[Pseudocaloric nystagmus (author's transl)]. A pseudocaloric nystagmus is, in its strict sense, a spontaneous nystagmus activated by the unspecific stimulus of syringing the auditory canal. 40 patients with a unilateral, peripheral-vestibular defect were examined electronystagmographically. With most patients the 30 degrees caloric stimulation gave an incorrect result of the degree of hypoexcitability with all parameters (duration, maximum frequency and maximum intensity). This incorrect result was most pronounced with patients after neurectomy of the vestibular nerve, who frequently had a heavily reduced reaction of the healthy ear. For quantitative measurement of genuine pseudocaloric effects, by a special method of examination (as for instance by consideration of the "maximum spontaneous nystagmus"), the "real" vestibular excitability was calculated. Data exceeding this value were regarded as genuine pseudocaloric nystagmus. At stimulation temperatures of 44 degrees to 17 degrees C they were so low as to be negligible. They were only found with 5 of the 40 patients and amounted to only 10-20% of the reaction of the healthy ear. However, with ice water there frequently were considerable pseudocaloric reactions. So testing with ice water is not appropriate.


[Gustatory disturbances as sideeffect of medical treatment (author's transl)]. A review of the pharmacological induced taste disorders is given. Many patients complain only of a spontaneous metallic, bitter or salty sensation in their mouths. More serious is the development of a dissociated hypogeusia or even an ageusia. 7 cases with gustatory disturbances caused by orally given medicine are presented. The phenylbutazone, oxyphedrine, carbamazepine, Muskel-Trancopal comp. (Chlormezanon, Paracetamol) and Lioresal (baclofen) were accused to have caused a partial or complete loss of taste. After the treatment had been discontinued it took weeks or even months for a complete recovery.


[Therapeutic results in the treatment of otitis media in children with and without cleft palate (author's transl)]. Therapeutic results in the treatment of secretory otitis media were compared in children with and without cleft palate. The children were treated by the implantation of a ventilation tube. Pre- and postoperative data of a total of 551 patients were evaluated by a computer system. Following results were obtained: 1. Severity of change in the mean air-bone gap in patients with and without cleft palate was nearly the same. 2. The men airbone gap in both series after treatment showed no significant difference. 3. After evaluating impedance measurements, children without cleft palate showed a slight improvement of pressure patterns in the middle ear, on the contrary, children with cleft palate showed a significant pressure decrease. --Because of deterioration of pressure pattern in children with cleft palate, in spite of intensive treatment, implantation of a ventilatory tube for a longer period is necessary.


[Immunglobulins in serum of laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer patients (author's transl)]. The majority of our laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer patients had increased serum immunoglobulin values, which normalised in nearly all of the patients examined six month after successful surgical treatment. The decreased values of the serum immunoglobulins were found in patients with advanced tumours as well as in those with T1 and T2 tumours. Some of these latter patients also had a deficient cellular immune response, and it is likely that a combined immune deficiency was the leading factor which caused the malignancy in those patients.


[The microstructural surface of the non cornified squamous cell carcinoma of the human cord (author's transl)]. The microstructural surface of non cornified squamous cell carcinomas of human vocal cords are described scanning-electron-microscopically. Numerous bud-like cytoplasmic protuberances like microvilli, mostly close together are found, so that a considerable enlargement of the cell-surface results. For this reason a possible metabolism with resorptive function on the surface of non cornified squamous cell carcinomas might be drawn scanning-electron-microscopically. The surface of normal squamous cells of human vocal cords show microplicae mostly parallel arranged to each other. In the margin of non cornified squamous cell carcinomas there are as well bud-like cytoplasmic protuberances like microvilli as microplicae.


[A new staging for the inverting papilloma of the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)]. A new staging for the "inverting papilloma/ (i.P.), an expansive growth without lymphnode- and distant metastases, is suggested by means of bone-destructions which can be seen on X-ray films. The TNM-system should not be applied.


[Acrylamid- and immunelectrophoretic separations of human parotid secretions from individuals with parotid tumors, chronic parotitis and sialadenosis (author's transl)]. After previous examinations in normal parotid glands in this paper secretion of proteins in parotid glands with pleomorphic adenomas, Whartin tumors, parotid carcinomas, chronic parotitis and sialadenosis should be studied. Different discelectrophoretic and immunelectrophoretic runs were done. Thereby we got the following changes in electrophoreses: Pleomorphic adenomas generally show a more palid pattern in band-structure, caused by the diminished proteinconcentration in the secretions. Most remarkable are thereby the c1 and d1-4-bands. Immunelectrophoretic separations are normal. Whartin tumors show a different bandpattern in the anodal near gel region, which is enpowered by immunelectrophoretic runs. Secretions from parotid carcinomas show a characteristic change in bandstructure. There are found added bands which result from serumproteins as immunelectrophoretic examinations proof. The same is found in glands with parotitis in contrary to glands with sialadenosis.


[Misleading x-ray diagnosis due to maxillary sinus asymmetries (author's transl)]. Asymmetries of the maxillary sinus with partial or total radiographic opacity mislead to the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. Using three radiographic standard projections, computerised planimetric analysis and cephalometric studies helped to explain radiological opacity in 26 patients. So called "mucosal thickening" may be due to varying development of the zygomatic recess. Total opacity was caused not only by unilateral volume difference exceeding 30%, but also by straightning of the first lateral line in basal views of small and moderate sized sinuses. Cephalometric analysis in maxillary sinus asymmetry revealed ipsilateral transversal underdevelopment of facial- and skullbone. Reduced pneumatisation of the ethmoid, spenoid, mastoid and frontal sinus in diminishing order was also ipsilateral. Using photostat analysis there was nevertheless no correlation between facial- and coexisting maxillary sinus asymmetry.


[Early cancer detection in the oro-pharyngo-laryngeal area: analysis of a regional screening project (author's transl)]. During a six months lasting screening project 6866 persons were examined free of cost. Inspection of the mouth, endoscopy of the naso-hypopharynx and larynx with the Wolf-endoscope after v. Stuckrad, and palpation of the neck were included. Every sixth person required further diagnosis or treatment. Precanceroses were found in almost 3%, and up to now malignomas were found in 0.3% of the screened persons. Among these 14 cases of cancer were 9 carcinomas of the larynx. This comparatively high percentage of precanceroses and cancer favors the endoscopic screening of patients with organ-related symptoms and of high risk groups.


[Incus homograft--histological study of implanted ossicles (author's transl)]. The methodes of obtaining, preparing and storing of ossicles for homoiotransplantation is described. Using this method, 21 patients have been operated. Four reoperations have been performed, and in two cases implants were found and subsequently subjected to histological analysis. The method of preparing the histological slides is described. The study of examined homografts revealed the normal bone structure and signs of revitalisation, which is clearly shown in the micrographs. On the basis of functional results and histological examination, the authors conclude that the use of devitalised homografts is recommanded in total and/or partial defects of ossicles.


[Experiences gained in the treatment of oto- and rhinogenic meningitides, 1965-1975 (author's transl)]. The studies permit the conclusion that morbidity and mortality due to purulent oto- or rhinogenic meningitides have not essentially changed over the past eleven years despite antibiotics that are more effective and can be given in higher doses than so far. Resistent strains of bacteria, allergies and insufficient antibiotic therapy are probable causes for that fact. Under certain circumstances a sufficient and specific antibiotic therapy may delay surgical intervention or make it even unnecessary. Advanced age and additional diseases seem neither to influence operability nor to increase morbidity.


[Indication for operation in the area of the nasopharynx and the middle of the base of skull (author's transl)]. For the treatment of malignancies of the nasopharynx and the middle of the base of skull the high voltage irradiation is the therapy of first choice. It can also be used in combination with cytostatic drugs or in the form of synchronization. The indication for operative procedure with functional lesions is given only in few cases. Today, operative approach is only indicated for benign pathological changes. The removal of small benign tumors, posterior conchotomy or hyperplastic tubal elevations can be performed perorally directly looking through a nasopharyngeal endoscope. The same is true for the removal of cicatricial stenoses or mucosal scars. With deformations (choanal atresia) the transpalatinal way of approach is preferred to others. This method is also convenient for large tumors of the nasopharynx, the choanas and middle of the base of skull. If this topographic region is exceeded a large combined operation (transmaxillary, paralateronasal, transpterygoidal, transcygomatical, retro-submandibular) will be necessary. With plastic reconstruction a good functional result can be obtained. This is shown with own examples.


[Septal deviations in children and extern nasal deformities (author's transl)]. Severe septal deviations in children produce external deformities of the nose. These deformities usually increase with the years according to our observation. Early correction of severe septal deviations in children prevents therefore further deformities.


Craniofacial and mandibular osseous contour reconstruction: the use of a new "combination" graft. The use of autogenous bone graft to repair major defects is most feasible biologically. When the bone could not be shaped or carved to fit a given defect, the use of solid alloplastic biomaterial implants gained wide popularity. We are describing a new method wherein a "combination" graft is used. It possesses the advantage of the dependence on autogenous cancellous bone graft, and the added bone inducing capability of a recently developing biomaterial implant (Polyurethane-Terephthalate). The results obtained in the repair of major defects in patients after ablative surgery, or as sequelae of trauma, document the advantages of this new mode of treatment. In selected patients with major defects due to deficiency or absence of the osseous framework of the face, the use of "combination" grafts has proven to be the most appropriate form of repair.


Lipid composition of Neurospora crassa.

Lipid composition of Neurospora crassa. The lipids of Neurospora crassa, isolated in pure form from freeze-dried mycelium, were found to contain squalene, sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, geranylgeraniol, free sterols, carotenoids, cardiolipin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidic acid. The above compounds were isolated in pure form by column and thin layer chromatography and were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and chromatographic mobilities. Fatty acid moieties were characterized by gas liquid chromatographic retention times of their methyl esters relative to those of authentic standards. The fatty acid composition of the triglycerides was found to be similar to that of phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, and lecithin.


Canine immune complex diseases.

Canine immune complex diseases. Though not conclusive, our primary findings indicate that a feature common to many of our tumor and ICD patients is depressed cortisol production. Additionally, the response to ACTH adrenal cortex stimulation tests, at 2-hour intervals between rest and stimulation, have ranged from negative to substantially less than would be expected in normal subjects. Peripheral plasma cortisol values for dogs, at rest and 2 hours after ACTH stimulation, respectively, have been reported as 2-10 and 25-30 mug/dl, 3-8 and 7.5-18 mug/dl, and 1-12.5 and 9.5-22 mug/dl. For representative patients, our resting values have been 1.2-5.2 mug/dl, vs 1.2-7.6 mug after ACTH stimulation (Table 2). Altogether we have studied 42 cases in detail, and we feel that a post-ACTH level of 8.0 mug/dl or less is a conservative indication of adrenocortical insufficiency; all levels have been between 1 and 8 mug/dl. We believe these low cortisol levels indicate either a genetically-induced adrenal cortical insufficiency (evident at 2 months to 1 year of age) or an immune complex adrenal cortical suppression (occurring after 1 year of age in association with other immunodeficiency disorders). Our studies demonstrate a need for biphasic therapy. We have found it necessary to not only initiate cortisone acetate therapy to support the deficient adrenal cortical secretion, but also use other immunosuppressive drugs to control the ICD. If the target organ has been suppressed or destroyed, the need for supplementation is obvious. However, other immune-injury moieties must be suppressed also, eg, ANA, anti-IgG antibodies, etc.


Super suppressor action spectrum in Neurospora. The action of super suppressors mapping at eight separate loci upon ten different nonsense mutants is examined. These suppressors can be subdivided into seven classes based upon their capacity to restore function to the test mutants.


The foetal development of the rabbit lung: a cytologic, cytochemical and histoenzymatic study. The developmental peculiarities of the rabbit lung were analyzed in foetuses of 14 and 23 days, and in newborns having respired 30 min. and 48 hrs. Cytochemical, histoenzymatic and quantiative cytologic methods were used. The parallel evolution of epithelial and mesenchymal cells was quantified using conventional fields. The development of air spaces was morphometrically appreciated. Acid and neutral mucopolysaccarides, nucleic acids, and enzymic activities (AcPh-ase, AlkPh-ase, ATP-ase, AMP-ase, SDH, MDH, LDG, G1-6-ph-DH, proline-oxydase, hydroxyproline-2-epimerase, unspecific esterase, TwE-ase, beta-gal-ase and beta-gluc-ase, alanyl- and leucineaminopeptidase) were investigated. This complex analysis showed that in a first phase the development mainly involved the epithelial cells, while the proliferation of mesenchymal ones remained constant. In a second phase, the epithelial cell increase became slower, and the mesenchymal cells were decreasing. At the same time the air spaces were continuously increasing. During this process, neutral mucopolysaccharides were synthesized in epithelial cells and in cartilaginous nodules, and sometimes in mesenchymal cells. The RNA was continuously increasing both in epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The high enzymic activities in the 14-day foetuses appeared to be limited to AcPh-ase, AlkPh-ase, and SDH in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells, the LDH in epithelial and the ATP-ase and AMP-ase mainly in mesenchymal cells. At the same time, the G1-6-ph-DH obviously marked the epithelial cell differentiation. In the other foetal and newborn lungs, the enzymic activities appeared to be more various by limitation of AcPh-ase to epithelial elements and of AlkPh-ase to mesenchymal and vascular ones, by activation of proline-oxydase and especially of hydroxyproline-2-epimerase in pleura and peribronchovascularly, by intensification of the unspecific esterase: the other enzymes active in the 14-day foetuses were now weaker. The activity of beta-gal-ase, beta-gluc-ase, and of peptidases was missing during the entire development of the foetal rabbit lung. The corroboration of these data suggested the relation between the differentiation of enzymic activities and the development of foetal rabbit lung, the strong relations between AcPh-ase activity and the epithelial elements, and of AlkPh-ase and ATP-ase with the mesodermo-mesenchymal ones, the marking of epithelial cell differentiation by the G1-6-ph-DH activity, the presence of SDH in the basal corpuscles of differentiating cili, the increase of enzymes making inactive the hydroxyproline in zones in which connective tissue is developing, the low differentiation of hydrolases (related to the absence of air and blood transport of products) and the lack of peptidase activity corresponding to the reduced pulmonary degradation of proteins (as in adult lungs).


A new experimental model of overgrowth and consecutive exencephaly. By intraamniotic injection of a.d. diluted rat or rabbit blood plasma in 3-day chick embryos overgrowth and consecutive cranioschisis and exencephaly may be induced. Control experiments exclude colloid-osmotic mechanism. Morphological changes suggest an early general disturbance of brain wall morphogenesis and differentiation.


Histochemical observations of the folate metabolism in the human principal gastric glands. By means of two original histochemical methods, the folate metabolism was investigated in the gastric glands proper. The presence of a high concentration of folic acid and dihydrofolate reductase in the parietal cells suggests a straight metabolic interrelation between the intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 and folate in these gland cells.


The aid of some cytochemical methods in pleural effusion diagnosis. Some cytochemical reactions were performed in order to complete the diagnosis possibilities of pleural effusions from patients with neoplasia and with other diseases. Qualitative reactions were performed on the smears for alkaline phosphatase (samples from 46 patients) for nonspecific esterases (samples from 30 patients), for acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides (samples from 35 patients) and for nucleic acids (samples from 85 patients). On the presented material the presence of alkaline phosphatase could be considered as a malignancy criterium. The activity of nonspecific esterases in the overwhelming majority of the cases cannot represent an aid in distinguishing neoplastic cells. Acid and neutral mucopolysaccarides do not generally constitute a neoplastic criterium, but a helping element in the diagnosis of some mesotheliomas. The evidencing of nucleic acids is very important for the demonstration of nucleoli which are considered as a principal criterium in malignancy.


Dynamics of protein modifications in the skeletal muscle following formol injection. The concentrated formol injections in the skeletal muscle of rat induce the appearance of histological modifications of the destructive type, followed after a period of time by modifications of the restoring-regenerative type. The histochemical reactions for the demonstration of proteins undergo significant alterations during these processes. In a first stage the reactions are negative while during the restoration stage -- together with the appearance of myoblasts sarcoblasts and muscular buds -- they become intensely positive, as an expression of protein synthesis intensification.


Marrow transplantation for treatment of aplastic anemia. An analysis of factors associated with graft rejection. Seventy-three consecutive patients with severe aplastic anemia were treated by marrow grafts from normal, HLA-identical siblings, and 68 lived long enough to demonstrate engraftment. In 21 patients the garft was rejected, and 19 of these patients died. This analysis, using a binary logistic regression model, was aimed at identifying factors that predicted marrow-graft rejection. Of the 24 factors entered into the analysis, only two strongly correlated with graft rejection: a positive relative response index in mixed leukocyte culture indicating sensitization of patient against donor (P less than 0.01); and a low number of marrow cells ( less than 3 X 10(8) cells per kilogram) used for transplantation (P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that more powerful immunosuppressive conditioning regimens should be used in patients who are sensitized, and that the greatest possible amount of donor marrow, perhaps supplemented by stem cells derived from the peripheral blood, should be obtained.


Use of peritoneoscopy for initial staging and posttherapy evaluation of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Forty patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma had peritoneoscopy within 1 month of their exploratory laparotomy as part of their pretreatment evaluation. Of 12 patients (58%) believed to have disease localized to the pelvis (stage 1 or II) at laparotomy staging 7 were found to have more advanced disease (stage III) at peritoneoscopy and thus required a change in therapy. Involvement of the diaphragm with metastatic ovarian carcinoma was found in 63% of all patients. This finding again necessitated a change in therapy, since the right hemidiaphragm is shielded along with the liver when abdominal radiotherapy is used. Peritoneoscopy supplied the only followable findings with which to gauge response to therapy in 40% of the patients and also supplied followable findings in 78% of all patients studied. Second-look peritoneoscopy was performed in all patients achieving an apparent clinical remission with chemotherapy. Active disease was found in 43% of these patients, which thus precluded the need for laparotomy.


Spleen and lymph node reticulofibrosis in "chemically thyroidectomized" rats. The effects of the X-rays on the peripherial lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen) in male adult wistar rats "chemically thyroidectomized" (methylthiouracil) have been studied. Spontaneous death of these animals 9 days after the irradiation was determined by the hypoplasia (aplasia) of the hematogenous bone marrow. The spleen and lymph node changes -- represented by the lymphoid tissue depletion and reticulofibrosis -- in the experimental animals were similar to those observed in animals sacrificed 6-8 months after irradiation. They differed from the latter by the absence of the macromolecular hyperstability of the reticular and collagenous fibers, which is proper to early ageing by X-rays.


Products of the major histocompatibility complex and their relationship to the immune response. The genes of the major histocompatibility complex were first known for the part they played in transplant rejection. Recently, however, it has become clear that the products of that region have an important part to play in the control of the immune response, through their effects both on cooperative and on aggressive interactions between cells. It is now possible to guess at the mechanisms which may underly the association of some major histocompatibility antigens with disease.


[Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis].

[Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis]. The fact that a large number of pancreatic explorations have been proposed shows that now are really satisfactory. Generally speaking, it is true that instrumental techniques are relatively affirmative, whereas less aggressive methods are more uncertain. It is shown that a proper association of simple tests offers the general practitioner a 75% certainty of diagnosing pancreatic disease. Scintiscanning, zonography, angiography and retrograde pancreatography have been proposed in recent years, but they are complicated and demand considerable experience. In combination, they permit certain diagnosis in about 95% of cases. An experimenter may specialise in one or several of these techniques. Diagnosis of pancreatic disease is beyond the capacity of the general practitioner and requires the cooperation of several specialists, or examination at a large medical centre.


Pharmacological inhibition of salivary glands: a possible therapy for sialosis and sialoadenitis. Effect of experimentally induced beta-receptor block on the rat parotid gland. An increase of alpha-amylase concentration and specific amylase activity (correlated to protein content) was evident already after 3 days in the parotid glands of rats treated with 2 X 2 mg/day of propranolol hydrochloride. After separation of amylase into isoenzymes, only the specific isoamylase activities were enhanced. In contrast to treatment with a guanethidine derivative (guanoxane), these changes have persisted after 3 weeks. On the strength of these results, functional inhibition of the salivary glands (i.e. blockade of secretion by beta-sympatholytic agnets) is discussed as a therapeutical possibility for the management of sialosis and sialoadenitis.


Reflection on the 1976 Toronto Olympiad for the physically disabled. A report is given on the various aspects of the 1976 Olympiad of the Physically Disabled. The aspects discussed are the historical background, planning and preparation of the Games, accommodation for amputees, blind and paraplegics, transport, games site, organisation of sports events, medical supervision, publicity of the Games, standards of performance and records and last, but by no means least, politics and sport.


Acidic glycosaminoglycans in three layers of human aorta: their different constitution and anticoagulant function. 1) Constitutional difference of the acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) in the three layers, the intima, media and adventitia, of normal human aorta was investigated by electrophoretic characterization and enzymatic analyses with other chemical determinations. The anticoagulant activity of the AGAG in the three layers of human aorta was compared by thrombelastography. 2) The analytical data indicated that the AGAG in the three layers out consisted of chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfates and hyaluronic acid. It was found that the proportion of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfates was increased in order from the intima to the adventitia. 3) The predominant anticoagulant actihan in the inner layers referred to the concentration of glucuronic acid on thrombelastogram. The phenomenon was evidenced to be related with the constitutional difference of the AGAG in the three layers.


Fungal infections of the skin in children. Fungal infections of the skin in children are common and may mimic many other dermatoses. Diagnostic techniques are simple and inexpensive; Wood's light examination, KOH wet mounts, and preferably fungal culture should be performed on all suspected lesions.


The clinical course of cardiac disease in Down's syndrome. There was 230 patients with heart disease among 369 infants and children with Down's syndrome. The majority exhibited defects of the endocardial cushion variety and approximately one quarte had complete atrioventricular canals (CAVC). Pulmonary artery hypertension was uniform in catheterized patients in this latter group and frequent in all left-to-right shunts. Medical and surgical mortality was high (33%) in these 230 children and especially in those with CAVC and tetralogy of Fallot. Only 4% (76 of 1,916) of infants with critical heart disease in New England had Down's syndrome and the most frequent lesion encountered was complete atrioventricular canal.


The role of the fusimotor system with respect to the contribution of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles to the respiratory tidal volume. The efferent electrical activity in the phrenic nerve can be quantified in such a way that it gives a good correlation to tidal volume. After administration of the drug benzoctamine this relationship changes: more phrenic nerve activity is needed for the same tidal volume. No changes were found in the neuro-muscular transmission from the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm. There was no alteration in dynamic compliance of the lungs or in airway resistance. The afferent phrenic nerve activity from proprioceptors in the diaphragm did not change. It seems unlikely that respiratory neurons in the brainstem were affected since the sensitivity of the respiratory system to CO2 did not change. It is known that the tonic fusimotoneuron activity is suppressed at a supraspinal level by benzoctamine. Since intercostal muscles have muscle spindles and the diaphragm hardly has any, the intercostal muscle activity will be affected more than diaphragmatic activity by benzoctamine. This could actually be shown by quantifying the electromyogram of inspiratory external intercostal muscles. The tidal volume regulation is controlled by the vagal feedback loop. In order to reach a certain tidal volume after administration of benzoctamine, the contribution of the diaphragm has to increase because the activity of the intercostal muscles is diminished.


Evidence for myosin-linked regulation in guinea pig taenia coli muscle. The ATPase activity of actomyosin prepared from taenia coli muscle of guinea pig was found to increase upon adding rabbit skeletal heavy meromyosin (HMM) in the absence of Ca2+. SDS-gel electrophoresis of muscle homogenates did not reveal the presence of troponin. Ca2+-regulation in taenia coli muscle thus appears to be myosin-linked. The glycerinated muscles which did not develop any tension in the presence of EGTA contracted after irrigation with rabbit skeletal myosin. Skeletal HMM could also cause tension generation in strips of glycerinated taenia coli in the presence of EGTA. The tension developed by the muscles in the presence of Ca2+ was increased if HMM was added. The HMM-induced tension was associated with a marked increase in ATPase activity both in the presence and in the absence of Ca2+. No HMM-associated tension could be detected when inactivated HMM was employed or when MgATP was substituted with Mg-pyrophosphate or Mg-AMP-PNP. The mechanical effect of HMM probably results from a mechanochemical interaction between the added HMM and muscle actin.


Analysis of the dynamic responses of deefferented primary muscle spindle endings to ramp stretch. A detailed analysis of the complex dynamic response of 8 deefferented primary muscle spindle endings to ramp stretches of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) was made in anaesthetized cats. The analysis was based on Lennerstand's linear muscle spindle model, in which the dynamic peak, i.e. the peak frequency at the end of the dynamic phase of a ramp stretch, is assumed to consist of three components: a position response, a slow velocity response, and a quick velocity response. The components of the dynamic peaks analysed were fairly well correlated with the static behaviour of the primary muscle spindle endings, the latter, in turn, being regarded as an indicator of the spindles' location in the non-homogeneous extrafusal muscle. The results thus provide a satisfactory explanation of the high correlations between the static and gross dynamic behaviour of deefferented primary muscle spindle endings of the EDL previously reported from our laboratory.


Studies on the biological role of DNA methylation. II. Role of phiX174 DNA methylation in the process of viral progeny DNA synthesis. In vivo inhibition of bacteriophage phiX174 DNA methylation by nicotinamide resulted in the accumulation of replicative intermediates with multiple-genome length single-stranded "tails". These abnormal replicative intermediates could not be chased into viral single-stranded circular DNA. The effect of nicotinamide on phage maturation and accumulation of abnormal replicative intermediates could be reversed by washing out the inhibitor. The results suggest that the single methyl group present in the viral DNA serves as a recognition site for a specific endonuclease, probably the gene A protein product, that is responsible for the excision of the single-stranded one-genome long viral DNA, before final maturation of the virus occurs.


[Fractionation of a preparation of fibrinolytic enzymes "tricholysin" formed from Trichotecium roseum Lk. ex Fr. on carboxymethyl-sephadex C-50]. A preparation of fibrinolytic enzymes that produced a specific effect on blood fibrinolysis in animals was isolated from the culture liquid filtrate of the fungus Trichothecium roseum. By gel filtration on KM-Sephadex G-50 six fractions differing in their fibrinolytic, esterase and caseinolytic activities were obtained. The most effective fibrinolytic agents were the first and fourth fractions that had high fibrinolytic and esterase activities and a low caseinolytic activity.


The role of serotonergic pathways in isolation-induced aggression in mice. Male mice that became aggressive following four weeks of social isolation were treated with seven known serotonin receptor antagonists. All of the antiserotonergic drugs selectively antagonized the fighting behavior of the isolated mice; the antiaggressive activity was selective since, at antifighting doses, none of the drugs either significantly altered spontaneous motor activity or impaired inclined-screen performance. Antagonism of 5-HTP-induced head-twitch was used as an in vivo measure of antiserotonergic activity and a statistically significant correlation existed between potency as an antiserotonergic and potency as an antiaggressive. PCPA, a serotonin depletor, also significantly antagonized isolation-induced aggression for at least 24 hr postdrug administration. The interrelationship between cholinergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the mediation of isolation aggression was investigated. The involvement of serotonergic systems in isolation-induced aggression is discussed.


Sexual behavior in castrated male rats treated with monoamine synthesis inhibitors and testosterone. Castrated male rats treated daily with the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 20 mg/kg) started to display mounts, intromissions and ejaculations more rapidly in response to daily treatment with testosterone propionate (TP, 0.15 mg/kg) than NaCl-treated rats. Daily treatment with the catecholamine (CA) synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT, 20 mg/kg) had no effect on the behavioral response to subsequent TP treatment. The acceleration of TP-induced sexual behavior by PCPA pretreatment was inhibited by pretreatment with DL-5-HTP (20 mg/kg) but not with L-DOPA (12.5 mg/kg). Analyses of brain monoamines showed that the PCPA treatment reduced brain 5-HT levels and produced a marked inhibition of the 5-HT synthesis. The 5-HTP treatment restored brain 5-HT levels to normal. Daily treatment with PCPA also reduced brain CA levels and inhibited the CA synthesis but these biochemical effects were not related to the effects of PCPA on sexual behavior. Daily treatment with PCPA (40 mg/kg for 12 days) or treatment with 126 mg/kg PCPA for 3 days induced the complete pattern of sexual behavior in 5 of 9 and 19 of 30 castrated rats respectively without concurrent TP treatment. It is suggested that 5-HT exerts a modulating influence on sexual behavior in male rats.


Stimulation of mounting behavior but not lordosis behavior in ovariectomized female rats by p-chlorophenylalanine. Treatment with 126 mg/kg of the 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for 3 days or daily treatment with 40 mg/kg of PCPA stimulated the display of mounting behavior, including ejaculatory patterns, by ovariactomized hormonally untreated female rats. PCPA treatment failed to induce lordosis behavior and did not affect the induction of lordosis behavior by daily injections of 2.0 mug/kg estradiol benzoate. These results show that mounting and lordosis behavior can be dissociated and it is suggested that these two sexual behavior patterns may be regulated by different neurotransmission mechanisms.


Ecological variation of three types of suicide. The hypothesis has been tested that three types of suicide ('old and handicapped', 'sociopathic' and 'depressed') will vary in prevalence across ecologically defined urban areas. The hypothesis is supported with respect to 'old and handicapped' suicide, which predominated in middle-class areas with established residents of middle-class status; and with respect to 'sociopathic' suicide, which predominates in central areas with high rates of social pathology of all kinds, and poor housing conditions.


Autonomic actions and interactions of mianserin hydrochloride (Org. GB 94) and amitriptyline in patients with depressive illness. The clinical pharmacology of mianserin hydrochloride was studied in patients suffering from a primary depressive illness after steady-state plasma concentration of the drug had been achieved. The results were compared with those found with amitriptyline in both open and double-blind studies. The two drugs are equally effective in their antidepressive effect. Mianserin hydrochloride appears to be free of anticholinergic effects as assessed by the measurement of salivary volume, pupil diameter and the interactions with guanethidine and thymoxamine on the pupil. No peripheral adrenergic interaction as studied by the tyramine dose-pressor-response test were observed in patients treated with mianserin hydrochloride (20 mg three times daily).


A comparison of iocetamic acid and sodium iopodate in cholecystography. Cholecystography was carried out on 456 consecutive patients using varying dosage schedules of cholebrine (iocetamic acid) tablets and biloptin (sodium iopodate) tablets. The density of gall-bladder gave the impression of a slightly greater opacification with cholebrin tablets. Quality of common duct demonstration was equally good with both media, with those patients having a morning dose of contrast giving the best demonstration.


[Surgical rehabilitation of nonfunctioning bilio-digestive shunts]. The authors consider the internal biliary derivations as a choice procedure for the resolution of various pathological conditions of the biliary pathways and of the pancreas. They are based on the experience accumulated in the course of a total of 416 derivations performed in the last 10 years. The confrontation with particular problems raised by 40 re-interventions for failure of internal biliary derivations has determined an analysis of causes, clinical manifestations and possibilities to solve the disturbances. Categories are discussed, in which these patients can be classified and clinical observations are presented, in connection with the etiopathogeny of the non-functioning of the derivations. Possibilities are also presented for the resolution of the problems in each particular case. Two technical possibilities are presented for the correction of non-functioning biliary-digestive anastomoses, by performing bilio-biliary anastomoses.


[Treatment of postoperative digestive fistulas by perfusion-aspiration]. The experience of the First Surgical Clinic from Tirgu-Mureş is described, concerning the treatment of postoperative digestive fistulae in a group of 13 patients. The fact is stressed that the occurrence of such fistulae is more frequent following gastrectomies with gastrojejunostomy, gastrectomies for neo-plastic lesions, extensive gastrectomies--as compared with total gastrectomies. The method I of Trémolières is used with a perfusion system in which a cathether is inserted in the drain tube avoiding the dilaceration of the local adherences. An element of prognosis is provided by the follow-up of the secretions pH, acidification indicating a positive evolution.


[Original technic for conservative treatment of "lateral" duodenal fistulas]. An original technique is presented, resulting in the spectacular recovery in only 3-7 days of "lateral" duodenal fistulae by their transformation from the "alkaline" to the "acidic" type. The author achieved this by administration, either by mouth or by intra-duodenal route, with the aid of the Eihorn tube, in continuous perfusion, of a lactic acid solution concentrated at 6 g%--not exceeding 3.000 ml over a 24 hours period, partially eliminated through the fistulous traject which is cured in the process. The condition to obtain the recovery is to provide continuous lactic acid perfusion. The patient should not receive any food by mouth but the feeding will be provided by direct jejunal infusion and parenterally, until the complete closure of the fistula. The author describes in detail several conditions which are considered as of prime importance for the resolution of any type of duodenal fistula and also suggests some new formula for jejunal alimentation and for the protection of the teguments around the fistula.


[Details concerning a surgical technic in a case of esophagotracheal fistula]. The authors present a surgical technique for the treatment of oeso-tracheal fistula located in the left supra-hylar fossa, by mobilization of the aorta and ligature of the first intercostal arteries, which provide sufficient light for the surgical procedures. The technique described is illustrated by a personal observation demonstrating its value by the simplicity of the post-operative evolution and the complete recovery. Stressing the difficulty encountered in the pre- and intraoperative localization of the fistula, the authors consider that the technique proposed by them is the type of the necessity technique, the only one allowing to perform a direct surgical approach of the fistula at this level.


[Supra-vaterian duodenal ulcer perforated into the transverse colon. Severe state of cachexia]. In connection with a clinical observation the authors refer on this rare complication of duodenal ulcer situated above the Vater ampula. Fistulization in the transverse colon led to a short-circulting of the small bowel and an advanced cachectic condition. Surgery consisted in the suppression of the fistula that had developed between the duodenum and the colon, associated with anterior duodeno-papillo-antrectomy, Judo piloroplastia and bilateral, sub-diaphragmatic troncular vagotomy, and resulted in the recovery of the patient.


[Acute Meckel's diverticulitis perforated by a foreign body]. The authors present the case of a patient with acute, right iliac fossa abdominal syndrome, simulating acute apendicitis. In the course of the intervention it was noted that the syndrome was determined by an acute Meckel diverticulitis, perforated by a foreign body (fish bone). In view of making the diagnosis of acute diverticulitis, that cannot be assessed before surgery, the importance is stressed of the correlation of the clinical aspects with the apendicular lesions found in the course of the operation, and, when there is no satisfactory concordance, careful checking of the cecum becomes necessary, as well as of the right annexe and of the ileon over at least three feet.


[Serum acetylcholinesterase changes after pancuronium administration]. The acetylcholinesterase activity was followed, as a variant of true cholinesterase, in three groups on non-selected patients: 10 of these were under local anesthesia with lidocaine, 12 were under general anesthesia with thiopenthal and halotane and 43 were under the same type of general anesthesia, that had also been given Pancuronium as a muscle relaxant. A slight inhibition was noted of the enzyme activities in the course of local anesthesia and a more significant one in the course of general anesthesia. The enzyme concentrations were lower in those patients that had also received Pancuronium, suggesting a cummulative inhibitory effect on serum acetylcholinesterase. The changes were not significant from the statistical viewpoint.


[Preventive action of pancuronium in cardiac rhythm disorders in children induced by administration of succinylcholine]. The author noted the development of tahycardia following the administration of succinylcholine, while repeated administration of the drug was followed by marked bradycardia in most of the children who received it. Administration of Pancuronium in amounts of 0,01 mg/kg of body weight, three minutes before the administration of succinylcholine resulted in the development of only very slight changes in the heart rhythm with a mean bradycardia of --0,7. Pancuronium was proved to provide prophylactic effects in rhythm disturbances occuring after intravenous reinjection of succinylcholine and this effect was superior to that obtained with d-tubocurarine.


Maternal immunocompetence. II. Proliferative responses of maternal lymphocytes in vitro and inhibition by serum from pregnant rats. Peripheral blood and splenic lymphocytes from interstrain (L X BN) or intrastrain (L X L) primigravida rats were equivalent to those from virgin L females in their in vitro DNA synthetic responses to paternal strain cells (BN), to unrelated allogeneic cells (ACI), and to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Heat-inactivated serum from pregnant L rats, when compared to serum from virgin or postpartum L rats, regularly suppressed the in vitro response of L lymphocytes to paternal and allogeneic cells. The response of L cells to PHA was not suppressed. The degree of inhibition was related to the final concentration of pregnant serum in culture, concentrations above 2% producing more than 80% inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte reaction. The inhibiting sera were not cytotoxic by a sensitive 51Cr release assay. Histoincompatibility between mother and fetus is not required for production of this inhibitory effect, since it is consistently present in intrastrain (L X L) pregnant rats. Among interstrain pregnant rats, the degree of inhibition is influenced by, but not specific for paternal-strain alloantigens. Thus, the proliferative function of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes from pregnant rats is intrinsically normal, but the response to allogeneic cells can be altered by factors present in pregnant serum.


Role of the thymus in generation of lymphocyte functions. I. Demonstration of lymphocytes reactive to mitogens and allogeneic cells in the embryonic mouse thymus in organ culture. The thymuses of 14-day-old CBA mouse embryos cultured for 14 days in organ cultures supplemented with mouse serum contained lymphocytes that were highly reactive to the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and leukoagglutinin (LA) and to irradiated allogeneic spleen cells in vitro. In contrast, thymocytes derived from fetal-calf-serum-supplemented organ cultures displayed much weaker responses to the two mitogens and little or no response to the allogeneic spleen cells. Control thymocytes obtained from 1-month-old CBA mice responded well to Con A but not to LA. The responses of these cells to allogeneic spleen cells were delayed compared with the organ-culture-derived cells, which responded promptly, with a maximum already on culture day 2-3. The results demonstrate that the organ culture system provides a convenient model for further study of the generation of immunoreactive cells in the mouse thymus.


Back symptoms in nursing aides in a geriatric hospital. An interview study with special reference to the incidence of low-back symptoms. The incidence of back symptoms, particularly in the lumbar region, was investigated in 267 female nursing aides in a geriatric hospital. The overall incidence of low-back symptoms was 46.8%. Low-back insufficiency was present in 40%, lumbago in 18.4% and sciatica in 7.6%. Nursing aides with low-back symptoms had a higher incidence of cervical and thoracic spine symptoms than those without low-back symptoms. Recurrence of low-back symptoms had been common, appearing in 82%. Nursing aides with lowback symptoms considered their work more stressful to the spine than those without low-back symptoms. No relationship was found between different kinds of lifting technique and the incidence of low-back symptoms.


Alcohol problems among male disability pensioners. The study covers two materials from Malmö: 1. All 235 men who were granted temporary or permanent disability pension for the first time in 1964. 2. A group of 235 men randomly chosen from the 893 men who were granted temporary or permanent disability pension for the first time in 1974. In both materials, the number of convictions for drunkenness during the period 1932-74 was about 4.5 times as high as for Swedish men of the same age. One pensioner in three had been convicted. During the period 1939-74, one pensioner in ten in each material had been subjected to compulsory treatment by Temperance Boards.


Men with disability pension.

Men with disability pension. In 1964, temporary or permanent disability pension was granted to 2.9 per thousand of all men in Malmö aged 16 to 66 years. The figure for 1974 was 10.6 per thousand, i.e. 3.7 times as high. The 235 men who in 1964 for the first time had been granted temporary or permanent disability pension by the Regional Social Insurance Office were compared with 235 men chosen at random from the 893 who in 1974 had been granted these benefits for the first time. The relation between temporary and permanent disability pension in the 1964 material was 1:2, and in the 1974 material, 1:4. In the 1964 material, the average age was 54.9 years; in the latter 57.4. The main diagnoses mental disorders, diseases of circulatory system, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system represent about 70% of the cases in each of the materials.


[Filariasis in patients returned from the tropics. Studies on 64 cases]. A discussion is presented on the epidemiological and clinical aspects of filariasis in persons returning from tropical countries. In our population filariasis is mainly imported from central and western Africa, especially Cameroon. Missionaries and voluntary workers spending periods of years in the tropics are particularly exposed. About 50% of the patients are normal on clinical examination and 40% do not even evidence symptoms due to the low parasite density. Therefore, demonstration of the parasite, which is the diagnostic aim, is often very difficult and requires special techniques. Whenever parasite demonstration is impossible, itching, eosinophilia and a positive immunofluorescence reaction are important diagnostic signs, but they may occasionally develop years after the subject's return. Treatment is by diethylcarbamazine and suramine; their administration and side effects are described and 2 cases involving severe reactions due to inadequate treatment are cited.


[The value of the thrombocytopenia test in the specific diagnosis of drug allergy, especially drug-exanthema]. 125 thrombocytopenia tests (so-called thrombocytopenic index) from 94 patients with suspected drug allergies and negative skin tests were critically examined to determine the value of this in vivo method in the clarification of drug allergy. A consistent decrease of 20% or more in thrombocytes was rated as significant and therefore indicative of drug sensitization. 78.4% of the tests were in agreement with the expected result. Clinically relevant drug sensitivity was apparent in 30.4% of the tests, while the possibility of allergy could be eliminated in 48%. 16.8% of the results were inconclusive and 4.8% were false negatives. A flare-up occurred after 5.6% of the tests. A leukocyte count was considered unnecessary since it proved to be unrelated to a drop in thrombocytes and the existence of drug allergy. The thrombocyte test is a practical and valuable method for investigation of drug allergies, especially as the available in vitro tests are too complex to be used routinely in a diagnostic test program. However, the results must be considered critically in conjunction with an accurate case history, the clinical symptoms and the course of the disease. In the case of blisters and erythema exsudativum multiforme-like drug exanthema, renewed exposure to the suspected drug must be avoided due to the possible danger of a drug reaction. The latest research results have helped to clarify the underlying mechanism of the thrombocyte decrease.


Allergic delayed skin reactions from lipid fractions of trichophytin. Crude trichophytin was fractionated to find out if its lipid fraction could cause inflammatory delayed allergic skin reactions in dermatophyte-sensitized guinea pigs. The following fractions were obtained: polysaccharide-peptide, total lipids, total lipids without free fatty acids and free fatty acids. The crude trichophytin and polysaccharide-peptide fraction gave rise to strong and equal allergic delayed skin reactions after 24 h. The total lipids gave statistically significant weaker, but clearly positive reactions, and of the same degree as the free fatty acid fraction. The total lipids without free fatty acids did not produce reactions in the sensitized animals, indicating that free fatty acids are responsible for the allergic skin reactions. In some cases the free fatty acids showed comparatively intense reactions. It can be concluded that free fatty acids are antigenic substances that are, sometimes, involved in the allergic delayed skin reactions in dermatophytosis.


Passive enhancement of isolated pancreatic islet allografts. Pancreatic islets from DA, Lewis, or DA X Lewis F1 rats were transplanted into the portal vein of Lewis or DA recipients made diabetic by prior treatment with Streptozotocin. The islets corrected the hyperglycaemia within 48 hr but were rejected within 5 days in all combinations. Passive enhancement of homozygous Lewis or DA islets with Lewis anti-DA or DA anti-Lewis antiserum in a single dose of 500 mul delayed rejection for several days, but where DA X Lewis F1 islets were used, rejection was delayed markedly with two of five animals in both the DA X Lewis F1 to DA and in DA microliters and 2.5 ml of enhancing serum were less effective than 500 mul in suppressing rejection. Thus, passive enhancement of allogeneic pancreatic islets was extremely effective in suppressing or delaying rejection of DA X Lewis F1 islets but was able to delay rejection of homozygous pancreatic islets by only a few days.


Treatment of bone marrow aplasia by mismatched bone marrow transplantation after conditioning with antilymphocyte globulin--long-term results. Twenty patients with very severe bone marrow aplasia were treated with mismatched bone marrow transplants. Engraftment and transitory chimerism (from 2-10 months) not complicated by secondary disease occurred in 4 patients. Of these, 3 are still alive after 5 years, with a compensated hematologic status. Engraftment failed in 16 patients; only 1 of these is still alive after 5 years.


The mode of action of p,p'=DDT on mammalian mitochondria. In rats treated with single, sublethal doses of p,p'-DDT oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, respiratory activity and "latent" ATPase activity in liver and brain mitochondria were determined. A time- and dose-dependent decrease in oxidative phosphorylation efficiency was found. Time-dependent suppression of respiratory activity in state 3 was noticed and a stimulation of mitochondrial ATPase activity 24 h after DDT treatment in liver and brain mitochondria was found. The correlation between time-dependent changes in the brain mitochondrial fraction and distribution of DDT in brain after a single, oral dose is discussed. It is suggested that changes in mitochondria were caused by DDT and its metabolites. It is concluded that the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation especially in brain mitochondria could be responsible for some DDT intoxication symptoms in mammals.


[Diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous hematomas of the anterior abdominal wall]. According to the authors' data the clinic of this affection is characterized by an acute pain and the appearance of tumescence in the region of musculus rectus abdominis. The diagnosis was proved to be difficult, and all patients were directed to the clinic with improper diagnosis. The treatment is only surgical, i. e. the removal of hematoma and ligation of both ends of the ruptured inferior epigastric artery. In the national literature the authors found the description of 62 examples of this disease and report 7 personal observations.


[Prevention of suppuration in open fractures]. The authors have elaborated the complex of prophylactic measures against suppuration in treatment of open bone fractures, a special attention being given to the use of specific and nonspecific antistaphylococcic drugs: antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action, adsorbed staphylococcic anatoxin and staphyloccic polyvalent bacteriophage. Therapeutic measures and the results of their utilization are described.


[Diagnostic laparocentesis in closed abdominal injury]. To improve the diagnosis of closed abdominal trauma since 1966 the authors have been widely employing laparocentesis. The results of using abdominal punctures an 260 patients are reported. The method proved to be reliable in 97.7%. The use of laparocentesis enabled the authors to reduce the number of errors by 7.3 times, to shorten the terms of establishing the diagnosis by 4 times as compared with the control group of patients (190 subjects in whom the recognition of abdominal injuries is based on common clinical symptoms).


Lungworm infection (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi) of horses and donkeys. Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (Cobbold 1884) infects the respiratory tract of horses, donkeys, mules, hinnies and zebra. A review of the literature has been given by Round (1972). In the western hemisphere it is popularly believed that donkeys are the natural host and that horses become infected by association with infected donkeys. There is scant documentary evidence for this and, in the Soviet Union, patent infections may reach 70 per cent without mention of donkey association (Koulikov 1935, Borovkova 1948, Akramovskii 1952a). Poynter (1963) considered the infection to be rare in the United Kingdom although cases had been reported by Fletcher (1960) and Holmes (1960). The lack of precise data on this parasite has led to the assumption that it behaves like D filaria and D viviparaus of ruminants. Studies made in the United Kingdom have shown that there are some important differences (Round, 1972).


[Role of Na and Cl ions in retaining noradrenaline and serotonin in the meso-diencephalic region of the rat brain and in the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid on that process]. It has been previously reported from this laboratory that CABA affects the retention of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) in rat brain tissue [2, 3, 4]. The addition of GABA (100 mug/ml) to the incubation medium enhances significantly the loss of NE from slices while the loss of 5-HT is, on the contrary, significantly smaller than that observed from slices incubated parallely for the same period. It has also been shown that this effect is observed only in a balanced ionic medium [1]. With the purpose of finding out the importance of Na+ and Cl- ions in the storage of monoamines and in the effect of GABA on this process in the present report we studied the effect of GABA on the loss of NE and 5-HT from slices of rat mesodiencephalic region incubated in media free of Na+ and Cl- ions. The effect of GABA on Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity, an enzyme involved in the active transport of monoamines, was also studied. The results obtained indicate that loss of both NE and 5-HT from slices was significantly enhanced in a Na+-free medium and that on addition of GABA (100 mug/ml) to such a medium no significant changes GABA were noted. In a Cl--free medium loss of NE from slices was enhanced while that of 5-HT was not affected. When GABA was added to such a medium the usual pattern so far observed in our experiments, i.e. an enhancement in the loss of NE from slices, was found to be reversed. The pronounced decrease of NE observed in a Cl--free medium was found to be partially checked by the addition of GABA, the difference observed being statistically significant. Thus, in a Cl--free medium GABA seems to display an effect on NE storage opposite to that observed in a normal medium. Incubation in a Cl--free medium did not induce any noticeable change in the retention of 5-HT in slices. However, when GABA was added to slices incubated in a Cl--free medium, it no more displayed its usual effect, i.e. it did not inhibit the loss of 5-HT from slices. Under the given experimental conditions, GABA added to a balanced ionic medium did not effect Na+,K+-ATP-ase activity. This is in good agreement with previous results from our laboratory [4] where GABA was shown to have no effect on the uptake of NE and 5-HT by slices of rat brain, an active, carrier-mediated process coupled with Na+,K+-ATP-ase activity.


[Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid and noradrenaline on the ATPase activity of rat brain tissue]. Inasmuch as the highest concentrations of transmitter substances occur in the mesodiencephalic region of the brain, which according to our results possesses quite high Na+,K+-ATP-ase activity, in the present study we tried the effect of norepinephrine (NE) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity of rat mesodiencephalic region. The results obtained indicate that in homogenates NE (5-10(-4) M) stimulates Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity about 3.6 times, while equimolar amounts of GABA have no effect. Higher concentrations of GABA (1.10(-3) M and 3.10(-3) M), as well as changes in the length of the preincubation period with GABA, failed to affect enzyme activity. Effect of transmitters was next studied on ATP-ase activity of synaptosomal fractions of the mesodiencephalic region. Here also a statistically significant increase of enzyme activity was observed from NE but not from GABA. Changes in ATP-ase activity of rat brain synaptosomal fractions were also not observed in in vivo studies 20 min after i.p. administrations of 5 mg/kg GABA. The results of the present study indicate that NE stimulates Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity of rat brain mesodiencephalic region while under the given experimental conditions GABA does not seem to have any effect.


[Primary multiple malignant tumors].

[Primary multiple malignant tumors]. Since 1946 in the Kalinin Province 430 cases with primary multiple tumors were registered--0.39 per cent to all primary oncological patients. Among these patients there were 285 females (0.42%) and 145 males (0.33%). Synchronous tumors were found in 46 cases, metachronous--in 384. The results of radical treatment for recurrent tumors were no worse than for solitary tumors of the same localization.


[Epidemiology of stomach cancer in North Caucasus]. The study of gastric cancer epidemiology in the North Caucasus has indicated that this disease shows a definite regularity in its spread--sharply pronounced regionality, conditioned by natural (geochemical and hydrochemical) local conditions. Geohydrochemical conditions of the region determine differences in the gastric cancer incidence among Russian population living in different geographical zones. Fluctuations in the incidence of gastric cancer morbidity between males and females are mostly conditioned by different habits of nutrition and alcohol consumption. The incidence of gastric cancer is largely influenced by national habits of nutrition. The prophylaxis of gastric cancer is the complex hygienic problem.


[Acute bronchodilator effect of chinoxaline, prednisolone, ipratropium bromide and fenoterol tested by whole-body plethysmography (author's transl)]. The acute bronchodilator effect of chinoxaline, prednisolone and ipratropium bromide was tested by whole-body plethysmography in 18 patients with chronic obstructive airway disease over a period of 60 min. The subsequent administration of fenoterol by a metered dose inhaler demonstrated the possibility of further bronchodilation. Chinoxaline (80 mg i.v.) was followed by a statistically-significant decrease in airway resistance to 82.66% of the baseline value after 5 min. (maximum reduction) and to 87.11% after 60 min.; fenoterol (0.4 mg = 2 puffs) caused a further marked decrease to 49.61% after 20 min. Prednisolone (250 mg i.v.) did not produce statistically-significant acute bronchodilation. Airway resistance decreased to a minimum level of 89.16% after 20 min. and to 90.77% after 60 min.; however, following fenoterol (0.4 mg = 2 puffs) the airway resistance was reduced to 45.72%. Ipratropium bromide inhalation (0.08 mg = 4 puffs) resulted in the greatest bronchodilatory response, with a statistically-significant effect from the 5th to the 60th min. Airway resistance was 64.66% after 5 min., 63.22% after 10 min., 58.94% after 20 min., 57.72% after 30 min. and 51.22% after 60 min. (maximum reduction); fenoterol (0.4 mg = 2 puffs) caused only a slight further decrease to 48.32%.


[Die therapeutischen Grundlagen des exogen-allergisch ausgelösten Bronchospasmus]. A brief survey is given on the current theories and knowledge of therapy of bronchospasm. The results, obtained in 11 patients with proven atopy, regarding their response to the anticholinergic inhalant ipratropium-bromide (Atrovent) after artificial bronchospasm induced by specific allergen and acetylcholin, respectively, are being discussed. The therapeutic response was largely dependent on the level of preceding bronchospasm, quantitated by airway resistance. This phenomenon was more pronounced in allergen than in acetylcholin-induced asthma. The differences were of statistical significance by means of covariant analysis. The clinically relevant aspects of this finding are being discussed.


[Onset of action and maximum effect of bronchodilators administered by a metered dose inhaler. Clinical investigations with fenoterol, hexoprenaline, ipratropium bromide, isoprenaline, orciprenaline, salbutamol and terbutaline (author's transl)]. The acute effect of bronchodilatory metered dose inhalers was tested by whole-body plethysmography in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease. All patients had already used metered dose inhalers. The 18 patients of group A were successfully using the parasympatholytic drug ipratropium bromide. The onset of action of hexoprenaline, salbutamol and terbutaline was slightly quicker than that of ipratropium bromide but the maximum bronchodilation was similar. The 18 patients of group B considered adrenergics to be much more effective. Mean values showed that the onset of bronchodilation and maximum effect with fenoterol, isoprenaline, and orciprenaline was quicker and stronger than after ipratropium bromide over the first 20 minutes. Following ipratropium bromide the single resistance diagrams of group B, with the exception of 4 patients, showed bronchodilation equal to that of group A and also to that obtained following adrenergics in group B. The patients apparently judged bronchodilation on the basis of the adrenergic side effects rather than by improvement of dyspnoea. There were 3 patients, however, who repeatedly showed better bronchodilation in response to adrenergics than parasympholytic agents, not depending of the way of application.


[On the origin of meiotic errors with special reference to trisomy 21 (author's transl)]. The origin of the supernumetary chromosome 21 in Down's syndrome was traced by the use of polymorphic regions of this chromosome. The present results interpretated in the light of the extensive literature may be summarized as follows; 1. The meiotic error involved in trisomy 21 can take place in both sexes and occurs at random. It occurs twice as frequently in the female than in the male. This situation is paralleled by the 2:1 ratio found in XXY-syndrome concerning the supernumerary X. 2. In both sexes non-disjunction occurred twice as frequently in the first than in the second meiotic division. 3. The rate of meiotic errors is largely dependent on age. The present study confirms the increase in meiotic errors with age of mother; moreover, increasing age of the father seems to enhance non-disjunction in spermatogenesis. Trisomy 21 on the basis of sporadic translocation in the child seems to be independent of the parental age. The present study includes two cases of translocation 21/21. In both cases the errors took place in mothers aged 18 and 19, respectively. 4. A new finding consists in the observation that previous pregnancies and deliveries may influence errors in oogenesis. In cases of maternal origin significantly more previous pregnancies and deliveries were found than in cases of trisomy of paternal origin. 5. A study of quinacrine polymorphism of chromosome numbers 1, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22 and Y showed no significant difference between parents of children with Down's syndrome and controls. Moreover, the parents in whom the non-disjunction exists in parents of trisomic children, it cannot be detected by such methods. Recent observations made in the course of prenatal diagnosis contradict such an individual predisposition. The present results, after confirmation and augmentation, especially by implementation of biochemical methods, should prove of importance in genetic counseling and as guidelines in the indications for prenatal diagnosis.


[Sulindac: Clinical test of a new antiinflammatory agent in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. Sulindac, a new non steroidal antiinflammatory agent has been compared with acetylsalicylic-acid in a six week controlled double blind study in 28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In continuation of this study all patients have been treated with Sulindac up to 18 months. Sulindac has proved to be statistically significant superior to acetylsalicylic-acid as regarding the achieve of pain during the day, of morning stiffness, of gripping of the right hand and evaluation of patients response to the drug. Moreover markedly fewer adverse reactions especially of the gastrointestinal tract were seen. During the following long term study, when 19 patients were treated with Sulindac, a further statistically significant improvement of all controlled parameters up to the complete relief of complaints was observed. A reduction of the daily dose could be established. Laboratory evaluations as well as controlls of EKG and blood pressure showed no evidence of any organ toxicity of this drug.


[Animal experiment studies on the treatment of fecal incontinence by means of artificial sphincter]. Animal experiments concerning replacing the intestinal sphincter by a hydraulic system are reported. The investigations were carried out an minipigs. The sphincter system functioned well. Several complications occurred, however, which are described in detail.


Acute pancreatitis induced by intrapancreatic complement activation in the rat. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was introduced in rats by intrapancreatic complement activation. As an immunopathogenetic model for complement activation an intrapancreatic Arthus reaction was produced by intraductal injection of rabbit IgG into sensitized animals. Antibody independent complement activation was accomplished by intraductal injection of particulated inulin and cobra venom factor resp. As shwon by histological and immunohistological examination the development of acinar cell necroses and the consecutive inflammatory reaction followed an identical course in all three models. The generation of cytolytically active complement is suggested to be the common link in the formal pathogenesis of the initial membrane demage of the acinar cells which enables its autodigestion by pancreatic enzymes. The region of the initial complement activation within the pancreas but not the mode of its activation (by immunological or non-immunological processes) determine the topography of acinar cell necroses and connective tissue proliferation.


Early changes of glandular stomach in Wistar rats ingesting N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG): with special reference to light microscopic, electron microscopic, and enzyme histochemical study of the regenerating epithelium induced by MNNG. Early mucosal changes of the glandular stomach in Wistar rats ingesting N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were studied. Special attention was paid to clarifying the localization and chronological relationship between the expected regenerative changes and the succeeding carcinoma. For this purpose, drinking water of MNNG at a low concentration was given to the inbred Wistar rats which were sacrificed every second week during the first 35 weeks. In the 5th week, localized erosions appeared, which were constantly observed through about the 20th week. These changes were always located near the midpoint of the lesser curvature. Epithelial cells, which were found there, were studied with light and electron microscope, and with enzyme histochemistry. It has been observed that these cells corresponded with the so-called immature cells in the normal gastric epithelium and also with the regenerating epithelial cells, which were obtained from the vicinity of mechanically induced ulcer of the stomach. From about the 20th week 2 cases showing ectopic gland, 4 adenomatous changes, 2 early carcinomas, and 5 invasive carcinomas were found. All these lesions were located on the lesser curvature, near its midpoint, i.e. exactly the same area where regularly the erosions were observed.


Stages of transformation in the development of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced transitional cell carcinomas in the urinary bladder of rats. The histogenesis of papillary and nonpapillary transitional cell carcinomas were studied morphologically and autoradiographically in 177 female Wistar rats after oral application of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine with varying exposure and induction times. By far the largest proportion of carcinomas developed by a malignant transformation of preexisting papillomas or their precursors, the papillary hyperplasias. The transition into a focally malignant growth did not take place abruptly, but occurred stepwise through different successive stages of transformation, each having its own distinct morphological character. The first stage consisted of a focal, sharpely defined cellular atypia. In a further stage carcinomata in situ developed out of the atypical foci and progressed finally in a last stage of transformation into a circumscript infiltrative growth. The successive development of each stage occurred independent of any further carcinogen application after transformation was initiated at the molecular level. The number of papillomas with transformation stages increased with a lengthening of the exposure and induction time. 74.4% of all the registered papillomas had been transformed. Consequently papillomas must be considered potentially highly malignant. The 3H-TdR index was 4.2 times higher in atypical urothelial areas (7.6%) and 7.5 times higher in carcinomata in situ (14.3%) than in the surrounding papillomatous structures which appeared light microscopically benign. The latter demonstrated a rather constant 3H-TdR index, whether they bordered on atypical foci (1.8%) or carcinomata in situ (1.9%). The length of exposure and induction time exercised no significant influence on the degree of proliferative activity. The development of transitional cell carcinomas from a primary carcinoma in situ (intraurothelial carcinoma) played a much less significant role.


[Experimental methods of creating V X 2 bone tumour in rabbits (author's transl)]. V X 2-carcinomas were induced in rabbit femurs by various methods. Inoculation near the periosteum after injury of the condylus medialis femoris was considered most successful. Results of 124 inoculations and 10 controls are demonstrated by angiograms, pharmakoangiograms and histologic photographs. Injury of periosteum and bone favors the taking and spreading of malignant growth.


Increased incidence of carcinoma of the breast in Buffalo strain rats with one kidney ingesting N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl)acetamide. The role of the kidney in carcinogenesis of the breast was studied in inbred Buffalo strain female rats ingesting 0.04% N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl)acetamide. The experimental groups consisted of intact female rats 5 weeks of age with both kidneys intact and female rats with a uninephrectomy. The incidence of carcinomas of the breast and the number of rats with multiple carcinomas, poorly and undifferentiated carcinomas was greater in rats with a uninephrectomy. N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl)acetamide and its active metabolites apparently were not excreted as rapidly in the rats with one kidney as in the animals with both kidneys intact. The metabolites were then returned to the breast and/or other organs.


Effect of different sex of tumour bearing mice and of ovariectomy on the proliferation kinetics of a solid, transplantable mammary carcinoma (C3H-mouse). The aim of the present investigation was to study the influence of sex of tumour bearing mice and of ovariectomy on the proliferation kinetics of a solid, transplantable mammary carcinoma (C3H-mouse). According to the growth curves the tumour growth was delayed in spayed female and in male mice compared with normal female animals. This was due to a longer cell cycle time of tumour cells in the former, mainly caused by a prolonged presynthetic gap (TG1). Concerning the growth fraction and the cell loss factor, essential differences could not be detected. Thus, the solid tumour displayed a distinct though partial disengagement of growth from hormonal dependence.


Combined staging and grading of renal cell carcinoma. After surgical removal of renal cell cancers we can compare and contrast 3 prognostically differing groups by combining staging after Robson and histologic grading of malignancy. Good cancers (grade 1, stage I or II) have an (uncorrected) 5-year-survival rate of 93%, bad cancers (grade 3, Robson stage II or III) one of 35%. The remaining tumors (intermediate cancers) have a 5-year-survival rate of 64%. Classification in 3 groups is also advisable for future comparison of end result reports.


Absence of carcinogenic effects of estradiol mustard (NSC-112259) in rats. Estradiol mustard (NSC 112259) was subcutaneously injected to female Sprague-Dawley-rats in weekly doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg up to a total dose (Dmax) of 500 or 760 mg/kg respectively. Treatments reduced significantly the mean survival time. No carcinogenic properties were observed. Most of the estrogen mustard treated animals died from ovarian abscesses or peritonitis following pyometras. Toxic injuries were attributed to the chronical estrogenic stimulus.


Development of tumors in the glandular stomach of rats after oral administration of carcinogens. I. Histological findings. Experimental carcinomas in the glandular stomach of rats were induced by oral administration of MNNG (M-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidin) for 35 weeks or ENNG (N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidin) for 20 weeks. Rats were killed at different times after beginning of carcinogen treatment and tissue specimens were prepared for histologic investigation. Particular interest was placed on the development of tumors and on pathological findings possibly contributing to early diagnosis of stomach cancer. During the development of tumors, several dysplastic reactions were observed in the antral mucosa. They could be classified into 4 groups: One was regenerative hyperplasia (1) that meant irregular glandular proliferations without cell atypism at the margin of erosions and ulcers. This lesion was mainly found 1-9 weeks after administration of MNNG. In glandular hyperplasia (2) either crypts or glands were extended and mucosal layers were thickened. No signs of cell atypism were observed. This lesion was mainly found 12-17 weeks after administration of MNNG. Dysplasia (3) was combined with considerable structural modifications and cellular atypism. However, this lesion was limited to the mucosal layer. Neoplastic changes (4) were characterized by marked cellular atypism and extension to tunica submucosa and tunica serosa. Some tumors showed the histological patterns of benign tumors, but most of them were adenocarcinomas. In some cases metastases into pancreas, liver and lymph nodes and in one case into the 12th rib were observed. No particular enzyme patterns were found by histochemistry.


Development of tumors in the glandular stomach of rats after oral administration of carcinogens. II. Different cell types in antral carcinoma as revealed by electron microscopy. In the present study electron microscopic investigations of tumors of the glandular stomach of rats induced by oral administration of MNNG or ENNG are dealt with. The aim of the study was to describe the different cell types found in the carcinoma and to elucidate the possible relationship between the undifferentiated carcinoma cells and the more differentiated cell types found in the tumor. The results show that besides undifferentiaded carcinoma cells, several differentiated cell types such as goblet cells, endocrine cells, cells with lamellated inclusions in their cytoplasm, and squamous carcinoma cells can be observed. The most conspicuous findings were carcinomatous gland cells with well differentiated microvilli on their luminal surface and typical tonofilamentous structures in their cytoplasm. These cells exhibited signs of the squamous epithelium and of gland cells. Therefore they may be considered as intermediate variants between adenocarcinoma cells and squamous carcinoma cells. The occurrence of such intermediate steps points to the possibility of differentiation by cell division of adenocarcinoma cells into several metaplastic cell types in the experimental stomach carcinoma induced by MNNG or ENNG.


[Function and reserve of the hypertrophic left ventricle in aortic valve disease]. Left ventricular function was analyzed by angiography in 31 patients with aortic valve disease and in 12 patients without heart disease (control group). Ejection fraction, percentage shortening of minor equator, mean velocity of fiber shortening and men left atrial pressure were considered as parameters of left ventricular function. Contractile reserve was tested by a single postextrasystolic beat. Patients with pure aortic stenosis and an increase of left ventricular muscle mass to 220% of the normal value showed no impairment of left ventricular function. Patients with pure aortic regurgitation and a left ventricular muscle mass of 260% of normal showed no significantly impaired function. Both groups increased ejection fraction and percentage shortening of the minor equator after premature beat comparable to the control group. Patients with combined lesions of the aortic valve had a left ventricular muscle mass of 360% of normal. This group showed decreased ejection fraction, percentage shortening of minor equator and mean velocity of fiber shortening as compared to the control group while mean left atrial pressure was significantly elevated. After premature beat all parameters remained depressed as compared to control group. We conclude that the degree of hypertrophy determinates cardiac function in aortic valve disease. Moderate hypertrophy shows normal function at rest, while severe hypertrophy shows impaired function.


[Bio-compatibility of different plastics (polyoxymethylene-copolymer, polyethylensterephthalate, polyethylene, polytetrafluorethylene) (author's transl)]. The bio-compatibility of different plastic materials were examined after their implantation in the back-muscle of 6-months-old male rabbits. Twelve weeks after the implantation chemical measurements (DNS-concentration of the tissue) and histological investigations of the surrounding tissue demonstrated for polyethylene the best bio-compatibility.


[Histological and histochemical changes in stomach mucosa in sick people with iron deficiency anemia (author's transl)]. The stomach mucosa of 33 sick people with iron deficiency anemia was studied by the method of aspiration biopsy. In 73.7% of the cases the authors found a chronic gastritis. The high percentage (48.4%) of chronic gastritis with structural changes of the mucosa (pseudopyloric or intestinal metaplasia) is impressive. The advanced atrophic process is accompanied by the increased production of mucus by the principal cells and a reduction of the hydrochloric acid-producing parietal cells. With the increase of neutral mucopolysaccharides in the mucus an increase of acid mucopolysaccharides and the appearance of sulphated complexes is accompanied. There is a compensatory and protectory reaction of the mucosa towards deeper peptic lesions.


Staphylococcus aureus strains of phage group II and their possible relation to animal staphylococci. 2. Biochemical properties. The investigations carried out show that the two main serologic types of phage group II are biochemically different. Contrary to strains of serologic 263-2, staphylococci belonging to type i1-2 do not produce haemoglobinase, are positive in cristal-violet test, produce mostly beta haemolysin, disclose higher lipolytic activity and as a rule possess dark orange pigment. In the first part of this work it was shown, that the serologic types under discussion differ also in respect of the presence of polysaccharide 263, epidemiology, phage typing and resistance to antibiotics. The data mentioned above seem to constitute sufficient base for the subdivision of phage group II into two subunits. It should be stressed that some properties of staphylococci belonging to type i1-2 seem to indicate their possible relation to animal strains of biotype B.


Histochemical study of mucopolysaccharides in the subthalamic region of rats. Histological sections of the Subthalamic region of rats were treated with solutions of: Toluidin Blue, Thionin, Alcian Blue and Colloidal Iron. The microscopic observation of the histological sections treated with those histochemic reactions showed the existence in the Subthalamic region of three neuronal types, differentiated between them because of the morphologic and histochemic points of view. In the LUY's Subthalamic nucleus was observed only one neuronal type, while in the nucleus of the FOREL's field and in the Zona incerta were found two very special types of neurons (alpha and beta) differentiated between them because of their reaction before the Collidal Iron. It is suggested the possibility that those different types of neurons have different functional characteristics.


Spontaneous alpha-toxin mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. Prolonged cultivation of strain Wood 46 in fluid cultures resulted in a selection of mutants with low or no haemolytic activity. In one group of mutants, four out of five strains showed no production of alpha-toxin when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by double diffusion in agar. Two major extracellular proteins which have been identified by other methods as degradation products of alpha-toxin were also absent. The absence of alpha-toxin did not affect growth in fluid or solid media. Fibrinolysin was produced by these mutants but at a much lower rate than by the wild type. A second group of mutants was characterized by a slow rate of growth on rabbit blood agar and showed a heterogeneous extracellular protein pattern. These mutants had a high growth rate in fluid medium consisting of acid hydrolysed proteins. Production of fibrinolysin was absent or low in three out of four mutants in the second group. The slow growth and low production of alpha-haemolysin in rabbit blood agar probably was caused by deficient extracellular proteolytic activity of the mutants.


Restitution of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in nude mice with pancreatic grafts from the rat. Transplants of 1-3 rat pancreases have proven to restitute streptozotocin induced diabetes in athymic nude mice. One out of 9 diabetic nude mice showed restitution following subcutaneous implantation of 1 rat pancreas. Three out of 6 nude mice were restituted by 2-3 grafts. Implants of rat submandibular gland did not restitute nude mice similarly treated with streptozotocin. The model seems of interest in studies of inter-species transplantation of pancreas.


The serology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa analysed by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. V. Thermostability, resistance to degradation by plasmin activity and storage conditions of a polyvalent P. aeruginosa reference standard-antigen. The stability of a polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigen (St-Ag) was analysed under different experimental conditions by quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. St-Ag did not undergo proteolytic degradation by plasmin which is present in the corresponding polyvalent rabbit antiserum (St-Ab) against St-Ag. Storage at -30 degrees C for up to 4 years caused no qualitative changes in St-Ag and, after 1 year, only minor quantitative changes could be revealed. Repeated thawing and freezing caused no changes in St-Ag whereas storage at 4 degrees C, or at room temperature, caused gradual degradation of most of the antigens of St-Ag, beginning after 1 week. Heating up to 40 degrees C for 2 min did not change St-Ag, but heating for longer periods of time or at higher temperatures gradually destroyed most of the antigens of St-Ag. The most thermostable antigen in St-Ag was number 37 which is related to the group specific O antigens.


Effect of 2-mercaptoethanol on the mixed leukocyte reaction in man. Probable effect on blastogenic factor stabilization. When 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) is added to human mixed leukocyte cultures at the beginning of the culture period, only a very weak effect is seen. When 2-ME is added after a few days' culture, a marked enhancement of cellular transformation occurs. 2-ME can also enhance the effect of blastogenic factor (BF) containing media and it is possible that this effect depends on a stabilization or protection of BF preventing the break-down of BF in cellular systems.


Studies on difference in cellular immune-response between the human tonsil and blood lymphocytes. Tonsillar and blood lymphocytes in a viable state were separated from tuberculin-sensitive tonsillectomized patients. The difference in the response to various cellular immunological stimulation between both lymphocyte groups was studied. Tonsillar lymphocytes without adherent cells could not respond well to PPD, while blood lymphocytes responded far better than tonsillar lymphocytes did to PPD when adherent cells were absent. PHA and PWM stimulated tonsillar and blood lymphocytes irrespective of the presence of adherent cells. However, in case of PWM stimulation, 3H-TdR incorporation was more remarkable in tonsillar lymphocytes than in blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, the lymphocytes which react to homologous cells also existed in the tonsils as in blood. These results suggest that there might be lymphocyte-subpopulations showing a difference of functional roles or of maturing-process between tonsil and blood lymphocytes.


General immunocompetence and tumour-directed, cell-mediated hypersensitivity in vitro in patients with renal carcinoma. Thirteen patients with renal carcinoma were examined for tumour-directed, cell-mediated hypersensitivity (TCMH) by means of the leucocyte migration technique, and for general immunocompetence (GIC) by means of quantitation of T- and B-cells in peripheral blood and studies of lymphocyte transformation in vitro using a panel of antigens and mitogens. Eight out of 13 patients had evidence of TCMH, six out of 13 had abnormal GIC. Any correlation between the presence of TCMH and normal/abnormal GIC was not found. There was a trend towards a positive correlation between the absence of distant metastases and evidence of TCMH. If both TCMH and GIC were considered, significant correlation between the presence of distant metastases, lack of TCMH and/or abnormal GIC was demonstrated. It is concluded that the defect TCMH usually found in patients with renal carcinoma and disseminated disease cannot be explained exclusively by defects in GIC.


Fatiguability and fibre composition of human skeletal muscle. The fatiguability of the quadriceps muscle was investigated in 10 male subjects (25-40 yrs), with inter-individual differences in fibre composition of their vastus lateralis muscles (range 25-65% fast twitch, FT, muscle fibres). Fatiguability was assessed as the decline in maximal force (in % of initial values) with 50 repeated isokinetic knee-extensions at fast angular velocity (3.14 rad/s). Each contraction lasted 0.5 s and the rest periods were about 0.7 s. Every subject was tested on two occasions and the standard deviation for a single determination of fatiguability was 1.4%. The decline in force after 50 contractions was on the average about 45%. The individual values varied, however, and a linear correlation was present between fatiguability and % FT fibres (r = 0.86, p less than 0.01). It was concluded that development of fatigue in human skeletal muscle performing repeated fast dynamic contractions with maximal effort was most marked in muscles with a high proportion FT fibres. This finding was in conformity with earlier results from animal skeletal muscle preparations.


The evaluation of synthetic oxygen carriers by perfusion of isolated rat liver. The perfluorochemical FC-80 emulsion was added as oxygen carrier to a synthetic medium used for perfusion of isolated rat liver. The oxygen carrying function of FC-80 was evaluated from measurements of serum albumin synthesis and incorporation of 14C-lysine into the proteins in the medium. The effect of changes in flow rate of the medium on the evaluation of FC-80 was investigated. The results show that there is a correlation between the serum protein synthesis and the oxygen supply only when the liver is hypoxic. In hypoxic liver both the addition of FC-80 and the increase of the flow rate improve the oxygen supply which is indicated by increased serum protein synthesis. The effect of FC-80 on serum protein synthesis is different at different flow rates. For the evaluation of the oxygen carrying function of FC emulsions from the metabolic function of the liver such a flow rate and affluent PO2 are optimal in which the FC is a limiting factor for sufficient oxygen supply.


The presence of phosphate-binding protein in inner mitochondrial membrane. Phosphate-binding protein(s) was found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of calf heart by Sephadex G-200 and G-25 gel filtration. The binding activity was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and competed by a large amount of cold phosphate. The amount of phosphate bound to the fraction was 29 nmoles per mg of protein. Affinity chromatography with phosphate-bound Sepharose 4B confirmed the presence of phosphate-binding protein(s) in the active fraction of mitochondrial membrane fractionated by gel filtration.


Target cells of human adenovirus type 12 in subtentorial brain tissue of newborn mice. I. Cyto-histomorphologic and immunofluorescent microscopic studies. Human adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12) was inoculated through subtentorial route into inbred newborn mice (C3H/BifB/Ki), and sequential changes of the brain and tumor induction were examined by histological and immunofluorescent methods. Two days after virus inoculation, Ad 12 specific tumor antigen (fluorescent T-antigen) appeared in the cells of ependymal and subventricular matrix layers, choroid plexuses and leptomeninges in the subtentorial as well as the supratentorial brains. After 10 days, these fluorescent positive cells decreased gradually in number but still remained focally beneath the ependyma. Sixty days later, early tumor nodules were detected in the same regions in which remained the fluorescent cells. After 107 days, neurological signs and well-developed tumors were noted in 25 of 63 (30.1%) mice examined. In the cerebellum, both of T-antigens and tumors were limited around the IVth ventricle, but not in the granular layers. Histomorphologically, the tumors were of primitive neuroectodermal origin and consisted of the cells resembling immature matrix cells in the subventricular zone. These findings strongly suggest that the virus has a selective affinity to the remaining matrix cells, but not to cerebellar granular cells, at least, in newborn mice.


Early prediction of acute rejection after inbred rat kidney transplantation using macrophage migration inhibition test. In order to formulate an early diagnostic method for acute rejection after kidney transplantation, macrophage migration inhibition test (MIT) was carried out with lapse of time after inbred rat kidney allotransplantation. The mean survival time of rat kidney allograft was found to be 7.07 +/- 1.34 days. On the other hand, in the group treated with rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte serum (ALS) the mean survival time was lengthened to 14.15 +/- 2.14 days (p less than 0.05). The corresponding antigen used for MIT was prepared with donor kidney by ultrasonication, and its protein concentration at 180 mug/ml was the most optimal as not to elicit non-specific inhibition of macrophages. In the control group, activity of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF activity) turned positive 3 days after the transplantation, and it became strongly positive by 5 or 7 dyas at the period when rejection crisis appeared frequently. ALS-treated group showed a lower MIF activity than the control group (p less than 0.05) and on 7-12 dyas before rejection crisis appeared frequently, MIF activity became strongly positive. These findings suggest that this MIT is simple and will be proved to be useful in predicting the acute rejection as well as in controlling the immunosuppression.


Experimental studies of tumor immunotherapy. II. Tumor immunotherapy following tumor extirpation. In order to approach human cancer immunotherapy, the author carried out the immunotherapy with BCG on mice having homotransplanted cancer, observed the posttransplantation results with lapse of time, conduced daily macrophage inhibition test (MI test) and found the immunotherapy to be effective. At the same time the MI test proved to be a useful criterion in determining the course of cancer progress and effectiveness of the immunotherapy.


An extremely basic monoclonal IgG in an aged apoplectic patient with prolonged bacterial infection. A case with prolonged bacterial infection accompanied by an abnormal serum protein which migrated in the post-gamma region on electrophoresis is presented. The abnormal protein was identified as IgG with gamma-type light chain moiety. The patient suffered from prolonged pneumonia and cholecystitis, Bone marrow aspiration and skeletal x-rays did not indicate multiple myeloma.