where did the terrorists strike in munich germany in 1972
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Yossef Romano (; 15 April 1940 – 5 September 1972), also known as Joseph Romano or Yossi Romano, was an Italian-born Israeli weightlifter with the Israeli team that went to the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. He was the second of eleven Israeli team members killed in the Munich massacre by Palestinian members of Black September during that Olympics. He was the Israeli weight-lifting champion in the light and middle-weight divisions for nine years. Romano was born to an Italian-Jewish family in Benghazi, Libya, one of ten children born to Larnato and Hieria Romano. When he was six years old, Romano and his family made aliyah to British Mandate Palestine (later Israel) in 1946. He was an interior decorator by profession, and had three daughters with his wife, Ilana. He lived in Herzliya. Romano fought in the 1967 Six-Day War. Romano competed in the middleweight weightlifting division in the 1972 Olympics, but was unable to complete one of his lifts due to a ruptured knee tendon. He was due to fly home to Israel on 6 September 1972, to have an operation on the injured knee. In the early morning hours of 5 September 1972, members of Black September broke into the Israeli quarters of the Olympic Village. After seizing the coaches in the first apartment and wounding wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg in the face, the hostage takers forced Weinberg to lead them to other potential hostages in another apartment. There, they seized six wrestlers and weightlifters, including Romano. As the athletes were being led back to the coaches' apartment, Weinberg attacked the hostage takers, which allowed wrestler Gad Tsobari to escape but resulted in Weinberg's death by gunfire. Once inside the apartment, Romano attacked the intruders, slashing Afif Ahmed Hamid in the face with a paring knife and grabbing his AK-47 away from him before being shot. According to a report publicized in December 2015, Romano was tortured by the terrorists before bleeding to death. The terrorists cut off his genitals in front of their other prisoners. Romano's bloodied corpse was left at the feet of his teammates all day as a warning. The other nine Israeli athletes were killed during a bungled German rescue attempt later that night. After the death of her son, Romano's mother committed suicide. Several years later his brother did as well. Romano was portrayed by actor and producer Sam Feuer in the 2005 film, Munich, which was directed by Steven Spielberg. The film portrays Romano as having an opportunity to escape out a window after the struggle caused by Weinberg, but hesitating when he sees a knife lying on the floor, ultimately choosing to attack the terrorists instead. After viewing the movie, Ilana Romano, Yossef's widow, said "We don't have a problem with it; the opposite, we are glad that people are being reminded of what happened in Munich so it will never happen again". Ilana Romano fought unsuccessfully for a moment of silence to be held at the 2012 Summer
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The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, took place in Munich, West Germany, from 26 August through 11 September 1972. A total of 7,134 athletes from 121 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competed in 195 events from 23 sports. Men's indoor handball, slalom canoeing and kayaking all made their Olympic debuts, while archery returned to the Olympic program after a 52-year hiatus. Rhodesia, like South Africa, was still segregated in 1972 and yet the International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted to invite Rhodesia to the 1972 Games. Eventually, African nations protested this invitation and threatened to boycott the Games. Three days before the opening ceremonies the IOC voted to rescind their invitation and exclude the Rhodesian athletes. The Games were largely overshadowed by what has come to be known as the Munich massacre. On September 5 a group of eight Palestinian terrorists belonging to the Black September Organization broke into the Olympic Village and took nine Israeli athletes, coaches and officials hostage in their apartments. Two of the hostages who resisted were killed in the first moments of the break-in; the subsequent standoff in the Olympic Village lasted for almost 18 hours. Late in the evening of September 5, the terrorists and their hostages were transferred by helicopter to the military airport of Fürstenfeldbruck, ostensibly to board a plane bound for an undetermined Arab country. The German authorities planned to ambush them there, but underestimated the number of terrorists and were thus undermanned. During a botched rescue attempt, all of the Israeli hostages were killed. Four of them were shot, then incinerated when one of the terrorists detonated a grenade inside the helicopter in which the hostages were sitting. The five remaining hostages were then machine-gunned by another terrorist. Athletes from 48 NOCs won medals, leaving 73 NOCs unrepresented on the medal table. The Soviet Union edged the United States in total (99 to 94) and gold medals (50 to 33). Another notable rivalry took place between East and West Germany. Led by gymnast Karin Janz, who won two golds, two silvers and one bronze, East Germany (66 total and 20 gold medals) beat West Germany (13 gold and 40 total medals) to third place in the total medal count. East Germany would nearly overtake the United States in 1976, and then finish second in the medal count in 1980 and 1988. American swimmer Mark Spitz won seven events, breaking the record for most gold medals by a single athlete in a single Olympic Games. Soviet gymnast Olga Korbut delivered another memorable performance. She entered the Olympics as an alternate on the Soviet gymnastics team, and replaced an injured teammate before the start of the competition. Korbut performed magnificently during the team competition and captured the global television audience with her personality. She helped the Soviet team win its sixth straight Olympic title and went on to win two more individual gold medals and one silver. Japanese gymnast Sawao Kato won three gold and two silver
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The Erinnerungsort Olympia-Attentat (English: Place of Memory: Olympic Terrorist Attack) is a memorial in the Munich Olympiapark for the victims of the Munich massacre during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, at which eleven Israeli Olympic team members were taken hostage and eventually killed, along with a German police officer, by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September. The 10 minutes long 11 meter width Video Installation loop is shown each day from 8 to 22 o'clock. Language is German with English subtitles. The memorial was opened on September 6. 2017 by the President of Israel Reuven Rivlin and President of Germany Frank-Walter Steinmeier. References Buildings and structures in Munich Monuments and memorials in Germany Munich massacre
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The modern Olympic Games or Olympics, are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring every four years but two years apart. In the Olympic Games during the years, despite its approach of "peace through sport", there have been claims of antisemitism, most notably in the Munich Events of 1972, which ended in the death of eleven Israeli athletes. The first official commemoration by the International Olympic Committee in acknowledgment of the event happened in 2016. The Olympic Games Berlin - 1936 The 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Berlin, Germany soon after Adolf Hitler’s rise to power, were subjected to boycotts and racial discrimination. Jews were banned from the German team. Critics claimed that Hitler used the Olympic stage to propagate his own political ideologies. Hitler was also heavily criticized for his racist attitude towards the Jewish participants in the games. Recognizing the exploitation of the Olympic Games for political purposes by Hitler, a number of organizations and leading politicians called for a boycott of the games. Munich - 1972 During the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, eleven Israeli Olympic team members were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September who eventually killed them along with a German police officer. Shortly after the crisis began, they demanded 234 prisoners jailed in Israel and the German-held founders of the Red Army Faction (Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof) be released. The attack was motivated by secular nationalism, with the commander of the terrorist group, Luttif Afif, claiming to have been born to Jewish and Christian parents. German neo-Nazis gave the attackers logistical assistance. Police officers killed five of the eight Black September members during a failed rescue attempt. They captured the three survivors, whom West Germany later released following hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615 in October. Mossad responded to the release with the 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon and Operation Wrath of God, tracking down and killing Palestinians suspected of involvement in the massacre. On 3 August 2016, two days prior to the start of the 2016 Summer Olympics, the International Olympic Committee officially honored the eleven Israelis killed for the first time. Moscow - 1980 Israel was one of the countries that boycotted the Moscow Olympics in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, but also because of Soviet anti-semitic and anti-Israel policies. Athens - 2004 Iranian judoka Arash Miresmaeili was to fight the Israeli Ehud Vaks but was disqualified for being over the weight limit. In order to avoid implicit recognition of Israel, Iran forbids its athletes from competing against Israeli athletes. An Iranian National Olympic Committee spokesman said it was Iran's "general policy" not to face Israeli athletes. He earned public praise from the Iranian government.
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Israel competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, which began on August 26. On September 5 and 6, in the Munich massacre, 11 members of the Israeli delegation—5 athletes, 2 referees, and 4 coaches (names bolded on this page)—were taken hostage by Palestine Liberation Organization terrorists and murdered. The remainder of the team left Munich on September 7. Shaul Ladany, a Holocaust survivor, competed in the 50-kilometer walk. He had been imprisoned in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp as a child, and wore a Star of David on his warm-up jersey. When he was congratulated by locals on his fluent German, he responded: "I learned it in Bergen-Belsen". He survived the Munich massacre by jumping off a balcony. Results Referees The following nominated referees and judges were in the delegation: Yossef Gutfreund — wrestling Yakov Springer – weightlifting Coaches and officials The following coaches and officials were in the delegation: Shmuel Lalkin — Chef De Mission Micha Shamban — presumably deputy of Chef De Mission Eliyahu Friedlender - sailing team manager Amitzur Shapira — athletics coach Kehat Shorr — shooting coach Tuvia Sokolovsky — weightlifting coach Andre Spitzer — fencing coach Moshe Weinberg — wrestling coach Itzhac Aldubi - chairman of ASA (Academic Sport Association) Werner Nachmann Duel Parrack Josef Szwec Kurt Weigl References Nations at the 1972 Summer Olympics 1972 Summer Olympics Summer Olympics Munich massacre
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The Oktoberfest bombing () was a far-right terrorist attack. On 26 September 1980, 13 people were killed (including the perpetrator) and more than 200 injured by the explosion of an improvised explosive device (IED) at the main entrance of the Oktoberfest festival in Munich, West Germany. The bombing was attributed to the right-wing extremist and geology student Gundolf Köhler, who was instantly killed in the attack as the bomb exploded prematurely. Prior to the bombing, Köhler had been involved with the banned neo-Nazi militia Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann, and doubts remain as to whether he acted alone. A federal investigation concluded in 2020 that the participation of accomplices or backers in the bombing could not be proven beyond reasonable doubt, although it still could not be precluded. Excluding the perpetrators, the attack was one of the deadliest in Germany since World War II after the 2016 Berlin truck attack, and along with the 1972 Munich massacre, and the deadliest perpetrated by a follower of Nazism in the country since 1945. Attack The Oktoberfest is an outdoor beer festival in Munich, Germany, held during a 16-day period running from late September to the first weekend in October. At 10:19 p.m. on 26 September 1980, a bomb exploded in a rubbish bin near the main entrance to the Oktoberfest, killing seven people instantly; five others died of their injuries and a further 213 survivors were registered as injured, many of whom lost limbs in the blast. Gundolf Köhler, the perpetrator, was also instantly killed in the attack as the bomb exploded prematurely. The crime scene was rapidly cleaned up and the festival reopened less than twelve hours after the attack. The then mayor of Munich, Erich Kiesl, said: "Neither this State, nor this city or its citizens will be held to ransom by criminals. A closure would only support the condemnable intention of the perpetrator. For this reason we must say: life must go on." The investigation revealed that the improvised explosive device was made of an emptied British mortar grenade into which military explosives and a gas bottle taken from a fire extinguisher had been inserted. A computer-generated reconstruction of the crime scene just before the attack, created with the help of survivors' testimonies for a second investigation in the 2010s, shows Köhler alone with a heavy plastic bag, leaning over a metal dustbin seconds before the explosion. Investigations 1980 investigation The perpetrator, geology student Gundolf Köhler, had just failed an exam and was described as an emotionally tormented person with relationship problems. Close to radical right-wing circles, Köhler had trained twice with the Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann, a neo-Nazi militia; a picture of Adolf Hitler was found hanging over his bed after the attack. However, during the initial Bavarian investigation led by the LKA, the crime was not regarded as politically inspired, and Köhler's motives were deemed to be primarily personal by the Federal Prosecution at the time. The Federal Public Prosecutor General terminated its investigation in November 1982. In 1997, as the case
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Guri Weinberg (; born August 1, 1972) is an Israeli-American actor. He is known for playing Stefan in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2 (2012), from The Twilight Saga film series based on the novels of the same name by Stephenie Meyer. Weinberg began his acting career with bit roles in television series and movies, such as The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993) and Odd Jobs (1997), before receiving more prominent roles in films such as You Don't Mess With the Zohan (2008). Weinberg also portrayed his father, Moshe Weinberg, in the 2005 film Munich, directed by Steven Spielberg. He has been married to American film and television actress Tammy Lauren since 1997. Early life Weinberg was born on August 1, 1972, in Israel to Mimi and Moshe Weinberg. His father was the coach of the international wrestling team for Israel and of Hapoel Tel Aviv; he had previously been the Israeli youth wrestling champion, and also held a similar title for 8 years, as the Israeli adult wrestling champion. Weinberg was one month old when his father, as national wrestling coach for Israel and as part of the 1972 Summer Olympics team, travelled to Munich, where he was murdered alongside another ten team members in a terrorist attack led by Palestinian terrorist group Black September in the Munich massacre. Following the death of her husband, Weinberg's mother Mimi relocated with her son in 1986 to the United States of America, settling in Los Angeles, California. Weinberg attended Beverly Hills High School. Career Weinberg has appeared in numerous bit roles in television series and films, as well as in more prominent roles. Attending Beverley Hills High School in Los Angeles, California, Weinberg was in the company of other film and television stars such as Jennifer Aniston and Angelina Jolie. He began his acting career at age 21, appearing in an episode of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ("Young Indiana Jones and the Scandal of 1920"). Following this, Weinberg had small roles in television films, such as Odd Jobs (1997), starring Patrick Dempsey, as well as in occasional episodes of other television series such as Jack in the third season of Pensacola: Wings of Gold ("Don't Ask, Don't Tell"). In 2005, when Weinberg was 33, director and producer Steven Spielberg offered him the role of his own, biological father Moshe Weinberg, in the historical drama film Munich, based on the events following the Munich massacre of the 1972 Summer Olympics in which his father was killed by a terrorist group known as Black September. The film was also based on the book Vengeance, by Canadian-Hungarian author George Jonas. The film received several Academy Awards nominations, including for Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Score. It performed well worldwide in terms of commercial success, earning $130 million, and was named the 16th "Best Film of the 21st Century So Far" by The New York Times, in 2017. It generated both a lot of praise and critique for its portrayal
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Yair Michaeli (יאיר מיכאלי; born September 13, 1944) is an Israeli former Olympic competitive sailor. During the Yom Kippur War, he served on an Israeli Navy patrol boat. He is married to Mandy Michaeli. Sailing career When he competed in the Olympics, he was tall and weighed . At an international competition in the Olympic-class Flying Dutchman dinghy in the Netherlands in April 1972, the Sdot Yam team of Michaeli and Itzhak Nir won the right to be the first Israeli sailors to participate in the Olympics. Michaeli competed for Israel at the 1972 Summer Olympics off the coast of Kiel, 900 kilometers from Munich, Germany, at the age of 27, with Itzhak Nir in Sailing--Mixed Two Person Heavyweight Dinghy/Flying Dutchman. He and Nir did not participate in the final race of the competition, due to the Munich Massacre in which Arab terrorists from the Black September group killed 11 Israeli Olympians at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base outside of Munich. They came in 26th. The Israeli government then decided to withdraw from the Olympic Games, and bring their remaining Olympians home. Michaeli, Nir, and Israeli racewalker Shaul Ladany wanted to stay for the closing ceremony, to show that they were not leaving "with their tails between their legs", but they followed the orders of the government. References External links the-sports bio Sailors at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman Living people Olympic sailors for Israel Jewish sailors (sport) 1944 births Israeli male sailors (sport)
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The 2012 Olympics one minute of silence campaign refers to an international campaign created to persuade the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to hold one minute of silence at the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics to remember the Israeli athletes killed in the Munich massacre at the 1972 Olympics by the Palestinian terrorist organisation Black September. Support for the campaign came from a number of high-ranking officials and governments, including the United States Congress, U.S. President Barack Obama, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, U.S. Republican Party presidential candidate Mitt Romney, the Italian Parliament, the Australian Parliament, the Canadian Parliament, the German Parliament, and German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle. The IOC declined the request for a minute of silence at the opening ceremony, but IOC officials honoured the victims at a ceremony organised by the Israeli embassy and the Jewish community in London during the Olympics on August 6, 2012. A further ceremony was planned in Germany on the anniversary of the attack on September 5, 2012 at the military airfield of Fürstenfeldbruck. IOC President Rogge led a spontaneous minute of silence during a ceremony on July 23, 2012 which promoted the Olympic truce, marking the first time ever that the IOC honoured the Israeli victims in a ceremony inside an Olympic village. Background The Munich massacre occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, in southern West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and eventually murdered by the Palestinian group Black September. The kidnappers killed eleven Israeli athletes and coaches, as well as a West German police officer. Following the attack, a memorial service was held in the Olympic Stadium, although the International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Avery Brundage did not refer to the athletes during his speech. Since the memorial, the IOC has repeatedly rejected calls to commemorate the victims during the Olympics or hold an official memorial service. Initial attempts The families of the murdered athletes have attempted since the massacre to receive official remembrance for those killed in the massacre, starting with the Montreal Olympics in 1976. Ankie Spitzer, the widow of Israeli coach Andrei Spitzer, has helped lead the campaign, and has described the idea of a minute of silence or other form of commemoration as "natural in our [the families'] eyes." However, Spitzer said, But they told us very clearly: "There are 21 Arab delegations that will leave if we say something about the Israeli athletes." So I said: "Let them leave if they can't understand what the Olympics are all about – a connection between people through sport." Since the Montreal Olympics, the IOC has continued to reject any official commemoration of the victims. Spitzer explained that the International Olympic Committee says it is not in the "protocol of the opening ceremony to have a commemoration." However, Spitzer said, "Well, my husband coming home in a coffin was not in the protocol either. This was the blackest page in Olympic history. These 11 athletes were part of
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Willi Voss (born on 9 May 1934 as Willi Pohl) and sometimes writing under the pseudonym E. W. Pless, is a German writer. In the 1970s he was known as a neo-Nazi and as a PLO member, a procurer of weapons for Palestinian terrorist attacks. He was involved in the Munich Massacre. After defecting from the PLO, he became an informant for the CIA and returned later to Germany. Before becoming a writer, he worked as a laborer, librarian, and journalist. Biography Willi Pohl grew up in the Ruhr region. In the 1970s, he was a member of the German neo-Nazi scene, with ties to the criminal milieu and to Palestinian . The contact had been established by the neo-Nazi Udo Albrecht, with whom Pohl was friends for several years. As a PLO member, he organized weapons for Palestinian terrorist commandos in Germany. Pohl helped the terrorist of the Palestinian organization Black September Organization, Abu Daoud in the planning and execution of the 1972 Munich attacks, according to his own account unknowingly. After the assassination, he planned to take hostages in Vienna's St. Stephen's Cathedral and in parallel in Cologne Cathedral on Christmas 1972 in order to ransom the three surviving Munich assassins. Since the preparatory smuggling of weapons was exposed by an informant, he was arrested by the Bavarian police at the end of October 1972 with weapons and a threatening letter from Black September. Three days after his arrest came the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 615, which was used to ransom the Palestinian terrorists. Pohl's hopes of also being ransomed were not fulfilled. "Despite the overwhelming evidence, Pohl was sentenced in 1974 to a prison term of two years and two months only for unlawful possession of weapons. Four days after the judge's verdict, the terrorist accomplice was already free again and departed for Beirut." In December 2012, Der Spiegel reported that Pohl, according to his own statements, had spied on the headquarters of the PLO intelligence service as an agent for the CIA since 1975, after defecting from the PLO. Under the alias Ganymede, he is said to have provided information on attacks in the Middle East and Europe and on cooperation between the neo-Nazi Udo Albrecht and his accomplices with the Palestinians. He returned to Germany from the Middle East in the late 1970s, after being captured by Christian militias in Lebanon and released in a prisoner exchange. He had received a remission from the authorities in return for his information. Back in Germany, he wrote as a freelance writer, mostly under his current name Willi Voss, but sometimes also under the pseudonym E.W. Pless. He wrote Western stories and Jerry Cotton novels, in addition to a number of crime novels and political thrillers, which were published by Bastei-Lübbe and Ullstein Verlag, among others. He has also written screenplays for episodes of the shows Großstadtrevier and Tatort. He received an award for his novel Gegner in the Konsalik Novel Prize competition. With the book Das Gesetz
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Amitzur Shapira (; 9 July 1932 – 6 September 1972) was an Israeli sprinter and long jumper. He was head coach for the Israeli track and field team at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. He was murdered by Palestinian terrorists in the Munich massacre. Biography Amitzur Shapira was born in Mandatory Palestine and was a resident in Herzliya. For many years, he served as a teacher and educator at the Wingate Institute. Shapira was married with four children. Shapira attended the 1972 Summer Olympics as the head coach for the Israeli track and field team. During the event he and 10 other members of the Israel Olympic team were taken hostage by Arab terrorists. Two of the Israeli hostages were shot at the beginning of the ordeal and the other nine (including Shapira) were murdered on the tarmac of Furstenfeldbruck airbase during a botched rescue attempt by Munich police and Bavarian border guards. Shapira was the coach of Esther Shachamarov who later became an Israeli Olympic athlete (in 1976, she became the first Israeli to reach an Olympic final). When she heard that her coach had been murdered she withdrew from the 1972 Olympics. Shapira was buried in Kiryat Shaul Cemetery in Tel Aviv. His grandson is the German artist and comedian Shahak Shapira. References Further reading Reeve, Simon: One day in September. The full story of the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre and the Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God". Arcade, New York 2000. . 1932 births 1972 deaths Sportspeople from Tel Aviv 20th-century Israeli Jews Israeli male sprinters Israeli athletics coaches Jewish track and field athletes Victims of the Munich massacre Deaths by firearm in Germany Academic staff of Wingate Institute Burials at Kiryat Shaul Cemetery
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Klaus Wunder (13 September 1950 – 16 January 2024) was a German professional footballer who played as a striker. For Bayern Munich, he was part of the club's European Cup victory in 1974–75. He earned one cap for the Germany national team and also represented West Germany at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He was given the nickname "Caesar". Biography Wunder was born in Erfurt, East Germany but his parents fled to West Germany when he was four years old. He started playing football for Arminia Hannover before joining MSV Duisburg where he made his Bundesliga debut in 1971. In 1972 he represented West Germany at the Olympic games in Munich. In September 1973, he received his only cap for Germany as a substitute for Jürgen Grabowski in a 1-0 win against the Soviet Union. In 1974, he signed for champions Bayern Munich for a club record transfer fee of between 400,000 and 700,000 Deutsche Marks. In his one season at Bayern, he won the European Cup, coming on as a subsitute for the seriously injured Uli Hoeness in the final against Leeds United. In December 1975 he moved to Hannover 96 and later played for Werder Bremen. After his retirement from football, he ran a tennis and squash club in Hemmingen. Wunder died on 16 January 2024, at the age of 73. Honours Bayern Munich European Cup: 1974–75 References External links 1950 births 2024 deaths Sportspeople from Erfurt German men's footballers Footballers from Thuringia Men's association football forwards Olympic footballers for West Germany West German men's footballers Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics Germany men's international footballers Germany men's B international footballers Germany men's under-21 international footballers UEFA Champions League winning players SV Arminia Hannover players MSV Duisburg players FC Bayern Munich footballers Hannover 96 players SV Werder Bremen players Bundesliga players 2. Bundesliga players Waldorf school alumni German people of Austrian descent
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Kevin Glyn Buchanan Macdonald (born 28 October 1967) is a Scottish film director. His films include One Day in September (1999), a documentary about the 1972 murder of 11 Israeli athletes, which won him the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, the climbing documentary Touching the Void (2003), the drama The Last King of Scotland (2006), the political thriller State of Play (2009), the Bob Marley documentary Marley (2012), the post-apocalyptic drama How I Live Now (2013), the thriller Black Sea (2014), the Whitney Houston documentary Whitney (2018), and the legal drama film The Mauritanian (2021). Personal life Macdonald was born in Glasgow, Scotland. His maternal grandparents were the Hungarian-born British Jewish filmmaker Emeric Pressburger and English screenwriter and actress Wendy Orme. He was brought up in Gartocharn, Dunbartonshire and attended the local primary school for the first five years of his education, He was educated at Glenalmond College, and St Anne's College, Oxford. His brother Andrew Macdonald is a film producer. In 1999, he married Tatiana Lund, with whom he has three sons. He lives in North London. Career Macdonald began his career with a biography of his grandfather, The Life and Death of a Screenwriter (1994), which he turned into the documentary The Making of an Englishman (1995). After making a series of biographical documentaries, Macdonald directed One Day in September (1999), about the murder of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics. Possibly the most striking feature of this film was the lengthy interview with Jamal Al-Gashey, the last known survivor of the Munich terrorists (it has been suggested recently in Aaron Klein's book Striking Back that another, Mohammed Safady, might also still be alive). Macdonald found Al-Gashey through intermediaries, and was able to convince him that the film would only be truly authentic if Al-Gashey gave his side of the story. Since the former terrorist was convinced that Israeli authorities were still hunting him (he had been in hiding ever since being ransomed for a hijacked aeroplane less than two months after the Munich massacre), Al-Gashey agreed to the interview only on condition that he would be disguised, his face would be shown only in shadow or blurred out, and that the interview would be conducted by a person and in a place of Al-Gashey's choosing (which turned out to be Amman, Jordan), although Al-Gashey agreed that Macdonald could be present. Since the interview was conducted entirely in Arabic (even though Al-Gashey was known to be fluent in English, having been interviewed in the language in 1972), and Al-Gashey (through paranoia or annoyance) frequently stormed out of the interview room, Macdonald did not know if he had anything usable until he returned to London and hired an Arabic translator. The film won an Oscar for Best Documentary. His next film was Touching the Void, a docudrama that told the story of two climbers making the first successful ascent of the West Face of Siula Grande, a major peak in the Peruvian Andes, in 1985 and the
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One Day in September is a 1999 documentary film directed by Kevin Macdonald examining the 5 September 1972 murder of 11 Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. Michael Douglas provides the sparse narration throughout the film. The film won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 72nd Academy Awards, on 26 March 2000. Summary The documentary begins with an advertisement by the Munich Tourism Bureau with a beautiful young girl inviting the world to visit the city for the Olympics, then shows interviews with the wives of some of the murdered athletes, including Ankie Spitzer, widow of fencing coach Andre Spitzer. The film also features the first known filmed interview with Jamal Al-Gashey, a surviving terrorist. Al-Gashey, who is in hiding in Africa, wears a cap and sunglasses and his face is slightly blurred. There are various shots of the Games getting under way, and attention is given to the lax security the Germans had at the Games. The terrorists are seen preparing for the assault; Al-Gashey claims that he and the other members were trained in Libya before going to West Germany to begin the assault. The assault is described by Al-Gashey as well as by some of the German security staff present. Footage of ABC anchor Jim McKay is interspersed, along with sound clips of Peter Jennings, to give an impression of events unfolding as they happened. General Ulrich Wegener, founder of the German counter-terrorist unit GSG 9, was also interviewed during the film, and was roundly criticized for his seemingly flippant attitude about the subject matter. The film offers evidence supporting the allegation that the rescue operation was poorly planned and executed; for instance, the German police aboard the getaway aeroplane voted to abandon their mission without consulting the central command, while the snipers were not prepared and were poorly positioned. The film implies that had the German government prepared better, the athletes might have been saved. Former Mossad Director Zvi Zamir, who was present at the airport during the final gunfight, is interviewed about his views on the failed rescue (he had previously been interviewed on this subject in an NBC profile of the Munich massacre broadcast during the Barcelona Olympics). At the end of the section, graphic photographs of the dead Israelis and Palestinians are shown in a photo-montage set to the Deep Purple song "Child in Time". The film also alleges that the 29 October hijacking of a Lufthansa jet and the subsequent release of the three surviving Black September members in exchange for the hostages was a set-up by the German government, who did not want their failings to be made obvious in the trial. Reception After the film's release, film critic Roger Ebert recommended the film, stating that it "grips the attention and is exciting and involving. I recommend it on that basis--and also because of the new information it contains." He also stated that "Macdonald brings remarkable research to the film" and "he relentlessly builds
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Ulrich Klaus "Ricky" Wegener (22 August 1929 – 28 December 2017) was a German police officer of the Federal Border Guard (Brigadier General, official title: Commander of the Federal Border Guard, Border Guard Command West) and founding member of the counter-terrorist force GSG 9. Early life Wegener was born in Jüterbog, Brandenburg. He was conscripted into the Luftwaffe as a 15-year-old during the final days of World War II and spent a brief period as a prisoner in a US POW camp at the end of the war. After 1945 Brandenburg, Wegener's home state, fell within the borders of Communist East Germany. In the early 1950s Wegener was arrested for the illegal distribution of dissident pamphlets within East Germany and was imprisoned for one year. In 1952 Wegener moved to West Germany and participated in entrance examinations for the Officer Candidate School of the German Armed Forces. Career Colonel Wegener was the Bundesgrenzschutz (Federal Border Protection) liaison officer for German Interior Minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher at the time of the Munich Olympics. Wegener witnessed the botched attempt to rescue the Israeli hostages held by Palestinian terrorists at Munich in 1972 and was subsequently assigned to create an elite counter-terrorist unit by the West German government after the disaster. GSG 9 Counter-terrorist units were still a relatively unheard-of form of combating terrorism and the only truly established groups at the time were Britain's Special Air Service and Israel's Sayeret Matkal. To this end, Colonel Wegener trained with both groups, assimilating many of their methods into the doctrine he would establish for the GSG 9. Wegener’s time with the SAS is well documented, but his training with the Sayeret (and alleged participation in the rescue of the Israeli hostages in the Operation Entebbe) is less publicized. Raid on Mogadishu Wegener was the GSG 9 commander at the liberation of the hostages of the PFLP on the Boeing 737 Landshut, operated by Lufthansa as flight 181, in Mogadishu, Somalia, in the night from 17 to 18 October 1977. Wegener, at the head of one group, blew open the front door of the aircraft as the German commandos stormed the plane. Two terrorists were killed, one was fatally wounded and the fourth was captured alive. Having both planned and led the successful operation to liberate the hostages of the Lufthansa 181 hijacking Wegener was awarded the German Commander's Cross of the Federal Cross of Merit (Großes Bundesverdienstkreuz). Later life After his retirement from GSG 9 in 1979, Wegener worked as an advisor for the creation of counter-terrorism units of foreign countries, e.g. in Saudi Arabia. Wegener was a member of the Security Committee until he retired in 1988. Married to Magda, he is survived by his daughters Simone and Susanne. Aged 88, Wegener died on 28 December 2017. Awards 1977, Commander's Cross of the Federal Cross of Merit 1978, Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement References 1929 births 2017 deaths Child soldiers in World War II Commanders Crosses of the Order of
Ulrich Wegener
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Sports clubs Munich is home to several professional sports teams, including Germany's most popular football club, FC Bayern. Furthermore, the city is home to FC Bayern's professional basketball team and professional hockey team EHC Red Bull München. The Munich area currently has one team in the Bundesliga system, which comprises the two top divisions of German football. Football Munich is the most successful city in Bundesliga history. SpVgg Unterhaching joined FC Bayern Munich and TSV 1860 Munich in the 2000–01 season, making this Bundesliga season the only one in history where one city was represented by three teams. The success of Munich in German football doesn't stop there; Bayern has won 30 national championships, along with 20 DFB-Pokale, 6 UEFA Champions League/European Cups, 8 DFL-Supercups, 6 DFL-Ligapokale, 1 UEFA Cup, 1 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 2 UEFA Super Cups, 2 Intercontinental Cups and 2 FIFA Club World Cups, for a total of 78 trophies. 1860 Munich has won 1 national championship along with 2 DFB-Pokale, leaving the city of Munich with 81 total trophies. 1974 FIFA World Cup 1988 UEFA European Championship 2006 FIFA World Cup Munich was one of the cities named for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Allianz Arena was built to host the matches played in Munich instead of Olympic Stadium. The following games were played at the stadium during the tournament: Olympics 1972 Summer Olympics Munich held the 1972 Summer Olympic Games from 26 August to 11 September 1972. Munich massacre The Games were largely overshadowed by what has come to be known as the Munich massacre. On 5 September, a group of eight Palestinian terrorists belonging to the Black September organization broke into the Olympic Village and took eleven Israeli athletes, coaches and officials hostage in their apartments. Two of the hostages who resisted were killed in the first moments of the break-in; the subsequent standoff in the Olympic Village lasted for almost 18 hours. Medal count These were the top ten nations that won medals at these Games. The host country is highlighted. 2018 Winter Olympics bid On 22 June 2010, the International Olympic Committee selected Munich as one of the three candidate cities for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games, along with Annecy (in France) and Pyeongchang (in South Korea). If chosen, Munich would have been the first city to host both the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. Pyeongchang was announced as the host after receiving 63 votes, with Munich finishing second after receiving 25 votes. Ice hockey Basketball Munich's Olympiahalle hosted the final stages of the FIBA EuroBasket in 1993. Sporting facilities Allianz Arena Olympic Stadium Audi Dome Olympia Eishalle Athletes born in Munich Football Markus Babbel Franz Beckenbauer Thomas Hitzlsperger Philipp Lahm Christian Lell Jan Mauersberger Zvjezdan Misimović Andreas Ottl Hockey Markus Pöttinger Christoph Schubert Other Craig Lefferts Sources
Sport in Munich
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{{Infobox Basketball club | name = Bayern Munich | logo = Logo FC Bayern München Basketball ab 2022.png | imagesize = 200px | leagues = Basketball BundesligaEuroLeague | founded = | history = FC Bayern Munich Basketball(1946–present) | arena = BMW Park | capacity = 6,700 | location = Munich, Germany | colors = Red, white | president = Herbert Hainer | retired_numbers = 2 (6, 24) | coach = Pablo Laso | captain = Vladimir Lučić | sponsor = Siegmund | championships = 5 German Championships5 German Cups| website = fcb-basketball.de | h_body = E2231A | h_pattern_b = _bayern2223h | h_shorts = E2231A | h_pattern_s = _bayern2223h | a_body = FFFFFF | a_pattern_b = _bayern2223a | a_shorts = FFFFFF | a_pattern_s = _bayern2223a | 3_body = 002D73 | 3_pattern_b = _bayern2223t | 3_shorts = 002D73 | 3_pattern_s = _bayern2223t }}FC Bayern München Basketball GmbH, commonly referred to as Bayern Munich, is a professional basketball club, a part of the FC Bayern Munich sports club, based in Munich, Germany. The club competes domestically in the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL) and internationally in the EuroLeague. The team plays its home games at BMW Park, which was opened in 1972. FC Bayern Munich Basketball also has a reserve team that plays in German third-tier level ProB. History Bayern Munich has a long basketball tradition. Besides its most successful years in the 1950s and 1960s (German Championships in 1954, 1955, and German Cup in 1968), the club enjoyed remarkable popularity in 1956, when it even drew 40,000 fans to an open-air test game against Lancia Bolzano, once a top basketball club from Italy. Later, in 1966, the club was a founding member of the Basketball Bundesliga. In the following years, the club slowly, but surely, faded into obscurity, and in 1974, was even relegated to the German 2nd Division. For a long time after that, the club never completely recovered, and only had a few successful years (Bayern moved up to the Basketball Bundesliga in 1987, and stayed there until 1989). In 2008, the declared goal of the team was to return to the club's former glory, and return to the top German League, which it eventually did. In the near future, the club seeks to become a major force in European basketball, so that Bayern Munich will not only be well known for its football (soccer) operations, but also for its basketball operations as well. In the 2012–13 season the club reached the semifinals, where it lost 3–2 against the reigning champions Brose Baskets. Thanks to a wild card, Bayern Munich played in the EuroLeague in the 2013–14 season. This was its first appearance in the top European championship, and it reached the Top 16 stage. On 18 June 2014, Bayern won its third national title when it beat Alba Berlin 3–1 in the Finals. It was the first title for the team since 1955; 59 years before. Star player of the team was Malcolm Delaney, who won both the MVP and Finals
FC Bayern Munich (basketball)
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Andre Spitzer (; 4 July 1945 – 6 September 1972) was an Israeli fencing master and coach of Israel's 1972 Summer Olympics team. He was one of 11 athletes and coaches taken hostage and subsequently killed by terrorists in the Munich massacre. Early life Spitzer was born in Timișoara in Romania, and was Jewish. His parents survived the Holocaust in Nazi forced labor camps. After his father died in 1956 when he was 11, Andre and his mother moved to Israel. He served in the Israeli Air Force and attended Israel's National Sport Academy, where he studied fencing. In 1968, he was sent to the Netherlands for further instruction in fencing for further training in The Hague with fencing master Abraham. Most of his first year in the Netherlands he stayed with the Smitsloo family in Scheveningen. In 1971, he married one of his students, Ankie de Jongh, who converted to Judaism. Andre returned to Israel with his wife soon afterward where, at age 27, he became the country's top fencing instructor. The couple lived in Biranit, Israel, along the border with Lebanon. He helped found the National Fencing Academy, and became chief fencing instructor at the Wingate Institute. The couple's daughter Anouk Yael was born two months before the Olympic Games. Munich Olympics The Spitzers went to Munich with the rest of the Israeli team, but young Anouk was left in the Netherlands in the care of her grandparents. Ankie Spitzer recalled her husband's idealism and attitude towards the Olympics: (While strolling in the Olympic Village) ... he spotted members of the Lebanese team, and told (me) he was going to go and say hello to them... I said to him, "Are you out of your mind? They're from Lebanon!" Israel was in a state of war with Lebanon at the time. "Ankie," Andre said calmly, "that's exactly what the Olympics are all about. Here I can go to them, I can talk to them, I can ask them how they are. That's exactly what the Olympics are all about." So he went ... towards this Lebanese team, and ... he asked them "How were your results? I'm from Israel and how did it go?" And to my amazement, I saw that the (Lebanese) responded and they shook hands with him and they talked to him and they asked him about his results. I'll never forget, when he turned around and came back towards me with this huge smile on his face. "You see!" said Andre excitedly. "This is what I was dreaming about. I knew it was going to happen!" (Reeve (2001), pp. 52–53) Midway through the Olympics, when the Israeli fencers had already competed, the Spitzers were summoned to the Netherlands – their daughter, who was with his wife's parents, had been hospitalized with an incessant bout of crying. After they arrived, they were told by the doctors that everything would be fine and that Andre could rejoin his teammates at the Olympics. Andre missed his train,
Andre Spitzer
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Itzhak Nir (; born December 18, 1940) is an Israeli former Olympic competitive sailor. Sailing career When he competed in the Olympics, he was tall and weighed . At an international competition in the Olympic-class Flying Dutchman dinghy in the Netherlands in April 1972, the Sdot Yam team of Nir and Yair Michaeli won the right to be the first Israeli sailors to participate in the Olympics. Nir competed for Israel at the 1972 Summer Olympics off the coast of Kiel, 900 kilometers from Munich, Germany, at the age of 31, with Yair Michaeli in Sailing--Mixed Two Person Heavyweight Dinghy/Flying Dutchman. He and Michaeli did not participate in the final race of the competition, due to the Munich Massacre in which Arab terrorists from the Black September group killed 11 Israeli Olympians at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base outside of Munich. They came in 26th. The Israeli government then decided to withdraw from the Olympic Games, and bring their remaining Olympians home. Nir, Michaeli, and Israeli racewalker Shaul Ladany wanted to stay for the closing ceremony, to show that they were not leaving "with their tails between their legs", but they followed the orders of the government. References External links the-sports bio Jewish sailors (sport) Sailors at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Flying Dutchman Living people Olympic sailors for Israel 1940 births Israeli male sailors (sport)
Itzhak Nir
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The Taipei Representative Office in the Federal Republic of Germany; (; ) represents the interests of Taiwan in Germany in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Based in Berlin, it also has offices in Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich. Its counterpart in Taiwan is the German Institute Taipei. History The Republic of China was a winning power of World War II and thus dispatched a military mission to occupied Berlin. However, it did not re-establish diplomatic ties with either East or West Germany after the war. Its first in-official office was established in 1956 in Bad Godesberg in Bonn in the then West Germany as the Freichina- Presse und Informationsdienst ("Free China Press and Information Service"), later in 1972 becoming the Büro der Fernost-Informationen ("Far East Information Office"). In 1992, it became the Taipei Wirtschafts- und Kulturbüro or "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office". In 1997, it adopted its present name. In October 1999, the Taipei Representative Office moved to Berlin, and offices in Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich were established. There is also a Taiwan Trade Center in Düsseldorf. Missions and consular districts Representatives Agnes Hwa-Yue Chen Shieh Jhy-wey (incumbent since 2016) References External links Taipeh Vertretung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Germany 1956 establishments in West Germany Diplomatic missions in Berlin Organizations established in 1972 Germany–Taiwan relations
Taipei Representative Office in Germany
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Helmut Sies is a German physician, biochemist and university professor. He was the first to demonstrate the existence of hydrogen peroxide as a normal attribute of aerobic life in 1970, and he introduced the concept of Oxidative stress in 1985. He also worked on the biological strategies of antioxidant defense and the biochemistry of nutritional antioxidants (e.g., selenium, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols). Personal Professor Sies was born March 28, 1942, in Goslar, Germany. He grew up in Seesen/Harz, Germany, attended Elementary School 1948-1952, and Gymnasium (Jacobson School) 1952-1961. He was a High School Exchange student (1959-1960) with the Michigan Council of Churches, in Pleasant Plain, Ohio, and in Kankakee, Illinois, where he graduated from Kankakee High School in 1960. He was married to Dr. Claudia Sies, born Neumann, (1967-1983). They have two children (Alexander, Art Gallerist (www.sieshoeke.com); Caroline). He is married to Dr. Nancy Sies, born Kim (1990- ), they also have two children (Katharina, MD; Audrey). Career He was a student at Leibniz-Kolleg at Tübingen for 'studium generale' in 1961. He studied medicine at the University of Tübingen, the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, and in Paris. In 1967 he received his medical doctorate summa cum laude at Munich, where he worked at the Institute of Physiological Chemistry from 1968. In 1972 he habilitated in Munich for Physiological Chemistry and Physical Biochemistry with the thesis, "Biochemistry of the Peroxisome in the Liver Cell", and in 1978 became professor. From 1979 until 2008 he was professor and chairman at the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich_Heine_University_Düsseldorf. He has been a visiting professor at the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Texas at Austin the Heart Research Institute in Sydney, the University of Siena, the University of Southern California, and the King Saud University in Riyadh. Since 2008 he is emeritus professor at the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, and Senior Scientist at the Leibniz Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany. Investigating biological redox reactions, he identified hydrogen peroxide as a normal constituent of aerobic life in eukaryotic cells. This finding led to developments that recognized the essential role of hydrogen peroxide in metabolic redox control. Further research included studies on glutathione, toxicological aspects (the concept of “redox cycling”), biochemical pharmacology (Ebselen), nutritional biochemistry and micronutrients (selenium, carotenoids, flavonoids), and the concept of “Oxidative Stress”. He found that Lycopene, a carotenoid common in tomatoes, works as an antioxidant by quenching singlet molecular oxygen, and that lycopene and other carotenoids, as well as some flavonoids, protect the skin from damage from sunlight. Working with clinicians, he found that cocoa flavanols are beneficial for the cardiovascular system He pointed out that epidemiology can generate interest for further analysis, but that epidemiological association of parameters cannot prove cause-effect relationships. The striking example was the almost perfect correlation (r = 0.982) between the number of brooding storks and the number of newborn babies in then West Germany: every child in Germany knows that 'storks bring babies'!
Helmut Sies
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Detlef Lewe (20 June 1939, Dortmund – 1 October 2008) was a West German-German sprint canoeist who competed from the late 1950s to the early 1970s. Sporting career Competing in four Summer Olympics, Lewe earned two medals in the C-1 1000 m event with a silver in 1968 and a bronze in 1972. He also won four canoe sprint world championship medals with three golds (C-1 500 m: 1971, C-1 1000 m: 1966, 1971) and one silver (C-1 1000 m: 1963). Lewe also carried the West German flag at the opening ceremonies of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Later in life After the Olympics, Dortmund-born Lewe moved to Munich and became a butcher, a business he ran until prior to his 2008 death. His shop was located near the Olympic area where the 1972 Summer Olympics were held. Lewe died in Munich after a brief illness. References External links 1939 births 2008 deaths Sportspeople from Dortmund Sportspeople from the Province of Westphalia German male canoeists Olympic canoeists for the United Team of Germany Olympic canoeists for West Germany Olympic silver medalists for West Germany Olympic bronze medalists for West Germany Olympic medalists in canoeing Canoeists at the 1960 Summer Olympics Canoeists at the 1964 Summer Olympics Canoeists at the 1968 Summer Olympics Canoeists at the 1972 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
Detlef Lewe
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Edward Sequeira (born 6 February 1942), popularly known as Eddie, is a retired rhythmic middle distance runner from India. Essentially a half miler doing the metric mile for stamina, Sequeira also excelled in the 5,000 metres. Born on 6 February 1940 in Bombay, Eddie studied at: St. Paul's High School from where he joined the Central Railway as mechanical apprentice. Sports were compulsory for the Railway employees and Sequeira proved a natural athlete. He took up athletics seriously in 1959 and by 1963 had created new marks for the 800 and 1,500 at the Central Railway meet and then went on to repeat the performances at the Inter-Railway Meet in Delhi, He clocked 1:52.6 for the half mile and 3:49.4 for the 1,500 metres. His next step was the National titles and he duly won both the events in the National Games, retaining his hold on the events from 1963 to 1973. He set a new record in the 1500 metres in 1966, his time of 3.43.7 being even faster than the existing Asian mark. This record remained in the books for well over 35 years before Bahadur Prasad updated it during the Permit Meet in Delhi. Eddie Sequeira began his long association with Tata Steel in 1964, an association which proved very fruitful to him. His athletics career took an upswing and he became a permanent member of the Indian team. He represented the country against Russia in 1965 and then went to the Commonwealth Games in Kingston in 1966, the year in which he created the national mark in the 1,500 metres. The 1966 Asian Games in Bangkok proved to be a disaster for Sequeira who was forced to retire when in full flight in the final and had to settle for the award of" the Unlucky Athlete of the Games". The Indian star had obviously been pushed and the organizers perhaps thought fit to compensate him with the most unlikely labelled award. Sequeira then went to Ceylon for a dual meet and won the 1,500 metres and the next year, created national mark or 14:38 in the 5000 metres in another such competition on the Ceylon tracks. He was captain of the Indian team to Malaysia and Singapore and also a member of the Asian team to West Germany he went back to Bangkok for Games and wiped out bitter memories of the previous edition of the Games with a Silver Medal In the 5000 meters. Coached by the German coach Otto Peitzer, himself a world record holder, Sequeira went to Munich Olympics in 1972 where he finished 11th in the 3rd heat of 5,000 meters clocking 14:01.4s. Munich however left other memories for Sequeira, of the killings of Israeli athletes by Palestinian terrorists. An outstanding sportsman, Edward Sequeira contributed much to Indian athletics as a coach also, He attended a coaching conference in Tokyo in 1979. He was also on the Committee of the Amateur Federation of India, An officer with Tata Iron and Steel Co
Edward Sequeira
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The Intercontinental Football League (IFL) was a proposed professional American football league in Europe in the early 1970s. The league was spearheaded by Bob Kap, Tex Schramm, and Al Davis, but failed to materialize. The IFL and European leagues that began shortly after the proposed league such as the European Football League (Eurobowl), is credited with "setting the stage" for NFL Europe. History By the early 1970s, the National Football League (NFL) was already looking to promote its product abroad. The league had sent players to tour American military bases and hospitals during the Vietnam war. On May 27, 1972, forty-two NFL players (including Dan Pastorini, Bob Hayes, Jim Kiick, Jan Stenerud, Alan Page, Matt Snell and Merlin Olsen) had demonstrated “le rugby Americain” before 8,000 in Paris. NFL Bleu beat NFL Rouge that day, 16-6, in a game that closely followed a script. Two years later, interest in overseas play was revived. At the June 5, 1974 press conference at NFL headquarters in New York, the teams of the IFL were announced. The IFL was to be divided into two divisions of three teams each. The likely organization would have been for the teams from German speaking nations (Munich, West Berlin and Vienna) to be in one group, and the southern teams (Barcelona, Rome and Istanbul) in another. The IFL failed to materialize. There are four reasons usually stated: Europe was not ready for American football. Competition with the World Football League, which had planned to expand internationally to such cities as Tokyo and Mexico City. The NFL players’ strike that summer. The economic recession in the U.S. at that time. Despite the league's goals, the IFL did not materialize - the Pro Football Researchers Association attributed this failure to Europe not being ready for American football, potential competition with the World Football League (WFL), a players' strike during the summer of 1974, and the recession that had been "gripping the nation". Another factor was the turmoil in Europe in 1974: Turkey had invaded Cyprus, the American ambassador to Cyprus had been assassinated, Basque separatists had assassinated the prime minister of Spain, and terrorist groups like the Red Brigades had engaged in kidnapping. This turmoil led the State Department to meet with NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle; the officials discouraged him from pursuing the league further. The IFL also suffered a potentially fatal blow when Pan American World Airways, who Kap had brought on as a sponsor, pulled out of the project. Ultimately, Rozelle deemed the creation of the league "impractical". Proposed teams For the 1975 season Munich Lions (Germany) Vienna Lipizzaners (Austria) Berlin Bears (Germany) Rome Gladiators (Italy) Barcelona Almogovares (Spain) Istanbul Conquerors (Turkey) New teams for the 1976 season Paris Lafayettes (France) Copenhagen Vikings (Denmark) Rotterdam Flying Dutchmen (Netherlands) Milan Centurions (Italy) References External links THE FIRST “NFL EUROPE” The Intercontinental Football League presents: Touchdown in Europe 1976 Defunct American football leagues in Europe
Intercontinental Football League
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Prefontaine is a 1997 American biographical film chronicling the life of the American long-distance runner Steve Prefontaine and his death at age 24. Jared Leto plays the title character and R. Lee Ermey plays Bill Bowerman. The film was written by Steve James and Eugene Corr, and directed by James. Prefontaine tells the story from the point of view of Bill Dellinger, played by Ed O'Neill, the assistant coach who was with him day-to-day, and Nancy Alleman, the runner's girlfriend at the time of his death. Plot Steve Prefontaine, a Coos Bay, Oregon student, is too small to play most sports but becomes a talented distance runner. He enrolls at the University of Oregon in 1969, and meets fellow Oregon Ducks track and field athletes Pat Tyson and Mac Wilkins. With coaches Bill Bowerman and Bill Dellinger, "Pre" wins three national cross-country championships and four consecutive 5,000-meter runs, breaking the U.S. record in the latter. Prefontaine gains fame as an aggressive runner who likes to be out front from the start, rather than biding his time until a strong finish. Prefontaine accompanies other top American runners including Frank Shorter and Jeff Galloway to the 1972 Munich Olympics, where they witness the terrorist attacks of the Munich Massacre which interrupt and almost cancel the games. In the 5,000-meter, Prefontaine leads with 150 meters to go, but three different runners pass him and he does not medal. The gold goes to Finland's Lasse Viren. After his college career ends, Prefontaine prepares for a rematch with Viren at the 1976 Montreal Olympics. The strict amateurism rules of American non-collegiate sports force Prefontaine to turn down a lucrative offer to become a professional runner, instead working as a bartender while living in a trailer home. He becomes an activist to help American athletes compete against better-funded international rivals. On May 30, 1975, after drinking alcohol at a post-meet party, Prefontaine is killed when his MG convertible flips while he is driving. After his death, the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 gives athletes more control over their sports' governance. Cast Jared Leto as Steve Prefontaine Ed O'Neill as Bill Dellinger R. Lee Ermey as Bill Bowerman Amy Locane as Nancy Alleman Breckin Meyer as Pat Tyson Lindsay Crouse as Elfriede Prefontaine Brian McGovern as Mac Wilkins Kurtwood Smith as Curtis Cunningham Laurel Holloman as Elaine Finley Production The majority of the film was shot at the University of Puget Sound campus in Tacoma, Washington. Peyton Field was redecorated to resemble Hayward Field at the University of Oregon. For the role of Steve Prefontaine, Jared Leto immersed himself in the runner's life, meeting with members of the family and friends. He bore a striking resemblance to the real Prefontaine, also adopting the athlete's voice and upright running style. The transformation was so complete that when the runner's sister, Linda, first saw him in character, she broke down and cried. Prefontaine explores American athletes' amateur status and the conditions and lack of resources these athletes had to
Prefontaine (film)
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George Jonas, CM (June 15, 1935 – January 10, 2016) was a Hungarian-born Canadian writer, poet, and journalist. A self-described classical liberal, he authored 16 books, including the bestseller Vengeance (1984), the story of an Israeli operation to kill the terrorists responsible for the 1972 Munich massacre. The book has been adapted for film twice, first as Sword of Gideon (1986) and as Munich (2005). Personal life Jonas was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary in 1935, the son of lawyer, composer, and former member of the Vienna State Opera, Dr. Georg M. Hübsch (1883-1972) and Magda Hübsch (née Klug; 1905–1997), Jonas was educated at the Lutheran Gymnasium between the years 1945 and 1954. Marriage and family Jonas married his first wife, Sylvia (née Nemes) in New York in 1960. Their son, Alexander, was born in 1964 in Toronto where they lived until they separated in 1968. He married Barbara Amiel in 1974; the couple divorced in 1979. A practicing Jew, Amiel insisted they marry in a synagogue; Jonas, a secular Jew, had written that it was the first time he had been inside one. According to Amiel's memoir, Jonas "used to kick her, fracturing two of her ribs and dislocating her jaw." Jonas third marriage was to Maya (née Cho), who was born in South Korea. Maya is blind. Writing Jonas and Amiel co-wrote By Persons Unknown: The Strange Death of Christine Demeter (1976), an account of the 1973 murder of Christine Demeter and the subsequent murder trial and conviction of her husband, Peter. Their work won the 1978 Edgar Award for Best Fact Crime book. He contributed to the National Review, Saturday Review, the Chicago Sun-Times, The Daily Telegraph (London), The Wall Street Journal, Foreign Policy magazine, the Hungarian Review (Budapest) and The National Interest. Career Following his schooling, Jonas worked for Radio Budapest as a program director. He immigrated to Canada in 1956 following the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Jonas worked as a freelance print and broadcast journalist until he was hired by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1962. There he worked as a staff editor and producer for the next 34 years producing his last show for CBC-TV in 1996. He was best known for producing the true crime series Scales of Justice, in collaboration with famed criminal lawyer Eddie Greenspan, for both CBC Radio and CBC Television. He worked as a columnist for the Toronto Sun from 1981 to 2001, when he moved to the National Post, where he remained a regular contributor until his death. He wrote 16 books, one play, and two operas. Jonas was on the advisory board of the Munk Debates held semi-annually in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Vengeance His 1984 book Vengeance was a bestseller, printed in 21 editions in 13 languages. It portrayed the events of the Israeli Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre, undertaken in retaliation for the murder of Israeli athletes by Palestinian terrorists at the 1972 Olympics in Munich. The book was later adapted twice as films: first,
George Jonas
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The Talburgtor, also called Talbrucktor, was one of the five city gates built in the late 12th century, as first city walls of medieval Munich. The Talburgtor was also called Unteres Tor (Lower Gate), Taltor or Rathausturm (Town Hall Tower). It was located in the east of the old town on the site where the town hall tower still stands today on the south side of the Old Town Hall. History The gate was first mentioned in 1301 under the name porta inferior (Lower Gate) in correspondence to it lying west of the city Oberes Tor (Upper Gate) or Kaufingertor. Through these two gates, the salt road led through Munich to the west. Since the Kaufingertor was already referred to as Oberes Tor in 1239, it can be assumed that its counterpart, the Unteres Tor, existed at that time as well. The Talburgtor was a simple tower with gate passage. From 1392–94, the gate was redesigned as a city hall tower, and in 1460 it was destroyed along with the Old Town Hall, by a lightning strike. From 1470 to 1480, Jörg von Halspach built the Old Town Hall with town hall tower in late Gothic style again parallel to the construction of the Frauenkirche. In this version, the tower is also depicted on the oldest Munich cityscape in the Nuremberg Chronicle of 1493. In the 16th century, the façade was frescoed and the tower received an onion dome. Therefore, the tower depicted the city model of Munich as shown in 1570 by Jakob Sandtner. In the 19th century the tower received a neo gothic pointed helmet. In 1944 the tower was heavily damaged by bombs and later demolished. In 1972 it was rebuilt in late Gothic style, as it was built by Halspach. Miscellaneous The Town Hall Tower today houses the Toy Museum. Away from the town hall tower, on the outside wall of the Old Town Hall, stands a statue of Juliet of Verona, a present from the Munich twin city Verona. References Buildings and structures in Munich Historicist architecture in Munich Tourist attractions in Munich Heritage sites in Bavaria Culture in Munich Clock towers Towers in Germany
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On 10 February 1970, a bus carrying passengers to an El Al airplane at the Munich-Riem Airport, West Germany was attacked by terrorists. One person was killed and 23 were wounded in the attack. Attack An El Al Boeing 707 jet was preparing to take off for London when three terrorists opened fire with submachine guns and hand grenades on a bus carrying passengers to the plane. The attack killed one person and wounded 23 others. The pilot of the plane was slightly wounded when he wrestled one grenade-wielding terrorist to the ground while the other terrorists were shooting. After a brief gunfight with police the terrorists were arrested. As the actor Assi Dayan, a son of the Israeli Defence Minister Moshe Dayan was among the passengers some suggested him to have been the target of the attack, while others disregarded this by noting that the attack was indiscriminate and random as Dayan himself was unhurt. Another passenger was actress Hanna Maron who was critically wounded and had to have her leg amputated. Aftermath The Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP), as well as the "Action Organization for the Liberation of Palestine" in Jordan claimed responsibility for the attack. The three terrorists arrested for the attack were identified as Mohammed Hadidi and Mohammed Hanasi from Jordan, and Abdul Rachman from Egypt. The terrorists were released and deported later the same year in response to the Dawson's Field hijackings. See also Munich massacre References 1970 murders in Germany 1970 bus attack 1970 mass shootings in Europe Attacks on buses by Palestinian militant groups Dawson's Field hijackings Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine attacks El Al accidents and incidents 1970 crimes February 1970 events February 1970 events in Europe Mass shootings in Germany 1970 bus attack Palestinian terrorist incidents in Germany Terrorist incidents in Bavaria Terrorist incidents in Germany in 1970 Terrorist incidents on buses in Europe
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From its foundation in 1971 until 1981 Black September carried out a number of terrorist attacks against Israeli and Jordanian targets around the world. It also inspired a number of "copycat" and solidarity actions, as well as hoaxes. 1971 August August 24, Madrid: A bomb placed in the rear lavatory of a Jordanian Alia Airliner, parked on the airport tarmac, blows a hole in the aircraft fuselage. This attack is sometimes credited to Black September, as well as Fatah members, although it is uncertain if the group was fully operational. September September 9, Jordan: A bomb planted by Black September damages part of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline near the Jordanian-Syrian border. Black September bombs the pipeline a second time on September 17. November November 11, Amman: Black September bombs the Intercontinental Hotel in Amman, Jordan, targeting American citizens. November 28, Cairo: Prime Minister of Jordan Wasfi Tel is assassinated by Black September operatives. First time a claim of responsibility is reported. December December 15, London: Black September attempts to assassinate Zaid Rifai, Jordanian ambassador to the United Kingdom. He is injured but survives. December 15, Geneva: a parcel bomb sent to Jordan's UN Mission in Geneva explodes while police attempt to examine it. The blast injures three people. 1972 February February 6, Ravenstein, Netherlands: oil tankers owned by Gulf Oil were set on fire by explosions. Black September claims credit for the attack, claiming they targeted Gulf Oil for aiding Israel. February 6, Brühl, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany: five Jordanians suspected of spying for Israel are murdered near Cologne by Black September operatives. February 8, Hamburg: The Streuber Motor factory is bombed. The factory made electrical generators used in Israeli aircraft. May 8 May, Vienna: Sabena Flight 571 is hijacked by Black September members and forced to land in Tel Aviv. Israeli commandos storm the plane after it lands. One passenger and two hijackers die in the resulting gun battle. August August 5, Trieste: a joint Black September – Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine operation blew up one of six oil tanks, causing $7 million worth of damage. They claimed they did it because the facility supplied oil to Austria and West Germany. August 16, Rome: an El Al flight was interrupted after a bomb allegedly hid in a phonograph machine blew a hole in the baggage compartment. The Nationalist Youth Group for the Liberation of Palestine took credit, but some believed Black September was the culprit. September September 5, Munich: Munich massacre - Eight members of Black September take 11 Israeli athletes hostage. A bungled rescue attempt by German authorities leads to the deaths of all 11 hostages, five Black September members, and a West German police officer. September 11, Brussels: Ophir Zadok, an official at the Israeli embassy was lured to a local cafe by a man claiming knowledge of a terrorist attack against the embassy. He was shot by two assailants. Black September was suspected. September 16, Amsterdam: 64 mail bombs are mailed from Amsterdam to various
List of Black September attacks
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Abraham Klein (, born 29 March 1934) is an Israeli former international football referee. He refereed international matches between 1965 and 1982, including the 1968 and 1976 Olympics and important matches at the Mexico 1970, Argentina 1978 and Spain 1982 World Cup Finals. He was also a linesman (now assistant referee) for the 1982 World Cup Final in Spain. 1970 World Cup Klein refereed some of the most important FIFA World Cup matches between 1970 and 1982. In his first World Cup tournament in 1970 he refereed the England v Brazil group C match at Guadalajara - the defender of the title from 1966 against the champion of 1962 and 1958 (and finally again world champion 1970). Klein admitted that he tried, unsuccessfully, to end the game on time but no one heard him whistle so he kept the glamour tie going: "Not many people know, but when I blew for time the players didn't hear the whistle and as it was such a great game I let it continue for a few minutes." 1974 World Cup Klein did not attend the 1974 World Cup Finals in West Germany due to the terrorist atrocity visited upon Israeli athletes at the Summer Olympic Games held in Munich in 1972. Being an Israeli referee it was thought that he could be targeted by terrorist organisations. 1978 World Cup Klein was selected for the 1978 World Cup where he was given the Argentina v Italy match in Group A in Buenos Aires. In Klein's game Italy won with a Roberto Bettega goal but before half-time Klein denied Argentina a penalty kick. Klein said of the incident: "I analyzed all the players, which helped me to determine my tactics during the game. For example: towards the end of the first half, one of the Argentines went down in the penalty box and of course 80,000 people were whistling, screaming and crying for a penalty. I had learned from the previous games that I needed to be really close to the Argentinian players who caused the trouble. I am not telling you their names." Brian Glanville wrote of the incident: "There was nothing more impressive in this World Cup than the way he stood between his linesmen at half-time in the Argentina - Italy game, scorning the banshee whistling of the incensed crowd." Klein said: "At half-time, as I walked into the tunnel, I was booed at by 80,000 people. In the second half, as the players were called from the dressing-rooms, my tactic was not to walk onto the pitch before the players. I knew the crowd would remember what had happened at the end of the first half, and they would definitely welcome me with whistling and yelling, which is not a good feeling for a referee. So I waited until the Argentines came out of the tunnel and I entered the pitch with them, towards the applause." The referee in the final was Sergio Gonella, the Italian. Klein's appointment, though supported originally
Abraham Klein (referee)
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Yossef Gutfreund (1 November 1931 – 6 September 1972) was an Israeli wrestling judge for his country's 1972 Olympic team. He was murdered in the Munich massacre by Black September terrorists along with 10 other members of the Israeli team. Biography Yosef Gutfreund attended medical school in Romania, planning to become a veterinarian, but later took up wrestling. Munich was his third Olympics as a wrestling referee. Kidnap and death On 5 September 1972, Gutfreund was sleeping in the Israeli coaches' quarters in the Olympic Village. At around 4:30 am he heard a noise outside the door and went to investigate, thinking that it might be wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg, who had the other key to the door. He saw the door begin to open and caught a glimpse of masked men with guns on the other side. Gutfreund threw his 6-foot 3-inch, 290 pound frame against the door and screamed a warning to his fellow Israelis. The force expended by Gutfreund on one side of the door and the eight fedayeen on the other was enough to twist the hinges and doorjambs out of place. The precious few seconds allowed his roommate, weightlifting coach Tuvia Sokolsky, to smash a window and escape. In the adjacent Apartment 2, race-walker Dr. Shaul Ladany was jolted awake by Gutfreund's screams and also managed to escape the building. Gutfreund and eight other members of Israeli's Olympic team were captured by the terrorists. Two others who resisted the kidnappers, wrestling coach Weinberg and weightlifter Yossef Romano, were killed by the intruders during the initial break-in. Twenty-one hours later, on 6 September, Gutfreund was shot and killed by the terrorists during a failed rescue attempt by West German authorities. References 1931 births 1972 deaths Citizens of Israel through Law of Return Romanian emigrants to Israel Israeli people of Romanian-Jewish descent Deaths by firearm in Germany 20th-century Israeli Jews 20th-century Romanian Jews Israeli wrestling coaches Victims of the Munich massacre Sportspeople from Craiova Burials at Har HaMenuchot
Yossef Gutfreund
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David Lubega Balemezi (born 13 April 1975), better known by his stage name Lou Bega, is a German singer. His 1999 song "Mambo No. 5", a remake of Pérez Prado's 1949 instrumental piece, reached no. 1 in many European countries and was nominated for a Grammy Award. Bega added words to the song and sampled the original version extensively. Bega's musical signature sounds consist of combining musical elements of the 1940s and 1950s with modern beats and grooves. Personal life David Lubega Balemezi was born on 13 April 1975 in Munich, Bavaria, then West Germany, to an Italian mother, who came from Sicily, and a Ugandan father. His father Charles went to West Germany in 1972 to study biology at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Until age six, Bega spent most of his time with his mother Nicole in Italy, then they lived permanently in Munich, where Bega attended German primary school. As a teenager, he traveled to Miami, Florida, where he found the inspiration for his hit single "Mambo No. 5". Bega also lived in Uganda for six months. During interviews with him that TV 2 Denmark did in 2019 for their documentary series Guds bedste børn, he stated that he was in a hotel room on the Maldives during a storm when he checked out the room's Bible and was captivated by it. Upon returning home to Germany, he felt the waiting times to be baptized were long, and contacted the Danish movement The Last Reformation after seeing their videos on YouTube, where he was baptized. Parts of the conversion process and later missionary work were brought up in the movie The Last Reformation: The Life, which was commissioned by The Last Reformation themselves. Career Bega started his musical career as a rapper. At the age of 13, he founded a hip hop group with two other boys. It would be two years before Bega and his friends' first CD would be released in 1990. While living in Miami, he discovered Latin music. After returning to Munich, Bega met his then manager, Goar Biesenkamp, as well as music producers "Frank Lio" (Achim Kleist) and "Donald Fact" (Wolfgang von Webenau) (Syndicate Musicproduction), with whom he developed the concept for the song "Mambo No. 5". Bega signed a recording contract to the label Lautstark. His first single "Mambo No. 5" became a world wide hit in 1999, charting at No. 1 in most European countries, including Germany, UK, France, and No. 3 in the United States. In France, "Mambo No. 5" spent twenty weeks at No. 1. It was also used by the British television broadcaster Channel 4 for their coverage of test match cricket between 1999 and 2005. On 19 July 1999, Bega released his debut album A Little Bit of Mambo, which peaked at No. 3 both in Germany and the U.S. While it charted moderately in the UK, peaking at only No. 50, it reached No. 1 in Austria, Canada, Finland, Hungary, and Switzerland. The second
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Luttif Afif (; 1937 or 1945 – 6 September 1972; alias "Issa"—Jesus in Arabic) was a Palestinian terrorist. He commanded the eight-member attack team that carried out the Munich massacre, an invasion of the Munich Olympic Village on 5 September 1972. During the incident, nine members of Israel's Olympic team were taken hostage after two others, who had offered resistance, were shot dead. Afif was the chief negotiator on behalf of the Palestinians, who were members of the Black September offshoot of Yassir Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization. Afif and four of his compatriots were later killed by German snipers at Fürstenfeldbruck air base outside Munich. Early life Luttif Afif was born in Nazareth. Biographies of Afif claimed that his mother was Jewish, while his father was a wealthy Christian Arab businessman. However, both his family and Israel's interior ministry records dispute the claim about his mother. According to the records, his mother, Arifa, was born in 1920 to Hassan and Amina. Afif had three brothers, all of whom were in Black September; two were in Israeli jails. In 1958, he moved to West Germany to study engineering, learned the language, and then moved to France to work. According to Simon Reeve, Afif enjoyed the time he spent in Europe, but joined Fatah in 1966, possibly while residing in Germany. He later returned to the Middle East to fight several battles against Israeli soldiers. Abu Iyad, the head of Black September, wrote that both Afif and his second-in-command, Tony, had fought in Amman in September 1970 and in the battle of Jerash and Ajlun in July 1971. In the early 1970s, Afif was living in Berlin and was engaged to a German woman. Munich massacre According to several sources, including Serge Groussard and Simon Reeve, Afif claimed that his own personal reason for taking the Israelis hostage was to get his two brothers out of Israeli prisons. He was described by Manfred Schreiber, chief of the Munich police and one of the German negotiators, as "very cool and determined, clearly fanatical in his convictions"; someone who expressed his demands in a forceful manner and at times "sounded like [one of] those people who aren't completely anchored in reality." Various photos of the hostage crisis show Afif wearing a white beach hat and a linen safari suit, with his face covered in charcoal or shoe polish. To Walther Tröger, then-mayor of the Olympic Village, Afif gave the impression of being an "intelligent and reasonable man," unlike his comrades, who in the eyes of the Olympic official were "gallow birds" (German: Galgenvögel). Tröger said he obviously did not like Afif because of what he was doing, but he could have liked him if he had met him elsewhere. Afif spent most of his time in front of 31 Connollystraße, chatting with either the German delegation or the young police officer Anneliese Graes. According to Graes, Afif spoke fluent German with a French accent. She described him as "always polite and correct". When he
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Yakov Springer (10 June 1921 – 6 September 1972) was a wrestler and a weightlifting coach and judge, but is best known as one of the victims of the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics. During the Holocaust, Springer took part in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The Polish-born Springer was murdered with 10 other men who were representing Israel in the Olympics in Munich. They were murdered by Palestinian terrorists, from the PLO Black September group. The Palestinians took the 11 Israelis as hostages and asked for the release of 236 Palestinian prisoners in Israel and Germany. After the hostages and Black September group members arrived at the airport, the German police attacked in an attempt to rescue them. The group members killed the Israelis with guns and with grenades. References 1921 births 1972 deaths Warsaw Ghetto Uprising insurgents Polish emigrants to Israel 20th-century Polish Jews 20th-century Israeli Jews Citizens of Israel through Law of Return Jewish wrestlers Israeli wrestling coaches Victims of the Munich massacre Deaths by firearm in Germany Olympic officials
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Rainer Bonhof (born 29 March 1952) is a German former professional footballer, who played as a defensive midfielder or wing-back. He was known for his occasional bursts upfield and his fierce shot. He was a key player for the 1974 West Germany national team that won the World Cup (defeating the Netherlands 2–1 in the final, where he provided the assist to the winning goal). Bonhof was one of the stars for his club side, Borussia Mönchengladbach, and won numerous domestic league and cup titles. Playing career Bonhof was born in Emmerich am Rhein, North Rhine-Westphalia. He was part of the highly successful Borussia Mönchengladbach side of the 1970s, winning numerous Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal, and UEFA Cup titles. He was widely recognized for having one of the game's hardest free-kicks as well as long and precise throw-ins. He scored 14 goals in European cup competitions and amassed 57 goals in the West German top-flight. Bonhof was awarded the ARD Goal of the Month on three occasions, twice for free-kicks and once for a 30-metre strike. He won his first of 53 caps in 1972. Bonhof became (at that time) Germany's youngest World Champion on 7 July 1974 following his team's 2–1 win over the Netherlands in Munich's Olympiastadion at the 1974 FIFA World Cup. His penetrating run into the opposition penalty area and pass to Gerd Muller led to the winning goal in that game. Two matches earlier Bonhof scored the goal that put West Germany up 2–1 against Sweden, a match the Germans eventually won 4–2, which clinched their place in the semi-finals. Bonhof was a fixture in the West Germany national team from the World Cup onward. He was one of the best players in the 1976 European Championship, assisting on four of the six West German goals in the semi-final and final (West Germany lost to Czechoslovakia on penalties in the final). Bonhof played in every match of the 1978 FIFA World Cup when West Germany was eliminated in the second round following a 3–2 defeat at the hands of their historic rivals, Austria. He continued to play an important role in the national team following his transfer to Valencia. His move and that of Uli Stielike prompted the DFB to remove their ban on selecting foreign based players for the national team. He played a role in qualifying for the 1980 European Championships and was selected for the squad, but injuries kept him from making an appearance during the West German victory. His last appearance for the national team came in a 4–1 defeat at the hands of Brazil, and in spite of a strong Bundesliga campaign for 1. FC Köln in 1981–82 he was not selected to return to the national team. From 1980 to 2012 Bonhof was the only player to win the European Championships twice, although he did not play a single game in either the 1972 or 1980 finals. He now shares the record with 12 players from the Spain national team which
Rainer Bonhof
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Fritz Fiedler (born Potsdam 9 January 1899: died Schliersee 8 July 1972), was an automotive engineer. His projects included the BMW 328 sports car, the ex-BMW Bristol straight-six engine, and the BMW New Class sedan. Career to 1945 Fiedler began his career in engineering at Stoewer and moved to Horch in 1924, where he eventually became chief engineer. He designed 8-cylinder and 12-cylinder cars at Horch. He left in 1932 when Horch became part of Auto Union. He then went to BMW on the recommendation of his former assistant Rudolf Schleicher, who had joined Horch from BMW in 1927 and returned to BMW in 1931. Fiedler became chief engineer at the age of 32 over former chief engineer Alfred Böning who became head of the automotive drawing office. In 1933 Fiedler was given the project to design the M78 six-cylinder engine for the BMW 303. The first car that Fiedler was fully responsible for was the BMW 326 saloon that was shown at the International Automobile Ausstellung in Berlin in 1936. While Schleicher was at Munich on motorcycle development and the competition side of BMW motor car activity, Fiedler was at Eisenach in overall command of the car side of BMW, specialising in chassis, suspension and aerodynamic design and development. His last automotive design from Eisenach was the 3.5-litre 6 cylinder BMW 335 saloon, a fine 90 mph car for the German autobahns. During the war he was occupied with military vehicle design and development and finished up at Munich, so that after the war he was in the American zone. During the war he was a Director of BMW, but left the board in 1945. In England In 1947 Fiedler joined AFN Ltd at the persuasion of H.J. Aldington. Although he was lent to Bristol as a consultant on their Type 400 project, he did most of his work in England at Isleworth, where he was always known as Dr Fiedler, although he did not have that title in Germany. He was very popular with the workforce at AFN, most people describing him as a kindly and charming man, and everyone admired his engineering qualities. He took charge of the development of the post-war Frazer Nash, dealing with chassis, suspension, body design and construction and development of the FNS Bristol engine. On the Isleworth dynamometer he got over 100 bhp from the Bristol engine before the Bristol men did. Return to Germany and BMW After three years with AFN Ltd, Fiedler returned to Germany. He returned to BMW as chief engineer in 1952 after working at Opel for a short time. He took over responsibility for the ongoing V8 engine project and was responsible for the BMW 503 and BMW 507. He was chairman of BMW AG from 1955 to 1956 and he finally retired in 1966, after a long and active life devoted to BMW, but he attended the firm each day as a consultant for a further two years and died in 1972. Notes References “From Chain
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Adnan Al-Gashey (1946 – 1978 or 1979) was a Palestinian militant and one of eight Black September Organization militants who invaded the Israeli quarters at the Munich Olympic Village during the 1972 Summer Olympics. The group took hostage nine of the Israeli Olympic delegation after killing Israeli wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg and weightlifter Yossef Romano in the initial takeover. He was the uncle of Jamal Al-Gashey, who also took part in the Munich operation. Early life Al-Gashey was a former student of nursing in Tripoli, Libya and had won a scholarship to study chemistry at the American University of Beirut. Unlike some of his fellow fedayeen, he did not have any connections with Germany, but was described by author Simon Reeve as "resourceful, reliable and committed." Role in the Munich massacre Though Al-Gashey was one of eight militants involved in the attack at the Israeli delegations quarters in the Munich Olympic Village, unlike some of the other militants, he is not easily identifiable in any of the footage of the day's events. Any mention of Al-Gashey in the crisis at all is identified by author Simon Reeve, who in his book One Day in September (2000) cites Al-Gashey as the militant that machine-gunned the Israelis in the helicopter. After the shootout at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base, he was captured along with his nephew Jamal Al-Gashey, and Mohammed Safady. Aftermath Al-Gashey, his nephew Jamal Al-Gashey, and Mohammed Safady were released seven and a half weeks later on 29 October 1972, when Lufthansa flight 615 from Damascus to Frankfurt was hijacked by Arab militants. The hijackers demanded the release of the three surviving militants or they would blow up the plane. Without consulting the Israeli government, the West German government acquiesced to their demands. In a press conference given by the three surviving militants in Tripoli shortly after their release from Germany, Adnan Al-Gashey was asked by a British journalist if he, personally, shot the Israelis. Al-Gashey replied in English:<p>Al-Gashey: It's not important to say if I killed Israeli or not. Reporter: But they were unarmed, the Israeli hostages, did you shoot any of them yourself? Al-Gashey: They are unarmed, but we have to know that Israeli is our enemy, Israel is our enemy...so we have to kill Israeli because...(cut off by spokesman interjecting) Death The circumstances of Al-Gashey's death remain uncertain. In the documentary film One Day in September (2000), it is stated that Israeli Mossad assassination squads killed both him and Mohammad Safady. However, in his book Striking Back: The 1972 Munich Olympics Massacre and Israel's Deadly Response, Aaron J. Klein states that Mossad reported Al-Gashey died naturally in Dubai sometime between 1978 and 1979, from a genetic heart condition. It can be assumed, however, that by the year 2000, with the publishing of Simon Reeve's book, Al-Gashey had died, as his wife gives a description of him in the past tense. Portrayal in film Al-Gashey is portrayed by French Moroccan actor Karim Saidi in the 2005 film Munich. See also
Adnan Al-Gashey
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Eliezer Halfin (18 June 1948 – 6 September 1972) was a Latvian-born wrestler with the Israeli Olympic team at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. Along with 10 other athletes and coaches he was taken hostage and later murdered by Palestinian Black September terrorists on 5 September 1972. Eventually they were brought to a German airport and during an attempted rescue mission staged by the German police, all nine hostages were killed on 6 September. Five of the terrorists and one German policeman were also killed. The subsequent autopsy, carried out by the Forensic Institute of the University of Munich, concluded that Halfin had died from a bullet to the heart and noted that Vivil mints were found in both trouser pockets of his corpse. Eliezer was a mechanic by profession and was born in Riga, Latvia. He came to Israel in 1969 and officially became an Israeli citizen seven months prior to his death. He was survived by his parents and a sister. He was a lightweight wrestler and was active for 11 years. In Israel he was a member of Hapoel Tel Aviv club. He won 12th place in the world championships. During 1971 he placed second place in the international competition in Bucharest, Romania. In 1972 in Greece he placed 3rd. Participating in the 20th Olympic Games was the highlight of his career and his dream. Eliezer is buried in Kiryat Shaul Cemetery in Tel Aviv. See also Munich Olympics massacre References External links 1948 births 1972 deaths Citizens of Israel through Law of Return 20th-century Israeli Jews 20th-century Latvian Jews Soviet Jews Jewish wrestlers Wrestlers at the 1972 Summer Olympics Israeli male sport wrestlers Olympic wrestlers for Israel Victims of the Munich massacre Deaths by firearm in Germany Sportspeople from Riga Soviet male sport wrestlers Soviet emigrants to Israel Latvian emigrants to Israel Burials at Kiryat Shaul Cemetery
Eliezer Halfin
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Khalid Jawad (1954 – 6 September 1972) was a Palestinian militant and one of eight Black September militants that invaded the Israeli quarters at the Munich Olympic Village during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games, taking hostage nine members of the Israeli Olympic delegation after killing Israeli wrestling coach Moshe Weinberg and weightlifter Yossef Romano in the initial takeover. It has been suggested that Jawad was wearing the ski mask featured in images that became iconic of this atrocity. Early life Jawad was born in 1954. He had grown up in the Chatila refugee camp in Lebanon with several of his fellow fedayeen, even playing on the same football team as some of them and was described as "soccer mad". He had lived in West Germany for two years with his brother Farud but was sent home because "he couldn't fit in". He was subsequently recruited for the Munich operation. Preparation for the attack at the Munich Olympics Upon being chosen for the Munich operation, Jawad undertook training. He told his brother that he was "going to play football in Syria." On his return, however, his family noticed marks on his back as if he'd been wearing a backpack. When asked about where he had been, Jawad persisted in telling them that he had been playing football, but instructed them, not to "tell anyone." A few weeks later and a month before the start of the 1972 Summer Olympics, Jawad and the other chosen fedayeen flew to Tripoli, Libya to undertake a month's advanced training. Death at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base Upon arriving in one of two helicopters with the Israeli athletes at Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base, the fedayeen became embroiled in a firefight with five German police sharpshooters positioned around the airfield. During the battle, Jawad made a dash across the pitch-black airfield away from the back of the helicopters and ran unwittingly straight towards a garden where a German sharpshooter was positioned. The sharpshooter fired several shots from a distance of five metres, hitting Jawad in the face and shooting him a further three times as he was falling. Jawad was not killed instantly, however; the sharpshooter reported hearing the terrorist "moaning and gasping for breath several times", while helicopter pilot Gunnar Ebel, who had sought cover next to the prone sharpshooters during the opening stage of the gun battle, reported hearing a "gurgling" sound from Jawad as he died. Aftermath Jawad's family only found out about his death after a photograph in a local newspaper showed his corpse with a bullet through his face. His body and those of his four fedayeen compatriots were handed over to Libya and after a procession of 30,000 people from Tripoli's Martyrs' Square, they were buried in the Sidi Munaidess Cemetery. See also Palestine Liberation Organization Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre List of hostage crises References 1954 births 1972 deaths Members of the Black September Organization Munich massacre Palestinian mass murderers People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Germany
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Anneliese Graes (November 5, 1930 – June 1, 1992) was a chief detective (1951–1991) from Essen, Germany, who acted as mediator between German officials and Black September terrorists during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games after eight Black September terrorists broke into the Israeli Olympic delegation building at 31 Connollystrasse, taking eleven of the Israeli delegation hostage during the early hours of 5 September 1972. Involvement in the Munich Massacre Graes had volunteered to work as one of 2,000 Olympic security guards during the 1972 Munich Olympic Games. Upon hearing of the hostage taking Graes rushed to 31 Connollystraße to volunteer as intermediary. According to Simon Reeve, author of the book One Day in September, Graes had a mature, easy manner which her superiors had hoped would put the terrorists at ease. At 8:10am Graes made her way to 31 Connollystraße to replace Frau Lauterbach, a young policewoman who had already gone to 31 Connollystraße to establish contact with the terrorists. Although Simon Reeve intimates that Graes volunteered to be an intermediary and was chosen by Manfred Schreiber for the task, it appears Graes went to the scene of her own volition and began to act as intermediary without any prior instruction from her superiors. She would act as the intermediary between the Black September leader Luttif Afif and the German delegation until the terrorists and Israeli hostages left 31 Connollystraße via the underground car park by bus, and then to waiting helicopters which were supposed to transport them to Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base. It was clear from the outset that Afif was quite comfortable with Graes, both could be seen chatting regularly in front of 31 Connollystraße when Afif was not involved in negotiations with the German delegation. Afif told Graes about his life, most of which was corroborated later by Palestinian sources. Afif offered Graes cigarettes and even shared food with Graes; at one point both could be seen eating bananas and then tossing the skins through the front door of 31 Connollystraße before Afif picked them up. Aftermath Graes gave evidence to the official Bavarian pre-criminal investigation into the events of 5 September. In 1974 Graes was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for her actions. She only rarely spoke about her involvement in the Munich crisis and refused all offers of money for her story regarding the events of that day. Death Graes died in Bottrop, Germany, aged 62. She requested she be buried with her Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. In popular media 21 Hours at Munich, a 1976 feature film about the events in Munich München 72, a 2012 German TV feature film References 1930 births 1992 deaths Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
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Basketball contests at the 1972 Summer Olympics was the eighth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event. It took place at Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle in Munich, Germany from August 27 to September 9. The Soviet Union controversially won the gold medal game against the United States. This was the first time that the USA did not win a gold medal since the sport's introduction into the Olympics at the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics. The bronze was won by Cuba, the only Olympic medal they have won in basketball. Another controversy was suspension of Mickey Coll after a positive drug test. Medal summary Note: The U.S. refused their silver medals and didn't attend the medal ceremony due to the controversy surrounding the final. Qualification Automatic qualifications were granted to the host country and the first four places at the previous tournament. Additional spots were decided by various continental tournaments held by FIBA plus an additional pre-Olympic tournament that granted two extra berths. Egypt withdrew from the tournament following the events of the Munich massacre. Format Two groups of eight teams are formed, where the top two from each group compete for the medals in a knockout round. The remaining places are defined as follows: Fifth through eighth places are decided in a separate bracket between the third and fourth places from each group in a separate bracket. Ninth through sixteenth places are decided between the fifth through eighth places from each group in separate brackets. Tie-breaking criteria: Head to head results Goal average (not the goal difference) between the tied teams Squads For the team rosters see: Basketball at the 1972 Summer Olympics – Men's team rosters. Preliminary round The top two teams from each group advance to the semifinals, while the remaining teams compete for 5th through 16th places in separate brackets. Group A Group B Knockout stage Medal bracket Classification brackets 5th–8th place 9th–12th place 13th–16th place Forfeited match. Final Awards Final standings References FIBA Results Archive: Citations External links ESPN Classic account of the gold medal game basketball 1972 1972 in basketball International basketball competitions hosted by West Germany
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Operation Bayonet () was a covert operation directed by Mossad to assassinate individuals they accused of being involved in the 1972 Munich massacre. The targets were members of the Palestinian armed militant group Black September and operatives of the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO). Authorised by Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir in the autumn of 1972, the operation is believed to have continued for over twenty years. While Mossad killed several prominent Palestinians during the operation, they never managed to kill the mastermind behind Munich, namely Abu Daoud. The operation was depicted in the television film Sword of Gideon (1986) and Steven Spielberg's film Munich (2005). History Two days after the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics, Israel retaliated by bombing ten PLO bases in Syria and Lebanon. Prime Minister Golda Meir created Committee X, a small group of government officials tasked with formulating an Israeli response, with herself and Defense Minister Moshe Dayan at the head. She also appointed General Aharon Yariv as her Advisor on Counterterrorism; he, along with Mossad Director Zvi Zamir, took the principal role in directing the ensuing operation. The committee came to the conclusion that, to deter future violent incidents against Israel, they needed to assassinate those who had supported or carried out the Munich massacre, and in dramatic fashion. Pressured by Israeli public opinion and top intelligence officials, Meir reluctantly authorised the beginning of the broad assassination campaign. Yet when the three surviving perpetrators of the massacre were released just months later by West Germany in compliance with the demands of the hijackers of Lufthansa Flight 615, any remaining ambivalence she felt was removed. The committee's first task for Israeli intelligence was to draw up an assassination list of all those involved in Munich. This was accomplished with the aid of PLO operatives working for Mossad, and with information provided by friendly European intelligence agencies. While the contents of the entire list are unknown, reports put the final number of targets at 20–35, a mix of Black September and PLO elements. Once this was complete, Mossad was charged with locating the individuals and killing them. Critical in the planning was the idea of plausible deniability, that it should be impossible to prove a direct connection between the assassinations and Israel. In addition, the operations were more generally intended to terrorise Palestinian militants. According to David Kimche, former deputy head of Mossad, "The aim was not so much revenge but mainly to make them [the Palestinian terrorists] frightened. We wanted to make them look over their shoulders and feel that we are upon them. And therefore we tried not to do things by just shooting a guy in the street – that's easy ... fairly." It is also known that Mossad agent Michael Harari led the creation and direction of the teams, although some may not have always been under government responsibility. Author Simon Reeve explains that the Mossad teamwhose squad names are letters of the Hebrew alphabetconsisted of: ...fifteen people divided into five
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Moshe Weinberg ( sometimes Weinberger; 19 September 1939 – 5 September 1972) was an Israeli wrestler who was the coach of the national team, as well the coach of Hapoel Tel Aviv. He began his career in Hapoel Haifa. He was the Israeli youth champion in wrestling. He was also the adult wrestling middleweight champion for eight years. At the 1965 Maccabiah Games, he won a gold medal in Greco Roman wrestling. He later becoming a certified coach at the Wingate Institute, and served in that role for five years. In his capacity as national wrestling coach, he was sent to the 1972 Summer Olympics at Munich. He was among 11 Israeli team members who were killed by Palestinian terrorists in what is known as "the Munich massacre". Death In the early morning hours of 5 September 1972, eight members of Black September entered the Olympic Village, Munich and broke into apartment 1 at Connollystraße 31, which housed five coaches and two referees of the Israeli Olympic team. As the terrorists broke into the apartment, Weinberg was confronted by the group's leader, Luttif Afif, whose own mother was Jewish and whose father was a wealthy Arab-Christian businessman from Nazareth, in a nearby bedroom. Weinberg picked up a nearby fruit knife and was shot through his cheek after slashing Afif, slicing his left breast pocket open but not reaching through to the flesh. The wounded Weinberg was ordered by the terrorists at gunpoint to show them where the Israelis were. Weinberg led the terrorists past Apartment 2, which housed the fencers, shooters and track athletes, and instead took them to Apartment 3, which housed Israel's weightlifters and wrestlers. However, taken by surprise, the six athletes of Apartment 3 were captured by the terrorists. While the hostages were being marched back to the officials' apartment, Weinberg once again attacked the intruders, knocking one of them, Mohammed Safady, unconscious and allowing one of his wrestlers, Gad Tsobari, to escape via an underground parking garage. The terrorists fatally shot Weinberg, then threw his body into the street. In moving the hostages to the coaches' apartment, the terrorists killed weightlifter Yossef Romano after he attempted to resist the terrorists. The nine remaining hostages were also subsequently killed in what became known as the Munich massacre. Atif and four other terrorists were killed by German snipers on 6 September. Weinberg’s cousin, Edward Carmel Eliash — who was, at the time of the 1972 Olympics in Munich, Mayor of Tirat Carmel (Hebrew: טִירַת כַּרְמֶל‎), or Tirat HaCarmel, a city in the Haifa District in Israel — suffered a fatal heart attack at the public memorial ceremony the following day at the Olympics. Weinberg's actor son, Guri Weinberg (married to actress Tammy Lauren), portrayed his father in the 2005 movie Munich. References Deaths by firearm in Germany Jewish wrestlers Jewish Israeli sportspeople Israeli wrestling coaches Maccabiah Games medalists in wrestling Maccabiah Games gold medalists for Israel Competitors at the 1965 Maccabiah Games Sportspeople from Haifa 1939 births 1972
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Kehat Shorr (21 February 1919 – 6 September 1972) was the shooting coach for the 1972 Israeli Olympic team. He was one of the 11 members of Israel's Olympic team killed in the Munich massacre. Biography Kehat Shorr was born in Romania. There, he devoted himself to marksmanship and became an expert marksman. He moved to Israel in 1963 and lived in Tel Aviv with his wife and daughter. He joined the “Hapoel” team and quickly became its coach, training many young Israeli marksmen. He trained the national team for the Twentieth Olympic Games in Munich. Munich massacre Kehat was among the Israelis taken hostage and murdered by Black September terrorists at the 1972 Summer Olympics. The Israeli team was sleeping in their quarters in the early morning hours of 5 September 1972, when the terrorists raided the compound, murdered two of the Israeli athletes and took the others hostage. Kehat Shorr was photographed standing next to fellow coach Andre Spitzer at the second-floor window of their besieged building while terrorists trained guns on the pair. The German authorities failed to rescue 9 hostages, including Kehat Shorr, resulting in their deaths. Shorr's team members, Henry Hershkowitz and Zelig Stroch, survived the attack. See also Sports in Israel References 1919 births 1972 deaths Israeli male sport shooters Jewish sport shooters Victims of the Munich massacre Deaths by firearm in Germany Romanian emigrants to Israel Romanian Jews Burials at Kiryat Shaul Cemetery People from Argeș County
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Fürstenfeldbruck () is a town in Bavaria, Germany, located 32 kilometres west of Munich. It is the capital of the district of Fürstenfeldbruck. it has a population of 35,494. Since the 1930s, Fürstenfeldbruck has had an air force base. The name of Fürstenfeldbruck is composed of two parts, namely 'Buick', Bavarian dialect for 'bridge' (meaning the bridge over the Amper river) and after the famous monastery of Fürstenfeld Abbey. Geography Fürstenfeldbruck covers an area of 32.53 km2. It is located halfway between Munich and Augsburg, and along the Amper river. Main sights Cistercian monastery (Fürstenfeld Abbey), founded in 1266 by Louis II, Duke of Bavaria and closed in 1803. It was one of the favourite monasteries of the Wittelsbach family. Parish church of St. Magdalene (late 17th century) Pilgrim church of St. Leonhard. A Gothic building which can be crossed riding a horse. Aumühle, a 14th-century mill now housing the municipal library. Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base Fürstenfeldbruck has been the site of an Air Base since 1936. It was used by the Luftwaffe before and during World War II. It was used by United States Air Force after World War II and returned to the German government in 1957 and used as a base for the modern German Air Force ever since. The air force base was the site of the Munich Massacre during the 1972 Summer Olympics. The nine Israeli hostages (two had been killed earlier at the Olympic Village) and eight Black September terrorists who captured them were flown to the base from the Olympic Village via helicopter, where the terrorists demanded they, and their hostages, be flown to a friendly Arab nation. After a botched rescue attempt by Bavarian border guards and Munich police, the terrorists killed all of the nine remaining Israeli hostages, who were unable to escape from the helicopters. Five of the terrorists and a Munich policeman were also killed in the gunfight. Economy The American company Texas Instruments has offices in Fürstenfeldbruck, and Coca-Cola European Partners has a bottling facility there as well. Also, it is the home of Leuze lumiflex, the maker of safety products (light curtains). Twin towns – sister cities Fürstenfeldbruck is twinned with: Almuñécar, Spain Cerveteri, Italy Livry-Gargan, France Wichita Falls, United States Zadar, Croatia Notable people (1869–1934), German sculptor and goldsmith Olaf Ittenbach (born 1969), German horror film director Anna Katharina Kränzlein (born 1980), violinist, founding member of the folk rock band Schandmaul Corinna Lechner (born 1994), cyclist Ernst Mayr (computer scientist) (born 1950), computer scientist, professor of the TU Munich, winner of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize 1997 Ferdinand von Miller (1813–1887), iron moulder, builder of Bavaria Persons with reference to Fürstenfeldbruck Johannes Mathesius (1504–1565), Luther biographer and reformer: In Bruck, he studied the teaching and traveling years of Luther's teachings in the house of the pastor Zacharias Weichsner Adolf Des Coudres (1862–1924), landscape painter, died in Fürstenfeldbruck Richard W. Higgins (1922–1957), pilot of the USAF sacrificed his life in 1957 to prevent a plane crash over Fürstenfeldbruck
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Munich (German: München) is the capital of the German federal state of Bavaria. Munich or München may also refer to: Places Munich (district), adjacent to the capital city München, a quarter of Bad Berka, Thuringa München, a quarter of Hirschbach, Bavaria München, a quarter of Hutthurm, Bavaria München, a quarter of Uebigau-Wahrenbrück, Brandenburg Munich, North Dakota, a city in the United States Entertainment Munich (2005 film), a Steven Spielberg film based on the 1972 Olympic massacre and its aftermath Munich – The Edge of War, a 2021 British drama film based on the novel by Robert Harris Munich, a 2017 novel by Robert Harris "Munich" (song), a 2005 song by British rock group Editors "Munich", a 2012 song by the Fray from Scars & Stories "Munich", a poem by Patti Smith from her 1978 book Babel Ships SMS München, a Bremen-class cruiser of the Imperial German Navy MS München, a German LASH carrier, lost in a storm in December 1978 SS General von Steuben, a German luxury passenger ship, renamed from München in 1930 Sports FC Bayern Munich, a sports club located in the capital city TSV 1860 Munich, a sports club also known for its football team Munich (sport shoes), a Spanish company and brand specialized in sports and fashion shoes Other Munich, a common shorthand for Munich Agreement, the 1938 accord ceding the Sudetenland to Germany Munich Group is a diplomatic initiative in the Middle East Alphonse Munchen (1850–1917), engineer and politician from Luxembourg Munich air disaster, the crash of an aircraft carrying British footballers at Munich-Riem Airport in 1958 Munich putsch 1923, also known as Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch Munich massacre, a 1972 Palestine Liberation Organization terrorist attack against Israeli athletes at the Olympics Munich Security Conference, an international political forum Munich Mouser See also Mnichov (disambiguation) Monaco (disambiguation)
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Hans-Jochen Vogel (3 February 192626 July 2020) was a German lawyer and a politician for the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He served as Mayor of Munich from 1960 to 1972, winning the 1972 Summer Olympics for the city and Governing Mayor of West Berlin in 1981, the only German ever to lead two cities with a million+ inhabitants. He was Federal Minister of Regional Planning, Construction and Urban Development from 1972 to 1974, and Federal Minister of Justice from 1974 to 1981. He served as leader of the SPD in the Bundestag from 1983 to 1991, and as Leader of the Social Democratic Party from 1987 to 1991. In 1993, he co-founded the organisation Gegen Vergessen – Für Demokratie (Against Oblivion – For Democracy). He was a member of the National Ethics Council of Germany from its beginning in 2001. Early life and professional career Vogel was born in Göttingen in the Province of Hanover, Germany on 3 February 1926. He attended the in Göttingen, and from 1935 the in Gießen, Hesse where he achieved the Abitur in 1943. He was an active Catholic and joined the Hitler Youth and even became one of its squad leaders (Scharführer). He was not critical of the Nazi regime and later recalled: Vogel volunteered for service in the German Army (Wehrmacht) in July 1943, aged 17, in the latter stages of World War II. Twice wounded at the Italian Front, Vogel was an Unteroffizier at the end of the war, when he was captured by the Americans. On his return from prison camp he worked as a transport worker for a short while, before he was able to study law in Marburg and Munich. He received his doctorate ("magna cum laude") in 1950. His professional career began in February 1952, when he became a junior official (Assessor) in the . At the age of 28 he was a county court judge, and in the following year he was appointed chairman of a commission in the Bavarian Minister-President's office which was to review Bavarian law for a new survey published by the Bavarian state parliament. The Munich City Council made him their legal secretary (Rechtsreferent) in 1958. Political career Mayor in Munich Vogel became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) in 1950. At age 34, he was elected Mayor of Munich on 27 March 1960, with 64.3% of the vote, then the youngest mayor of a city in Europe with more than a million inhabitants. His popularity increased further, partly due to his success in tackling the city's traffic problems, and he was re-elected in 1966 with 77.9%. The fact that Munich was chosen as the venue of the 1972 Summer Olympics, which had additional beneficial effects on town planning and traffic projects, was to a large extent a result of his efforts. When Vogel became the leader of the Bavarian Social Democrats and also a member of the executive of the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1972, he
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Brigitte Margret Ida Mohnhaupt (born 24 June 1949) is a German convicted former terrorist associated with the second generation of the Red Army Faction (RAF) members. She was also part of the Socialist Patients' Collective (SPK). From 1971 until 1982 she was active within the RAF. Early life Mohnhaupt was born in Rheinberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, the daughter of an employee in a publishing house. After her parents' divorce in 1960 she stayed with her mother. She took her abitur in 1967 in Bruchsal, and later that year enrolled with the philosophy department at the University of Munich. She was married to Rolf Heissler from 1968–1970. While in Munich, she joined the local commune scene, where she met core figures of the 1960s student movement such as Rainer Langhans, Fritz Teufel and Uschi Obermaier. In 1969, she participated in a demonstration in the USA cultural centre in Munich (Amerikahaus) to protest against the Vietnam War. She was reportedly influenced by Carlos Marighella's Manual of the Urban Guerilla. Activities as a member of the RAF Mohnhaupt was first a member of the Socialist Patients' Collective, known by its German acronym, SPK. Together with fellow commune member Irmgard Möller, she joined the Red Army Faction (RAF) around 1971 after the SPK dissolved, and helped with organization, logistics, and weapon procurement. Below is a timeline of Mohnhaupt's major acts as a member of the RAF. 9 June 1972: Mohnhaupt was arrested in Berlin in connection with the RAF and sentenced to prison for involvement with a criminal organization, identity document forgery, and illegal weapon possession. Shortly after Ulrike Meinhof's death in prison in 1976, Mohnhaupt was, on her own request, transferred to Stammheim Prison where the majority of other RAF prisoners were held captive. In Stammheim Prison she met Gudrun Ensslin, Andreas Baader, and Jan-Carl Raspe, and was reportedly trained by them to become a leader of the RAF. She was released on 8 February 1977, and immediately went underground and continued her work with the RAF. Mohnhaupt was a major player in the German Autumn: she was involved in the 1977 assassinations of chief federal prosecutor Siegfried Buback in Karlsruhe and banker Jürgen Ponto, chairman of the Dresdner Bank board of directors, in Oberursel, Taunus. She was also involved in the kidnapping and murder of employer representative Hanns Martin Schleyer. 11 May 1978 Mohnhaupt, Sieglinde Hofmann, Rolf Clemens Wagner, and Peter-Jürgen Boock were arrested in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. 17 November 1978 – Mohnhaupt and three other RAF members were allowed to leave Yugoslavia for a country of their choice because West Germany turned down an offer from Yugoslavia to extradite them in exchange for eight Croatian political fugitives in West Germany. 15 September 1981 Mohnhaupt took part in an assassination attempt on U.S. General Frederick Kroesen using an RPG-7 anti-tank rocket. Arrest and imprisonment On 11 November 1982 Mohnhaupt, along with Adelheid Schulz, was caught entering an RAF arms cache in the woods near Frankfurt which had been staked out by GSG 9 men.
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Dan Alon (; 28 March 1945 – 31 January 2018) was an Israeli fencer. He competed in the individual foil event at the 1972 Summer Olympics, at the age of 27. He was placed fourth in round one with three wins (defeating John Bouchier-Hayes of Ireland, Arcangelo Pinelli of Italy, and Klaus Reichert of West Germany) and two losses and advanced to round two. There, he placed fifth with two wins (defeating Omar Vergara of Argentina and František Koukal of Czechoslovakia) and three losses, and was eliminated. He was among six Israeli team members who avoided being captured by terrorists in the Munich massacre. He and four teammates were in apartment 2 of the building at Connollystraße 31, and while the terrorists captured the Israeli residents in nearby apartments 1 and 3, they passed by this apartment, presumably led to believe by one of the kidnapped Israelis that this apartment was not occupied by Israelis. All five residents of apartment 2 managed to leave the building through the garden and flee to safety. In 2012, Alon released a book entitled Munich Memoir, co-authored by Carla Stockton, recounting his experiences at the 1972 Munich Olympics, and the impact on his life. Alon died from cancer on 31 January 2018 at age 72. References External links 1945 births 2018 deaths Israeli male foil fencers Olympic fencers for Israel Fencers at the 1972 Summer Olympics Munich massacre Deaths from cancer in Israel 20th-century Israeli sportspeople
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Events in the year 1972 in Germany. Incumbents President – Gustav Heinemann Chancellor – Willy Brandt Events 19 February – Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest 1972 1 April – German company SAP SE is founded. 19 May – Three out of six bombs explode in the Axel Springer AG media company offices in Hamburg, injuring 17; the Red Army Faction claims responsibility. 24 May – A Red Army Faction bomb explodes in the Campbell Barracks of the U.S. Army Supreme European Command in Heidelberg, West Germany; three U.S. soldiers (Clyde Bonner, Ronald Woodard and Charles Peck) are killed. 2 June – Andreas Baader, Jan-Carl Raspe, Holger Meins and some other members of the Red Army Faction are arrested in Frankfurt am Main,after a shootout. 15 June – Ulrike Meinhof and Gerhard Müller of the Red Army Faction are arrested in a teacher's apartment in Langenhagen, West Germany. 23 June - 4 July – 22nd Berlin International Film Festival 30 June - 8 October – documenta 5 14 August – 1972 Königs Wusterhausen air disaster 26 August–10 September – 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. 5 September – Munich massacre: Members of the Palestinian terrorist group Black September kill two members of the Israeli Olympic team and take another nine hostage. 29 October – Lufthansa Flight 615 is hijacked and threats are made to be blown up if the three surviving perpetrators of the Munich massacre are not released from prison in West Germany. The demands are accepted, leading to fierce condemnation by Israel. 19 November – West German federal election, 1972 15 December – The Second Brandt cabinet led by Willy Brandt was sworn in. 21 December – The Basic Treaty is signed by Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic. Transit Agreement Date unknown German company Fielmann is founded. German company SAP AG is founded. Kadir Nurman introduces a sandwich made with döner kebab meat as a fast-food item in Berlin. Births 2 January – Britt Hagedorn, German television presenter 15 February – Michelle, German singer 22 February – Claudia Pechstein, German speedskater 10 March – Mark Waschke, German actor 4 April – Bastian Pastewka, German actor and comedian 9 April – Bernard Ackah, German-Ivorian mixed martial artist and comedian 16 April – Andreas Dittmer, German canoeist 10 May – Katja Seizinger, German alpine ski racer 23 May – Nadja Uhl, German actress 14 June – Matthias Ettrich, German computer scientist 20 June – Simon Verhoeven, German actor and film director 22 June – Michael Wendler, German singer 1 July – Steffi Nerius, German athlete 10 July – Christoph Hochhäusler, German film director 3 September – Tim Lobinger, German pole vaulter 18 October – Helge Braun, German politician 1 November – Mario Barth, German comedian 3 November – Hubertus Heil, German politician 4 December – Marc Bator, German journalist 16 December – Julia Klöckner, German politician 28 December – Florian Pronold, German politician Deaths 6 January - Walther von Axthelm, German general (born 1893) 25 January - Erhard
1972 in Germany