Nabil Khemiri

Sahbi Sidhom

Malek Ghenima

Henda Ben Ghezala

Natural ontology representation based on NP's properties and semantic relations

Keywords: Automatic indexing, Information retrieval (IR), noun phrase (NP), natural language processing (NLP), semantic relations, morphosyntactic parser, NooJ Platform, ontology. I

In the context of the valorization of Tunisian patrimony, we propose an approach to represent semantic properties on contents: heterogeneous information (multimedia) concerning patrimony objects. We develop indexing and information retrieval (IR) processes based on noun phrase (NP) and its semantic representation. These processes use natural language processing (NLP) to take into account the NPs structure organization. In view of this study, the ontology has been proposed to capitalize the concept of knowledge as NP and its semantic relations.

INTRODUCTION

ith Internet infrastructures and information networks, new approaches on information retrieval (IR) are developed. The goal of IR process is to find relevant information in document collections. IR differs in approaches by: the formulation of the request, the indexing process, the choice of terms in the user query and the matching between the query and the terms of indexed documents. By the industry of digitizing, document can be represented in several formats: text, image, video or audio, either separately or mixed (multimedia). Particularly, multimedia documents are omnipresent for public access in order to disseminate information and share ideas, knowledge and expertise. To facilitate analysis among the various formats of documents (multimedia), we have unified the processing throughout text content representations related to source of documents [START_REF] Sahbi | Plate-forme d'analyse morpho-syntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information : de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF]: the aim is to extract, from text content, the concepts and their informative properties. In the research context of [START_REF] Sahbi | Plate-forme d'analyse morpho-syntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information : de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF] [START_REF] Sahbi | Plate-forme d'analyse morpho-syntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information : de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF], the concept identified for indexing, for IR and for knowledge organization was the NP (noun phrase or noun syntagma) and its semantic properties in the speech discourses: from writing production to knowledge management (KM). In the context of our study, the use of properties and semantic relations on NP structures is important: NP refers to "the minimal unit of speech that allows naming a person, an object, an idea, etc." [START_REF] Ph | Knowledge Extraction and Vizualisation: case study on ChroniSanté project in France[END_REF]. This process concerns the patrimony objects: paintings, textiles, manuscripts, ceramics, glass, mosaics, etc. It is about valuing the patrimony objects through textual information associated with the views of patrimony experts, historians, restorers of patrimony objects, etc. Thus, textual information on the patrimony object can initiate processes such as indexing, RI, annotation, informational filtering, etc. In this paper, our problem as defined is: -How to represent the NPs and its semantic properties in the indexing and IR processes to enhance patrimony objects?‖. This problem includes the following challenges: -How to index the patrimony objects? -How to valorize the NP properties in a search problem to improve relevant information? This article is built as follows: In Section 2, we present and discuss related works, with the proposition of a morphosyntactic parser on NooJ platform [START_REF] Max | NooJ: a linguistic annotation system for corpus processing[END_REF] in Section 3. In Section 4, we present the NP semantic relations to formalize the IR process. Finally, we propose the ontology based on natural properties and semantic relations of the NP to associate as knowledge management (KM) process.

II. RELATED WORKS

Several research studies have tried to extract the NP to represent the content of a document. This complex representation, as NP structure, is different from single words representation (mono-term or terms linked with artificial relations). NP takes into account a set of words from their production contexts (the language). We mention a set of research works, as: ˗ LE and CHEVALLET [START_REF] Le | Extraction et structuration des relations multitypes à partir de texte[END_REF] used a hybrid method that mixes associations between pairs of terms extracted from a statistical approach with semantic relations from a linguistic approach. The NP extraction is done using syntactic patterns which are rules, in order to concatenate grammatical categories to build NP structure. In this case, NPs are organized into syntactic dependency networks (head and expansion/modifier) by adding the statistical and semantic associations. LE combines different information sources to get a general overview of the NP and its context. The approach combines statistical information based on frequency measurements and syntactic information on the NP structures in dependency networks. The E-mails: Nabil.Khemiri@isigk.rnu.tn, Sahbi.Sidhom@loria.fr, Malek.Ghenima@escem.rnu.tn, henda.hg@cck.rnu.tn w semantic information is through the study of relations: synonymy, hyperonymy and causality.

˗ HADDAD [START_REF] Haddad Hatem | Utilisation des Syntagmes Nominaux dans un Système de Recherche d'Information[END_REF] proposed a hybrid approach to use the noun phrase in IR process. He used a morpho-syntactic parser integrated in the IOTA system [START_REF] Palmer | Etude d'un analyseur de surface de la langue naturelle. application à l'indexation automatique des textes[END_REF]. NPs are represented with dependency networks in the format (head and expansion/modifier). NPs and terms are represented in vectors with their respective weights calculated using a statistical ponderation (i.e. tf-idf). The weight of an index term is calculated by multiplying the statistical weight with syntactical weight. The syntactical weight of NP is determined by the sum of the syntactical element weights that compose it:

1 if is a substantive = 0 if is a stop word 0.5 for other categories is the empirical value of the syntactic element HADDAD experiments had been under the vector model. He did not taking into consideration the characteristics and dependency relations between NPs.

˗ KURAMOTO [START_REF] Kuramoto Hélio | Proposition d'un Système de Recherche d'Information Assistée par Ordinateur -Avec application à la langue portugaise[END_REF] proposed an indexing [START_REF] Amar | Les fondements théoriques de l'indexation : une approche linguistique[END_REF] and IR models with NP structures proposed by users. His study showed the relevance of NP properties and its semantic identified by user, such as defined by the research team SYDO (Research group on -SYstème DOcumentaire‖ in Lyon, France): NP is a descriptor of the document [START_REF] De Brito Marcilio | Réalisation d'un analyseur morpho-syntaxique pour la reconnaissance du syntagme nominal : Utilisation des grammaires Affixes[END_REF][START_REF] Metzger Jean-Paul | Syntagmes Nominaux et Information Textuelle : reconnaissance automatique et représentation[END_REF]. The NP recognition model has been tested on a Portuguese corpus. NPs are stored in stacks linked by pointers. The query can be a set of words or a NPs. The IR process looks for NPs at first level and browses the NP stack to display the maximal NPs with its lower levels. The IR process proposed by KURAMOTO has a query formulation restriction: it has an impact on the relevant answers.

˗ SIDHOM [START_REF] Sahbi | Plate-forme d'analyse morpho-syntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information : de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF] presented a morpho-syntactic analysis platform for automatic indexing and information retrieval. In the expectations of this work, the conceptualization of NP and its semantic properties can refer us to design ontology for indexing contents and information retrieval.

In follows, we present our research work on the implementation of NPs and its properties [START_REF] Sahbi | Plate-forme d'analyse morpho-syntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information : de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF], to build our parser with a new approach.

III. MORPHO-SYNTACTIC PARSER

Morpho-syntactic analysis (for French language) is a fundamental step which enables the textual analysis of contents, or representations associated to documents, in order to generate the syntactic trees. After this step, a set of syntactic structures are extracted to supply in concepts the indexing and information retrieval processes.

In the aim of our research, we chose a linguistic approach to analyze text representations in a multimedia corpus of patrimony objects. The principle is to extract NPs and their semantic relations from syntactic trees to index the patrimony objects.

The NP processing chain is illustrated in the following figure (cf. Fig. 1). In a previous work [START_REF] Khemiri Nabil | Capitalisation des connaissances sur l'objet image du patrimoine : acception de partage et de communication par les acteurs[END_REF], we built a corpus of Tunisian patrimony images. Documents are composed of bibliographic notes and users annotations to describe each patrimony object. In a first work, the manipulated concepts were mono-terms obtained by filtering words after removing stop words in text representation. As an improvement of this work, we had introduced the NP analysis and its semantic properties in a knowledge database (cf. Fig. 1).

A. PRETREATMENTS

To analyze textual data that represents each multimedia document, a pretreatment phase is needed to prepare the sentence analysis. This stage involves removing punctuation marks and substitute hyphens and elided forms in the original form in the text.

-Punctuation : Strong punctuations (full stop, question mark, exclamation mark and the semi-colon) allow us to cut the original text into sentences. The full stop is considered an ambiguous punctuation. In some cases, it is used in abbreviations, float numbers, email addresses, website addresses and an end of sentence marker. This process was necessary to mark the abbreviations in the text and allow the cutting of the original text into sentences. Some sentences are too long for automatic analysis. To segment sentences into short sentences, we used some weak punctuation to extract sub-sentences nested in the main. After removal of strong punctuation, we process to all sentences. Also, we extract sentences in brackets, taking into account different levels of possible nesting. When the text is clean of any punctuation mark, we continue process to remove comma and colon, since they are considered as weak punctuation and not useful into sentence analysis.

-Contracted forms:

The contracted forms are composed by a preposition and a determiner. These forms are substituted into the text using a set of rules. For example, the contracted form in French "au" is replaced in the text by "à + le".

-Elided forms: There are two types of elided forms:

 Unambiguous elided forms: they are replaced by applying a set of rules. For example in French: "d'" and "m'" are replaced by "de" and "me" in the original text.  Ambiguous elided forms: "l'" form is ambiguous because it replaces the article "le" or "la" depending on the context. This form is processed by the parser. -Hyphens : Some hyphens are deleted according to their contexts. For example, the forms in French "-je" and "-il" are replaced with "je" and "il".

B. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Morphological analysis is used to segment the sentences from the pretreatment step in words. Each word is considered isolated through the inflection (gender, number, conjugation...), derivation and composition analysis. These analysis processes allows to classify each processed word by assigning a lexical nature. The analysis is done by matching the word extracted from a sentence and the dictionary database in order to recognize and classify it (lexically). In this analysis phase, we use NooJ linguistic platform as processing environment [START_REF] Max | NooJ: a linguistic annotation system for corpus processing[END_REF]. It was created by Max Silberztein in 2005 at the Franche-Comté University (France). NooJ can treat different forms of a word using a set of dictionaries: simple words (_delaf.nod), compound words: words formed by joining two or more simple words (_delacfn.nod) and proper names (_Prenoms.nod)… Morphological analysis prepares the next stage about the morpho-syntactic parsing.

C. MORPHO-SYNTACTIC PARSING

Morpho-syntactic parsing allows identifying the syntactic structure of a given text and explaining the dependent relations between words that compose it. These dependencies are represented by syntax trees. Parsing is based on a set of syntax rules that builds the formal grammar. NooJ creates a set of grammars (in finite automata) and uses hierarchical graphs. The root graph called the grammar that refers to its components as subgraphs. These grammars use the transducer formalism to analyze the text of document collections.

To allow this process, we had created a formal grammar based on NP descriptions (cf. Figs. 2 and3) and a set of cascaded graphs. Knowing that, NooJ grammars are defined as type-2 grammar (or regular grammar) according to the Chomsky classification for formal grammars. To construct the grammar of NP descriptions we used a set of formal rules proposed by Sahbi SIDHOM [START_REF] Sahbi | Plate-forme d'analyse morpho-syntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information : de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF]. These rules were requested to construct all NP graphs and to define NP grammar in NooJ linguistic environment. The NP definition is "the minimum unit of speech that allows referring to an object, a person, an idea, etc." [START_REF] Ph | Knowledge Extraction and Vizualisation: case study on ChroniSanté project in France[END_REF]. Each NP has a head which is a noun. The grammar covers the possible combinations to build NP structures. Knowing that NP can be:

- The morpho-syntactic analysis results are a set of syntactic trees. Trees are treated in order to filter NPs with their semantic properties and store them in the knowledge database.

I. SEMANTIC MODELING: NP ontology proposed

Morpho-syntactic parsing should filter the NP structures and construct relations between its components [START_REF] Sidhom | De l'information primaire à l'information à valeur ajoutée dans le contexte numérique[END_REF]. NooJ platform produces data that contains the NPs and locations in the parsed text, annotated with the grammatical categories of each word.

In related works, several researchers used formal ontologies to represent, organize and access to the domain concepts: ˗ ANDREASEN et al. [START_REF] Andreasen Troels | SIABO -Semantic Information Access through Biomedical Ontologies, ic3k/2009 KEOD[END_REF][START_REF] Andreasen Troels | Conceptual Indexing of Text Using Ontologies and Lexical Resources, FQAS 2009 -Flexible Query Answering Systems[END_REF] proposed a new approach that uses "generative ontologies" [START_REF] Fischer Nilsson Jørgen | ONTOGRABBING: Extracting Information from Texts Using Generative Ontologies[END_REF] (SIABO project) for mapping the NPs extracted from documents and queries. NPs are transformed into nodes in the generative ontology. Their approach can measure distances between key concepts in texts.

˗ ZHENG et al. [START_REF] Zheng Hai-Tao | Exploiting noun phrases and semantic relationships for text document clustering[END_REF] use NPs and semantic relations for text document clustering. The WordNet ontology has been used to improve clustering results. ˗ BANEYX and CHARLET [START_REF] Baneyx Audrey | Building medical ontologies based on terminology extraction from texts: Methodological propositions[END_REF] proposed a methodology allows to build an ontology based on texts using a natural language processing (NLP) tools. Their method uses lexicosyntactic patterns to identify semantic relations (hyperonymy, synonymy…) between candidate terms (NP composed by a head and an expansion). ˗ LASSEN and VESTSKOV TERNEY [START_REF] Lassen Tine | An Ontology-Based Approach to Disambiguation of Semantic Relations[END_REF] proposed a method to analyze semantic relations between noun phrases that have a preposition relations using a training corpus annotated. NPs are used to construct an ontology-based hierarchical subsumption. The aim of their study is to show relations between NPs heads in the ontology by studying the relations of prepositions.

Our goal is this study is filter NP from document as descriptor and its semantic properties to supply the indexing and IR processes. Rightly, the NP has a natural organization and semantic richness through its own relations like fitting and arborescence relations in the morpho-syntactic parsing [START_REF] Sahbi | Plate-forme d'analyse morpho-syntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information : de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF].

In follows, we explain different semantic relations in NP using morpho-syntactic parsing and how to direct them in indexing and IR processes.

A. NP SEMANTIC PROPERTIES -Class relation :

The head of the NP (N) is always represented by a noun. It is used to identify the parts of speech built around the noun: it represents a class of objects having the same feature N (cf. Fig. 4). The class relation is represented by: . -Fitting relation :

The NP has fitting relations, where NP can be embedded other NPs (cf. Fig. 5). The fitting relation is represented by: -Arborescence relation:

The arborescence relation is marked by a semantic upsetting in the maximal NP and the result is a double fitting relation (cf. Fig. 6). The arborescence relation is represented by:

  Natural ontology representation based on NP's properties and semantic relations Nabil KHEMIRI (RIADI-GDL & Manouba University -Tunisia), Sahbi SIDHOM (LORIA/KIWI & Nancy University-France), Malek GHENIMA (ESCE & Manouba University -Tunisia) Henda BEN GHEZALA (RIADI-GDL & Manouba University -Tunisia).

  His approach was based on the NP formalization and the extraction of NPs using NLP formalism: C'ATN (Cascaded ATN: Augmented Transition Networks). The semantic properties of NPs are used to index document and to IR processes applied to INA (-Institut National de l'Audiovisuel‖ in Paris) multimedia resources. His practical proposal in research reflections was to build a knowledge management (KM) system with the NP concepts and its semantic properties (class relation: NPN, fitting relation: NPmax  NP1  …, and arborescence relation: NPg  NP  NPd) with appropriate tools: NLP analysis, morpho-syntactic tree parsing, indexing using NP filtering, IR and KM based on NP concepts.

Figure 1 :

 1 Figure 1: NP processing to index patrimony objects.

Figure 2 :

 2 Figure 2: Simple NP graph in NooJ.

Figure 3 :

 3 Figure 3: Complex NP graph in NooJ.

Figure 4 :

 4 Figure 4: Class relation ( ).

Figure 5 :

 5 Figure 5: Fitting relation ( ).

Figure 6 :

 6 Figure 6: Arborescence relation ( ).

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thanks to Prof. Max SILBERZTEIN and Dr. Philippe LAMBERT for their advices using NooJ platform. Also, thanks to Prof. Anne BOYER for the opportunity to develop this research work (for 6 months) in KIWI research team at LORIA laboratory (France).

B. INDEXING PROCESS

The indexing process consists of creating a formal representation to allow quick access to the information. In this step, we used the NP concepts and properties to create the index database (formal concepts) and the knowledge database that will be used in the IR process.

We illustrate our indexing process with an example:

iii) NP as formal representation [7]:

It is a linear representation of the NP and its semantic properties. An arborescence relation is a pair of linear relations: more information to be stored in this representation.

iv) New representation of NP:

We propose an arborescent representation of NP and its semantic properties as new approach. Tree architecture has the advantage of better representation of semantic relations: less information to store.

C. IR PROCESS

The IR process allows satisfying a user in informational needs by providing results (semantically) near its request. Knowing that the request maybe a word, a sentence or a text representation (of needs). Queries are analyzed as text content, to extract NPs and their semantic relations. In matching process, the NPs in query are compared with stored in the KM database.

The following algorithm describes the matching between a query (Q) and the collection of documents (D):

Transition from NP representation into O(NP) ontology:

The objective of building ontology is to model knowledge in our study field about the Tunisian patrimony object. Certainly, NP semantic relations have improved relevance in concepts indexing and IR processing. These relations can be inherit into the paradigm of ontology, to enhance the knowledge domain. This domain will be formally represented by concepts and In our work, the ontology is also thought to encapsulate different tool types: morpho-syntactic parsing for the NP extraction, indexing and to determine concepts, relations and management throw the NPs. Thus, the conceptual formalization of knowledge domain is represented by the semantic richness of NP concepts, their semantic relations and the new properties in language, as synonyms of N and NPs' similarities. With this new representation, we can calculate the semantic distance between concepts (N and NP) to classify the IR responses in relevance order between concepts.

The properties in this ontological representation O(NP) are:

-

V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

In this paper, we present an approach that allows using the semantic properties of the NP concept into automatic analysis applied on patrimony object representations (multimedia documents).

In a first step, we built a morpho-syntactic parser using the NooJ linguistic platform. The analytical results have brought, primarily, the indexing process to store the NP concepts and its semantic relations and, secondly, the IR process for research relevant information. This structure has, in part, to observe the reuse of the NP properties in the formalization of the ontology. In perspective, this formalization will be studied in IR System in order to measure the user satisfaction degree and his information needs. About Tunisian patrimony domain, the ontology's formalization can give a new exploitation and experimentation on: -user dimension in the indexing process and -storing information needs and responses in the IR System to reuse stored results.


Mseddi Rim

Sahbi Sidhom

Malek Ghenima

Henda Ben Ghezala

From information to decision: information management methodology in decisional process

Keywords: Information retrieval system, generic watch system, collaborative platform, information processing, added-value information, knowledge presentation

A company uses several watch types for different needs. The main idea is to offer a generic watch system that meets various needs and can be adapted to many structures of watch process. We present, in this paper, these various watch process from information management to added-value information. Also, we describe the divergences in the watcher organizations with the knowledge presentations.

Finally, we propose the architecture for our generic watch system.

I. INTRODUCTION

Information has become a major interest in the economic, social and cultural development process of any nation. With the event of the computers and their integration into the company life, actors are in search of the effective manner to manage, store, disseminate and seek information. Several treatments and methods of information management were developed. Today, we can estimate that we are with a high level of computerization thanks to the development and the control of technologies. In addition, it has to be reminded that the knowledge and the information management are capital in the definition of the strategic development.

The passage of information to decision making requires different complex processes. Several tools have been implemented to meet specific needs. We can mention as example: -Tools for information extraction: Text, data and Web Mining; -Tools for information storage: Data Warehouse, Datamart, Bibliographic databases; -Technics of information presentation, like: cartography, abstract generation, Bibliometric processing…; -Shairing Tools: forum, mailing… -Tools for decision making assistance: process of Business intelligence... In this jungle of tools, several integrated systems were proposed but they often have the same problem: they do not adapt to a specific decision problem or to informational need. In this paper, at first we identify the place of the watch systems in this jungle which begins from information needs to decision making problem and from the information retrieval system to the Business intelligence system.

At second, we present the information retrieval system linked to the various watch process and the possibility to integrate it in the same system. At last, we distinguish the importance by taking into account the actors in the system and we propose a generic methodology the watch system.

II. FROM INFORMATION TO DECISION

"Business users don't want to wait for information. Information needs to be always on and never out of date. This is the way we live our lives today. Why should Business Intelligence be any different?" [START_REF] Nicholls | Factors Influencing Business Intelligence[END_REF].

The need to manage a large number of sources as strategic information in internal and external for business system can be problematic: how to treat, store, filter and protect information? Some examples quantify the risk like: the infiltration and lost information; the problem of business units disconnection, etc.

The watch system is seen as a means of understanding and monitoring changes in various business environments while business intelligence can act on these environments to cause specific changes. We can deduce that the watch system is a component of the business intelligence system. In fact, it incorporates in its approach the different watch technologies.

Figure 1:

The pyramid of information From information to decision: Information management methodology in decisional process Mseddi Rim 1 , Sahbi Sidhom 2 , Malek Ghenima 3 and Henda Ben ghezela 4 1 RIADI-GDL -University of Manouba, Email : b_mseddirim@yahoo.fr 2 LORIA -University of Nancy2, France, Email : sahbi.sidhom@loria.fr 3 ESCE -University of Manouba, Email : malek.ghenima@esem.rnu.tn 4 RIADI-GDL -University of Manouba, Email : henda.hg@cck.rnu.tn

The information hierarchy in company is presented according to its importance and its quantity (cf. Figure 1). In bottom of the pyramid, we have the whole of the internal and external resources of the company. We can mention for example the web sites, flows RSS, the newsletters, the databases internal (CRM, DW) or external (Bibliographic bases, Brevet Bases). From this large panoply of information we will extract, using an information retrieval system, the relevant information that will meet our needs. The watch process will have a task of scanner, to treat and to present this selected information in order to give to the decision maker the added-value information. The business intelligence system will assist the decision maker in the interpretation of the relevant information and in the decision making process.

To summarize the decision making process, the information undergo five projections to reach the decision (cf. Figure 2).

(1)

Collect and validation of information [START_REF] Haddad | Extraction et impact des connaissances sur les performances des systèmes de recherche d'information[END_REF] Treatment and presentation of the information (3)

Analysis and interpretation (4) Evaluation ( 5) Action

Information is the starting point of our process of transformation. It is the output of an actor understanding data, events or signal in the company context. It implies an interpretation according to a context of its use. Information retrieval system makes possible to collect information which given by specific queries. After, the watchers have to select and validate relevant information. These last will undergo specific treatments in order to obtain more concise information. After, it will be presented to the decision level as information with added-values. The decision level will be able to make decision thanks to the three transformations: information to relevant information; added-values to knowledge; actionable (or productive) knowledge to decision. The first transformation is interpretation through personal or collective models, theories, experiment in order to give a sense to information. The second transformation is the evaluation of this knowledge in order to obtain productive knowledge which makes it possible to lead to the action (or decision making) which is the last transformation.

In the following paragraphs, we are interested only in the transformation from the state of information to relevant information: this first part is called "Information retrieval system"; and the transformation from the state of relevant information to added-value information: this second part called "Watch Process".

A. Information retrieval system

Information retrieval system is defined as a system composed on one hand by a module in charge of the treatment, indexing and storage of information: the "indexing module". This module built a structure of data organized from the data processing to give rapid access to information. On the other hand, it is composed by a module equipped with the mechanisms of information selection directed by the queries of the user; it is called the "interrogation module". Lastly, a module of correspondence (ie. correspondence function) which establishes association between the user query and the indexed documents [START_REF] Haddad | Extraction et impact des connaissances sur les performances des systèmes de recherche d'information[END_REF].

In company, there are two kind of systems for the information management: • The data flow management system: in the one hand, it allows extracting knowledge from flows of information without being memorized. In the other hand, knowledge will be stored in a database and will reduce in size as we go in time to being summarized.

• The database management system: it stores all the documents and information in data warehouses. The extraction of knowledge will be done on these structured data and then stored in knowledge database.

Whatever the data management system used, we always need to extract knowledge starting from the documents. We present in follows the levels of indexing as well as the approaches related to the literature.

1) Indexing levels

The indexing is the process which consists in describing to characterize a document using representations by concepts in its contents. The process of analysis can use intellectual competences of the field: from the human indexer to the robustness of the tools (i.e. complex algorithms and software which automates the human task of indexing and approaches). Or to mix competences between automatic indexing and human competences to implement a new indexing approach.

The process of indexing constitutes the big step in the valorization of a of information retrieval system [START_REF] Harbaoui | Enrechissement des contenus par la réindexation des usagers: un état de l'art sur la problématique[END_REF].

The listed steps of indexing are the following ones [START_REF] Pompidor | Indexation de cooccurrences guidée par la structure des documents et contrôlée par une ontologie et l'exploitation du corpus[END_REF][START_REF] Turenne | Apprentissage statistique pour l'extraction des concepts à partir de textes, application au filtrage d'information textuelles[END_REF] o The use of the extraction Knowledge approach is done on this level to give weight to the occurrences related to their frequencies of appearance in the document and the collection. In this level it is necessary to choose an approach or to evaluate several methods on the corpus and compare their results [START_REF] Abdou | Considération sur l'évaluation de la robustesse en recherche d'information[END_REF][START_REF] Savoy | Robustesse des résultats d'une campagne d'évaluation : L'exemple de la piste ad hoc CLEF-2005[END_REF].

In the following paragraph, we talk about a various approaches of knowledge extraction as well as the method adopted for our system.

2) Knowledge extraction approaches

Knowledge extraction closely depends on the types of documents handled: structured, semi structured or not structured. In the literature, we find several models to release this process, that we can classify according to three approaches:

• Statistical Approach: it is based on the extraction of the co-occurrences of the terms in a particular context. The statistical tools are based on the detection of the contextual recurrences. For this need, we use various measurements of similarity. The statistical approach is based on the assumption that the use of two terms in co-occurrence is the expression of a semantic relation between these terms. This relation is expressed by word combinations which often occur in a corpus with linguistic status: for example, grammatical categories of the words can vary. This approach gathers the Boolean [START_REF] Salton | A comparison between manual and automatic indexing methods[END_REF][START_REF] Salton | Extended Boolean information retrieval[END_REF], Vectorial [START_REF] Salton | Encyclopedia of computer science and technology[END_REF] and Probabilistic [START_REF] Maron | On relevance, probabilistic indexing and information retrieval[END_REF][START_REF] Crosnier | Systèmes d'accès à des ressources documentaires : vers des anté-serveurs intelligents[END_REF][START_REF] Chen | Alleviating Search Uncertainly through Concept Associations : automatic indexing, co-occurrence, and parrallel computing[END_REF][START_REF] Rozenknop | Modèles en recherche d'information: Modèles probabilistes[END_REF] models.

• Linguistic approach: the linguistic approach is based on the study of linguistic phenomenon with the expression of the relations between terms. In most time, it exploits the syntactic relations in flexible way. The linguistic markers (morphosyntactic tags) are used to extract the relations between terms [START_REF] Haddad | Extraction et impact des connaissances sur les performances des systèmes de recherche d'information[END_REF][START_REF] Sidhom | Plate-forme d'analyse morphosyntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information : de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF][START_REF] Maniez | L'évolution des langages documentaires[END_REF][START_REF] Gardin | Les analyses de discours[END_REF][START_REF] Fugmann | Subject Analysis and Indexing: Theoretical Foundation and Practical Advice[END_REF].

• Hybrid approach: the hybrid approach associates statistical approaches with methods of linguistic approaches. It exploits the advantages of the statistical and the linguistic approaches and tries to reveal the relations between terms by locating the candidates terms starting from syntactic diagrams and filter them using statistical methods [START_REF] Simoni | Accès à l'information à l'aide d'un graphe de termes construit automatiquement (intégration de l'interrogation et de la navigation)[END_REF][START_REF] Urbani | Elaboration d'une approche hybride SMA-SIG pour la définition d'un système d'aide à la décision: application à la gestion de l'eau[END_REF][START_REF] Schwab | Approche hybride-lexicale et thèmatique-pour la modélisation, la détection et l'exploitation des fonctions lexicales en vue d'une analyse sémantique de texte[END_REF]. After this state of the art on knowledge extraction, we choose to make experience on a probabilistic approach: OKAPI (also called BM25), which gave better results on several corpora and which is frequently used by many participants of TREC. OKAPI makes possible to compute the weight of the words in order to define their relevance. These weights are defined by the probability of relevance of the words in the corpus. OKAPI is defined as follows [START_REF] Rozenknop | Modèles en recherche d'information: Modèles probabilistes[END_REF]: Wij = ((k1+1)*tf ij ) / (k+tf ij ) Where: K=k1*(1-b)+b*(Li/avdl) Tf ij is the frequency of the T j term in the document D i . L i is the number of index term included in the representation of the D i document. "b" and "k1" constants fixed empirically on collection of tests. "avdl" a constant defined by the average length of term number of the papers in the collection.

The score OKAPI for a request is then defined as follows:

Score (Q,Di) = ∑ tjєQ tf qj *idf j *w ij Where Idfj is the inverse frequency of the term J. It is defined by: Idfj= log ((n-dfj)/dfj)

3) Our results: IR system

We built our Information retrieval (IR) system starting from "INAthèque" corpus (http://inatheque.ina.fr). This corpus was built as documentary collection with added content analysis. The collaboration of the INA experts (INA: National institute of Audiovisual in France) to develop the content analysis about French broadcasting scene [START_REF] Sidhom | Plate-forme d'analyse morphosyntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information : de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF]. Precisely, content analyses are various notes from audiovisual contents (Primary documents from TV and radio programs). These notes contain 45 fields ans more of various records (textual, numerical, thesaurus INA…) cf. Figure 3.

B. Watch process

The watch process, in its definition, can be presented in two different ways: in its construction phases or in its statements "at the time of its starting". At first, the watch process construction according to Jacobiak [START_REF] Jakobiak | L'information scientifique et technique[END_REF] begins with these five crucial steps: 1) Identification of a decisional problem.

2) Translation of the decisional problem in a problem of information search.

3) Identification of the relevant sources which meets needs. 4) Collect and evaluate information. 5) Construction of watch corpus. The result of these steps can be represented by our research information system set starting from the corpus of INAthèque. At once, this watch process is built, it does not remain still it updates information flow periodically and build added value information which will be diffused.

At second, the definition of the watch process, that we prefer it, i.e. "at the time of its starting", which appears rather more representative: the watch system is then defined in two main senses that either complement or contradict each other: it is both a systematized intelligence activity and/or a research targeted by the development of indicators of trends [START_REF] Kislin | Modélisation du problème informationnel du veilleur dans la démarche d'intelligence économique[END_REF]. In general, we can detect three watch types:

1) Project process:

To meet a specific decision need, the process must translate this decision need into information needs. The expected answer would be a set of accurate and targeted information. In this case the project ensures a predefined lifetime. The proposed architecture is obtained by oriented objective (or goals) modeling.

In this objective context, the decision maker should not communicate his decisional needs to the community of watchers, in order to not make influence in watch results. Watchers must translate the decision needs into informational needs objectively without the sphere influence of the decision maker.

2) Alarm process:

Scan the environment and detect any changes, these information is communicated to the decision-making level. In this case, oriented actor architecture with the introduction of a collaborative system should meet the hierarchy needs (cf. Figure 5).

We can scan the sources over a given period and/or upon the user request. The addition of a new source implies a first scan for storage and the definition of the alarms.

3) Report process

In general, the results of a report process are presented by an active file. For example monthly, a report can make active new data collected. These supervision data is related to permanent databases in the company.

Figure 6.Report process

This process is not iterative but periodic. In this case, reported information is communicated to the decision maker. It can involve another need so it will activate the first process.

4) Processes' Integration

In order to guarantee the effectiveness of a watch system, the three processes described (Project, Alarm and Report) must coexist within the same design. The integration of these three processes in the same system is possible to supervise one or more information sources. Consequently, the main process is the information retrieval (IR) system. IR process make possible to collect, sort and to select relevant information according to defined queries by an actor: a set of keywords for The representation and diffusion of relevant information are done in an automatic way for the alert and reports processes. While for the project process, the watcher has to define the representation among a list of possibilities and the target community. In the following paragraph, we present the generic methodology about the watch system integration.

III. GENERIC METHODOLOGY FOR THE WATCH SYSTEM

INTEGRATION

To face all these problems and alternatives of the watch systems, we have defined the concept of generic watch process. It indicates at the same time the association of the several of watch tools and takes in to consideration the divergences between the types and the models of watch. Our objective is then to make it possible to the end-user to adapt and personalize the system to his needs. The generic watch system makes possible to solve almost problems mentioned previously by proposing a list of functionalities to the enduser. The list of functionalities gives the possibility of choosing the configuration which adapts the end-user needs.

On another side, the generic watch system should take into account the multi-actor aspect by offering methods that makes possible to adapt various flow charts and to optimize the system use. According to criteria and needs, the end-user can generate one or more watch profile in the system to adapt watch specifications.

A. Watch actor organization

In a watch activity, we distinguish three possible cases:

Coordination: Each actor works in order to achieve a common goal, i.e. the organizational evaluation of employee performance. In this case, only a minimum of confidence is necessary (in the system) to achieve a common work [START_REF] Lesca | Veille stratégique, concepts et démarche de mise en place dans l'entreprise[END_REF].

Cooperation: It implies a division of the job between the actor participants. Each one is being responsible for a part of the problem. The main task is divided into independent sub-tasks: the coordination is done at the end. The cooperation between actors requires an average level of confidence, ie. confidence in the competences. The value does not allocated directly to the process [START_REF] Lesca H | Capter les Signaux faibles de la veille stratégique : comment amorcer le processus ? Retours d'expérience et recommandations[END_REF].

Collaboration: It is the context of collaboration between actors, through shared interest, to explore in a constructive way new possibilities and to create "something" which they could not achieve by themselves. A mutual confidence is present in an implicit way and each one shares its good ideas in order to build the best possible result [START_REF] Kaouane | Un environnement professionnel virtuel collaboratif (EPVC) support aux communautés professionnels virtuelles[END_REF].

These three models can coexist together: one can then observe the need for imposing coordination; or cooperation between actors from the same department; or to allow collaboration between two teams for which the center of interest is different.

The groupware implies: to divide, to communicate, to coordinate, to cooperate, to organize and to produce. The general outline is represented by the following figure :   The main problems in a watch system are shared between the need to build in team information and to diffuse it to various actors keeping the access to information secure.

The organization with watch actors can change from a project to another according to the actor roles and the hierarchies. The line manager in a community of the project has the task to define the roles of actors in the system and allows the defined hierarchy level. In hierarchy level, it is quite important to define the collaboration between processes, the coordination in process tasks and the cooperation between actors; and also, the security about the knowledge chain.

In the example (cf. Figure 8.), we present a possible organization for a watch system which has the objective of buying a new technology for a company. Several points must be respected:

• The decision maker have not to communicate his decision intentions, as to intend to do something in the company environment. Only the request for information needs is related to the technologies offered on market. It is the transformation of the decisional problem into information search problem.

• The line manager in community have the responsibility to share this requirement in sub-requirements: the research technologies used by competitors, new research of technologies and existing patent on the market, define the customer requirements and the impact planned for this change….

• The actors' community has to work in collaborative way to answer the needs and then turning over the results to the direct hierarchical level. If a need is expressed between two ore more different communities, it is allocated to the pilot community to grant or refuse the authorization of this request.

• Finally, the decision maker will receive all synthetic information about his decision problem as added-value information to knowledge capitalized in objective way.

We propose to offer a first possible organization according to the resemblance of the watch project. It is a generic model of assistance to the actors of watch project. As model, it is proved in the field of e-training [START_REF] Dufresne | Vers un modèle générique d'assistance aux acteurs du téléapprentissage[END_REF]. We took, as starting point, the reasoning containing case which consists in entering the various combinations then to seek the most similar case in order to offer a solution. This case, once adapted to the needs, will be capitalized for its further development. A case database must be then stored for processing.

B. Knowledge Organization in watch process

The actor task in the watcher process can be recapitulated in four points [START_REF] Khemiri | Capitalisation des connaissances sur l'objet image du patrimoine: acceptation de partage et de communication par les acteurs[END_REF][START_REF] Sidhom | Automatic indexing of multimedia document as starting point to annotation[END_REF] (cf. EQuA 2 te Architecture):

• To explore through the information retrieval system. We propose for applications a set of functionalities, as to explore by information attributes or values. For example, clicking on an attribute will give all the set values. Starting from these values, the IR system user is able to query and have the associated documents and information.

• To query the IR system, user requests by generic to specific topics He can represent his queries in Boolean forms. In documentary systems, most search engines employ the Boolean approach to search documents. The major disadvantage is that the degree of information relevance depends on the level of knowledge of the user. He seeks on the specification of values in attributes.

• To analyze the whole data of the IR system and to select the relevant information attributes. The analysis quality depends of course on the degree of the decisional problem comprehension as well as fidelity to translate the decisional problem into IR indicators. • To annotate the solutions proposed in context according to personal criteria. This functionality makes possible to adapt the IR system from the informational contents to the personal characteristics of the actor.

The first two levels being built on the level of our information retrieval system. For the data analysis we gave to the watcher actors the possibility of selecting and sorting the most relevant data among the results obtained after the query.

The last level will to present the information retained in a specific form which highlights the most relevant knowledge. This representation can be in the form of graphs, curves, multidimensional tables, abstracts… These actions vary according to the type of treated data (numerical, textual, date and hour, multimedia…).

In this level, we noted that: • The choice of the aggregation action is closely depend on the data to incorporate.

• The regrouping of the data in the same diagram of aggregation depends on their types (date and hour, text, numerical…) and of their uses later (technique, diffusion, production, audience…).

• The actions can be gathered under categories while being based on the similarity of their treatments. This took us along to the simultaneous use of the meta-data and the meta-actions. The meta-data are the representation of "the data which describe the data" [START_REF] Thiéry | Méta modélisation et systèmes d'informations stratégiques[END_REF]. It is necessary to represent, describe and store the interactions between the various collected data. The process of description of the meta-data makes it possible to register the collection methods and data processing supports. In our context, the meta-data aim is to facilitate the creative process of the aggregate data starting from the detailed data.

The meta-actions are the descriptions of the actions which can undergo the data [START_REF] Zbigniew | Actions rules & meta actions[END_REF]. In the one hand, they will make it possible to define, on the one hand, the data which can be grouped in the same graph, table, curve… In Figure 10, we present the diagram that illustrates our solution about Knowledge organization in the watch system.

C. Our approach

We propose in this part our approach of various project constructions in watch process. Interactions are defined, on one hand, with the information retrieval system and, on the other side, with our generic watch system (cf. Figure 11).

The stages 1 to 3 are about the information source indexing linked to the IR System.

Result is illustrated by our IR system that presents its H-M interface to communicate with user who searches while going through queries.

The stage 4 explains the interaction between the watch system and the IR system: in the first direction to Filter, Sort and Select relevant information and in the second direction to Present information in a personalized form (curve, table, graph, summarized…).

In stage 5, the administrator grants the specific functionalities to the watcher in order to avoid overloading the system while controlling the interactions. The watcher will be able to reach through the stage 6 the presentation possibilities for the retained attributes at stage 4. Also, if the administrator has a task, in stage 7, he will give a hierarchical level to the watcher and to put him in communication with actors to cooperate on common tasks.

The proposed architecture makes possible to define a specific structure for watch needs and can varies from a project to another by controlling the possible interactions in the system in safety way.

IV. CONCLUSION

In this paper, we present, in a first part, our information retrieval system based on a probabilistic approach OKAPI. In the second part, we define a watch system and her different process and propose her integration. In the last part, we propose our approach to design a watch system and answer requirements about a specific architecture.

Our idea in front of variable needs from a project to another was to set up a generic watch system that makes possible to take into account all the divergences between projects in a functional architecture. Our prospects are to set up this architecture and to carry out diagnostic for each stage of the system while comparing the past situation, the processed situation and the concerned situation.

  :  Document index Extraction: o Labels Extraction in documents: title, author, date, abstract… o Occurrence Extraction: we use a segmentation tool of text. o Use of the punctuation and separators lists and treat the special cases: compounded words, e.g.: 127.0.0.1, Mrs. Durand, 14/07/1789  Linguistic standardization: o Removal of the capital letters o Removal of the accents o Standardization of the dates o Suppression of the points in acronyms (U.S.A →USA) o Use of blank lists of words (stop words), which are eliminated during the indexing and of the queries: The most frequent words are not very interesting in

Figure 2 :

 2 Figure 2: Information to decision

Figure 3 :

 3 Figure 3: Interface of our IR system.

Figure 4 :Figure 5 :

 45 Figure 4: Project process.

Figure 8 :

 8 Figure 7: Integration process

Figure 9 :

 9 Figure 9: Example of a watch project hierarchy.

Figure 10 :

 10 Figure 10: Diagram of knowledge organization.


Keywords: Information Design (ID), Weak Signal (WS), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Data Visualization, Information Indexing, Knowledge Management (KM), Economic Intelligence, (multilingual) concept, semantic network

published or not. The documents may come

I. INTRODUCTION

ovember 26th. (2010), the University of California officially launched its laboratory project on the "Information Design" (ID). The project aims to develop knowledge exchange between different actors through applications for new media platforms such as Ipads in networks or Iphone Technology. Beyond the innovative aspect of this project, we can only note that the Information Design (ID) is the projection of an important "Prospective Approach" in the Anglo-Saxon research world. This point is reinforced by the comparison of the scientific literature on this issue. Since the 70s, research teams have specialized on the connections' study between the graphical representation of information and its interpretation. One of the representation techniques that tends to develop, is the "spatial" information across neuron networks. Especially in France, this approach has been vulgarized at first and developed by the introduction of mind-maps (ie. Mind Mapping) in education research. In recent years, this research focus has been applied to data mining from the Web (ie. Web Mining). It helps to develop new knowledge from large corpora (text themes). This technique is increasingly interested in those leaders who have watch responsibility to detect topics that could have been missed in a linear reading. In the field of EI studies, the implicit properties on corpora analysis take on the name of "weak signals" (WS) (and respectively, the explicit properties are "strong signals"). The detection of WS allows the watcher to take better account of its environment in a dynamic sense and foresight (ie. "to prepare today for tomorrow"). However, the connection between the ID and the WS detection requires the development of complex methodological processes that represent the topic of this paper.

The first part of this paper defines the meaning of weak signals and process through a strategic approach. The second part presents the logical in ID process that tends to present varied graph data sets while facilitating the appropriation of the "semantic" properties. The last part is matched to a case study on "strategic" health watch process for which we used mapping and visualizing information. The study was able to bring out weak signals on corpora of scientific and technical information to qualify under the provision of ID.

II. MAPPING INFORMATION FOR DETECTING THE WEAK SIGNALS (WS)

Anticipating strategic failures is one of the most issues in EI studies. Market volatility, uncertainties on the property and economic change in a time of crisis or an organization for economic recovery are likely to announce future breaks. These breaks may be opportunities or threats in a changing world economics where the faculty of anticipation becomes a powerful strategic advantage for companies.

In 1970, I. Ansoff discussed the concept of WS in its first paper on the subject entitled "Managing Strategic Surprise by Response to Weak Signals" [START_REF] Ansoff | Managing strategic surprise by response to weak signals[END_REF]. He considers the WS as "Information Design" for "Weak Signal" detection and processing in Economic Intelligence: case study on Health resources Sahbi SIDHOM (LORIA/KIWI & Nancy Université), Philippe LAMBERT (VinaLor, Nancy).

e-Mails : sahbi.sidhom@loria.fr, philippe.lambert@vinalor.fr N corollary of organizational factors in the company, especially due to environmental turbulence compared to the formulation of corporate strategy. In a following paper, he specified the nature of WS, by defining as "a warning (external or internal) events and developments that are still too incomplete to allow an accurate estimate of their impact and/or to determine a full adapted response" [START_REF] Ansoff | Strategic response in turbulent environments[END_REF].

In what follows, we determine the theoretical framework and application to WS.

A. Theoretical framework: weak signal (WS)

Ansoff's work that followed, will give to weak signal a strong "proactive" value: to capture WS by the decision-maker via the channel of intuition (ie. spontaneous knowledge on the environment) to cause a request for additional information (ie. explicit formulations) on these signals.

Another contribution to the question of weak signals was made by B. Coffman who has worked on various aspects. For him, a WS can be defined as [START_REF] Coffman | Weak Signal Research, Part I: Introduction[END_REF]: 1°/ an idea that affects the way trade and the environment in which we work; 2°/ a novelty and surprise in terms of receiving the signal; 3°/ a noise and other signals, sometimes difficult to detect among noise and other signals; 4°/ an opportunity or a threat to the organization; 5 °/ often made fun of by the "knowledge holders" or experts; 6°/ weak signal with a substantial period of time before it matures and becomes a strong signal; 7°/ therefore, this signal represents an opportunity to learn, grow and evolve.

B. Coffman also said that the WS can be of three types [START_REF] Coffman | Weak Signal Research, Part II: Information Theory[END_REF]: (i) supra-perceptual signal, (ii) perceptible signal but not recognized by our mental models, and (iii) recognized signal by our mental models and by which our behavior changes.

In France, H. Lesca proposed a list of characteristics that define a WS which approximates the Ansoff logic. Namely a signal can be classified as WS if [START_REF] Lesca | Veille stratégique: passage de la notion de signal faible à la notion de signe d'alerte précoce[END_REF]: (a) fragmentary, (b) embedded in a mass of useless information (or noise), (c) an apparent weak and ambiguous meanings, (d) could not be seen, (e) an apparent low usability, and (f) low "palpability".

In synthesis of these definitions and presentations, we consider that a weak signal is characterized by:a temporal discontinuity in its discovery, but also by the fact that it causes a shift -(or breaking) in the facts found by the receiver to arouse/create measurable interest in the future. For this reason that researchers found in the notion of breaking (or the "discontinuity") in the information flow and design that any company can engage in a strategic process. The specificity of the WS is also in its potentiality. If one considers the famous S-curve which describes the four phases of the product life (birth, growth, maturity and decline), we can imagine that the WS is precursor of new trend being upstream of the cycle. Hence, the importance of WS detection in a logic of competitiveness. We note, the term "signal" is ambiguous, however: if one refers to the definition in the Treasury of the French language (ATILF) for the word "signal" we found: [in French] "Signe convenu par lequel quelqu'un donne une information, un avertissement à quelqu'un, indique à quelqu'un le moment de faire quelque chose" 1 . ie. [in English] "A sign agreement by which someone provides information, a warning to someone; someone tells the time to do something". But, precisely the opposite that constitutes the "weak signal" in strategic watch process. The transmitter of the information detected as WS do not expect the risk that competitors become aware of potentially innovative nature of the information given. The adjective term "weak" is also a semantic problem. The "weakness" of the signal is opposite to the potential of information designated by this term. Use the term "weak signal" as defined by "a high potential for breaking innovative". Then, we propose to use the term "sign" above the definition will transform the "weak signal" term to "Latent Warning Sign" (LWS) term for this designated information in strategic context.

B. Application framework: Knowledge discovery (KD)

For nearly a decade, several teams of researchers across the Atlantic have focused their study on the subject of Information Design (ID). The concept, however, remained latent in France where it began to show interest until recently. However, visualize information has advantages. M.J. Eppler [START_REF] Eppler | Visual representations in knowledge management: framework and cases[END_REF] gives six main reasons to give priority to this channel that: 1°/ motivates the receiver, 2°/ presents new perspectives, 3°/ develops memory, 4°/ encourages the learning process, 5°/ captures the attention of the receiver, and 6°/ allows to structure and coordinate the communications.

Many definitions presented the ID as an art. The art to direct information to create meaning. It is true that graphic productions go with a significant is left to creativity with formatting, colorful, animated and multiform information. However, in addition to the purely aesthetic of this approach, the ID contains intrinsically a new way of thinking about information and could be summarized as did D. Karabeg in "a new approach to information" [START_REF] Karabeg | Designing information design[END_REF]:

He explained what ID by proposing the image of a bus __ equipped with "candle flags". The bus represents a "modern culture" while the candles symbolize "traditional" information (ie. Informing tradition). We observe what the author means by this incongruence (ie. dysfunction) that can be surpassed by the ID. Moreover, "modern culture" is producing and consuming large-scale of information. The ID through the development of information technologies would act as a remedy to the problem of chronic "infobesity". On this epistemological conception of ID is being added a more technique proposed by B. Fry in his thesis entitled "Computational Information Design" [START_REF] Benjamin | Computational information design[END_REF]. The issue of work is to propose a methodology for data visualization and offers a comprehensive set of graphical representations to give sense to implicit relations between (connective) data. B. Fry presents a classic seven steps in ID process to ensure the transition from data to knowledge [START_REF] Benjamin | Computational information design[END_REF]: 1°/ acquire: acquisition of data from any medium; 2°/ parse: cutting to provide a structure to data and order; 3°/ filter: filtering to select only relevant data; 4°/ mine: the search where you place the data into a mathematical context; 5°/ show: representation where it is determined, a simple representation of data can take; 6°/ refine: refining to change the simple representation to more and advanced visual renderings, and 7°/ interact: interaction by adding methods for manipulating data through visualization.

Besides the purely aesthetic information (or infographic), the ID is at the crossroads of several fields of scientific applications. We include the fields of visualization techniques to computer graphics for knowledge. Also, increasingly, the ID impact in psychology and semiotics. This is to perfect the cognitive and physiological theories of visual perception and cultural factors that come into account in the process of information visualization. Ultimately, the ID enables the end-user, usually the expert whose skills enable him to interpret the data represented as graphs, to generate links between data and knowledge. This knowledge discovery is not the ultimate goal of the logic ID. On the contrary, since this new production aims to refocus the attention of the watcher on historical data previously unnoticed. As a result, the first information needs was altered and a new watch cycle will begin on data "unnoticed".

In the case study, it is to illustrate the relation of ID and knowledge data discovery (KDD). The "Latent Warning Sign" (LWS) is a key component of this new product by the emergence of thematic relations that may improve the strategic watch process.

III. CASE STUDY: THE HEALTH HETEROGENEOUS RESOURCES -PROJECT« CRONISANTÉ »

In SIIE'2010, we recall our study about the working group reflection on "chronic diseases management (project 2007)", by the High Council of Public Health (HCSP) with INIST-CNRS in France, to establish an "Information System for Decision Support" powered by a strategic watch process on the health resources [START_REF] Lambert | Knowledge extraction and visualization: case study on ChroniSanté project in France[END_REF]. The question by the HCSP was to identify how European health systems manage the problem of "chronic diseases". The approach to this problem is based on WISP model (ie. Watcher Information and Search Problem) developed by P. [START_REF] Kislin | Modélisation du problème informationnel du veilleur dans la démarche d'Intelligence Économique[END_REF] [START_REF] Kislin | Modélisation du problème informationnel du veilleur dans la démarche d'Intelligence Économique[END_REF]. This model is the extension of a watch approach to describe the information needs and help the user (decision-maker and watcher) to formulate needs.

In the context of this work, the formulation of needs has been directed against the bibliographic references obtained after consulting the business database (cf. III.D).

The strategic issue of this work, by the watcher side, is to formalize the declarative rules, by: <<ISSUE>> ::= if we do NOT act on the <OBJECT> and knowing the state of the <SIGNAL>, then the risk is the expected <HYPOTHESIS>. Where: -ISSUE is defined by an OBJECT of the environment, on which it is possible to act, -SIGNAL that prompts the decision-maker to trigger the problem, -HYPOTHESIS which is the risk, as expected consequences, if left unchecked.

The approach in view of application is to better target the information needs of the project sponsor, the HCSP: to translate the strategic issue in a series of dimensions related to the problem with a set of indicators on information retrieval (IR) process.

One can easily imagine, given the multidisciplinary nature of the working group and the specific interests of each expert, the heterogeneity of the subject fields of the system represents a problem in the collected information and for analysis.

A. Health resources: Semantic heterogeneity

"Too much information kills information" has become the favorite expression of those responsible watchers at time of information flow overabundance. The ability to extract relevant information and quickly, while providing added-value manufactured the robustness of any watch process. This concept of added-value will be understood here as the annotation process to facilitate access to relevant information to the user [START_REF] Sidhom | Approche conceptuelle par un processus d'annotation pour la représentation et la valorisation de contenus informationnels en intelligence économique (IE)[END_REF]. Indexing and reindexing by users (ie. social tags, folksonomies, etc.) are in the list of tools for this process. Furthermore, the quantity of information, the heterogeneity of resources and information itself are a problem well known to designers of information systems. Schematically, we speak of a dual heterogeneity that is both semantic and syntactic. The syntax for the heterogeneity of data storage formats (pdf, doc, xml, etc.), query languages and more generally across protocol data structure. The semantic heterogeneity is the differences between the interpretations of the real world inducing several terminology uses for the same reality (ontology, synonymy, etc.) [START_REF] Goh | Context interchange: new features and formalisms for the intelligent integration of information[END_REF]. Later, we will return to this problem by relying examples on the bibliographic databases. The added-value gained from the system use two aspects. The first is the addition of keywords or comments (ie. like social tags) by the user to information resources. This allows customization of information regarding the themes of the documentary resources. These annotations can feed up the index in system to improve the return rate for IR. The second aspect concerns the "Information Design" process [START_REF] Ansoff | Managing strategic surprise by response to weak signals[END_REF]. Several studies in the medical sector have shown that the visual information influenced the decision-making both in strategic situation (ie. care policies) and therapeutic condition (ie. alternatives to hospitalization) [START_REF] Elting | Influence of data display formats on physician investigators' decisions to stop clinical trials: prospective trial with repeated measures[END_REF], [START_REF] Wyatt | Same information, different decisions: format counts[END_REF].

This logic has not only to refining the conceptual goal in the system but also to support the iterative process: -information needs -IR, -new conceptual indicators (proposing). This process can come up from techniques of Knowledge Management (KM) and the Mind Mapping.

B. From NLP to Information Visualization

In his research, S. [START_REF] Sidhom | Plate-forme d'analyse morphosyntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information: de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF] has developed a Morphosyntactic Analysis Platform for automatic indexing and information retrieval (SIMBAD) [START_REF] Sidhom | Plate-forme d'analyse morphosyntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information: de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF]. It is composed of an Indexing Kernel (ie the indexing process) that uses the noun phrases (NP) as descriptor in NL structures (ie. to extract concepts) in text documents (and opens to multimedia associated to text descriptions).

We use the definition of a noun phrase (NP) as defined by M. Le [START_REF] Guern | Sur les relations entre terminologie et lexique[END_REF] [START_REF] Guern | Sur les relations entre terminologie et lexique[END_REF], to place a lexicon word in the discourse of universe, de facto, this word is ejected in extensional logic, and gives to NP a repository status, as a reality segment associated with.

In our context, the NP appears to be the bearer of a semantic load which makes it relevant and central element to the bibliographic information analysis. Around this semantic sought that guides our analysis on corpus.

Thus, the grammar of NP recognition has three logic levels:

1°/ Intensional level (or natural language properties), it is represented by the level N. Words are considered free predicates as simple (ie. the noun properties) or as complex (ie. the noun properties modified by other units: adjectival units A' (ie. A'→A|Adv+A|A+Rel, etc.), expansional preposition EP (ie. EP→Prep+N', etc.), etc.; 2°/ Intermediate level (or taking into account the universe of discourse), it is represented by the level N'. It is the transition from the intensional to the extensional levels. Words are considered free predicates with a set construction of closed predicates to denote objects in the world (ie. N'→N+SP|N+A'|…|N); 3°/ Extensional level (or the NP and its complexity), it is represented by the level N''. It is the close operation using a quantifier that selects a specific element in the class N of nominal. These are the existing objects in the world, referred objects or mind constructed objects.

In this work, the morpho-syntactic grammar of the NP has been rewritten for NooJ in two levels:firstly, the work was to reformat the linguistic resources (dictionaries and grammars) resources in our possession,a second time, we have developed the finite state transducer of the noun phrase. Labels existing dictionaries have been harmonized to match the syntactic graph of NP (FIG. The graph provides numbered phrases identifying the fitting relations in syntagmatic level results [START_REF] Lambert | Knowledge extraction and visualization: case study on ChroniSanté project in France[END_REF]. In a logical use of the semantic concepts (ie NP and its properties) from the bibliographic records, the results on output graphs must be operated by an end-user. This should access to information cleaned, leaving him free to evolve in the concepts from a document process: visualize information spaces feeding by heterogeneous data sources. This is increasingly in support of a economic intelligence process and in information design system [START_REF] Lesca | Veille stratégique: Un Facteur d'échec paradoxal largement avéré: la surinformation causée par l'Internet. Cas concrets, retours d'expérience et piste de solutions[END_REF], for "ChroniSanté" project.

In particular, in information watch activities, the process is a major vector for the emergence of significant associations after phases of collection, processing and analysis in a large mass of data and information. Several solutions to information mapping software are available. The tool we used is software under GNU General Public License (GPL3) called Gephi (http://gephi.org). It allows the visualization of complex networks.

C. Corpus study and indicator valorizations

As part of our corpora construction, we mainly searched bibliographic databases via the multi-application "Webspir", a tool that was replaced start of 2009 by the platform "OvidSP" (http://www.ovid.com) with features near-equivalent but more robust for users. Three databases were selected for the constitution of corpora on bibliographic records:

« Pascal 2 », « PsycInfo 3 » et « Medline 4 ».
The choice to use these three sources on health information is justified by our hope to cover as fully as possible the thematic management on chronic diseases. The basic advantage of Pascal database presents European references and includes records from the databases in public health (BDSP). The Medline database is centered on U.S. publications, as PsycInfo, but with broader themes in social sciences.

In synthesis and contrary to this logic which requires completeness topics, our search equations were developed to deliver results to the widest possible: first, to cover all the subthemes on "chronic disease" and, second, to identify new subthemes which we had not originally thought. The browsing on the three databases has reported: 2097 references to Pascal, 6110 references to Medline, and 2177 references to PsycInfo. We subsequently refined our search to select only those produced between 2001 and 2009 in French.

The result consists of 397 references and 303 references in deduplication pass. These corpora will be the first synthesis of our work. These results at the IR process indicate that "chronic disease" is a new concept in France, because of the singularity of the model in the French health system.

A second approach has motivated a second job on the database "Pubmed" as we have previously mentioned. The completion of the "ChroniSanté" project as "decision support system" (DSS) or SIAD in French, was faced with a semantic problem: the rendering of the term "chronic disease" as a concept purely Anglo-Saxon, which brings a series of problems in a multilingual and "Translation Terminology".

In fact, the completeness of the study involves watch process on multilingual literature to define the best concept and study what in intersects. It is in this logic that the base "Pubmed" was viewed with as a search and retrieval for the term "chronic disease" in the titles of records. The result returned is 13,222 records that were the parallel corpus in English with relation to initial multi-base.

__ Medicine (NLM-USA). It covers all biomedical fields: biochemistry, biology, clinical medicine, economics, ethics, dentistry, pharmacology, psychiatry, public health, toxicology, veterinary medicine.

IV. CONNECTIONS TO LATENT WARNING (OR WEAK SIGNALS) IN THE ID PROCESS

Applying automatic analysis (NooJ) on corpora (ie. as the ID process in phases 1-acquire and 2-parse), the complex graph of NP reported 1374 concepts (ie. as the ID phase 3-filter) including the smallest concepts (ie. the lemma N) to simple or complex concepts NP (ie. levels N' + N''). The advantage of this approach is to present to users the key or primary concepts (ie. as the ID phase 4-mine) in information resources but also secondary concepts (ie the ID phase 5-Representation) that the watcher does not necessarily think in research of indicators: the translation phase of a decision problem into a IR problem in the EI context. In this case, considering the concept of "patient" is central to our theme. In practice, we tend to establish our search for indicators in a passive acceptation with concepts: "patient monitoring [(FR) suivi du patient ]", "patient care [(FR) prise en charge du patient ]", "patient education [(FR) éducation du patient ]", etc. But not in an active acceptation, as "patient involvement [(FR) implication du patient]", "active participation of patient [(FR) participation active du patient]", etc. (ie. as the ID phases 6-refine in iteration). Also, the research of NPs in the titles of references highlighted ideas that apparently have no close relation with our themes, but which nevertheless appear several times in different references. In this case, on the theme of "cannabis consumption" it puts a link for "long term illnesses". Given these observations, we took advantage of select matches the longest in the NP. This corresponds to the fitting relation: the concept of fitting in (x ⊇ y), x the longest and most informative NP; the concept fitted (z ⊆ w), z the shortest and the least accurate NP. This richness of meaning that emerge, allows the identification of informational collection with relevant, complex and hierarchical concepts (NP). These characteristics may go unnoticed in the linear analysis of a corpus. Thus, the process of the corpus of bibliographic records on the platform NooJ showed satisfactory results based on the NP and its semantic properties (ie. the relations of Tree (T: y ⊆ x and x ⊇ z, Fitting (F: x ⊇ y ⊇ w) and Belongs (B: n∈x/ x ⊇ y) ) [START_REF] Sidhom | Plate-forme d'analyse morphosyntaxique pour l'indexation automatique et la recherche d'information: de l'écrit vers la gestion des connaissances[END_REF]. Concerning the visualization of information (ie. as the ID phase 7-interact in iteration), we tested the application with Gephi Fruchterman-Rheingold algorithm [START_REF] Card | Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think[END_REF], on the results of extraction with NooJ. This algorithm of multi-scale force can calculate the force between two nodes and mapping complex networks. By its use, there is much emerging nucleus surrounded of satellite subsystems that can be considered noncentral themes to the theme target. According to the analysis of information needs, the watcher can focus attention on these satellites nodes to be considered as "latent warning signs" themes (ie. weak signals in EI) and give them special consideration (Fig. 3).

By NooJ parsing, we present the graph results of the NP extraction in the French corpus (FIG. 4).

FIG.4: VISUALIZATION OF NP SEMANTIC NETWORKS.

Based on the analysis of the semantic network, we observe that the center of the graph (central nucleus) consists of terms related to the decision-making analysis: work that we completed at first in the process of EI.

Thus, for the analyzed corpora, it stands from terms such as "coverage, care [FR: prise en charge]" or "chronic diseases [FR:

maladies chroniques]", new terms like: ("hepatitis C", "cardiopathy", "asthma", etc.). We also notice the relations that exist between nodes that represent the semantic connections between terms (FIG. 5).

The usefulness of such "visual structure" document for a watcher, an expert or a decision-maker, is not to demonstrate. It allows presenting an interactive document likely to bring new knowledge. In such semantic logic, it allows to better understand the complex dimensions to take into account in watch or EI processes.

FIG. 5: THE NP CORE (CENTRAL NUCLEUS) AND THEMES.

The visualization of named entities in the corpora can also be positioned relative to the documentary logic. The graph makes it possible to show relations between concepts (NP) and document references (FIG. 6). In other way, we can see which resources concentrated more concepts and which one is potentially relevant. The atomic structure for the nucleus concept, "coverage, care [FR: prise en charge]" is linked to the bibliographic references in which appears. We also note the secondary concepts like: "management of asthma [FR: prise en charge de l'asthme ]", "chronic asthma [FR: asthme chronique ]" and other concepts appear in the peripheral area of the semantic network. This process was applied to the second corpora in English literature, with the same Logic: the extraction of NPs based on graphs modeling [START_REF] Silberztein | NooJ: a linguistic annotation system for corpus processing[END_REF]. Four hundred and twenty nine (429) mapped terms are returned. They are linked with their document resources. This approach requires to watcher a "proactive approach" through the search (mining) graphs proposed, in order to detect new knowledge. In the logic presented here, it may refine the concepts from another cultural sphere to watcher.

In application, the activation of a term (T) allows viewing notice records (N1.. Ni) in the connection with subjects (S1.. Sm) and associated keywords (K1.. Kj). The scenarii for identifying and refining may be multiple: as an example, from record (Ni) to keywords (K1.. Kj) or vice-versa. The possibility to link the node "notice" to the source document by hyperlink feature allows the watcher to have access to the document environment in full term of interest with any subject.

V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

This experience shows that the techniques we used require automation to achieve a state of performance, robustness and acceptable level of efficiency:

-For the "Information Design" [START_REF] Ansoff | Managing strategic surprise by response to weak signals[END_REF] process defined as the "art and science to preparing information that it can be used by human with efficiency and effectiveness." In the ID process, we valued our study areas by the aspects: "graph(s)", "semantic network (s)", "project (s)" and "connection(s)" to translate into clear, immediate and appropriate information for the user. In our study, the user is often the watcher, the analyst or expert and the decision-maker.

For us, the useful information is not the increase of information quantity, but contrary the reduction of it by relevant information clusters to facilitate its reading and its appropriation [START_REF] Lesca | Veille stratégique: Un Facteur d'échec paradoxal largement avéré: la surinformation causée par l'Internet. Cas concrets, retours d'expérience et piste de solutions[END_REF]. This has been discussed and treated throughout this paper explicitly as the application of ID process in the context of on "chronic diseases" study (project "ChroniSanté").

-For the "Watch" process, the information visualization extracted from the concepts of NPs is useful to actors in a strategic project in many aspects. At first, information visualization facilitates the document indexing and contents to information system (IS), information retrieval (IR) system or decision support system (DSS). As an example, for a bibliographic record or document to analyze, to extract noun phrases in the contents may be converted into tags. This solution allows any user of this document to present the key concepts in the information database [START_REF] Lesca | Veille stratégique: Un Facteur d'échec paradoxal largement avéré: la surinformation causée par l'Internet. Cas concrets, retours d'expérience et piste de solutions[END_REF]. This may also encourage a new Logic of "reindexing by users": the user-tags are automatically stored; the user will add his subjective, objective and creative tags, up to added-value [START_REF] Harbaoui | Enrichissement des contenus par la réindexation des usagers : un état de l'art sur la problématique[END_REF].

At second, the visualization of a semantic network (based on NPs concepts and properties) enables the production of new knowledge. Viewed nodes in a semantic network can indeed be analyzed in a working group to identify new topics related to business intelligence as convergence and divergence of represented subjects (ie. decision-maker needs). This is, to use "Humbert Lesca" logic; heuristic process to allow a collective creation of meaning [START_REF] Lesca | Veille stratégique: Un Facteur d'échec paradoxal largement avéré: la surinformation causée par l'Internet. Cas concrets, retours d'expérience et piste de solutions[END_REF].

At third, in watch, information and documentation processes, this visualization logic and ID process can bring out the most potentially relevant references. On this point, it should refine results by a statistical analysis: the use of bibliometric indicators [START_REF] Salton | A vector space model for automatic indexing[END_REF] as the TF-IDF (term frequencyinverse document frequency).

-For the "Economic Intelligence", we see clearly that the usefulness of the ID process is to go beyond a simple and literal translation of IR indicators (ie. the translation phase of a decision problem into an IR problem). For complex and "multilingual" semantic search, we can take for example the conceptual differences between terms, like: "chronic disease" or "chronic disease management" and "management of chronic diseases". Thus, we can show, by semantic visualizing of these concepts, the connections with the processed information (parsing, analysis and needs information). Also, we can establish multi-level intersections between "information", "concepts" and common or different "morphemes" to get shared meanings.

Finally, on a technical level, the problem of the heterogeneous information resources, to supply the health system, can be minimized with the addition of annotations and/or linguistic processing. NLP tools (as NooJ or others) will enable the processing on multi-format sources. And for non-textual documents (multimedia), analysis can be made on the annotations associated to documents: developing a semantic homogenization, counterbalancing the syntactic heterogeneity.

  FIG.1: SYNTACTIC GRAPH OF SIMPLE NP IN NOOJ.

FIG. 3 :

 3 FIG.3: SEMANTIC NETWORKS BASED ON BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS: NUCLEUS AND SATELLITE CONNECTIONS.

FIG. 6 :

 6 FIG.6: CONNECTION BETWEEN NP AND INFORMATION RESOURCES.

ATILF -CNRS-Université Nancy

2, Le Trésor de la Langue française, http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/advanced.exe?8;s=66859215; [visted date: Nov. 20, 2010] :

Pascal: Produced by INIST-CNRS, PASCAL ® is an international and multidisciplinary database that identifies literature in Science, Technology and Medicine.

PsycInfo: Database of the American Psychological Association (APA) provides access to journal articles (many are full text), book chapters and books, research reports and theses and dissertations in psychology and related fields (medicine, nursing, sociology, etc.) of the 19th century to today.

Medline: Bibliographic database produced by the National Library of