who advises the pope in the church hierarchy
1068671
This is an index of Catholic Church articles. Portals and navigation boxes are at the bottom of the page. For a listing of Catholic Church articles by category, see :Category:Catholic Church (and its various subcategories and pages) at the bottom of the page. Principal articles are: Catholic Church Glossary of the Catholic Church Outline of the Catholic Church Timeline of the Catholic Church Index of Vatican City-related articles For various other lists, see "L" (below). A Abbacy, Territorial Abbey Abbey, Territorial Abbess Abbot Abbot nullius Abbot primate Abortion Ad limina visits Africa, Catholic Church in (various articles) African pope Altarage American Cardinals Dinner Annulment Apostolic administrator Apostolic life, Society of Apostolic nuncio Apostolic Penitentiary Apostolic prefect Apostolic Signatura, The Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic succession Apostolic vicar Appointment of Catholic bishops Archbishop Archdiocese Archiepiscopal See, Major Archiepiscopal Church, Major Asia, Catholic Church in (various articles) Assumptionist Augustinian Order Auxiliary bishop B The Bad Popes Baptism, Sacrament of Baptism of Jesus Beatification Benedict IX, Pope Benedict XII, Pope Benedict XIV, Pope Benedict XV, Pope Benedict XVI, Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI, Theology of Pope Benedictine Bible Birth control Bishops, Appointment of Catholic Bishop (Catholic Church) Bishop emeritus Blessed Virgin Mary Brother (Catholic) Bull Bullarium C Canon law (Catholic Church) Canon law, History of Capuchin Order Cardinal (Catholicism) Carmelites Carthusians Catechesis Catechism of the Catholic Church Catechumen Cathedra Cathedral Catholic Answers Catholic Bible Catholic Catechist Catholic Church (disambiguation) Catholic Church (various articles on history, hierarchy, theology, sacraments, Mariology, Doctors of the Church, Pope Benedict XVI, papal documents, Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern rites, liturgical traditions) (see "Catholic Church" navigation box (below)) Catholic Church and abortion Catholic Church and AIDS Catholic Church and capital punishment Catholic Church and colonialism Catholic Church and ecumenism Catholic Church and evolution Catholic Church and health care Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS Catholic Church and Nazi Germany Catholic Church and politics in the United States Catholic Church and science Catholic Church and slavery Catholic Church and the United Nations Catholic Church and women Catholic Church by country Catholic Church, Definition of the Catholic Church doctrine on the ordination of women Catholic Church hierarchy Catholic Church hierarchy (various articles) (see "Catholic Church" navigation box (below)) Catholic Directory Catholic guilt Catholic King Catholic League (U.S.) Catholic liturgy Catholic Monarch Catholic Probabilism Catholic religious order Catholic religious orders, articles on various (see corresponding navigation box (below)) Catholic Renewal Catholic school Catholic spirituality Catholic theology, History of (various articles) (see "History of Catholic theology" navigation box (below)) Catholic theology of the body Catholicism Chancellor Chronology of Jesus*Coadjutor bishop Code of Canon Law (1983) Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches College of Cardinals Columbian Squires Communion and Liberation Concelebration Confirmation, Sacrament of Religious congregation Congregation (Roman Curia) Congregation for Bishops Congregation for Catholic Education Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life Congregation for the Causes of Saints Congregation for the Clergy Congregation for the Doctrine of
Index of Catholic Church articles
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The re-establishment of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church in Scotland took effect on 15 March 1878. This followed the restoration of the English hierarchy in 1850. The restoration was carried out on the instructions of Pope Leo XIII and was one of the first acts of his papacy. The "old" hierarchy had ended in 1603 when Archbishop Beaton of the Archdiocese of Glasgow died in Paris. In the intervening period from the Scottish Reformation until the restoration of the hierarchy, Scottish Catholics were ministered to by an underground network of priests (such as Saint John Ogilvie, Martyr) who were overseen by Apostolic prefects and then Apostolic Vicars as the oppression of Catholics became less severe. The restored hierarchy were members of the Apostolic Vicariate and the territories of the new dioceses and archdioceses were based on the ancient (pre-reformation) ones. There were two archbishops and four bishops in the new hierarchy: Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh Bishop of Aberdeen Bishop of Argyll and the Isles Bishop of Dunkeld Bishop of Galloway Archbishop of Glasgow The Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh was to be the Metropolitan See for Scotland with the Archdiocese of Glasgow to be under control of the Holy See. It was nearly another 100 years before Scotland had its first post-Reformation cardinal appointed. In 1969 Archbishop Gray of St Andrews and Edinburgh was elevated to the rank of Cardinal. Since then Cardinal Winning of Glasgow, and Cardinal O'Brien of St Andrews and Edinburgh have been appointed to the College of Cardinals. See also Catholic Church in Scotland Vicariate Apostolic of Scotland References Christianity in Edinburgh Christianity in Glasgow Catholic Church in Scotland 19th century in Scotland 1878 in Scotland Pope Leo XIII History of Catholicism in Scotland 19th-century Catholicism 1878 in Christianity
Restoration of the Scottish Catholic hierarchy
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Tommaso Riario Sforza (8 January 1782 in Naples – 14 March 1857 in Rome) was the Neapolitan Cardinal who, as protodeacon, announced at the end of the 1846 conclave the election of Cardinal Giovanni Mastai-Ferretti as Pope Pius IX. He was the son of Duke Nicola Riario Sforza and Princess Giovanna Di Somma. Cardinal Sisto Riario Sforza (1810–1877) was a nephew of his, and Cardinals Pietro Riario, O.F.M. (1445–1474), Raffaele Riario (1461–1521) and Alessandro Riario (1542–1585) were of the same family. Also Girolamo Riario and Caterina Sforza were of the same family. After serving as an official in the civil administration of the Papal States from 19 April 1804 onward, he was made a cardinal deacon in the consistory of 10 March 1823 and was assigned the deaconry of San Giorgio in Velabro. After participating in the conclave of 1823, which elected Pope Leo XII, he was ordained a priest on 28 September 1823 and opted for the deaconry of Santa Maria in Domnica on 17 November of the same year. and on 19 December 1834 changed that to the deaconry of Santa Maria in Via Lata. In the following years he received several successive appointments in the financial administration of the Papal States and was Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 1828 to 1830 and Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church from 3 April 1843 until his death. During the sede vacante of 1846, his coat-of-arms, as that of the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, appeared on the coins that were issued. Because he was also Protodeacon, the senior Cardinal Deacon, he made the announcement of the election of Pope Pius IX on 16 June 1846. He died on 14 March 1857, the last surviving cardinal appointed by Pope Pius VII. Pope Pius IX participated in his funeral in the basilica of Santi Apostoli, where he is buried. References External links The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Catholic Hierarchy 1857 deaths 1782 births 19th-century Italian cardinals House of Sforza Protodeacons Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church Clergy from Naples Cardinals created by Pope Pius VII
Tommaso Riario Sforza
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Giulio Bevilacqua, Orat (14 November 1881 – 6 May 1965) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who devoted himself to pastoral work in Brescia and served as a military chaplain, known for his opposition to fascism. A few weeks before his death he was made an auxiliary bishop of Brescia and a cardinal. He was a teacher and spiritual confidant of Pope Paul VI. Biography Giulio Bevilacqua was born in Isola della Scala to a family of merchants. He studied at the University of Louvain in Belgium and the seminary in Brescia, and later entered the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri. Bevilacqua was ordained to the priesthood on 13 June 1908, and then did pastoral work in Brescia until 1914. During World War I, he served as a chaplain to the Italian Army and was captured by Austrian forces in 1916. Following his release in 1918, he resumed his ministry in Brescia, where he became the spiritual director and a personal friend of Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Pope Paul VI, while the latter was a student. He was made an official of the Vatican Secretariat of State for his protection against Fascist threats and lived in the Vatican from 1928 to 1933. He also did pastoral work in Rome during this time. He then returned to Brescia. During World War II, served as a chaplain on an Italian hospital ship. In 1964, he preached to Pope Paul and the small group of Church officials who were preparing to visit the Holy Land; he accompanied Pope Paul on that visit. On 15 February 1965, Bevilacqua was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Brescia and Titular Archbishop of Gaudiaba by Paul VI, in advance of his elevation to the College of Cardinals. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 18 February from Bishop Luigi Morstabilini, with Bishops Giuseppe Carraro and Carlo Manziana, Orat, serving as co-consecrators, in the basilica of Saints Faustus and Jovita. Pope Paul created him Cardinal Deacon of San Girolamo della Carità in the consistory of 22 February of that year. By the special permission of the pope, Bevilacqua continued to serve as pastor of Sant'Antonio parish in Brescia. He assured his parishioners that he would also continue to wear a simple black cassock. He died fifteen weeks later in Brescia on 6 May at the age of 83. He is buried in the church of Santa Maria della Pace. References External links Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Catholic-Hierarchy 1881 births 1965 deaths 20th-century Italian cardinals Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI Italian military chaplains World War I chaplains World War II chaplains Royal Italian Army chaplains Royal Italian Navy chaplains 20th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Giulio Bevilacqua
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The Catholic Church in Benin is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. In 2023, more than half of all Christians in the Republic of Benin are Roman Catholic. In 2020, there were an estimated 3.9 million baptised Catholics in Benin, or about 32% of the population, in ten dioceses and archdioceses. There were 1349 priests and 1482 nuns. Description and history The Catholic Church in Benin gave one of its most esteemed bishops, Archbishop Bernardin Gantin of Cotonou, to the Roman Curia as Cardinal Prefect of the Sacred Congregation for Bishops and as Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He worked closely and was a personal friend of both Pope John Paul II, who brought him to Rome, and Benedict XVI, who spoke of him when he visited his tomb in Ouidah, Benin in November 2011, as part of a visit to that country. Archbishop Mark Miles has been designated Archbishop of Benin and Togo. Within Benin the hierarchy consists of: Cotonou Abomey Dassa-Zoumé Lokossa Porto Novo Parakou Djougou Kandi Natitingou N'Dali See also Catholic Church by country Christianity in Benin Episcopal Conference of Benin Freedom of religion in Benin Islam in Benin Protestant Methodist Church in Benin Religion in Benin References External links GCatholic website Lacroix Du Benin website Benin Benin
Catholic Church in Benin
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Cupimus imprimis (January 18, 1952) is an apostolic letter of Pope Pius XII to all the faithful in China regarding their persecutions and the persecution of the Catholic Church. Cupimus Imprimis expresses the great admiration and love of the Chinese people. Religion was established in this country in full recognition of the local customs and greatness of the Chinese culture and society. Therefore, the Pope is saddened to learn that the Catholic Church is accused as an enemy of the people. Church teaching fits all societies, which respect justice, freedom and brotherly love. The Pope expresses his admiration for the courage of the Chinese Christians, who are admired throughout the world. At stake is God, may he listen to all the prayers, and in his goodness provide consolation, giving China and the Church peace and tranquillity again. May he convince those who attack her today, that the Church has no earthly but heavenly goals. Referring to recent Chinese conquests, Pope Pius continues, there are people whose main aim is to conquer power and expand it every day. The Church on the other hand is teaching every day the truth of Jesus Christ, which converts the hearts towards brotherly love and social engagement for the poor and needy in society. The Church does not obey any earthly power, she does not prefer one society or race over others but loves all equally. The missionaries which came from foreign lands into China, are not agents of foreign powers but messengers for the time being. Pope Pius continues to enumerate the measures taken by him and the Holy See to create Chinese hierarchies and points to the first Cardinal from China. All fair minded people realize, that the female religious, working every day in the numerous kindergartens, schools, hospitals and orphanages are not agents but follow the calling of God. The Church engages in all these social activities, faithful to the teachings of its founder. All she needs is freedom. False accusations should be taken with a grain of salt and courage. Christ himself proclaimed that the gates of hell will never defeat his Church. "I am with you all days to the end of the world". For centuries, the Church had to undergo terrible persecutions in China. Chinese earth is red with the blood of Christian martyrs. Everything human, joy, pain, suffering, helplessness and power will fade away. The Church will continue through all earthly trials to the end of time. She will always be under attack, but never be defeated. Therefore, the Chinese faithful should be brave and confident. Peace and freedom will come too to the people of China. May the great Chinese saints and martyrs and the most blessed Virgin Mary, the Queen of China, provide for strength, courage and assistance. The Pope concludes with warm greetings and the Apostolic Blessing. See also Ad Sinarum gentem References Sources Cupimus imprimis, Acta Apostolicae Sedis (AAS) Roma, Vaticano, AAS 1952, 505 Richard Cardinal Cushing, Pope Pius XII, St. Paul Editions, Boston,
Cupimus imprimis
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The relationship between Pope Benedict XV and Russia occurred in a very special context, that of the 1917 Russian Revolution. The seizure of power by the Bolshevik revolutionaries unleashed an unprecedented wave of persecutions against the Roman Catholic Church and the Russian Orthodox Church, who were forced to cooperate during a time of distress. Situation at the end of World War I The end of World War I brought about the revolutionary development, which Benedict XV had foreseen in his first encyclical. With the Russian Revolution, the Vatican was faced with a new, so far unknown, situation. An ideology and government which rejected not only the Catholic Church but religion as a whole. "The Pope, the Tsar, Metternich, French radicals and German police, are united against communism" said Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The Historical Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences wrote that the "reactionary policies of the Vatican" were an outgrowth of fear of socialism and hate of communism. Vatican seen as an ally of capitalism This fear turned the Vatican into an ally of capitalism. The Catholic Church is seen to have been in a 1000-year alliance with feudalism, just defeated in Russia. In the words of Friedrich Engels, "the Church blessed the feudal order with the gloriole of divine blessings. Her hierarchy was ordered according to feudal principles. She is one of the greatest feudal exploiters." Communists taking their time The Communists took their time to get into Church issues, which were not a priority. Lenin "did not want to put the religious question at the forefront, because it does not belong there at all." They did not repeal the Tsarist decrees guaranteeing religious freedom. They even permitted the restoration of the Orthodox Patriarchate, which had been dormant for over 150 years. Persecution of the Churches But with time, a persecution of the Churches, including the Catholic Church, began and intensified. All religion, "the opiate of the masses" was considered hostile to communism, but most of the revolutionary violence was oriented against the Russian Orthodox Church. The new regime began to interfere in spheres, so far reserved for the Church, by legalizing divorce, and issuing civil marriage certificates. Bloody repression of civilians, carried out under the auspices of the Polish Comrade Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky, head of the Cheka, led to public protest. Arrest of the Russian Patriarch The Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow issued a solemn anathema against the Communists "for their frightful and bestial murder of people entirely innocent, even people lying sick in bed, in ruthless cruelty, in full daylight without any trial and in defiance of all justice and legality". The Soviets responded by taking away most Church properties and by nationalizing all Church schools. The Patriarch was arrested. Most monasteries were suppressed, and "counter-revolutionary" religious were executed. Oppressed bishops plead to the Pope During the winter of 1918–1919, some "twenty bishops were murdered together with thousands of priests and religious". Some hope developed among the United Orthodox in the Ukraine and Armenia, but
Pope Benedict XV and Russia
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Andrea Aiuti (17 June 1849 – 28 April 1905) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and in the Roman Curia. He was made a cardinal in 1903. Biography Andrea Aiuti was born in Rome on 17 June 1849 to a patrician family from Trapani. He earned degrees in philosophy and theology at the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum Saint Apollinare. He was ordained a priest on 22 September 1871. Aiuti was a member of the Roman Curia on the staff of the Congregation of the Council and then in the diplomatic service at the nunciature in Brazil. He was secretary to Antonio Agliardi who was charged with organizing the Church in India. On 31 March 1887 he was appointed titular archbishop of Achrida and Apostolic Delegate to India. He received his episcopal ordination from the Archbishop of Bombay, George Porter, S.J., on 1 May 1887. He published an account of his years in India in English as a guide for the Catholic hierarchy there. From 1891 to 1893 he was secretary for Eastern Rite affairs at the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. In that role he contributed to Pope Leo XIII's encyclical on the union of the Christian churches, Satis cognitum (1896). He was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria on 7 June 1893. A few days later he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Tamiathis. On 15 July 1896 he became Apostolic Nuncio to Portugal. On 12 November 1903, Pope Leo XIII made him cardinal-priest of San Girolamo dei Croati. Aiuti participated in the conclave of 1903 that elected Pope Pius X. He died after a long illness surrounded by his relatives in Rome on 28 April 1905 at the age of 55. He was buried in the family vault in Rome's Campo Verano cemetery. References External links Catholic-hierarchy.org Apostolic Nuncios to India Apostolic Nuncios to Portugal Officials of the Roman Curia 20th-century Italian cardinals 1849 births 1905 deaths Burials at Campo Verano 19th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops Cardinals created by Pope Leo XIII
Andrea Aiuti
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Pope Alexander IV (1199 or 1185 – 25 May 1261) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 December 1254 to his death. Early career He was born as Rinaldo di Jenne in Jenne (now in the Province of Rome), he was, on his mother's side, a member of the family de' Conti di Segni, the counts of Segni, like Pope Innocent III and Pope Gregory IX. His uncle Gregory IX made him cardinal deacon and Protector of the Order of Franciscans in 1227, Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church from 1227 until 1231 and Bishop of Ostia in 1231 (or 1232). On the death of Pope Innocent IV in 1254 he was elected pope at Naples on 12 December 1254. Pontificate Alexander's pontificate was signalled by efforts to reunite the Eastern Orthodox churches with the Catholic Church, by the establishment of the Inquisition in France, by favours shown to the mendicant orders, and by an attempt to organize a crusade against the Mongols after the second Mongol raid against Poland in 1259. On 26 September 1255, Alexander IV canonized Saint Clare of Assisi, founder of the religious order for women called the Poor Clares. On 29 October 1255, in the papal bull Benigna Operatio, Alexander declared "his own knowledge" of the stigmata attributed to Saint Francis of Assisi. In 1256, Alexander IV condemned theories of Joachim of Fiore, a millenarian prophet who had died in 1202 and whose ideas were taken up by the Fraticelli strand of the Franciscan Order. On the basis of his interpretation of the Book of Revelation, Joachim had postulated that 1260 would see the beginning of a Third Age, an age governed by the Holy Spirit, in which the hierarchy of the Church would become unnecessary - an idea which was obviously unwelcome to the Pope. In the event, 1260 – still in Alexander IV's lifetime – came and went with no such Third Age materializing, but Joachim's ideas would in later centuries be taken up by the Cult of the Holy Spirit which had a major impact in Portugal and its colonies. The pontiff also, on 27 September 1258, declared in the bull Quod super nonnullis that "divination or sorcery" was not to be investigated by Inquisitors of the Church, who were tasked with investigating heresy. Crimes involving magic should be left to local authorities unless they had "knowledge of manifest heresy to be involved", wherein "manifest heresy" included "praying at the altars of idols, to offer sacrifices, to consult demons, [or] to elicit responses from them". At this period in Church history, the use of magic was not seen as inherently heretical, but rather rooted in superstition or erroneous beliefs. On 14 May 1254, shortly before his death, Innocent IV had granted Sicily, a papal fiefdom, to Edmund, second son of King Henry III of England. Alexander confirmed the grant on 9 April 1255, in return for 2000 ounces of gold per annum, the service of
Pope Alexander IV
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A notarius is a public secretary who is appointed by competent authority to draw up official or authentic documents (compare English "notary"). In the Roman Catholic Church there have been apostolic notaries and even episcopal notaries. Documents drawn up by notarii are issued chiefly from the official administrative offices, the chanceries; secondly, from tribunals; lastly, others are drawn up at the request of individuals to authenticate their contracts or other acts. Overview The title and office existed in the bureaucracy of the Christianised Roman Empire at the Imperial Court, where the college of imperial notaries were governed by a primicerius. From the usage in the Emperor's representative in the West, the Exarch of Ravenna, the post and title was applied in the increasingly complicated bureaucracy of the Papal curia in Rome. There were notarii attached to all the episcopal see, whence they passed into use in the royal chanceries. All these notarii were in minor orders. As the ex officio head of the papal chancery, the primicerius of the notaries was an important personage. During a vacancy of the papal chair, he formed part of the interim government, and a letter in 640 is signed (the pope being elected but not yet consecrated) by one "Johannes, primicerius and serving in the place of the holy apostolic see". There were formerly apostolic notaries and even apostolic prothonotaries commissioned by papal letters, whose duty it was to receive documents in connection with benefices, foundations, and donations in favor of churches, the wills of clerics and other affairs to which the ecclesiastical hierarchy was an interested party. The title no longer exists; the only ecclesiastical notaries at present are the officials of the Roman and episcopal curiae. Prothonotaries Liber Pontificalis attributes the seven regional notaries of the Church in Rome, one for each ecclesiastical district of the Holy City, to an institution of Pope Clement I (traditionally 88–98), to record the acts of the martyrs; though this is unattested in any early document, the notice of Pope Julius I (337-352) in the Liber Pontificalis relates that this pope ordered an account of the property of the Church, intended as an authentic document, to be drawn up before the primicerius of the notaries. These important officials became the prothonotaries. See also Eschatocol References External links Document Notarization Officials of the Roman Curia Catholic ecclesiastical titles Government of the Byzantine Empire Notary
Notarius
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The teachings of Pope John Paul II are contained in a number of documents. It has been said that these teachings will have a long-lasting influence on the Church. Pope John Paul II's philosophical and theological teachings and writings were characterised by explorations in phenomenology and personalism. He was influenced by Hans Urs von Balthasar, Henri de Lubac, Yves Congar, Karl Rahner, his predecessors as Archbishop of Kraków Eugeniusz Baziak and Adam Stefan Sapieha, and his predecessors as Pope - John XXIII, Paul VI, and John Paul I. His closest theological adviser was Cardinal Ratzinger, who succeeded him as Pope. Stanislaw Dziwisz was his personal secretary for forty years and one of his closest friends and advisers, and became Archbishop of Kraków, John Paul's former post, and Cardinal. John Paul met regularly with the Cardinal prefects and presidents of Curial congregations and councils, and outlived many of them. Catechism of the Catholic Church John Paul II published the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which became an international best-seller . Its purpose, according to the Pope's Apostolic Constitution Fidei Depositum was to be "a statement of the Church's faith and of Catholic doctrine, attested to or illumined by Sacred Scripture, the Apostolic Tradition and the Church's Magisterium." He declared "it to be a sure norm for teaching the faith" to "serve the renewal" of the Church. Holiness and morality Right after being elected as Pope, he told the cardinals who elected him that he saw that his main work was to implement the teachings of the Second Vatican Council, an important centrepiece of which is a universal call to holiness. This is the basis for his canonization of saints from all walks of life, as well as for establishing and supporting the personal prelature of Opus Dei, that teaches that everyone is called to holiness and that ordinary life is a path to sanctity. His first encyclical letters focused on the Triune God; the very first was on Jesus the Redeemer ("Redemptor hominis"). He maintained this intellectual focus on God throughout his pontificate. In The Splendor of Truth ("Veritatis Splendor"), a papal encyclical concerning morality, he emphasised the dependence of man on God and his law ("Without the Creator, the creature disappears") and the "dependence of freedom on the truth." He said that man "giving himself over to relativism and scepticism, goes off in search of an illusory freedom apart from truth itself." Master plan for the new millennium In his master plan for the new millennium, the Apostolic Letter At the beginning of the third millennium, ("Novo Millennio Ineunte") a "program for all times", he emphasised the importance of "starting afresh from Christ": "No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person." Thus, the first priority for the Church is holiness: "All Christian faithful...are called to the fullness of the Christian life." Christians, he writes, contradict this when they "settle for a life of mediocrity, marked by a minimalist ethic and a shallow religiosity." He highlighted
Teachings of Pope John Paul II
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Catholic laity are the ordinary members of the Catholic Church who are neither clergy nor recipients of Holy Orders or vowed to life in a religious order or congregation. Their mission, according to the Second Vatican Council, is to "sanctify the world". The laity forms the majority of the estimated over one billion Catholics in the world. The Catholic Church is served by the universal jurisdiction of the Holy See, headed by the Pope, and administered by the Roman Curia, while locally served by diocesan bishops. The Pope and the bishops in full communion with him are known collectively as the Catholic hierarchy, and are responsible for the supervision, management, and pastoral care of all members the Catholic Church, including clergy, religious, and laity. But since the Second Vatican Council of Bishops (1962–1965) the laity have emerged as a greater source of leadership in various aspects of the church's life; and its teaching on their equal call to holiness has led to greater recognition of their role in the church. The Roman Curia and the laity The responsibilities of the Pontifical Council for the Laity, a dicastery of the Roman Curia based in Vatican City, were transferred to the newly established Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life as of 1 September 2016. The council "...assists the Pope in all matters concerning the contribution the lay faithful make to the life and mission of the Church, whether as individuals or through the various forms of association that have arisen and constantly arise within the Church." This dicastery emerged from the Decree on the Lay Apostolate of the Second Vatican Council, Apostolicam Actuositatem. It was officially created by Pope Paul VI on 6 January 1967, with the motu proprio Catholicam Christi Ecclesiam. Canonical rights of the laity Within the Catholic Church, the rights of the Catholic laity in regards to the Church are found in the Code of Canon Law. A new Code of Canon Law was promulgated in 1983, to incorporate teachings from the Second Vatican Council. In particular, Canons 224-231 of the 1983 Code outline the general and specific canonical rights of lay persons in the Catholic Church. Lay ministries Prior to 1972, no lay liturgical ministries existed, only the minor orders and major orders. The minor orders were, in effect, the lower orders of the clerical state and were reserved for those preparing for the priesthood: Acolyte, Exorcist, Lector or reader, and Ostiarius or porter. As a result of the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, on 15 August 1972 Pope Paul VI issued the motu proprio Ministeria quaedam which suppressed the minor orders and replaced them with two ministries, those of lector and acolyte. A major difference was: "Ministries may be assigned to lay Christians; hence they are no longer to be considered as reserved to candidates for the sacrament of orders." The following are requirements for admission to the ministries: the presentation of a petition that has been freely made out and signed by the aspirant
Catholic laity
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Eulogio Gregorio Clemente Gillow y Zavala was the first archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Antequera, Oaxaca located in Oaxaca de Juarez, Oaxaca, Mexico. He was the key cleric in President Porfirio Díaz's policy of conciliation with the Roman Catholic Church, which kept the anticlerical articles of the liberal Constitution of 1857 in place but suspended their implementation. Life Born at Puebla, Mexico in 1841, he was the member of a wealthy and socially prominent family, the son of an English Catholic from Lancashire, Thomas Gillow, who immigrated to Mexico in 1819, and María Zavala y Gutiérrez, who inherited the title of the Marchioness of Selva Nevada. Originally Thomas Gillow was a jeweler, but he became a successful agricultural businessman, managing his wife's estates, and keenly interested in improving farming methods in Mexico. In 1851, Gillow father and son attended The Great Exhibition in London; and young Eulogio remained in England for education, attending the Jesuit college of Stonyhurst. After Stonyhurst, Gillow continued his studies at the College of Aalst and the Université de Namur, both in Belgium. This was followed by studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University and Sapienza University of Rome. He went to Rome in 1862, and gained an audience with Pope Pius IX, who encouraged him to study for the priesthood. Gillow was in Rome for the celebrations for Maximilian of Habsburg as he prepared to go to Mexico to become Emperor at the invitation of Mexican conservatives. Gillow returned to Mexico during Maximilian's Second Mexican Empire and was ordained at the cathedral in Puebla in 1869. He had impressed Pius XI and returned to Rome to serve as the pope's private chamberlain. During the First Vatican Council, Gillow was a theological adviser to the archbishop of Oaxaca. Before his return to Mexico, Gillow was appointed by the pope to an office that connected him directly with the Roman Curia rather than the episcopal hierarchy in Mexico. He inherited the Chautla Hacienda located in the rich valley of Puebla and on his return to Mexico devoted more of his attention to his family estate than to ecclesiastical matters. As the son of an agricultural entrepreneur who had a great interest in improving agriculture in Mexico, Gillow followed in his father's footsteps, involving himself in the Mexican Agricultural Society. At this hacienda, he built modern infrastructure, including the first hydroelectric plant in Latin America, as well as telegraph and telephone lines, imported the latest agricultural machinery, and gained railroad concessions. He built an English-style residence (locally known as "El Castillo" (The Castle)) for a planned agricultural school. As a promoter of modern agriculture, he participated in expositions, which is how he came to the attention of Porfirio Díaz, a liberal former general who as president promoted modernization in Mexico, including foreign investment. Gillow organized an exposition in Puebla, where his estate was located, and there was hope of attracting investors from the U.S. Díaz himself opened the exposition, with multilingual Gillow as his interpreter and intermediary
Eulogio Gillow y Zavalza
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Pope John Paul II was criticised for, amongst other things, an alleged lack of response to child sex abuse in the Catholic Church. Child sex abuse scandals John Paul II was criticised by members of the abuse victims' group Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests (SNAP), for failing to respond appropriately to the sex abuse crisis. In 2002, he wrote that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young". The Church instituted reforms to prevent future abuse by requiring background checks for Church employees and, because a significant majority of victims were teenage boys, disallowing ordination of men with "deep–seated homosexual tendencies". They now require dioceses faced with an allegation to alert the authorities, conduct an investigation and remove the accused from duty. In addition to cases of abuse, much of the scandal has focused around members of the Catholic hierarchy who did not report abuse allegations to the civil authorities. In many cases they reassigned those accused to other locations where they continued to have contact with minors. In defending their actions, some bishops and psychiatrists contended that the prevailing psychology of the times suggested that people could be cured of such behavior through counseling. Members of the church hierarchy have argued that media coverage has been excessive. In response to the widening scandal, Pope John Paul II emphasised the spiritual nature of the offenses. He declared in 2001 that "a sin against the Sixth Commandment of the Decalogue by a cleric with a minor under 18 years of age is to be considered a grave sin, or delictum gravius." With the approval of the Vatican, the hierarchy of the church in the United States said that it instituted reforms to prevent future abuse including requiring background checks for Church employees and volunteers, while opposing extensions of the statutes of limitations in sex abuse cases. Opus Dei and Legion of Christ controversies John Paul II was criticised for his support of the Opus Dei prelature and the 2002 canonisation of its founder, Josemaría Escrivá, whom he called the saint of ordinary life. Legion of Christ John Paul II has been criticised for hindering the investigation into the charges of sexual immorality leveled against Father Marcial Maciel Degollado. This is despite the fact that Maciel was already under investigation by the Vatican in 1956 for drug addiction when he established the Legionaries in Ireland. At the time the Vatican had removed him as superior of the Legionaries and was investigating allegations that he abused morphine. Allegations about Maciel began resurfacing in the 1980s but were consistently ignored by the Vatican hierarchy, which approved bylaws for the group that effectively banned internal criticism of Maciel and allowed a personality cult to flourish around him. He was eventually found to have molested many seminarians and abused children he had fathered with different women despite his vows of chastity. Campaigners accuse John Paul II more generally of putting the interests of the Catholic
Criticism of Pope John Paul II
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Evangelii gaudium (The Joy of the Gospel) is a 2013 apostolic exhortation by Pope Francis "On the proclamation of the Gospel in today's world". In its opening paragraph, Pope Francis urged the entire Church "to embark on a new chapter of evangelism". According to the exhortation, the Church must understand itself as a community of missionary disciples, who are "permanently in a state of mission". Evangelii gaudium touches on many of the themes of Francis' papacy, including obligations Christians have to the poor and the duty to establish and maintain just economic, political, and legal orders. Refocusing society's priorities, he asks how "it is not a news item when an elderly homeless person dies of exposure, but it is news when the stock market loses two points?" It has been described by Italian theologian Massimo Faggioli as "the manifesto of Francis" and a "Magna Carta for church reform." Evangelii gaudium is directed "at overcoming complacency at every level of the church’s hierarchy and in the life of every Christian." Calling for an "ecclesial renewal which cannot be deferred", Francis is critical of the over-centralization of church bureaucracy, unthinking preaching, and excessive emphasis on doctrine. Throughout the exhortation he calls for more pastoral creativity and openness, insisting that the entire Church realize "a missionary impulse capable of transforming everything", and adds that "the path of a pastoral and missionary conversion which cannot leave things as they presently are." In regard to what he perceives is a current negative dependence on over-centralization in the Church's structure as opposed to an open and missionary spirit flowing through every level, he writes, "I too must think about a conversion of the papacy. [...] The papacy and the central structures of the universal Church also need to hear the call to pastoral conversion." In contrast to the writing style of previous popes, Evangelii gaudium is not written in an academic style but "in language that is both easily understood and captivating." In the 47,560 word document, Francis uses the word "love" 154 times, "joy" 109 times, "the poor" 91 times, "peace" 58 times, "justice" 37 times, and "common good" 15 times. Development Everything mentioned in Evangelii Gaudium was brought up by Pope Francis during the first year of his pontificate, sometimes almost to the letter and other times implicitly. The document follows a Synod of Bishops held from October 7 - 28, 2012 on the theme of the New Evangelization. Issued on the Feast of Christ the King, it brought to a conclusion the Year of Faith declared by Pope Benedict XVI which commenced on October 11, 2012. Archbishop Víctor Manuel Fernández helped draft the document. The text is deeply Christological: "An evangelizing community knows that the Lord has taken the initiative, he has loved us first, and therefore we can move forward, boldly take the initiative, go out to others, seek those who have fallen away, stand at the crossroads and welcome the outcast"(EG 24). Influences Most of the exhortation is Francis' own personal
Evangelii gaudium
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Evangelii praecones (June 2, 1951) was an encyclical letter of Pope Pius XII about Catholic missions. In it, he described necessary improvements and changes, and the persecution of the Church in some parts of the world. The encyclical was issued in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the encyclical Rerum ecclesiae by his predecessor Pope Pius XI. It is sometimes identified as the first of five papal encyclicals issued between 1919 and 1959 that redefined the Church’s missionary role. Progress made In the letter, Pius XII wrote that despite war and much political turbulence, the last 25 years were blessed with success. He also states that the number of Catholic missions increased 50%, from 400 to 600; the faithful increased from 15 to almost 21 million people, the number of native and foreign priests increased from 14,800 to 26,800. The letter further states that twenty-five years ago, all bishops were foreign born and by 1951, 88 bishops were nationals of their country. For instance, in Pakistan and in some parts of Africa the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy was established; three Plenary Councils were held, in Indochina (1934), Australia (1937) and India (1950). Minor seminaries have been greatly increased and strengthened. The number of those studying in major seminaries, which 25 years ago was only 1,770 was now 4,300; moreover, many regional seminaries have been built. Future Perspectives The Church never saw missions as an end in themselves. Like Maximum illud (1919) of Benedict XV, and Rerum Ecclesiae (1926) of Pius XI, Pope Pius XII in 1944 saw the end of missionary work as the very measure of success "The magnanimous and noble purpose which missionaries have is the propagation of the faith in new lands in such a way that the Church may ever become more firmly established in them and as soon as possible reach such a stage of development that it can continue to exist and flourish without the aid of missionary organizations. These missionary organizations do not serve their own ends, but it is their task to use every endeavour to realize the lofty purpose We have already mentioned. When that has been attained, then let them be happy to turn to other fields." Thus, missionary success can be measured by a downsizing of traditional missionary activities and upgrading of local hierarchies. Persecution Pope Pius XII replied to attacks and persecutions in China with the following words: In our own time there are countries in the Far East, which are being purpled with martyrs' blood. We have learned that many of the faithful and also nuns, missionaries, native priests and even Bishops have been driven from their homes, despoiled of their possessions and languish in want as exiles or have been arrested, thrown into prison or into concentration camps, or sometimes cruelly done to death, because they were devoutly attached to their faith. Our heart is overwhelmed with grief when We think of the hardships, suffering and death of these our beloved children. Not only do We love them
Evangelii praecones
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Moran Mor Paul II Peter Meouchi (born April 1, 1894, Jezzine, Lebanon – died on January 11, 1975, Bkerké, Lebanon), (or Boulos Boutros el-Meouchi, Meoushi, ) was the 74th Maronite Patriarch of Antioch from 1955 until his death in 1975 and a cardinal of the Catholic Church. Life Moran Mor Paul Peter Meouchi was born in Jezzine, Lebanon on April 1, 1894. Bechara El Khoury was his second cousin. He studied at the College de la Sagesse in Ashrafieh, a district of Beirut and later in Rome in the Pontifical Urban University and at the Pontifical Gregorian University. He was ordinated priest in Rome on December 7, 1917, and served as secretary of the Maronite bishops of Saida and of Tyre. After having attended a visitation of the bishop of Tyre in the United States in 1920, he remained in the United States till 1934, serving the Maronite communities particularly in Indiana, Connecticut and California. He was elected Maronite bishop of Tyre on April 29, 1934, and consecrated on December 8, 1934, at Bkerké by Maronite Patriarch of Antioch, Anthony Peter Arida. His co-consecrators were Augustin Bostani, Eparch of Sidon, and Pierre Feghali, Titular bishop of Epiphania in Syria. He chose as episcopal motto Gloria Libani data est ei. Moran Mor Paul Peter Meouchi was elected patriarch of Antioch of the Maronites on May 25, 1955. He attended the I, II and III sessions of the Second Vatican Council, 1962–1965, where he took a stand to defend the rights of Patriarchs to discourage the emigration of Christians from the Middle East. On February 22, 1965, he was created Cardinal by Pope Paul VI, being the first Maronite to become cardinal. He was elevated - as usual of Eastern Catholic Patriarchs, as a result of the motu proprio Ad purpuratorum patrum collegium - to the rank of cardinal-bishop without granting a suburbicarian diocese. Paul Peter Meouchi was from 1969 until his death chairman of the Synod of the Maronite Church and from 1970 until his death chairman of the Assembly of Catholic Patriarchs and Bishops in Lebanon. From a political point of view, his action as Patriarch of the Maronite was intended to promote the reconciliation among all the Lebanese, both Christians and Muslims. He was a supporter of the Arab nationalism, thus standing in opposition to the pro-USA former president of Lebanon Camille Chamoun. Meouchi had also good relations with the Druze and was a personal friend and adviser of Nazira Jumblatt, mother of Kamal Jumblatt. He died on January 11, 1975, in the Maronite Catholic Patriarchate in Bkerké, Lebanon, where he was buried. See also List of Maronite Patriarchs Maronite Church Sources Code, Joseph Bernard (1964). Dictionary of the American Hierarchy (1789-1964). New York: Joseph F. Wagner. pp. 200–201. Notes External links Maronite Archdiocese of Tyr, Lebanon gcatholic.org 1894 births 1975 deaths Lebanese Christian clergy Lebanese cardinals Lebanese Maronites Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch People from South Lebanon Participants in the Second Vatican Council Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI
Paul Peter Meouchi
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College of Bishops, also known as the Ordo of Bishops, is a term used in the Catholic Church to denote the collection of those bishops who are in communion with the Pope. Under Canon Law, a college is a collection (Latin collegium) of persons united together for a common object so as to form one body. The Bishop of Rome (the Pope) is the head of the college. Authority of the college of bishops In Catholic teaching, the college of bishops is the successor to the college of the apostles. While the individual members of the college of bishops are each directly responsible for pastoral care and governance in their own particular Church, the college as a whole has full supreme power over the entire Church: The college exercises this supreme and full power in a solemn manner in an ecumenical council, but also through united action even when not gathered together in one place. By present-day canon law it is for the Pope to select and promote the ways in which the bishops are to act collegially, such as in an ecumenical council, and it is for him to convoke, preside over (personally or by his delegates), transfer, suspend, or dissolve such a council, and approve its decrees. The Catholic Church teaches that the college of bishops, gathered in council or represented by the Pope, may teach some revealed truth as requiring to be held absolutely and definitively (infallibly). Enunciation of the teaching by the Second Vatican Council The Second Vatican Council enunciated the doctrine of the collegiality of bishops as follows: Unique relationship The relationship between the college of bishops and the individual bishops and in particular the Bishop of Rome has no secular counterpart, and its practical consequences cannot be deduced from secular models such as the various forms of governance of a state or of a corporation. The doctrine of the collegiality of the bishops as a body was enunciated by the Second Vatican Council which "desired to integrate all the elements which make up the Church, both the mystical and the institutional, the primacy and the episcopate, the people of God and the hierarchy, striking new notes and establishing new balances which would have to be worked out and theologized upon in the lived experience of the Church." See also Collegiality in the Catholic Church Episcopal Conference Infallibility of the Church Lumen gentium Synod Synod of Bishops (Catholic) United Methodist Council of Bishops References External links Catholic-Hierarchy Episcopacy in the Catholic Church Catholic ecclesiology Ecclesiastical polity of the Catholic Church
College of Bishops
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Americanism was, in the years around 1900, a political and religious outlook attributed to some American Catholics and denounced as heresy by the Holy See. In the 1890s, European "continental conservative" clerics detected signs of modernism or classical liberalism, which Pope Pius IX had condemned in the Syllabus of Errors in 1864, among the beliefs and teachings of many members of the American Catholic hierarchy, who denied the charges. Pope Leo XIII wrote against these ideas in a letter to Cardinal James Gibbons, published as . The long-term result was that the Irish Catholics who largely controlled the Catholic Church in the United States increasingly demonstrated loyalty to the pope, and suppressed traces of liberal thought in Catholic colleges. At bottom, the conflict was cultural, as conservative American Catholics from continental Europe, angered at the heavy attacks on the Catholic Church in Germany, France and other countries, sought to weaken individualist attitudes among American Catholics. In Europe During the French Third Republic, which began in 1870, the power and influence of French Catholicism steadily declined. The French government passed laws bearing more and more stringently on the Catholic church, and the majority of French citizens did not object. Indeed, they began to look toward legislators and not to the clergy for guidance. Observing this, and encouraged by the action of Pope Leo XIII, who in 1892 called on French Catholics to accept the Republic, several young French priests set themselves to stop the decline in church power. They determined that because the church was predominantly sympathetic to the monarchists and hostile to the Republic, and because it held itself aloof from modern philosophies and practices, people had turned away from it. Some progressive priests believed that the church had not adapted to modern needs. They began a domestic apostolate which had for one of its rallying cries, ("Let us go to the people"). They agitated for social and philanthropic projects, for closer contacts between priests and parishioners, and for general cultivation of personal initiative, both in clergy and in laity. They looked for inspiration to America, where they saw a vigorous church among a free people, with priests publicly respected, and with a note of aggressive zeal in every project of Catholic enterprise. Isaac Hecker In the 1890s, this issue was brought forcefully to the attention of European Catholics by Comtesse de Ravilliax's translation of a biography of Isaac Hecker by the Paulist priest Walter Elliott in 1891; the book's introduction by Félix Klein drew ire from the Vatican. Hecker, commonly known as "The Yellow Dart," had been dead for years at this point and had never been viewed by the Pope with disfavor. The French translation of Hecker's biography and Klein's introduction to the book made him appear to have been much more of a radical than he in fact was. Hecker had sought to reach out to Protestant Americans by stressing certain points of Catholic teaching, but Pope Leo XIII understood that effort as a watering down of
Americanism (heresy)
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Johannes van Santen served as the fourteenth Archbishop of Utrecht from 1825 to 1858. He was part of the last attempt of the Church of Utrecht to reconcile with the Roman Catholic Church at that time. Early Ministry Before serving as Archbishop of Utrecht, van Santen served as a parish priest in Schiedam. Archbishop of Utrecht Two days after the consecration of William Vet as Bishop of Deventer on 12 June 1825, an event that enjoyed the approval of King William I of the Netherlands, the Chapter of Utrecht chose van Santen as bishop-elect. He was consecrated Archbishop of Utrecht in the cathedral of St. Gertrude in Utrecht on 13 November 1825. Attempt at Reconciliation with the Roman Catholic Church In 1827, Archbishop van Santen attended a series of meetings with Monsignor Capaccini, the papal nuncio of the Roman Catholic Church, in an attempt to reconcile the two churches. C.B. Moss says: “The first conference was entirely occupied by compliments paid by Capaccini to the ‘Jansenists’ in general and to Archbishop van Santen in particular; he praised their steadfastness in a Protestant country, their firm adhesion to Rome, the stand they had made against lax casuistry, the carefulness and prudence of the archbishop.” During the second meeting, van Santen refused to sign the Formulary of Alexander VII that was presented by Capaccini, thus condemning five propositions purportedly contained in the Augustinus and affirming the authority of the pope. According to C.B. Moss, van Santen replied: “I know that the Five Propositions, as condemned, are not contained in that book; how can I, then, as an honest man and a Christian, sign a declaration which denies the fact? I must obey God and my conscience, even in the Pope and the whole Church are misinformed.” Purportedly asking, “Is Catholic unity to be maintained by perjury?”, van Santen is likened by many to Martin Luther, for their stands against the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church. C.B. Moss concludes: “If [van Santen] had accepted the Formulary, and his two suffragans with him, their names would have been acclaimed throughout the Roman Catholic world…as the men who by their submission had healed the ‘Jansenist schism’; …And yet he would not, for any advantage in this world or the next, declare that to be true which he was quite sure was false. He knew that conscience has a more binding authority than either Pope or Church.” On 4 March 1853 Pius IX negotiated with the Dutch Government to establish a new hierarchy in the Netherlands, with a Roman Catholic archbishop in Utrecht and a bishop in Haarlem, but with no other sees or boundaries corresponding to the sees erected by the Roman Catholic Church in 1559. Van Santen, together with Bishop Henricus Johannes van Buul, issued a formal protest against the rival bishops in the sees they already occupied. Protest of the Immaculate Conception When Pius IX issued the papal bull “Ineffabilis Deus” on 8 December 1854, proclaiming the dogma of the Immaculate Conception
Johannes van Santen
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San Lino is a parish church and cardinal diaconate located in Rome on Via Cardinale Garampi 60 in the Primavalle quarter with the church's main entrance found on Via della Pineta Sacchetti. The church is dedicated to Pope Saint Linus. The current Cardinal-Deacon for this church is Giovanni Angelo Becciu who is the second cardinal protector for the church since it became a diaconate in late 2007. Background On 22 February 1957, Cardinal Clemente Micara erected the parish in the decree Qua celeritate. It used a temporary location until a building was completed in 1999 according to the plans of architect Renato Costa. Cardinal Camillo Ruini dedicated the church on 23 September 1999 to Pope Saint Linus. Pope Benedict XVI issued the papal bull Purpuratis Patribus on 24 November 2007 that made the church a cardinal diaconate and assigned the church its first cardinal-deacon, Giovanni Coppa. Cardinal-Deacons Giovanni Coppa (24 November 2007 - 16 May 2016) Giovanni Angelo Becciu (28 June 2018 – present) See also Churches of Rome References External links Parish website Catholic Hierarchy 20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy Roman Catholic churches completed in 1999 Lino 1957 establishments in Italy
San Lino, Rome
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Giovanni Urbani (26 March 1900 – 17 September 1969) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Patriarch of Venice from 1958 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958. He was considered to be overly dependent upon his advisers. Biography Giovanni Urbani was born in Venice to Angelo and Elisabetta (née Borghi) Urbani, and was an artilleryman during World War I. After studying at the Patriarchal Seminary of Venice, he was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal Pietro La Fontaine on 24 September 1922. Urbani then did pastoral work in Venice until 1925, furthered his studies for a year, and taught at the seminary from 1927 to 1945. He was raised to the rank of privy chamberlain of his holiness on 12 November 1936, and later domestic prelate of his holiness on 5 June 1943. On 26 October 1946, he was appointed Titular Bishop of Axomis. Urbani received his episcopal consecration on the following 8 December from Cardinal Adeodato Giovanni Piazza, OCD, with Bishops Giovanni Jeremich and Carlo Zinato serving as co-consecrators, in St. Mark's Basilica. Until 1955, he served as secretary and national counselor of Azione Cattolica's Central Commission, which included instructing Italian parishes against communism. Urbani was promoted to Titular Archbishop of Sardes on 27 November 1948, and was later made Bishop of Verona, with the personal title of archbishop, on 14 April 1955. Pope John XXIII named Urbani to succeed him as Patriarch of Venice on 11 November 1958. He was the first native Venetian to become patriarch since Cardinal Ludovico Flangini Giovanelli (1801–1804), and was created Cardinal-Priest of S. Prisca by Pope John in the consistory of 15 December of that same year. His cardinalatial title was later changed to Cardinal Priest of S. Marco on 19 March 1962. From 1962 to 1965, the Cardinal attended the Second Vatican Council. He was also one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 1963 papal conclave, which selected Pope Paul VI. Because of his moderate views, Urbani was widely seen as papabile at the conclave. In 1964, he prohibited Venetian priests and nuns from attending the Venice Biennale due to the nudism in its exhibitions. Urbani died from a heart attack in Venice at age 69. He is buried in St. Mark's Basilica. Papal election During the conclave of 1963, he silenced Giovanni Battista Cardinal Montini after the latter proposed to withdraw his candidacy in order to avoid a prolonged deadlock. His position as patriarch of Venice was unique in the fact that both his predecessor and his successor became pope. His successor as patriarch was Albino Luciani, who was elected Pope John Paul I in August 1978. References External links Catholic Hierarchy Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church 1900 births 1969 deaths 20th-century Italian cardinals Patriarchs of Venice Bishops of Verona Urbani, Giovanni Cardinals created by Pope John XXIII 20th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
Giovanni Urbani
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The Spirituali were members of a reform movement within the Catholic Church, which existed from the 1530s to the 1560s. The movement is sometimes also called evangelism. The ranks of the Spirituali included Cardinal Gasparo Contarini (1483–1542), Cardinal Jacopo Sadoleto (1477–1547), Cardinal Reginald Pole (1500–1558), Italian poet Vittoria Colonna, and her friend, the artist Michelangelo (1475–1564), who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the very controversial Last Judgement. These "Italian evangelicals" proposed to reform the Church through a spiritual renewal and internalization of faith by each individual, viewing the intense study of scripture and justification by faith as means to that end. "Central [to the Spirituali] was a renewed emphasis on the grace which God sent through faith," writes Church Historian Diarmaid MacCulloch, "together with a consistent urge to reveal the Holy Spirit as the force conveying this grace – to that associates of the movement were soon characterized as Spirituali." The Spirituali took many of their ideas from older Catholic texts, but certainly found inspiration in the Protestant Reformation, especially Calvinism, although they wanted peaceful internal reform, not a split. Had the movement become successful, the face of Europe would have changed, avoiding the excesses of the Reformation and the Counter-Reformation and perhaps changing the political and social reasons leading to the Thirty Years war. Benedictine monk Benedetto Fontanini wrote the first version of the most notable expression of Spirituali doctrine, the Beneficio di Cristo (The Benefit of Christ's Death), in 1543, attempting to prove that salvation comes through Sola fide, or 'faith [in Christ] alone' (as Protestants insisted on), not through works or the Church; later the poet and humanist Marcantonio Flaminio revised it. The group printed forty thousand copies of the book, which was soon declared heretical and placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum. Although Spirituali occupied positions of high power within the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and may have even held the sympathy of Pope Paul III, they failed to achieve much change, and more conservative "fundamentalist" zelanti currents set the Church on a course of confrontation with the Protestants at the Council of Trent (1545–1563), lumping them in with them. The Spirituali's lack of success stemmed from inadequate support by the Church hierarchy, and the movement was doomed when Cardinal Pole, who was the choice of Pope Paul III, lost the papal election in 1549–1550 by one vote, after which their position made them suspect to both Protestants and conservative Catholics, allowing them to be outmaneuvered and defeated. Cardinal Pole's archenemy Cardinal Carafa, who would later become Pope Paul IV (r. 1555–1559), acted to suppress the Spirituali before and after attaining the papacy, and under him many went on trial before the Inquisition, speedily exterminating the movement and ending all hope of a Protestant-like reform from within Catholicism. Cardinal Pole fled to England, while Paul IV tried unsuccessfully to have him brought back before the Catholic Inquisition. Further reading References External links PBS show “Michelangelo Revealed” Beneficio di Cristo, or The Benefit of Christ's Death,
Spirituali
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Marcello Semeraro (born 22 December 1947) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who has been the Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints since October 2020. He was previously Bishop of Albano and secretary to the group of cardinals named by Pope Francis to advise him. Pope Francis raised him to the rank of cardinal on 28 November 2020. Biography Semeraro was born in Monteroni di Lecce, Province of Lecce, Italy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 8 September 1971. He received his Doctor of Theology degree in 1980 from the Pontifical Lateran University. On 25 July 1998 he was named Bishop of Oria. He was consecrated on 29 September 1998 by Archbishop Cosmo Francesco Ruppi with Archbishops Domenico Caliandro and Donato Negro as co-consecrators. He taught at the Pontifical Lateran University in 2001. Pope John Paul II chose him as Special Secretary of the 2001 Synod of Bishops, which considered the role of the bishops in contemporary society. That Synod's final statement pointed to social injustice as the root cause of terrorism and decried third world debt and "the enduring drama of hunger and extreme poverty". Semeraro commented: "There is a strong will to dismantle the image of bishops as men of power and to reinstitute the image of bishops as men of service." On 1 October 2004 he was named Bishop of Albano. He is a Consultant to the Congregation for the Clergy and the Italian Episcopal Conference (IEC), and a member of the IEC Commission for the Doctrine of the Faith. On 4 May 2007 he was elected president of the administrative board of the IEC newspaper Avvenire, in place of Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco of Genoa, who had been elected president of the IEC. In June 2010, he became president of the IEC Commission for the Doctrine of the Faith. On 13 April 2013 Pope Francis appointed him secretary of the commission of cardinals appointed to advise him on the government of the Church and the organization of the Roman Curia. On 4 November 2013, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Administrator of the Exarchic Monastery and Territorial Abbacy of Saint Mary of Grottaferrata. In a 2017 interview, Semeraro described the work of the Council of Cardinals: listening, reflecting, and verifying. The Council, he said, listens to the contributions of the Church; reflects on those contributions, and looks into the details of them, considering the best way of going forward. It then makes proposals to the Pope; as Semeraro explained, the Council has a consultative role. On 15 October 2020, Pope Francis appointed him Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. On 25 October 2020, Pope Francis announced he would raise him to the rank of cardinal at a consistory scheduled for 28 November 2020. At that consistory, Francis made him Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Domnica. On 16 December he was named a member of the Congregation for Oriental Churches and the Dicastery for Communications. Works Mistero, comunione e missione
Marcello Semeraro
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The Congregation of the Mother of Carmel (C.M.C.) is a Syro-Malabar Catholic centralized religious institute of consecrated life of Pontifical Right for women founded in 1866. It was the first native congregation for women in that church. History Foundation The congregation was founded as the Sisters of the Third Order of Carmelites Discalced by Kuriakose Elias Chavara, on 13 February 1866 at Koonammavu in the southern state of Kerala. The first convent of the new community was opened in Koonammavu with three women: Eliswa, a widow, her daughter Anna, Eliswa's sister Tresa and another young lady named Clara came as the fourth member on the next day.. They were given the rules of the Discalced Third Order under the authority of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Verapoly, Bernardine Baccinelli. Leopold Beccaro was their spiritual director. Division In May 1887, the Holy See established the Syro-Malabar Church in India as independent of the hierarchy of the Latin Church. This caused problems for the young congregation, as both Latin and Syrian bishops claimed authority over them. This had to be settled by Rome, which ruled that the Sisters were part of the Syro-Malabar Vicariate Apostolic of Trichur. The Sisters who belonged to the Latin Church separated and was named the Congregation of Teresian Carmelites (C.T.C.). With the eventual reorganization of the Syro-Malabar hierarchy, the Sisters found themselves divided among five different congregations, each under a different bishop and led by its own Superior General. The first foundation outside of Kerala from among the different groups was to the Punjab in 1958. Union Full union of the disparate congregations did not take place until November 16, 1963, when they were recognized by the Holy See as a congregation of the Eastern Church, at which time the congregation took the name of Congregation of Mother of Carmel, by which it is currently known. Current The congregation today is divided among 25 Provinces and six regions throughout India and Africa. They also serve in Germany, Italy, Africa,peru,Canada,Iraq,UK and the United States. Saints of the congregation Elias Chavara was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1986, along with Alphonsa of the Immaculate Conception in the course of his visit to India. One of the congregation's early members, Euphrasia of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, was beatified by Pope Benedict XVI in 2006. Chavara and Euphrasia were canonised by Pope Francis on 24 November 2014. Mary Celine Payyappilly, the first Superior General of the united C.M.C. congregation was declared as Servant of God by George Alencherry, Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church on 9 April 2018. References Eastern Catholic orders and societies Syro-Malabar Church Discalced Carmelite Order Religious organizations established in 1866 1866 establishments in India
Congregation of Mother of Carmel
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Joachim III () was the Patriarch of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church between c. 1282 and 1300, when the Second Bulgarian Empire reached its lowest point of decline during the reign of the emperors George Terter I, Smilets and Chaka. He was executed for treason by emperor Theodore Svetoslav in 1300. The Church did not recognize his guilt and his name was included in the list of Bulgarian Patriarchs in the Book of Boril. His seat was Tarnovo, the capital of Bulgaria. Early career Between 1272 and 1274 Joachim was included in the Bulgarian delegation that visited Constantinople to discuss the proposal of Pope Gregory X to the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus to end the Great Schism that divided the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church since 1054. In Constantinople Joachim established contacts with the future Pope Nicholas IV, the leader of the western delegation, and it is likely that initially he was inclined to support a union between the two Churches. However, the Bulgarian empress-consort Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene (r. 1269–1279), a niece of Michael VIII and in a lifelong feud with her uncle, urged the Church to oppose the Byzantines, who were inclined to negotiate with the Catholics. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church, that considered itself a centre of the Orthodox Christianity ever since the fall of Constantinople to the armies of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, strongly opposed the proposed union and the apparent willingness of the Byzantines to make concessions. The then Bulgarian Patriarch Ignatius was called "pillar of Orthodoxy". It seems that Joachim remained loyal to the position of the Bulgarian Patriarchate, which explains his quick rise in the church hierarchy. Patriarch Joachim III was enthroned in the beginning of the rule of emperor George Terter I (r. 1280–1292). However, soon after that Joachim III refused to acknowledge the emperor's second marriage to Kira Maria because his first wife Maria Terter was still alive. After George Terter divorced Maria in 1279 he sent her and his first born son Theodore Svetoslav as hostages to the Byzantine Empire. The Patriarch refused to allow George Terter I to the church sacraments until he conceded to abandon Kira Maria and remarry his first wife, after he secured her return from Byzantine captivity in 1282. In 1285 Joachim III was sent to Constantinople to liberate Theodore Svetoslav, who still remained hostage. After difficult negotiations the Patriarch was successful in his mission. In return he agreed that Theodore Svetoslav was to be betrothed to the daughter of the Byzantine megas stratopedarches John Synadenos. In 1291 Pope Nicholas IV sent a letter to Joachim III, dated 23 March, reminding the Bulgarian Patriarch of their old friendship and urging him to join the Roman Church. The Pope also sent a letter to George Terter I expressing his hope to see Bulgaria return to the authority of Rome, alluding to the union between Bulgaria and Rome concluded in 1205 during the reign of emperor Kaloyan. Despite some hesitations Joachim III maintained the firm
Joachim III of Bulgaria
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Pope Honorius II (9 February 1060 – 13 February 1130), born Lamberto Scannabecchi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 December 1124 to his death in 1130. Although from a humble background, his obvious intellect and outstanding abilities saw him promoted up through the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Attached to the Frangipani family of Rome, his election as pope was contested by a rival candidate, Celestine II, and force was used to guarantee his election. Honorius's pontificate was concerned with ensuring that the privileges the Roman Catholic Church had obtained through the Concordat of Worms were preserved and, if possible, extended. He was the first pope to confirm the election of the Holy Roman emperor. Distrustful of the traditional Benedictine order, he favoured new monastic orders, such as the Augustinians and the Cistercians, and sought to exercise more control over the larger monastic centres of Monte Cassino and Cluny Abbey. He also approved the new military order of the Knights Templar in 1128. Honorius II failed to prevent Roger II of Sicily from extending his power in southern Italy and was unable to stop Louis VI of France from interfering in the affairs of the French church. Like his predecessors, he managed the wide-ranging affairs of the church through Papal Legates. With his death in 1130, the Church was again thrown into confusion with the election of two rival popes, Innocent II and the antipope Anacletus II. Early life Lamberto was of simple rural origins, hailing from Fiagnano in the Casalfiumanese commune, near Imola in present-day Italy. Entering into an ecclesiastical career, he soon became archdeacon of Bologna, where his abilities eventually saw him attract the attention of Pope Urban II, who presumably appointed him cardinal priest of an unknown church, in c. 1099, though S. Prassede has been discussed. His successor, Pope Paschal II, made Lamberto a Canon of the Lateran before elevating him to the position of cardinal bishop of Ostia in 1117. Lamberto was one of the cardinals who accompanied Pope Gelasius II into exile in 1118–19 and was at his bedside when Gelasius died. With Gelasius's death at Cluny on 28 January 1119, Cardinal Lamberto and Cardinal Cono (Bishop of Palestrina) conducted the election of a new pope according to the canons. Cardinal Lamberto carried out the coronation of Guy de Bourgogne at Vienne on 9 February 1119, and became a close advisor of Pope Callixtus II. Accompanying Callixtus throughout France, he assisted Callixtus in his initial dealings with Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. As a well-known opponent of the emperor's right to select bishops in his territories (the Investiture Controversy), Lamberto was a natural choice for papal legate. He was sent in 1119 to deal with Henry V and delegated with powers to come to an understanding concerning the right of investiture. Forceful and determined, he summoned the bishops of the Holy Roman Empire to attend an assembly at Mainz on 8 September 1122. He expected absolute obedience, so much
Pope Honorius II
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Conciliarism was a reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope. The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon. The schism inspired the summoning of the Council of Pisa (1409), which failed to end the schism, and the Council of Constance (1414–1418), which succeeded and proclaimed its own superiority over the Pope. Conciliarism reached its apex with the Council of Basel (1431–1449), which ultimately fell apart. The eventual victor in the conflict was the institution of the papacy, confirmed by the condemnation of conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council, 1512–1517. The final gesture, the doctrine of papal infallibility, was not promulgated until the First Vatican Council of 1870. Conciliar theory William of Ockham (d. 1349) wrote some of the earliest documents outlining the basic understanding of conciliarism. His goal in these writings was removal of Pope John XXII, who had revoked a decree favoring ideas of the Spiritual Franciscans about Christ and the apostles owning nothing individually or in common. Some of his arguments include that the election by the faithful, or their representatives, confers the position of pope and further limits the papal authority. The catholic (universal) church is the congregation of the faithful, not the institutional, which was promised to the Apostles by Jesus. While the universal Church cannot fall into heresy, it is known that the Pope has fallen into heresy in the past. Conciliar theory has its roots and foundations in both history and theology, arguing that many of the most important decisions of the Catholic Church have been made through conciliar means, beginning with the First Council of Nicaea (325). Conciliarism also drew on corporate theories of the church, which allowed the head to be restrained or judged by the members when his actions threatened the welfare of the whole ecclesial body. The canonists and theologians who advocated conciliar superiority drew on the same sources used by Marsilius and Ockham, but they used them in a more conservative way. They wanted to unify, defend and reform the institution under clerical control, not advance a Franciscan or a lay agenda. Among the theorists of this more clerical conciliarism were Jean Gerson, Pierre d'Ailly and Francesco Zabarella. Nicholas of Cusa synthesized this strain of conciliarism, balancing hierarchy with consent and representation of the faithful. In his Defensor Pacis (1324), Marsilius of Padua agreed with William of Ockham that the universal Church is a church of the faithful, not the priests. Marsilius focused on the idea that the inequality of the priesthood has no divine basis and that Jesus, not the pope, is the only head of the Catholic Church. John Kilcullen wrote, in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, that "in France conciliarism was one of the sources of Gallicanism." Opposition to conciliarism Many members of the Church continued to believe that the pope, as the successor of
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Jānis Pujats (born 14 November 1930) is a Latvian cardinal and the archbishop emeritus of Riga. Biography Pujats was born in Nautrēni parish in Latgale. He attended the Theological Seminary in Riga until it was closed by the Soviet Union in 1951. Two months later, he was ordained in a secret ceremony by Archbishop Antonijs Springovičs. During the pontificate of Pope Paul VI, he implemented the Pope's liturgical reform and published the first missal in Latvian. Pujats was made Archbishop of Riga in 1991. On 21 February 1998, he was made a cardinal in pectore by Pope John Paul II, a fact made public at the consistory of 21 February 2001. He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2005 papal conclave that elected Pope Benedict XVI. He speaks Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, German and Latin, in addition to his native Latvian. He was the only member of the Synod of Bishops to address the assembly exclusively Latin at the 2001 and 2005 meetings. Pope Benedict accepted his resignation on 19 June 2010 and appointed Zbigņevs Stankevičs to succeed him in Riga. Views Condemnation of homosexuality In a May 2007 open letter protesting a gay pride march scheduled for 3 June 2007 as part of the Riga Pride and Friendship Days, Pujāts referred to homosexuality as "absolute depravity in sexual behavior" and an "unnatural form of prostitution". He told the faithful to "be prepared to go out into the streets" to protest the events, "not to create disorder, but to offer a disciplined position in support of the government, because on this very important issue of morals, the government is on the side of Christians." Declaration of Truths On 10 June 2019, Pujats, Cardinal Raymond Leo Burke, and Kazakh bishops Tomasz Peta, Jan Paul Lenga, and Athanasius Schneider published a 40-point "Declaration of Truths" claiming to reaffirm traditional Church teaching. The bishops wrote that such a declaration was necessary in a time of "almost universal doctrinal confusion and disorientation." Specific passages in the declaration implicitly relate to several writings by Pope Francis. The declaration states that "the religion born of faith in Jesus Christ" is the "only religion positively willed by God," seemingly alluding to the Document on Human Fraternity signed by Pope Francis on 4 February, which stated that the "diversity of religions" is "willed by God." Following recent changes to the Catechism to oppose capital punishment, the declaration states that the Church "did not err" in teaching that civil authorities may "lawfully exercise capital punishment" when it is "truly necessary" and to preserve the "just order of societies." See also Roman Catholic Church of Latvia References External links Catholic Hierarchy Metropolitan Archdiocese of Riga The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church 1930 births Living people Latvian cardinals Latvian Roman Catholic archbishops Archbishops of Riga 20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Latvia 21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Latvia Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II People from Rēzekne Municipality
Jānis Pujats
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The Dicastery for the Service of Charity, also known as the Apostolic Alms Office, is an administrative unit of the Roman Curia. It began operations on 5 June 2022 as established by the apostolic constitution Praedicate evangelium promulgated on 19 March 2022. Before the reform of Praedicate evangelium it was named the Office of Papal Charities. Papal almoner The origin of the office of papal almoner goes back to the first centuries of the church when deacons, then close associates of the pope, were responsible for distributing alms. A bull of Pope Innocent III cites the almoner as an existing position while the post of apostolic almoner was formally erected by Pope Gregory X in the 13th century. Since the time of Pope Leo XIII, the almoner has also been responsible for selling the parchments with which he authenticates papal blessings with his signature. Sales of these documents provide the almoner's office with funds to be distributed as alms. Creation of the dicastery It took on the responsibilities previously managed by the Office of Papal Charities, which had functioned as part of the papal household rather than as a curial department and was closely identified with the role of the Almoner of His Holiness, more commonly known as the papal almoner. The almoner's post had been used to reward senior prelates until Pope Francis made its transformation "a flagship initiative" of his papacy, increasing its budget and visibility, elevating his almoner to the rank of cardinal, and transforming the role of almoner into a curial office. Discussing Praedicate evangelium when it was promulgated, Marco Mellino, secretary of the Council of Cardinal Advisers, said that it reorganized the Roman Curia to orient it to service rather than administration and that elevating the church's almsgiving function was a key part of this. While the Secretariat of State retained its preeminent role, the Dicastery for the Service of Charity was one of the three top-ranking units that followed in the Curia's hierarchy to reflect its core mission: evangelization, doctrine, and charity. Like the other dicasteries under this constitution, the Dicastery for the Service of Charity is headed by a prefect, though in this instance the prefect also has the traditional title Almoner of His Holiness or papal almoner. The prefect enjoys an additional distinction: it is one of only two curial prefects who retain their authority during the sede vacante, the period between the end of one papacy and the beginning of the next. The principle is that the service of charity is never to be interrupted. Functions The dicastery's work is rooted in "the option for the poor, the vulnerable and the excluded". It is authorized to provide assistance "anywhere in the world". The pope is expressly authorized to personally direct allocations "in cases of particular poverty or other necessity". The dicastery's remit extends as well to responding "in the event of serious calamities". It is authorized to accept and to solicit donations to support its distribution of charity. One particular source
Dicastery for the Service of Charity
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Traditi humilitati is a papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius VIII in 1829. It laid out the program for his pontificate. Although it does not explicitly mention freemasonry, it has been cited by later Church documents on the subject because it condemned those "who think that the portal of eternal salvation opens for all from any religion". Regarding religious pluralism, Pius VIII condemned the "foul contrivance of the sophists of this age" that would place Catholicism on a par with any other religion. Regarding Bible translations and the work of non-Catholic bible societies, he wrote: On marriage, Traditi humilitati fell within a series of papal documents "denying that the civil power can regulate marriage", which can be traced from a letter of Pope Pius VII to the Archbishop of Mainz, Etsi Fraternitatis, sent on 8 October 1803, stating that lay tribunals' and non-Catholic assemblies' declarations of nullity and attempts to dissolve marriages "have no value or effect in the eyes of the Church", through Pius VIII's Traditi humilitati, to Gregory XVI's Commissum divinitus (1835), Pius IX's Ad Apostolicae Sedis (1851) and beyond. Pius VIII explained that marriage was "formerly" concerned only with the procreation of children,and so marriage cannot be regulated by the state: "it signifies the perpetual and sublime union of Christ with His Church; as a result, the close union of husband and wife is a sacrament". In Litteris altero abhinc (1830), Pius also declared that a mixed marriage could only be blessed by a priest if proper promises had been made to educate the children of the marriage as Catholics. More generally, Pius also felt that the Catholic Church was beset by many "serious dangers", too many to list, which he and the church hierarchy were intent on addressing. See also Anti-Masonry Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity Position of the Catholic Church on Freemasonry References External links Text of Traditi humilitati Catholicism and Freemasonry Papal encyclicals 1829 documents 1829 in Christianity Documents of Pope Pius VIII
Traditi humilitati
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On 4 March 1853, Pope Pius IX restored the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands with the papal bull Ex qua die arcano, after the Dutch Constitutional Reform of 1848 had made this possible. The re-establishment of the episcopal hierarchy led to the protest in 1853. Disestablishment of the Catholic Church After becoming head of state of the Spanish Empire (including the Low Countries), crusading Habsburg king Philip II of Spain reorganised the Dutch dioceses in 1559. Utrecht became an archdiocese and together with the suffragan dioceses of Haarlem (central and North Holland), Middelburg (Zeeland), Deventer (Overijssel and Gelderland), Groningen (Groningen) and Leeuwarden (Friesland), they would form the northern ecclesiastical province of Utrecht. Roermond and 's-Hertogenbosch became part of the southern ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archbishop of Mechelen (further roughly including present Belgium). After the Dutch Revolt, the northern Netherlands formed the independent Dutch Republic, where Protestant Calvinism was privileged while Catholicism was severely restricted. The first Archbishop of Utrecht, Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg, was removed from office, thereby ending the short-lived archdiocese. In 1592, Rome declared the province of Utrecht a mission area, the Dutch Mission 'Batavia', soon headed by an apostolic vicar. 's-Hertogenbosch later also became an apostolic vicariate when normal episcopal administration became impossible after the Westphalian Peace of Münster in 1648. After initial persecution, Catholics were eventually tolerated, especially in the larger cities, as long as they would not openly profess Catholicism. In many cities, Catholics went to Mass in clandestine churches, which had exteriors that were not recognisable as churches. Prelude to the re-establishment The de jure position of the Catholic Church in the Netherlands improved when the Batavian Republic declared the separation of Church and State in 1796. The different denominations would have equal rights. Some of the Catholic church buildings, which the Protestants seized in the 16th century, were returned. The Catholic community began to organise itself again; newspapers, magazines and schools were created. State regulation remained however: wearing clerical clothing in public and ringing church bells were not allowed for example. Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII solved a number of pending issues between church and state with the Concordat of 1801. New apostolic vicariates were set up to prepare for a future re-establishment of the dioceses. The Diocese of Antwerp was abolished and North Brabant, which used to be a part of it, became the Apostolic Vicariate of Breda. The Diocese of Roermond was also abolished and divided between the Dioceses of Liege and of Aachen (Germany). The last bishop of Roermond, Jan Baptist Robert baron van Velde tot Melroy en Sart-Bomal, was appointed vicar of the new Apostolic Vicariate of Grave-Nijmegen in 1801. The Vicariate of Ravenstein-Megen, then part of the Diocese of Liège, became the Apostolic Vicariate of Ravenstein-Megen. The "Ministry of Roman Catholic Worship Affairs" () was founded in the Kingdom of Holland. The king received certain rights to intervene in ecclesiastical organisation. From 1812 - at this point the Netherlands was a part of Napoleon I
Reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands
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Pope John Paul II's visits to Nicaragua were made in March 1983 and February 1996. 1983 In March 1983, Pope John Paul II made a pastoral visit to Nicaragua. The visit took place amidst the ongoing Contra war, a period of extreme polarization between the Nicaraguan Catholic hierarchy and popular sectors of the Nicaraguan Church and heightened tensions between the hierarchy and Sandinista state. Both the Nicaraguan Catholic Church and the Sandinista government eagerly anticipated the arrival of the Pope. The hierarchy believed that the Pope would give moral legitimacy to their efforts to combat the "godless communism" of the Sandinista government. On the other hand, the government hoped that the Pope would offer support for the peace process by acting as a mediator and by formally voicing his opposition to American aid to the contras. Consequently, the Sandinistas made a tremendous effort to encourage Nicaraguans to attend the two papal masses that were held in León and Managua. The day of the Pope's visit was declared a national holiday and citizens were offered free transportation to the masses. Rather than helping to alleviate the hierarchy-state tensions, the Pope's visit exacerbated them even further. The Pope stressed the importance of Church unity as the best way to prevent Nicaragua from being corrupted by "godless communism". He spoke out against the growing division within the Church between the "popular church" and the institutional hierarchical Church. He also advocated the authority of the bishops and the importance of religious education. The Pope affirmed the Vatican's support for the conservative Archbishop, later Cardinal, Miguel Obando y Bravo and spoke out against the five Nicaraguan priests (including Ernesto Cardenal) who held government positions, privately urging Cardenal, "Regularize your position with the Church." Priests and bishops, because they are considered agents and 'spouses' of Christ and the Church upon their ordination, are not supposed to hold political office, especially high offices or compensated offices or offices that could influence the Church in society, under the laws of the Catholic Church. The Pope was repeatedly interrupted during the Mass, which eventually made him angry (see the papal biography by George Weigel). The Pope's visit convinced the vast majority of Nicaraguan people that the Vatican was not in tune with their problem. For instance, the day before the Pope's visit to Managua, a funeral service was held to commemorate the lives of 17 Sandinista supporters who were killed by the Contras in the same plaza that the Pope's mass took place. The Pope made no reference to the incident, even words of condolence. The Pope's visit was a significant event in the civil war. It deepened tensions between the Sandinistas and the many Nicaraguan Catholics who supported the Sandinistas. The controversial visit was also used by the "Contras" as a form of propaganda to give their organization moral legitimacy. 1996 In 1996, Pope John Paul II visited Nicaragua for a second time as part of a trip in which he also visited Guatemala, El Salvador, and Venezuela.
Visits by Pope John Paul II to Nicaragua
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The Council of Cardinals (also called C9 because it contained 9 cardinal members for some time), also known as the Council of Cardinal Advisers, is a group of cardinals of the Catholic Church appointed by Pope Francis to serve as his advisers. The Council was formally established on 28 September 2013. Abbreviations The Council of Cardinals was named under abbreviations referring to the number of cardinals advisers which, over time, it comprised: C8 (8 cardinals), C9 (9 cardinals), C6 (6 cardinals), C7 (7 cardinals). History The appointment of a group of 8 advisors and one secretary to support the pope and the reform of the Roman Curia was announced on 13 April 2013, one month after his election. The same group was formally established as the Council of Cardinals on 28 September of the same year by a chirograph of Pope Francis. Secretary of State Pietro Parolin was added as member of the Council in July 2014. The Holy See used the expression "Council of the nine" (Consiglio dei nove in Italian) in September 2014. In 2018, Marco Mellino was named as adjunct secretary of the Council's secretary Marcello Semeraro. Pope Francis later removed three of the Council's 9 members in late 2018. Francis appointed another cardinal as member in 2020, and also replaced secretary Marcello Semeraro by Marco Mellino. In March 2023, three cardinal advisors were removed, and five new cardinal advisors were appointed; the three other cardinals and the secretary were kept (re-appointed). This made the current total of 9 cardinal advisers and one secretary. On 24 April 2023, the new Council of Cardinals held their first meeting, which Pope Francis presided over. In February 2024, the role of women was discussed. Purpose On 13 April 2013, the Holy See stated the cardinals had been appointed "to advise [the Pope] in the government of the universal Church and to study a plan for revising the Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia, 'Pastor Bonus. In a chirograph dated 28 September 2013, Pope Francis stated the Council had the goal "of assisting me in the governance of the universal Church and of studying a project for the revision of the Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus on the Roman Curia", and that "said Council will be a further expression of episcopal communion and assistance to the munus petrinum which the Episcopate across the world is able to offer". The Council of Cardinals was thus created primarily to assist Pope Francis in the reform of the Roman Curia. Said reform was promulgated in 2022 through the apostolic constitution Praedicate evangelium. The Council continues to exist and to perform various activities, despite having achieved its main goal. Due to the advisory role of the body, some publications have likened it to a privy council. Leadership and membership The council currently comprises 9 cardinals, assisted by Bishop Marco Mellino as its secretary: Pietro Parolin, Cardinal Secretary of State (since 2014) Fernando Vérgez Alzaga , President of the Governorate of the Vatican City State and President
Council of Cardinals
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Acerba animi (Latin, "Of harsh souls"; also called On the Persecution of the Church in Mexico) is an encyclical of Pope Pius XI promulgated on 29 September 1932, to denounce the continued persecution of the Catholic Church in Mexico. It was the second of three encyclicals concerning persecution in Mexico, including Iniquis afflictisque (1926) and Firmissimam constantiamque (1937). The Mexican government at the time was engaging in violently anticlerical persecution of the Church, and the Pope harshly criticised the government for its past and current abuse of the Church and its faithful and chided the government for not only violating its promises to the Church made in the recent cessation of the Catholic uprising, the Cristero War, but expanding the persecution. Substance of the Encyclical The Pope criticized the state's continued persecution noting that the Mexican people had been "so long harassed by grievous persecutions". The Pope stated that the anticlerical articles of the Mexican constitution were "seriously derogatory to the most elementary and inalienable rights of the Church and of the faithful" and that both he and his predecessor had endeavored to avoid their application by the Mexican government. The Pope chided the Mexican government for breaking its promise not to apply the anticlerical provisions, just shortly after making those promises in writing to the Holy See. The letter noted the recent history of Mexico where a "rigorous application was given to Article 130 of the Constitution" which due to its "extreme hostility to the Church as may be seen from Our Encyclical Iniquis afflictisque" caused the Holy See to protest, leading to "[h]eavy penalties" for those who did not comply with the "deplorable article". The Pope recalls that the government of Plutarco Calles then enacted a law which allowed the states to regulate the number of priests in their territory. The "despotism" of the "Government hostile to the Catholic" and its "intolerant" acts led the Bishops of Mexico to suspend public worship, after which they were nearly all banished to watch from abroad the martyrdom of their priests and flock. The persecution led to the rebellion known as the Cristero War. The letter allows that the See "did not forbear to encourage with word and counsel the lawful Christian resistance of the priests and the faithful" The Pope noted that the government's indications that it was not averse to coming to an agreement gave some hope, even though the same government had a recent history of breaking its promises. Thus when the government indicated in 1929 that it did not by application of the anticlerical provisions of the constitution intend to destroy what the government called the "identity of the Church" nor to ignore its hierarchy, the Holy See agreed to relent, allowing the resuming of public worship, with the understanding that the Church would not accept the government regulation of worship, nor cease protest against, nor to combat it. Nonetheless, the government again broke its promises as "faithful Catholics continued to be penalized and imprisoned", exiled Bishops
Acerba animi
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Claudio Gugerotti (born 7 October 1955) is an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church who was named prefect of the Dicastery for the Eastern Churches in November 2022. He previously worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See, holding the position of nuncio in several eastern European countries between 2001 and 2020 and in Great Britain from 2020 to 2022. He joined the staff of the Dicastery for the Eastern Churches in 1985 and was its undersecretary from 1997 to 2001. He has been an archbishop since 2001. Pope Francis created him cardinal on 30 September 2023. Biography Claudio Gugerotti was born in Verona, Italy, on 7 October 1955 and was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Verona on 29 May 1982. He earned degrees in Eastern languages and literature and in sacred liturgy. He taught patristics at the San Zeno Theological Institute in Verona from 1981 to 1984, and theology and Eastern liturgy at the Institute of Ecumenical Studies in Verona from 1982 to 1985. In 1985, he joined the Roman Curia, working at the Congregation for the Eastern Churches; he became its undersecretary on 17 December 1997. He has also taught patristics and Armenian language and literature at the Pontifical Oriental Institute. Gugerotti had not trained at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy as is standard practice for nuncios. On 7 December 2001, Pope John Paul II appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Georgia and to Armenia, as well as Titular Archbishop of Ravello. He was also appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Azerbaijan on 13 December. He received his episcopal consecration from John Paul on 6 January 2002. Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Belarus on 15 July 2011. On 13 November 2015, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Ukraine. On 4 July 2020, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Great Britain. On 21 November 2022, Pope Francis appointed him Prefect of the Dicastery for the Eastern Churches. On 9 July 2023, Pope Francis announced he plans to make him a cardinal at a consistory scheduled for 30 September. At that consistory he was made Cardinal-Deacon of Sant'Ambrogio della Massima. See also Cardinals created by Francis List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See References External links Gugerotti Card. Claudio. Holy See Press Office. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023 Catholic Hierarchy: Archbishop Claudio Gugerotti Religious leaders from Verona Apostolic Nuncios to Ukraine Apostolic Nuncios to Belarus Apostolic Nuncios to Armenia Apostolic Nuncios to Georgia (country) Apostolic Nuncios to Azerbaijan Apostolic Nuncios to Great Britain 1955 births Living people Officials of the Roman Curia Members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches Cardinals created by Pope Francis 21st-century Italian cardinals
Claudio Gugerotti
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Pope Benedict XVI, who led the Roman Catholic Church as Pope from 2005 to 2013, continued manouevring the Church through the dynamics of modernity, which the Church had begun engaging in with the Second Vatican Council. Because the question of religious pluralism is a key issue raised by modernity, ecumenism, the establishment of harmony and dialogue between the different Christian denominations, is a significant concern of a post Second Vatican Council Church. Pope Benedict XVI's approach has been characterised as leaning toward the conservative while still being expansive and engaged, involving the full breadth of Christendom, including the Orthodox Churches and Protestant churches, as well as freshly engaging with other Christian bodies considered by Roman Catholics to be more heterodox, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Ecumenical theology One of the more delicate ecumenical questions addressed during the pontificate of Benedict XVI relates to an ambiguous phrase in the Vatican II decree on the Church. Traditionally the Catholic Church had taught that "the Mystical Body of Christ and the Roman Catholic Church are one and the same thing," as Pope Pius XII put it in 1950 (encyclical 'Humani generis', par. 27). Because the Vatican II document "Lumen Gentium" did not use this expression but said that the Church of Christ "subsists in" the Catholic Church, some commentators believed this reflected a change in doctrine; the implication of this would be that the mystical Church is represented not exclusively in the Catholic Church but in other Christian denominations, giving recognition to them. To resolve this confusion, Pope Benedict XVI directed the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith to issue a clarification, issued on 29 June 2007 and stating that "the Second Vatican Council neither changed nor intended to change" the Catholic doctrine of the Church. A similar explanation had already been given by the same Congregation in 1985. The June 2007 clarification, approved by the Pope, restated the Catholic Church's position that because their hierarchies represent a break in the historic episcopate (called the "apostolic succession"), Protestant denominations "are not true Churches" and are instead termed 'ecclesial communities', as contrasted with Orthodox communities, which have bishops in the apostolic line and are therefore considered true, if deficient, churches. Pope Benedict has also reiterated his church's view about the supposed invalidity of Anglican orders. The clarification was met with protest by a number of Christian denominations which regarded it as damaging to their ecumenical efforts. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark spoke of a "destructive effect on ecumenical relations if one church deprives another church of the right to be called a church." The content of the clarification was dismissed by Seventh-day Adventists as "nothing more than tradition". The World Alliance of Reformed Churches commented that the document "makes us question the seriousness with which the Roman Catholic Church takes its dialogues with the Reformed family and other families of the church." The leading Lutheran cleric in Germany Bishop Wolfgang Huber criticised the letter for its undiplomatic
Pope Benedict XVI and ecumenism
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Galdino della Sala ( – 18 April 1176), Galdinus or Galdimus (), was a Roman Catholic saint from Milan in northern Italy. He was a cardinal elevated in 1165 and he also served as Archbishop of Milan from 1166 to his death in 1176. He was a staunch supporter both of Pope Alexander III, and of Milan and its neighbours in Lombardy, in their joint and parallel struggles against the Antipope Victor IV, supported by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. He is remembered also for his charity in Milan to the poor and to those imprisoned for debt. Alexander III canonized him as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church, and he is a patron of both Lombardy and his old archdiocese. Life He was born in Milan around 1096 into the della Sala family which was considered to be minor nobility of the city. He was a strong supporter of the Roman papacy in the schism that erupted in 1159 after the death of Pope Adrian IV. Pope Alexander III was the Roman candidate, while Antipope Victor IV was supported by Frederick Barbarossa and his cardinals. Galdino's Milanese church supported Alexander III, and Galdino, as archdeacon of the church, took a very public stand. Frederick came to besiege Milan and reduced it within six months. Galdino joined Alexander III in Genoa and followed him to Maguelonne, Montpellier, and Clermont. He later followed him to Sicily and Rome upon his return in 1165. When Alexander returned to the papacy in 1165, he named Galdino in the consistory of 15 December as the Cardinal Priest of the titular church of Santa Sabina, and a year later made him the Archbishop of Milan. The year after that, Alexander III made Galdino the apostolic legate for Lombardy. When the Lombard League expelled Barbarossa, Galdino took possession of his see and began deposing any Lombard priests who were faithful to Victor IV. He consecrated new bishops at Lodi, Alba, Cremona, Vercelli, Asti, Turin, Novara, Brescia, and Alessandria. On 18 April 1176 Galdino della Sala died in his pulpit, having just completed a sermon against the Cathars, who were seen by orthodox Catholics as heretics. Sainthood Pope Alexander III canonized Galdino as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church during his pontificate. His liturgical feast day in the Roman Catholic Church, celebrated particularly in churches which follow the Ambrosian Rite, is 18 April (the anniversary of his death). See also Guelphs and Ghibellines Lombard League Notes External links Saint Galdinus Catholic Hierarchy San Galdino 1090s births 1176 deaths 12th-century venerated Christians 12th-century Christian saints 12th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops 12th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops Archbishops of Milan Burials at Milan Cathedral 12th-century Italian cardinals Clergy from Milan Cardinal-bishops of Sabina Medieval Italian saints
Saint Galdino
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The Catholic dioceses in Great Britain are organised by two separate hierarchies: the Catholic Church in England and Wales, and the Catholic Church in Scotland. Within Great Britain, the Catholic Church in England and Wales has five provinces, subdivided into 22 dioceses, and the Catholic Church in Scotland has two provinces, subdivided into 8 dioceses. The Catholic dioceses in Northern Ireland are organised together with those in the Republic of Ireland, as the Catholic Church in Ireland was not divided when civil authority in Ireland was partitioned in 1921. A diocese, also sometimes known popularly as a bishopric, is an administrative unit under the supervision of a bishop. The Diocese of Westminster is considered the mother church of English and Welsh Catholics, and although not formally a primate, the Archbishop of Westminster is usually elected President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales, providing a degree of a formal direction for the other English bishops and archbishops. From the time of the English Reformation in the 16th century, with Catholicism being declared illegal, there were no Catholic dioceses in England and Wales. From 1688, there came to be appointed several apostolic vicars, clergymen in episcopal orders, governing a territory not in their own name, as diocesan bishops do, but provisionally in the name of the Pope. However, with the passing of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, legalising the practice of the Catholic faith again, Pope Pius IX re-established the Catholic Church diocesan hierarchy on 29 September 1850 by issuing the bull . The Hierarchy in Scotland was restored in 1878. The names of the Catholic dioceses as re-established did not adopt the names of the then existing medieval dioceses, once Catholic and now (in England) Anglican. Three current English Catholic dioceses, those of Leeds, Liverpool, and Portsmouth, share their territorial name with Anglican dioceses, the Anglican Diocese of Leeds, the Anglican Diocese of Liverpool, and the Anglican Diocese of Portsmouth respectively. However, in these cases the dioceses cover differing areas and the Anglican diocese was set up later than the Catholic one. The Catholic Church in Scotland comprises two Latin ecclesiastical provinces each headed by a Metropolitan archbishop. In addition to the archbishop and his see, each province in turn contains a number of "suffragan" dioceses, each headed by a bishop. In Scotland there are a total of 6 such suffragan dioceses, making overall eight dioceses when the 2 archdioceses are included. There is an Apostolic Nunciature to Great Britain which is the institutional papal diplomatic representation at full embassy level to the British authorities. The "ambassador", who in fact carries the centuries-old title of "nuncio", has relations with the government of the United Kingdom, and in a different mode with the Catholic bishops of England, Wales and Scotland. He has no dealings with the government of the Irish Republic nor with the Catholic bishops in any part of Ireland. A fellow nuncio, resident in Dublin, is a diplomat accredited to the Irish government and also has
List of Catholic dioceses in Great Britain
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The Diocese of Ahiara () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church located in Ahiara in the region of Mbaise in Imo State, Nigeria. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Owerri. History 18 November 1987: Established as Diocese of Ahiara from the Diocese of Owerri Appointment controversy 2012-2018 The clergy and laity of the diocese refused to accept the bishop Pope Benedict XVI had appointed in 2012 as their ordinary, Peter Ebere Okpaleke, because he was not of the Mbaise ethnic group or chosen from among the local priests. Okpaleke was consecrated a bishop on 21 May 2013, but he was not installed in Ahiara. On 3 July 2013, Pope Francis appointed Cardinal John Onaiyekan, Archbishop of Abuja, as Apostolic Administrator. On 8 June 2017, Pope Francis, after receiving a delegation from the Diocese, gave all the diocesan priests and deacons 30 days to personally write to the Vatican pledging obedience to the pope and accepting Okpaleke. Those who failed to write would be suspended a divinis, which would prohibit a priest or deacon from administering the sacraments, save for a priest hearing the confession of a person in danger of death, and would be removed from their posts. He had considered suppressing the diocese, but decided against that. On 8 July, it was reported that while the letter of apology was sent, Okpalaeke's appointment was still rejected by the local priests who insisted that the Holy See was enforcing racial discrimination in the country by hiring outsider priests to become bishops. On 22 July 2017, Pope Francis agreed to respond through emissaries to the individual priests protesting Okpaleke's appointment. On 14 February 2018, Okpaleke submitted his resignation to Cardinal Fernando Filoni, Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelisation of Peoples, and Archbishop Antonio Guido Filipazzi, Apostolic Nuncio to Nigeria. He wrote: "I do not think that my apostolate in a diocese where a group of priests and lay faithful are very ill disposed to have me in their midst would be effective." On 19 February 2018, Pope Francis accepted Okpaleke's resignation and on 5 March 2020 he appointed Okpaleke bishop of the newly created Diocese of Ekwulobia. Okpaleke was installed in that position on 29 April. Special churches The cathedral is Mater Ecclesiae Cathedral in the episcopal see of Ahiara. Leadership Bishops Victor Adibe Chikwe (18 November 1987 – 16 September 2010) Peter Okpaleke (7 December 2012 – 19 February 2018) Apostolic Administrators John Onaiyekan (3 July 2013 – 19 February 2018) Lucius Iwejuru Ugorji (19 February 2018 - 6 March 2023), appointed Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Owerri in Owerri, Nigeria by Pope Francis, but he remains as interim apostolic administrator; he and his successor in Ahiara will be assisted by Auxiliary Bishop-elect Simeon Okezuo Nwobi, C.M.F. See also Catholic Church in Nigeria Notes References External links Official website of the Diocese of Ahiara GCatholic.org Information Catholic Hierarchy Roman Catholic dioceses in
Roman Catholic Diocese of Ahiara
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Events from the year 2014 in Vatican City. Incumbents Sovereign Pontiff (Pope): Pope Francis Events January 5 January – 50th anniversary of the meeting between Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople. An international trip for Pope Francis is announced for the Holy Land to meet Bartholomew I. 12 January – Announcement of the creation of 19 new cardinals: 16 eligible to vote in future papal conclaves and 3 non-voting cardinals. February 17–19 February – The 3rd meeting of the Council of Cardinal Advisers. This council was the first attended by Cardinal Pietro Parolin. 22 February – 19 new cardinals elevated by Pope Francis in the presence of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI. 24 February – Establishment of the Secretariat for the Economy. March 8 March – The nomination for five years of the 15 members of the Secretariat for the Economy. 22 March – Creation of the Pontifical Commission for the Protection of Minors. April 3 April – The equivalent canonizations of José de Anchieta, Marie of the Incarnation and Francis-Xavier de Montmorency-Laval. 27 April – Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II in the presence of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI 28–30 April – The 4th meeting of the Council of Cardinal Advisers. July 1–4 July – The 5th meeting of the Council of Cardinal Advisers. September 15–17 September – The 6th meeting of the Council of Cardinal Advisers. October 5–19 October – Extraordinary General Synod of Bishops on the topic of the pastoral challenges to the family. 19 October – Beatification of Pope Paul VI. November 23 November – The canonization of Giovanni Antonio Farina, Kuriakose Elias Chavara, Ludovico of Casoria, Nicholas Longobardi, Amato Ronconi and Euphrasia Eluvathingal. December 20 December – nomination of Jean-Louis Tauran as vice-camerlengo of the Roman Catholic church. Deaths See also Roman Catholic Church 2014 in Europe City states References Vatican City Vatican City 2010s in Vatican City Years of the 21st century in Vatican City
2014 in Vatican City
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Pope John IX (; died January 900) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from January 898 to his death. Early life Little is known about John IX before he became pope. Born in Tivoli to a man named Rampoaldo, he was ordained as a Benedictine priest by Pope Formosus. With the support of the powerful duke of Spoleto he was elected pope in early 898 following the sudden death of Pope Theodore II. Pontificate With a view to diminish the violence of faction in Rome, John held several synods in Rome and elsewhere in 898. They not only confirmed the judgment of Pope Theodore II in granting Christian burial to Pope Formosus, but also at a council held at Ravenna decreed that the records of the Cadaver Synod held by Pope Stephen VI which had condemned him should be burned. Re-ordinations were forbidden, and those of the clergy who had been degraded by Stephen were restored to the ranks from which he had deposed them. The custom of plundering the palaces of bishops or popes on their death was ordered to be put down both by the spiritual and temporal authorities. To keep their independence, which was threatened by the Germans, the Moravians appealed to John to let them have a hierarchy of their own. Ignoring the complaints of the German hierarchy, John sanctioned the consecration of a metropolitan bishop and three more bishops for the Moravians. Finding that it was advisable to cement the ties between the empire and the papacy, John IX gave unhesitating support to Lambert of Spoleto in preference to Arnulf of Carinthia during the Synod of Rome, and also induced the council to determine that henceforth the consecration of the Popes should take place only in the presence of the imperial legates. The sudden death of Lambert shattered the hopes which this alliance seemed to promise. John IX died in the year 900 and was succeeded by Pope Benedict IV (900–903). Sources Literature External links Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes 9th-century births 900 deaths People from Tivoli, Lazio Popes Italian popes 9th-century archbishops Year of birth unknown 9th-century popes 10th-century popes Benedictine popes Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
Pope John IX
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The martyrs of Kantara are thirteen Orthodox monks from the Kantara monastery in Cyprus, persecuted and executed in May 1231 at the request of Pope Gregory IX and under the direction of his emissary, Andrew. After an inquisition trial for refusing the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist, they were imprisoned, tortured, and then burned alive. One of them died in prison before the execution. They are venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church and more specifically in the Church of Cyprus as martyrs on May 19. The story of their martyrdom is partially recounted in a hagiographic text dating from the 1270s called the Narratio of the Thirteen Martyrs. History Sources The event and the execution of the thirteen monks are known in part through a text written around 1270, called the "Narratio of the Thirteen Martyrs", as well as through letters exchanged between the Patriarch of Constantinople Germanus II and Pope Gregory IX, where they discussed the event. Later Dominican sources also mentioned the events, notably by criticizing the thirteen monks. Apart from these sources, there are other relatively numerous occurrences in the literature of the period. The event and the martyrdom are considered historical by historians, although hagiographic accounts may sometimes be questioned. Background After the conquest of Cyprus by Richard the Lionheart from the hands of the Byzantine usurper Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus, following a series of events, he sold the island to Guy of Lusignan. After the establishment of the Kingdom of Cyprus, a parallel Catholic religious hierarchy was established alongside the pre-existing Orthodox hierarchy. Assisted by royal power and supported by successive popes, they embarked on a campaign of conversions, religious pressures, and power struggles targeting the Orthodox communities on the island. They were aided by the forced exile of a large majority of Orthodox bishops from the island, usually leaving only the Orthodox monasteries in the forefront, among which the Machairas monastery and the Kantara monastery stood out, to resist against royal and papal authority. Gregory IX was known as a particularly uncompromising and violent pope; in 1231, the same year as the death of the monks, he issued the bull "Excommunicatus", confirming that the punishment for heretics was death. Persecution and executions Pope Gregory IX took measures to convert the island to Catholicism; he ordered that no position be given to anyone who did not recognize Latin practices. Subsequently, he sent a Dominican emissary to the island, Andrew, who engaged in a policy of persecutions targeting the Orthodox population. Between 1231 and 1233, a series of persecutions befell the Orthodox clergy of Cyprus. In particular, thirteen monks from the Kantara Monastery were persecuted for their refusal to use unleavened bread for the Eucharist. This element indicates that the main point of conflict was the liturgical question, primarily. They underwent an inquisition trial for heresy and were then imprisoned for three years by order of the high-court of the Kingdom, composed of Frankish barons and Catholic clergy. The monks were subsequently tortured, at
Martyrs of Kantara
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In the Roman Catholic Church, collegiality refers to "the Pope governing the Church in collaboration with the bishops of the local Churches, respecting their proper autonomy." In the early church the popes sometimes exercised moral authority rather than administrative power, and that authority was not exercised extremely often; regional churches elected their own bishops, resolved disputes in local synods, and only felt the need to appeal to the Pope under special circumstances. Historical development During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the papacy amassed considerable power, as monastic reformers saw it as a way to counter corrupt bishops while bishops saw it as an ally against the interference of secular rulers. As early as the fourteenth century, opposition to this centralization of papal authority had developed, with Bishop Guillaume Durand proposing at the Council of Vienne that local hierarchies and regional synods be strengthened. This opposition to centralization was tested when a group of cardinals, allied with secular rulers, called a council to resolve the Great Schism of the Western Church (1378 – 1417), in which several rivals had claimed to be pope. The Councils of Pisa and Constance claimed authority to judge the popes, deposed various claimants, and elected Pope Martin V. The Council of Constance also claimed that all Christians, including the Pope, were bound to obey councils "in matters pertaining to faith, the ending of the schism, and the reform of the church." This claim was short-lived and the conciliar movement soon ran out of steam. The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a period some church historians have called the "long nineteenth century," saw a further consolidation of papal authority. In 1870 the First Vatican Council decreed the infallibility of the Pope's teachings, although during the council Cardinal Filippo Maria Guidi, O.P., of Bologna objected that the Pope teaches in consultation with other bishops. A further addition to papal power took place in 1917, with the publication of a Code of Canon Law which gave the pope universal power to appoint bishops, ignoring the traditional principle of free election of bishops. This system of appointments, coupled with modern communications and the system of papal nuncios who could override local decisions, reduced the power of bishops and made the popes the "last absolute monarchs." Vatican II to 2013 Bishops who objected to this recent consolidation of papal authority proposed at the Second Vatican Council to use the traditional collegial model to limit the centralizing tendencies of the Roman Curia; unlike the conciliarists, who had maintained that an ecumenical council was superior to the pope, the advocates of collegiality proposed that the bishops only act with and under the pope (cum et sub Petro). Collegiality became one of the principal elements of the reform agenda and one of the primary points of conflict with the traditionalist minority at the Council. The reformers did not see this as undermining church tradition, but as going back to the original practice of Peter and the college of the Apostles. The traditionalist minority, however,
Collegiality in the Catholic Church
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The Synod of Qarqafe was a council of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church held in 1806. The synod adapted and ratified propositions of the 1786 Synod of Pistoia. It would be formally condemned in 1835 by Pope Gregory XVI in the bull Melchitarum Catholicorum Synodus. History The Synod of Qarqafe was convoked by Germanos Adam, the Melkite Archbishop of Aleppo. Adam was educated at the College of the Propaganda in Rome and a friend of Scipione de' Ricci, by whom he was introduced to Gallican and Jansenist ideas. As archbishop, Adam began issuing pamphlets affirming Gallican propositions on the authority of the Pope and conciliarism. Despite being criticized by Pope Pius VII and Maronite patriarch Joseph Tyan, he was defended by his own patriarch, Agapius II Matar. Adam would ultimately be forced to recant these propositions and accept the bull Auctorem fidei before his death in 1809. The Synod of Qarqafe began on 23 July 1806 at the Monastery of Saint Anthony in Qarqafe, in the Diocese of Beirut. It was attended by bishops Basil of Tyre, Athanasius Matar of Sidon (the brother of the patriarch), Makarios of Acre, Agapios Kanyar of Diyarbakir (Amid), Basil Jabali of Ferzol (Beqaa Valley), Joseph of Homs, and Benediktos of Baalbek. Two priests, George Nassar of Egypt and Michael Mazloum were present, and the acts were signed by Macarios Tawil and Ignatius Arkache, superior generals of local religious orders. The acts of the synod were formally approved by Joseph Tyan and the Roman apostolic visitor Luigi Gandolfi. Roman interventions between 1812 and 1835 led to the condemnation of the works of Germanos Adam, the recanting of the propositions of the synod by most of the synod fathers, and the final condemnation of the synod by Pope Gregory XVI. Decrees The Acts of the Synod of Qarqafe are divided into three sections and issued over one hundred canons dealing with the topics of ecclesial discipline, sacraments, and the ecclesial hierarchy. Legacy Pope Pius IX issued the encyclical Quartus Supra in 1873 to the Armenian Catholic Church, accusing the Armenian Catholic bishops who opposed his intervention in their hierarchy of adhering to the Synod of Qarqafe. Melkite patriarch Gregory II Youssef, an opponent of Pius IX at the First Vatican Council, issued a negative response to the encyclical. Serge Descy argues that despite the influence of the Synod of Pistoia, the Synod of Qarqafe is essentially a retrieval of traditional Eastern Christian ecclesiology. References External links Arabic manuscript of the Acts of the Synod of Qarqafe 19th-century Catholic Church councils Catholic Church in Lebanon Catholic Church in Syria Catholic Church in the Ottoman Empire Melkite Greek Catholic Church
Synod of Qarqafe
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Kurt Richard Burnette (born 7 November 1955) is an American Catholic prelate who serves as the Eparch of Passaic in the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. He succeeded Bishop William C. Skurla. Burnette was appointed on October 29, 2013, by Pope Francis, and enthroned in a Divine Liturgy at the Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel in Passaic, New Jersey on December 4. On 20 October 2020, Pope Francis named Burnette as apostolic administrator of the former Slovak Catholic Eparchy of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto. On 3 March, 2022, Pope Francis changed the jurisdiction and circumscription of the eparchy to establish the Exarchate of Saints Cyril and Methodius of Toronto. Burnette was appointed apostolic administrator of this new exarchate. In January 23, 2023, Burnette was appointed as apostolic administrator of both the Eparchy of Parma and the Eparchy of Phoenix. These appointments, noted as being temporary, have made Burnette the leader of over half of the Byzantine Catholic eparchies worldwide. See also Catholic Church hierarchy Catholic Church in the United States Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States List of Catholic bishops of the United States Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops References External links Ruthenian Catholic Eparchy of Passaic Official Site His Grace, Most Reverend Kurt R. Burnette - The Carpathian Connection Kurt Burnette, Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Passaic Episcopal succession 1955 births American Eastern Catholic bishops People from Fakenham People from King's Lynn and West Norfolk (district) Bishops of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church 21st-century Eastern Catholic bishops Rice University alumni Living people Bishops appointed by Pope Francis
Kurt Burnette
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William Bernard Ullathorne (7 May 180621 March 1889) was an English prelate who held high offices in the Roman Catholic Church during the nineteenth century. Early life Ullathorne was born in Pocklington, East Riding of Yorkshire, the eldest of ten children of William Ullathorne, a prosperous businessman with interests in groceries, draperies and spirits, and Hannah (née Longstaff), who converted to Roman Catholicism when she married. When he was nine years of age, Ullathorne's family relocated to Scarborough, where he began his schooling. He was a descendant of Saint Thomas More through his great-grandmother, Mary More. At 12 he was taken from school and placed in his father's office to learn the management of accounts. The intention was to send him to school again, but Ullathorne wished to go to sea, and at the age of 15, with his parents' permission, he made the first of several voyages to the Baltic Sea and Mediterranean. While attending Mass in Memel he experienced something in the nature of a conversion, and on his return asked the mate if he had any religious books. Ullathorne was given a translation of Marsollier's Life of St Jane Frances de Chantal, which deepened his religious devotion. At the end of this voyage he returned home. In February 1823, aged 16, he was sent to Downside School, near Bath, where he was mentored by John Bede Polding, afterwards the first Archbishop of Sydney, who influenced him greatly. Priesthood In 1823 Ullathorne entered the monastery of Downside Abbey, taking the vows in 1825, taking the additional name "Bernard", after Bernard of Clairvaux. He was ordained priest in 1831, and in 1832 went to New South Wales as vicar-general to Bishop William Placid Morris (1794–1872), whose jurisdiction extended over the Australian missions. It was mainly Ullathorne who caused Pope Gregory XVI to establish the hierarchy in Australia. In 1836, Bede Polding sent Ullathorne back to Britain, to recruit more Benedictines. While in England, he visited Ireland, where he met Mary Aikenhead. He returned to Australia in 1838 with five Sisters of Charity. Ullathorne returned to England in 1841, suffering what Judith F Champ says would in modern terminology be described as "burnout". He then took charge of the Roman Catholic mission at Coventry, where he recovered his health and spirits. Ullathorne had turned down bishoprics in Hobart, Adelaide, and Perth as he did not wish to return to Australia, but in 1847 he was consecrated bishop as Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, in succession to Bishop C.M. Baggs (1806–1845), but was transferred to the Central District in the following year. Ullathorne helped found St Osburg's Church in Coventry. Bishop of Birmingham On the re-establishment of the hierarchy in England and Wales, he became the first Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Birmingham. During his nearly four decades of tenure at the see 67 new churches, 32 convents and nearly 200 mission schools were built. In 1888 he retired and received from Pope Leo XIII the honorary title
William Bernard Ullathorne
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Patrick Altham Kelly PHL KC*HS (born 23 November 1938) is an English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the archbishop emeritus of the Archdiocese of Liverpool following his resignation which took effect on 27 February 2013; he was formerly Vice President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. Early life Kelly was born in Morecambe, Lancashire, educated at Preston Catholic College, and was ordained to the priesthood on 18 February 1962, at the Venerable English College, in Rome. Parishes Kelly taught systematic theology in Oscott Seminary and later became rector of the latter in 1978. On 9 March 1984, Kelly was appointed Bishop of Salford by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 3 April from Bishop Thomas Holland, with archbishops Derek Worlock and Maurice Couve de Murville serving as co-consecrators. Kelly was appointed Archbishop of Liverpool by Pope John Paul II on 21 May 1996. In early 2012, Kelly celebrated the Golden Jubilee of his ordination to the sacred priesthood, commencing with an intimate Mass at the local Carmelite convent and followed the next day by a Solemn Mass at Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral. The Mass was attended by Roman Catholic clergy, including cardinals Cormac Murphy-O'Connor and Jean-Louis Tauran. The papal nuncios to Britain and Guatemala, archbishops Mennini and Gallagher were also in attendance; alongside Cardinal (then Archbishop) Vincent Nichols. In his spare time the Archbishop enjoys listening to classical music and attending concerts, especially those given by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. On the morning of Monday 10 December 2012, Kelly was admitted to hospital after suffering from a mild stroke, his condition was described as 'comfortable' Subsequent suffering from the stroke, Kelly was advised to take a long period of convalescence which he did in Lancashire, North West England. Despite having a year left in office before he was due to tender his official resignation, it was announced on Monday 7 January 2013, that Kelly had submitted his resignation to Pope Benedict XVI, who accepted Kelly's resignation on 27 February 2013. On 21 March 2014, Malcolm McMahon, formerly Bishop of Nottingham, was appointed by Pope Francis to succeed Kelly. SSPX Kelly was opposed to making agreements with the Society of Saint Pius X in the hopes of better defending the legacy of the Second Vatican Council. References External links Profile at Catholic Hierarchy website 1938 births Living people People from Morecambe 20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in England 21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United Kingdom Roman Catholic archbishops of Liverpool English people of Irish descent Roman Catholic bishops of Salford English College, Rome alumni British Roman Catholic archbishops People educated at Preston Catholic College
Patrick Kelly (archbishop of Liverpool)
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Massimo Massimi (10 April 1877 – 6 March 1954) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura in the Roman Curia from 1946 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1935. Biography Massimi was born in Rome to Prospero Massimi, a lawyer, and his wife Luisa Guerra. Baptized in the church of Santa Maria in Portico, he studied at the Pontifical Roman Seminary, obtaining doctorates in theology and canon law) alongside Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII. He then attended the University of Rome, earning a doctorate in civil law. Massimi was ordained a priest by Archbishop Giuseppe Ceppetelli on 14 April 1900 in the Lateran Basilica. While doing pastoral work in Rome until 1908, he was named a professor at the "Institutions of Civil Law" of the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare on 18 November 1904. He joined the Roman Curia on 20 October 1908 as a Promoter of Justice in the Roman Rota. Raised to the rank of Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness on 18 May 1911, Massimi was made auditor (29 November 1915), pro-dean (19 February 1924), and dean (1 May 1926) of the Roman Rota. On 21 September 1932, Massimi was appointed president of the commission that was to draw up a project of law on the judicial and procedural regulations of the tribunal of Vatican City. Pope Pius XI made him Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria in Portico in the consistory of 16 December 1935. Massimi was appointed President of the Pontifical Commission for the Codification of Oriental Canon Law on 17 February 1936. He served as a cardinal elector in the 1939 papal conclave that elected Pope Pius XII. Pope Pius named him President of the Pontifical Commission for the Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law on 14 March 1939. After ten years as a cardinal deacon, Massimi opted for the order of cardinal priests on 18 February 1946. Pius XII made him prefect of the Apostolic Signatura, the highest judicial authority in the church below the Pope himself, on 29 May 1946. Cardinal Massimi died in Rome. Originally buried at the Campo Verano, his remains were transferred in October 1976 to the church of Santa Maria in Portico, which had been both the church of his baptism and his titular church. References External links Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Catholic-Hierarchy 1877 births 1954 deaths 20th-century Italian cardinals Prefects of the Apostolic Signatura Dicastery for Legislative Texts Cardinals created by Pope Pius XI Pontifical Roman Seminary alumni Clergy from Rome
Massimo Massimi
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The relationship between Pope Leo XIII and Russia was characterized by attempts by the Holy See to secure greater Church rights for Catholics in the Russian Empire. Relationship with Alexander II Leo XIII began his pontificate with a friendly letter to Tsar Alexander II, in which he reminded the Russian monarch of the millions of Catholics living in his empire, who would like to be good Russian subjects, provided their dignity is respected. He appealed to the generosity of the Tsar, since Vatican-Russian relations were at a low point. The Tsar replied in an equally friendly manner and promised actions towards equal treatment of all Catholics in the empire. As during the pontificate of Pope Pius IX, this turned out to be relative, since most problems were at the local level. Russian language in Catholic Churches As negotiations started, Russian demands for the use of Russian language in Catholic Churches including the Polish and Lithuanian provinces, was unacceptable to the Vatican. Pope Leo XIII threatened to appeal directly to all Catholics in Russia. Vacant episcopal sees Some progress was made in the occupation of vacant Episcopal sees, but an emotional breakthrough was the Papal encyclical Quod apostolici muneris of December 28, 1878, denouncing nihilism, Marxism, and radicalism, which was dear to the Russian monarch, whose life was in danger from Far Left paramilitary forces. Repeated assassination attempts against Tsar Alexander II by the terrorist organization Narodnaya Volya caused the Pope to further escalate his warnings, which were read aloud in all Catholic Churches. Coronation of Alexander III After the assassination of Alexander II, the Pope sent a high ranking representative to the coronation of his successor. Alexander III was grateful and asked for all religious forces to unify. He asked the Pope to ensure that his bishops abstain from political agitation. Relations improved further, when Pope Leo XIII, due to Italian considerations, distanced the Vatican from the Rome, Vienna, Berlin alliance and helped to facilitate a rapprochement between Paris and St. Petersburg. Status of Ruthenians and Poles Meanwhile, the Ruthenians, such as the 13 Pratulin Martyrs during the forced Conversion of Chełm Eparchy, continued to face religious persecution for being members of the Eastern Catholic Churches and Rome was unable to assist. The Russian Government also protested against Polish nationalist groups allegedly using their parish churches for anti-Tsarist activism, and the Pope found himself in the same dilemma as his predecessor Pope Pius IX. He was personally attacked for being perceived as not insisting upon Pope Gregory XI's law of idiom in the face of coercive Russification and linguistic imperialism targeting the Polish language and other heritage languages like it. Meanwhile, without attacking the Pope personally, the Russian Government openly accused all members of the Catholic Church in Russia of disloyalty to the House of Romanov, largely because the Catholic hierarchy in the Russian Empire insisted upon defending their independence from control by the State. Relationship with Nicholas II After the elevation of Tsar Nicolas II in 1894, Pope Leo
Pope Leo XIII and Russia