when was the rocky mountain national park established
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Rocky Mountain National Park is an American national park located approximately northwest of Denver in north-central Colorado, within the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The park is situated between the towns of Estes Park to the east and Grand Lake to the west. The eastern and western slopes of the Continental Divide run directly through the center of the park with the headwaters of the Colorado River located in the park's northwestern region. The main features of the park include mountains, alpine lakes and a wide variety of wildlife within various climates and environments, from wooded forests to mountain tundra. The Rocky Mountain National Park Act was signed by President Woodrow Wilson on January 26, 1915, establishing the park boundaries and protecting the area for future generations. The Civilian Conservation Corps built the main automobile route, Trail Ridge Road, in the 1930s. In 1976, UNESCO designated the park as one of the first World Biosphere Reserves. In 2023, 4.1 million recreational visitors entered the park. The park is one of the most visited in the National Park System, ranking as the third most visited national park in 2015. In 2019, the park saw record attendance yet again with 4,678,804 visitors, a 44% increase since 2012. The park has five visitor centers, with park headquarters located at the Beaver Meadows Visitor Centera National Historic Landmark designed by the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture at Taliesin West. National Forest lands surround the park on all sides, including Roosevelt National Forest to the north and east, Routt National Forest to the north and west, and Arapaho National Forest to the west and south, with the Indian Peaks Wilderness area located directly south of the park. History The history of Rocky Mountain National Park began when Paleo-Indians traveled along what is now Trail Ridge Road to hunt and forage for food. Ute and Arapaho people subsequently hunted and camped in the area. In 1820, the Long Expedition, led by Stephen H. Long for whom Longs Peak was named, approached the Rockies via the Platte River. Settlers began arriving in the mid-1800s, displacing the Native Americans who mostly left the area voluntarily by 1860, while others were removed to reservations by 1878. Lulu City, Dutchtown, and Gaskill in the Never Summer Mountains were established in the 1870s when prospectors came in search of gold and silver. The boom ended by 1883 with miners deserting their claims. The railroad reached Lyons, Colorado in 1881 and the Big Thompson Canyon Road—a section of U.S. Route 34 from Loveland to Estes Park—was completed in 1904. The 1920s saw a boom in building lodges, including the Bear Lake Trail School, and roads in the park, culminating with the construction of Trail Ridge Road to Fall River Pass between 1929 and 1932, then to Grand Lake by 1938. Prominent individuals in the effort to create a national park included Enos Mills from the Estes Park area, James Grafton Rogers from Denver, and J. Horace McFarland of Pennsylvania. The
Rocky Mountain National Park
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History of Rocky Mountain National Park began when Paleo-Indians traveled along what is now Trail Ridge Road to hunt and forage for food. Ute and Arapaho people subsequently hunted and camped in the area. In 1820, the Long Expedition, led by Stephen H. Long for whom Longs Peak was named, approached the Rockies via the Platte River. Settlers began arriving in the mid-1800s, displacing the Native Americans who mostly left the area voluntarily by 1860, while others were removed to reservations by 1878. Lulu City, Dutchtown, and Gaskill in the Never Summer Mountains were established in the 1870s when prospectors came in search of gold and silver. The boom ended by 1883 with miners deserting their claims. The railroad reached Lyons, Colorado in 1881 and the Big Thompson Canyon Road—a section of U.S. Route 34 from Loveland to Estes Park—was completed in 1904. The 1920s saw a boom in building lodges and roads in the park, culminating with the construction of Trail Ridge Road to Fall River Pass between 1929 and 1932, then to Grand Lake by 1938. Prominent individuals in the effort to create a national park included Enos Mills from the Estes Park area, James Grafton Rogers from Denver, and J. Horace McFarland of Pennsylvania. The national park was established on January 26, 1915. Early history Paleo-Indians People have been visiting the area near Rocky Mountain National Park for at least 11,000 years, including the Lindenmeier and Dent sites where projectile points were found that were used to hunt Mammoth and Bison antiquus. Both Clovis and Folsom projectile points have been found in the park, some near Trail Ridge. This indicates that there were early hunters, or Paleo-Indians, of large and now extinct mammals, like mastodons and bison antiquus, that traveled through the park. Their shelters were animal hide tents, brush huts, or rock shelters. They traveled into the Rocky Mountain National Park area using a trail that is now Trail Ridge Road. The Paleo-Indians began hunting smaller, modern bison and looked for many sources of food in nature when they adopted the lifestyle of the Archaic period about eight thousand years ago. Projectile points have been found at Fall River Pass, on Flattop Mountain, at Forest Canyon Pass, on a slope above Chapin Pass, near Oldman Mountain, and other places in the park. Archeologist Wilfred M. Husted said, "Evidence indicates intermittent occupation of the Park rather than continuous occupation. Travel back and forth across the Continental Divide was the primary reason why Indians entered the mountains. Small camps indicate seasonal hunting in the valleys and on the mountains." Within the park there are archeological remains from about 3,850 to 3,400 B.C. of 42 low-walled stone structures or cairns, up to hundreds of feet in length, built for game drive systems. Remains of such structures were found on Mount Ida, Tombstone Ridge, and on Trail Ridge Road. These slight walls served as devices that permitted hunters to direct or herd game animals—like bison, sheep, deer, or elk— toward
History of Rocky Mountain National Park
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Lewis and Clark National Forest is located in west central Montana, United States. Spanning , the forest is managed as two separate zones. The eastern sections, under the Jefferson Division, is a mixture of grass and shrublands dotted with "island" pockets of forested areas. Here, cattle leases to local ranchers as well as timber harvesting are the norm. The western Rocky Mountain Division, which straddles the Continental divide, is managed chiefly for environmental preservation, as much of the land has been designated as wilderness. Forest headquarters are located in Great Falls, Montana. Local ranger district offices have been established in Choteau, Harlowton, Neihart, Stanford, and White Sulphur Springs. The forest lands were defined and established by the federal government in 1897, following its Treaty of 1896 with the Blackfeet establishing their adjacent reservation. This forest is one of the oldest forest preserves in the U.S. The forest is named in honor of the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which passed through the forest between 1804 and 1806 while exploring the Louisiana Purchase for President Thomas Jefferson. Prior to that, the region was inhabited by various cultures of Native Americans for a period of at least 8,000–10,000 years. When the Lewis and Clark Expedition came to this area, different areas of the large forest territory were used by members of the Blackfeet, Sioux, Cheyenne, Flathead and Crow nations for hunting and as an area for their seasonal winter camps. The forests provided shelter from the winter. Description Altitudes range from to the top of Rocky Mountain Peak at . The forest is divided into seven separate sections and encompasses eight mountain ranges; the Judith, Big Snowy, Little Snowy, Crazy, Castle, Little Belt and Highwood Mountains. The westernmost section includes portions of the Scapegoat and the Bob Marshall wildernesses, and borders Glacier National Park to the north. The western Rocky Mountain Division, informally called the Rocky Mountain Front, consists of a dense coniferous forest and has numerous species of spruce, fir, and pine. The Jefferson Division is dominated by ponderosa and lodgepole pine which prefer a drier climate. The grizzly bear and timber wolf are found in the western sections of the forest, and are especially dense in the designated wilderness areas. In addition, the western section contains much of the wildlife present at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition through the region. Mountain goats, bighorn sheep, elk, cougars, Canadian lynxes, wolverines and black bears are most common nearest the Continental Divide. In other sections of the forest, black bears, mule deer and white-tailed deer are the largest mammals found. Coyotes, raccoons, beavers, minks, muskrats, river otters and Columbian white-tailed deer inhabit the up-stream inlands. Throughout the forest, bald eagles, grouse, peregrine falcon and red tailed hawks are increasing in numbers. Lakes and streams are more numerous in the western section due to a higher altitude and more precipitation, and are home to the native westslope cutthroat trout. In the of rivers and streams in the forest, rainbow
Lewis and Clark National Forest
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Whitehorse Wildland Provincial Park is a wildland provincial park in west-central Alberta, Canada. The park was established on 26 August 1998 and had an area of . On 23 July 2002, the area was changed slightly to . The park is included in the Upper Athabasca Region Land Use Framework. The park is named for the creek within the boundaries of the park. Location The park is in Yellowhead County in western Alberta, approximately southwest of Robb and south of Cadomin, Alberta. Jasper National Park borders the park to the west. Whitehorse Wildland is adjacent to Whitehorse Creek Provincial Recreation Area. Ecology In the National Ecological Framework for Canada used by Environment and Climate Change Canada, the park is in the Luscar and Ram River Foothills ecodistricts of the Western Alberta Upland ecoregion in the Boreal Foothills ecoprovince of the Boreal Plains ecozone. Under the OneEarth classification (previously World Wildlife Fund), the park is in the Northern Rockies Conifer Forests ecoregion of the Greater Rockies & Mountain Forests bioregion. Geography The northern part of the park contains the watershed of the Whitehorse Creek and the ridges of foothills forming the valley for the creek. The northern ridge that bounds the Whitehorse Creek valley is the Nikanassin Range while the southern is the Miette Range. Within the park, in the Nikanassin Range are four mountains: Luscar Mountain at elevation, Leyland Mountain (), Mount Gregg (). and Mount Sir Harold Mitchell (). The Miette Ranges contains several unnamed mountains in elevation. The southern arm of the park follows the Cardinal Divide Ridge. The Cardinal Divide, with an elevation of , is the continental divide between two major watersheds: the McLeod and Athabasca Rivers, which eventually drain into the Arctic Ocean; and the Cardinal, Brazeau, and North Saskatchewan Rivers, which eventually drain into Hudson Bay. In the southern arm contains several named mountains: Prospect Mountain (), Cheviot Mountain (), and Tripoli Mountain (). In addition, two mountains form the border with Jasper National Park and are thus partially in Whitehorse Wildland park: Blackface Mountain () and Climax Mountain (). The elevation of Whitehorse Creek when it leaves the park is . There is an extensive trail network in the park for hiking and horseback trail riding. Climate The Köppen climate classification of the park is Continental, Subarctic (Dfc) characterized by long, cold winters, and short, warm to cool summers. Using the data from a nearby weather stations (Luscar Creek), average daily temperatures for 1991 to 2020 exceeds only for June, July, and August while average daily temperatures are less than for November through March. At Luscar Creek, the long-run average precipitation from 1991 to 2020 for the wettest months, June and July, is per month; conversely, the station receive less than per month from October through March. Natural history The park is home to many wildlife species. Ungulates include bighorn sheep, elk, moose, and mule deer. Carnivores include grizzly bears, wolves, and cougars. Among the small mammals are hoary marmots and American pikas.
Whitehorse Wildland Provincial Park
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Austria has six national parks, all of them internationally accepted according to the IUCN standard. The first national park, Hohe Tauern, was established in 1981. They include each of Austria's most important natural landscape types — alluvial forest, Alpine massif, Pannonian steppe and rocky valleys. Development First plans for the protection of the Hohe Tauern mountain range were evolved by Austrian Alpine Club, which in 1915-18 acquired large mountainous areas. However, the national park project was abandoned in the late 1930s and not resumed until 1971, when the federal states of Salzburg, Tyrol and Carinthia signed the Heiligenblut Agreement, followed by similar initiatives in Lower and Upper Austria. The establishment of each national park took several years; as conflicts of use and the question of funding had to be resolved. The parks are managed by contracts between one or more of the federal states and the Federal Government, with the financing shared equally between the Austrian government and the respective province. The national park administrations offer more than 300 green jobs. The park centres provide the public with educational services on ecology and environmental protection, information and leisure activities. With about 400,000 visitors a year, they play an important role in Austrian tourism. National Parks Of the seven national parks, four are protecting Austrian Alpine regions and three are covering waters. The largest park by far is Hohe Tauern; at , it is also the largest national park in Central Europe. The Neusiedler See–Seewinkel and Thayatal national parks stretch across the border with Hungary and the Czech Republic respectively. All of Austria's national parks meet IUCN Category II standards. The Nock Mountains (formerly also one of Austria's National Parks) had been classified as a Protected Landscape (Category V), and in 2012 it was converted into the core zone of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. See also List of national parks Geography of Austria References External links https://www.nationalparksaustria.at/en/ Official site. Austria National parks National parks he:גאוגרפיה של אוסטריה#פארקים לאומיים
National parks of Austria
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The Siffleur Wilderness Area is a provincially designated wilderness area in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta. It was established in 1961 and it, as one of the three wilderness areas of Alberta, has the strictest form of government protection available in Canada. All development is forbidden and only travel by foot is permitted. Hunting and fishing are not allowed. The other two wilderness areas are White Goat Wilderness Area and Ghost River Wilderness Area and together the three areas total . Siffleur is located near the west end and south side of Canadian Highway 11 and slightly south of the White Goat Wilderness area. It is near the north end of Banff National Park and the south end of Jasper National Park. Mountains rise to . The area has rugged mountains, glacier-carved valleys, mountain lakes, and alpine meadows. There are two distinct vegetation zones. Above , the tree line, are grasses, sedges and wildflowers. Below that are subalpine forests of spruce, fir, and lodgepole pine. At even lower elevations there are aspen and balsam poplar. Animals in the lower regions include woodland caribou, moose, elk, white-tailed deer, mule deer, grizzly bear, black bear, cougar, coyote, timber wolf, and wolverine. Animals in the upper regions include golden-mantled ground squirrels, bighorn sheep, mountain goat, hoary marmot, pika, white-tailed ptarmigan, grey-crowned rosy finch, water pipit and horned lark. Eagles are seen in both the lower and upper regions. Like Siffleur Mountain and Siffleur River, the name was chosen by James Hector in 1858 for the shrill whistles of the marmot which inhabit the area. References External links Alberta Parks Protected areas of Alberta Parks in the Canadian Rockies Protected areas established in 1961
Siffleur Wilderness Area
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Lawn Lake Dam was an earthen dam in Rocky Mountain National Park, United States that failed on July 15, 1982, at about 6 a.m., in an event known as the flood of 1982. The sudden release of of water resulted in a flash flood that killed three people camping in the park and caused $31 million in damage to the town of Estes Park, Colorado and other downstream areas. Lawn Lake Lawn Lake was originally a natural lake with a surface area of , located at an elevation of approximately in the Rocky Mountains. In 1903 a group of farmers from Loveland built a dam to increase it to a surface area of for the purpose of providing water for irrigation in Loveland. Dam failure Over the years the road that had been cut to permit construction of the dam fell into disrepair and ceased to exist. Because of the dam's remote and difficult location, inspection and repairs lapsed. The Colorado State Engineer determined that the probable cause of the dam failure was deterioration of lead caulking on the joint between the outlet pipe and the gate valve leading to internal erosion of the earth-fill dam. There had been issues reported during inspections in 1951, 1975, 1977 and 1978. When the dam failed the waters rushed down the Roaring River valley, which falls in , at a peak rate of , scouring a large gully out of the mountain stream and killing one person camping alongside it. At this rate, the lake emptied in about half an hour. When the waters reached the broader valley of Fall River at Horseshoe Park they spread out and slowed, leaving behind a large alluvial fan of debris. The flood continued down Fall River and hit the Cascade Dam which stored water to run a hydroelectric plant about a mile (2 km) downstream. Cascade Dam failed from the onslaught and added its waters to the flood. The Aspenglen campground was destroyed and two campers who returned to recover camping gear lost their lives, due to insufficient warning from park rangers. The flood entered the town of Estes Park and caused severe damage to 177 downtown businesses (75 percent of Estes Park's commercial activity). In Estes Park the flood joined the Big Thompson River and flowed into Lake Estes on the eastern edge of the city. Olympus Dam, part of the Colorado-Big Thompson Project, there withstood the deluge and the flood was halted. Aftermath As a consequence of the dam failure, aging dams at Pear Reservoir, Bluebird Lake and Sandbeach Lake in the park were demolished and removed. References Hydrology, Geomorphology, and Dam-break Modeling of the July 15, 1982, Lawn Lake Dam and Cascade Lake Dam Failures, Larimer County, Colorado. Dams in Colorado Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado Buildings and structures in Rocky Mountain National Park Dam failures in the United States Disasters in Colorado Estes Park, Colorado 1982 in Colorado 1982 disasters in the United States 1903 establishments in Colorado 1982 disestablishments
Lawn Lake Dam
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The National Park-to-Park Highway was an auto trail in the United States in the 1910s and 1920s, plotted by A. L. Westgard. It followed a large loop through the West, connecting twelve national parks: Rocky Mountain National Park Yellowstone National Park Glacier National Park Mount Rainier National Park Crater Lake National Park Lassen Volcanic National Park Yosemite National Park General Grant National Park (now part of Kings Canyon) Sequoia National Park Zion National Park Grand Canyon National Park Mesa Verde National Park History In 1914, Secretary of the Interior Lane entered into an agreement with the Office of Public Roads to develop road access to Glacier, Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks. When Stephen T. Mather became involved with the national parks, he invited the Office of Public Roads Engineer T. Warren Allen to speak at the 1915 Berkeley National Parks Conference. Mather had concerns over letting the Office of Public Roads develop highway systems within the national parks. While Allen's approach to public roads saw no difference between national forests and national parks, his involvement was an early indication of the public interest in driving. It was the following year that Mather joined the campaign for the Park-to-Park Highway. The National Park-to-Park Highway Association was formed in 1916 and began promoting roads and roadway improvements in the Northwest and Rocky Mountain states. Other highway associations had been supporting a variety of routes linking the scenic wonders of the western national parks. In 1915, a Denver group of motorists took off on a journey from Rocky Mountain National Park to Yellowstone. The Wonderland Trail Association was already promoting the next segment of the journey from Yellowstone to Glacier and then westward to Mount Rainier. In 1917, the Parks Highway Association began marking the route from Glacier to Mount Rainier and added a southern segment to Crater Lake. By 1919, there were annual meetings of the National Park-to-Park supporters. That same year, Charles Goodwin was assigned as Superintendent at Glacier. Here, he began to work on developing potential routes through the park. When Mather's preference for an east-west link across the park was made known, he began looking for a route to link the two sides that would complement the Park-to-Park Highway. This route would become the Going-to-the-Sun Road. By 1920, eleven states were involved in the Park-to-Park Highway program. The proposed route would cover of roads and numerous feeders to and from the various national parks. Notes External links Map of the National Park-to-Park Highway from 1924 National Parks Traveler: The National Park to Park Highway 2009 PBS documentary Auto trails in the United States National parks of the United States 1916 establishments in the United States
National Park to Park Highway
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The Timberline Cabin in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA was built in 1925 to house workers on the Fall River Road. The National Park Service rustic style cabin was designed by the National Park Service's Landscape Engineering Division under the direction of Thomas Chalmers Vint. The cabin was later used as a patrol cabin and as a caretaker's residence. The one-story cabin stood above the timberline. It was built of concrete with a stone veneer. The roof framing used peeled logs with an asphalt roll roofing weather surface, protected by a log lattice on top. The cabin had two doors and ten windows, and measured about by . The Timberline Cabin was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. It has since been demolished. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places listings in Rocky Mountain National Park References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park National Park Service rustic in Colorado Residential buildings completed in 1925 Buildings and structures in Grand County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Grand County, Colorado 1925 establishments in Colorado
Timberline Cabin
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The Twin Sisters Lookout, also known as the Twin Sisters Radio Tower and the Twin Sisters Shelter Cabin, was built by the U.S. Forest Service in 1914, the year before the establishment of Rocky Mountain National Park. The rustic stone structure was taken over by the National Park Service in 1925. The one-story building has an arched roof with a trap door to provide access when snow has drifted over the ground-level door. From 1914 to 1969 the shelter served as accommodations for fire observation crews at a nearby frame lookout, which has since vanished. The building is now used as a radio repeater station. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References External links at the National Park Service's NRHP database Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Government buildings completed in 1914 National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Geography of Larimer County, Colorado Rustic architecture in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1914 establishments in Colorado Roosevelt National Forest
Twin Sisters Lookout
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Height of the Rockies Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Canadian Rockies of south eastern British Columbia, Canada. It is located west of the Continental Divide (in this region, the British Columbia/Alberta Border), adjacent to Elk Lakes Provincial Park. Description and access The park comprises in East Kootenay on the western side of the Continental Divide, which in this region forms the border between British Columbia and Alberta. It borders Elk Lakes Provincial Park, also in British Columbia, to which it is linked by a trail, and Banff National Park and Peter Lougheed Provincial Park in Alberta. The park lies east of Invermere; the closest communities are Elkford to the south and Canal Flats and Radium Hot Springs to the west. The park is accessible on foot or horseback via logging roads and trails to 6 trailheads. All mechanized access is forbidden, and there are no campgrounds or other park services in the park. The Great Divide Trail passes through the park. The park is an Alpine environment with forested bottomland. It includes several lakes, the Palliser River valley, the Middle Fork of the White River, and the Royal Group of mountains. It encompasses 26 peaks over . The highest peak, Mount Joffre (), is on the border with Alberta. There are seven important mountain passes. Wildlife The park is important habitat for wildlife, in particular grizzly bears, and also contains large numbers of black bears, moose, mule deer, bighorn sheep, timber wolves, and cougars. There are more than 2,000 elk and one of the highest densities of mountain goats in the world. Cutthroat trout are plentiful in many lakes and streams and are taken from the park for the Kootenay native species stocking program. Hunting, trapping, and fishing are permitted at controlled levels. The park is at one end of the Southern Rocky Mountain Management Plan, aimed at coordinating ecosystem preservation and providing wildlife corridors, in particular for grizzly bears. Also to provide more comprehensive protection of the environment and wildlife habitat, British Columbia has considered asking the United Nations to add Height of the Rockies and 5 other provincial parks to the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site. History The passes through what is now the park were used by the Kootenai Indians and by mid-19th-century European explorers. Two archaeological sites over 8,000 years old have been identified on the Middle Fork of the White River. A national park was proposed early in the 20th century. In 1936 the White River Game Reserve was established. However, construction of logging roads and clearcutting became so extensive in the Southern Canadian Rockies that by 1986, the area that is now the park had become the last major refuge for wildlife in the region. Two provincial environmental organisations, BC Spaces for Nature and the Palliser Wilderness Society, with guide outfitter Hiram Cody Tegart, led a campaign to protect it permanently by making it a wilderness park, and in 1987, after a twelve-year process of negotiation between government, conservationists,
Height of the Rockies Provincial Park
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The Poudre Canyon is a narrow verdant canyon, approximately 40 miles (64 km) long, on the upper Cache la Poudre River (called the "Poudre" for short, which locals pronounce as "Pooder") in Larimer County, Colorado in the United States. The canyon is a glacier-formed valley through the foothills of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains northwest of Fort Collins. Description The canyon begins in northern Rocky Mountain National Park, at an elevation of approximately , where the Poudre descends from near the continental divide. It winds gently to the northeast, then east, descending the slope of the Colorado Tertiary Pediment, emerging through the southern end of the Laramie Foothills north of Bellvue at an elevation of approximately . Except for the small upper portion of the canyon north of Rocky Mountain National Park, State Highway 14 runs through the canyon. The route of the highway provides the principal vehicle access to the canyon and furnishes a road link between Fort Collins and North Park on the western side of Cameron Pass, which is accessible from the upper canyon. Most of the canyon is within the Canyon Lakes Ranger District of the Roosevelt National Forest, which is headquartered in nearby Fort Collins. The flanks of the canyon wall are gently sloping and forested along most of its length, with the exception of several "narrows", at which the river has carved through recent formations leaving behind large glacial debris. The canyon is inhabited along most of its length downstream from Kinikinik. All of the communities in the canyon are unincorporated. Most of the habitation is the form of small cabins, some of which are inhabited only during season. Resort cabin communities for fishing and hunting are found sporadically along the canyon downstream from Rustic, which at one time in the late 19th century was a bustling summer resort, and burned down in 2008. The relative isolation of the canyon compared to ones further south along the Colorado Front Range gives a tranquil atmosphere with only small-scale tourist enterprises. The canyon is distinctly less developed than the Big Thompson Canyon west of Loveland. The commercial establishments, notably in Poudre Park, cater mostly to local clientele except during the fishing and whitewater rafting season, when the canyon receives a modest number of regional and national visitors. Colorado State University operates a small campus in the mountains at Pingree Park, which is named for George Pingree, an early settler in the canyon in the 19th century. Near Pingree Park is Sky Ranch Lutheran Camp, a summer camp affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The national forest in the vicinity of the canyon is laced with numerous trails that follow side gulches into the surrounding mountains. The trails serve double seasonal duty, as hiking trails in the summer and as cross-country skiing trails in the winter. One such trailhead at Long Draw Reservoir leads over La Poudre Pass along the Never Summer Mountains to the headwaters of the Colorado River in Rocky Mountain
Poudre Canyon
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Lake Louise station is a railway station in Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada. Historically served by the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and Via Rail, it is now a stop for the Rocky Mountaineer and houses a restaurant. The station is on the CPR main line near Lower Lake Louise, downhill from the Chateau Lake Louise. The station was originally built for the CPR. The station was declared a heritage railway station by the federal government in 1991. Starting in 1909, it was the first of six mountain stations built by the Canadian Pacific in a rustic log building design, consistent with how the railway marketed the region as a wilderness tourist destination. The older depot that the 1910 building replaced continued to be used by the CPR for other purposes. The CPR donated it in 1976 to Heritage Park Historical Village in Calgary. The depot was moved to the park and restored to the era when the Lake Louise village was called Laggan. References External links Lake Louise Station Designated heritage railway stations in Alberta Canadian Pacific Railway stations in Alberta Rocky Mountaineer stations in Alberta Buildings and structures in Banff National Park Railway stations in Canada opened in 1910 1910 establishments in Alberta
Lake Louise station
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The Rocky Mountains Park Act () was enacted on June 23, 1887, by the Parliament of Canada, establishing Banff National Park which was then known as "Rocky Mountains Park". The act was modelled on the Yellowstone Park Act passed by the United States Congress in 1881. The Rocky Mountains Park Act outlined the national park concept, balancing conservation and development interests. References Further reading Banff National Park Environmental law in Canada 1880s in the environment Canadian federal legislation 1887 in Canadian law
Rocky Mountains Park Act
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Jasper House National Historic Site, in Jasper National Park, Alberta, is the site of a trading post on the Athabasca River that functioned in two different locations from 1813 to 1884 as a major staging and supply post for travel through the Canadian Rockies. The post was originally named Rocky Mountain House, but was renamed to avoid confusion with the Rocky Mountain House trading post on the North Saskatchewan River, becoming "Jasper's House" after the postmaster, Jasper Hawes, who operated the post from 1814 to 1817. The first location is believed to have been at the outlet of Brûlé Lake, downstream from the present site. The second Jasper House was established at the northern end of Jasper Lake in 1830, primarily serving travellers crossing Yellowhead Pass or Athabasca Pass. The site operated until 1853, and was occasionally used until 1858 when it was reopened seasonally by Henry John Moberly, who operated it into the 1860s. The post was officially closed in 1884 after years of inactivity. From 1891 or 1892 to 1894 the house was used by miner Lewis Swift. The building was destroyed in 1909 when its lumber was used to make a raft by surveyors for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Apart from a small cemetery, no significant ruins remain. It was designated a national historic site in 1924, and is marked by a commemorative stone and plaque. References External links Parks Canada site Management Plans, National Historic Sites of the Mountain Parks, evaluation of the Information Centre (Section 3.1) National Historic Sites in Alberta Jasper National Park North West Company Commercial buildings completed in 1830 Former buildings and structures in Canada Hudson's Bay Company trading posts Forts or trading posts on the National Historic Sites of Canada register Fur trade National Historic Sites of Canada 1830 establishments in the British Empire
Jasper House
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The Canada National Parks Act () is a Canadian federal law that regulates protection of natural areas of national significance. As of March 2019, the Canada National Parks Act extended federal protection to 47 national parks and park reserves across the country covering more the 300,000 km2 of habitat. The current Canada National Parks Act received royal assent on October 20, 2000 and has been amended since. The first national parks act in Canada was created in 1887 shortly following the creation of the world's first national park, Yellowstone National Park, in the United States. In 1911, under a renewed national parks act, Canada became the first country in the world to establish their own national parks service. Over the course of its history, the predecessor National Parks Act struggled to define the primary intention of national parks by trying to balance parks as places both of conservation and public leisure. Remarks made by the Canadian Minister of Environment and Climate Change in 2018 signalled a renewed commitment by the Parks Canada agency to ecological conservation within national parks. Early legislation in Canada applied exclusionary policies and forcibly removed Indigenous peoples off lands in order to create national parks. With developments in the legal recognition of Aboriginal title and rights in Canada, provisions have been included within the National Parks Act to extend the right of traditional harvesting activities within national park reserves with some cases altering park management to be shared between the Parks Canada agency and local Indigenous groups. History of the Canada National Parks Act 1887—the Rocky Mountains Park Act Greatly inspired by the creation of Yellowstone National Park in the United States in 1872, the Rocky Mountains Park Act established the first distinctive national parks legislation in Canada and provided for the creation of the country's first national park, Rocky Mountain Park (now Banff National Park). Lobbied heavily for by the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Act outlined the national parks model which balanced conservation as well as development. The Act established the management of the park and its resources to be under the authority of the Minister of the Interior and the Governor in Council. The Rocky Mountains Park Act also prohibited the settlement or occupation of any of the park’s area, giving the Minister of the Interior and Governor in Council the right to remove trespassers. 1911—the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act Passed by the government of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act received royal assent on May 19, 1911. One of the most significant results of the Act was that it created the Dominion Parks Branch as a new branch of the Department of the Interior to oversee the administration of federal parks. Incidentally the Dominion Parks Branch was the first national parks service in the world to be established and James Bernard Harkin was made its first commissioner. Inspired by American environmentalist, John Muir, Harkin oversaw the number of parks in Canada triple (from 6–18). 1930—the National Parks
Canada National Parks Act
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Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada, located around Mount Assiniboine. History The park was established 1922. Some of the more recent history that is explorable within the park include Wheeler's Wonder Lodge (Naiset) (1924), Assiniboine Lodge (1928), the first ski lodge in the Canadian Rockies, and Sunburst (1928). World Heritage Site In 1990, this park was included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with the other national and provincial parks that comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, the park was recognized for its natural beauty and the geological and ecological significance of its mountain landscapes containing the habitats of rare and endangered species, mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, canyons, limestone caves and fossils. Conservation The park aims to protect a large variety of species. Eighty-four species of birds inhabit the park environs, based on sightings. Columbian ground squirrels are very common in the core area of the park. Ten species of carnivore including wolves, black bear, grizzly bear, weasel, cougar, lynx inhabit the park. Six species of ungulates: elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer, moose, mountain goat, Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep roam within park boundaries. Recreation The following recreational activities are available: backcountry camping and hiking, horseback riding, cross country skiing and ski touring, fishing, and hunting. There are also climbing opportunities. Existing facilities include: 10 camping areas (75 campsites), including the main camp at Magog; 6 roofed accommodation sites (60 beds), including Mt. Assiniboine Lodge; day-use facilities at Rock Isle basin, including interpretive facilities and sanitation; 160 km of horse and hiking access trails: Assiniboine Pass, Wonder Pass, Mitchell River, Simpson River, Citadel Pass, Surprise Creek; and guide-outfitters cabins: Mitchell River and Police Meadows. Location Located 48 kilometres southwest of Banff, Alberta. No roads access the park. Backcountry hiking trails are the only access to the park, the quickest route being via Sunshine Village ski area in Banff National Park. See also List of British Columbia Provincial Parks List of Canadian provincial parks References External links Assiniboine Lodge Columbia Valley 1922 establishments in British Columbia Protected areas established in 1922
Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park
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Mount Robson Provincial Park is a provincial park in the Canadian Rockies with an area of 2,249 km. The park is located entirely within British Columbia, bordering Jasper National Park in Alberta. The B.C. legislature created the park in 1913, the same year as the first ascent of Mount Robson by a party led by Conrad Kain. It is the second oldest park in the provincial system. The park is named for Mount Robson, which has the highest point in the Canadian Rockies and is located entirely within the park. History The first recreational trail was built in 1913 by Jasper outfitter Donald "Curly" Phillips along the Robson River to Berg Lake. From May to September, the Mt. Robson Visitor Information Centre is open to the public, and is a common stop on the Yellowhead Highway. The only commercial services within the park are at a combination coffee-shop gas station complex at the same viewpoint. There are two government campgrounds near the Visitor Centre and one near Yellowhead Pass. Geography The park spans the Yellowhead Highway and is located 390 kilometres west of Edmonton or 290 kilometres east of Prince George. The source of the Fraser River is in Mount Robson Provincial Park. A dripping spring just west of a pond at Fraser Pass is the actual source of British Columbia's longest river. It is located south of the Yellowhead Highway at Lucerne Campground. There are no trails there and the best access is by helicopter from Valemount. Notable features Notable natural features found in the park include: Arctomys Cave Berg Lake Kinney Lake Yellowhead Lake World Heritage Site In 1990 Mount Robson Park was included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together with the other national and provincial parks that comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, the park was recognized for its natural beauty and the geological and ecological significance of its mountain landscapes containing the habitats of rare and endangered species, mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, waterfalls, canyons, limestone caves and fossils. See also List of British Columbia Provincial Parks List of World Heritage Sites in Canada References Further reading Adams, Ansel (2013). Ansel Adams In The Canadian Rockies. Little, Brown and Company. External links 1913 establishments in British Columbia Parks in the Canadian Rockies Protected areas established in 1913 Robson Valley Provincial and state parks in the Rocky Mountains
Mount Robson Provincial Park
358789
Banff is a town in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, in Alberta's Rockies along the Trans-Canada Highway, west of Calgary and east of Lake Louise, above Banff was the first municipality to incorporate within a Canadian national park. The town is a member of the Calgary Regional Partnership. Banff is a resort town and one of Canada's most popular tourist destinations. Known for its mountainous surroundings and hot springs, it is a destination for outdoor sports and hiking, biking, scrambling and skiing. Sunshine Village, Ski Norquay and Lake Louise Ski Resort are nearby ski resorts within the national park. Toponymy The area was named Banff in 1884 by George Stephen, president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, recalling his birthplace near Banff, Scotland. The Canadian Pacific built a series of grand hotels along the rail line and advertised the Banff Springs Hotel as an international tourist resort. History Banff was first settled in the 1880s after the transcontinental railway was built through the Bow Valley. In 1883, three Canadian Pacific Railway workers stumbled upon a series of natural hot springs on the side of Sulphur Mountain. In 1885, Canada established a federal reserve of around the Cave and Basin hot springs and began promoting the area as an international resort and spa as a way to support the new railway. In 1887, the reserve area was increased to and named "Rocky Mountain Park". This was the beginning of Canada's National Park system. The Banff townsite was developed near the railway station as a service centre for tourists visiting the park. Services, such as St George-in-the-Pines church, were constructed through the late 19th century. It was administered by the Government of Canada's national parks system until 1990 when the Town of Banff became the only incorporated municipality within a Canadian national park. An internment camp was set up at Banff and Castle Mountain in Dominion Park from July 1915 to July 1917 mostly imprisoning Ukrainian immigrants. The prisoners of the internment camp were used as slave labour to build the infrastructure of the national park. In 1985, the United Nations declared Banff National Park, as one of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, a World Heritage Site. Banff remains one of the most popular tourist destinations in Canada. One of the most notable figures of Banff was Norman Luxton, who was known as "Mr. Banff". He published the Crag and Canyon newspaper, built the King Edward Hotel and the Lux Theatre, and founded the Sign of the Goat Curio Shop, which led to the development of the Luxton Museum of Plains Indians, now the Buffalo Nations Museum. He and his family helped organize the Banff Indian Days and the Banff Winter Carnival. In 1976, the International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (IAU/WGPSN) officially adopted the name Banff for a crater on Mars, after the town in Alberta. The crater is at latitude 17.7° north and longitude 30.8° west. Its diameter is . In 1991, Banff hosted the 1991 Winter Deaflympics,
Banff, Alberta
59951189
White Pyramid is a mountain summit located between the Howse River valley and Mistaya River valley of Banff National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. Its nearest higher peak is Howse Peak, to the south. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 1,460 meters (4,790 ft) above Chephren Lake in 2.5 km (1.5 mile). White Pyramid is visible from the Icefields Parkway in the vicinity of Waterfowl Lakes. History It was named in 1901 by J. Norman Collie to distinguish it from Mount Chephren, which back then was named Pyramid Mountain. The two peaks are nearly the same in height, and separated by only one kilometre. However, White Pyramid has a glacier on its north aspect, which Chephren does not. The first ascent of White Pyramid was made in 1939 by Kate (Katie) Gardiner and guide Edward Feuz Jr. The climbing duo made many first ascents in the Canadian Rockies during the 1930s. The mountain's name was made official in 1961 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Like other mountains in Banff Park, White Pyramid is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, White Pyramid is located in a subarctic climate zonewith cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below -20 °C with wind chill factors below -30 °C. Precipitation runoff from White Pyramid drains into the Mistaya River and Howse River which are both tributaries of the North Saskatchewan River. Gallery See also List of mountains in the Canadian Rockies Geography of Alberta References External links Parks Canada web site: Banff National Park White Pyramid weather: Mountain Forecast Three-thousanders of Alberta Mountains of Banff National Park Canadian Rockies Alberta's Rockies
White Pyramid (Banff)
13768180
Beaver Meadows Visitor Center, also known as Rocky Mountain National Park Administration Building, is the park headquarters and principal visitors center of Rocky Mountain National Park in central northern Colorado. Completed in 1967, it was designed by Taliesin Associated Architects, and was one of the most significant commissions for that firm in the years immediately following the death of founder Frank Lloyd Wright. It was also one of the last major projects completed under the Park Service Mission 66 project. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2001. Description and history The Beaver Meadows Visitor Center is located on the south side of United States Route 36 near the principal eastern entrance to Rocky Mountain National Park. As seen from visitor (north) side, the building presents as a single-story structure, but is actually two stories owing to the sloping terrain on which it is built. It is a rectangular structure, built with a steel frame and cast concrete panels, into which slabs of sandstone have been embedded. The upper level framing has Cor-Ten steel set in a zigzag pattern inspired by Native American artworks. The building's eastern end is devoted to visitor facilities, including a lobby, amphitheater, and shop, with an inside observation area and outside balcony providing views of the Rocky Mountains. The western end houses park offices in a modular design with movable partitions. Rocky Mountain National Park was founded in 1915. As part of the Park Service's Mission 66 program to revitalize the nation's park system, the Park Service hired the firm of Taliesin Associated Architects in 1964 to design a new visitors center for the park. Construction began in 1965 and was completed in 1967. The building has been relatively little altered since then: the shop occupies a former lobby area that included benches and a fireplace, and changes in equipment for the theater necessitated the closure of a balcony entrance. Map See also Rocky Mountain National Park Utility Area Historic District National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado List of National Historic Landmarks in Colorado References External links Rocky Mountain National Park Official Site Beaver Meadows Visitor Center Information Beaver Meadows Visitor Center, described in Fodors guidebook National Historic Landmarks in Colorado Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Park Service visitor centers Mission 66 Tourist attractions in Larimer County, Colorado Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1967 establishments in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park
Beaver Meadows Visitor Center
8758460
Alberta's Rockies comprise the Canadian Rocky Mountains in Alberta, Canada. On the southwestern part of the province along the British Columbia border, the region covers all but the south of Census Division 15. The main industry in this region is tourism. Geography This human region is almost identical to the Alberta Mountain forests ecozone. The region contains the Central Front Ranges and the Continental Ranges of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and includes the Banff National Park and Jasper National Park, as well as the Kananaskis Country park system and the Willmore Wilderness. The main transportation corridors run through the Kicking Horse Pass and the Yellowhead Pass from east to west, while the Bow Valley and Athabasca River valley are followed by the longitudinal Icefields Parkway. Another important waterway that crosses this region is the North Saskatchewan River. Tourism Some of the best ski resorts of the Rockies are located in this region, and are important tourist destinations. They include Fortress Mountain Resort, Lake Louise, Marmot Basin, Mount Norquay, Nakiska and Sunshine Village. Other tourist attractions include the glaciers of the Columbia, Wapta and Waputik Icefields such as the Athabasca, Bow, Crowfoot, Hector, Peyto, Saskatchewan and Vulture Glaciers. Glacial lakes line the Icefields Parkway and dot the surrounding valleys. Some of the more spectacular are Bow, Hector, Louise, Maligne, Moraine, Peyto, Pyramid and Vermilion lakes. Infrastructure Banff and Jasper are the main communities in the region. The length is defined by the Icefields Parkway, and it is crossed by the Trans-Canada Highway and the Yellowhead Highway into British Columbia. David Thompson Highway leads from the Rockies into central Alberta from Saskatchewan River Crossing, and Banff Windermere Parkway leads from Castle Junction (south of Lake Louise) through the Kootenay National Park to the Columbia River valley. The Bighorn Highway defines most of the eastern limit of the region. Health care has been the responsibility of Alberta Health Services, since the province's health regions were amalgamated in 2008. Before then, Calgary Health Region was the health region ensuring well-being in the south of this region, while the north was supervised by the Aspen Regional Health Authority. Health care centres established in the area are: Seton Jasper Healthcare Centre - Jasper Hinton Healthcare Centre - Hinton Canmore General Hospital - Canmore Banff Mineral Springs Hospital - Banff Politics On a provincial level, southern Alberta is represented in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta by MLA's elected in the ridings of Banff-Cochrane and part of Rocky Mountain House and West Yellowhead. Communities The following communities are located in Alberta's Rockies. Towns of Banff and Canmore Municipality of Jasper (specialized municipality) Summer villages of Ghost Lake and Waiparous Hamlets of Lake Louise, Harvie Heights, Exshaw, Dead Man's Flats and Lac des Arcs Saskatchewan River Crossing (unincorporated community) Kananaskis Village (resort community) The towns of Grande Cache and Hinton, located on the eastern edge of the Rockies, are sometimes considered as part of this region. The following rural municipalities are located in Alberta's Rockies. Municipal District of Bighorn
Alberta's Rockies
21057192
The Timber Creek Campground Comfort Stations are a set of three historic public toilet facilities in Rocky Mountain National Park. Designed in 1935 by landscape architect Howard W. Baker of the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs, the National Park Service Rustic buildings were built with Civilian Conservation Corps labor in 1939. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand County, Colorado References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Buildings and structures completed in 1939 National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park National Park Service rustic in Colorado Buildings and structures in Grand County, Colorado Restrooms in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Grand County, Colorado 1939 establishments in Colorado
Timber Creek Campground Comfort Stations
70092153
Bob Creek Wildland Provincial Park is a wildland provincial park located in the Municipal District of Ranchland, in southern Alberta, Canada. It was established on 12 May 1999, modified slightly on 24 June 2003, and is in area. The park is included in the South Saskatchewan Region Land Use Framework and administered by the South Saskatchewan Regional Plan. Because they are so intertwined, Bob Creek Wildland and Black Creek Heritage Rangeland are managed through the same Management Plan. The park gets its name from the Bob Creek that runs through the center of the park and drains the surrounding hills. Location The park is located approximately west of Claresholm and located between Alberta Highway 40 to the west and Highway 22 to the east and largely north of the Oldman River. Much of the eastern and southern borders of the park is shared with Black Creek Heritage Rangeland. The park is located on east of the Rocky Mountains on the eastern slopes of the Livingstone Range and contains "The Whaleback" ridge: "The Whaleback[...] encompasses the most extensive, least disturbed and relatively unfragmented Montane landscape in Alberta’s Rocky Mountain natural region." The park is accessed through two points in the southern boundary. The Livingston Gap on the southwest corner of the park where the Oldman River cuts through the Livingstone Range as it leaves the Rocky Mountains. And Bob Creek Staging Area through the south-central boundary of the park. Ecology The park contains the Alpine, Sub-Alpine and Montane subregions of the Rocky Mountain Natural Region in the Alberta classification system. Together, Bob Creek Wildland and Black Creek Heritage Rangeland preserves the largest tract of montane ecosystems in Alberta. The Whaleback Ridge is the last remaining area of montane wilderness in Alberta. In the National Ecological Framework for Canada used by Environment and Climate Change Canada, the park is in the Blairmore Foothills and Crowsnest Mountains ecodistricts of the Northern Continental Divide ecoregion of the Columbia Montane Cordillera ecoprovince of the Montane Cordillera ecozone. Under the OneEarth classification (previously World Wildlife Fund), the park is in the Northern Rockies conifer forests ecoregion of the Greater Rockies & Mountain Forests bioregion. Geography The geography of the park is rolling fescue grasslands with steep ridges transitioning from grass to forests and many springs and streams along the valley bottoms. The park's geology is folded and faulted sedimentary rock with major fault lines creating ridges. This underlying rock underwent several glaciations and erosion events to create the current topography. The park contains three named ridges while wide valley floors separate the ridges. The eastern ridge, running north to south for approximately , is the Whaleback ridge. Whaleback Peak is at an elevation of , up from the eastern park boundary of . On the western boundary is two ridges. The Livingstone ridge, again running north to south, occupies the southern half of the west boundary. From an elevation of at the Oldman River at the Livingstone Gap, the Livingstone Ridge climbs going north to an
Bob Creek Wildland Provincial Park
21306333
The Castle Mountain Internment Camp, located in Banff National Park, Alberta, was the largest internment facility in the Canadian Rockies, housing several hundred prisoners at any one time. Established on July 13, 1915, a total of 660 enemy aliens were interned at the facility during its entire operation. Internment Designated enemy aliens under Canada's 1914 War Measures Act, some 8,579 enemy aliens were interned during World War I as prisoners of war. Ostensibly nationals of countries at war with Canada, the vast majority however were settler immigrants, primarily of Ukrainian ethnic origin. The Castle Camp, which was built in 1915 at the base of Castle Mountain was a Canadian internment camp which held immigrant prisoners of Ukrainian, Austrian, Hungarian and German descent. Despite their civilian status, a great many were sent to prisoner of war camps located in the Canadian hinterland, to be used as military conscript labour on government work projects. Of particular note was the use of forced labour in Canada's national parks, where they were introduced there as a matter of policy to improve existing facilities and increase accessibility by developing the park system's infrastructure. By 1915 several internment camps in and around the Rocky Mountains were in full operation, including a camp at the foot of Castle Mountain, the terminal point of the then uncompleted Banff-Laggan (Lake Louise) road. Recognizing the value of future tourism, the main purpose of the camp was to push the Banff highway on through to Lake Louise, although, in addition, bridges, culverts and fireguards were also built. The camp consisted of tents within a dual barbed wire enclosure. The tents however proved inadequate during the severe winter climate, forcing the camp to relocate to military barracks built on the outskirts of the town of Banff, adjacent to the Cave and Basin, site of the original Hot Springs. While in Banff, the internees were engaged in a number of special projects: land fill and drainage of the Recreation Grounds; clearing the Buffalo Paddocks; cutting trails; land reclamation for tennis courts, golf links, shooting ranges and ski jumps; rock-crushing; quarrying stone for the Banff Springs Hotel (still under construction) and smaller public works projects such as street and sidewalk repair. With the onset of spring, the camp returned once more to the Castle Mountain site. This process of return and relocation would continue until August 1917 when the camp was finally closed when the internees were conditionally released to industry to meet the growing labour shortage. The Castle Mountain camp was a difficult facility to administer. Abuse was widespread, and although duly noted by the Directorate of Internment Operations in Ottawa, it was never corrected. Escapes were frequent. Conditions at the camp were roundly condemned by neutral observers and the Central Powers, charging Canada with violations of international norms governing the internment of enemy aliens. Understandably, the conditions at the camp would become of interest to the War Office in London and a point of discussion between the British Government and Ottawa. Legacy
Castle Mountain Internment Camp
32867145
The East Inlet Trail in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, was established in 1913 to provide access from Grand Lake to a series of lakes to the east of Grand Lake. The trail originates at the east stream inlet to Grand lake: confusingly, it is close to the west portal of the Alva B. Adams Tunnel which conveys water from the west side of the Continental Divide under the park to the east slope of the Rocky Mountains. The trail was developed further in the 1920s, but was still considered to be in poor condition. In the 1930s further improvements were made, and in 1934 workers from the Public Works Administration rebuilt the section between Lone Pine Lake and Lake Verna. In 1940 workers from the Civilian Conservation Corps improved of trail beyond Adam Falls, building causeway sections through swampy areas. The trail was rebuilt again in 1970, and was improved between 2000 and 2003 with stone steps and handrails at Adam Falls. The trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 2005. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Rocky Mountain National Park National Register of Historic Places listings in Grand County, Colorado Architects of the National Park Service References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado Buildings and structures in Grand County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Grand County, Colorado 1913 establishments in Colorado
East Inlet Trail
44868799
The La Junta Railroaders were a minor league baseball team based in La Junta, Colorado. The Railroaders played in the 1912 season as members of the Class D level Rocky Mountain League. La Junta hosted home games at City Park. History In 1912, minor league baseball began in La Junta, Colorado, when the La Junta "Railroaders" became charter members of the four–team Class D level Rocky Mountain League. The league started the season with the Cañon City Swastikas, Colorado Springs Millionaires and Pueblo Indians teams joining the La Junta Railroaders in Rocky Mountain League play. The "Railroaders" moniker corresponds to local industry, with the city of La Junta located along the railroad line and the founding of the city being tied to the railroad access. Both freight and passenger trains accessed La Junta, which had a large rail yard, as well as a passenger depot built in 1895 called the El Otero. Today, the rail yard is still utilized by BNSF and the La Junta station serves Amtrak passengers. Before the 1912 season was scheduled to conclude, the Rocky Mountain League permanently folded on July 5, 1912. The La Junta Railroaders were in fourth place with a 11–22 record when the league disbanded. The Railroaders finished 13.0 games behind the first place Pueblo/Cheyenne Indians team in the final standings. The La Junta Railroaders were managed by J.F. Waller, Bill Annis and Tubby Graves. At the time he managed La Junta, Tubby Graves was serving as the head football, basketball and baseball coach at Alabama. La Junta was the only Rocky Mountain League franchise that did not relocate during the season. After 1912, La Junta has not hosted another minor league team. The ballpark The 1912 La Junta Railroaders played minor league home games at City Park. City Park was established in 1905 and is still in use today as a public park. The park is located at 10th Street and Colorado Avenue in La Junta, Colorado. Timeline Year–by–year records Notable alumni Bill Annis (1912, MGR) Tubby Graves (1912, MGR) J.F. Waller (1912, MGR) Complete roster information for the 1912 La Junta Railroaders is unknown. References External links La Junta - Baseball Reference Defunct minor league baseball teams Professional baseball teams in Colorado Defunct baseball teams in Colorado Baseball teams established in 1912 Baseball teams disestablished in 1912 Rocky Mountain League teams Otero County, Colorado 1912 establishments in Colorado 1912 disestablishments in Colorado
La Junta Railroaders
21018416
The Fall River Pass Ranger Station in Rocky Mountain National Park was designed by National Park Service landscape architect Daniel Ray Hull in the National Park Service Rustic style. Built in 1922, the stone structure is similar in design to the Chasm Lake Shelter. Between 1933 and 1937 the ranger station was converted to a museum. The ranger station is associated with the construction of the nearby Trail Ridge Road. Located above the tree line, the building has a trap door in the roof to allow access when the door is blocked by drifting snow. See also Fall River Pump House and Catchment Basin National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References External links Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Government buildings completed in 1922 National Park Service ranger stations Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Historic American Buildings Survey in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1922 establishments in Colorado National Park Service rustic in Colorado
Fall River Pass Ranger Station
60250418
Tilted Mountain is a mountain summit located in Banff National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. It is part of the Sawback Range. Its nearest higher peak is Lychnis Mountain, to the east in an area of exposed Skoki Formation limestone which is known for fossils such as brachiopods, gastropods, conodonts, cephalopods, trilobites, and echinoderm fragments. History Tilted Mountain was named in 1911 by James F. Porter for the tilted layers of rock strata. The mountain's name was officially adopted in 1924 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Like other mountains in Banff Park, Tilted Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Tilted Mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. See also Geography of Alberta Geology of Alberta References External links Weather forecast: Tilted Mountain Parks Canada web site: Banff National Park Two-thousanders of Alberta Mountains of Banff National Park Alberta's Rockies Canadian Rockies
Tilted Mountain
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The Rocky Mountain National Park Utility Area Historic District in Rocky Mountain National Park documents the early administrative core of the park. Beginning in 1920 and continuing into the 1930s, park service and administrative structures were built in the National Park Service Rustic style. Most buildings were built of logs under a policy of blending with the natural landscape. Later construction has respected the materials and scale of the area. Structures include McLaren Hall, designed by landscape architect W.G. Hill, a number of employee residences including the superintendent's residence, equipment sheds, garages and utility buildings. Many of the buildings built in the 1930s were built by Civilian Conservation Corps labor. The Beaver Meadows Visitor Center is individually listed as a National Historic Landmark. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Park Service rustic in Colorado Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1982 establishments in Colorado
Rocky Mountain National Park Utility Area Historic District
6462572
The Comanche Peak Wilderness is a U.S. Wilderness Area located in the Roosevelt National Forest on the Canyon Lakes Ranger District in Colorado along the northern boundary of Rocky Mountain National Park. The wilderness named for its most prominent peak was established in 1980. There are of hiking trails inside the wilderness. Roosevelt National Forest and Rocky Mountain National Park officially maintain 19 trails within the Wilderness, 5 of which pass into Rocky Mountain National Park. There are also 7 named peaks, 6 named lakes (including Comanche Reservoir) and 16 named rivers and creeks within the wilderness boundaries. Climate References Protected areas of Larimer County, Colorado Wilderness areas of Colorado Protected areas established in 1980 Roosevelt National Forest
Comanche Peak Wilderness
76300843
Esther Burnell Mills (August 1889–April 8, 1964) was an American pioneer and homesteader in Estes Park, Colorado. Esther Burnell and her sister became the National Park Service's first certified nature guides. She married Enos Mills, who led the establishment of the Rocky Mountain National Park. They ran the Longs Peak Inn, and after her husband's death, Mills continued to operate the inn. She edited and published three post-humous volumes and additional works by Enos Mills. With Hildegarde Hawthorne, she co-authored Enos Mills of the Rockies. Early life and education Esther A. Burnell, born in August 1889 in Eureka, Kansas, was the daughter of Mary A. (née Frayer) and Arthur Tappan Burnell, a professor and school principal with positions in the states of Washington, Kansas, Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessee, and Oregon. Arthur was also a minister. Her siblings, born about every two years, were older brother Eugene, older sister Elizabeth (Bessie), and younger brother Bernico. Burnell studied at Lake Erie College in Cleveland, Ohio, and Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York. Her sister Elizabeth graduated from the University of Michigan with master's degrees in mathematics and physics. Lake Erie College employed her as the head of the mathematics and physics department. Burnell worked at the Sherwin Williams Paint Company as a consulting decorator. Before moving to Colorado, she lived in Cleveland and then Des Moines, Iowa. She had been overworked at her job and had a nervous breakdown. In 1915, Burnell and Elizabeth Enos Mills the prior year during his speaking engagement in Cleveland, Ohio. Like other attendees, Mills invited them to visit Rocky Mountain National Park and Mills' nature study center at the inn. Dedicated in 1916, the park is located near Estes Park, Colorado. Homesteading Burnell and her sister Elizabeth vacationed at Longs Peak Inn in Estes Park, Colorado, in the summer of 1916. Burnell took walks in the area to observe nature, wearing knickerbockers for hiking and climbing rather than wearing city-appropriate dresses and high shoes. Her health improved in the mountain environment. Her friend, Katherine Garetson, met Burnell when she arrived in Estes Park. Concerned about her health, Garetson decided that Burnell was a frail city slicker, but after some time in the mountains she said her friend "looked wonderfully pretty animation transforming her into a beauty". Burnell extended her vacation to remain in Colorado. She homesteaded 120 acres near MacGregor Pass alongside Horseshoe Park. Burnell designed a five-room cabin and worked on the construction of her home, which she named Keewaydin. She built some of the furniture for her home and established a garden. Deer, mountain sheep, and birds visited her property. Burnell's closest neighbors were the Fall River Lodge and Horseshoe Inn, about from her land. Fellow homesteaders lived two or more miles away. Burnell walked east to town to visit friends, pick up her mail, and purchase groceries and supplies that she carried back to her cabin. She embraced the outdoor life, hiking in the day or night. She made long treks, wearing snowshoes in
Esther Burnell Mills
4324216
Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is located in the north-eastern part of the province, 90 km south-west from Fort Nelson and it is bordered to the north by the Alaska Highway. Access is mostly done by boat, aircraft, on horseback or by hiking. At 6,657.1 km2, it is the largest protected area in the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area and the third largest provincial park in British Columbia. The park borders Stone Mountain Provincial Park to the north-west and Kwadacha Wilderness Provincial Park to the south-west, creating a large contiguous protected area in the Muskwa Ranges of the Canadian Rockies. History Northern Rockies Mountain Provincial Park is the largest protected site within the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area, a wilderness area established in 1998. The park is among seven sites that are recommended to be protected by the 1997 Fort Nelson Land and Resource Management Plan due to its unique ecological diversity. The park is established in December 1986. In June 1999, the park was expanded with the inclusion of the Wokkpash Recreational Area to protect the ecological heritages of the area. In 2000, a public advisory group was formed to initiate a management planning process for the park. The process was suspended for several years due to the need of increasing participation of Indigenous people but has been resumed since 2019. The public, stakeholder, and the First Nations were all included for the update of the plan. This allowed public to give extra information through mails, online forms, meeting and open houses. All information were gathered on the webpage and was used to draft the final management plan. Geography The area is notable for a range of water features including rivers, streams, waterfalls, rapids, small glaciers and lakes. Its rivers include the Tetsa, Chischa, and Muskwa, and its creeks include the Gathto, Kluachesi, Dead Dog and Chlotapecta. The largest water features in the area are the upper and lower Tuckodi Lakes , though other lakes such as Kluachesi and Tetsa exist. Ecology There are different kinds of animals at risk in Rocky Mountain National Park; at the same time, the park is also suitable for other species to live, as a habitat. It provides great environment for animals including moose, elk, stone sheep, and mountain goats. Grizzly bears and black bears are also commonly found in the area. The existence of different prey animals allow these bears to sustain within the habitat. Different types of species live around the park, including animals, plants, and others. More plants can be found rather than animals. Types of animals are included with mammals, birds, fish, and amphibians & reptiles. Plants are included with algae, lichens, mosses & liverworts, trees & shrubs and wildflowers. Lake trout, rainbow trout, bull trout, arctic grayling and lake whitefish are the important species in the park. Climate Change The remoteness and wilderness of Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park has made it potentially an area for the plants and species to adapt to
Northern Rocky Mountains Provincial Park
32879980
The Fern Lake Trail in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, runs from Moraine Park in the eastern part of the park westward to Fern Lake, the first portion of the trail following the course of the Big Thompson River. The trail was first informally established in the late 1880s as a way to get to "The Pool," a wide spot in the Big Thompson where a small lodge predated the 1915 establishment of the park. The trail was improved by the Estes Park Protective and Improvement Association between 1907 and 1912, with a new bridge at The Pool. Two years later the trail was rebuilt to maintain no more than a 10% grade and to provide better access to Fern and Marguerite Falls. In the 1920s Fern Lake became a popular winter destination for skiing, complete with a lodge. From 1933 the trail was rebuilt over three years with Civilian Conservation Corps labor, building retaining walls and adjusting the trail's alignment. The Forest Inn at The Pool closed in 1951, and Fern Lake Lodge closed in 1960. Folksinger Judy Collins and her then-husband Peter Taylor ran the lodge in the summer of 1958, welcoming hikers a respite from the trail. It was demolished by the Park Service in 1968 as they eliminated concessions within the park. The trail is notable for its association with early tourism development in the park and for its Civilian Conservation Corps-executed construction. The Fern Lake Trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 2005. References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park 1933 establishments in Colorado Transportation in Larimer County, Colorado Civilian Conservation Corps in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado
Fern Lake Trail
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The Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site consists of seven contiguous parks including four national parks (Banff, Jasper, Kootenay, and Yoho) and three British Columbia provincial parks (Hamber, Mount Assiniboine, and Mount Robson). These seven parks in the Canadian Rockies include mountains, glaciers, and hot springs and the headwaters of major North American river systems including the North Saskatchewan, Athabasca, Columbia, and Fraser rivers. The area is known for its natural environment and biological diversity. It includes the Burgess Shale site, a World Heritage Site in its own right from 1980 to 1984, when it was included in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks WHS designation. World Heritage Site In 1983 Canada nominated Banff, Jasper, Kootenay and Yoho national parks for inclusion on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. UNESCO accepted this nomination in 1984 on the basis of a recommendation by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The original nomination and IUCN's recommendation drew attention to the area's "exceptional natural beauty", "habitats of rare and endangered species" and its natural landforms such as mountain peaks, glaciers, lakes, canyons, limestone caves, and the unique Burgess Shale fossils. That year the UNESCO World Heritage Committee "requested the Canadian authorities to consider adding the adjacent Provincial Parks of Mount Robson, Hamber, Mount Assiniboine and Kananaskis" to the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks site. At a 1990 meeting, "the Committee welcomed the Canadian proposal to include, in the Rocky Mountains Parks site, Mount Robson, Hamber and Assiniboine Provincial Parks, following its request at its Eighth Session in 1984." Kananaskis (renamed Peter Lougheed Provincial Park) has not been included within the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage site. See also List of National Parks of Canada List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas List of British Columbia provincial parks List of protected areas of Alberta References External links Park page at UNESCO World Heritage Site Climbing the clouds Virtual exhibit of British Columbia mountaineering Canadian Rockies World Heritage Sites in Canada National parks of the Rocky Mountains Parks in the Canadian Rockies Parks in Alberta Parks in British Columbia Protected areas of the Rocky Mountains Provincial and state parks in the Rocky Mountains
Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site
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The Colorado Mountain Club (CMC), formed in 1912, is a nonprofit, 501 (c)(3) outdoor education organization based in Golden, Colorado that gathers and disseminates information regarding Colorado's mountains in the areas of art, science, literature and recreation. The club advocates for the preservation of the alpine regions, and was instrumental in the creation of Rocky Mountain National Park. The CMC has its own press with over 30 published titles, and has continuously published Trail & Timberline magazine since 1918. History From 25 charter members in 1912, the club rapidly grew to 200 members barely a year later, when the CMC became a nonprofit corporation. Charter members included such notable historic figures as Enos Mills, Roger Toll, and Carl Blaurock. In 1974, the club purchased its first permanent home in Denver, Colorado. In 1993, the CMC partnered with the American Alpine Club to found the American Mountaineering Center in Golden, Colorado. The building houses the largest mountaineering library in the world, as well as a state-of-the-art museum, which opened in February, 2008, and is named for famed mountaineer Henry Bradford Washburn Jr. Groups The CMC has a state-level organization along with 14 local groups, serving communities such as Denver, Boulder, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, and Aspen. Education The club first ventured into education by forming a mountaineering school in 1939. Today, the club offers classes in a variety of subjects, including wilderness trekking, nature photography, mountaineering, climbing, wilderness first aid, fly fishing, and leadership. Classes are taught by volunteers and often involve lectures and field days. Trips Members of the club are able to sign up for trips, most of which take place within the state of Colorado. Trips are led by volunteer trip leaders who handle the planning and organization as well as the execution. Trips may include such activities as hiking, climbing, fishing, and photography and are offered at various levels of difficulty. The club's adventure travel program also provides international travel opportunities. Stewardship The CMC has a conservation committee that is active in representing hiker interests in the state of Colorado. It also conducts volunteer trail work throughout the state to help maintain and build hiking trails. Fourteeners The CMC is the official repository for summit registers on Colorado's popular fourteeners. It also maintains the comprehensive list of each person who has climbed all 53 of these high peaks. It also provides a free online system called for hikers to report summits of Colorado's 100 highest peaks. Notable club members throughout history Carl Blaurock, one of a pair to first climb all of Colorado's fourteeners Mary Cronin, first woman to climb all of Colorado's fourteeners Albert Russell Ellingwood, pioneering Colorado mountaineer Dick Lamm, former Governor of Colorado Enos Mills, whose efforts were influential in establishing Rocky Mountain National Park James Grafton Rogers, Denver lawyer and outdoorsman who drafted legislation to create Rocky Mountain National Park Roger Toll, who held the positions of superintendent at Yellowstone, Rocky Mountain, and Mount Rainier National Parks William Henry Jackson, famous photographer for the
Colorado Mountain Club
32852026
The Wild Basin House was built in the southeastern corner of Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado, USA in 1931. The log residence was built to plans provided by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs at a cost of $2500, in the National Park Service rustic style. The one-story house measures by , resting on a fieldstone foundation, with a shallow-pitched wood shingle roof. The interior comprises three rooms. The Wild Basin House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. The Wild Basin Ranger Station, also listed on the NRHP, is nearby. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Boulder County, Colorado References Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Houses completed in 1931 National Park Service rustic in Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park Houses in Boulder County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Boulder County, Colorado 1931 establishments in Colorado
Wild Basin House
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Aspidotis densa is a species of fern in the Cheilanthoid subfamily, known by the common name Indian's dream or Serpentine fern or dense lace fern. It is native to the west coast of North America from British Columbia to California and east to the Rocky Mountains in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming; there is a disjunct population on serpentine soils in Quebec. Description This fern has leaves on long wiry brown to black petioles (stem below the leaf), with the leaf blade occupying less than half of the total length of the leaf when including the petiole. The leaves emerge from a short creeping rhizome covered with firm narrow scales. Where the petiole joins the leaf, the stem color grades to green and acquires a groove on its adaxial (top) surface. The leaf blades are medium to dark green, sometimes with a glaucous or bluish cast. The leaf blade is triangular and composed of many pinnae which are subdivided into narrow leaflets (pinnules). The undersides of leaflets on fertile fronds are covered with sori over which the edges of the leaflet are folded to form a false indusium. Plants often have only fertile fronds, but they sometimes exhibit frond dimorphism, with sterile fronds shorter and with broader and flatter leaflets than the fertile fronds, which rise above on long petioles. The fertile frond leaflets are folded under at the edges and appear narrow and lace-like. The flat leaflets on sterile fronds have a toothed edge, but on fertile fronds these teeth are often reduced and are not easily visible since the edges fold under to form the false indusium. Under some growth conditions only sterile fronds form. Like many ferns, new fronds are produced in spring by circinate vernation. Habitat A. densa grows in rocky areas, usually on serpentine soils on rocky mountain slopes, well-drained but seasonally moist. It is usually found in growing full sun, but it can tolerate some shade. It can grow in rock crevices and exposed rocky outcrops in mossy cracks, and over time may creep to fill in fissures, creating well-established colonies in the outcrop. Though it grows mostly on serpentine, A. densa is also found on other rocks and soil types. Range A. densa is native largely to the west coast of North America from British Columbia to California and east to the Rocky Mountains in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming. There is a disjunct population on serpentine soil in Frontenac National Park in Quebec, and closer probably disjunct populations in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah and in the Cuyamaca Mountains near San Diego California, neither apparently associated with serpentine. It typically grows in mountains from low elevations to about 3,000 meters. It also grows near sea level near coasts in a few locations associated with serpentine, notably in Marin County California and in Washington Park and Cypress Island near Anacortes Washington. As ecologic indicator Aspidotis densa is a regional ecologic indicator on areas where ultramafic rocks (serpentine) are patchy, such as the Klamath and Siskayou
Aspidotis densa
47700052
Lamar Alexander Rocky Fork State Park (RFSP) is a state park in Unicoi County in East Tennessee. It is situated in the Blue Ridge region of the Appalachian Mountains, close to the Tennessee-North Carolina state line. The park is adjacent to the Cherokee National Forest, and it is in close proximity to the Appalachian Trail. The Sampson Mountain Wilderness is also nearby. Rocky Fork State Park was established in 2013, and facilities have not been developed, however the park does have a ranger station and gift shop located outside the park in the Flag Pond community. Hiking and mountain biking are permitted on a network of old road beds, and fishing is allowed in Rocky Fork and South Indian Creeks, below and downstream of the State Park Main Entrance Gate. The park was renamed from "Rocky Fork State Park" in January 2019 in honor of then-Senator Lamar Alexander, who was in his last term. Nearby state parks The following state parks are within of Rocky Fork State Park: Roan Mountain State Park Mount Mitchell State Park, North Carolina References External links Rocky Fork State Park – Tennessee Eastman Hiking and Canoeing Club's Trail Wiki State parks of Tennessee State parks of the Appalachians Protected areas of Unicoi County, Tennessee Protected areas established in 2012
Lamar Alexander Rocky Fork State Park
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Glacier National Park is part of a system of 43 parks and park reserves across Canada, and one of seven national parks in British Columbia. Established in 1886, the park encompasses , and includes a portion of the Selkirk Mountains which are part of the larger grouping of mountains, the Columbia Mountains. It also contains the Rogers Pass National Historic Site. The park's history is closely tied to two primary Canadian transportation routes, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), completed in 1885, and the Trans-Canada Highway, completed in 1963. Rogers Pass in the centre of the park eluded explorers until 1881. The railway brought with it tourism, the establishment of Glacier National Park and the construction of a popular alpine hotel. The heavy winter snows and steep, avalanche-prone valleys of the park have been a major obstacle to transportation, necessitating much railway engineering and avalanche control measures. The park contains high peaks, large, active glaciers, and one of Canada's largest cave systems. Its dense forests support populations of large mammals, birds, and alpine species. The region is noted for its heavy snowfall. The park has an extensive network of trails, three campgrounds, and four backcountry huts and cabins. Due to the major transportation routes that bisect it, Glacier National Park sees large numbers of visitors. History The Selkirk Mountains were first noted by Europeans when explorer David Thompson of the North West Company skirted around them on the Columbia River in 1811. He named them Nelson's Mountains, after Lord Horatio Nelson, but they were later renamed after an executive for the rival Hudson's Bay Company, Lord Thomas Douglas Selkirk. Finding a pass through the Selkirks became a priority after construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway began. Completion of the railway was a condition of the Colony of British Columbia upon entering Canadian Confederation in 1867. In 1865, Canadian Pacific Surveyor Walter Moberly led an expedition up the Illecillewaet River (which he named, using the Okanangan word for "swift water"). Despite recently discovering Eagle Pass through the nearby Monashees, Moberly failed to find a pass through the Selkirks after getting sidetracked in the Tangier Creek drainage. His party refused to explore further due to the lateness of the season, and Moberly was forced to retreat. Rogers Pass An expedition led by Major Albert Bowman Rogers up the Illecillewaet discovered a viable pass in 1881. Rogers was awarded a five thousand dollar prize for locating a route through the mountains. In 1885, the CPR constructed a line through Rogers Pass and the following year trains were travelling west to the Pacific for the first time in Canada. The federal government and the CPR quickly realized the tourism potential of the mountainous, heavily glaciated area. Following a trip by Prime Minister John A. Macdonald and his wife Agnes through the Rockies on the newly completed Trancontinental Railroad, he returned to Ottawa inspired, and led the creation of Glacier and Yoho National Parks, both established on October 10, 1886. They were the second and third
Glacier National Park (Canada)
28236537
The northern Rocky Mountain wolf (Canis lupus irremotus), also known as the northern Rocky Mountain timber wolf, is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the northern Rocky Mountains. It is a light-colored, medium to large-sized subspecies with a narrow, flattened frontal bone. The subspecies was initially listed as Endangered on March 9, 1978, but had the classification removed in the year 2000 due to the effects of the Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf Recovery Plan. On August 6, 2010, the northern Rocky Mountain wolf was ordered to be returned under Endangered Species Act protections by U.S. District Judge Donald Molloy in a decision overturning a previous ruling by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. They were later removed on August 31, 2012 from the list because of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming meeting the population quotas for the species to be considered stable. This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005). Physiology Description This subspecies generally weighs and stands at 26–32 inches, making it one of the largest subspecies of the gray wolf. It is a lighter-colored animal that inhabits the Rocky Mountains with a coat including far more white and less black. In general, the subspecies favors lighter colors, with black mixing in among them. Its population currently resides in western Montana, eastern Idaho, western Wyoming and southern Alberta. Dietary habits The northern Rocky Mountain wolf preys primarily on the bison, elk, the Rocky Mountain mule deer, and the beaver, though it is an opportunistic animal and will prey upon other species if the chance arises. But, for the most part, small prey animals do not make up a large part of its diet. When an individual or a pack is able to take down numerous prey, the amount a northern Rocky Mountain wolf eats daily will generally make up about 10–21% of its body mass, though there have been recorded instances of an individual eating up to 37% of its body mass. However, when prey is not as plentiful, northern Rocky Mountain wolves are able to survive for considerably long periods of time while eating only small amounts. Cannibalism, in times of severe food shortage, occurs, as a pack will kill and eat an injured or weak member of the group. History Early recorded history of the northern Rocky Mountain wolf found it roaming primarily in the forests that would later become known as Yellowstone National Park. They resided nearby Native Americans of the Tukudika tribe, who considered the wolf to be a sacred animal. As the American population began spreading west in the late 19th century, ranchers, farmers, and cattle drivers began to settle in the area. In due time, the northern Rocky Mountain wolf began preying on the livestock brought by the settlers. A practice of eradication was enacted in 1915, through the use of guns, traps, and poison. This policy was made even more all encompassing by the creation of the National Park Service
Northern Rocky Mountain wolf
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The High Trips were large annual wilderness excursions organized and led by the Sierra Club, beginning in 1901. The High Trips lasted until the early 1970s, and were replaced by a larger number of smaller trips to wilderness areas worldwide. Origin Sierra Club secretary William Colby initiated the High Trips, which usually traveled to the High Sierra, and led them from 1901 to 1929. Colby wrote, "It was from John Muir, President of the Club, that I received the warmest encouragement. He was highly enthusiastic, and told me that he had long been trying to get the Club to undertake just such outings." Edward T. Parsons, a former member of The Mazamas, an Oregon mountaineering club, was also involved with the early logistics, as that club had conducted similar trips. Early outings lasted four full weeks, but eventually the trips were separated into two segments of two weeks each so that those with less time to spare could participate. Francis Farquhar wrote that the purpose of the High Trips was far more than to provide an enjoyable vacation to the participants, but also to "lead them to know and appreciate the beauty and inspiration of the mountains, and to educate them to become defenders of the wilderness." The first High Trip in July, 1901 attracted 96 club members to Yosemite National Park. On the eve of the start of the trip, club co-founder and University of California, Berkeley geology professor Joseph LeConte died of a sudden heart attack in Yosemite Valley at age 78. Other than this sad event, the trip was a success, and the Sierra Club then began a successful fundraising drive to build LeConte Memorial Lodge in Yosemite Valley in his honor. The High Trip the next and subsequent years doubled in size. Logistics The high trips were complex affairs, with gear for approximately 200 participants packed in by mules, with a staff of up to 50 and elaborate food prepared by professional cooks. It served to establish rituals and folklore that bound the members of the club together. Participants wore bandannas around their necks, used the distinctive metal Sierra Club cup, and sang the same campfire songs year after year. When the Sierra Club was lobbying for the establishment of Kings Canyon National Park, the High Trips visited that area many times, so that more effective lobbyists for the park could become familiar with its remote beauty. Destinations and mountaineering Atthough most of the High Trips were in the Sierra Nevada, occasionally trips were scheduled to other mountain ranges of western North America, including Mount Rainier in 1905, Glacier National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and the Canadian Rockies in 1928. The July 1928 trip to the Canadian Rockies was a joint venture with The Mazamas of Oregon, and The Mountaineers of the state of Washington. A train was chartered from Oakland to Jasper Park Lodge. During this trip, participants climbed many peaks, including Redoubt Mountain, Mount Robson, Mount Edith Cavell, Mount Geikie, Mount Bastion, Mount Barbican
High Trips
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The Watchtower is a mountain summit located in the Maligne River valley of Jasper National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. It is situated in the Maligne Range and is visible from the Maligne Lake Road where it towers over Medicine Lake. Its nearest higher peak is Sirdar Mountain, to the north. History The mountain was named in 1916 by Morrison P. Bridgland (1878-1948), a Dominion Land Surveyor who named many peaks in Jasper Park and the Canadian Rockies. The mountain's name was officially adopted in 1947 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. The first ascent of The Watchtower was made in 1951 by R.K. Irvin, J. Mowat, and R. Strong. Geology The Watchtower is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Cambrian period and pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, The Watchtower is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below -20 °C with wind chill factors below -30 °C. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into Excelsior Creek and Watchtower Creek, both tributaries of the Maligne River which in turn empties into the Athabasca River. See also Geography of Alberta References Gallery External links Parks Canada web site: Jasper National Park Two-thousanders of Alberta Canadian Rockies Mountains of Jasper National Park Alberta's Rockies
The Watchtower (Alberta)
21024883
The Bear Lake Comfort Station, also known as the Bear Lake Generator Building, in Rocky Mountain National Park was designed by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs is the National Park Service Rustic style and was built in 1940. It was converted for use as a generator house at an unknown date and apparently no longer serves its former purpose as a public toilet. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Larimer County, Colorado References Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado Government buildings completed in 1940 Buildings and structures in Larimer County, Colorado National Register of Historic Places in Rocky Mountain National Park National Park Service rustic in Colorado Restrooms in the United States National Register of Historic Places in Larimer County, Colorado 1940 establishments in Colorado
Bear Lake Comfort Station
69045500
Sofa Mountain is a 2,515-meter (8,251-foot) summit located in Waterton Lakes National Park, in Alberta, Canada. It is part of the Lewis Range which is a subset of the Canadian Rockies, and is the easternmost mountain in the Canadian Rockies, as well as the park. It is situated east of Vimy Peak, and the nearest higher neighbor is Crypt Peak, to the southwest. Topographic relief is significant as the north aspect rises over 1,220 meters (4,000 feet) above Middle Waterton Lake in approximately six kilometers (3.7 mi). History The mountain was named in 1865 by Kootenay Brown who wrote: "Coming down from the mountain, where we got our first glimpse of the buffalo, we soon reached the prairie shore of a large lake at the further side of which a mountain rose to a sofa-like peak among the clouds. This mountain was afterwards called Sofa Mountain." This mountain's name was officially adopted in 1943 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Like other mountains in Waterton Lakes National Park, Sofa Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was initially uplifted beginning 170 million years ago when the Lewis Overthrust fault pushed an enormous slab of precambrian rocks thick, wide and long over younger rock of the cretaceous period. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Sofa Mountain has an alpine subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from Sofa Mountain drains to the Waterton River and Belly River. See also Geology of the Rocky Mountains Geology of Alberta References External links Parks Canada web site: Waterton Lakes National Park Weather forecast: Sofa Mountain Two-thousanders of Alberta Waterton Lakes National Park Alberta's Rockies
Sofa Mountain
4730589
Torngat Mountains National Park () is a Canadian national park located on the Labrador Peninsula in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The park encompasses of mountainous terrain between Northern Quebec and the Labrador Sea. It is the largest national park in Atlantic Canada and the southernmost national park in the Arctic Cordillera. It partially contains the Torngat Mountains, the highest mountains in mainland Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. The Torngat Mountains National Park was created to honour the relationship that Inuit of Labrador and Nunavik have with the land. Parks Canada works with these groups in order to conserve the ecological integrity of the land, as well as to inform visitors of the park's history with Inuit groups. The subarctic mountains are part of the greater Inuit homeland, known as Inuit Nunangat. The area in and around the park is governed by Inuit and it has been named "Nunatsiavut", translating to "our beautiful land" in their native language. The mountains are an important place for the Inuit and have been known as the "place of spirits". An area called Torngat Mountains National Park Reserve was set aside with enactment of the Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement on December 1, 2005, with the intention of creating a national park. When the Nunavik Inuit Land Claims Agreement came into effect on July 10, 2008, the park was officially established, and the National Park Reserve became Torngat Mountains National Park, the first in Labrador. In the Torngat Mountains, there are diverse animal and plant species in ecological communities. Indigenous cultures are deeply connected to and dependent on caribou for their food resources and cultures. This park protects wildlife including: boreal woodland caribou, black bears, Labrador wolf packs, red and Arctic foxes, polar bears, peregrine falcon, and golden eagle among others. Four different climatic regions enable these different species to co-exist. As the temperature rises, the ice in this area shrinks and shrubs grow rapidly, affecting local residents, species and tourists. The park is open year-round and is accessible via charter air flight, cruise ship, or snowmobile. It offers wilderness-oriented recreational activities such as, hiking, scrambling, and kayaking. Creation of park During the 1970s, Parks Canada had a goal of creating national parks in 39 divided regions of the country, which were chosen based on vegetation and landscape. The Torngat Mountains were chosen to be conserved as part of this plan. Labrador and Nunavik Inuit also had interests in conserving the Torngat Mountains, as the land is embedded in their culture and history. The goal of collaborating with these Inuit groups was made to honour their rights, interests, and the relationship they have with the land. Being the tallest mountains in Canada, aside from the Rocky Mountains, the Torngat Mountains were a desired landscape to conserve. Usage of the park is meant for all Canadians to enjoy, with special interest being given to Nunavik and Labrador Inuit to use the designated land and its resources. These are some of the intended purposes
Torngat Mountains National Park
59362161
Park Mountain is a mountain summit located above the southwest shore of Lake McArthur in Yoho National Park, in the Bow Range of the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, Canada. Its nearest higher peak is Mount Biddle, to the east. Park Mountain is situated four kilometres west of the Continental Divide, and southeast of Field, British Columbia. History The mountain was named in 1915 because of the "park-like" setting of the area. The Lake O'Hara area that the mountain is located in is a gem within a park, the best that the Canadian Rockies has to offer. The first ascent of the mountain was made in 1904 by a survey party. The mountain's toponym was officially adopted in 1952 when approved by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. Geology Park Mountain is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Park Mountain is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Winter temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from Park Mountain drains into tributaries of the Kicking Horse River which is a tributary of the Columbia River. References See also Geography of British Columbia External links Parks Canada web site: Yoho National Park Park Mountain and Odaray Mountain panoramic photo: Flickr Two-thousanders of British Columbia Canadian Rockies Mountains of Yoho National Park Kootenay Land District
Park Mountain
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Eagle Nest Lake State Park is a state park in New Mexico, United States. The park is located outside Eagle Nest, approximately east of Taos. It was established on July 3, 2004. Its main attraction is a lake which is popular for fishing and boating in the summer, and ice fishing and snowmobiling in the winter. The lake itself is a man-made reservoir created when the Cimarron River was impounded by the Eagle Nest Dam in 1918. Before this, the St Louis, Rocky Mountain and Pacific Railroad did some grading work in 1907 on an unfinished extension from its terminus at Ute Park to Taos, including boring a tunnel here. The lake is home to several species of fish, including rainbow trout, brown trout, kokanee salmon, yellow perch, common carp, white sucker, and northern pike, which were introduced into Eagle Nest Lake (by law, anglers must harvest/keep pike, because of their threat to the lake's gamefish populations). Eagle Nest Lake is at an elevation of , making it an alpine lake, and it is situated in a glacial valley on the slopes of Wheeler Peak, New Mexico's highest mountain. The surrounding mountains are rich in wildlife such as elk, deer, turkeys and bears. Gallery References External links Eagle Nest Lake State Park Friends of Eagle Nest Lake and Cimarron Canyon State Parks Lakes of the Rocky Mountains State parks of New Mexico Parks in Colfax County, New Mexico Protected areas established in 2004 Provincial and state parks in the Rocky Mountains
Eagle Nest Lake State Park
42384289
The Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve is a tract of land owned by the government of the Canadian province of Alberta (called "Crown land") along the eastern slopes and foothills of the Albertan section of the Canadian Rockies. It is a long strip of land just east of the more famous Canadian Rocky Mountain parks, which is managed for forest and water conservation, public recreation, and industrial goals, rather than aesthetic and preservation goals, as in the Rocky Mountain parks. Forest reserves were established for "...(1) the reserving of timber supplies, (2) the reserving of areas unsuited to agriculture so that they would not be homesteaded, and (3) the preserving of the water level in streams by conserving the timber on the upper watersheds". Government of Canada (1911). "All forest reserves are set aside and constituted for the conservation of the forests and other vegetation in the forests and for the maintenance of conditions favourable to an optimum water supply in those reserves." Province of Alberta (2004). The surveyor William Pearce was an early and influential advocate of preserving the region, and he convinced the government to set aside a large part of the region from the agricultural settlement occurring elsewhere in the Canadian West. His continued efforts persuaded the Canadian government, in 1902, to enlarge the adjacent Rocky Mountain Park (later Banff National Park) to , twice its modern size. The Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve was first created in 1910 by the federal government of Canada by privy council order #939 to conserve forests and protect the headwaters of the rivers that supply most of the Canadian prairies from development. Since its inception, the area has been managed to conserve headwaters while allowing industrial activity, particularly logging and mining, with secondary importance placed on heavy tourist uses, in contrast to the neighbouring national parks. Nevertheless, water has been a recurring theme, with the protection of the headwaters always being the stated priority of government agencies. A 1911 report on the area by the Department of the Interior describes it as The size and shape of the reserve changed repeatedly and dramatically in its early years. In its original configuration in 1910, the forest reserve constituted two disconnected pieces of land, neither of which are part of the modern reserve. The more northerly part was north of Jasper National Park (today the Willmore Wilderness), and the southerly section was between Jasper National Park and Rocky Mountain Park (today the northern third of Banff National Park). In 1911, Jasper and Rocky Mountain parks were reduced in size and the land transferred to the Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve. The reserve was expanded eastwards in 1913. In 1917, Rocky Mountain Park and in 1927 Jasper Park were greatly expanded at the expense of the reserve. In 1929 and 1930, the park boundaries were adjusted slightly, giving the Kananaskis valley back to the reserve. With the passage of the Alberta Natural Resources Act, 1930, management of the parks and reserve became separated, as all public
Rocky Mountains Forest Reserve
52119498
Bierstadt Lake is located in Larimer County, Colorado and within the Rocky Mountain National Park. Near McHenrys Peak and Longs Peak, there are "spectacular views" of the Continental Divide at the lake. The Bierstadt Lake Trailhead is located about from the turn-off at U.S. Route 36 into the Rocky Mountain National Park. During the summer, shuttle buses provide transportation to the trailhead. The lake sits atop a lateral moraine on the side and end of Bartholf Glacier and drains into Mill Creek. It is named for Albert Bierstadt, a noted landscape artist, whose 1870s paintings of Longs Peak and Bierstadt Lake are among the Denver Art Museum's collection. Geology and hydrology Bierstadt Lake rests on a plateau on the Bierstadt Moraine, which is a "massive" moraine created by debris left from the receding Bartholf Glacier. The glacier, never more than long, "originated on the highest mountain in the park". Because it was a steep glacier, "its gouging action was vigorous". Glacial lobes at Glacier Gorge, Loch Vale, and Flattop Mountain joined and moved iced in Barthlolf Park. Debris trapped in the ice created the Bierstadt Moraine that lies between Glacier and Mill Creeks and is more than wide and is more than above the floor of Bartholf Park. The lake was formed when a dam was made from glacial debris deposits. Water from the lake drains into Mill Creek within the Mill Creek basin, which is a flat valley with a scenic meadow. Author Lisa Foster describes the long glacial ridge as "one of the most dramatic lateral moraines in the Rocky Mountain National Park". On the north side of the moraine is Hollowell Park and the Mill Creek Basin. The steep south side sits above Bear Creek Road. History It was first called "Hanging Lake" by Native Americans due to its "perched condition" on the side of Bartholf Glacier. Bierstadt Lake was officially given its name in 1932, prior to that the name was on a reprinted U.S. Geological Survey map created in 1922. Like Mount Bierstadt, it was named to honor Albert Bierstadt, a landscape artist, who visited and painted the Rocky Mountains. He may have become the first European to visit the summit of Mount Blue Sky when he climbed it in 1863. Mount Blue Sky is from Mount Bierstadt. In 1876, Bierstadt was commissioned by Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl to make an exceptionally large canvas painting of Longs Peak and Estes Park for $15,000, . Bierstadt traveled throughout the area with Theodore Whyte, the earl's associate, and created sketches and paintings. The two men also looked for a suitable site, with a great view of Longs Peak, to construct an English hotel for the earl. Bierstadt took a particular interest in the lake, and Whyte is credited for naming the lake in honor of the artist. He "created one of his many spectacular images of the West" at the lake. Harold Marion Dunning, an early historian, chronicled "that Bierstadt's favorite place for
Bierstadt Lake