Disc-electrophoretic separation of water soluble proteins from scales of different forms of ichthyosis. In extracts of scales of different forms of ichthyosis, disc-electrophoretic separation of water soluble proteins was performed. Number and position of the protein bands correspond with number and position of the bands of extracts of normal keratin and psoriatic scales. However, in comparison to normal keratin, all examined forms of ichthyosis showed in zone II the enriched bands Nos. 6 and 7. This permits a distinct differentiation from psoriasis in which in zone II the bands Nos. 9 and 10 are enriched. In congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma and in ichthyosis combined with atopic dermatitis, in zone III the bands, containing gamma globulins, are enriched as an expression of the concomittant exudative process. The protein content of scale extracts of ichthyosis is 2 to 5 times lower than the one of psoriasis.


Failure to detect specific gluten antigens associated with the immune aggregates in the skin in dermatitis herpetiformis. The univolved skin of 10 patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) was examined for the presence of gluten antigens with the immunofluorescence technique using a rabbit anti-gliadin antiserum, human antibodies to wheat and to reticulin conjugated to fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) and class-specific anti-human IgA immunoglobulin. In all patients, IgA deposits were found in the tips of the dermal papillae of the uninvolved skin. With the anti-wheat and anti-reticulin conjugates, as well as with the rabbit anti-gliadin antiserum, no specific immunofluorescence was observed in any of the skin specimens. Skin biopsy sections of three DH patients were treated with an acid solution (pH 3.2) in an effort to dissociate antigen-antibody complexes that might be present. After the elution procedure the sections showed undiminished IgA fluorescence, and retesting with the anti-wheat- and anti-reticulin antisera again gave negative results. The skin eluates, two of which contained IgA, had no antibodies to wheat or reticulin. These findings do not give support to the hypothesis that the antigens in the suspected immune complexes in the DH skin consist of gluten.


Oral alimentation following intubation for esophageal carcinoma. The nutritional status of 15 patients suffering from unresectable carcinoma of the midthoracic esophagus was evaluated before and after palliative pulsion intubation. All patients showed evidence of protein-calorie malnutrition, prior to intubation. Oral alimentation using a formulated hospital ward diet with an elemental dietary supplement reversed the nutritional deficit. A mean daily positive nitrogen balance of seven grams was achieved three weeks following intubation. No episode of tube blockage was observed and the elemental diet supplement was well tolerated.


Post-extrasystolic potentiation; effect of Ca, histamine, caffeine and epinephrine. The influence of caffeine, epinephrine, histamine and high Ca solutions on post-extrasystolic potentiation of guinea-pig's isolated heart muscle was investigated. It was found that caffeine suppressed the potentiation process while epinephrine and high Ca solutions enhanced it. Histamine caused a gradual decrease in post-extrasystolic potentiation. The results support the view that the potentiation process is related to an increased Ca release by the terminal vesicles caused by paired stimulation.


Anaerobic dechlorination and degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers by anaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. Screening studies with strict and facultative anaerobic bacteria showed that Clostridium app. and several other representatives of Bacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae actively degraded gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) under anaerobic conditions. Representatives of Lactobacillaceae and Propronibacterium were inactive. With 36Cl-labelled gamma-HCH a nearly complete dechlorination was shown to occur in 4--6 days by Clostridium butyricum, C. pasteurianum and Citrobacter freundii, while other facultative anaerobic species were less active. Aerobically grown facultative anaerobes also dechlorinated actively gamma-HCH during subsequent anaerobic incubation with glucose, pyruvate or formate as substrates. The alpha-, beta- and delta-HCH isomers were also, but more slowly, dechlorinated (gamma larger than alpha larger than beta larger than or equal to delta-HCH). All species active in anaerobic degradation of gamma-HCH formed gamma-tetrachlorocyclohexene (TCH) as the main intermediate metabolite and no gamma-pentachlorocyclohexene (PCH) or other isomers of TCH or PCH have been found. Small amounts of tri- and tetrachlorinated benzenes have been found too. The mechanism of dechlorination is discussed.


[Changes of some metabolic parameters of the liver in chickens under the influence of Entomoxan]. From the 3rd week of life Studler-Cornish-breed chickens received a food mixed with Entomoxan (15 ppm HCH-gamma-Isomer in the food) for an 8 weeks period. 2,4,6, and 8 weeks after the beginning of the experiment livers of the chickens were examined for RNA-, DNA-, total protein- and total aminonitrogen contents. The RNA-values decrease constantly where as those of DNA increase up to the 4th week and after that decline. Total protein contents rise up to the 4th week. After 2 and 8 weeks the contents of amino-nitrogen are lower in experimental birds than in controls.


[Mast and enterochromaffin-like cells of the gastric mucosa]. An attempt has been made to reveal simultaneously both mast and ECL cells in the fundic mucosa of some laboratory animals and man. In Bouin fluid fixed specimens, toluidine blue pH 5.0 and alcian blue pH 1.0 failed to reveal mucosal mast cells in rats and mice only. In those animals mucosal mast cells became demonstrable in Carnoy fluid fixed tissues after staining with alcian blue pH 1.0. A double staining technique has been applied using Grimelius silver method followed by staining either with toluidine blue after acid hydrolysis or with alcian blue. Both mast and ECL cells became visible showing here and there their close arrangement. The latter might be a point for some functional relations between both cell types.


[Endocrine cells of the esophageal glands]. Distribution of endocrine cells in the human oesophagus was studied histochemically. Large amount of endocrine cells was discovered in terminal parts and excretory ducts of the cardial glands. Endocrine cells of the oesophageal cardial glands are represented, at least, by three types: argentaffine, argyrophil in the reactions of Grimelius and Sevier, Munger and argyrophil in the reaction of Grimelius only. The amount of argentaffine cells in the oesophageal cardial glands was observed to be 5 times as large as that of in the gastric cardial glands. The reason is evidently in functional difference of the oesophageal and gastric cardial glands. The endocrine cells were absent in the mucous glands of the oesophagus.


An enzyme histochemical analysis of human subretinal fluid. During rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, two major phagocytic cell populations can be identified in the subretinal fluid. Routine light and electron microscopic studies may be inadequate to assess quantitatively the free-floating retinal pigment epithelial cells and the macrophagic retinal pigment-laden cells. Enzyme histochemical staining permits a simple, rapid, reproducible method of identifying each cell type. This cytologic biochemical differentiation is an important tool for reexamination of the theories associated with subretinal fluid cell activity.


The isolation of Saumarez Reef virus, a new flavivirus, from bird ticks Ornithodoros capensis and Ixodes eudyptidis in Australia. Strains of a new flavivirus, for which the name Saumarez Reef Virus is proposed, were isolated from seabird ticks collected from four localities. Two strains were isolated from ticks of the species Ornithodoros capensis Neumann 1901 collected from the nests of Sooty Terns, Sterna fuscata Linnaeus 1766 on coral cays off the east coast of Queensland, Australia. The other three strains were isolated from ticks of the species Ixodes eudyptidis Maskell 1885 taken from two dead Silver Gulls Larus novaehollandiae Stephens 1826 in northern Tasmania. The new virus was compared serologically with 50 other flaviviruses at the Yale Arbovirus Research Unit and was found to be most closely related to Tyuleniy virus.


Ultrastructural and histochemical investigations of spindle-shaped corpuscles in phagocytic cells of lymph nodes. In connection with various diseases, spindle-shaped or roundish 2-15 micrometer large corpuscles with a yellowish-green, partly brown color are found in phagocytic cells of lymph nodes of various localisation. There are three groups according to staining and ultrastructural characteristics. I. Strongly Fe+++ positive corpucles only, 2. corpuscles with a positive PAS-reaction, Ziehl-Neelsen and Sudan black B stain and slight iron adsorption, 3. particles with irregular stainability. Ultrastructurally, the spindle bodies of Group I have a uniform membrane, double in some sections and a narrow, finely granular rim, in which 50 A large iron micelles are stored. The electrondense center contains structures which may correspond to remainders of cell organelles. The similarly shaped particles of Group 2 have a homogeneous, electron-dense center and sometimes half-moon-shaped, homogeneous, less dense appositions. A dense round center with finely honey-combed translucencies and marginal vacuoles characterizes the irregularly shaped, in part spindly corpuscles of Group 3. The energy-dispersion X-ray analysis indicates only iron for the particles of Group I. A relation of the corpuscles to specific diseases, especially to sarcoidosis and certain therapeutic measures, is not evident.


Purification, biochemical characterization and serological analysis of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases and a reverse transcriptase from spleen of a patient with myelofibrotic syndrome. The present study describes the separation and purification of a reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerases from the human spleen of a patient with myelofibrotic syndrome. The specific requirements with respect to bivalent cations and template-primers for DNA polymerase-alpha, DNA polymerase-beta and DNA polymerase-gamma, as well as for the reverse transcriptase, are reported. Sedimentation-velocity measurements of the purified enzymes gave values of 150000, 40000, 100000 and 70000 daltons for DNA polymerase-alpha DNA polymerase-beta, DNA polymerase-gamma and the reverse transcriptase respectively. Serological studies have shown that the reverse transcriptase from human spleen is not antigenically related to cellular DNA polymerase-alpha, -beta or -gamma, but is antigenically related to reverse transcriptase from simian sarcoma virus and gibbon-ape leukaemia virus.


Localization of sites for ionic interaction with lipid in the C-terminal third of the bovine myelin basic protein. The myelin basic protein from bovine brain tissue was purified and the two peptides obtained by cleavage of the polypeptide chain at the single tryptophan residue were isolated. The interaction of these peptides and the intact basic protein with complex lipids was investigated by following the solubilization of lipid-protein complexes into chloroform in a biphasic solvent system. The C-terminal peptide fragment (residues 117-170) and the intact basic protein both formed chloroform-soluble complexes with acidic lipids, but not with neutral complex lipids. The N-terminal fragment (residues 1-115) did not form chloroform-soluble complexes with either acidic or neutral complex lipids. The molar ratio of lipid to protein that caused a 50% loss of protein from the upper phase to the lower chloroform phase was the same for the intact basic protein as for the smaller C-terminal peptide fragment. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol were approximately twice as efficient as sulphatide at causing protein redistribution to the chloroform phase. The results are interpreted as indicating that the sites for ionic interactions between lipid and charged groups on the basic protein of myelin are located in the C-terminal region of the protein molecule.


[Immunological studies demonstrating the enhancing effect of aristolochic acid on immunoreactions (author's transl)]. In experimental studies it was shown that aristolochic acid is able to ameliorate or to stimulate immunoreactions. This was studied in vivo with cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions and by measurement of the gamma-globulin formation of treated rabbits; the in vitro system used was the macrophage migration test.


Intratendon sheath corticosteroid treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-associated and idiopathic hand flexor tenosynovitis. Flexor tenosynovitis (FT) is a common manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), contributing to hand deformity and manual dysfunction. The efficacy of intratendon sheath corticosteroids was assessed by reviewing the results of such treatment in 173 episodes of FT documented in 46 patients with definite or classic RA. Ninety-three percent of initial episodes resolved completely for 3 or more months (median: 25 months); tenosynovitis did not recur in 59%. The likelihood of a favorable response did not diminish with treatment of recurrent FT in a given digit. Comparable results were found in 52 FT episodes observed in 38 non-RA patients. No tendon sheath or soft tissue infection or tendon rupture ensued in either treatment group. The response was influenced by the specific corticosteroid preparation selected. Based on this experience, a trial of intratendon sheath corticosteroid injections prior to surgical intervention is recommended for RA patients with FT.


From object relations to attachment theory: a basis for family therapy. This paper describes the essence of object relations theory as developed by Winnicott through his concepts of transtional object, the good enough mother holding a situation for her child and play both solitary and mutual. These concepts are compared and contrasted with the essential features of attachment theory as put forward by Bowlby. It is suggested that Winnicotts object relations concepts and attachment theory each provide a framework to explain similar psychological and interpersonal phenomena. Reasons are put forward for the choice of attachment theory as a basis for family therapy and to suggest hypotheses to investigate the quality and quantity of intrafamilial social interaction and concomitant emotional states. The family in family therapy is described in terms of the interpersonal dynamic suggested by attachment theory. The family is seen as a homoeostatic system of relationships between individuals at different stages of development who share set goals aimed at terminating a specific form of proximity-seeking attachment behaviour and promoting exploratory behaviour.


Components of the haemostatic mechanism in twin pregnancy. Components of the haemostatic mechanism were measured at intervals throughout pregnancy in 11 patients with twins and compared with a group of 21 patients with singleton pregnancies. Mean plasma fibrinogen levels were consistently (but not significantly) elevated in the mothers of twins while other parameters showed no differences.


Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in triplet and quadruplet pregnancy. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were higher in six triplet pregnancies and three quadruplet pregnancies than in control singleton pregnancies matched for maternal age, parity and time of gestation at which the serum sample was taken. Between 12 and 23 weeks of pregnancy, the average AFP levels among the triplet pregnancies was three times that found in the singleton pregnancies, and the level in the quadruplet pregnancies was even higher. Maternal serum AFP levels appear to be associated with the number of fetuses in utero.


A spectroscopic investigation of the metal binding site of bleomycin A2. The Cu(II) and Zn(II) derivatives. Using a combination of ultraviolet-visible absorption, 1H NMR and ESR techniques we have established that N(1) of the imidazole and N(1) of the pyrimidine residues of bleomycin A2 bind to Cu(II) and Zn(II). The observations coupled with the earlier results that the alpha-amino group of the alpha-amino carboxamide function and the carbamoyl moiety are also Cu(II)-ligating groups makes it possible to reconstruct the detailed geometry and stereochemistry of the metal binding site of bleomycin A2.


Polymorphism of parvalbumins and tissue distribution: characterization of component I, isolated from red muscles of Cyprinus carpio L. The component I isolated from carp red muscle has been characterized as a true parvalbumin, fairly different from carp parvalbumins described so far. The protein is antigenically related to the parvalbumin III from pike, which belongs to the so called parvalbumin lineage alpha. Immunological investigations on the location of the various carp parvalbumins reveal genuine variation in the pattern of these proteins according to organ and type of muscular tissue.


Zinc uptake by isolated rat liver parenchymal cells. Primary cultures of rat liver parenchymal cells maintained as a monolayer in serum-free culture medium were used to investigate the characteristics of zinc accumulation in vitro. Liver parenchymal cells accumulated zinc by a temperature-dependent, saturable process that was inhibited by cyanide, azide, oligomycin, N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide. Cadmium reversibly inhibited zinc accumulation in both serum-free and serum-containing media. Gel filtration chromatographic studies showed that recently accumulated intracellular zinc was present as a low molecular weight complex smaller than metallothionein, the zinc storage protein, but larger than individual amino acids. The quantity of zinc accumulated was affected by preincubation of the cells with various hor?ONES. Dexamethasone, prednisone and prednisolone each increased zinc uptake by 40--50% when either insulin or glucagon was also present. Hydrocortisone, cortisone and sex steroids did not influence zinc accumulation. Removal of the polypeptide hormones from the medium abolished the stimulatory effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid steroid hormones on zinc accumulation.


[Comparative stereometric study of the intramural arterial bed of the human myocardium using injection and non-injection methods]. Comparative sterometric study of intramural arterial bed of the left ventricle wall of 20 injected and 30 non-injected hearts of practically health adults aged from 24 to 27 years (after violent death) was conducted. The volumetric density index of intramural arterial bed(Vv) of the myocardium of the left ventricle wall was on the average 9 times less in case of non-injected hearts than in the injected ones. The Vv was the greastest in the middle type of the coronary circulation of the heart. The non-linear dependence between the Vv and the age was revealed. The Vv decreased with the increase of the heart weight. With the equal indices of the heart weight the Vv was significantly higher in females than in males. The non-injection sterometric method used for the study of the inorganic arterial bed simplifies and objectifies the estimation of the state of myocardial blood supply and can be used in anatomopathological practice.


The controversy over change.

The controversy over change. The full impact of twentieth century technology upon medical libraries was first felt in the late 1950s and early 1960s with the introduction of electronic automation into library methodology. During those years, often the aura of technology for the sake of technology prevailed, and medical librarians did little to inform themselves of capabilities, potentialities, and limitations in relation to cost-effective library usage of automation. Likewise, currently microforms and audiovisuals are frequently acquired for their own sake instead of for their capacity to transmit messages in the most effective and comprehensive way possible. Controversy has raged and still rages over the pros and cons of applying modern technology to library procedures and over the coexistence of the printed page with electronic media. New systems and methodologies, machine or manual, must realistically be evaluated in terms of increased service output by the library to its clientele. Regardless of technological sophistication, any machine that does not significantly contribute to that specific aim has no place in a library. The tradition of the medical librarian has always been to collect, organize, store, and disseminate information in the most efficient manner that the media of the times have had to offer.


Direction and specificity of the axonal and transcellular transport of nucleosides. The axoplasmic transport of nucleosides or their derivatives has been examined autoradiographically in avian and mammalian brains. Following injections of [3H]-adenosine or [3H]uridine intravitreally in chicks and rats or into the thalamus or neocortex of rats, three findings emerge: (1) axoplasmic transport of these materials occurs both in the anterograde and retrograde direction in birds and mammals; (2) anterograde transport in the axons of injected cells results in considerable cellular labeling in the region in which the axons terminate. This labeling is not exclusively transsynaptic, but probably results from some less specific, trancellular transport, since glial cells at the terminal site and along the path of the axons also become labeled; (3) injection of [3H]uridine in the chick optic and rat thalamocortical systems results in a pattern of labeling which differs considerably from that seen after injection of [3H]adenosine. After [3H]adenosine injections in the chick eye or rat thalamus, retrograde cell labeling is far more obvious than anterograde, transcellular labeling; after injections of [3H]uridine, anterograde, transcellular labeling is more intense than retrograde cell labeling.


Ultrastructure and function in sympathetic ganglia isolated from rats infected with pseudorabies virus. (1) After inoculation of the pseudorabies virus in the anterior chamber of the eye of the rat, virions can be found only in the neurons of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and in the sensory ganglion of the fifth nerve on the inoculated side. Other nervous structures--central or peripheral--are not infected. (2) It is shown that the retrograde axonal flow carries the virus from the eye to the sympathetic neurons. (3) The ultrastructure of the infected neuron has been studied at various intervals after inoculation and at different stages of the viral replication. (4) Excised infected ganglia in vitro show a spontaneous electrophysiological activity that can be recorded on both the post- and preganglionic nerve. Such an activity has never been seen in normal excised ganglion of rat. (5) The shape and frequency of the electrophysiological discharges recorded on the postganglionic nerve have been analyzed at various intervals after inoculation. (6) Correlations established between the ultrastructure, the effect of various drugs and the electrophysiological activity permit the proposal of various hypothesis about the abnormal activity of the infected neurons.


Horseradish peroxidase as a retrogradely-transported, detailed dendritic marker. A method is described that produces detailed 'Golgi-like' staining in neurons following retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Of 4 commercially available HRP preparations, which were compared for their ability to produce solid neuronal staining in certain regions of the rabbit thalamus 48 h after striatal injection, two preparations (Miles Laboratories and Serva Biochemical) were found to be most efficient. When dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the solvent for the injected HRP, a significant increase in the number of solidly labeled neurons in the thalamus was realized. Approximately 2% DMSO produced the greatest increase when compared with water as the solvent. Dendritic detail visualized by this method is shown to compare favorably with that produced by Golgi staining.


Encephalitogenic properties of purified preparations of bovine oligodendrocytes tested in guinea pigs. The present study has investigated central nervous system disease in guinea pigs inoculated with emulsions containing purified preparations of bovine oligodendroglia and their fractions isolated with or without trypsinization, whole bovine white matter or myelin basic protein (MBP). The MBP content of the oligodendroglial fractions was determined by radioimmunoassay. It was found that oligodendroglia prepared from trypsinized fresh brain contained minute amounts of MBP and did not induce disease. The corresponding cell fraction from non-trypsinized frozen brain was rich in MBP and induced disease. Bovine white matter and MBP induced typical experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). The structural preservation of the non-encephalitogenic trypsinized MBP-poor cells was very good and that of the encephalitogenic MBP-rich non-trypsinized cells very poor. It has been concluded that the encephalitogenicity observed was due to MBP, rather than to a specific oligodendroglial antigen.


Pancuronium and histamine release.

Pancuronium and histamine release. Both d-tubocurarine and pancuronium release histamine in the skin: both have been shown to cause bronchospasm after intravenous injection. It is unlikely that skin testing with either drug will detect an individual susceptibility to bronchospasm, except as a non-specific test for atopy.


Treatment of recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva with topical bleomycin. Seven patients with recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva underwent treatment with topical bleomycin (NSC 125066-Blenoxane, Bristol Laboratories) ointment. None had an associated invasive carcinoma. Four patients experienced a complete, objective response to this therapy, and one of these has responded completely to treatment of a subsequent recurrence. In two patients the response could not be evaluated. All patients experienced pain in the treated area; one, developed systemic toxicity to bleomycin requiring cessation of therapy. Topical bleomycin appears to benefit selected patients with recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva.


Pulmonary complications after bleomycin, irradiation and surgery for esophageal cancer. Eight patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus were given radiotherapy of 3000 rads and 120 mg of bleomycin. Esophageal resection was performed five to six weeks later. Four of these patients died within six weeks, three from respiratory failure, and one from complications secondary to an anastomotic fistula. Of the remaining four patients, three showed varying degrees of pulmonary infiltration for several weeks. Interstitial pneumonitis was demonstrated in all the fatal cases. Four patients given the same irradiation and bleomycin doses were only subjected to exploratory surgery. They had no postoperative pulmonary complications. Ten patients given the same irradiation and bleomycin treatment without surgery also showed no pulmonary complications. Sixteen patients received higher doses of radiotherapy and bleomycin. Seven of these developed lung infiltrations terminating fatally in four. The likely mechanism of the observed postoperative pulmonary complications is that the preoperative treatment sensitized the lungs, while the subsequent surgical trauma triggered a reaction in the lungs leading to respiratory failure.


Location of single neurons containing HRP for electron microscopy. A technique is described for finding single neurons containing transported horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for study in the electron microscope. Tissue chopper sections which have been reacted to demonstrate HRP are cleared in glycerol and examined with darkfield light microscopy. The granular reaction product is clearly seen, enabling accurate drawings to be made for later dissection for ultramicrotomy. The neuron sought can then be found within a few microns of the cutting face of the block. While some distortion does occur, most of the cellular morphology remains intact, enabling recognition of specific organelles such as neurosecretory granules in cells which have transported HRP from the neurohypophysis.


Hepatitis B antigen in black patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between orcein stained liver sections and serology. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded autopsy tissue of liver and tumor from 50 male black mineworkers with hepatocellular carcinoma were examined by orcein stain for the presence of cytoplasmic hepatitis B surface antigen. The results were correlated with the serum hepatitis B antigen (HBAg). In 72% serum HBAg was positive. Orcein staining of nontumor liver cell cytoplasm was present in 18 (36%). Sixteen (89%) of these orcein-positive cases were serum HBAg positive. The two false negative serum HBAg results were obtained by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and complement fixation. Serum HBAg, measured by radio-immunoassay and hemagglutination, was positive in 14 orcein-negative cases. Six other negative orcein results appeared to be due to sampling error. Orcein staining was noted in tumor cells of three serum HBAg positive patients. Provided the limitations of the technique are realized, orcein staining of liver tissue from hepatocellular carcinoma patients may prove useful for retrospective screening surveys to assess the prevalence of HBAg positivity in these patients.


Serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) in diagnosis and management of endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor and mixed germ cell tumor of the ovary. Serum AFP was determined serially by radioimmunoassay in 13 patients with ovarian germ cell tumors and in one patient with bilateral pure gonadoblastoma. There were 4 patients with pure dysgerminoma, one with pure endodermal sinus tumor (EST) and 8 with mixed germ cell tumors, all containing EST. The patients with dysgerminoma and gonadoblastoma had normal serum AFP at all times. All patients with tumors containing EST had raised serum AFP, although in most cases it was first determined between 1 and 3 weeks after operation and there was no evidence of metastases. Serum AFP became normal 5 to 7 weeks after operation and began to rise when disease recurred. Serum AFP determinations detected presence of recurrent disease long before it became detectable by other methods. Serum CEA was determined serially by radioimmunoassay in 8 of these patients, including 2 who dies with metastases, and was normal on all occasions.


Amino-terminal sequence of a carcinoembryonic antigen-like glycoprotein isolated from the colonic lavages of healthy individuals. A glycoprotein has been isolated from the colonic lavages of healthy individuals that is immunologically equivalent to carcinoembryonic antigen purified from tumor tissue. The NH2-terminal sequence of the glycoprotein from normal colon lavages is Lys-Leu-Thr-lle-Glu-Ser-Thr-Pro-Phe-(Asn)-Val-Ala-Glu-Gly-Lys-Glu-Val-(Leu,lle)-(Leu,lle)-(Leu,lle)-Val-(His,Arg?)-?-(Leu,lle). This is homologous to the NH2-terminal sequence of 23 of the first 24 amino acids of carcinoembryonic antigen isolated from tumor tissue.


Differential sensitivities of five rat hepatoma cell lines to anticancer drugs. Five permanent tumor cell lines derived originally from either a solid or an ascites biopsy of rat hepatoma exhibited differential sensitivities to bleomycin, Adriamycin, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, hydroxyurea, 1-trans-(2)-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methoylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. The cells were least sensitive to hydroxyurea and 1-beta-D-arabinofurano-sylcytosine, with some cell lines being almost totally resistant to these drugs. However, from 25- to 700-fold differences in survival were obtained between cell lines treated with either bleomycin or Adriamycin.


Quantification of bleomycin pulmonary toxicity in mice by changes in lung hydroxyproline content and morphometric histopathology. Bleomycin treatment produced dose-dependent changes in lung collagen content and in several measurable histopathological parameters. NIH/Swiss mice were treated twice weekly for 6 weeks with bleomycin, 0, 1, 20, or 40 mg/kg s.c. The two highest doses produced mortalities of 35 and 100%, respectively, as well as loss of body weight and increase in lung wet weight. Lung hydroxyproline content, an index of collagen, increased to 40 to 50% above control levels at 6 and 8 weeks after initiation of treatment with bleomycin 20 mg/kg. Morphometric analysis was applied to the following parameters at light microscopy: number of intraalveolar macrophages and leukocytes, total pulmonary cell count, alveolar wall thickness, and percentage of consolidation of lung parenchyma. The two highest doses produced increases in all of these parameters as compared to controls. The most marked changes occurred in the number of intraalveolar cells, which in the group given 20 mg/kg rose to 150, 190, and 210% of controls at 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The lowest dose of bleomycin, 1 mg/kg twice weekly for 6 weeks, evoked no pulmonary or other toxicity by the parameters examined. This model of chronic pulmonary toxicity may be useful in analog development, in testing potential antidotes, and in examining the effects of other factors that might modify the pulmonary toxicity of bleomycin.


In vitro lymphocyte stimulation and the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes with drug-induced antigenic lymphomas. New antigenic specificities, not detectable on parental cells and transmissible after the withdrawal of the drug treatment, have been induced in mouse lymphomas. Studies were conducted of proliferative stimulation of syngeneic lymphocytes and the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL's) in a mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell culture system by 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC)-induced antigens in L1210 and EL4 leukemia sublines. The DTIC-induced antigens were observed to stimulate [3H]thymidine uptake by normal and primed syngeneic lymphocytes and to generate specific CL's to DTIC-altered cells. The specificity of the in vitro immune reactivity was demonstrated. Characteristics of lymphocyte triggering, including the optimal ratio of stimulating cells to responding cells, the kinetics of CL activation, and the quantitation of CL activity, were also evaluated. DTIC antigens on leukemic cells can activate syngeneic lymphocytes and can act as target antigens in cell-mediated immunity. The experimental data support the transplantation antigen-like nature of DTIC-induced antigens.


Studies on secretory glycoproteins in the rat exocrine pancreas. II. Identification of a fetuin: fucosyl transferase in the smooth microsomal fraction. A fetuin, fucosyl transferase has been identified in the smooth microsomal fraction from the rat exocrine pancreas. This enzyme is involved in the glycosylation of secretory proteins and is bound to membranes, predominantly of the Golgi complex. Optimal in vitro conditions for the assay of the enzyme activity were established: a pH of 5.5-6.0, a temperature of 21 degrees C and concentrations of Mg++ at 5.0 mM and ATP at 2.0 mM.


Stimulation of secretion of epidermal growth factor and amylase of cyclocytidine. Radioimmunoassays and immunocytochemical techniques were used to assess the effect of cyclocytidine, an antitumor agent, on the level and localization of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) in the submandibular gland of the male mouse. A single intraperitoneal injection of 150 mg/kg of cyclocytidine caused, within 6 h, a degranulation of the granular convoluted tubules (GCT) cells and reduced the concentration of immunoreactive EGF in gland extracts by more than 90%. This effect was largely abolished by the administration of dibenzyline but not by propranolol, indicating that the secretory effect of the drug on the GCT cells is mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors. By immunocytochemical staining revealed the same trends in changes in EGF concentration as the radioimmunoassays. However, even at the peak of the cyclocytidine effect there were cells which retained their secretory granules and apparently their EGF complement. In addition, there was a lobular variation in the secretory response. Cyclocytidine caused a transiet increase in the blood level of EGF. Furthermore, it stimulated amylase secretion from the gland, which also involved alpha-adrenergic receptors. Cyclocytidine will be useful in future analyses of the release of various biologically active substances from the GCT cells of the mouse submandibular gland.


Localization of thyrotropin (TSH) in the dog pituitary gland. Using the immunoperoxidase technique and antisera to the specific beta (beta) subunits of bovine and rat TSH, selective immunocytochemical staining was localized in a specific cell population in the pars distalis of the dog pituitary gland. These TSH cells were found to be positive to aldehyde fuchsin, alcian blue, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and aniline blue. With the performic acid-alcian blue (pH 0.2) -PAS-orange G procedure these cells stained blue-purple, demonstrating FSH/LH cells (blue or turquoise), ACTH/MSH cells (red-purple) and PRL cells (orange-red). The TSH cells were further differentiated from other functional cell types of the pars distalis on the basis of their typical cytological features, intraglandular distribution and by immunocytochemical double staining. In the pars distalis of adult male dogs the TSH cells were mostly shown to be smaller in size and less numerous than in bitches in the anestrous phase of the sexual cycle. Moreover, cytological alterations in the immunoreactive thyrotrophs in the pituitary of male and female dogs generally paralleled the spontaneous changes in thyroid function associated with thyroid atrophy and/or pituitary insufficiency, and thyroid hyperplasia or goiter. In conclusion, because of their specificity and high potency, the antisera to the beta-subunits of bovine and rat TSH represent an effective tool for the selective immunocytochemical localization of TSH in the dog pituitary. This allows the study of the morphology and function of TSH cells under different physiological, pathological and experimental conditions.


A Golgi study of the hypothalamus of actinopterygii. The preoptic area of a primitive actinopterygian, the polypteriform, Calamoichthys calabaricus Smithi, and of the teleost, Anguilla anguilla L., have been studied by Golgi and other neurohistological and histochemical methods. In the preoptic area two regions can be recognized: a cell rich median region and a lateral one, composed mostly of fiber systems. After Golgi staining a varied population of neurons is seen, including: (1) magnocellular neurons, endowed with a number of dendrites and an axon emerging from the main dendritic shaft; (2) lophodendritic tufted or pyriform neurons of variable morphology (often of the midget type); (3) cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons; (4) bipolar and horizontal neurons. Of relevant interest is also the observation of commissural neurons, of a distinct precommissural necleus, and of bipolar neurons, the axons of which course toward the ventral hypopallium.


Mistranslation in a eucaryotic organism. Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that a subclass of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, those containing the drug fragment paromamine, stimulates mistranslation in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems derived from eucaryotic cells. We report here experiments which show that the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila (formerly T. pyriformis, syngen 1) is sensitive to the paromamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics. The drugs are active with respect to growth inhibition, inhibition of protein synthesis in the whole organism, inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro and the stimulation of mistranslation in cell-free protein-synthesizing systems. Because of their misreading properties, these drugs may be useful in isolating and propagating strains carrying mutations which can be translationally suppressed (that is, missense and nonsense mutations).


HLA antigen frequencies in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The frequency of HLA antigens in twenty-two Caucasian patients with allergic broncho-pulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and sixty-nine unrelated Caucasian controls was determined. The results indicated that there was no increased frequency of a specific HLA antigen in patients with ABPA. Moreover, studies in thirteen families of ABPA patients also demonstrated that, within families, there was no consistent association between a specific haplotype and asthma, allergies or hay fever.


Radioimmunoassay of alpha-fetoprotein, with special reference to iodination and purification techniques. We report a relatively simple and convenient method for iodinating human alpha-fetoprotein and for purifying the 125I-labeled material. The label is incorporated into human alpha-fetoprotein enzymatically by use of lactoperoxidase. Before each assay the labeled material is purified over two successive short columns: Sepharcryl S-200 Superfine and cellulose. This procedure removes both free iodine and "damaged" fetoprotein. With the purified material we developed a sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay for alpha-fetoprotein in serum and amniotic fluid.


Ethacrynic acid inhibitable Ca2+ and Mg2+-activated membrane adenosine triphosphatase in rat mast cells. A crude plasma membrane fraction from the homogenate of purified rat mast cells demonstrates a high degree of Ca2+-dependent and Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. The microsomal and mitochondrial fractions show negligible amounts of the Ca2+ and Mg2+-activated ATPases. The broad ATPase inhibitor, ethacrynic acid, effectively blocks the mast cell ATPase activity while ouabain demonstrates little inhibitory effect. Correspondingly, ethacrynic acid inhibits histamine release from antigen-challenged mast cells while ouabain does not. Both ATPase inhibition and histamine release inhibition by ethacrynic acid require the presence of the olefinic bond in the ethacrynic acid molecule.


Intellective characteristics of mothers of failure-to-thrive syndrome children. The intelligence levels of three groups of mothers were ascertained by the vocabulary test of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Eight mothers having children diagnosed as failure-to-thrive due to non-organic reasons (FTT-E), eight mothers with children diagnosed as failure-to-thrive due to physically traceable reasons (FTT-O), and eight mothers with children hospitalized due to reasons other than failure-to-thrive (C), were contrasted on intelligence, age, education and the presence or absence of the father in the home. Hypotheses regarding a disadvantage of FTT-E mothers on the four variables were supported. Implications of the results were discussed regarding programmes dealing with failure-to-thrive children and mothers. Further investigation in this area was proposed.


The thymic microenvironment: localization of a biologically active insoluble fraction. An insoluble component of the thymus, previously shown to be capable of enhancing stem cell immigration into that organ, has been localized by immunofluorescence in perivascular basement membranes of the thymic medulla. It was found to be antigenically distinct from soluble thymic factor and from thymocyte membranes, and is thought to be responsible, in T-cell maturation, for the differentiation step preceding that imparted by thymic hormone.


Cryosurgery for cancer.

Cryosurgery for cancer. Cryosurgery has a wide range of uses for the destruction of tumours. Acceptability among dermatologists for the treatment of skin cancer appears high. In the treatment of oral cancer, cryosurgery is not yet widely accepted, but it should be more commonly used for early cancer and in the management of selected problems in therapy. It has established a reasonably firm place in the treatment of prostatic cancer, perhaps because of continued interest in the immunologic benefits, while its use in gynecologic organs is limited to carcinoma in situ or to selected patients with advanced cancer. In all these areas, it has been used with surprisingly good results in selected patients who were high risks under conventional methods of therapy. The trial of cryosurgery in the treatment of bone tumors should prove its efficacy. Today's interest in cryosurgery is consistent with the current trend to conservatism in cancer surgery.


Olfactory memory in patients with anterior temporal lobectomy. Right and left temporal lobectomy patients, matched in age and intelligence, made more errors in odor recall than a control group. Patients with right temporal lobe excisions recalled significantly fewer odors correctly than patients with left temporal lobe excisions. Olfactory memory scores were not related to other memory deficits associated with left or right temporal lobe dysfunction or to intelligence or lesion size. However, in patients with right temporal lobectomy, percent of odors recalled correctly correlated positively with a general memory index. The findings presented are consistent with previous reports that the right temporal lobe is more involved with nonverbal memory than the left temporal lobe.


Estimation of the sizes of polymorphic C-bands in man by measurement of DNA content of whole chromosomes. A method is proposed for estimating the sizes of polymorphic C-bands of human chromosomes by microdensitometric measurement of the DNA content of whole chromosomes. The method requires measurements of: a chromosome known not to by polymorphic, as a standard against which to normalize all measurements; the polymorphic chromosomes of interest; and a homologous polymorphic chromosome lacking the C-band. In an example studies here, the C-band of chromosome 9 was estimated to contain about 0.0296 pg of DNA.


Visualization of centriole-bodies using silver stain. Duplicate staining of human metaphase chromosomes, first with Giemsa followed by silver, revealed the presence of two small silver-stained bodies not seen in the Giemsa stained metaphases. Similar bodies were subsequently found in the metaphases of several animal groups. The size, structure, spatial relationships to the nucleus, behavior throughout the cell cycle, and apparent universal presence of these bodies suggest that they are either centrioles or associated centriolar structures. These centriole-bodies can be seen throughout the cell cycle, even in hypotonically spread C-metaphase chromosome plates. The silver stain procedure allows enough resolution to distinguish parent and daughter centriole-bodies at interphase, thus permitting visualization of the replication, maturation and separation stages of these bodies with the light microscope.


Lack of bilateral coherence of mu rhythm. An investigation has been carried out in 25 normal subjects on quantitative differences of mu rhythm and alpha rhythm parameters. The parameters were frequency, average power over 102 sec and bilateral coherence. It was found that: (1) in the majority of cases the frequencies of the mu rhythms were higher than those of the alpha rhythms; (2) in the majority of subjects the average power was smaller for the mu rhythms for the alpha rhythms; (3) in none of the subjects was bilateral coherence of mu rhythms observed while in the majority the alpha rhythms were obviously bilaterally coherent. It is proposed that the latter difference represents a fundamental difference in the origin of alpha and mu rhythms.


Late components of the visual evoked potential to search in short-term memory. The present paper investigated the changes in the morphology of the VEP as a function of the amount of search in short-term memory. The task required that the subject responds with a "yes" or "no", depending on whether a test digit has been part of a set of digits he had just seen. Six sizes of sets were used, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11. EEG was recorded from C3, C4, T3, T4, Cz, Pz and Oz, and sampled every 4 msec to obtain VEP to the test digit. Two late components were found to increase in latency with increasing set size: (a) P270, which was masked by the P350 component for small set sizes; it preceded P350 for longer memory sets and its latency increased up to set 7 with an average slope of 20.5 msec per item and (b) P350, which increased in latency up to set size 7 with an average slope of 22 msec per item. It was suggested that P270 reflects the serial search process. When search is terminated another general processor is called into action. This process is reflected in the P300 and is believed to be independent of the memory set size. Amplitude did not correlate with the amount of search. The morphology of the VEP changed for sets above short-terms span, and latency changes in P270 and P350 no longer predicted RT changes. Since subject's strategy was not controlled for supra-span sets, no definite conclusions were offered.


Visual evoked cortical potentials in men during compression and saturation in He-O2 equivalent to 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 feet of sea water. Visual evoked cortical potentials and related EEG activity were recorded from subjects during rapid compression and exposure to pressures of 400, 800, 1200 and 1600 fsw. In one phase, subjects made repeated excursions to 1200 fsw from a base at 800 fsw; in the second phase, the saturated base was 1200 fsw with excursions to 1600 fsw. The results included: (1) For the visual evoked potentials, sizeable and significant decreases in amplitude and increases in latency of the response with depth; (2) Changes in the visual evoked potentials which varied systematically with depth but not with related changes in compression rate or decompression. The changes were small but consistent alterations of normal responses to visual stimulation; and (3) Theta activity in discrete EEG recordings increased progressively with depth. With all subjects showed increases in theta activity the pattern of increase varied individually.


Normal sensory conduction in the saphenous nerve in man. Measurements of the sensory conduction velocity and the parameters of nerve action potentials in the saphenous nerve offer many advantages, compared with measurements in other nerves of the leg, regarding accuracy and the time required to complete the investigations. Therefore, the electroneurographical examination of the saphenous nerve is recommended in the early diagnosis of polyneuropathies and is indispensable in the exact diagnosis of proximal neuropathies and lesions of the femoral nerve. In the present study we indicate the proximal and distal segments of the saphenous nerve and illustrate the nerve action potentials from 70 normal subjects.


Factors that affect the amplitudes and latencies of the vertex short latency acoustic responses in the cat. The latencies and amplitude of the short latency (less than 10 msec) acoustic evoked responses recorded from the vertex of the cat have been studied as a function of acoustic stimulus parameters. A change in the stimulus intensity, duration, or rate of repetition resulted in parallel changes in the first 5 evoked responses, i.e., the latencies shifted the same amount and the amplitudes were modified in the same proportion. Comparison of responses to monaural versus binaural stimuli indicated an occlusive effect of binaural stimulation only in potential 4.


Spinal evoked potential in the cat: effects of asphyxia, strychnine, cord section and compression. Averaged evoked potentials to sciatic nerve stimulation and to direct stimulation of the cervical spinal cord were recorded from the dura and skin over the spinal cord and cauda equina in bipolar and common reference leads in cats and compared. Response waveform and conduction characteristics are described. The effects of increasing stimulus intensity, asphyxia and strychnine on these potentials are related. Alterations in these potentials produced by spinal cord at one or two levels are also described. These potentials are compared to similar potentials which have been recorded in man and the possible clinical application of some of these methods is discussed.


Signal to noise ratio and response variability measurements in single trial evoked potentials. Techniques were developed for measurement of signal to noise ratio and response variability in single trial evoked potentials. These techniques were extended and verified using a digital computer simulation of signal plus noise trials. When applied to real data the measures appear to have high reliability and to demonstrate that human evoked potentials are more variable than would be expected from background noise variation alone. Empirical equations are presented which can be applied to existing single trial EP data to estimate both signal-to-noise ratio and its expected variance.


Visual and somatosensory evoked potentials characteristics of patients undergoing hemodialysis and kidney transplantation. The effects of prolonged hemodialysis and kidney transplantation on visual and somatosensory evoked potentials and EEG frequency were assessed. Significant changes were found in both amplitude and latency characteristics of evoked potentials recorded from eight hemodialysis patients. Their evoked potentials tended to be of longer latency and larger amplitude when compared to responses of an age-matched control group. This was true for visual and somatosensory responses recorded from several scalp locations. A correlational analysis revealed no consistent relationship between blood chemistries and evoked potential characteristics. EEG power spectral analysis showed that the dominant frequency of five of the eight dialysis patients was in the 8-10 c/sec range. Two other patients demonstrated EEG frequencies which were scattered across the 3-12 c/sec range while for another subject the dominant frequency was 7-8 c/sec. The evoked potential latencies and amplitudes of patients with successful kidney transplant tended to return to the normal range and their predominant EEG frequency increased to around 10 c/sec. A depression of function in those neural systems underlying the visual and somatosensory modalities, along with a reduction in the cortical suppression of afferent stimulation normally exerted by the thalamic reticular system and the basal ganglia were postulated to account for the reported findings.


Negative effects of chronic hemicerebellectomy of epileptiform after-discharges elicited by focal cortical stimulation in baboons (Papio papio). The influence of chronic hemicerebellectomy on cortical epileptiform after-discharge (AD) induced by focal electrical stimulation was studied in the baboon. These preliminary results include 22 ADs elicited from motor cortex and 22 ADs elicited from premotor cortex before and after hemicerebellectomy. Only full-developed, generalized seizures with postictal silence were considered. EEG morphology, average duration and average current threshold were compared for each set of ictal events. No significant differences were found before and after hemicerebellectomy.


The effects of low spinal injury on somatosensory evoked potentials from forelimb stimulation. Spinal cord transection below C6 in anesthetized cats results in an alteration in the configuration of the SEP following direct or percutaneous stimulation of the median or radial nerves. The most significant alterations were in components occurring at latencies from 40 to 60 msec. The results of these experiments support the general conclusion that the spinal cord and supraspinal structures act as a functional unit and that the SEP is not solely determined by input over segmental pathways In addition, the alteration in the SEP produced by median nerve stimulation following spinal cord injury below C6 may serve clinically as a monitor of events at the site of injury in cases where an SEP from lower limb stimulation is no longer obtainable.


Computer assisted unit data acquistion/reduction. A computer system for unit data acquisition and reduction (CAUDAR) is presented. This system digitally processes uninterrupted, continuous unit data with attention to waveform detail. Several units in a multiunit field are recognized by evaluation of spike waveform and amplitude. High-speed computer graphics provides almost instantaneous figures of good quality for illustration. The system affords a great economy of the user's time because the computer performs all data processing.


A new approach to spike detection using a combination of inverse and matched filter techniques. For the detection of spikes and other types of transient signal, a combination of inverse and matched filter techniques can be used. The inverse filter improves the signal to noise (spike to EEG) ratio; the matched filter makes it possible to classify different types of spikes. When compared, the combined inverse matched filter techniques gave a higher detection rate than the inverse filter technique alone, for the same error probability. Both simulated and patient data were used for testing the methods.


A new method of manufacturing multi-barrelled micropipettes with projecting recording barrel. We describe a method which allows projection of the recording barrel of a multi-barrelled micropipette. The method does not require the assembly of two electrodes previously manufactured. It simply suffices to stick together, in a particular way, glass tube of given diameter and after fusing and pulling to break all tips except one.


Androphilic proteins in cytosols of human benign prostatic hypertrophy. To examine the properties of androphilic proteins in human benign prostatic hypertrophy, the binding capacity and affinity of the proteins were determined after acetone-treatment, ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatographies of DEAE and Sephadex G-200. Androphilic proteins in the extract of acetone-dried cytosol from the hypertrophic human prostate was precipitated at 30-50% saturation of ammonium sulfate. The binding of this fraction to dihydrotestosterone and testosterone was high affinity, but the binidng to estradiol-17 beta was the one of non-specific. Androphilic proteins in the 30-50% fraction were eluted from DEAE-cellulose column by buffer containing 0.05 M KCL. On Sephadex G-200 chromatography of 30-50% fraction, the androphilic proteins were observed in three peaks; one was eluted in the void volume and other two were eluted at the sites of IgG and albumin. The amount and ratio of proteins eluted in the void volume and the site of IgG from Sephadex G-200 column were variable in individual tissue samples. The chromatographic behavior of the 30-50% fraction in Sephadex G-200 was not changed significantly by introducing 0.4 M KCl in the system. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was applied for further separation of the proteins.


Febrile convulsions and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Three single CSF proteins with different molecular size (albumin, immunoglobulin G, and alpha2-macroglobulin) were determined by the method of electroimmunoassay in 61 children with febrile convulsions (FC) in order to evaluate the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier (B-CSF-B). Forty-two children with acute extracerebral infection served as controls. In contrast to a group of 22 children who suffered from acute meningoencephalitis or encephalitis, the CSF values of 48 children with FC were within normal limits. Thus even a very mild form of inflammatory encephalopathy-undetectable with conventional CSF investigation-was excluded in the majority of the children with FC. In 11 patients, however, CSF concentrations of albumin and alpha2-macroglobulin were abnormally raised, indicating a B-CSF-B distrubance. Elevated albumin values were found most frequently. In several children with FC lasting more than 20-30 min, B-CSF-B damage was probably caused by prolonged seizure activity since there is a linear correlation between albumin concentration and duration of convulsions. Several other factors known to raise the children's risk of developing epilepsy in later life were associated with the protein pattern of B-CSF-B disturbance in some of the children. In these cases, the cause of abnormal permeability of B-CSF-B is unknown and the condition might have existed prior to the occurrence of seizures.


Haemostatic prostatic adenomectomy.

Haemostatic prostatic adenomectomy. 1,500 cases of retropubic adenomectomy with preventive ligation of the prostatic arterial pedicles and trigonisation of the posterior urethra are presented. The technical details are described. The mortality rate is 0.7%. One of the most frequent complications is pulmonary embolus, lethal in only 0.3% of the cases. In moderate and large adenomas, by the efficiency of haemostatic control and the quality of the late results, the procedure has given more satisfaction than other types of surgical or endoscopic adenomectomies.


Asynchronous conduction in the human His bundle. 2 patients with symptoms of paroxysmal AV block showed widening, splitting, slurring and decreasing amplitude of the His potential. Concomitantly, this was followed by different patterns of bundle branch block. In one of the patients it was obvious that a left bundle branch block was related to a Wenckebach phenomenon in the His bundle, and in the other patient different bundle branch block patterns were related to the occurrence of the intra-His bundle conduction delay. It is suggested that the present electrophysiological findings reflect asynchronous conduction in the His bundle causing a critical conduction delay in parts of the bundle branches leading to bundle branch block.


Development of surface antigen during maturation of bone marrow neutrophil granulocytes. The presence of neutrophil surface antigens on maturing bone marrow granulocytes was examined by indirect immunofluorescence and cellular immunoadsorption using heterologous antibody to mature neutrophil granulocytes. The results show that bone marrow neutrophils possess surface antigens that appear during cell maturation from myeloblasts. Fluorescent antibody capping and patching, indicators of antigen mobility, were more pronounced in mature than in immature cells. Neutrophil surface antigen development could also be demonstrated during granulocyte maturation in vitro.


Hypotensive activity of some dihydroxycoumarins and their congeners. Evaluation of the hypotensive activity of dihydroxy coumarins and their congeners reveal that the naturally occurring dimethoxy coumarin Scoparone has maximal activity, more significant than L-alpha-methyl dopa. Structure activity relationship studies are reported with an attempt to offer a probable mechanism of action.


Standardization of assays of neuraminidase and its antibody. The effect of various factors on the reproducibility of neuraminidase and NI antibody assays has been investigated. These factors include the substrate, strain of virus, nature of virus, i.e. whole, subunit or recombinant, temperature and pH. In assaying antibody levels the challenge virus should be standardized by a method other than optical density. It is recommended that a collaborative study should be set up to establish an international standard for neuraminidase and that this should incorporate a comparison of different methods.


Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. A new antigen-antibody system associated with the hepatitis B virus and immunologically distinct from the HB surface, core, and e systems is reported. The new antigen, termed delta, was detected by direct immunofluorescence only in the liver cell nuclei of patients with HBsAg positive chronic liver disease. At present, the intrahepatic expression of HBcAg and delta antigen appears to be mutually exclusive. No ultrastructural aspect corresponding to the delta antigen could be identified under the electron microscope. delta antibody was found in the serum of chronic HBsAg carriers, with a higher prevalence in patients with liver damage. The nuclear fluorescence patterns of HBcAg and delta antigen were similar; it is only possible to discriminate between the two antigens by using the respective specific antisera.


[Thromboplastin. A short review of new findings]. Recent findings of thromboplastin (TRPL) investigations are presented in a brief survey. After enumerating the possibilities of separating this lipoprotein into two shares, the chemical characterization of protein and lipid fraction is represented, the possibilities and conditions of recombining both shares are mentioned and the effectiveness of TRPL in the exogenous coagulation system is illustrated. Furthermore, the liberation of TRPL by leukocytes is referred to and feasible mechanisms of this liberation are discussed. Finally the relations of TRPL to tumour cell materials promoting coagulation and from amnion liquid are discussed.


[Haptoglobin in various diseases].

[Haptoglobin in various diseases]. The clinical significance of haptoglobin (Hp) can be seen in the fact that its serum concentration shows a specific pattern in certain diseases and under various therapeutic measures. The determination of Hp is not only indicated in haemolytic anaemias, but also in liver and kidney diseases, infections, diseases of the connective tissue, malignant tumours, and under certain therapeutic conditions.


Comparative ultrastructural morphometric studies of micromyeloblastoid and lymphoblastoid paramyeloblasts. One hundred lymphoblastoid and one hundred micromyeloblastoid paramyeloblasts, isolated from peripheral blood of untreated leukaemia patients, were studied by electron microscopic morphometry. Considerable differences are to be found between the micromyeloblastoid and lymphoblastoid paramyeloblasts as regards the size of the nucleolar "apparatus", both in the absolute average values and in the index showing the ratio of the nucleolous of the remaining nuclear surface (4.76% for myeloblastoid and 9.96% for lymphoblastoid paramyeloblasts). The central heterochromatin (scattered), which is discussed to be essential for the detection of an early prophase, was found in 3% of the myeloblastoid cells and in 14% of lymphoblastoid ones. The effect of cytostatic therapy is discussed by taking these data into consideration.


Preservation of rat bone marrow with dimethylsulphoxide at -150 degrees C. The authors tested preserving properties of three concentrations of dimethylsulphoxide (15%, 10% and 7.5%) in preservation of rat bone marrow cells at -150 degrees C. Cells of rat bone marrow were frozen at 1 degree C/min to -20 degrees C, 5 degrees C/min to -80 degrees C and then placed directly at -150 degrees C and held at such temperature for 6 months. Vitality of cells was checked monthly for a period of 6 months by means of several vitality tests with dyes (eosin and trypane blue), autoradiography and erythrophagocytosis. It was found that cells capable of cleavage could be equally preserved at such low temperature with all the three DMSO concentrations while mature cells (granulocytes, reticular cells) revealed considerably higher erythrophagocytic activity when preserved at 15% DMSO and lower activity at 10% and 7.5% DMSO.


[Recurrence-free phases and survival times in children with cytochemically varying acute lymphatic leukemias. Note on the prognostic evaluation of leukemias]. The recidive-free phases, survival times and the number of long surviging patients were recorded in 64 children with cytochemically differentiated ALL. A significantly more favourable course of ALL of PAS type could be observed as compared with the undifferentiated type and partially with the esterase type, too. According to the present findings the cytochemical examinations of ALL can be recommended in the initial phase of leukaemia as a prognostic evaluation.


[Anemia in female adolescents].

[Anemia in female adolescents]. Investigations for exploring the frequency and pathogenesis of anaemia were carried out in 164 female pupils of a minicipal grammar school for girls aged from 14 to 20 years. There were lowered haematocrit values below 37% in 81 cases (49%), which were due to iron deficiency in 31 girls. Only in one case a lowered vitamin B12 level was detected and in 8 girls there was a lowered folic acid content in the serum. The frequency of anaemia in girls of school age mainly caused by iron deficiency is emphasized.


[Geophagia sideropenica].

[Geophagia sideropenica]. The authors describe two cases of geophagia (45 years old mother and her 25 years old daughter). Both suffered from an anaemia of medium degree only (case 1: 3.77 million of erythrocytes, Hb 8.5 g%; case 2: 3.34 million of erythrocytes, Hb 10 g%), there was a serious iron deficiency (46 and 35 microgram % respectively of serum iron). Both were blood donors, the mother 7 times and the daughter 31 times. In both cases the iron deficiency existed before geophagia. The desire for eating argillacecous earth already disappeared after the application of some ampules of Ferrlecit injected intravenously, even before the values of the serum iron and the number of erythrocytes had changed. The number of erythrocytes, the Hb value and that of haematocrit as well as the values of the serum iron normalized completely. EEG changes were observed in both cases, which could be influenced by the ferrotherapy. The authors recommend the serum iron estimation in all blood donors as well as the introduction of their routine treatment with iron preparations.


[Hepatogenic polyglobulinemias and polycythemias]. The authors distinguish three kinds of hepatogenous polyglobulia: Polycythaemia caused by Budd-Chiari syndrome, polycythaemia caused by a Mosse syndrome (cirrhosis without liver venous thrombosis) and polyglobulia caused by liver tumours. In all three cases the same mechanism is likely to induce polycythaemia or polyglobulia respectively. In addition to the three cases of the Mosse syndrome published in 1966, the present paper deals with three cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Twice the Budd-Chiari syndrome was followed by a polycythaemia, once a Budd-Chiari syndrome was developed in the course of a polycythaemia vera.


Platelet adhesiveness and aggregation in combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency and in combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency. Platelet aggregation and adhesiveness were studied in 3 patients with combined factor V and factor VIII deficiency and in 3 patients with combined factor VII and factor VIII deficiency. The first three patients belonged to three different kindreds whereas the second group belonged to the same kindred. Serotonin C14 uptake and release was also found to be normal in these patients. These studies indicate that platelet function is normal in combined defects of factor VIII. These findings were in agreement with the presence of a normal bleeding time and a normal factor VIII antigen level in all these patients.


Apparent decrease of "inhibition" in the dilution curve system with the increase of anticoagulation. A paradox that is against the presence of inhibitors in coumarin treated patients. The apparent "inhibition" found in coumarin plasma by means of the dilution curve system seems to decrease with the increase of anticoagulation. Three groups of anticoagulated patients with a P/N prothrombin time ratio of less than 1.8, between 1.8 and 2.3 and over 2.3, showed an "inhibition" of 1.6, 1.1 and 0.9 conventional units, respectively. An inverse correlation was found to exist between Thrombotest clotting times, P/N ratio, antigen/activity ratios on one side and inhibition units on the other side. These findings do not confirm the presence of "inhibitors" in coumarin treated patients.


[A method for the isolation of sterile Coombs serum]. Quantitative and qualitative losses are involved in the steril filtration and long-time storage of Coombs serum. Therefore, a method of producing high-titer steril serum without steril filtration was devised, which enables losses to be avoided or to be reduced.


Quinacrine and acridine-R banding without a fluorescence microscope. A technique is described in which a standard fluorescence microscope equipped with a high-pressure mercury lamp is replaced with an ordinary laboratory microscope fitted with a quartz-iodine lamp. A dark field condenser and a set of three filters, including an FITC interference filter, complete a 'fluorescence' microscope. The microscope has proved itself satisfactory in the study of Y-chromatin, chromosome Q-bands including Q-polymorphism, and acridine-R band. It is very easy to operate and does not emit ultraviolet light, which might harm operators. Total cost of the quartz-iodine lamp's outfit, filters, and a dark-field condenser is much less than that of a standard fluorescence microscope. The cost is especially low when a laboratory microscope with a quartz-iodine lamp is already at hand. Spectrofluorometric studies of QM and Q indicate that the present system will show even better performance if an interference filter with a transmission range of about 400 to 440--450 nm is designed and used in combination with a 455--475 nm barrier filter.


Silver-staining specificity in metaphases after incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR). Silver staining is reported to be reduced in chromatin substituted by BUDR. This quenching effect allows for the demonstration of replication patterns and differential chromatid staining. Though the differentiation, as compared to other staining techniques, is of inferior quality, it is of theoretical importance concerning the effect of BUDR incorporation into chromatin.


Differential silver carbonate staining of sister chromatids in BrdU-substituted chromsomes. Differential staining of sister chromatids in BrdU-substituted human chromosomes is demonstrated by an ammoniacal silver carbonate procedure. With this method the chromosomes exhibit a subchromatid structure. Because proteolytic treatment indicated that the silver carbonate binds the chromosome proteins, changes of these components may be inferred in the BrdU-substituted chromosomes. Sister chromatid exchanges could be identified.


[Cell transformation by viruses and the development of tumours (author's transl)]. The history of tumour virology and some main points of recent experimentation are described. First, a definition of the term virus is presented. Subsequently, four main topics are discussed: The tumour virus and the integration of its nucleic acid; The mechanism of transformation; The genes of the tumour virus and their products; The importance of the genetic background of animals and cells for transformation and tumour development. The mutual influence of cell and virus genomes is in the focus of consideration. The particulare tumour virus, at least for limited periods of time, comes under the influence of the cell genome. The theories about tumour development by viruses and the possibility of prophylactic measures are described.


Induction of a T-cell specific antigen on bone marrow lymphocytes with thymus RNA. Expression of a rabbit T-cell specific antigen can be induced on bone marrow lymphocytes following exposure to an RNA extract obtained from the thymuses of young rabbits. The presence of the antigen was demonstrated using goat anti-rabbit T-cell serum in a complement-dependent cytotoxicity assay. The T-cell antigen first appeared 3 h after addition of the thymus RNA to bone marrow cell cultures and the maximum number of cells expressing the T-cell antigen was observed within 24 h. RNA obtained from a source other than the thymus was found to be ineffective in inducing expression of the T-cell antigen. The induction of the antigen appears to be dependent on the presence of intact thymus RNA, as RNase treatment but not trypsin treatment, destroyed the ability of the RNA to induce the T-cell antigen.


The requirement of specific antibody for the killing of E. coli by the alternate complement pathway in bovine serum. Experiments using the selective divalent cation chelator, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) showed that the alternate complement pathway was involved in the bactericidal action of bovine serum on two strains of E. coli. The bactericidal system was shown, in experiments involving EGTA and epsilon-amino caproic acid, to be independent of Ca++ and the C1 unit of complement. The fixation of the complement components C3-C9 by endotoxin does not require a functional classical pathway ((C1, C4 and C2). In the case of one coliform strain (W1) however, there was an almost total dependence on a factor absorbable at 0 degrees with homologous bacteria, and which appeared to be a natural antibody. These results suggest that in certain circumstances in the cow, gamma globulins may be directly involved in the activation of the alternate complement pathway.


The regulation of the immune response of mice to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide. The regulation of age-related antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide (HITB-PS) was studied by measuring the splenic plaque forming cells (PFC) following immunization with this capsular polysaccharide. The magnitude of PFC response to HITB-PS was found to be dose-related, enhanced by Freund's complete adjuvant and influenced by the genetic strain of mice. Priming with a low dose of HITB-PS did not induce a state of immunological unresponsiveness. Treatment with antilymphocyte serum significantly increased the PFC response to HITB-PS. Athymic nude mice showed an enhanced ability to induce both IgG and IgA-PFC responses as well as a significant increase in the biosynthesis of protein and mitogenicity in spleen cells. These findings suggest that the immune response to HITB-PS is regulated by the suppressor T cell. The magnitude of the IgM-PFC response induced by HITB-PS in mice increased gradually from two weeks of age and reached a plateau at 8 weeks. Treatment with fetuin resulted in the inhibition of direct IgM and IgG-PFC responses to HITB-PS; the suppressive effect on the immune response was more profound and lasting in young than in adult mice.


Lymphoid antigenic determinants of the chicken. Cellular representation and tissue localization. Antisera were prepared against a variety of chicken tissues with a view to detecting antigens specific for subpopulations of T and B cells at different maturation stages. By appropriate absorption analysis, the following antigens were defined: (a) thymus organ-specific antigen (CTOA); (b) T lymphocyte-specific antigen (CTLA); (c) B lymphocyte-specific antigen (CBLA); (d) mature B lymphocyte-specific antigen (CMBLA); (e) a foetal-associated antigen (CFAA) present on embryonic haemopoietic cells, and adult bone marrow and immature bursa cells, suggesting the cell types concerned may be at an early stage of development, possibly including precursors. For comparison with the above antigens, cells were also examined for surface Ig and IgG. T cells were found in periarteriolar sheaths in the spleen, and predominantly in the sub-epithelium and sub-mucosa of the caecal tonsil of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). B cells were localized in periellipsoidal sheaths and germinal centres in the spleen, and in primary follicles or germinal centres in the GALT. The thymic and bursal medullas contained the mature populations of T and B lymphocytes respectively.


Cell-mediated and humoral immunity to chick type II collagen and its cyanogen bromide peptides in guinea-pigs. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to chick type II collagen and its cyanogen bromide (CB) peptides was studied in guinea-pigs using cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Responses were largely independent of molecular conformation in animals immunized with either native or denatured collagen, and reactions obtained with CB peptides 8, 9, 10 and 12 suggested that sites in the central regions of collagen chains were recognized in CMI. Antibodies to collagen were detected by haemagglutination and immunofluorescence only in animals immunized with native molecule and not in animals immunized with denatured or CB-digested material. Humoral and CMI responses were similar in that neither recognized the pepsin-labile non-helical regions of the molecule. The responses differed in that humoral reactions were conformation-dependent and type-specific and CMI reactions were not.


Mediation of cytotoxic functions by classes and subclasses of sheep antibody reactive with cell surface immunoglobulin idiotypic and constant region determinants. Sheep antibodies, reactive with either the idiotypic or constant region antigenic determinants of the immunoglobulin light chain on guinea-pig L2C leukaemic cells, were separated into IgM and into the two subclasses of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2. Antibody of both IgG subclasses inhibited the migration of L2C cells along plastic surfaces; IgM was only weakly inhibitory. Antibody of class IgM and of subclass IgG1 mediated complement cytotoxicity against the L2C cells whereas only that of subclass IgG2 mediated K-cell cytotoxicity; the effector arms were rabbit complement and sheep peripheral leucocytes, respectively.


Antigens of Streptococcus mutans: isolation of a serotype-specific and a cross-reactive antigen from walls of strain V-100 (serotype e). Two cell wall-associated polysaccharide antigens were extracted from purified cell walls of Streptococcus mutans serotype e strain V-100. One of these purified antigens (I) is specific for serotype e, whereas the other (II) has antigenic determinants reactive with both heterologous anti-serotype c serum (GS-5) and the homologous (e) serum. When crude formamide extracts of V-100 cell walls were loaded onto a Cellex-D column and eluted with a linear gradient of ammonium carbonate (0.02 to 0.40 M), the two products mentioned above could be recovered. The purified, antigenically reactive products (I and II) were each composed only of rhamnose and glucose in approximately a 2:1 molar ratio. Immunoelectrophoresis of the crude formamide extract, peak I, and peak II showed the purified fractions to have opposite mobilities and the crude extract to have a mobility that encompassed both purified peaks when reacted with homologous antiserum (V-100). When these three fractions were immunoelectrophoresed and reacted with heterologous anti-serotype c serum (GS-5), only the anodic portion of the crude V-100 formamide extract and purified peak II formed precipitates. Ouchterlony analysis with homologous antiserum produced precipitin patterns between the crude formamide extract and both purified peaks, indicating complete identity. However, only crude extracts of V-100 and the purified peak II material reacted with heterologous (c) antiserum; peak I did not cross-react in these Ouchterlony assays. Hapten inhibition studies revealed that a beta-glucosyl moiety is the immunodeterminant for serotype e and is present on each purified fraction. The basis of the cross-reaction between anti-c sera and the purified antigen II of e is discussed.


Phage-induced changes in Vibrio cholerae: serotype and biotype conversions. Phage infection of Vibrio cholerae resulted in antigenic changes. A strain of biotype cholerae serotype Ogawa was converted into serotype Hikojima and gained the ability to synthesize antigenic factor C. Some phage-converted strains remained stable after subculture and were immune to superinfection with the same phage. The stable converted strains were lysogenic and released phage having a host range similar to the phage of the donor strain. Reinfection of unstable converted strains which had "lost" antigen C yielded types able to again synthesize this antigen. The polymyxin resistance character was expressed in the biotype cholerae strain after infection with some phage preparations. These polymyxin-resistant strains possessed three main characteristics of El Tor vibrios. The phage-induced changes described provide V. cholerae with the potential for innumerable genetic combinations.


Role of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall antigens in the stimulation of delayed hypersensitivity after staphylococcal infection. In Staphylococcus aureus-infected mice, prior treatment with cyclophosphamide enhanced delayed hypersensitivity to cell walls and peptidoglycan. S. aureus did not cross react with S. epidermidis or S. saprophyticus.


Genetic analysis of in vitro leukemogenesis induced by thymus epithelial reticulum cells transmitting murine leukemia viruses. Lymphatic leukemia developed in C57BL/6 mice following inoculation of normal thymocytes that and been co-cultured on leukemic thymus epithelial reticulum monolayer cells. Using thymocytes genetically marked in Ly membrane antigens, we showed that the thymomas which developed were produced by the co-cultured thymocytes rather than by leukemic cells derived from the monolayer. Thus, leukemogenic conversion of normal thymocytes took place in vitro. Inoculation of cultured leukemic thymus epithelial reticulum monolayer cells (LTER) gave rise mainly to reticulum cell sarcomas and myeloid leukemias, rather than to lymphatic leukemias (which developed following inoculation of thymocytes that had been cultured on the LTER monolayers). Thus LTER cells may themselves be tumor cells capable of producing RCNA (reticulum cell neoplasm type A) or myeloid tumors in addition to their ability to convert normal thymocytes into leukemic cells.


The effect of biogenic monomines on rapid axonal transport in the rabbit optic nerve. Since L-dopa and serotonin have been reported to increase the rate of axonal transport in rat sciatic nerve, we decided to study the effect of these monoamines on rapid orthograde transport in the rattit optic nerve. To do this, tritiated leucine was injected into the vitreous of both eyes of 56 albino rabbits, and arrival of radioactive labeled proteins at the superior colliculus was measured at various intervals by liquid scintillation counting. Rabbits were studied 24 hr after intraperitoneal injections of (1) Sinemet + L-dopa, (2) Sinemet + 5-hydroxytryptophan, or (3) pargyline. There were 14 rabbits in each group compared to 14 controls that received no monoamies. In the monoamine-treated groups, transported labeled proteins arrived at the superior colliculus earlier, and an increased amount of radioactivity accumulated during the next several hours. The maximum amount of radioactive proteins accumulating in drug-treated animals did not differ significantly from the maximum amount in control animals. As judged by autoradiographic densitometry, retinal ganglion cell synthesis was similar in control and drug-treated animals. We suspect that the rate of rapid axonal transport is increased by monoamines, although an increased rate of ganglion cell protein synthesis is another possibility.


Intranephronic calculosis in the Brazilian squirrel monkey. Brazilian squirrel monkey kidneys removed before and after administration of parathormone were studied by microdissection, polarizing microscopy, alizarin red and von Kossa's stains, and microchemical analysis. Intralumenal crystalline-matrix masses were observed in both groups but were increased in frequency after parathormone administration. Specific staining showed the presence of calcium and phosphorus, and specific chemical tests suggested the presence of uric acid or urate salts. Refractile alizarin red positive droplets were observed in the tubular cells of the pars convoluta in parathormone-treated animals. Urinary stone formation in these animals is unique in that the location and types of stones produced are similar to that seen in man. The squirrel monkey is a good experimental model to study renal stone disease and further studies of its etiology, structure, composition, and means of control should be performed.


Immunochemical detection of serum prostatic acid phosphatase. Methodology and clinical evaluation. An immunochemical method for detection of prostatic acid prosphatase is described. Purified acid phosphatase was isolated from cancerous human prostate. A specific antiserum to the purified enzyme was produced in rabbits. The antiserum to postatic acid phosphatase did not react with acid phosphatase originating from other tissues. A counter immunolectrophoresis, utilizing the specific antibodies and a chemical staining technique, has been developed and clinically evaluated. Sera from patients with prostatic carcinoma (6/20 of stage B, 27/49 of stage C, and 98/125 of stage D) gave positive results. Sera from 19 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, from 89 patients with other tumors, from 12 patients with Gaucher's disease, from 107 healthy volunteers, and from 50 normal age-matched men all gave negative results. The sensitivity of this method was 0.4 IU of enzyme activity or 20 ng per ml of prostatic acid phosphatase protein. Further clinical evaluation of patients in the early stage of prostatic cancer and of patients undergoing chemotherapy is in progress.


Origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement. Important features of the origin and evolution of benign prostatic enlargement (BPH) remain unclarified, partly because of imprecision in previous morphologic observations. Precise, quantitative analysis was applied to BPH development in 63 autopsy prostates. BPH nodules originated selectively from a very small region, near a cylindrical urethral sphincter above the verumontanum, and usually on the outer aspect of that sphincter laterally. They arose in a newly described transition zone, in which the unique mingling of prostatic glands with sphincteric stroma may be implicated in BPH pathogenesis. Nodules originate through eccentric duct budding toward a focus, suggesting local stromal inductive effects. BPH evolved through three processes: early diffuse gland growth, small nodule proliferation, and later nodule enlargement. If these are independent processes, BPH etiology may be multifactorial.


[Fungus diagnostics in practice].

[Fungus diagnostics in practice]. For the practising dermatologist the following examinations for the diagnosis of a fungus infection are recommended: unstained and stained preparations, as well as cultural differentiation of the causative organisms. In case of a first negative culture of a cutaneous mycosis histological examination is advised. The section should be stained by the PAS method. In all mycotic diseases of the skin, skin appendages and mucous membranes, which are resistant to therapy, an intracutaneous test with the specific antigen should be performed to examine the cellular immunity against the cultured organism.


Sudan Black B: chemical structure and histochemistry of the blue main components. Sudan Black B contains two blue main components, SSB-I and SSB-II. Their chemical structures were determinated by the aid of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, column chromatography, absorption, IR, mass, H1-NMR, and C13-NMR spectroscopy and were proved by alternate synthesis. SSB-I has been found to be 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl4-[(4-phenylazo-1-naphthalenyl)-azol]-1H-perimidine. For SSB-II was confirmed the known structure 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-6-[(4-phenylazo-1-naphthalenyl)-azo]-1H-permidine. Relations of chemical structure of SSB-I and SSB-II to their staining properties are discussed.


Appraisals and pitfalls of myoepithelial cell staining by Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN. In the search for specific staining of myoepithelial cells in human normal and pathologic mammary tissue we applied the milling dye Levanol (Supranol) Fast Cyanine 5RN. Reports from literature on this staining method were considered, and efforts were made to improve the procedure. Different fixatives were tested, and the pretreatment of the sections was modified. Five nuclear stains were tried but were finally omitted. Counterstain of the connective tissue proved useful. The advantages of the different modifications are discussed.


[Morphological changes in the middle ear and tubal lining through antibiotic treatment (author's transl)]. Chemotherapy has not only changes the clinical picture but also the pathological features of otitis media. As a consequence, reactive forms of the middle ear mucosa include purulent inflammation as well as cellular proliferation and granulation. Complications result from defective healing caused by the inability of the mucosa to organize clearance of the tympanic cleft. Because of a lack of drainage, the effusion remains in situ and alters the function of the middle ear mucosa. Subsequently, the inflammatory reaction diminishes, as can be seen on smears from tympanic effusions. Leucocytes are more or less displaced by phagocytes. We also gave special attention to morphological details in the Eustachian tube. We could demonstrate the great importance of the mucosa as a defence mechanism against infection. The so-called tubal tonsil is an important part of the local immune organ system. The salivary glands adjacent to the tube provide a secretion, which allows the ciliary activity to function. Surface active substances in the secretion influence the opening mechanism of the tube. In disease states, disturbances of this secretion may prevent ventilation of the tympanic cleft.


Plasma volume and intravascular protein masses in trained boys and fit young men. Plasma volumes and intravascular protein masses were measured in eight well-trained boys (VO2 max = 59.6 +/- 6.5 ml/kg body wt) aged 13-15 yr and compared with two groups of adult athletes aged 17-20 yr (VO2 max = 61.8 +/- 3.4 ml/kg body wt) and 24-30 yr (VO2 max = 63.3 +/- 4.1 ml/kg body wt), respectively. The trained boys had larger plasma volumes and increased intravascular masses of albumin and hepatogenic globulins as compared with values available for children with normal physical activity. There was no significant difference between the boys and the adults concerning maximal oxygen uptake, plasma volume, albumin, immunoglobins, and haptoglobin, when allowance was made for differences in body dimensions; probably due to the young age, however, the boys had considerably higher relative alpha2-macroglobulin and transferrin masses. Endurance training apparently elicits the same response of the plasma protein system regardless of age, at least after pubertal age has been attained. The overall effect of these changes implies an increase of the water binding capacity of the plasma


The development of eosinophils in the bone marrow of the fowl and the duck. The eosinophils present in the bone marrow of the fowl and the duck were classified into various maturational stages according to the shape of their nuclei and the content of their cytoplasm. The granules appeared to develop from dilations located at the extremities of the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, whence they broke free, forming vesicles. By condensation they progressed from a flocculent type of granule to the definitive spherical homogeneous primary granule. Various staining techniques were applied in this study and it was found that, as in mammals, granules of two distinct types were present in developing avian eosinophils, and that they matured by transition from a primary granule to a specific stage.


Chromatography of ovalbumin messenger ribonucleic acid on complementary deoxyribonucleic acid-cellulose. DNA complementary to ovalbumin mRNA and covalently bound to cellulose (cDNA-cellulose) was synthesized using avian myeloblastosis virus RNA-directed DNA polymerase. High concentrations of actinomycin D (200 migrogram/ml) were required to produce 97% inhibition of double-stranded DNA synthesis, but mRNA transcription was only slightly inhibited (14%). The conditions used for binding of mRNA to cDNA-cellulose permitted complete hybridization of ovalbumin mRNA in 10 min while stable poly(A):(dT) hybrids failed to form. The temperature at which 50% of the ovalbumin mRNA activity was eluted from cDNA-cellulose was 62 degrees in 0.01 M Tris.HCl. When a batchwise procedure of hybridization and elution was used, the total recovery of ovalbumin mRNA activity applied to the cDNA-cellulose was greater than 98%, indicating little if any degradation of mRNA. Ovalbumin mRNA activity eluted in each chromatographic run was 50 to 70% of that originally used for the synthesis of the cDNA-cellulose. When total polysomal RNA was subjected to chromatography, the bound fraction consisted of ovalbumin mRNA, rRNA, and material behaving like fragments of ovalbumin mRNA. Applying this fraction to cDNA-cellulose a second time eliminated the rRNA but not the presumptive fragments. Ovalbumin mRNA purified either once or twice was enriched between 43- and 56-fold over polysomal RNA in translational activity.


Immunological relatedness of high mobility group chromosomal proteins from calf thymus. The non-histone proteins HMG-1, HMG-2, HMG-3, HMB-8, HMG-14, and HMG-17 (Goodwin, G. H., SANDERS, C., and Johns, E. W. (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. 38, 14) were purified from calf thymus. The apparent molecular weights on polyacrylamide gels run in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate of the high mobility group (HMB) proteins were determined. Those for HBG-1 and HMG-2 agreed with the molecular weights determined by sedimentation; that for HMG-17 was anomalously high. Antibodies against HMG-1 were elicited in rabbits. The interaction between HMG-1 and anti-HBG-1 was measured by quantitative precipitation and by the microcomplement fixation technique. Quantitative microcomplement fixation assays revealed that the indices of dissimilarity between HMG-1 and HMG-2, HMG-3, HMG-8, HMG-14, and HMG-17 were 2.0, 1.0, 3.8, 10.0, and 6.1, respectively. These correspond to 6%, 0%, 12%, 20%, and 16% sequence difference between HMG-1 and the other five HMG proteins, although the immunological distance between HMG-1 and HMG-14 may be too large to allow a good correlation between the sequence and the immunological reaction. Antibodies to HMB-1 bind to chromatin purified from calf thymus. Therefore, we suggest that the in situ organization of HMG proteins in chromatin and chromosomes may be studied by serological techniques.


Immunofluorescent anti-tubulin staining of spindles during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro. Immunofluorescent anti-tubulin staining has been used to follow nuclear progression from dictyate to metaphase II during meiotic maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro. Antibody directed against tubulin isolated from sea-urchin eggs decorates the metaphase I and metaphase II spindles, as well as the cytoplasmic bridge, midbody, and polar body of the maturing mouse oocytes. Changes in the tubulin-specific staining pattern during meiotic maturation in vitro take place in a highly reproducible manner. Oocytes exposed continuously to cytochalasin B arrest at metaphase I and display a spindle which by immunofluorescent staining is virtually indistinguishable from the spindle of untreated oocytes.