The disappearance kinetics of soluble immune complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies and with intact antibodies in mice. Soluble immune complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies persisted longer in the circulation than complexes prepared with intact antibodies, when these were administered intravenously to mice. The disappearance of complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies was delayed in part because the initial phase of vascular permeability was considerably less than that seen following the administration of complexes with intact antibodies. In addition, large complexes with lattice structure of more than two antigen and two antibody molecules persisted longer in the circulation after administration of complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies than after administration of complexes with intact antibodies. Thus, the concentration of large latticed complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies was significantly greater than the concentrations of large latticed complexes with intact antobodies at all observed times through 96 hours. The persistence of large latticed complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies was associated with significantly decreased hepatic localization of complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies compared to the hepatic localization of complexes with intact antibodies at 1, 4, 12, and 24 hours. The observations indicated that the removal of large latticed complexes from the circulation by the hepatic mononuclear phagocyte system was decreased when reduced and alkylated antibodies were used for the preparation of immune complexes. The persistence of large latticed complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies in the circulation was associated with enhanced and prolonged presence of glomerular deposits of immune complexes, as reported in the accompanying article (Haakenstad AO, Striker GE, Mannik M: Lab Invest 35:293, 1976.


The glomerular deposition of soluble immune complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies and with intact antibodies in mice. The kidney localization and glomerular deposition of soluble immune complexes in mice were greater and more persistent following the intravenous administration of complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies than following the administration of complexes prepared with intact antibodies. The increased glomerular deposition following the administration of complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies was associated with the persistence of circulating complexes composed of more than two antigen and two antibody molecules (Haakenstad AO, Mannik M:Lab Invest 35:283, 1976). The deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli, as detected by immunofluorescence, appeared to precede the detection of mouse C3 in glomerular deposits following the administration of both preparations of complexes. The deposition of mouse C3 was more intense and persisted longer in mice receiving complexes containing reduced and alkylated antibodies than in mice receiving complexes containing intact antibodies. The ultrastructural studies indicated that both preparations of complexes initially localized as electron-dense material in endothelial cell fenestrae and in the subendothelial space of the glomerular capillary loops and subsequently accumulated in the mesangial matrix between mesangial cells. The material persisted in the mesangium of mice receiving complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies, whereas it was removed from the mesangium of mice receiving complexes with intact antibodies. The mechanism for removal of complexes from the mesangial matrix was not defined, but it did not appear to occur through phagocytosis by the mesangial cell.


Interruption of the aortic arch. Surgical considerations. During a 10 year period, January, 1965, through January, 1975, 5 patients with interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) underwent operation at the Texas Heart Institute. The mortality rate was 60 per cent; 2 patients survived the operation. One 11-day-old infant with IAA, type A, a ventricular septal defect (VSD), and a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) underwent successful two-stage treatment. A left subclavian-ductus anastomosis, closure of the PDA, and banding of the pulmonary artery were done initially. The VSD was closed later. The second survivor, a 3-year-old girl, had IAA, type B, with a PDA and VSD. Total correction was done with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. Considerations include palliative and staged procedures versus total correction with either conventional cardiopulmonary bypass or deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Survival rate is improved if associated lesions are totally repaired or palliated at the time of reconstruction of IAA.


Complete repair of tetralogy associated with sickle cell anemia and G-6-PD deficiency. The case of a 5-year-old black girl with sickle cell anemia and G-6-PD deficiency is described. The child underwent successful repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Open-heart surgery can be safely performed on these patients if certain guidelines are observed, particularly the avoidance of hypoxia, hypothermia, acidosis, and dehydration. The patients should be prepared for the operation with transfusion of normal red cells. Routine preoperative testing for the above hemoglobinopathologic conditions is urged. The pertinent literature is reviewed.


Intramural esophageal hamartoma. An unusual cause of progressive stricture in a child. The unusual occurrence of an intramural hamartoma mimicking a peptic esophageal stricture in a child is presented. Early operative intervention is indicated to diagnose the condition and to avoid certain morbidity or death. The remarkable embryologic feature of this report is the presence of annular cartilage at the site of the esophageal stricture. Conservative resection of the involved esophagus and primary anastomosis is the treatment of choice.


Nonoperative closure of left-to-right shunts. Efforts to close left-to-right shunts at Ochsner Medical Institutions have been directed toward atrial septal defects (ASD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). PDA's were constructed in dogs by interposing a segment of jugular vein between the aorta and main pulmonary artery. Five dogs in which the PDA was closed by a plug device inserted through the femoral vessels were put to death at 6 to 12 months. Histologic sections showed good fibrous ingrowth with endothelial covering on the aorta and pulmonary artery sides. There were no migrations redidual shunts. At cardiac catherterization, 18 patients had ASD's sized and located as to position in the septum. The sized ranged from 13 to greater than 30 mm. in diameter. The ASD sizes in patients who underwent standard operative closure were compared to the measurements at catheterization, and the variation was insignificant. In 5 patients, centrally positioned secundum ASD's were closed with double umbrella devices, 25 to 35 mm. in diameter. Anatomic contraindications for umbrella closure include ASD's greater than 30mm. in diameter, anomalous pulmonary venous connection, common atrium, inferiorly or superioly located secrumdum ASD, and sinus venosus ASD. Follow-up studies from 6 to 12 months on 5 patients with umbrella closure have revealed no hemolysis, arrhythmias, thromboembolism, migration, or other untoward effects.


Successful interposition synthetic graft between aorta and right coronary artery. Angiographic follow-up to sixteen months. A knitted Dacron filamentous vascular prosthesis, 4 cm. long and 3.5 mm. in diameter, was used as an interposition graft between the aorta and right coronary artery in a 65-year-old woman on Oct. 25, 1974. The prosthesis was used to transplant the right coronary artery incident to removal of a saccular aneurysm if the ascending aorta. Concomitant mitral valve replacement and tricuspid annuloplaty were performed. The graft was demonstrated patent by angiograms 2 weeks, 7 months, and 16 months after the operation, and the patient continues to be clinically well 17 months postoperatively. The literature records the successful use of aorta-coronary Dacron prostheses in 2 other patents, both children with coronary anomalies. One of these grafts closed after a while: the second was demonstrated patent by angiograms 8 years after implantation. These cases demonstrate that prostheses can function in the aorta-coronary position, and the reports of saphenous vein failures indicate the need for a reasonable substitute when a patient's saphenous veins are absent or inadequate. In all 3 cases, the prostheses were quite short and were used as interposition grafts between the ascending aorta and the proximal end of the coronary artery. Our review did not reveal successful use of a synthetic graft for aorta-coronary bypass.


The Rastelli operation for transposition of the great arteries. Early and late results. Fifty-nine patients had corrective operation of the Rastelli type for transposition of the great arteries between 1968 and 1975. In 121 patients (35 per cent), the ventricular septal defect was enlarged by excising a portion of the septum. During the first 30 days after the operation, II patients (19 per cent) died. The risk of repair in infancy was greatly increased. There were 5 late deaths, and reoperation was required in 11 patients. Sixty-eight per cent of the survivors are in New York Heart Association Class I and 29 per cent are in Class II. Some late complications related to deteriorations of the earlier aortic homograft conduit may be avoided by use of a Dacron conduit with a porcine valve, as suggested by short-term favorable results in 25 recent cases. The current operative mortality rate of 8 per cent (last 25 operations) and the observation that all but one of the late survivors in this series are either asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic tend to verify the Rastelli operation as the procedure of choice for repair of transposition of of the great arteries when associated with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis.


Tetralogy of Fallot with acquired pulmonary atresia and hypoplasia of pulmonary arteries. Report of surgical management in infancy. A perforated intracardiac prosthesis, and patch infundibuloplasty and annuloplasty were employed for the surgical management of an infant with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and severe hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries. This approach provides a means of decompression of the right ventricle in the immediate postoperative period. It allows sufficient systemic cardiac output while increasing pulmonary blood flow to relieve severe hypoxemia and cyanosis. In addition, the high risk of further compromise to the diminutive pulmonary arteries by a palliative shunt is avoided. A physiological basis for the use of this technique is discussed.


Sequestration of the lung in children.

Sequestration of the lung in children. Nine cases of sequestration of the lung were seen in children. Bronchopulmonary sequestration of the lung is a distinct congenital anomaly and clinical entity that can be distinguished from other congenital abnormalities of the lung. Such a congenital anomaly must be considered in children who, on roentgenologic examination, are found to have an opacity in the lower lung fields. Intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration often is associated with recurrent pulmonary sepsis, whereas extralobar sequestration is less likely to be symptomatic and usually exhibits no abnormal physical findings. In a unique case, we found an extralobar sequestration associated with an esophageal duplication that communicated with the sequestered lobe but not with the esophagus. This situation represents a transitional stage in embryonic development of extralobar sequestration. Intralobar and extralobar forms of sequestration show many common characteristics indicating a common embryogenesis. Surgical excision, consisting of lobectomy or segmentectomy, is safe and effective and may be accomplished without morbidity or mortality.


Investigations of the cell cycle of malignant tumors in oto-rhino-laryngology and their significance for cytostatic treatment (author's transl). 45 patients with advanced malignant tumors in head and neck were treated with a cytostatic combination chemotherapy. In the beginning of cytostatic treatment surgical- and radiotherapy were no more possible. The duration of the generation-cycle of the tumor cells was determined autoradiographically with the double labelling method. Most of the patients showed a measurable diminution of tumors and a following stop of tumor growth. In spite of severe complications it was possible, to achieve a prolongation of live with a supportable feeling. A five year curing was not observed.


On the oscillation behavior of the incus-stapes joint (author's transl). A two-channel inductive measuring system in the human temporal bone preparation was used to oscillographically record oscillations of incus and stapes as well as to observe the phases between the two auditory ossicles at the same time. In the frequenzies between 300 and 1,200 Hz it was not possible to prove clearly a phase difference, in the higher frequency ranges (approximately from 2,000 Hz upwards), however, a phase difference was observed to occur regularly to an extent of 90 degrees and more.


[The density of the mucous glands in the fetal nose (author's transl)]. In 50 fetuses and premature infants between the ages of 11 and 23 weeks the entire nasal mucosa was dissected free and stained by the Osmium, the PAS or the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method after which the nasal mucous glands were studied with special reference to density. In front on the septum and in the lateral wall density increases evenly and is by the 23rd week 28 glands per square mm. In the middle and at the back of the septum, where the glands develope later, the density is somewhat smaller by the 23rd week. Through the entire period, and also after the 23rd week, new glands continue to develop a fact which is of importance for the understanding of the distribution of the glands since the first glands to develop form a glandular layer deep in the lamina propria and the last glands to develop a superficial layer.


[Draft of a compilation of diagnoses in otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)]. Here we report an attempt to make out a catalog of diagnoses in otorhinolaryngology for intern-clinical interests, which appears suitable to electronic data-processing by its modified six-figure ICD-code. In a supplement to this compilation we make allowance for the overlapping with our neighbouring medical specialities.


[Immune-histochemical localization of the immuneglobulins iga and igg in the human nasal mucosa (author's transl)]. Localization of IgG and IgA was investigated by means of indirect immunofluorescence method in human normal respiratory nasal mucosa. The IgA content in the mucosal plasmacytes was essentially higher than IgG content localized in the plasmacytes. The IgG attached fluorescence of plasmacytes was relatively weak in comparison with interstitium.


[Possibilities and limits of salivary gland scanning with the scintillation camera (author's transl)A1]. Scintigraphy with 99mTc pertechnetate has proved as an enlargement of diagnostic possibilities of salivary gland diseases. 58 patients with tumors, posttherapeutical findings, acute an chronic inflammations and sialosis were examined with the Anger-camera. In our opinion scanning is not suitable for demonstrating tumors, but shows better results in estimating the function of glandular parenchyma after operation or radiation. A high significance of the method is given, when there is suspicion or presentation of acute and chronic inflammations, sialoses or Xerostomia with indefinite glandular swelling.


[Echography of the paranasal sinuses using A- and B-Scan]. Echography of the paranasal sinuses is a well established diagnostic tool. Routine diagnosis with an A-scan is quite sufficient for the experienced echographer. An improve in diagnosis can be obtained using B-scan echography.


[Indications and limitations of esophagoscopy with flexible fiberoptics (author's transl)]. The authors evaluate the results of 241 diagnostic esophagoscopies with fiberoptics performed in the years 1973/74. The fiberoptics were successfully used in 208 patients (86%) suffering of inflammatory processes of the esophagus, hiatus hernias, carcinomas and spontaneous or traumatic bleeding of the esophagus. In 33 cases (14%) the fiberoptics were not sufficient in establishing a diagnosis and had to be followed by a classical esophagoscopy. This was necessary in stenosis of the esophagus, pathological changes in the area of the esophageal entrance and marked suprastenotic dilatations of the esophagus with food retention. It is concluded that in esophageal diagnostics in addition to flexible fiberoptics there is still a need for the classical instruments like metallic esophagoscopy tubes of different length and lighting.


[Examination about the clinical efficiency of influenza vaccination (author's transl)]. A single blind study was performed to test the efficiency of influenza-vaccination against various clinical parameters. The parameters "sickness", "rhinitis" and "medication" were reduced significantly during the months of november to march, namely by 64.8%, 19.9% and 39.6%. Apart from the overall reduction of rhinitis especially the severe forms were strongly reduced. However this effect disappeared after five months. The parameters "fever", "cough" and "asthma" showed no difference.


[Morphological changes in the inner ear of alport's syndrome (author's transl)]. At the first time lightmicroscopic and electronmicroscopic findings of Alport's Syndrome after fixation 1 hour post mortem are demonstrated. The morphological findings of stria vascularis, organ of Corti and ganglion spirale are discussed and interpreted as the result of the enlarged basal membrane of the inner ear capillaries with an altered permeability similar to the thickened basal membrane in the glomerulum of Alport's Syndrome.


[Informational value and application of the selective external angiography in malignant facial tumors (author's transl)]. This paper describes the possibility of the super-selective arteriographic embolisation and the usefulness of this method in the diagnosis of malign tumors in the face.


[About tumor cell findings in the peripheral venous blood, blood-borne metastases and the incidence of thromboembolic episodes in patients with carcinoma of various localisations (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study the frequency distribution of positive screenings for free-floating cancer cells in the peripheral venous blood of patients with cancers of the larynx, the abdomen and the lung was related to the frequency of blood-borne metastases and the incidence of thromboembolic episodes within 5 years of observation. Carcinomas of the larynx which were characterized by a very low frequency of blood-borne metastases are related with a high level of free-floating cancer cells in the venous blood. In contrast abdominal and lung cancers have a high frequency of blood-borne metastases, but a lower level of circulating cancer cells in the peripheral venous blood. Also there is a significant correlation between the initial presence of circulating cancer cells and the incidence of thromboembolic episodes in patients with abdominal and lung cancers, in contrast to patient with cancers of the larynx who lack this coincidence. On the basis of our observation we assume that the circulating tumor cells of the patients with abdominal and lung cancers have a high stickiness, therefore displaying a strong tendency to attach to the vascular endothelium. Only lodged cancer cells are able to penetrate the vessel wall and to develop metastases in the interstitial tissue. Remote and more or less generalized effects of cancer on blood coagulation are observed. In certain instances a disseminated intravascular coagulation results, almost exclusively due to remote effects of clotting factors elaborated by cancer cells, sometimes leading to micro- or macrothrombosis.


[Prognosis of post-traumatic anosimia (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of post-traumatic anosmia. Without any therapy the sense of small returned after 1 3/4 years.


[Endoscopic-histological differential diagnosis of rare benign endolaryngeal proliferations (author's transl)]. In the period from 1961 to August, 1975, 2,222 microlaryngoscopic examinations were carried out at the ENT Department of the University. A correlation was seen between the increase in the number of examination in the last few years and the increase in the number of malignant tumours of the larynx, while malignant growths in the hypopharynx were found to be only slightly increased. An anlysis of 1,027 microlaryngoscopies carried out under anaesthesia over the last 2 2/3 years showed almost 50% cancers and precancers. In 5% of the case at most more rare laryngeal findings were also seen. Of these, the granular cell tumour, plasmocytoma, oncocytic cystadenoma and amyloid-tumour of the larynx, but also tuberculous laryngitis, are represented. The modern endoscopic examinations and the fundamental bioptic histomorphological examination of proliferations allow an exact differentiation of these changes in the tissues of the endolarynx. In this connection, a valuable technical aid is the v. Stuckard low-power magnifying laryngoscope, that has been in use for the past six months.


[The short-time-intubation as a cause of morphological and functional disorders of the larynx (author's transl)]. In the Göttingen ORL-hospital 100 anaesthetics by endotracheal intubation were carried out within 3 months. All patients were examined phoniatrically and laryngoscopically before and after the anaesthetic. 31% of the patients exhibited no morphological or functional disorders of the larynx. The other patients exhibited minimal (26%), flight (24%) or moderate (19%) postintubation complications. The incidence of postintubation compications is independent of intubation-time, age and sex of the patients, and the size of the tube. An asymmetry of the larynx however favoured the incidence of moderate postintubation complications.


[Bony synechia in the vocal process area following translaryngeal endotracheal long term intubation (author's transl)]. The very rare case of a bony synechia of both processus vocales with following vocal fold paralysis is shown by ventilation insufficiency of the larynx as a result of longtime intubation. Great importance is attached to the pathophysiologic mode of origin.


[Cicatrical stenoses of the larynx (author's transl)]. 16 cases of laryngeal (14 laryngo-tracheal) stenosis. 8 patients suffered from relatively uncomplicated subglottic cicatrices. These were treated after ventral cricotomy by excision, epithelial covering and tamponades or stents. In 7 cases with severe stenoses we performed a complete cricotomy and thyrotomy. The larynx was widened by implantation of a composite graft taken from the ear between the split posterior wall of the circoid (Rethi's maneouver). The following open treatment with tamponades or stents succeeded in 6 cases. Surgical correction of laryngeal stenoses should create a wide lumen with solid epithelial lining. Uncomplicated cases took 10 weeks, complicated cases 11 months in average until the laryngo-tracheostoma could be closed.


[Laminotomy after Réthi. Report of treatment of 8 stenoses and 3 atresias of the larynx (author's transl)]. Eight stenoses and 3 atresias of the larynx were treated by laminotomy after Réthi. The commonest indication was a perichondritis stenosis of the cricoid after prolonged intubation. Stenosis of the cricoid followed subactue laryngitis in two cases. The arytenoids were also ankylosed in 5 cases requiring a further procedure to widen the glottis. The operation may also be used as an additional procedure in selected cases of supraglottic and glottic stenosis. The operation has also proved useful in stenoses and atresias of the laryngo-tracheal junction area. Nearly all cases require an obturator keel for 3-6 months. This is removed endoscopically in cases of closed treatment, while a plastic closure of the laryngotracheal lumen is necessary after open operations. The respiratory function was restored satisfactorily in all but one patient, who developed perichondritis of the thyroid cartilage. The quality of the voice depends on the mobility of the vocal process of the arytenoids.


[Laser surgery of the vocal cord. An experimental study (author's transl)]. In animals the endolaryngeal application of laser rays of the Nd: YAG Laser MediLas (lambda = 1.06 mum) was tested under microsurgical conditions, the early and late alterations of the vocal cords caused by a dosage of 17 watt/mm2 fractioned over 7 sec were endoscopically observed and studied by light- and electronmicroscopy. A circumscribed vocal cord edema induced by laser entails no functional impairment whatsoever. Histologically the laser lesions can be interpreted as epithelial defect with a reactive inflammation of the adjacent connective tissue. A fundamental loss in substance cannot be realized. The superficial defect healed within 18 days; after 7 weeks the zone of regeneration and the undamaged part of the vocal cord could no longer be differentiated neither by light- nor by electronmicroscopy. Laser surgery has the special merit of permitting a touchless and bloodless operation. These experiences with the Nd: YAG Laser MediLas encourage us to use this procedure in clinical tests for the therapy of benignant squamous epithelium hyperplasia of vocal cords.


[Problems in the therapy of laryngeal papillomas (author's transl)]. The course of the disease is evaluated in 51 patients (21 children, 30 adults). Surgical removal was considered as the method of choice. Other methods did not improve the results. During the last years the number of adult patients with this disease has been increasing in our clinic. 50% of the adults and 25% of the children required only one surgical procedure. If the papillomas began in infancy the course of the disease was difficult and the number of recurrences very high. 61% of all patients kept a chronic hoarseness. A decisive turn of the therapy did not occur during the last years, even though the therapeutic risk has been diminished due to microsurgery and the intervals between the operations could be increased. According to other authors, ultrasound or CO2- Laser appear to shorten the length of the disease in some cases.


[Preservation of a vertical mucosa strip for one stage gullet reconstruction after radical resection of the pharynx and larynx (author's transl)]. 17 out of 22 patients with a squamous cell cancer of the Hypopharynx (T2-T4,N1-N3) are treated by resection of the pharynx and larynx, combined with radical neck-dissection on both sides, total strumectomy and full course of radio-therapy, reaching from the base of the skull down to the madiastinum. For the immediate reconstruction of a nutritional pathway the preservation of a vertical tumor free strip of the pharyngeal wall at least 15 mm broad is recommended. The remaining mucosa resected at least 20 mm from the margin of the tumor, and the edges controlled by frozen sections can be sutured over a nasal gastric tube of 18 or 16 charr. The reconstruction has several advantages. Though the observation time of 15 months is short, the recurrence rate seems not to be higher than after total resection of the pharynx and larynx.


[A new improved speech-aid for laryngektomized patients (author's transl)]. This is a report about the new electro-acoustic speech-aid which can be worn unnoticed with a chain around the neck by laryngektomized patients. The battery and electronic parts of the apparatus is underneath the clothing. The hand must not be held on the level with the neck, compared to other apparatus, therefore the new apparatus allows to give a maximum convenience in movement. The use of the apparatus remains unnoticed, which is also an advantage.


[Observation of the course of leukoplakia in the Larynx (author's transl)]. During a period of 15 years biopsies of the larynx of 3000 patients were taken out. At 319 patients the first histodiagnosis "Leukoplakia" was made. 10% carcinomas were found out later on grounds of observation of the course and by letter. 7% of these carcinomas occured within 1 year after the first histodiagnosis of "Leukoplakia". The first biopsy of these 7% carcinomas diagnosed as a "Leukoplakia" must be interpreted as a biopsy out of the marginal area of an already existent carcinoma. 3% of the carcinomas developed from the "Leukoplakia" just in the following years.


[Complications and errors in the management of nose bleeding (author's transl)]. Nose bleeding is a common symptom which is easy to control in 90% of cases, but under certain circumstances and in the presence of various undertaking conditions life itself may be at risk. Even considering that treatment is very often undertaken in emergency conditions, mistakes leading to serious complications occur repeatedly. The most important errors are: an inadequate history, the use of inappropriate or wrongly positioned packing, poor supervision after haemostasis, the mistaken use of chemical cautery, often on both sides, failure to replace the blood loss in time, and delay in undertaking arterial ligation where indicated. The prevention of these and other errors is discussed and detailed report is presented of a case with a post traumatic cavernous sinus fistula.


[SMR, Septoplasty and the surgical treatment of septal perforations (author's transl)]. Submucous Resektion (SMR) operation ascribed to Killian-quite commonly taught-has serious deficiencies in some clinical situations. The more rational and conversative technique of septoplasty is explained and its principles and indications discussed. Postsurgical deformities after inappropriate SMR (i.e. septal perforation) can be avoided by performing a well executed conversative septoplasty. Complications of SMR as well as septoplasty are discussed. Some basic principles and indications for closure of nasal septal perforations are described.


[Faults and risks in rhinoplasty (author's transl)]. Because obstruction of nasal breathing accompanies a large proportion of the noses which appear to require correction externally, internal and external correction of the nose must always be carried out at the same time. Corrective rhinoplasties are not rarely connected with a certain risk because of a false estimation of the patient's psychic situation and too high expectations concerning the postoperative result. The various problems of the corrective procedure for crooked nose and saddle nose are described as well as the possibilities of using cartilaginous and bony transplants or Silastic implants. The use of histoacryl tissue glue to stick cartilage together in the reconstruction of a saddle nose can only be recommended with great reservations. The method carries a risk of persistent graft damage as a result of exothermic polymerisation processes and various end and split products of histoacryl can cause a long term inflammation and partial necrosis of the strut. The use of Cialitstored homologous cartilage can be recommended. However, in several cases (about 5%) a certain kind of inflammation around the homologous transplants could be observed, perhaps as a consequence of an immunological reaction or as a reaction against the mercury salt in the Cialit solution. The experiences with Silastic implants were very disappointing. In corrective rhinoplasties in childhood the anatomical and functional characteristics of the still developing midface must be taken into consideration. In adults, both esthetic and functional aspects must be borne in mind. The medico-legal situation and the importance of the preoperative informed consent of the patient are discussed.


[Local anaesthesia--modern outlook, faults and complications (author's transl)]. Development of general anaesthesia has reduced the amount of operations performed by local anaesthesia considerably. Inevitably this will cause than junior traines in large hospitals will be less informed and instructed in local anaesthesia than his demand will be after he has left the hospital. New results of mechanism of action of local anaesthesia are given and compared with other similar drugs. Tetracain is less efficient than the drugs of the amidtype as far as surface anaesthesia activity is concerned and Procain is surpassed by amidtype anaesthesia drugs for infiltration and conductive anaesthesia use.


[Dangers of anaesthesia in oto-rhino-laryngology]. The indication for general anesthesia in otorhino-laryngologic procedures are discussed, as well as anesthesia accidents leading to malpractice suits, situations in which a surgeon has to supervise anesthesia due to the lack of a properly trained anesthesiologist and the number of physicans that should be trained in performing an intubation, of pharyngo-laryngeal pathway obstructions, blood loss, pathological reflexes and the prophylaxis of adrenergic heart irritation.


[Complications during and following tonsillectomy]. Not considering the complications due to anesthesia, postoperative hemorrhage is certainly the most frequent complication following tonsillectomy. When injury of a major vessel can be ruled out as the cause of bleeding, a discrete disturbance of hemostasis must be considered. These are mainly thrombocytopathies or a pathologically increased fibrinolysis which were not detected by routine tests and the past history. Preoperatively one should ask for more or less regular use of analgesics containing salicylates which should not be administered postoperatively. The worst attitude is case of a post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage is to do nothing or to rely on non-specific measures hoping that the bleeding will stop anyway.


[Side-effects and complications following suspension laryngoscopy]. The following report deals with the frequency of side-effects following suspension laryngoscopy and ways to avoid them, based on the evaluation of 800 cases. As there was only a low rate of complications established (4,5 per cent) which is mainly caused by tooth damages and intubation-lesions, the preoperative information may be limited to those two points.


[Mistakes and complications by the esophagoscopy]. The most frequent and typical mistakes, complications are specialties of esophagoscopy are reported. They are documented by some examples of the endoscopical practise. Mainly it is referred to the history, the inspection previous to the esophagoscopy, the preparation and the technique of the esophagoscopy. The cases concerning the removal of the foreign bodies dangerous to the esophagus and the obligation to inform the patient are emphasized.


[Tracheotomy-faults and complications].

[Tracheotomy-faults and complications]. Complications associated with tracheotomy are reduced by prompt operation when indications develop, by meticulous technical performance of operation and careful postoperative care. The selection of intratracheal tube according to size and form is one measure to reduce both mortality and morbidity. Among the complications are dry hemorrhagic tracheobronchitis with crusts, severe arrosion bleeding and quite frequently secondary tracheal stenosis. In some cases it is more advisable to perform the tracheostomy in which the trachea is brought to the skin and sewed in place-providing a permanent opening.


[Mistakes and dangers in the treatment of facial fractures]. On the basis of the general principles of treatment, the mistakes and dangers are described in the reduction of the following fractures: Nasal fracture and nasoorbital fracture, Le Fort fractures, malar fracture, zygomatic arch fracture, blow-out-fracture. For optimal functional and cosmetic results the collaboration of different specialities is necessary. Serious complications in the treatment of orbital floor fractures (optic nerve damage, increased intraorbital pressure with visual loss due to hemorrhage or edema) are discussed in detail. Late sequelae of unrecognized or faulty treated facial fractures are considered well as the dangers in the management of facial fractures in children.


[Therapy of tracheal and laryngeal injuries]. Injuries of larynx and trachea often lead to late manifestations of damages difficult to correct. Early treatment is necessary to avoid functional impairment. Severe damage to the larynx as well as trachea should be treated by early surgical measures. Ruptured trachea requires direct end to end anastomosis. In some cases it is well advisable to reconstruct only the dorsal half of the trachea connecting the ventral part to the outer skin. After severe damage to the neck this tracheal-laryngeal fissure (or "open trachea-laryngeal window") is of little or no risk (i.e. always "open" for inspection and correction) and gives sufficient results in almost every case.


[Test over the "Hearing through the openings of the skull after trepanation" in the General Hospital in Hamburg in the year of 1835]. Investigations of the French physician Perier on patients after a trepanation of their skulls have shown that talking can be understood in the case of hermetically closed ears by means of the trepanation scar. If the ears were closed and if the trepanation scars were covered by the hand, the patient would hear nothing. Due to these observations, Perier had suggested to treat deafness by trepanation. Johann Carl George Fricke, the first "dirigating surgeon" of the newly erected General Hospital in Hamburg (1823) has taken up these suggestions and carried out similar investigations on two patients. He had a relative great number of patients with head injuries on hand who required a trepanation in many cases. His investigations have shown that any hearing through a trepanation scar has been most likely caused by an illusion and he did see in the observations of Perier and his investigation results only a confirmation of the generally known experience that a perception of a sound will also be caused by a vibration of the skull bone. An attempt to cure deafness by trepanation was rejected as an irrational and not to be approved undertaking


[Management of multiple laryngeal papillomas in cases of grown up persons]. The method of grafting autogenous oral mucous flaps for glottic reconstruction allows a very radical resection of multiple laryneal papillomas. In 13 cases of operated grown up persons after a time between 6 and 37 months there has been no recurrence in the transplantated region and the vocal cords are normal in function.


[The Cannula-free tracheostoma after total exstirpation of the larynx]. An operative modification of the design of a tracheostoma which uses no cannula is described. This modification considerably simplifies follow-up care and the requisite speech therapy is more successful. The extension of the tracheostoma is achieved by means of an parallel incision which widens the trachea with the acid of 2 tough threads on each side, which are fastened to the clavicle. The threads are left in place for a considerable time. Among other advantages, the patient is relieved of bearing foreign material for the rest of his life. The voice returns better and faster according to our experience. Rehabilitation problems are noticeably simpler to solve, since the feeling, that one must bear a cannula, which would be in constant need of care, is absent, Thereby one is not as aware that he is indeed suffering and the desire for extra retirement benefits is not present. The fifteen patients successfully treated by us, show clearly less dependence on the physician and other hospital personal


[Fine structure of human nasal mucosa in acute allergic reaction (author's transl)]. The fine structure of the acute allergic reaction is described in the human nasal mucosa. Subsequent to intranasal allergic testing with positive reaction characteristic changes are seen after different time intervals: Massive transudation into the dilated intercellular spaces, loss of epithelial junctions, extrusion of epithelial cells into the nasal lumen; increase permeability of capillaries and venules with increase of fenestrations and pinocytotic vesicles, edema of the cytoplasm and dilatation of intercellular junctions in the endothelium. Characteristic for the later stages are pronounced lesions of the vessel walls with interruption of cell junctions interstitial edema. endothelial gaps  and loss of endothelial cells. The endothelial basal membrane usually remains intact. The findings are compared with those described for the acute hyperergic reaction in animals and chronic allergic changes in the human nasal mucosa.


[The significance of IgE in the differential diagnosis of vasomotoric rhinopathy (author's transl)]. In 94 patients with allergic and non-allergic rhinopathy, we performed quantitative IgE-determinations in the serum as well as in the nasal secretion. 34 patients had a vasomotor rhinitis, 40 patients a pollinosis and 20 a perennial allergic rhinitis. Statistically, the IgE-values were in pollinosis and in perennial alllergic rhinitis-in the serum as well as in the nasal secretion-significantly higher than in vasomotor rhinitis. Due to the great range of variation of the values in all groups of patients examined, an assignment ot a certain group of diseases was not possible individually. As in some patients the secretion concentrations were higher than the corresponding serum values, we presume that IgE is produced-at least to some extent-also in the mucosa.


[The frequency-calorigram an analogous representation of the caloric nystagmus reaction]. A new diagram is proposed for the analogous representation of the vestibular reactions to carloric stimulation (calorigram). It provides a centripetal scale for both ears with exchangeable parameters. The response is given by pointers representing both the intensity and direction of the nystagmus. The arrangement facilitates the visual recognition of typical vestibular disorders, and allows the synoptical comparison of follow up-tests. Its usefulness was proved by the application in 1100 caloric examinations, in which the maximal postcaloric frequency of the nystagmus was evaluated from the ENG and recorded in the frequency calorigram.


[The velocity of the fast phase of nystagmus]. For the development of a computer program for nystagmus analysis the characteristics of the parameters duration, amplitude and velocity of the fast nystagmus phase were studied as well as their dependence on stimulus intensity. The results show that the duration is constant and not dependent on strength of stimulus. The amplitude was found to be approximately proportional to the velocity in the range of applied intensities but generally an exponential relation is suggested. Examples for evaluations of nystagmograms by means of a computer are shown. The analysis of these parameters is assumed to be of diagnostic importance.


[Reduction of the bloodflow in the vestibular centre]. The little writing of nystagmus or "petite écriture" is a very striking observation in the examination of the vestibular function by means of the pendular test. The "petite écriture" can be found in patients with reduction of the bloodflow in the vestibular centre. The "petite écuriture" has an average amplitude of 3.5 degrees during the high pendular acceleration (15-18 degrees sec2). It seems to be a variation of the central nystagmus-typ (écriture centrale) found after more effective irritations of the vestibular centre for example encephalitis or contusion of the brainstem.


[ORL-symptomatology of "subclavian steal" syndrome]. A female patient with subclavian steal syndrome is presented in this paper. She was treated originally in the ORL department because of objective ear sensations and of Menière's disease. Otological symptoms of the steal effect, e.g. dizziness, uni- or bilateral internal ear disorders and tinnitus are discussed in view of literature data and of the case history. In the differential diagnosis of above symptoms the ORL physician should also consider subclavian steal syndrome


[The determination of the sum potential amplitude for the prognostication of facial paresis of viral etiology]. In 29 patients with facial pareses of viral etiology the sum potential amplitude of the M. orbicularis oris was determined in a comparison of the two sides for prognostication purposes. If the sum potential amplitude is reduced by less than 70 per cent a return of good functions can be expected within 6-8 weeks. If the reduction of the sum potential amplitude lies between 70 and 95 per cent, a reliable prognosis is not possible, whereas with values below 95 per cent the paresis does not improve at all or hardly improves within 6-8 weeks. An evaluation of the returned function, about 1 year after the beginning of the paresis, i.e. at a time when the regeneration is basically completed, shows that all cases with an originally poor function (judged 6-8 weeks after onset of paresis) had changed into cases with a moderate function, and all cases with an originally moderate function had turned into cases with a good function. In another study concerning patients with idiopathic facial paresis the same method yielded results comparable to those of the above-mentioned study, so that the conclusion can be drawn that in the prognostication of the peripheral facial paresis by means of determining the sum potential amplitude-regardless of whether the facial paresis is of viral or idiopathic etiology-the same yardsticks have to be applied.


[Gustatory disturbances in multiple sclerosis]. 90 patients with advanced multiple sclerosis were examined electrogustometrically and with taste solutions. In 4 cases only the bitter sensation was diminished all over the tongue. 4 other patients showed a prolonged latency. Besides a unilateral dissociated hypogenusia in 4 patients there were no further serious taste disturbances. One man showed a taste and sensory hyperpathia on one side of the body.


[Aequidensitometrie of the labyrinthic capsule with special regard of the bottom of the internal auditory meatus]. It has been proved by densitometry that the thickness of the separating wall between the basal coil and the fundus of the internal auditory meastus as well as the thickness of the labyrinthic wall increase with age. The mineral contents is simultaneously reduced. The diameter of the cochlear canal is also reduced with age. These facts have been demonstrated by aequidensitometry and by summation color pictures of aequidensites.


[Postnatal development of the tectorial membrane's marginal net of the rabbit. Correlations with the typical marginal structures of the adult squirrel monkey]. To date the structure of the marginal net of the tectorial membrane has not been sufficiently described, its function is unclear and can only be understood after further detailed analysis. The limiting factor in these experiments is that mostly the applied routine preparation techniques always unspecifically change the tectorial membrane. The preparation techniques have now been modified so far that the induced changes can be kept at a minimum. Examinations were carried out parallely with the stereo microscope, the light microscope, the scanning and transmission electron microscopes; results were compared and ensured. 1. The normal structure of the marginal net of the adult squirrel monkey was compared with that of the adult rabbit. The similarity suggests to study for the first time the development of the marginal net in the embryologically more easily accessable rabbit by means of scanning electron microscope. 2. The refined preparation technique enables a reproducable investigation of the tectorial membrane in a lifted off state and subsequently in a large area even in a not lifted off state. 3. During the various steps of preparation the marginal zone is deformed much stronger than the rest of the membrane. 4. In the squirrel monkey a distinctly developed marginal net seems to be combined with the presence of a fourth row of other hair cells. To this conclusion leads the following observation: the impressions of the sensory cell hairs on the bottom side of the tectorial membrane are found predominately in the cross connections of the marginal net. 5. The marginal net of the rabbit shows a development from basal to apical. Thereby the hair cells are covered with fibres of the tectorial membrane up to the Hensen's cells. 6. On the fifth day characteristic holes are growing in the marginal area and the fibres withdraw from the Hensen' cells. This development proceeds in the rabbit more than in the squirrel monkey, the emerged net structure is reduced to the advantage of the marginal band. 7. A new technique allows the same spot to be observed by the scanning as well as the transmission electron microscopes. The interdental cells examinated in this way showed a strong activity of synthesis in the "3d" stage.


Subcutaneous, isogeneic transplantation of duct-ligated pancreas in streptozotocin diabetic mice: relationships between recovery and hormone contents in transplants or host pancreas. Recovery from diabetes was observed in streptozotocin-treated mice that received subcutaneous, isogeneic transplants of duct-ligated pancreas. Transplants excised from recovered hosts contained both immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG), indicating that both A and B cells capable of hormone storage were present. The IRI content in transplants, although only one sixth of that transplanted 6 wk earlier, was still 21/2 times greater than that in the host pancreas and was inversely related to the plasma glucose of the recipient during and after recovery. The IRI content in the transplant added to that in the host pancreas totaled 13% of the IRI found in the normal mouse pancreas, which sufficed for over-all recovery from diabetes but was insufficient to provide normal glucose tolerance and  insulin response to a major glucose challenge. The abnormally high content of glucagon noted in the pancreas of hyperglycemic, sham transplanted mice was reduced by one-half in the pancreas of those transplanted mice returning to normal plasma glucose and insulin. Thus, the insulin content of the transplant was important to the recovery of isografted mice, but in addition, and perhaps as a consequence of recovery, there was a slight increase in the insulin storage capacity of the host pancreas and a marked reduction of glucagon compared to the content of these hormones in the pancreas of hyperglycemic, sham transplanted mice.


[Are unknown ciliates responsible for uncharacteristic pains in the lower abdomen (author's transl)]. It is reported about unknown cells, looking like ciliates, found in the Douglas exudate in women with uncharacteristic pains in the lower abdomen. These self-moving cells were found in 10 out of 48 patients. The clinical results are discussed. There is a possibility that these cells are responsible as well for the uncharacteristic pains in the abdomen as perhaps for the infertility of the patient.


[Thallium intoxication treated by hemodialysis, forced diuresis and antidote (author's transl)]. Mode of action and toxicity of thallium and former treatment of thallium intoxication are described. A case of thallium poisoning with a lethal dose of thallous sulfate which was successfully treated by hemodialysis, forced diuresis and antidote is reported. 43 percent of the thallium could be eliminated by continuous hemodialysis during 72 hours and forced diuresis within the third and seventh day after ingestion of the poison. The dialysance of thallium was 111,1 ml/min with a blood flow of 200 ml/min. Later damage can be prevented by early maximal elimination of thallium.


[Treatment of lumbar disk herniation with depot cortisone intrathecally and peridurally (author's transl)]. During an operation for lumbar disk herniation, 160 patients were injected - intrathecally and peridurally, against the affected nerve root - one ampoule of Volon A40. The postoperative course was compared to that stated in 160 patients who had been operated in the same way without this medication. The irritation of the spinal root effected by the disk prolapse and the manipulation during the operation was immediately influenced in a favourable manner by Volon A40. The patients had no more complaints from the first postoperative day on. Mobilization of the patient could be started about three to four days earlier. During recurrency operations, the root did not show any adhesions. Prevention of postoperative cicatrization around the root appears to be an essential condition for a permanent state without complaints. The percutaneous intrathecal and peridural application of Volon A40 has proved to be efficacious in cases of lumbar root irritation, which can neither be treated surgically nor be influenced by a physical therapy.


Gene order in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa. Four different types of crosses have been used to establish the order of the four genes in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa, which encode the following proteins involved in the inducible catabolism of quinic acid: a regulatory (activator) protein (qa-1), catabolic dehydroquinase (qa-2), quinate dehydrogenase (qa-3), and dehydroshikimate dehydrase (qa-4). The four crosses involved (1) the ordering of the four qa genes relative to the closely-linked me-7 locus; (2) the ordering of the three other qa genes relative to a qa-1S mutant; (3) the use of a three factor cross--qa-3 X qa-4 qa-2 and (4) the use of four factor crosses--qa-1S X qa-3 qa-4 qa-2. The results of all four types of crosses agree in establishing an apparently definitive proximal to distal order, within the right arm of linkage group VII, i.e., qa-1 qa-3 qa-4 qa-2 me-7. The significance of a definitive establishment of the gene order within the qa cluster for an understanding of the organization and mechanism of genetic regulation in this cluster is discussed.


[Chemical suturing of myosin and actin to capron fiber]. Immobilization of myosin, actin, actomyosin and subfragment S1 on kapron fibre was achieved with the help of glutaric aldehyde. The ATPase activity of myosin and its ability to interact with actin is preserved; while the ATPase activity of S1 subfragment decreases considerably. The immobilization on kapron fibre changes the pH-dependance of ATPase activity of myosin and that of subfragment S1, shifting the maximum to low pH zone (pH 5.5), and increases the thermostability of the enzyme. The ions of Ca++ in all cases act as an activating agent on ATPase while the ions of Mg++ either do not affect myosin and subfragment S1 at all, or increase the activity in the case of the immobilized of actomyosin but to a lesser degree than the ions of Ca++. The immobilized actin preserves its ability to form actomyosin complex.


Bronchial obstruction: A main morphopathogenic factor in pulmonary diseases. Comparison of anatomoclinical and experimental facts. The histopathologic investigation of 300 resected lungs, especially with carcinomatous lesions, as well as of the experimental material provided by bronchial ligature and by intratracheal injections of viscous substances, permits the demonstration of the effects of acute and chronic bronchial obstruction and of their evolution. In acute obstructions, the process is dominated by circulatory changes and in the chronic ones by lesions of large alveolocytes, by changes in the lung lipidic metabolism induced by the hypoventilation, as well as by alveolar reactions with lipospongiocytary macrophages and giant cells. In both modalities, the bronchial obstructive process evolves to lung atelectasis with organization of affected areas, exclusion of lobuli and bronchiolar alveolization. The bronchial obstruction, an important morphological expression of the aerogenic component in lung pathogenesis, appears to be a main factor in the reshuffling of damaged lung areas by cellulo-fibrillar restructuration.


Morphological study of the thymus of Jensen tumor-bearing rats after tumoral, non-tumoral antigens and thiamine diphosphate administration. The morphological changes produced in the thymus of Jensen tumor-bearing rats after specific immune stimulation (glycoprotein 8 obtained from Jensen tumor, bovine serumalbumin (BSA), tuberculoprotein, gylcoprotein 5 from normal rat blood) and after non-specific one (thiamine diphosphate (TDP)) were studied. The changes produced by associating the antigenic action and TDP were reviewed, too. Morphological investigations were preformed 24 hours and 7 days after beginning of treatments. Twenty-four hours and 7 days after specific (tuberculoprotein and BSA) or non-specific (TDP) stimulation, similar morphologic changes were observed in the thymus: vasodilatation, thymocyte agglomeration in perivascular sheaths and their intravascular migration. When TDP was associated with gylcoprotein 8 or tuberculin - PPD more pronounced morphological modifications were observed 24 hours after treatment, while associating it with glycoprotein 5 or BSA obvious changes have been produced after 7 days. Gylcoprotein 5 and 8 did not induced any modifications in the thymus structure.


Renal pathomorphologic aspects in cirrhogenic diseases of the liver. The pathomorphogenesis of renal lesions in the course of cirrhogenic diseases of the liver was studied on a human and experimental material. The development of membranoproliferative glomerulopathy, of tubular lesions, interstitial reactive infiltrates and sclerosis processes in the advanced stages of cirrhosis were observed. An important role in the determining of these lesions was played by immunologic perturbations in the entire organism.


Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. VIIth note. Epitheliocapillary relationships in hypothysis and thyroid during experimentally conditioned immunity. The participation of the thyroid and of the anterior hypophysis during a complex process of experimentally conditioned immunity was studied in order to establish the concrete modalities of integration of these glands by the central integrative mechanisms. Quantitative microscopy, mathematical and statistical methods, demonstrative graphs, a new mode of expression of correlation types between the phasic quantitative variations of the immune process, as well as a division of the anterior hypophysis into cell groups were used. These methods show that the hypophysis and the thyroid participate in the immunogenic processes with all their constituents (epithelia, mesenchymal cells, capillaries). The importance of the participation vary from one lot to the other. The epithelium dynamics dominated that of capillaries in the glandular organs belonging to the IInd organizational step (with reduced stroma), which allows the consideration of an epitheliocapillary stereotype of organs belonging to the IIIrd step (stroma-rich) described in the VIth note.


Histopathology of some carcinomatous and pseudocarcinomatous aspects of the thyroid. The authors studied the histopathology of some true carcinomatous and pseudocarcinomatous aspects of the thyroid. Some peculiar aspects occuring after therapy with thyreostatics are underlined: papillary structures, giant polymorphous, hyperchromic or light vesicular nuclei. These lesions are not to be confused with true neoplastic pictures. The criteria in discriminating between thyroid adenoma and follicular adenocarcinoma are also discussed.


Histologic aspects in pleural diseases revealed by needle biopsy. In 59 patients, 18 to 82 years old, with pleural exudates, a number of 78 needle biopsies were performed in view of establishing the etiologic diagnosis. The diagnosis was: pleural tuberculosis in 9 cases, acute or chronic non-tuberculous inflammation in 8 cases, postinfectious sequelae in 6 cases, secondary malignant neoplasia in 10 cases; 2 mesotheliomas, and in 24 cases the aspect was normal or the minimal alterations found were not conclusive. The proportion of confirmations was of 81% for tuberculosis and 37% for cancer. The method is recommended as being of particular value in establishing the etiologic diagnosis of pleural exudates.


Effect of colchicine and prednisolone upon the peptidergic neurosecretory product in Cyprinus carpio L. After a treatment with physiological doses of colchicine and prednisolone, the rapid transport of the neurosecretory granules in the preoptico-neurohypophyseal tract of Cyprinus carpio L. is blocked. This fact is manifested by the accumulation of neurosecretory granules and of Hering's bodies at the level of fibres of preoptico-neurohypophyseal tract, and on the contrary, by the significant reduction of neurosecretory product in the nerve fibres of the neurohypophysis. The neurotubules which participate in the rapid axonal flux of neurosecretory granules do not suffer detectable ultrastructural changes.


Histoenzymatic activity of leucine aminopeptidase in normal bone marrow cells. Human, monkey, cat and rat bone marrow cells were studied for the histochemical localization of leucine aminopeptidase activity. The granulocytes have a weak enzymic activity in the immature cells and a very strong one in the differentiated cells. The lymphopoiesis is characterized by a strong reaction in the lymphoblasts and different degrees of the enzyme activity in the lymphocytes. In the erythropoiesis, the undifferentiated cells are strongly positive, while the erythrocytes are negative. The immature and mature cells of the megakariocytic line show a weak leucine aminopeptidase activity.


Kinetics of alkaline phosphatase active cells in the thymus of growing rabbits. The kinetics of alkaline phosphatase active cells is followed up by quantitation in the thymus of newborn rabbits, of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 months old, as well as in adult ones. The proportion of these cells appears to be the lowest in newborn rabbits (2 per cent), increases up to 8 per cent in the 2-month-old and up to 15.3 per cent in the 3-month old rabbits. This maximal proportion rapidly decreases one month later, reaching values round about 1 per cent of all thymus cells in adult rabbits. This kinetics seems to reflect the process of functional maturation of the rabbit lymphoid system, the alkaline phosphatase active cells representing the thymocytes which differentiate in T cells or a subpopulation of them only.


Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenitis: remarks about two cases. Two patients with clinical and pathological symptoms of so-called angioimmunoblastic lymphadenitis are presented. Both patients were over 50, with multiple lymphadenopathies, fever, pruritus and hyperglobulinemia. The lymph node changes exhibited a characteristic histological triad consisting of diffuse lymphoid proliferation, small arborizing vessels proliferation and paraamyloid-like amorphous material deposition. As previous authors suggested, the disease seems to be the expression of a prolonged hyperimmune response induced by the hypersensitivity to certain factors.


Anorectal melanoma. Problems of histopathologic diagnosis. The present study discusses, in the light of the comparatively restricted data in the speciality literature, two cases of anorectal melanoma emphasizing the histologic diagnostic difficulties linked to appraisal of the limits of the benign naevus formations, predominance of the achromatous zones, alternation of the benign and sarcomatous fascicular proliferations and those of the anaplastic carcinoma type. Stress is laid on the importance for the diagnosis of the histologic examination and of serial sections, in all pedunculate formations in the anorectal region as well as of the tests applied for detecting melanin.


Experimental data asserting the immune morpho-pathogenic component of chronic inflammatory processes. The action of several agents (Mycobacteria, Aspergillus, silicium dioxide, beryllium salts, phospholipids, incomplete and complete Freund adjuvant, a.o.) was analysed on the rabbit lung. The developmental analysis of experimental processes induced by intravenous or intratracheal injections showed that after a first inflammatory phase an immune one was formed, demonstrated by epithelioid cells, lymphocytes and plasma cells. In some cases, several waves of immune cells could be demonstrated in the evolution of the morphopathologic picture, even in the phases when the initial antigens were resorbed; these restructurations could be induced by endoantigens produced by tissular changes, by cell differentiations, by common or immune vascular lesions. The intrication of an immune sequence in the stereotyped development determined the prolongation of the process duration, the complications of relationships between sequences, the process maintenance. The experimental analysis was able to decode this complicated evolution.


[The effect of fominoben on the EEG of Parkinson patients (author's transl)]. The intravenous or intramuscular application of Fominoben in parkinson patients with pathological EEG causes an intensification of general changes and localized slow wave groups. After a short increased psychic and motor excitability at the beginning of the injection there is a relaxed psychic and motor attitude. The passive tremor is also intensified during the injection but them markedly decreases. This improvement lasts about 4 to 6 hours.


Statistical probability applied in the study of the thyroid of immunized rats. The study of the statistical significance was applied in the investigation of several analogous lots, in the thyroid of rats during the experimentally conditioned immunity. The method is described and some examples of calculus are presented with the indication of parameters with the highest and the lowest statistical significance.


[Influence of adequate stimulation on the impulse electrical activity of isolated frog muscle spindles]. Impulse activity of an isolated frog muscle spindle was investigated using mechanical stimulation of various amplitude, rate and form. It is found out that firing frequency during linear-increasing stimulation is determined by the amplitude of the stimulus and alteration of firing frequency by the rate of the stimulation increase. At sinusoidal stimulation the impulsation "repeates" the form of the stimulus, i.e. the muscle spindle is influenced not only by its amplitude or rate, but also by its acceleration. The sensitivity to accelerations may depend on changes in discharge threshold during alteration of the tension rate change.


Spastic paresis after 6-aminonicotinamide: metabolic disorders in the spinal cord and electromyographically recorded changes in the hind limbs of rats. In rats the application of 10 mg/kg 6-amino-nicotinamide (6-AN) leads to an accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate, by inhibition of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the pentose phosphate pathway, in the cells of the spinal cord. The accumulation reaches its maximum after 18-24 h. It seems that there exists a relationship between the accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate and the lesion of the neuroglia, which is found in electron microscopic studies. Symptoms of a spastic paresis only develop later when the spinal interneurones are destroyed as a consequence of the lesion of the neuroglia. The accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate almost exceeds the 400 fold of the norm. No considerable differences are found between the effects of a dose of 35 mg 6-AN/kg and one of 10 mg 6-AN/kg. Free gluconate is identified enzymically in the cells of the spinal cords of the rats treated with 6-AN. The compound is very probably formed by dephosphorylation and diffuses into the blood. 6-Phosphogluconate is an inhibitor of the phosphoglucose isomerase. Its accumulation shifts the equilibrium towards glucose 6-phosphate. The lactate concentration decreases as compared with the untreated controls. Muscular action potentials are recorded extracellularly with a concentric needle electrode from the musculus gastrocnemius of rats treated with 6-AN. First activations of the electromyograms are found 48 h after the application of 10 mg 6-AN/kg. The electrical activities increase during the time in which a progressive destruction of the interneurones occurs. The electromyogram displays a permanent state of excitation with high amplitudes and an increased frequency. The continuity and intensity of the increased activity recorded by the electromyograph is the most important pathological finding. p-Chlorophenyl-GABA and, still more so, chlorpromazine cause temporary reduction of the excitation processes and an electromyogram nearly at rest. Under the same conditions, haloperidol is only slightly effective. The symptoms developed by the chemical destruction of the interneurones of the spinal cord, with rigidity and spasticity of the hind limbs, are suitable for testing antispastic drugs.


Intravenous probenecid loading. Effects on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid probenecid levels and on monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid. Probenecid blocks the active transport from cerebrospinal fluid to blood of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, thus increasing cerebrospinal fluid levels of these products of central monoamine metabolism. The half-life in plasma of probenecid given as a single intravenous infusion (40 mg per kilogram of body weight) to patients with either Huntington's chorea or Parkinson's disease averaged about 6.6 hours. In cerebrospinal fluid, peak values for homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid occurred in samples collected 8 hours after the 1-hour probenecid infusion was started. Even after 4 hours, however, levels of both monoamine metabolites were significantly increased. There was a positive correlation between cerebrospinal fluid levels of probenecid and the increase in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid but not homovanillic acid. Compared with the oral administration of probenecid, the intravenous infusion technique produced more consistent elevations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid probenecid levels, greater increases in cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid values, and fewer gastrointestinal side effects.


Cardiomyopathy and short stature associated with mitochondrial and/or lipid storage myopathy of skeletal muscle. The patient described in this report was an 11-year-old girl with a negligible heart murmur. The length was below 10th percentile. There appeared to be a cardiomyopathy with, at that moment, no signs of obstruction. There were no evident clinical symptoms of myopathy of skeletal muscle. However, electromyography was myopathic. Biochemical studies revealed no abnormalities. In muscle biopsy sections, the Sudan staining reactions revealed the presence of large amounts of sudanophilic droplets, predominantly in type I fibers. Electronmicroscopy demonstrated lipid excess and accumulations of enlarged, mostly rounded mitochondria in a subsarcolemmal location, with closely packed cristae. In many mitochondria a dense osmiophilic material was present in the spaces between the cristal membranes. The patient's parents were first cousins. One of her brothers who died at the age of 4 1/2 years presumably suffered from the same disease. The pattern of inheritance is most probably autosomal recessive.


Intelligence structure and personality in various types of physical handicap in childhood and adolescence. Intelligence structure and personality were assessed in a sample of 104 physically disabled children of normal intelligence (IQ is greater than or equal to 85). Findings were compared to those of healthy controls matched by age, sex, rank order and number of siblings and socioeconomic status. Physically handicapped children had lower scores in all subtests  of a multi-factorial intelligence test. Furthermore five different subgroups of physically disabled children could be discriminated along one factor marked by different variables of visual perception. Personality of the total group of handicapped children was different when compared to normal controls. This specific personality pattern may be labeled: lack of emotional integration into social environment without conflict. Various subgroups of physically handicapped children differed only little as far as personality is concerned.


[Diptera fauna from the nests of birds on the Volga-Kama State Preserve]. 504 nests of 11 species of birds were examined in the Volga-Kama state reserve. 57,430 specimens of Diptera belonging to 19 species and 13 families were collected from the nests. The schemes of the life cycle of Diptera, nest-burrow parasites of birds (Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch, Stenepteryx hirundinis L., Protocalliphora azurea Fallen) are given and some moments of the ecology of nonparasitic species are illustrated.


[Parasitism of larvae of the fly, Lucilia bufonivora, Moniez, 1876, on Anura]. In 1951 to 1973 there were recorded cases of myiasis in four species of Amphibia (Pelobates fuscus, Bufo bufo, B. viridis, Rana arvalis) from the Volga-Kama state reserve (the Tatar ASSR). In arid 1972 the number of Rana arvalis with myiasis reached to 20-25%. Observations were conducted on the development of Lucilia bufonivora from the egg laying to the host death and hatching of imago.


[Importance of ixodid ticks in the transmission and preservation of the causative agent of Crimean hemorrhagic fever in foci of the infection]. Experimental infection of Hyalomma plumbeum Panz., Rhipicephalus rossicus Jak. et K. Jak. and Dermacentor marginatus Sulz. with the virus of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever has shown that preimaginal phases of the above ticks easily receive an infection agent from the infected donor, preserve it for a long time, transmit it through a bite during feeding to susceptible animals; during metamorphosis they transmit this agent to the subsequent developmental phases as well as to the progeny of the infected individuals from one generation to another.


[Gladular formations in cercariae and the main trends in their evolution]. Hystological studies of glandular formations in 16 species of cercariae were carried out. Their secretion was found to contain acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides, mucins, mucoproteins and elastin. The classification of types of glands is specified. The glands can be of the following types: cystognic case forming, mucoid and glands of penetration. The glands performing uncertain functions and caudal ones are separated into a special group. On the basis of obtained data on the uniformity of chemical compounds of the secretion of glands belonging to different groups their common origin has been suggested. It has been shown that the main trends of the evolution of glandular formations in cercariae depends on the evolution of the life cycle of trematodes.


[Virulent properties of Leishmania tropica major strains isolated from sandflies in the subzone of the northern deserts]. On the territory of the Karakalpak ASSR the infection of sand flies Ph. papatasi, Ph. caucasicus, Ph. andrejevi and Ph. monogolensis with the agent L. tropica major ammounts, on the average, to 39.3%. The virulence of 88 investigated strains of Leishmania for white mice estimated by their infection and the duration of incubation was found to be different; one half of the strains had high, one third--average, and the other strains--low virulence.


[Life cycle of Ixodes lividus Koch under the conditions in Leningrad Province]. Under conditions prevailing in the Leningrad region I. lividus has, in general, a one year life cycle. Having engorged on swallows overwintering larvae come off in burrows and in 24-26 days moult for nymphs. In a fortnight after 4-5 day feeding on nestlings the latter transform into imagos. After passing the stages of the postmoulting development (3-4 days), feeding on nestlings (5-7 days), rest (7-8 days) and oviposition (14-18 days) the females die. Larvae of a new generation appear in August-September. However, 2.8 to 6.5% of individuals in a population, due to late feeding of larvae or mortality of hosts, stop in their development at phases of imago and nymph and hibernate together with larvae. In an overwintering population they accounted for 3.4-5.0%.


Aortic smooth muscle cells reaction in rat spontaneous hypertension. Parallel morphometric, karyometric and ultrastructural studies of the aortic wall in Okamoto-Aoki rats with short term (3-6 months) and long-term (12-16 months) spontaneous hypertension have revealed a progressive thickening of the medial layer, which is associated with an increaase in the mean nuclear area of the arterial medial smooth muscles and reduction in their mean number per unit area. Electron microscopic studies have shown a multiplication of the intracellular components of aortic smooth muscle cells as a base for their enlargement, as well as small single foci of smooth muscle hyperplasia in the area of the innermost interlamellar space in parts of the aortic wall with intimal thickening. Results of these studies allow the conclusion, that hypertrophy is a reaction of arterial smooth muscle cells to an increased mechanical load in hypertension which, in turn, is responsible for the thickening of arterial with Hyperplasia - increase in smooth muscle cells' number in the media - played a subordinate role. The reaction of the aortic wall to elevate blood pressure is interpreted as a manifestation of the normally limited division capacity of smooth muscle cells in mammals, which does not allow an increase in its cellular components. The function of existing arterial smooth muscle smooth cells is enhanced, instead, by hyperplasia of their specific organelles and augmentation of their volume.


[Fungus, Metarrhizium anisopliae, as a possible regulator of the number of horseflies]. In water bodies of the flood-plains of the Ili and Turgen rivers (Alma-Ata district) there were found larvae of Tabanus autumnalis infected with the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae. Experiments on the infection of T. autumnalis with this fungus yielded 100% mortality of larvae and adult insects. The possibility of creation of an artificial infection nidus under natural conditions was established.


In vitro contractility of the hypertrophied right ventricle of rats with pulmonary hypertension due to confinement in "hypoxic cages". Four weeks' confinement of rats in individual airtight cages with walls of defined permeability for respiratory gases induced hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. Parameters of isometric contractility of strips of hypertrophied right myocardium did not show significant changes when compared with the parameters of the inotropic state of slices of normal right ventricle.


Measurement of Na K ATPase activity in segments of proximal tubules from superficial and juxtamedullary rat nephrons during antidiuresis. The role of active sodium transport in the partes rectae of subcortical and juxtamedullary proximal nephrons has not yet been established. Recent knowledge of the histotopographical positions of both types of pars recta has now enabled them to be accurately distinguished and isolated from freeze-dried sections. Na K ATPase activity was measured in single dissected tubular segments by an ultramicro method. No significant difference in Na K ATPase activity in the partes rectae from subcortical and juxtamedullary nephrons could be detected.


Structural and enzymatic properties of cardiac myosin in ischaemic and non-ischaemic regions of the rat myocardium. In rats with ligation of the left coronary artery changes in ATPase activity and structure of cardiac myosin in both ischaemic and non-ischaemic zones of the myocardium were followed. In control animals, ATPase activity and the structure of the myosin molecule in right and left ventricles did not differ. Non-specific factors, such as anaesthesia and thoracotomy, can result in a decrease or an increase in ATPase activity respectively. One hour after ligation of the left coronary artery ATPase activity increased in the right, non-ischaemic myocardium and there was a significant right-to-left difference. Four hours after ligation, ATPase activity in both ventricles significantly decreased and the right-left difference disappeared. Within 48 h, normal values were found only in the non-ischaemic right ventricle. Ligation of the left coronary artery results after 48 h in the formation of structural alterations in cardiac myosin, primarily in the left, ischaemic myocardium. These changes are characterised by the formation of myosin aggregates, which have a significantly lower ATPase activity in comparison with monomeric myosin.


Ventilatory response to CO2 at rest and during positive and negative work in normoxia and hyperoxia. Ventilation versus alveolar PCO2 relationships were determined by the steady-state method in 6 normal male subjects at rest and during positive and negative work at one load in both normoxic and hyperoxic condition. In 5 subjects the slopes of the VE-PACO2 lines during positive and negative work increased in normoxia as compared with rest. This effect was less evident in hyperoxia. It was also found that the slopes of the VE-PACO2 lines in positive and in negative work were about the same in both normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Oxygen uptake and CO2 production during positive work is higher than during negative work. These results suggest that: 1) the disagreement between various authors on the change of the slope of the VE-PACO2 line may be due to the differences in the method of calculation of the slope or the method of the determination of VE-PACO2 lines; 2) the stimuli from the muscle spindles in the working muscle during exercise probably do not contribute to the increase in ventilatory response to CO2; 3) the increased slope of the normoxic VE-PACO2 line during exercise may be due to the interaction of several factors such as impulses from working muscles, chemosensitivity of central or peripheral chemoreceptors, adrenal-sympathetic pathways or temperature; 4) respiratory oscilations of PAO2 or PACO2 do not seem to influence the respiratory response to CO2.


Time dependent effects on contractile properties, fibre population, myosin light chains and enzymes of energy metabolism in intermittently and continuously stimulated fast twitch muscles of the rabbit. Fast-twitch tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus rabbit muscles were subjected to long-term intermittent (8 h daily) or continuous (24 h daily) indirect stimulation with a frequency pattern resembling that of a slow motoneuron. Increases in time to peak of isometric twitch contraction were observed without parallel changes in the pattern of myosin light chains or alterations in the distribution of slow and fast fibres as discernible by the histochemical ATPase reaction. However, changes in the fibre population and in the myosin light chain pattern were observed after intermittent stimulation periods exceeding 40 days or continuous stimulation periods longer than 20 days. Under these conditions even higher increases were found in contraction time. In one animal a complete change in fbire population was observed. In this case myosin light chains of the slow (LCS1, LCS2) and of the fast type (LCf1) were obviously synthetized simultaneously within the same fibre. Early changes in the enzyme activity pattern of energy metabolism indicated a conversion of the fibres including their mitochondrial population. These changes and the earlier reported changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum are probably responsible for the early changes in contractile properties which occur before the transformation of the myosin.


Different changes in contractile and histochemical properties of reinnervated and regenerated slow soleus muslces of the guinea-pig. The changes in contraction time (CT) and histochemical muscle fibre pattern are compared with respect to ATPase activity of the slow soleus muscle of the guniea-pig during regeneration in free grafts and reinnervation after nerve interruption. Interruption of the nerve by crushing at birth results first in prolongation of CT which later returns to normal (control) values. A homogeneous fibre pattern is established related to the homogeneity of the motor units constituting the muscle. In the regenerating muscle CT and muscle fibre pattern of the graft repeat the changes during postnatal development, i.e. CT shows progressive prolongation accompanied by transformation of a heterogeneous (fibres of high and low ATPase activity) to a homogeneous (fibres of low activity only) fibre pattern. However, the regenerating muscle also shows an initial phase with slow CT. Thus the changes in reinnervation and regeneration of the muscle after birth differ, the reinnervated muscle revealing only prolongation, the regenerated muscle a temporary shortening followed by prolongation, i.e. a biphasic development of CT.


Enzymatic changes in hypertrophied fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Fast-twitch plantaris muscles of female rats were subjected to unilateral compensatory overload, induced by partial excision of synergistic muscles. One group of rats remained sedentary whereas another was subjected to a supplemental program of treadmill exercise consisting of walking 3 m/min, 65% grade, 2 h/day, 5 days/week. Groups of rats were sacrificed after 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks and their muscles were weighed and analyzed for protein, citrate synthase, phosphofructokinase (PFK) and myofibril ATPase. Absolute and relative (muscle weight/body weight) muscle weights were much greater in both overloaded groups as compared to contralateral controls. However, treadmill exercise also increased the absolute and relative muscle mass of control plantaris muscles in the exercising group as compared tonormal sedentary contralateral controls. Citrate synthase activity was decreased in overloaded, sedentary muscles as compared to contralateral controls, but after 8 weeks of exercise, it returned to normal levels. PFK was decreased in both sedentary and exercised overloaded muscles throughout the 8 week period. Myofibril ATPase showed a tendency to be reduced in sedentary, overloaded muscles, and was significantly reduced in overloaded, exercising muscles. These results collectively suggest that certain fibers of overloaded fast-patterns take on similar in certain aspects to that normally seen in differentiated slow-twitch muscle fibers.


Effect of dehydration on the healing of experimental corneal ulcer. A 10% solution of glycerol was used for dehydration of the cornea in the course of its experimental ulcer in 24 rabbits. Biomicroscopical, pathological and histochemical observations were carried out. It was shown that dehydration favorably influences the course of healing of corneal ulcer. An earlier return by the reaction for corneal acid mucopolysaccharides with a control cornea was also observed after application of glycerol.


Myosin-mediated Ca++-regulation of actomyosin-adenosinetriphosphatase from porcine aorta. The nature of the Ca++-sensitive regulatory system for contraction of vascular smooth muscle is considered in detail. Smooth muscle actomyosin prepared from the medial layer of porcine aorta is analyzed chemically and its ATPase (adenosinetriphosphatase, EC 3.6.1.14) activities are investigated. The Mg++-ATPase of this vascular actomyosin is sensitive to the concentration of calcium in the range from 0.1 mM to 10 nM. The calcium sensitivity is maintained in the presence of excess pure actin from skeletal muscle and is abolished in the presence of pure skeletal myosin. It is concluded that the regulatory properties of this natural actomyosin from smooth muscle are in the myosin portion of the protein complex and are not bound to actin-tropomyosin as in skeletal muscle.


ATP binding to a protease-resistant core of actin. Actin can be cleaved by trypsin or chymotrypsin into a large, autonomous fragment with approximately 80% of the mass of the undegraded polypeptide. The protease-resistant cores obtained with either enzyme are very similar. Although the fragment does not bind calcium ions and fails to polymerize to the filamentous form of actin or to stimulate myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity, it retains the full capacity to bind ATP. This observation suggests that it represents an independent functional unit. Cleavage of globular actin with either trypsin or chymotrypsin occurs with half-times of 3 min, while that of filamentous actin proceeds with reaction half-times of 20 min for trypsin and nearly 2 hr for chymotrypsin. Denaturation and renaturation of the trypsin-resistant core shows that approximately 20% of the molecules refold to functional forms which indicates that the fragment can be considered as an independent unit of folding as well.


Effects of tetrahydropapaveroline on dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in rat brain in vivo. HVA and 5-HIAA levels have been assayed in the rat brain at different time intervals after acute or chronic i.p. administration of tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), 8 and 60 mg/kg. In addition, the influence of THP pretreatment on the L-dopa-induced HVA increase in the rat brain as well as the PCPA-induced 5-HIAA decrease have been studied. The results support the possibility that THP may displace brain monoamines in vivo. This property of THP may be related to certain side effects of L-dopa long-term therapy in parkinsonism.


Calcium exchangeable fraction of sarcoplasmic reticulum in hypertrophic dog heart. Cardiac hypertrophy in weaning beagle dogs was obtained by a loose aortic banding with a 10-mm Dacron-Teflon band, positioned 1 cm distal from the aortic valve 9 months later all animals developed left ventricular hypertrophy without signs of heart failure. Sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins as well as their calcium-exchanging properties were measured in hypertrophic heart and in those from sham-operated control animals. The calcium exchangeable fraction for hypertrophic heart was found to the higher than for controls, while sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins obtained from hypertrophic hearts were lower than those obtained from control animals. It is probable that the increase in the calcium exchangeable fraction could represent a mechanism of compensation in an early stage of the development of the hypertrophic heart whose sarcoplasmic reticulum fraction is not adequately developed.


Barrier free access; right or privilege. Physically handicapped individuals and the elderly have for too long been denied access to public facilities and transportation systems. Barrier free access is a fundamental guarantee necessary for all handicapped and elderly if they are to become and remain contributing members of our society. A review is provided of legislation, constitutional theories, and current litigation within the context of providing a barrier free environment.


Successful treatment of acute vascular insufficiency in a hand by intra-arterial fibrinolysin, heparin, and reserpine. Case report. A patient is presented who presumably had multiple drugs injected intra-arterially in the right hand. Clinical signs and angiographic evidence of severe vascular insufficiency were well demonstrated. Therapy with fibrinolysin, reserpine, and heparin was followed by a return of normal circulation.


Differential effects of para-chlorophenylalanine on self-stimulation in caudate-putamen and lateral hypothalamus. Rats were prepared with chronic bipolar electrodes aimed at either the caudate-putamen or lateral hypothalamus and those displaying consistent self-stimulation were given additional training at half-maximal current intensities. All subjects received an intragastric injection of para-chlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg) and self-stimulation tests continued until pre-injection rates were re-established. Responding in both brain areas was suppressed 24 h after drug treatment. The next day, self-stimulation rates in the hypothalamus increased to 115% of pre-drug levels reaching a level of 180% by the third day of post-drug testing. In contrast, self-stimulation of sites in the neostriatum continued to decline, with minimal levels reaching 48% of control on the fourth post-drug day. Self-stimulation rates in both groups had returned to control levels by post-drug day 6. These data indicate that the role of serotonergic mechanisms in brain stimulation is locus specific, and that the specific nature of this role may be determined by interaction with other neurochemical systems. The possible interaction between dopaminergic and serotinergic mechanisms in the neostriatum is discussed as a model of self-stimulation in this region of the brain.


The effect of increased brain GABA produced by amino-oxyacetic acid on arousal in rats. Previous work has reported behavioral arousal in the rat to be inversely related to cortical GABA production. Therefore the effects of an increase in brain GABA levels, induced by amino-oxyacetic acid, on measures of behavioural arousal such as rearing and ambulation were examined. The increase in GABA was immediately associated with decreased rearing, however the behaviour was later indistinguishable from control values while the levels of brain GABA remained raised. It was suggested that the return to normal behaviour that occurred while brain GABA levels were increased, reflected an interaction between excitatory and inhibitory systems, and that a compensation had occurred to return the balance to normal. The pre-treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, known to deplete brain noradrenaline and dopamine, prevented the characteristic return of normal behaviour that followed the injection of amino-oxyacetic acid. This data is consistent with GABA and noradrenaline or dopamine-mediated systems interacting in the control of behavioural arousal. The depletion of serotonin with p-chloro-phenylalanine did not prevent the characteristic recovery of behaviour that followed the injection of amino-oxyacetic acid.


The response of fast and slow nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres in isolated cat muscle spindles to fusimotor stimulation, and the effect of intrafusal contraction on the sensory endings. 1. The mechanical behaviour of intrafusal muscle fibres during fusimotor stimulation and passive stretch was observed directly in muscle spindles isolated from the cat tenuissimus muscle. 2. Mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres are of three functional types. Most spindles contain one slow nuclear bag fibre, one fast nuclear bag fibre, and four or five nuclear chain fibres. 3. Contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres is characterized by a long latency and very slow initial velocity, whereas the latency for the other intrafusal fibres is short and the inital velocity rapid. The mean time for maximum contraction (at 75 Hz to 100 Hz) and relaxation is significantly longer for slow nuclear bag fibres (0-8s) than for other intrafusal fibres (0-5 s). The contraction time of fast nuclear bag fibres is sometimes longer than that of nuclear chain fibres but the mean values are not significantly different; a difference in the time to attain 90% contraction is more obvious. 4. At low stimulation frequencies (10 Hz) contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres and in most fast nuclear bag fibres is smooth whereas nuclear chain fibres exhibit marked oscillations. Single stimuli elicit small local twitches in nuclear chain fibres and occasionally in fast nuclear bag fibres but produce no visible effect in slow nuclear bag fibres. 5. Maximum contraction of slow and fast nuclear bag fibres at body temperature is attained at a stimulation frequency of 75 Hz to 100 Hz, whereas a frequency of 150 Hz or more is required for maximum contraction of nuclear chain fibres. At 50 Hz at body temperature contraction in nuclear bag fibres is at least half the maximum, whereas in many spindles nuclear chain fibres show only a very small contraction at this frequency. 6. Contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres occurs at one or two discrete foci, most of which lie in the intracapsular region beyond the end of the fluid space. Weak contraction extends the primary sensory spiral by a small amount (2%-8%) at a low velocity (5%-10%s-1). When the fibre is passively stretched the spiral opens and then creeps back to about 75% of the extension at the end of the stretch due to yielding in the poles of fibre; creep is complete in 0-5s to 2-5s. 7. Contraction in fast nuclear bag fibres also occurs at one or two discrete foci, most of which lie in the intracapsular region beyond the end of the fluid space. Shortening of sarcomeres at the foci and extension of the sensory spiral are, however, up to eight times greater (up to 25%) than in slow nuclear bag fibres, and the velocity of stretch of the spiral is three to eight times greater (25%-40%s-1). Fast nuclear bag fibres exhibit little or no creep following passive stretch. 8. Contraction in the nuclear chain fibre bundle is localized to the intracapsular region, centered on a point in the intracapsular region between 0-9 mm and 1-6 mm from the spindle equator. Maximal contraction stretches primary and secondary sensory endings by 15% to 20%, at 30% to 40% s-1...


Response of membrane-bound ATPase of Micrococcus luteus to heat and ultraviolet light. It is shown that the properties of ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of Micrococcus luteus depend only to some extent on the state of the membrane to which it is attached. Its interaction with the membrane appears to be largely controlled by polar forces. It is shown, however, that the UV-sensitivity of the membrane-bound ATPase is also significantly influenced by the state of membrane lipids.


Changes in the structuredness of cytoplasmic matrix (SCM) induced in mixed lymphocyte interactions. Mixed lymphocyte interactions were used to trigger lymphocytes into the cell cycle. The results show that changes in the biophysical state of the cytoplasmic matrix, i.e. in the SCM, are an early indicator of the onset of progression of cells into the cell cycle.