Guatemala（瓜地馬拉）

Takalay a sowal 
Kuatimala Kapolongan Kitakit(Sipanya a sowal:República de Guatemala；Kuwaping a sowal:瓜地馬拉共和國), itiraay i Sifo’an Amirika, misi’ayaway to Taypinyang, i kawali o Karipi Riyar, i ka’amis o Misiko kitakit, i ka’amis no sakawali o Pilis, i katimol no sakwali o Hontoras ato Sarwato.

O lalengatan no ngangan(名詞來源) 
O Kuatimala sanay ’i, o sowal no Nawato(Nāhuatl;納瓦特語), o cecay a sowal Acitiko. O imi nona sowal o「adihayay ko kilang a pala」ano ca edeng o「kilang」koni sowalan.

Rikisi(歷史) 
Nani saka 4 sici tahira i saka 10 sici , o sakakahaday a sakowan Piteng(貝登省;Departamento de Petén, ira ko 33566 km²) o sasifo’an no Maya Punka, i kaleponan no saka 10 sici mapalahedaw ko Maya Punka i la’enay pala, nikawrira, ifafa’eday pala ira ho maosaw kona Punka. I 1524 miheca tayni a micowat ko Sipanya a tamdaw tekopen nangra ko Maya Punka misatang a mideak to Nicowatan Sakowan. O demak no Sipaya itini ’i, o sapilaheciaw a palasawad to Maya Punka, orasaka, matodoh ko maamaan a nitilidan, cowa to ka hakowa ko maosaway. 

1821 miheca saka 9 folad saka 15 romi’ad misatapang a milekal to sapisiikedaw nani Sipanya ko Sifo’ay Amirika, i 1824 miheca tahira i 1839 miheca cecay a kitakit no Sifo’an Amirika Matatekoay Kitakit (Kuwaping a sowal:中美洲聯邦共和國; Sipanya a sowal: República Federal de Centroamérica), tahira to i 1840 miheca nga’ malaheci ko pisiiked no Kuatimala.

1871 miheca ci Fusto Rufino Palios (Kuwaping a sowal:胡斯托·魯菲諾·巴里奧斯;Sipangya a sowal: Justo Rufino Barrios) ko congton no Kuatimala satapang a midemak to sakarihaday no ‘orip no finawlan. Tahira to i 1944 miheca micomod to kosi no Amirika Patatekoay to Losay a Kosi(Kuwaping a sowal:聯合果品公司; Ikiris a sowal:United Fruit Company),mipaci’ci a micakay to kakahaday a sera to cilosay to kafi ato pawli, misatapng to ko picara to sici ato demak no Kuatimala.

1944 miheca  masanga’ ko sapipa’ading to maomahay a tamdaw a rikec. 1950 miheca tahira i 1954 miheca o teloc no Roysi ci Hakowo Apens Kosman(Kuwaping a sowal:哈科沃·阿本斯·古斯曼; Sipangya a sowal: Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán) ko malacongtonay, midemak to sakanga’ay to pitayal ato kacisera no kalotamdaw. Nawhani, o polong no kitakit edeng 2% a tamdaw ko ciseraay to 70% a 

ni Apens ko sera nora cipaysoay pacilacen ningra ko awaay ko sera a tamdaw, ira ko 10 ofad a maomahay ko mililamay to sera.

Oya sato kosi no Amirika Patatekoay to Losay a Kosi, o sahadihayay ko mi’ecoan a sera, cowa konini aca ko dafong nona kosi, ira heca ko Sifo’ay Amirika a Cinamalay Kosi ato minato no Kuatimala. Mikitadipi tono niyah a kitakit o Amirika, o Kyosanto ci Apens han nangra pakarat ko sowal, orasaka, milood ko Amirika to Kuatimala. O sepay no Amirika malacafay ato mitokeray ci Aprnsan a Kutimala a kasafelaw, mitakaw a midemak to sapifelihaw ci Apensan.

Yo malowid sato ci Apens milaliw tayra i roma a kitakit, ci Kalos Arpito Kastino Amas(Kuwaping a sowal:卡洛斯·阿爾貝托·卡斯蒂略·阿馬斯; Sipanya a sowal: Carlos Alberto Castillo Armas) ko malapaitekday mikowanay.[3] Tangsol han nona fa’elohay a sifo palasawad koya sapipakilacaw to sera a demak ni Apens. 1957 miheca mapatay no nima ci Amas,oya mikotayay a tamdaw mangalefay ko kali’ang to finawlan a sofitay ci Mikor Itikolas Foentos.

Oya sato o moamahay a tamdaw misang’ to Maomahay Mihokhokay Sofitay, satapang ko kalalais to sifo to 36 mihecan ko Laloma’ay Lalood no Kitakit. I 1996 miheca matatilid ko sifo ato Maomahay Mihokhokay Sofitay to Rihaday Kakaketonan Tilid, misawad to malalood. Tona lalood ira ko 10 ofad ko mapatayay,matafesiw ko cecay so’ot ko maforaway a tamdaw. O pipatay no sofita no Kuwatimala to Finawlan Maya Finacadan o sapipalahedaway to finacadan(Kuwaping a sowal:種族滅絕; Ikiris a sowal: genocide). Kalacongtonan ni Hosay Ayfolaing Lios Monto(Kuwaping a sowal:何塞·埃弗拉因·李歐斯·蒙特; Sipanya a sowal: José Efraín Ríos Montt), edeng i 1982 miheca saka 9 folad ira ko 9000 tamdaw ko mipatayan a Maya tamdaw. 1983 miheca sa’emang sanay to ko pipaeker no sifo to yincumin,1985 miheca misingkiw. Nikawrira, o sakakinih no cipaysoay ato macahiway a tamdaw caay ho ka lahedaw, tahanini o 1% a cipaysoaay tamdaw miaro’ to 60% a omah.

Palapalaan (地理) 
Itiraay i Sifo’an Amirika ko kamaro’an no Kuwatimala,isak’amisan i,o masadafdafay a dasdas a Fa'edetay Kakarayan a Kilakilanan,isasifo’an ira ko cilamalay lotok 4200laya’ ko ka’akawang, o misi’ayaway to Taypinyang a dafdaf o cihanekay a pala 

Fa'etay kilakilangan pala koninian. 

O sasifo’an a tapolo i, o sasifo’an no ‘orip ato punka no Kuwatimala, ona tapolo ira ko 1300 athira i 1800 laya’ ko ka’akawang, edef no mihecaan sa’emelay ko kakarayan, romi’ad nani 18°C tahira i 28°C,i sakacecay ato sakatosa a folad si’enaway. O tatapangan niyaro’ o syoto i, itiniay i sasifo’an. Itini tona syoto i ira ko 250 ofad ko tamdaw maro’ay itini, o sakakaay a niyaro’ no Kuwatimala, o pihololan no lafang a Atitolan Fanaw,Atitolan fanaw, katelang a syoto Kuwatimala, no to’asan a niyaro’ Tikar ato Kosartonanko ato Cicikastonan.

O cilamalay tokos no Kuwatimala ira ko 37 a lotok, oroma saoti,adihay ko fanaw, o sakakaay i, Pokaya,Sie-Yacito cilamalay lotok.

Tamdaw(人口)

Mahaop ko 43% a tamdaw no Kuwatimala o teloc no Maya finacadan. Ira ngata no salawacan no Karepi Riyar iraay maro’ ko teloc no Afrika a tamdaw. O tamdaw no Kuwatimala sahetoay itiraay ni nitaro’ ko aro’, nikawrira, kahenayay malatokay noriraan niyaro’. O pitooran skakaay i, o Tinsikyo, nikawrira, ono to’asan a pitoora a lekakawa maparamram i lisin no Tinsikyo,mahaop ko 40% mitooray to Fa’elohay a Misakeristoay, ira ko 1% mitooran to to’asan a Maya Pitooran.

Ono sifoan a sowal o Sipanya a sowal, nikawrira, makalasowal ho kasasiromaroma a Maya Sowal, mangalefay i niyaro’ ira ho caay ka fana’ to sowal no Sipanya.

1996 miheca i Sakarihaday Kakaketon papilaheci to sifo to tilid no sifo ato no sinkiw a tilid falicen sano niyaro’ay sowal.

O kasasikiked a sakowan  (行政區劃) 
Guatemala masasi’isal 22 ko kanatal (Spain sowal: Departamentos), tangasa i 2014 miheca ira ko 335 kasademakan(si) (Spain sowal: Municipios) [11].

Sowal (語言) 
Ono sifoan a sowal o Sipanya a sowal, nikawrira, makalasowal ho kasasiromaroma a Maya Sowal, mangalefay i niyaro’ ira ho caay ka fana’ to sowal no Sipanya.i Karipi Riyar pala ira ko Karifuna sowal.

Sici  (政治) 
Guatemala o kasahirahiraay ko sician a kasarekarekad, misiikeday a nikapolongan kitakit. 

I 1986 miheca 1 folad 15 romi’ad pahapiw ko kimpo matelek toloay ko kasasiiked no sakowan 'icel, o nipidemak (congtong ato micokeray congtong), patirengay to rikec (Guatemala lomaocan), ato hoying (sakakaay hoying) a kasasiiked.      

I 1993 miheca mifalic to kimpo, ato mitongal to sakakakaay hoying mitefocay nai 9 tamdaw tangasa 13 tamdaw, o congtong ato micokeray congtong ato kalomaocan taypiaw nao 5 miheca malowan 4 mihecaan, sakakakaay hoying mitefocay nai 6 miheca malowan 5 miheca, ciciw ato ciyiing nao 2.5 miheca matongal 4 miheca. O congtong maraod ko mihecaan masingkiway, kinacecay aca liyad, eca kanga’ay pato’eto (manga’ay palaed misingkiw). Kalomaocan no kitakit ato congtong 4 miheca kina cecay misingkiw, polong maraoday ko 18 miheca citodong to finawlan a singkiw, o hitay awaay ko todong misingkiw. Kalomaocan no kitakit patorod to satakaraway hoying a tamdaw, 4 miheca ko lekad.     

I 2003 miheca misingkiw ko Guatemala o taypiaw no polong kitakit nipatatekoan ci Oscar Beh 54.1% maala malacongtong, itiya polong kitakit nipatatekoan o sata’akay a sician a kasarekarekad i kalomaocan. Mitiya romaroma Latin Amilika kitakit, Guatemala caay ka halafin ko Nikapolongan to’as, sician a kasarekarekad caay ka tomenek, adihayay sician a kasarekarekad ira ko mikowanay i malicinowasto. Roma a sician a kasarekad tinako sofitay ato maliacaay ira ko pikihamon to sician a mi’iwas.    

I 2007 miheca ta’akay singkiw no Guatemala[12], taypiaw o Kawiliay-Kasafelaw polong kitakit pafaloco’an nipatatekoan ci Alvaro Colom i sakinatosa a singkiw maala 52.82% Guatemala congtong[13], cingra o sa’ayaway Kawiliay-Kasafelaw a congtong.     

I 2011 miheca a singkiw no Guatemala, taypiaw no Kawananay-Kasafelaw Ay-ko kasarekad ci Otto Perez Molina i sakinatosa misingkiw maala to 53.74%, maala to congtong no Guatemala.      

I 2015 miheca singkiw no Guatemala, taypiaw no kitakit komoday a calay (FCN-Nación) ci Jimmy Morales i sakatosa singkiw maala to 67.44%, maala to congtong no Guatemala[14].     

I 2019 miheca singkiw no Guatemala, taypiaw no Vamos party (kasarekad) ci Alejandro Giammattei sakinatosa singkiw maala to 57.95%, maala to congtong no Guatemala[15].

Ira ko somowalay, onini a kitakit a saki no tamdawan solongoc caayka nga’ay, o no yincumin ko sowal a mipahoso o caayay kacitodong i sarikec, tangasa i 1986 miheca malalenay ko sowal nasaan itiya a masalalan[16].

kacacofelan a demak  (外交) 
Nawhani mararid ko laloma'ay no Kitakit a lalood, o saki kacacofelan a demak no Guatemala mapakacecay, nai 1980 mihecaan nikapolongan ato miforiforay-sofitay masasitelek to sakanga’ay i, itiya to a micomod i kasakitakit ko Guatemala.

O fangafang i kalingangan no Belize  (與貝里斯的邊界糾紛) 
O Inkiris ato Guatemala i 1859 miheca masasitelek to Aycinena-Wyke a tatoneken, mitonek to itiyaay a no Inkiris a Honduras a kalingangan i, o nia lingangan tangasa aniniay a laloma’an no Belize, nawhani itiya 18 sici Inkiris ato Spain masasitelekay to, midotoc tina katatelekan, nai Sibun River raremay sera ato i riyaray a palapala aniniay katimolay no Belize 4627 pinfang inli a sera, sahetoay o no Inkiris a caay ko no rekec a nicalapan. Tia sacisowal sa halo i Belize a sera na no Guatemala a todong, 1981 miheca o Belize misiiked itiya i, caay pasoelinen no Guatemala, i laloma’an no kitakit a palilaman cicu, o Belize i laloma’a ho no kitakit, tangasa i 1991 miheca 9 folad 6 romi’ad itiya a mihayda ko Guatemala to Belize a kitakit, tatosaay kitakit masasipatireng to sasitoki micomod, manga’ay micomod ato micolo’ to lali’aca a dafong.    

Nikawrira caayho kasongila’ sakilingangan nia tosaay kitakit, tangasa i 2003 miheca 10 folad tosaay kitakit i pihaopan no Amilika kitakit lekapot itiya saka 2 folad kasasitiri’ lomaoc a masasitelek “palakecay ato paso’elinan” katatelekan kasapakayraan midemak, misafaloco’ mikilim to sakasalof no kalaliyangan masasili’ay. 2018 miheca 4 folad 15 romi’ad kapolongan pitopa ko Guatemala[17]. O Belize sifo i 2019 miheca 5 folad 8 romi’ad mikapolongan pitopa to pilecad sapaco’ay[18], o nilahecian no finawlan nia tosaay kitakit to kapolongan pitopa mihai patorod tina kalaliyangan a sera i hoying no kasakitakit (ICJ) mitomadaw, mitala to pisawkit no hoying no kasakitakit.

Saki Taywan (ROC) a cacofel   (與中華民國關係) 
Ona talatosaay nai 1933 miheca 6 folad 15 romi’ad patireng to kacacofelan a demak tangasa anini, Ona talatosaay i kasakicay lali’aca a sasipadang, kiwiko ponka, nisangaan kicik, tatenaan patireng, sakihitay, isi a kafafolodan[19]. O sa’alomanay ko tamdaw a kitakit ko Guatemala kasasicofelan a demak no Taywan.

Kicay   (經濟)

Mirarakatay   (旅遊)

Rarakatan  (交通)

Liomah(農業) 
O ‘etan no liomah a pinaroma polongen ira cecay no kalisepat, o nipasadakan a paliwal tosa no kalitolo. O matayalay no polong a tamdaw no kitakit ira ko fatad o maomahay,

o pinaloma ira ko kafi, waneng, pawli ato fata’an, ilaloma’ nonini i, o kafi ko sakakaay, sakaenem itini kalokitakit,o pipalamaan itiraay i Antikuwa, Atitolan Fanaw, Kowang,Wiwitonanko, Folayhanays, Siemakos. I Kuwatimala iraay ko cecay a Saop no Kafi(ANACAFE) o midemakay to pipaliwal to kafi.

Tadakakahad ko sera to nipalomaan a tefos no Kuwatimala, orasaka, o sakatosa ko kaadihay nipasadakan a paliwal i roma a kitakit, o pawli o sakatolo ko kaadihay a losay. \

I Guatemala dadahal ko pipalomaan to tefos a pala, o sakatosa a nilitodan a nilingadan. Sakatolo i o pawli. O romasato polong no hekal o sa’adihayay ko nipalomaan a kalitang ato nipasadakan no kitakit, mapatayra i congtong a kasakitakit.

Misanga’ay to dafong(工業) 
Misang'ay to lalosidan ato pipatireng limaay ko cecay (5/1) ko sakikicay.

1996 miheca masasitelek to sakalali’ay paherek to 36 mihecaan ko lafin a kalalood, o sakalasawad no papotalay sapisiwfay a sakadipang. Pacakat to sakaira micomoday no sifo, no kasakitakit a pacomod to sakilaliacaan kasasowal ato pa’icel ko sifo ato no tekedan kalalipaysoay a katemik ato mapatalahekalay sakiikor a dademaken. Ano caay kaserer ko ’aca no dafong i, ikoray to pinapina mihecaan no Guatemala a kicay macakat maedeng i 2000 mihecaan.

O polong a ‘etan no misanga’ay to dafong ato sapatireng to loma’ edeng cecay no kalilima.1996 miheca matatilid to Sakarihaday a Kakaketonan Tilid, malasawad koya36 miheca ko kahalafin a Laloma’an Lalood, malahedaw ko pitaker to roma a kitakit a mili’etanay a patireng ko kofa itini. Orasaka, matongal ko ‘etan no kitakit rahoday ko ‘orip no finawlan. 

1998 miheca a ta’akay faliyos i Guatemala ato sakafiyaw kitakit wata ko makari’angay.

a tilid (註腳) 
[1] Campbell 1997

[2] Troika study abroad programs 2006

[3] John Vandermeer, Ivette Perfecto（2009）。《生物多樣性的早餐》，頁70-73。臺北市：綠色陣線協會，ISBN 978-986-84095-4-5

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