa no mu biako.” Na ɛne asɛm a Kristoman mu ɔsom ahorow ne amammui sodifo bu wɔn ani gu so sen biara.—Yohane 18:36.\n24. Bere a Konstantino nyaa “adwensakra” no, nsakrae bɛn na ɛbaa asɔre no mu?\n24 Mmoa a Konstantino de maa Kristoman nti, wɔn som no bɛyɛɛ Roma Ɔman som. Elaine Pagels, nyamesom ho nimdefo kyerɛkyerɛ mu sɛ: “Afei, wɔkae sɛ Kristofo asɔfo mpanyin a anka bere bi wɔkyere wɔn, yɛ wɔn ayayade, na wokunkum wɔn no nntua tow bio, wɔmaa wɔn akyɛde a efi ahemman no foto mu, wonyaa anuonyam ne tumi mpo wɔ ahemfie; wɔn asɔre ahorow no nyaa ahonyade, tumi ne dibea foforo.” Na wɔabɛyɛ ɔhempɔn no nnamfo, Roma ahemman no nnamfo.—Yakobo 4:4.\nKonstantino, Ɔsom mu Atuatew, ne Ɔsom a Wogye Tom\n25. (a) Ebeduu Konstantino bere so no, na nyamekyerɛ mu akyinnyegye bɛn na ɛrekɔ so? (b) Ansa na afeha a ɛto so anan reba no, na ntease bɛn na wokura wɔ Kristo ne n’Agya ntam abusuabɔ ho?\n25 Dɛn nti na na Konstantino “adwensakra” no ho hia saa? Efisɛ sɛ ɔhempɔn no, na ɔwɔ “Kristofo” asɔre a nkyerɛkyerɛ apaapae mu no so nkɛntɛnso kɛse, na na ɔpɛ sɛ biakoyɛ tra n’ahemman mu. Saa bere no na asɔfo mpanyin a wɔka Hela ne Latin kasa regye “abusuabɔ a ɛda ‘Asɛm’ anaa ‘Onyankopɔn’ ‘Ba’ a ɔbɛyɛɛ onipa Yesu, ne ‘Onyankopɔn’ ankasa a saa bere yi wɔfrɛ no ‘Agya’—a nnipa dodow no ara werɛ afi ne din Yahwe—no ho akyinnye.” (The Columbia History of the World) Ná ebinom pene adwene a egyina Bible so a ɛne sɛ wɔbɔɔ Kristo, Loʹgos no, ma enti Agya no korɔn sen no no so. (Mateo 24:36; Yohane 14:28; 1 Korintofo 15:25-28) Na wɔn mu biako ne Arius, ɔsɔfo bi a na ɔwɔ Alexandria wɔ Egypt. Nokwarem no, R. P. C. Hanson, nyamekyerɛ ho ɔbenfo, no ka sɛ: “Nyamekyerɛfo biara nni Apuei anaa Atɔe fam Asɔre no mu a wɔtraa ase ansa na [afeha a ɛto so anan no mu] Arius Akyinnyegye no refi ase, a ommu Ɔba no sɛ ɔhyɛ Agya no ase wɔ ɔkwan bi so.”—The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God.\n26. Ebeduu afeha a ɛto so anan no mfiase no, na Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ no ho asɛm te dɛn?\n26 Afoforo buu adwene a ɛne sɛ Kristo ba fam no sɛ ɔsom mu atuatew, na wɔpenee som a wɔbɛsom Yesu sɛ “Onyankopɔn a Ɔbɛyɛɛ Onipa” no so kɛse. Nanso, Ɔbenfo Hanson ka sɛ na saa bere no (afeha a ɛto so anan) “nyɛ [Baasakoro] nkyerɛkyerɛ a wɔagye atom a [Arius] ɔsom mu atuatew sɔre tiaa pefee a wɔbɔɔ ho ban ho abakɔsɛm. Na asɛm a wɔresusuw ho titiriw no nnya mmɛyɛɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛ a wogye tom no bi.” Ɔtoa so sɛ: “Nã afanu no nyinaa gye di sɛ nea wɔka no gyina Kyerɛwnsɛm so. Wɔn mu biara kae sɛ wɔn a aka no po tete nkyerɛkyerɛ na wonni Kyerɛwnsɛm so.” Nyamekyerɛ ho asɛm yi de mpaapaemu baa nyamesomfo ntam koraa.—Yohane 20:17.\n27. (a) Dɛn na Konstantino yɛ de bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔde bɛma Yesu nipasu ho akyinnyegye to atwa? (b) Nicaea Baguafo a wohyiae no dodow yɛ ahe? (d) So Nicene Gyidikasɛm no tumi maa Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ ho akyinnyegye a na ɛrekɔ so no to twae?\n27 Ná Konstatino pɛ sɛ biakoyɛ tra n’ahemman mu, na ɔmaa n’asɔfo mpanyin yɛɛ nhyiam wɔ Nicaea a ɛwɔ n’ahemman no Apuei fam, faako a wɔka Hela kasa, a sɛ wofi kurow foforo Constantinople mu kɔ hɔ a ɛwɔ Bosporus no akyi wɔ 325 Y.B. mu. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ asɔfo mpanyin bɛyɛ 250 kosi 318, a ɛyɛ wɔn mu kakraa bi pɛ na wɔkɔe, na wɔn a wɔkɔe no mu dodow no ara fi ɔmantam a wɔka Hela kasa no mu. Pope Sylvester I mpo ankɔ. * Bere a wogyee akyinnye denneennen wiei no, baguafo kakraa bi no gyee Nicene Gyidikasɛm a ɛpene Baasakoro adwene no so kɛse no toom. Nanso antumi amma nkyerɛkyerɛ ho akyinnyegye no annyae. Antumi ankyerɛ nea Onyankopɔn honhom kronkron yɛ wɔ Baasakoro nyamekyerɛ mu no mu pefee. Wogyee ho akyinnye mfe pii, wɔyɛɛ baguafo nhyiam pii, ahempɔn de wɔn ho gyee mu na wotwaa ebinom asu ansa na awiei koraa no wɔn adwene rehyia. Ná ɛyɛ nkonimdi ma nyamekyerɛ ne nkogudi ma wɔn a wodi Kyerɛwnsɛm no so.—Romafo 3:3, 4.\n28. (a) Nneɛma a afi Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ no mu aba no bi ne dɛn? (b) Dɛn nti na Maria a wɔsom no sɛ “Onyankopɔn Nã” no nni Bible nnyinaso biara?\n28 Ade biako a afi Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ mu aba wɔ mfehaha pii a atwam no mu ne sɛ Yehowa, nokware Nyankopɔn koro no ayera wɔ Kristoman nyamekyerɛ a ɛfa Onyankopɔn ne Kristo ho no mu. * Ade foforo a afi saa nyamekyerɛ no mu aba ne sɛ, sɛ Yesu ne Onyankopɔn a Ɔbɛyɛɛ Onipa ampa a, ɛnde na ɛda adi sɛ Yesu maame Maria yɛ “Onyankopɔn Nã.” Eyi ama wɔasom Maria wɔ akwan horow pii so wɔ mfe pii a atwam no mu, ɛwom sɛ kyerɛw nsɛm biara nni hɔ koraa a ɛka sɛ Maria ayɛ ade titiriw bi Yesu maame a ɔyɛ no akyi. * (Luka 1:26-38, 46-56) Mfehaha a atwam no mu no, Roman Katolek Asɔre no akyerɛkyerɛ Onyankopɔn-Na nkyerɛkyerɛ no ma ama Katolekfo pii som Maria sen Onyankopɔn.\nKristoman Mu Mpaapaemu\n29. Biribi a na ɛbɛkɔ so bɛn na Paulo de ho kɔkɔbɔ mae?\n29 Ɔwae ho ade foforo ne sɛ ɛde mpaapaemu ba. Na ɔsomafo Paulo ahyɛ nkɔm sɛ: “Minim sɛ me kɔ akyi no, mpataku bɔne bɛhyɛn mo mu a wɔrenkyɛe nguankuw no so. Nso mo ankasa mu nnipa bɛsɔre a wɔbɛka nkontomposɛm de atwe asuafo no adi wɔn akyi.” Na Paulo de afotu a emu da hɔ ama Korintofo no bere a ɔkaa eyi no: “Na, anuanom, menam yɛn Awurade Yesu Kristo din so mitu mo fo sɛ, mo nyinaa nyɛ nokoro, na mpaapaemu amma mo mu, na mmom moabom awie pɛyɛ adwenkoro ne nsusuwii koro mu.” Wɔ Paulo afotu yi nyinaa akyi no, ankyɛ na ɔwae ne mpaapaemu gyee ntini.—Asomafo no Nnwuma 20:29, 30; 1 Korintofo 1:10.\n30. Tebea bɛn na ankyɛ efii ase wɔ tete asɔre no mu?\n30 Wɔ mfe kakraa bi ntam wɔ asomafo no wu akyi no, na mpaapaemu aba Kristofo mu dedaw. Will Durant ka sɛ: “Na Celsus [a ɔsɔre tiaa Kristosom wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien no mu] ankasa de fɛwdi aka sɛ Kristofo mu ‘apaapae ayɛ akuw pii, a ankorankoro biara pɛ sɛ onya n’ankasa kuw.’ Bɛyɛ 187 [Y.B.] mu no, Irenaeus bobɔɔ Kristosom ahorow aduonu din; bɛyɛ 384 [Y.B.] mu no, Epiphanius kan aduɔwɔtwe.”—The Story of Civilization: Part III—Caesar and Christ.\n31. Ɛyɛɛ dɛn na mpaapaemu kɛse baa Katolek Asɔre no mu?\n31 Konstantino kɔɔ n’ahemman no fã a ɛwɔ Apuei fam, Helafo, no afa denam ahenkurow kɛse foforo a ɔma wɔkyekyee wɔ nea nnɛ wɔfrɛ no Turkey no so. Ɔtoo din Constantinople (nnɛyi Istanbul). Nea efii mu bae ne sɛ kasa ne baabi a ɔman no wɔ maa Katolek Asɔre no mu paapaee wɔ mfehaha pii mu—Rome a wɔka Latin kasa a ɛwɔ Atɔe fam ne Constantinople a wɔka Hela kasa a ɛwɔ Apuei fam no dii asi.\n32, 33. (a) Nneɛma foforo bɛn na ɛde mpaapaemu baa Kristoman mu? (b) Dɛn na Bible no ka wɔ dwuma a wɔde ahoni di wɔ ɔsom mu no ho?\n32 Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ a na wɔmfa nsii hɔ nwiei no ho akyinnyegye a ɛde mpaapaemu bae no maa basabasayɛ kɔɔ so wɔ Kristoman mu. Wɔyɛɛ baguafo nhyiam foforo wɔ 451 Y.B. mu wɔ Chalcedon de kyerɛɛ sɛnea Kristo “awosu horow” te mu. Ɛwom sɛ Atɔe famfo penee gyidikasɛm a bagua yi de mae no so de, nanso Apuei fam asɔre ahorow no ampene so, na ɛma wɔtew Coptic Asɔre no wɔ Egypt ne Abyssinia ne “Jacobite” asɔre ahorow no wɔ Syria ne Armenia. Ná adwenkoro a wonni wɔ nyamekyerɛ mu nsɛm a asete yɛ den ho, titiriw nea Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ no kyerɛ, resɛe Katolek Asɔre no biakoyɛ bere nyinaa.\n33 Ade foforo a ɛde mpaapaemu bae ne ahonisom. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so awotwe no mu no, Apuei fam asɔfo mpanyin sɔre tiaa ahonisom yi, na wɔbaa nea wɔfrɛ no ahonisɛe bere mu. Bere bi akyi no, wɔsan de ahoni dii dwuma.—Exodus 20:4-6; Yesaia 44:14-18.\n34. (a) Dɛn na ɛde mpaapaemu kɛse baa Katolek Asɔre no mu? (b) Dɛn na efii mpaapaemu yi mu bae?\n34 Sɔhwɛ kɛse foforo bae bere a Atɔe Fam asɔre no de Latin asɛmfua filioque (“nea efi Ɔba no”) kaa Nicene Gyidikasɛm no ho de kyerɛe sɛ Honhom Kronkron no fi Agya no ne Ɔba no nyinaa hɔ no. Mpaapaemu na afeha a ɛto so asia no mu nsakrae yi de bae bere a “Constantinople [asɔfo mpanyin] bagua bi kasa tiaa pope no wɔ afe 876 mu wɔ n’amansɛmdi ne filioque ɔsom mu atuatew ho asɛm a wanni ho dwuma ho no. Ná adeyɛ yi yɛ po a Apuei famfo no po ka a pope no kae sɛ wiase nyinaa Asɔre no hyɛ n’ase koraa no fã.” (Man’s Religions) Wɔ afe 1054 mu no, pope no nanmusifo pam Constantinople asɔre no agya panyin no fii asɔre no mu, na ɔno nso domee pope no. Awiei koraa no mpaapaemu yi ma wɔtew Apuei fam Ortodɔks Asɔre ahorow no—Greek, Russia, Romania, Poland, Bulgaria ne Serbia asɔre ne asɔre afoforo a wɔn ankasa di wɔn ho so.\n35. Na Waldenfo yɛ nnipa bɛn, na ɔkwan bɛn so na ɛsono wɔn gyidi wɔ Katolek Asɔre no de ho?\n35 Ná kuw foforo bi nso afi ase de basabasayɛ reba asɔre no mu. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 12 mu no, Peter Waldo a ofi Lyons, France, “faa nhomanimfo binom sɛ wɔnkyerɛ Bible no ase nkɔ France anafo fam langue d’oc [ɔmantam kasa] mu. Ɔde nsiyɛ suaa nkyerɛase no, na ɔkae sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ Kristofo tra ase te sɛ asomafo no—a wɔn mu biara nni n’ankasa agyapade.” (The Age of Faith a Will Durant kyerɛwee) Ɔhyehyɛɛ asɛnkafo kuw bi a wɔfrɛɛ wɔn Waldenfo. Eyinom poo Katolekfo asɔfodi, bɔne fafiri, ahodwiragya, Awurade adidi a wose ɛyɛ Yesu honam ne ne mogya ankasa ne Katolekfo tete nneyɛe ne gyidi afoforo. Wɔtrɛw kɔɔ aman foforo mu. Toulouse Bagua no bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ebesiw wɔn ano wɔ 1229 mu denam Kyerɛwnsɛm ho nhoma a obi benya a wɔbarae no so. Asɔre nhoma a ɛwɔ Latin kasa a wɔnka bio nkutoo mu na wɔmaa ho kwan. Nanso na nyamesom mu mpaapaemu ne ɔtaa pii bɛba.\nƆtaa a Wɔde Baa Albigensefo So\n36, 37. (a) Na Albigensefo yɛ nnipa bɛn, na dɛn na wogye dii? (b) Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔbrɛɛ Albigensefo no ase?\n36 Kuw foforo bi nso fii ase wɔ afeha 12 mu wɔ France kesee fam—Albigensefo (wɔsan frɛ wɔn Cathari), a wɔde wɔn too kurow Albi, a na wɔwɔ akyidifo pii wom no. Na wɔwɔ wɔn asɔfokuw a wɔnware a na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔde nidi bekyia wɔn. Wogye dii sɛ Yesu kasaa sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so wɔ n’adidi a etwa to no ase bere a ɔkaa abodoo no ho asɛm sɛ, “Eyi ne me honam” no. (Mateo 26:26) Wɔpoo Baasakoro, Ɔbaabun Awo, hellgya ne ahodwiragya nkyerɛkyerɛ no. Wɔn nnamyɛ nti, nkurɔfo annye Rome nkyerɛkyerɛ anni. Pope Innocent III hyɛe sɛ wɔmfa ɔtaa mmra Albigensefo no so. Ɔkae sɛ: “Sɛ ɛho hia a, momfa nkrante mmrɛ wɔn ase.”\n37 Wotuu “ɔsom mu atuatewfo” no so sa, na Katolekfo akofofo kunkum mmarima, mmea ne mmofra 20,000 wɔ Béziers, France. Wɔ mogyahwiegu pii akyi no, asomdwoe bae wɔ 1229 mu bere a Albigensefo dii nkogu no. Narbonne Bagua no “kae sɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ obi a ɔnyɛ ɔsɔfo nya Bible no fã bi.” Ɛdaa adi sɛ Bible no a na ɛwɔ kasa a nnipa no ka mu no titiriw na ɛmaa Katolek Asɔre no hyiaa ɔhaw.\n38. Na dɛn ne Atirimɔden Asɛnni no, na ɛyɛɛ adwuma dɛn?\n38 Nea edi hɔ a asɔre no yɛe ne sɛ ɛhyehyɛɛ Atirimɔden Asɛnni, asɛnnibea a wɔde siw ɔsom mu atuatew ano. Ná nnipa a wɔwɔ gyidihunu a wɔwɔ ɔpɛ kɛse sɛ wobekunkum “ɔsom mu atuatewfo” no afa wɔn ho tan dedaw. Afeha a ɛto so 13 mu tebea horow ankasa maa asɔre no nyaa kwan de tumi dii dwuma ɔkwammɔne so. Nanso, “na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde ɔsom mu atuatewfo a asɔre no abu wɔn fɔ no ma ‘wiase atumfo’—kurow no mu atumfo—ma wɔhyew wɔn kum wɔn.” (The Age of Faith) Sɛ na asɔre no ma wiase atumfoɔ no kunkum nnipa no a, ɛbɛda adi sɛ wonni mogya ho fɔ. Atirimɔden Asɛnni no ma wofii ɔsom mu ɔtaa a ɛma wɔyɛɛ nkurɔfo ayayade, kasa tiaa afoforo wɔ ɔkwan a ɛmfata so a wɔanna wɔn ho adi, dii awu, bɔɔ korɔn, yɛɛ atirimɔdenne kunkum nnipa mpempem pii a wɔannye asɔre no gyidi antom brɛoo ase. Wosiw ɔsom mu ahofadi kwan. So na nnipa a wɔhwehwɛ nokware Nyankopɔn no wɔ anidaso bi? Ti 13 bebua.\n39. Nyamesom ahyehyɛde bɛn na efii ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so ason no mu, na efii ase wɔ ɔkwan bɛn so?\n39 Bere a eyi nyinaa rekɔ so wɔ Kristoman mu no, Apuei fam Arabni bi nkutoo sɔre tiaa ne manfo som mu anibiannaso ne abosonsom. Ofii nyamesom ahyehyɛde bi ase wɔ afeha a ɛto so ason no mu a nnɛ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepepem biako yɛ osetie na wɔbrɛ wɔn ho ase hyɛ ase. Ahyehyɛde no ne Islām. Yɛn asɛmti a edi hɔ no bɛka ahyehyɛde no diyifo ne ne farebae ho abakɔsɛm, na akyerɛkyerɛ ne nkyerɛkyerɛ bi ne faako a efi mu.\n^ nky. 10 Nsɛm “ɔkra a enwu da,” “hellgya,” “ahodwiragya” ne “Limbo” no nni mfitiase Hebri ne Hela Bible no baabiara. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, Hela asɛmfua ma “owusɔre” (a·naʹsta·sis) pue mpɛn 42.\n^ nky. 14 Nea Hela asɛmfua e·piʹsko·pos no kyerɛ ankasa ne ‘nea ɔhwɛ so.’ Ɛbɛyɛɛ episcopus wɔ Latin kasa mu, na wɔdan no “biscop” wɔ Tete Engiresi kasa mu, na akyiri yi wɔyɛɛ no “bishop” wɔ Mfinimfini Mmere mu Engiresi kasa mu.\n^ nky. 21 Atetesɛm bi a agye din ka sɛ Konstantino nyaa mmeamudua a Latin nsɛm “In hoc signo vinces” (Di nkonim wɔ sɛnkyerɛnne yi mu) gu so ho anisoadehu. Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo bi ka sɛ ɛda adi kɛse sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na ɛyɛ Hela kasa “En toutoi nika” (Di nkonim wɔ eyi mu). Nhomanimfo binom nnye atetesɛm yi nni efisɛ mfomso ahorow wom.\n^ nky. 27 The Oxford Dictionary of Popes ka Sylvester I ho asɛm sɛ: “Ɛwom sɛ ɔyɛɛ pope bɛyɛ mfe aduonu abien wɔ Konstantino Ɔkɛseɛ no ahenni (306-37) mu, bere a nsɛm akɛse sisii wɔ asɔre no mu de, nanso ɛte sɛ nea wanyɛ ade titiriw biara wɔ nsɛm akɛse a na ɛresisi no mu. . . . Ɛda adi sɛ na Konstantino wɔ asɔfo mpanyin a ɔka ne kokoam nsɛm kyerɛ wɔn na ɔne wɔn boom yɛɛ asɔre no ho nhyehyɛe horow; nanso na [Sylvester] nyɛ wɔn mu biako.”\n^ nky. 28 Sɛ wopɛ Baasakoro ho akyinnyegye no ho nsɛm pii a, hwɛ So Ɛsɛ sɛ Wugye Baasakoro no Di? nhomawa a ekura nkratafa 32 a Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., tintim no 1989 no mu.\n^ nky. 28 Wɔbɔ Maria, Yesu maame din na wɔka ne ho asɛm sɛ ne maame wɔ Nsɛmpa anan no kyerɛw nsɛm 24 mu, ne pɛnkoro wɔ Asomafo no Nnwuma mu. Wɔmmɔ ne din wɔ asomafo no mu biara nhoma mu.\n[Kratafa 262 adaka]\nTete Kristofo ne Abosonsom Roma\n“Bere a Kristosom baa Roma Ahemman no mu no, ɛkanyan abosonsomfo a wogye toom no nso ma wɔsakraa wɔn nneyɛe ne wɔn abrabɔ. Abosonsomfo pii a na wɔatete wɔn ma wobu aware sɛ asetra ne sikasɛm nhyehyɛe titiriw, mmarima ne mmarima nna sɛ mmarima ntetee fã a wɔhwɛ kwan, tuutuu a mmarima ne mmea nyinaa si sɛ ɛnyɛ bɔne na mmara ma ho kwan, ne awaregyae, nyinsɛn a wotu gu, nyinsɛn anosiw, ne nkokoaa a wɔmpɛ wɔn a [wokunkum] wɔn no sɛ mfaso wɔ so no gyee Kristofo asɛm a ɛbara nneyɛe yi toom ma wɔn abusuafo ho dwiriw wɔn.”—Adam, Eve and the Serpent a Elaine Pagels kyerɛwee.\n[Kratafa 266 adaka]\nKristosom ne Kristoman Ntam Akameakame\nPorphyry, afeha a ɛto so abiɛsa mu Tiro nyansapɛfo a ɔmpɛ Kristosom bisae sɛ “ebia Yesu akyidifo na wɔde Kristosom soronko no bae na ɛnyɛ Yesu ankasa anaa. Porphyry (ne Julian [afeha a ɛto so anan mu Romafo ɔhempɔn a ɔmpɛ Kristosom]) de Apam Foforo no kyerɛe sɛ Yesu amfrɛ ne ho Onyankopɔn, na wanka n’ankasa ho asɛm na mmom ɔkaa Onyankopɔn biako pɛ, yɛn nyinaa Nyankopɔn no ho asɛm. N’akyidifo na wɔpoo ne nkyerɛkyerɛ na wɔde wɔn ankasa de foforo sii hɔ som Yesu (na ɛnyɛ Onyankopɔn biako pɛ no) dii no ni. . . . [Porphyry] kaa asɛm a ɛhaw Kristofo mmadwemma: so Kristofo gyidi gyina Yesu asɛnka so anaasɛ nsusuwii a n’asuafo de bae wɔ awo ntoatoaso ahorow no mu wɔ ne wu akyi no so?”—The Christians as the Romans Saw Them.\n[Kratafa 268 adaka]\nPetro ne Popenom Ahyehyɛde No\nWɔ Mateo 16:18 no, Yesu ka kyerɛɛ ɔsomafo Petro sɛ: “Na mise wo sɛ, wone Petro [Hela, Peʹtros], na ɔbotan [Hela, peʹtra] yi so na mede m’asɔre besi, na owu tumi rentumi no.” (RS) Eyi nti, Katolek Asɔre no ka sɛ Yesu de n’asɔre no sii Petro a wose ɔne Rome asɔfo mpanyin ne Petro adedifo a wɔtoatoa so no mu nea odi kan no so.\nHena ne ɔbotan a Yesu kaa ho asɛm wɔ Mateo 16:18 no, Petro anaa Yesu? Nsɛm no kyerɛ sɛ nea na wɔresusuw ho ne Yesu a wobehu no sɛ “Kristo no, Onyankopɔn teasefo no Ba,” sɛnea Petro ankasa kae no. (Mateo 16:16) Enti ntease wom sɛ Yesu ankasa na ɔbɛyɛ asɔre no nhyɛase botan dennen no, na ɛnyɛ Petro a akyiri yi ɔpaa Kristo mprɛnsa no.—Mateo 26:33-35, 69-75.\nYɛyɛ dɛn hu sɛ Kristo ne nhyɛase botan no? Yehu eyi denam Petro ankasa adanse so, bere a ɔkyerɛwee eyi no: “Ɔno na moba ne nkyɛn sɛ ɔbo a nkwa wom a nnipa apa no na Onyankopɔn de, wafa no na ne bo yɛ den . . . Efisɛ ɛwɔ kyerɛw no mu sɛ: Hwɛ! mede twea tibo a wɔapaw no na ne bo yɛ den mato Sion, na nea ogye no di no ani renwu.” Paulo nso kae sɛ: “Wɔde mo asi asomafo ne adiyifo nhyɛase a Kristo Yesu ankasa ne twea bo titiriw no so.”—1 Petro 2:4-8; Efesofo 2:20.\nAdanse biara nni Kyerɛwnsɛm anaa abakɔsɛm mu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ Petro dii n’atipɛnfo so tumi. Ɔnka ho asɛm wɔ nhoma ahorow a n’ankasa kyerɛwee no mu, na Nsɛmpa abiɛsa a aka—a Marko de (a ɛda adi sɛ Petro na ɔkaa nsɛm no kyerɛɛ Marko) ka ho—no nka asɛm a Yesu ka kyerɛɛ Petro no mpo.—Luka 22:24-26; Asomafo no Nnwuma 15:6-22; Galatifo 2:11-14.\nAdanse a edi mu biara mpo nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ Petro kɔɔ Rome pɛn. (1 Petro 5:13) Bere a Paulo kɔɔ Yerusalem no, “Yakobo ne Kefa [Petro] ne Yohane a wobu wɔn sɛ adum no” boaa no. Enti anyɛ yiye koraa no na Petro yɛ asafo no mu adum abiɛsa no mu biako wɔ saa bere no mu. Ná ɔnyɛ “pope,” na wɔamfrɛ no saa anaasɛ “ɔsɔfo panyin” titiriw wɔ Yerusalem.—Galatifo 2:7-9; Asomafo no Nnwuma 28:16, 30, 31.\n[Kratafa 264 mfonini]\nKristoman Baasakoro Ahintasɛm Ahinasa\n[Kratafa 269 mfonini ahorow]\nVatican (ne frankaa na ɛwɔ ase hɔ no) soma ahemmɔfo kɔ wiase aban ahorow nkyɛn\n[Kratafa 275 mfonini ahorow]\nNicaea Bagua too nhyɛase maa nea akyiri yi ɛbɛyɛɛ Baasakoro nkyerɛkyerɛ no\n[Kratafa 277 mfonini ahorow]\nMaria a oturu abofra a wɔsom no, mfinimfini, ɛkyerɛ abosonsom anyamewa som a akyɛ paa—benkum so, Misrifo Isis ne Horus; nifa so, Rome Mater Matuta\n[Kratafa 278 mfonini ahorow]\nApuei fam Ortodɔks asɔre ahorow—Sveti Nikolaj, Sofia, Bulgaria, ne ase hɔ, St. Vladimir asɔre, New Jersey, U.S.A.\n[Kratafa 281 mfonini]\nWɔboaboaa “Kristofo” mmeamudua ho akofofo ano sɛ wonkunkum “ɔsom mu atuatewfo” te sɛ Waldenfo ne Albigensefo, na ɛnyɛ sɛ wonkogye Yerusalem mfi Islāmfo nsam nko\n[Kratafa 283 mfonini ahorow]\nTomás de Torquemada, Dominic kokorani, odii Spania Atirimɔden Asɛnni a ɛde ayayadeyɛ nnwinnade hyɛɛ nkurɔfo sɛ wɔnka wɔn bɔne nkyerɛ no anim\nShare Share Ɔwae—Wosiw Ɔkwan a Ɛkɔ Onyankopɔn Nkyɛn No\nsh ti 11 kr. 261-283\nDɛn Nti na Ɛsɛ sɛ Wususuw Ɔsom Afoforo Ho?\nNyamesom—Efii Ase Dɛn?\nNsɛdi Ahorow a Ɛwɔ Atetesɛm Mu\nNkonyaayi ne Ahonhonsɛmdi a Wɔnam so Hwehwɛ Nea Wonnim No\nHindusom—Ahofadi a Wɔhwehwɛ\nBuddhasom—Pɛyɛ a Wɔkwati Onyankopɔn Hwehwɛ\nTaosom ne Konfusiosom—Ɔsoro Kwan a Wɔhwehwɛ\nShinto—Sɛnea Japanfo Hwehwɛ Onyankopɔn\nYudasom—Kyerɛwnsɛm ne Atetesɛm a Wɔfa So Hwehwɛ Onyankopɔn\nKristosom—So na Yesu ne Ɔkwan a Ɛkɔ Onyankopɔn Nkyɛn No?\nIslām—Ahobrɛase a Wɔde Kɔ Onyankopɔn Nkyɛn\nƆsesɛw No—Ɔkwan a Wɔfa So Hwehwɛ no Sakra\nGyidi a Wonni Nnɛ—So Ɛsɛ sɛ Wɔkɔ So Hwehwɛ Kwan No?\nSan a Wɔsan Ba Nokware Nyankopɔn no Nkyɛn\nNokware Nyankopɔn no ne Wo Daakye\nNsɛm a Wɔahyehyɛ\nMfonini Ahorow Fibea\nNhoma no Akyi Nsɛm\nText Baabi a wubetumi atwe nneɛma akenkan Mankind's Search for God