Indirect induction of differentiation in myeloid leukemic cells by lipid A. Normal myeloid and MGI(+)D(+) clones of myeloid leukemic cells can be induced for Fc and complement component 3 rosettes, lysozme, and mature macrophages and granulocytes by a protein with macrophage- and granulocyte-inducing (MGI) activity, whereas MGI(+)D(-) clones can be induced by this protein for rosettes and lysozme but not mature cells. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from different bacteria induced the appearance of rosettes, lysozyme, and macrophages in some MGI(+)D(+) clones but did not induce any of these changes in MGI(+)D(-) clones. Lipid A gave the same results as LPS. Incubation of MGI(+)D(+) cells with LPS also induced an MGI activity detectable in the culture medium. This activity behaved like MGI in inducing (i) rosettes, lysozyme, and mature cells in MGI(+)D(+) leukemic cells including a clone resistant to LPS, (ii) rosettes and lysozyme in MGI(+)D(-) leukemic cells, and (iii) differentiation of normal myeloid cells to mature macrophages and granulocytes. This activity was induced in MGI(+)D(+) cells by LPS before the induction of rosettes or lysozyme. The results indicate that the lipid A portion of LPS indirectly induces differentiation of MGI(+)D(+) myeloid leukemic cells by inducing MGI protein. It is suggested that induction of specific regulatory proteins may be a more general mechanism for the induction of differentiation by surface-acting compounds.


Localization of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 on native small ribosomal subunits. The localization of eukaryotic initiation factor 3(eIF-3) on native small ribosomal subunits has been established by electron microscopy through a comparison of native small ribosomal subunits with derived subunits and with native subunits stripped of eIF-3. Small subunits derived from reticulocyte ribosomes by the puromycin/KCl method are seen in electron micrographs as elongated particles, divided by a heavily stained partition into approximately one-third and two-third domains. Most particles (60-70%) observed in electron micrographs of native small subunit preparations resemble derived small subunits, but have an additional mass attached to one side, thus producing profiles with a three-lobed appearance. The mass measures approximately 160 x 100 x 60 A, and its particle weight is estimated to be about one-third to one-half that of a 40S subunit. The site of attachment of the additional mass is located on a prominence extending from the central part of the small subunit and is separated by a cleft from the smaller third of the subunit. The remaining particles in preparations of native subunits resemble the profiles seen in electron micrographs of derived subunits. After removal of eIF-3 by treatment with high concentrations of salt, profiles observed in electron micrographs of washed, native subunits were indistinguishable from those of derived subunits. Since removal of eIF-3 coincided with removal of a mass of the correct molecular weight, subunits with the three-lobed appearance are identified as native small subunits carrying eIF-3.


Inhibition by colchicine of changes in amino acid transport and initiation of DNA synthesis in regenerating rat liver. The uptake of amino acids (measured with alpha-aminoisobutyric acid) by hepatocytes stimulated to proliferate by partial hepatectomy followed a biphasic pattern, with an initial peak 8-10 hr after surgery followed by a release of amino acids between 10 and 16 hr and a further increase between 16 and 20 hr after the operation. The second period of increased uptake coincided with the increase in DNA synthesis by the hepatocytes. Colchicine, and other microtubule disrupters administered at the time of partial hepatectomy, abolished the first period of increased amino acid uptake and prevented the cells from initiating DNA synthesis. Pulse-labeling experiments with alpha-aminoisobutyric acid revealed that colchicine did not inhibit amino acid transport per se, but prevented the increased capacity for amino acid transport induced by partial hepatectomy. An injection of colchicine 14 hr after hepatectomy prevented the release of amino acids by the liver and also substantially reduced the initiation of DNA synthesis. The data suggest that the microtubules may play a role in proliferative activation and also in the initiation of DNA synthesis of hepatocytes in vivo and that changes in amino acid transport are linked to these microtubule-requiring processes.


Evidence for receptor-mediated binding of glycoproteins, glycoconjugates, and lysosomal glycosidases by alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages have been shown to bind glycoproteins and synthetic glycoconjugates (neoglycorpoteins) that have mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, or glucose in the exposed, nonreducing position. Galactose-terminal glycoproteins are not bound. Binding of radiolabeled ligands to cells is nearly completely impaired by the presence of an excess of yeast mannan. Binding is temperature sensitive and proceeds optimally at pH 7.0. Prior treatment of the cells with trypsin severely decreases their capacity to bind ligands. An inhibition assay has been developed, using radioiodinated glucose-albumin conjugate, agalacto-orosomucoid, beta-glucuronidase, and RNase B as ligands. Various glycoproteins have been shown to be effective inhibitors of ligand binding including horseradish peroxidase, agalacto-orosomucoid, beta-glucuronidase, ovalbumin, agalacto-fetuin, and RNase B. RNase A and asialo-fetuin are ineffective as antagonists. The results suggest the presence of a cell surface receptor on alveolar macrophages that binds glycoproteins having terminal sugars with the mannose or glucose configuration.


Probability of founder effect in a tribal population. When an unusually high frequency of an allele is encountered in a population, "founder effect" is often invoked as an explanation. As usually used, the term implies the disproportionate increase through chance (rather than selection) of an allele contributed to the population by a particular ancestor. While genetic theory leaves no doubt this is a possible explanation, problems arise when we try to determine how likely this explanation is for any specific finding in any specific, finite population, i.e., just how rare is this rare event? In this communication we consider the question in the context of Amerindian tribal populations, deriving specific probabilities under defined conditions. Our interest in the question has been whetted by the finding to date of some eight possible examples of a founder effect in studies of twelve different tribes.


Influence of homoeologous chromosomes on gene-dosage effects in allohexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Gene-dosage responses for a group of six wheat endosperm proteins have been investigated by using compensated nulli-tetrasomic lines of cv. Chinese Spring. Practically linear dosage responses have been observed for all the proteins. However, for two of the proteins (and probably for a third one), the net output of protein, at each dosage of its structural gene, was 30-80% higher when the chromosome carrying an active homoeogene was absent. The possible significance of this effect in connection with the loss of gene redundancy undergone by polyploids is discussed.


Chromosomal localization of human beta globin gene on human chromosome 11 in somatic cell hybrids. We have successfully used a DNA.cDNA molecular hybridization assay to directly determine the presence or absence of human beta globin gene sequences in 20 human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, each of which contained a different subset of human chromosomes. The assay is specific for the individual human globin genes and will detect the presence of a globin gene if the relevant chromosome is present in only 10% of the cells of a hybrid population. The content of human chromosomes in each hybrid clone was characterized by Giemsa 11 staining, Giemsa trypsin-Hoechst 33258 staining, and by the use of 22 independent isozyme markers for 17 different human chromosomes. All human chromosomes were present in one or more cell lines devoid of the human beta globin gene except for 6, 8, 9, 11, and 13. Among these latter chromosomes, only chromosome 11 was present in the six hybrid clones that contained the human beta globin gene. In fact, chromosome 11 was the only human chromosome that was present in all of the six hybrid clones found to be positive for the human beta globin gene. Two sister clones, 157-BNPT-1 and 157-BNPT-4, had similar subsets of human chromosomes except that 11 was present only in 157-BNPT-4. 157-BNPT-4 contained the human beta globin gene while 157-BNPT-1 did not. DNA from three hybrid lines was also annealed to purified human gamma globin cDNA; two lines positive for human beta globin gene sequences also contained human gamma globin gene sequences while one line was negative for both beta and gamma gene sequences. On the basis of these results, the human beta and gamma globin genes have been assigned to human chromosome 11.


Analysis of malignancy in human cells: malignant and transformed phenotypes are under separate genetic control. Human cell hybrids derived from malignant HeLa and normal fibroblast parental cells expressed many of the transformed properties of the HeLa parent but their tumor-producing capability was suppressed. Hybrids derived from HeLa/HeLa fusions retained both their transformed and malignant phenotypes. Thus, an apparent separation of the control of the transformed versus malignant phenotype is indicated. Furthermore, several transformed properties--including lack of density-dependent inhibition of growth, lectin agglutination, lowered requirement for serum growth factors, and anchorage independence--are expressed coordinately in the nontumorigenic hybrids. This finding suggests that none of these properties by themselves, or in concert, endows a cell with tumorigenic potential.


Altered pattern of replication of human chromosomes in a human fibroblast-mouse cell hybrid. The pattern of terminal replication of the human chromosomes in a clone of hybrids between diploid human fibroblasts and mouse cells was analyzed by autoradiography. An average of 10 human chromosomes was present in the hybrid cells. Several of these chromosomes were found to terminate replication in a different order from the same chromosomes in the parental human fibroblasts. Chromosomes 4 and 5 completed replication later in the hybrid than in the fibroblasts (relative to the other human chromosomes). In contrast, chromosomes 7, 12, and 15 completed replication earlier in the hybrid than in the fibroblasts. These results suggest that the sequence of terminal chromosome replication in human fibroblasts is not irreversibly programmed into each chromosome.


Hemoglobin Lincoln Park: a betadelta fusion (anti-Lepore) variant with an amino acid deletion in the delta chain-derived segment. An electrophoretically slow-moving hemoglobin variant was identified in three members of a family originating from Southern Mexico. The variant, Hb Lincoln Park, made up approximately 14% of the total hemoglobin and appeared to have normal stability and functional properties. None of the individuals in whom the abnormal hemoglobin was present was anemic, but each had a mildly elevated reticulocyte count. Structural data suggest that the non-alpha chain of Hb Lincoln Park represents a betadelta gene-fusion product, with normal beta chain structure of the amino-terminal portion of the chain and delta sequences subsequently, the crossover point occurring between animo acid residues 22 and 50. An additional abnormality is the deletion of valine-137, a component of the delta gene-derived segment of the betadelta chain. To account for the development of this abnormal globin chain, a series of intergenic crossovers is proposed; the first, a nonhomologous crossover between the beta and delta genes, presumably gave rise to the betadelta fusion gene; two additional crossovers, one of them unequal, may then have occurred between the same beta and delta genes to produce the amino acid deletion.


Chromosomal integration of phage lambda by means of a DNA insertion element. Phage lambdacam112, which contains the chloramphenicol resistance transposon Tn9 and has a deletion of attP and the int gene, will lysogenize Escherichia coli K-12. Prophage integration occurs at different chromosomal sites, including lacY and malB, but not at attB. All lambdacam112 prophages are excised from the chromosome after induction but with various efficiencies for different locations. Heteroduplex analysis of lambdaplacZ transducing phages isolated from a lacY::lambdacam112 prophage reveals an insertion sequence 1 (IS1) element at the joint of viral and chromosomal DNA. Two lines of evidence indicate that lambdacam112 encodes an excision activity that recognizes the IS1 element: (i) prophage derepression increases the frequency of excision from lacY to yield lac+ revertants, and (ii) lambdacam112 infection increases reversion of a galT::IS1 mutation about 50-fold. Our results indicate that the IS1 termini of TN9 can replace attP as a site for lambda insertion in the bacterial chromosome and that excision events are catalyzed by an IS1-encoded protein under lambda repressor and N gene control.


Specific antibody-dependent binding of complement component C1q to hapten-sensitized lipid vesicles. The binding of a component of human complement (C1q) to membrane-bound specific anti-nitroxide antibodies was studied as a function of the physical properties (fluid vs. solid) of vesicle lipids. The antibodies were bound to spin-label lipid haptens in the vesicle membrane. The binding of C1q to the sensitized vesicles shows a maximum as a function of specific IgG concentration. The binding of antibodies and of C1q to the vesicle membrane does not depend strongly on the physical state of the membrane lipids. even at low hapten (0.05 mol%) concentrations. These results are of significance for the understanding of the previously reported effect of lipid physical states on complement depletion.


Teratocarcinoma cell variants rejected by syngeneic mice: protection of mice immunized with these variants against other variants and against the original malignant cell line. We reported previously that, by mutagenesis of a malignant teratocarcinoma cell line, it is possible to obtain a number of variant clones that are incapable of forming progressive tumors. Each of these "tum-" variants is rejected in syngeneic mice and stimulates the production of immune memory cells (self-protection). We show here that four different tum- clones confer an immune protection against each other although this cross-protection is invariably weaker than the self-protection. Moreover, mice immunized with living tum- cells are partially protected against the original malignant teratocarcinoma cells, even though the latter cells are incapable of conferring any immune protection when injected after being killed by irradiation. These results indicate that each tum- variant carries at least one specific transplantation antigen that is absent from the original tumor cell line and from most other tum- variants. Other tumor-specific transplantation antigens are probably present on all the tum- variants and also on the malignant teratocarcinoma cell line.


Alteration in suppressor cell activity in chronic active hepatitis. We have studied peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 24 patients with acute or chronic active hepatitis to determine if there was an abnormality in concanavalin A-induced suppressor cell activity compared to control subjects. Suppressor cells were generated by preincubation of the mononuclear cells with a mitogenic concentration of concanavalin A (6 mug/ml) for 48 hr followed by treatment with mitomycin C and alpha-methyl mannoside. Suppressor cell activity was assessed in second cultures by inhibition of concanavalin A-stimulated blast transformation of fresh allogeneic lymphocytes. Concanavalin A-stimulated suppressor activity was not elicited in mononuclear cells from the majority of patients with chronic active hepatitis in contrast to patients with acute hepatitis or acute inflammatory diseases and controls (P < 0.001). This finding was demonstrable in chronic active hepatitis patients in remission and relapse, both on and off prednisone therapy, and varied considerably during the course of the disease. The extent of liver injury was not related to the measured suppressor cell activity. These studies suggest that in chronic active hepatitis, a disease in which the host immune response may be involved, there appears to be a defect in concanavalin A-stimulated suppressor cells.


Plasma radioiron kinetics in man: explanation for the effect of plasma iron concentration. The plasma iron turnover was measured in 19 normal subjects. A correlation was found between plasma iron concentration and plasma iron turnover. In addition to the turnover of 55Fe at normal plasma iron concentration (predominantly monoferric transferrin), a second turnover in which the labeled plasma was saturated with iron (to produce predominantly diferric transferrin) was studied with 50Fe. It was demonstrated that diferric transferrin had a greater rate of iron turnover but that the distribution between erythroid and non-erythroid tissues was unchanged. It was concluded that plasma iron turnover is dependent on the monoferric/diferric transferrin ratio in the plasma but that the internal distribution of iron is unaffected.


Diet, genetics, and mental retardation interaction between phenylketonuric heterozygous mother and fetus to produce nonspecific diminution of IQ: evidence in support of the justification hypothesis. The justification hypothesis postulates that an individual genetically deficient in the synthesis of any of the 12 nonessential amino acids requires that amino acid in the diet just as a normal individual requires any essential amino acid. The deficiency of that single amino acid causes diminished protein synthesis. The hypothesis proposes that mental retardation develops during the late stage of fetal development, when the brain is growing most rapidly, as a result of the inability of the mother to deliver an appropriate amount of that nonessential amino acid to her fetus who, in turn, is unable to correct for this deficiency due to his genetic constitution. A paradigm is provided by the disease phenylketonuria in which the homozygote lacks the enzyme for synthesis of the nonessential amino acid tyrosine. By measuring the appearance of tyrosine in the plasma after an oral dose of phenylalanine, it is possible to show differential capability among siblings of known phenylketonuric children, in the expected Mendelian ratio. The mean IQ of the two-thirds of the siblings who were least able to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine (presumably heterozygotes) was 10 points lower than the mean IQ of the "normals," who were most able to synthesize tyrosine. The difference is statistically significant (P <0.01). The mean maternal IQ was halfway between that of the heterozygote group and that of the normal group, confirming the prediction of maternal-fetal interaction.


Identification of pyramidal cells as the critical elements in hippocampal neuronal plasticity during learning. The activity of single neurons recorded from rabbit hippocampus during classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane reflex was studied. All cells were first categorized according to their responses after fornix stimulation--i.i., antidromic activation, orthodromic activation, or no activation. The majority of cells that were antidromically activated--pyramidal cells--showed a highly positive correlation between the pattern of unit discharge and the topography of the nicititating membrane response within trial periods. Units that were orthodromically driven by fornix stimulation tended to inhibit during the presentation of trial stimuli, whereas most non-activated cells maintained low spontaneous levels of activity at all times. Thus, the major output neurons of the hippocampus appear to be the neuroanatomical substrate for the large and rapidly developing neuronal plasticity induced by this classical conditioning paradigm.


Comparison of synchronization of circadian corticosteroid rhythms by photoperiod and food. Under conditions of feeding at will and normal light-dark alternation, rats consume the major portion of their daily food intake during the dark period and the circadian peak of plasma corticosteroid concentrations and of body temperature levels occurs just prior to or subsequent to the time of light-dark transition. Both light-dark transition and time of food presentation have been implicated as "Zeitgebers" in determining the phase of these two circadian rhythms. THE PRESENT DATA INDICATE THE FOLLOWING: (i) The time of food presentation appears to be a more potent synchronizer of the phase of plasma corticosteroid levels than is the light-dark cycle. This has been demonstrated in rats under conditions in which light-dark phase shift has been dissociated from a concomitant shift of time of eating. In contrast, under such conditions, the rhythm of body temperature appears to be more tightly coupled to the light-dark cycle. This illustrates that the time of food ingestion and the peak of body temperature rhythms can be uncoupled and that the phasing effects of restricted food ingestion on corticosteroid rhythms does not extend to body temperature rhythms. It also suggests the presence of different control mechanisms and/or pathways for corticosteroid and body temperature rhythms as well as the use of different pathways by different Zeitgebers. (ii) Rats maintained in constant dim light with free access to food exhibit aperiodic feeding behavior; plasma corticosteroid concentrations and body temperature levels are also aperiodic. Imposition of a restricted period of food access under such constant light conditions is associated with the appearance of a circadian periodicity of both plasma corticosteroid concentrations and body temperature levels, with peaks, respectively, just before and after the time of food presentation. This represents an additional example of food entrainment of previously aperiodic functions, similar to the food entrainment we have described in animals rendered aperiodic by lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus.


Serotonin and substance P coexist i, neurons of the rat's central nervous system. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)-containing neurons in the rat's medullary raphe and interfascicularis hypoglossi cell groups were identified by means of autoradiography following prolonged intraventricular administration of 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine, fluorescence histochemistry for the demonstration of endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine, and microspectrofluorimetric analysis of excitation and emission spectra. Immunocytochemical methods (the unlabeled primary antibody-peroxidase antiperoxidase and indirect immunofluorescence methods) were applied with antisera to substance P in order to localize immunoreactivity in these medullary neurons. It was demonstrated that the raphe nuclei and the interfascicularis hypoglossi nucleus are heterogeneous cell groups that contain: (i) Neurons that display both an uptake-storage capacity for 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine and a formaldehyde-induced fluorescence with spectral characteristics identical to those of the 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorophor. These cells exhibit high to low fluorescence intensities without detectable substance P-like immunoreactivity. (ii) Neurons with various 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorescence intensities and intense to low degrees of substance P-like immunoreactivity. (iii) Neurons with various degrees of substance P-like immunoreactivity without detectable 5-hydroxytryptamine fluorescence or 5-hydroxy[(3)H]tryptamine uptake and storage capacity. These results indicate that some neurons contain high or low levels of only 5-hydroxytryptamine or substance P, whereas other neurons contain both 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P in various proportions. The present findings demonstrate the presence of two putative transmitters, a biogenic amine and a polypeptide, within the same neuron in the mammalian central nervous system.


Calcium leakage as a cause of the high resting tension in vascular smooth muscle from the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Aortic strips from spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats relax in calcium-free physiological medium and contract to approximately 60% of maximum when calcium is again restored to the medium. In vivid contrast, the resting tension of aortic strips from normal rats is unaffected by manipulation of the calcium concentration of the bathing medium. These findings, as well as the reduced sensitivity of aortic strips from SH rats to norepinephrine and the observation that aortic strips from SH rats relax at a faster rate in calcium-free medium in comparison with aortic strips from normal rats, are consistent with the hypothesis that vascular smooth muscle membranes from SH rats leak calcium at a rate that is only partially compensated by the calcium pump.


[Current flora of mandibular osteomyelitis]. 1) Blood-borne osteomyelitis may have a dental portal of entry. This results in a bacteraemia or septicaemia due to organisms other than staphylococci. In such cases, osseous lesions occur at a distance from the initial dental site. 2) As far as antibiotic treatment is concerned:--It must be begun early but not prematurely, i.e. bacteriological studies should be undertaken before antibotic therapy is started, possibly to be later changed in the light of laboratory results.--It should be combined, with a preference for two antibiotics which result in a bactericidal combination, as soon as the responsible organism is identified.--It should be given in high dosage, in view of the problem of diffusion of the antibiotic to the centre of the necrotic bone lesion.--It should be prolonged, based upon clinical, laboratory and radiological findings.


[Bacteria endocarditis of dental origin with neurological complications]. A 49 years old man suffered from transient hemiplegic episodes following bacterial endocarditis, cultures being negative and with a fever resistant to antibiotics. Complete stomatological evaluation revealed multiple dental infective sites constituting "portals of entry". Radical treatment of these sites contributed to the complete cure of the infective syndrome.


[Technique of retrograde obturation of the root canal following apical resection]. This technique may be used, for the upper canines and incisors, to provide mechanical treatment and complete obturation of the root canal by shortened Kerr wires. It is not necessary to shorten the length of the root nor to interfere with fixed dentures.


[Inter-radicular osteotomies. Apropos of 1 observation]. Although more common in recent years, inter-radicular osteotomies remain operations which pose the problem of the prognosis of the displaced teeth. In the light of one special case, the authors sought to assess these risks, in relation to the functional and aesthetic benefits of the surgical procedure.


Effect of some polyvalent cations on plaque formation in vivo. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of polyvalent cations on plaque formation in a test panel of students. Heavy plaque formers were selected and plaque formation was enhanced by frequent sucrose rinses. Mouthrinses were performed twice daily with 20 mmol/l SnF2, SnCl2, AlCl3, ZnCl2 and MgCl2, and 40 mmol/l NaF and NaCl. It was found that SnF2 AND SnCl2 exhibited a marked plaque-inhibiting capacity compared with NaF or NaCl. The aluminum, zinc and magnesium salts also reduced plaque formation, although not to the same degree. Polyvalent cations may prevent plque formattion by interaction with negatively charged plaque components essential in the adsorption mechanism, or by inhibiting some enzyme activity essential in plaque formation.


Autoclaving of lubricated dental instruments. Test organisms forced mechanically into lubricated, rotating dental instruments (handpieces) were all killed during autoclaving at 134 degrees C for 8 min, even when protected by serum and oil. The test organisms were: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Also when testing the sterility of autoclaved simulated instrument surfaces (brass cylinders and pieces of a cotton fabric) which had been inoculated with bacteria and dried before they were sprayed with oil, there was no growth of the test organisms. In addition to the other test organisms, spores of Bacillus subtilis and Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria isolated from used handpieces that had been exposed to several autoclavings were used. Some of the handpieces that had been left to dry after use in the dentist's office before they were autoclaved, were shown not to be sterile. Therefore, the authors suggest that autoclaving of the instruments should take place shortly after use and prescribed cleaning.


Potential and polarization measurements in vivo of oral galvanism. Galvanic currents within the oral cavity may have harmful effects on biological tissues. In the present work 16 patients with different kinds of oral and other discomfort and pain which they attributed to oral galvanism were investigated. The potential and polarization of each metal restoration within reach of a platinum probe were measured versus a reference electrode. A recording of these measured values permits a calculation of the currents which may pass between the teeth. A control group of patients with no subjective symptoms of galvanism in the oral cavity was also investigated. The results of the electrochemical measurements showed that conditions for oral galvanism existed within the individuals of the patient group as well as within the control group. One remarkable observation was that the metallic restorations often consisted of different electrically isolated areas with different electrochemical properties. This and other factors influencing oral galvanism are discussed.


Fine structure of the human secretory ameloblast. The fine structure of secretory ameloblasts in primary tooth germs from a human fetus was investigated. Various aldehyde fixatives produced varying qualities of preservation. The morphology of the best preserved ameloblasts differed from that earlier described, mainly in the following respects: the rough endoplasmic cisternae were lamellated and regularly arranged, the mitochondria were of regular shape and size, and the ground substance was dense and homogenous. The extensive Golgi complexes, the mitochondria and the rough endoplasmic cisternae in the apical (distal) part of the ameloblast were longitudinally arranged.


Effect of pituitary hormones on dentin production in maxillary incisors in the rat. The effect of pituitary hormones on dentin production and longitudinal growth of the maxillary incisors in normal and hypophysectomized rats was investigated. Bovine growth hormone was found to increase the dentin production slightly in normal rats and significantly in hypophysectomized rats. Other pituitary hormones showed no effects on dentin apposition in the doses and periods tested. The effects of the pituitary hormones on the longitudinal growth of the tooth were small or insignificant. The effects of growth hormone on the dentin apposition and the longitudinal growth of the tooth after hypophysectomy were smaller than the effects on longitudinal bone growth and cortical bone remodeling, indicating different sensitivity to hormones between different mineralized tissues.


Binding of dyes to hydroxyapatite treated with cetylpyridinium chloride or cetrimonium bromide. The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) on the adsorption of some acidic food dyes to hydroxyapatite was studied. The dyes investigated were brilliant blue (FD&C Blue No. 1), tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No. 5), sunset yellow (FD&C Yellow No. 6) and amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2). The apatite had adsorbed 9.2 mumol CPC per g dry weight. The adsorbed CPC was in equilibrium with a free concentration of 20 microgram/ml (58 micrometer). The adsorption of CPC and CTAB to the apatite was followed by an increased ability of the crystals to bind the dyes. The dyes were very firmly adsorbed and were not released during a series of washings. Untreated apatite showed only a minor affinity for the dyes. The adsorbed dyes were easily washed out. CPC and CTAB showed the smae specific ability to increase the binding capacity of the apatite. The results are discussed and related to the formation of stains on the teeth in persons using quaternary ammonium compounds for mouthrinsing. A mechanism explaining the production of stains is proposed.


Subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid reservoirs in patients with acute leukaemia. Subcutaneous cerebrospinal fluid (Ommaya) reservoirs were inserted in 23 patients wich acute leukaemia and 2 patients with malignant lymphoma. In 9 leukaemia patients reservoirs were used for the prophylaxis of central nervous system leukaemia: only 1 patient developed meningeal leukaemia but less invasive therapy has now been shown to achieve effective prophylaxis and prophylactic use of Ommaya reservoirs has been discontinued. In 16 patients, reservoirs were inserted as aids to the treatment of meningeal leukaemia or lymphoma. Intracranial disease was successfully controlled and recurrences were prevented but patients eventually died from relapse of their systemic disease. The principal complications of the subcutaneous reservoirs were obstruction, misplacement, and one case of infection. Leucoencephalopathy in several patients was attributable to irradiation and cytotoxic drugs and not to the reservoirs. Problems due to misplacement of the reservoir occurred in 3 out of 13 reservoirs inserted by the occipital route and in only 1 of 12 reservoirs inserted by a frontal approach. With adequate supervision, the reservoirs are valuable aids to intrathecal therapy in patients with established meningeal leukaemia or lymphoma.


Familial erythroleukaemia: a cytogenetic and haematological study. Clinical and haematological details of 2 siblings with a familial myeloproliferative disorder (erythroleukaemia) are presented. Their father is presumed to have died from a similar disease. The 2 siblings showed similar but not identical chromosomal abnormalities detected initially in marrow and later in peripheral blood. Serial studies revealed the emergence of an increasingly diverse pattern of chromosomal changes coincident with the haematological and clinical progression of the disease. Other members of the family were screened for cytogenetic and haematological changes. The paternal sibship displayed an increased incidence of cancer.


[Fissure sealing combined with enamel fluoridation. Follow-up study 2 year after sealing]. In a two-year study the adhesion of diluted composite material as fissure sealant was tested upon etched and etched-fluoridated (aminofluoride) occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars. After 24 months the sealant was found to be intact in 89.3% of the only etched and in 85.6% of the etched-fluoridated fissures. 3.9% of all sealed fissures showed either an increase in the degree of caries or a filling, while the control teeth showed a percentage of 49.7 DF. Fissure sealing therefore appears to be an adequate method for reducing occlusal caries.


[Testing of the marginal closure of so-called carvable composites]. 66 composite filings of the brands Classecond, Epoxydent and Compocap were examined for marginal fit. The two first brands can be carved, the latter cannot. The fillings were examined by vacuum color diffusion tests, and replicas of the fillings were viewed with the EM. 91% of the Compocap fillings were found to be color impermeable, while 64% of the Epoxydent and 55% of the Classecond fillings proved to be leaking at the margins. The EM examination showed that carving the fillings causes considerably more leakage and short margins. For this reasons, it is unadvisable to carve even the carvable composits. The use of such materials then of course becomes questionable.


[Biocermics in rat experiments (preliminary report)]. Bioactive ceramics in the shape of small plates was implanted into the femoral diaphysis of rats. The specimens were examined 2 months later by optical and mechanical methods for their behaviour of incorporation into the tissues. The composition of materials, the technique of implantation, the methods of histological preparation and the examination of adhesive resistance are described. The inadequacy of current methods of examination and their replacement by better ones is pointed out.


[Description of an early medieval skull from Biel-Mett with peculiar dental findings]. During the excavation of a church in Biel a medieval cranium was found (600-700 a.c.) which showed a large radicular cyst in the middle facial area, located on tooth 16 which caused considerable facial deformation. Furthermore carious lesions and evidence of chronic periodontal disease were discovered, which gave some indications on the way of life the individual had conducted. The examinations proved that a combination of methods of examination was able to increase the yield of information on the given object. Such studies should be conducted more often on an interdisciplinary way.


[Gamma-2-free amalgams: effect of technic (trituration) on physical properties]. The goal of investigation was to find the physical data, viz. changes of volume, pressure resistance after 1 and 24 hours, creep value of gamma-2-free amalgams (dispersion type), to compare the values to each other and to those of conventional amalgams. On the whole, gamma-2-free amalgams are superior to the conventional products. The pressure resistance after 1 hour is considerably higher, and the creep values are significantly lower. Furthermore, it could be proven that a mixing unit of high RPM was able to improve the quality still more. The best results were found with Amalcap non-gamma 2 and Dispersalloy evenly, both premeasured in capsules and triturated in the Silamat unit. Similar data were found with Dispersalloy tablets, mixed in the Diomat II unit at 3000 RPM. Before clinical long-range examinations can be obtained, judgment of quality cannot be passed.


[Multiple "granulomas" of unknown origin; a clinical case]. A case of multiple mandibular periapical radiolucencies (granuloma) with unknown etiology is presented. A connection with herpes zoster, which formerly had occurred in the same area could not be found. Several theories are discussed, however none of them seem to fit the case inspite of thorough examination.


[Clinical symptoms of precancerosis].

[Clinical symptoms of precancerosis]. Clinically, praecancerosis of the oral mucosa may be classified into the following groups: Whitish, flat changes, reddish changes, papillary changes and ulcers. Combination of the various groups and flowing transition between them is often observed. It can be shown that praecancerosis can be neither clearly distinguished from benign tumors or changes, nor can it be differentiated from already existing malignomas. The same picture of a disease can occur in various clinical aspects. On the other hand, histologically very different changes may often hardly be distinguished clinically. A change in the oral mucosa must therefore be regarded as possibly malignous as long as not proven to the contrary. Also, it is important to check, at regular intervals, changes diagnosed benign, since the possibility of malignous change cannot be ignored.


[Erosion and abrasion of the dental enamel. Experimental study]. The clinical aspects, epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis of dental erosions in man and experimental animals are reviewed. Abrasion of enamel, softened in orange juice for 3 minutes and brushed with various dentifrices, was studied with Knoop hardness measurements and scanning electron microscopy. Knoop indentations made on softened enamel surfaces were almost totally removed by 2-minute brushings with highly abrasive tooth pastes. Brushing without dentifrices only slightly changed the distinctness of the indentation outlines. Recommendations for primary and secondary prevention of erosions are given.


Marginal adaptation and microleakage of thixotropic and injection-capsule composites, an in vitro study. The marginal integrity of MOD adhesive restorations of a thixotropic test composite (ZKP-A-5) and of two injection-capsule composites (Concise -capsule composite and Compocap-S) was examined. Dy penetration tests measured microleakage and scanning electron microscope evaluated marginal adaptation. The test restorations showed no improved micromorphological marginal adaptation when compared to those of a standard paste-paste composite (Concise). Compocap-S demonstrated better prevention of microleakage than did the other test preparations. The marginal quality of these thixotropic and injection-capsule composite restorations was improved from 34% to 52% with utilization of a sealer application (ZKP-A-2), (Concise-Enamel Bond). The application of a sealer prior to insertion of thixotropic and injection-capsule composites is, therefore, definitely indicated when these materials are used. The resultant restorations obtained with these test materials plus sealer correspond qualitatively to those of standard composites Concise or Adaptic [6,7]. The newly developed, complete composite systems (Nimetic, GC's Epolite 100/Epobond) demonstrated in comparison to Concise and Adaptic [6,7] inferior results.


Evaluation of a gingival inflammation test: gindex. The Gindex test was compared with two gingival inflammation indices (GI and PBI) and with three plaque indices (SPI, thickness and extension index). There was no statistically significant correlation between the results of the Gindex test and the results of the other indices. When duplicate determinations of the same saliva sample were made with the Gindex test the results differed considerably. The Gindex test is considered to be inaccurate and of no value in the objective assessment of clinical inflammation of the gingiva.


The oral clearance of chlorhexidine solutions and gels. The oral clearance of 4 chlorhexidine (CH) preparations was investigated. Two 0.2% CH-solutions, Plak-Out liquid, a 10% alcoholic CH-solution and an aqueous ICI-Hibitane solution were compared with two chlorhexidine gels, Corsodyl gel (0.1%) and a test CH-gel (1.0%) prepared in this laboratory. Thirty subjects, 17 to 57 years of age and exhibiting a variety of oral hygiene conditions, participated in supervised rinsing with CH-solutions and toothbrushing with gels carried out at weekly intervals to eliminate carry-over effects. Mixed saliva samples were taken 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes following each administration and were analysed spectrophotometrically. The relative oral CH-retention values were for Plak-Out liquid 91%, aqueous Hibitane solution 69%, Corsodyl gel 46% and with the laboratory chlorhexidine gel 37%.


[Assessment of the success of orthodontic treatment from the viewpoint of general dentistry]. Using internationally accepted indices, the authors studied the caries and gingivities frequency as well as the oral hygiene in 112 successfully treated orthodontic patients 35 months or thereabout after termination of the treatment and retention. The results obtaines are compared with those from an adequate control group and statistically evaluated. The general dental condition and the degree of oral rehabilitation of the orthodontic patients was better than those of the subjects in the control group.


[Osteitis deformans].

[Osteitis deformans]. Osteitis deformans is a bone disease of still unknown aetiology which shows characteristic symptoms in the maxillofacial region. An increase in size of the entire calvarium and also of single bones of the facial skeleton belongs to these symptoms. A triad may be seen in the jawbone: osteoporosis, foci of densification and cementum hyperplasia. No possibility of treatment was known in the past. Nowadays, the use of cytostatics, calcitonin and diphosphonates seems to be promising.


[The origin and treatment of accidents after the injection of penicillin]. In case of unintentional intravascular uptake, the injection of repository penicillin may produce severe embolic obturations. Several batches of respository penicillin were tested for their crystal size in ready-for-injection suspensions. The greatest crystals were found in preparations with a high proportion of benzylpenicillin-procaine. To avoid untoward reactions (Hoigné syndrome, Nicolau syndrome), the recommendations of the Central Expert Committe on Drugs must be considered. Furthermore, the measures required in case of anaphylactic shock are dealt with.


[Biomechanical studies on various methods of osteosynthesis on a photoelastic model of the mandible]. Biomechanical studies on a model of the mandible served to verify the stability of a fracture treated with the techniques of pressure-plate osteosynthesis, traction-bandage osteosynthesis and percutaneous compression osteosynthesis, respectively. Stress distribution in the model were determined photoelastically. In this way, it has been possible to obtain informations about stresses caused by different loads (biting-off, stress on the left or right lateral region). Of the methods of osteosynthesis under investigation, plate osteosynthesis yielded the most stable union of the fragments. Satisfactory values were also achieved by means of traction-bandage osteosynthesis and percutaneous compression osteosynthesis. Consequently, these methods may be regarded as function-stable. Conclusions as to the optimal location of the osteosynthesis material can be drawn from an exact analysis of the stress curves. Maximum stress on the mandible, especially in the anterior region, should be avoided for a least 3 weeks.


[Comparative histological studies of mouth mucosa, gingiva and desmodont in normal guinea pigs and guinea pigs fed a vitamin C deficient diet]. The changes occurring in the oral mucosa, gingivae and periodontium of guinea pigs fed a vitamin C-deficient diet were determined by means of histological comparison with animals on a normal diet. The following results were obtained from the scorbutic guinea pigs: --detachment of the horny layer from the underlying epithelium, --bullous cells in the spinose and the granular layer, --formation of periodontal pockets, --reduction in number and disorientation of collagenous fibres of the periodontium associated with loosening of the molars.


[Pulp diseases in the deciduous teeth. I. Histopathological changes (correlation between microscopic picture and clinical diagnosis)]. Clinical and histopathological examinations of 85 deciduous molars from children aged between 2.5 and 8 years show considerable disagreement between the microscopical picture and the clinical diagnosis according to the classification of WILGA. This calls in question the appropriateness of the histopathological classification for clinical diagnosis. For this reason, the present study was undertaken to elaborate a new classification of pulpal affections in the deciduous dentition with special regard to the various clinical pictures.


[Oral hygiene in Erfurt school children]. The oral hygiene behavior of Erfurt school children was investigated by interviewing and substantiated by means of the OHI. Though 91% of the children had pretended to clean their teeth daily, the OHI values testified to unsatisfactory dental and oral hygiene.


[A ranking scale of the susceptibility to loss of various types of teeth as an additional aid to the decision for the extraction of permanent teeth in orthodontic treatments]. A statistically established rank scale of the predisposition to decay of the different types of teeth permits to evaluate more exactly the sacrifice of masticatory units in orthodontically indicated tooth extraction. Thus, in case of doubt, it gives additional advice on the choice of the teeth to be removed.


[The extraction of the 6-year molars in orthodontic practice]. There is no orthodontic indication for the extraction of sixth-year molars. Nevertheless, one-third of all permanent teeth extracted by us in orthodontic cases terminated within one year were first molars. The indication for the extraction of these permanent first molars was based exclusively on caries incidence. The resultant disadvantages to the course of treatment are discussed from medical and economic aspects.


[Frequency, extent and severity of malocclusions in 401 dental students (Berlin )974)]. In the framework of the complex stomatological examination of 401 dental students from the Humboldt University in Berlin, the author determined, in 1974, on study casts the extent and intensity of tooth malalignment and malocclusion, using the method as indicated by Eismann. The results obtained were analysed for differences according to sex, age and former orthodontic treatment. With regard to their importance, the orthodontic symptoms are evaluated from the aspect of need for orthodontic treatment.


[Results of the application of fluoride varnish within the framework of a public health program for collective caries prevention in the republic of Cuba after a 4 1/2 years course]. Cross-sectional studies, each involving 350 children aged between 6 and 12 years, showed a caries control of 39%. The application of fluoride varnish is recommended as an efficient and simple measure for collective caries prevention.


[Report on the capsule dosage and mixing system. 2. Development, design and mode of action of a mixing machine for dental materials measured out in capsules]. The author presents a mixing apparatus for dental materials predosed in capsules. It is characterized by a novel principle of motion and great efficiency, which permits to triturate, in a short time and the best possible manner, all luting and filling materials suited for mechanical mixing, including amalgam alloys. Redrawings of quick-motion pictures illustrate the mixing process in the capsule.


[The resistance to abrasion of dental materials]. Using a new method, the authors investigated the abrasion resistance of Kallocryl-A with regard to the kind of stress (abrasive or intermittent), the temperature, the depth of the layer of plastic and the number of abrasive movements. The results were analysed for significance by means of the t-test.


[Relationships between occlusal anomalies and caries, periodontal diseases, oral hygiene and temporomandibular joint disorders in 401 dental students (Berlin 1974)]. In 1974, 401 dental students of the Humboldt University in Berlin were examined for caries incidence, periodontal condition, oral hygiene and temporamandibular joint pain. The findings were brought in relation to the extent of extant tooth malalignment and malocclusion (model analysis according to Eismann). Statistical methods were employed to test existing relationship for significance, allowing for age, sex and former orthodontic treatment. The results were evaluated in view of the need for orthodontic treatment.


[Orthodontic studies in children with stunted growth]. Biometrical studies on a group of 43 children with stunted growth showed that stunted growth is associated with smaller dimensions of the upper dental arch. The lower dental arch is not involved. The relationship between the variations in the characteristics under examination are explained with the aid of three basic factors of growth which had been established mathematically. The crown diameters of the permanent teeth are not smaller as in children with normal growth.


[Report on the capsule dosage and mixing system. 3. Suitability testing from a technological and clinical point of view]. The results from experiments with composite filling materials, silicate cements, stone cements, polyacrylate cements, EBA cements and amalgam testify to the suitability of a mixing apparatus already presented (cf. Par II). Apart from industrial predosed products, well known multicomponent materials prepared until now manually, among which Evicrol, were mixed mechanically.


[Dental pulp diseases of the deciduous teeth. II. Clinical classification]. Clinical and pathomorphological studies of various pulpal affections in 55 deciduous molars from children aged between 2.5 and 8 years call in question the clinical appropriateness of the current classification of pulpal affections that makes use of the pathohistological nomenclautre. In this paper, a classification is suggested that is based on clinical symptoms and allows for current methods of therapy.


[Relationship between the retromolar space and the mandibular measurements in Bulgarians]. We examined 412 mandibles from adult males. Using the classic anthropometric methods according to Martin-Saller, we took 17 measurements: length, width, height and angle of the mandible. The data obtained were subjected to variance and correlation analyses. We observed poor correlations for the length of the dental arch, the height of the ascending ramus, the condylar width and the width of the chin; there were medium correlations for the following measurements: mental plane, median plane and angular width in the region of 46, 47, 36, 37 and the thickness of the alveolar portion. The correlations for all the other measurements were high; in some cases, they approximated the normal value.


[The treatment of mandibular fractures, complicated by inflammations in the fracture area, by means of xenogenic cartilage]. The authors used a personal technique for the management of infected jaw fractures. If the fracture cleft was not wider than 1 cm, they performed a surgical revision (having made an incision through the mucoperiosteum of the oral vestibule) and replaced the excochleated gra-ulation tissue (including sequestrums) by lyophilized cartilage. The bone fragments were immoblized by bone sutures previously applied and also by additional plastic splints. The substitution of the cartilage by bone begun 6-8 weeks after the surgical intervention (as evidenced by radiographs); the process had terminated in about 6-10 months, the implanted cartilage being completely replaced by newly formed bone. The observation involved 16 cases. The method is also recommended for treatment on an out-patient basis.


[Maxillofacial tumors subject to registration in the district of Frankfurt (Oder) during the years 1963-1973]. Prior to the opening of the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery of the District Hospital at Franfort-on-the-Oder, important groups of diseases belonging to this speciality were studied epidemiologically on the district level to obtain a maximum of information of the future tasks. From the viewpoints of detection, prevention, diagnosis and therapy, the epidemiology of notifiable tumours in the maxillofacial region was of paramount interest in a district without university and clinic specialized in maxillofacial surgery. The results obtained were used in various ways in preparing the opening of our special clinic.


[Psychological guidance of children during dental care]. Due to the high incidence of caries, affections of the marginal periodontium and occlusal anomalies, the regular preventive and therapeutical care of the children is imperative. For this reason, the motivation of the children toward treatment is of paramount importance. Suggestions are given for long-term and short-term psychopreventive influencing and the management of children of poor co-operativeness.


[Clinical and experimental investigations of the effect of dopamine on haemodynamics and function of kidney and liver (author's transl)]. Increased incidence of renal insufficiency is observed in severe damage of liver parenchyma such as fulminant hepatitis, decompensated cirrhosis of the liver, septic cholangitis and the different forms of obstructive jaundice. Functional circulatory disturbances of the kidney, especially of the renal cortex, are of importance in the aetiology of this condition. Dopamine, at a dosage as low as 3 gamma/kg/min leads to an improvement in renal blood flow and also to an increase in hepatic blood flow. These observations are of therapeutic importance. Some important circulatory and functional parameters of both these organs, which influence each other under normal and pathological conditions, were studied in the presence of dopamine and the following results were obtained: 1. An investigation of the intrarenal haemodynamics with 133 Xenon in patients with severe cirrhosis of the liver and in patients with obstructive jaundice resulted in an increase of 91% in the mean renal blood flow. The blood flow in the renal cortex increased by 36.2% and in the renal medulla 18.5%, whereas the renal fat tissue showed no change. Compartment I, which was diminished as compared with the control value, also increased. The percentage contribution of the mean renal blood flow and the blood flow of the renal cortex towards the cardiac output was greater under the influence of dopamine; hence a greater part of the cardiac output flows into the kidney under dopamine. 2. The glomerular filtrate and the renal plasma flow increased under dopamine (13.5% and 43.1%, respectively). The increase was greater in compensated than in decompensated cirrhosis. In patients with obstructive jaundice there was a smaller increase in both these parameters than in patients with cirrhosis in the presence of dopamine. No connection was found between the increase in renal plasma flow with dopamine and the blood levels of bilirubin, cholinesterase, GOT and the Normotest. 3. The urinary output of sodium increased by 191.4% with dopamine. Patients with an initial renal plasma flow value of over 300 ml/min had a higher sodium output. These patients also eliminated more sodium under the influence of dopamine than those with an initial renal plasma flow value of under 300 ml/min. 4. Blood flow determinations in the portal vein and the hepatic artery in man, obtained during operation, showed an increase in portal flow of 28.5% and hepatic artery flow of 6.3% in response to dopamine. The percentage contribution of portal blood flow towards the cardiac output increase on dopamine administration. The functional hepatic blood flow, analyzed with 131-J-BSP, did not change. The wedged hepatic vein pressure, which is a good measure of portal pressure, increased on average by only 7% with dopamine at a dosage of 3 gamma/kg/min, but by 20.3% with twice the dosage. Dopamine did not cause a change in hepatic blood volume; hence, blood sequestration in the liver can be excluded in response to the dopamine-evoked increase in portal blood flow. 5...


The limitation of screening effect. A review of cervical disorders in previously screened women. In the Frederiksberg screening program from 1962 to 1972 invasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia of the cervix were found in 155 previously unscreened women. In previously screened women 137 lesions were later elucidated, 53 of these at rescreening. If a failure of method of 10 per cent is anticipated, 21 cases were probably missed due to the method chosen. Patient failure was noted in six cases and two cases were missed by insufficient follow-up by the doctor. The importance of a high participation rate is emphasized. The cytologist's error was 19 per cent. Sixty-four cases were estimated to represent new cases developed between screenings. A reduction of cytologist's error is assumed to be the most accessible way of improving screening results.


The cytologic appearance of metastatic transitional cell carcinoma. Seven cases with cytologic material from metastatic transitional cell carcinoma are presented. Three cellular patterns were seen: 1) papillary fragments, 2) cells with a moderate amount of dense cytoplasm and 3) undifferentiated malignant cells.


Cytologic findings in vaginal smears from patients under treatment with cyclophosphamide. A report is given on the vaginal smears of 55 patients with ovarian carcinomas who were treated with cyclophosphamide either alone or in combination with other therapies. The changes occurring under the treatment are demonstrated and compared with the findings before therapy. A shift to lesser maturation depending upon drug dose and the appearance of the so-called "polychromatic and polymorphous near type" are described. This smear type was found in about 60 per cent of all cases and was reversible after cessation of the therapy. The characteristics of the "polychromatic and polymorphous smear type" are presented.


Pancreatitis and pancreatic carcinoma, diagnosed by peroperative fine needle aspiration biopsy. Thirty-seven cases of fine needle aspiration biopsies from the pancreas with histologic control are reviewed. The different cell types are described and illustrated. The cytologic/histologic correlation was very high. Only cells from very highly differentiated cancers were difficult to distinguish from atypical ductal cells. The clinical implications of the cytologic findings are briefly discussed.


The value of cerebrospinal fluid cytology in the early diagnosis of metasttatic retinoblastoma. The cytomorphologic features of exfoliated retinoblastoma cells in CSF processed by a simple micropore filter technique has been described. The role of CSF cytology in the early identification of metastatic retinoblastoma cells, with its influence on treatment and prognosis, is stressed. Retinoblastoma cells in CSF are characteristically small with scanty or absent cytoplasm and hyperchromatic irregular nuclei which tend to be moulded. These cells generally occur singly or aggregated into clusters of various sizes but are seldom seen in typical rosette formation.


Cytologic features of primary leiomyosarcoma of the lung. Report of a case diagnosed by bronchial brushing procedure. This is a case report of a 19-year old woman with primary leiomyosarcoma of the lung. The tumor was successfully diagnosed by the bronchial brushing method under fluoroscopic guidance. Cellular features of the leiomyosarcoma are described in detail.


A benign serous ovarian cystadenoma studied by chromosome and quantitative DNA analysis. In a benign serous ovarian cystadenoma studied by chromosome and quantitative DNA analysis, a diploid mode was found in cells from the cystic wall. The cells from the cystic fluid, however, showed both a diploid and a triploid population. The latter may represent a fist step into malignant transformation.


The proliferative behavior of the human Fallopian tube epithelium. Using autoradiography after in vitro administration of tritiated thymidine a low grade of DNA synthesis had been found to take place in the epithelium of the human Fallopian tube in reproductive and postmenopausal age. No synchronization was found to take place in the menstrual cycle. There seems to be no relationship between tubal renewal and the endogenous hormones of the reproductive system in the human.


The cytologic diagnosis of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri. Four cases are presented of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri. Two are early cases of limited histologic extent and two are more advanced examples. The cytologic features are presented with particular reference to differences between the earlier and the more advanced cases. When the early cases are separated in this manner, a source of diagnostic difficulty, which does not arise in the advanced lesions, is identified and discussed.


Intracellular starch granules in cytologic material. Starch glove powder may contaminate the environment and material removed from patients. When such material is not fixed immediately, starch granules may be ingested by viable phagocytes, possibly giving rise to the mistaken impression that phagocytosis took place in the body of the patient. The presence of phagocytosed material in cytologic preparations should not automatically lead to the conclusion that intravital phagocytosis has taken place.


Cystic papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Diagnosis by needle aspiration with transmission electron microscopy. A case of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland identified by needle aspiration cytology is presented, and correlation between the ultrastructure of the cytologic material and the neoplastic tissue is emphasized. Needle aspiration is recommended for diagnosis of thyroid gland lesions and may allow, without significant risk to the patient, establishment of a specific preoperative diagnosis.


The circulatory effects of intravenously administered ephedrine during epidural blockade. The changes in central circulation following a small dose of intravenously administered ephedrine were studied in middle-aged and elderly patients during high epidural blockade with bupivacaine 0.5% with adrenaline, etidocaine 1% with adrenaline, and etidocaine 1% plain. Itravenously injected ephedrine restored the mean, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures to the preanalgesic value independent of the degree of hypotension, and was not followed by marked hypertension in any case. Although the heart rate did not change, the cardiostimulatory effects were more pronounced than after subcutaneous premedication, resulting in increased stroke volume and cardiac output in all groups. Peripheral vascular resistance increased to the preanalgesic value in the groups receiving bupivacaine adrenaline and etidocaine plain. In the etidocaine adrenaline group, peripheral vascular resistance was little changed, as the cardiostimulatory effects were more pronounced than in the other groups.


Malignant plasma cells in cervical smear. This is a case report of a patient with diffuse multiple myeloma where atypical plasma cells were first discovered on routine blood and cervico-vaginal smears. Subsequent examination of a small endocervical mass and of the bone marrow revealed invasion by malignant plasma cells. Lytic bone lesions and extensive multiple organ system involvement developed despite chemotherapy and the patient expired five months after diagnosis. This case demonstrates that cervical smears, like other cytologic preparations, may contain malignant plasma cells and illustrates the importance of recognizing these cells.


The cytology of chordoma.

The cytology of chordoma. A case is presented in which touch imprints of a neoplasm revealed cells with fine bubbly cytoplasm and intracytoplasmic vacuoles with indentation and displacement of cell nuclei. The cytology of these bubbly or physaliferous cells was useful in establishing the diagnosis of chordoma and in the differential diagnosis of similar soft tissue lesions.


Fluorescamine in cytodiagnosis of thyroid carcinomas. Fluorescamine, which reacts with primary amino groups yielding intensely fluorescent products, was found to induce intense fluorescence in cells from medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma. No fluorescence was detected in cells from follicular or undifferentiated carcinoma or from benign thyroid lesions, except Hürthle cell adenomas, the cells of which exhibited moderate fluorescamine-induced fluorescence. This was demonstrated on fine needle aspiration biopsy smears pretreated with formaldehyde gas. Since the fluorescamine technique is simple and rapid, it may be of value as an aid in the cytodiagnosis of thyroid neoplasms.


Spontaneous regression of a malignant primary bone tumour. A histologically confirmed malignant, primary bone tumour in the pelvis, presumably an osteosarcoma, underwent spontaneous regression. The large tumour was inoperable and gave rise to severe pain as well as difficulty in walking. After 2 years of progression, with increasing desition improved spontaneously, and at present the patient is alive, almost symptom-free, after 6 years follow-up.


Blood volume of children with leukemia.

Blood volume of children with leukemia. Blood volume was measured using 125iodinated human serum albumin in 27 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and in 7 children with various types of leukemia. Total blood volume was normal in patients without marked enlargement of spleen and liver, and increased progressively as spleen and liver size increased. The hypervolemia was entirely due to expansion of plasma volume. In the children with marked hepatosplenomegaly, only hematocrit (but not red cell mass) was below the normal range in most cases. Both hematocrit and red cell mass were subnormal in the majority of patients without considerably enlarged spleen and liver. Therefore, anemia in children with marked hepatosplenomegaly may be partly caused by hemodilution of red blood cells in expanded plasma volume.


Acute lymphoblastic leukemia--hand mirror cell variant: a detailed cytological and ultrastructural study with an analysis of the immunologic surface markers. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was observed in a 22-year-old white female patient and was manifested by normal palelet counts, 50--60% hand mirror cells (HMC) in the bone marrow, and prolonged survival without treatment. The characteristic neoplastic cell had a nucleus within the "mirror" portion and a cytoplasmic uropod forming the "handle" portion. The presence of acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase activity suggested that the cell was a T cell lymphoblast. However, extensive immunologic surface marker studies indicated the cells were non-T, non-B. Terminal transferase activity further supported the lymphoid nature of the cell. The hand mirrow cells were considered a real phenomenon since they were demonstrated on phase contrast microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The cells did not grow in tissue culture and cytogenetics revealed a normal female karyotype. From the above observations, the HMC is a lymphoblast with morphological, cytochemical, and immunological features which may differentiate it from the usual cell in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Therefore, cases involving increased numbers of hand mirror cells in the bone marrow and acute lymphoblastic leukemia require further investigation to elucidate the full importance of this cell. This study represents the first attempt to investigate this cell in detail.


The distinctive features of acute monocytic leukemia. Acute monocytic leukemia is an uncommon form of acute leukemia. Distinctive clinical features include gingival hypertrophy, lymphoadenopathy, coagulation disorders, and lysozymuria. Blast cell morphology and cytochemistry are diagnostic. Receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG have been demonstrated on the basis of a few cases. The drug VP 16-213 has been shown to be very effective in treatment of untreated and previously treated patients.


Vascular complications of thorium dioxide. Vascular complications occurring late after exposure to thorium dioxide (thorotrast) are described in two patients. One patient had both cerebral andmyocardial infarcts and died at age 25 years. Necropsy disclosed both adventitial and intimal fibrosis of the left carotid artery and greater than 75 per cent cross-sectional area luminal narrowing of both the left main and left anterior descending coronary arteries. The other patient, a 33 year old man, had no cerebral symptoms in life but total obstruction of the right carotid artery secondary to a thorotrastoma was found at necropsy. Vascular complications due to thorotrast appear to represent consequences of chronic alpha irradiation.


The use of an anatomic articulator in segmental orthognathic surgery. We have tried to discuss briefly the pertinent theory, mechanics, and clinical use of an anatomic articulator in segmental orthognathic surgery. Many of the concepts and clinical uses of the articulator may be applicable to the full range of orthognathic surgical procedures. Many of the ideas presented here may seem needlessly detailed or irrelevant to the uninitiated. It is this attention to details and thoroughness that ultimately determine how closely our treatment will achieve the "ideal" functional and esthetic goals. We must measure the effectiveness of an anatomic articulator by the three original goals of maxillary segmental surgery: 1. Improvement of the patient's esthetic and facial harmony. 2. Improvement of the centric and functional occlusal relationships. 3. Maintenance of the long-term health and function of the teeth, periodontium, temporomandibular joints, and associated structures. I believe that these three criteria will be more closely achieved by the use of an anatomic articulator in segmental maxillary surgery. If the orthognathic surgeon is to be more than a technician performing prescription surgery, a thorough knowledge of the functional stomatognathic system is essential.


Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii brain abscess in a child with leukemia. A 3-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed a right frontal lobe abscess from which Allescheria (Petriellidium) boydii was cultured. The mycotic infection complicating his underlying disease appeared to be confined to the brain. Surgical drainage and therapy with amphotericin B were followed by eventual recovery with no neurologic deficits.


Pyogenic dental infections: a ten year review. A review is presented of 140 cases of acute dental pyogenic infections. The type of bacteria associated with these infections and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns are discussed and related to earlier reports. The incidence of antibiotic allergy, the principal contraindication to the use of certain antibiotics, has been assessed and appropriate alternative antibiotics are considered.


An approach to the management of temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction may result from a number of causes. Perhaps the commonest is muscular hyperactivity of central origin. Consequently, the dentist has to widen his investigations to take into account the life style of the patient and to deal with the expression of mental stress as muscular tension.


Occlusion and facial pain.

Occlusion and facial pain. The role of the occlusion in the aetiology of reflex jaw muscle hyperactivity and myofacial pain is analysed. Neurological mechanisms are proposed to explain how variations in occlusal morphology of sufficient magnitude (segmental influences), and the presence of anxiety states (suprasegmental influences) affect jaw muscle activity and contribute to myofascial pain. Controlled occlusal therapy may alter the segmental neurological control of jaw muscle activity to facilitate resolution of muscle hyperactivity in acute myofascial pain. Chronic myofascial pain dysfunction is not primarily related to occlusal factors and a complex psychophysiological mechanism is involved in this type of pain problem.


Examination, diagnosis and treatment of occlusal pain-dysfunction. The complaint of chronic oro-facial pain is common, and this often presents as a frsutrating diagnostic problem. Conventional efforts at dental management of chronic pain-dysfunction in the occlusal components, tend to be unrewarding when the tissue degeneration is advanced. However, early treatment and prevention of the signs and symptoms are in the realm of every-day general practice.


Attitudes and preventive dental health behaviour in children with congenital cardiac disease. A study of 114 children with congenital cardiac disease (C.C.D.) and healthy control children was carried out at the Royal Children's Hospital--Melbourne and at the Department of Conservative Dentistry--Melbourne. The C.C.D. group  was divied into Cyanotic and Acyanotic subgroups to assess the influence of the severity of chronic illness on the issues under study. Questionnaires were designed to assess knowledge, attitude and behaviour relating to dental health for eight to ten year old children and their mothers. Detailed clinical examinations were carried out. Findings are summarized in this article.


Periodontal treatment of multirooted teeth. Periodontally involved multirooted teeth constitute a particular problem in periodontal therapy because of the difficulty of eliminating pocketting and producing a post-operative result which allows effective plaque control to be exercised within the involved furcation area. Various methods of treating involved furcations are described together with thier limitations.


Bile salt metabolism. I. The physiology of bile salts. Bile salts are synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, conjugated with glycine or taurine and secreted in bile with cholesterol and lecithin. The molar concentrations of these three lipids determine solubility of cholesterol in bile. Within the gastrointestinal lumen bile salts play an essential role in lipid absorption and faty transport. An efficienct entero-hepatic circulation maintains hepatic bile salt secretion and provides a "feed-back" control of the bile salt and cholesterol metabolism. Potentially hepatotoxic lithocholic acid formed in the intestinal lumen by bacterial action on chenodeoxycholic acid is sulphated in the liver thus decreasing intestinal reabsorption. The total faecal excretion of bile salts balances hepatic synthesis and represents a major catabolic path in cholesterol metabolism.


Bile salt metabolism. II. Bile salts and disease. Alterations of bile salt metabolism have been shown in numerous diseases. Liver damage results in elevated serum bile salt concentrations which may be useful as a sensitive index of hepatocellular disease. Changes in the relative proportions of the individual bile salts in serum occur with cholestasis. Urinary excretion of bile salts, largely in the form of sulphates, increases as a compensatory mechanism. Ileal disease or resection causes bile salt melabsorption. The increase in colonic bile salts produces a watery diarrhoea while the decrease in duodenal levels may cause steatorrhoea. Cholelithiasis may result from alteration in the relative proportions of cholesterol, lecithin and bile salts in bile. The mechanism apparently differs in various conditions predisposing to gallstone formation. A primary alteration of bile salt metabolism has been postulated in several other conditions. Considerable interest centres on the importance of metabolites of bile salts in the pathogenesis of colonic carcinoma. Chenodeoxycholic acid is a successful though costly treatment for selected patients with cholesterol gallstones. Bile salt binding agents, such as cholestyramine, are extremely useful especially in the control of pruritus in patients with cholestasis.


Immunological abnormalities associated with liver disease: cause or effect? Immunological abnormalities are demonstrable in patients with various types of liver damage. These may be (a) non-specific and unrelated to pathogenesis, e.g. auto-antibodies such as anti-nuclear factor; (b) specifically directed against liver antigens but not pathogenetic, e.g. cell mediated immune (CMI) reactions to liver antigen as seen in experimental carbon tetrachloride poisoning; (c) of such a nature as to modify the pathology produced by hepatotoxic agents, e.g. hepatitis B virus or alcohol; (d) primarily responsible for hepatic pathology, e.g. in idiopathic chronic active hepatitis. The latter two possibilities remain unproven although there is growing evidence that immune responses do play some role in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic hepatitis B and possibly also in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. It seems much less likely that primary abnormalities of the immune systems are responsible for any type of liver disease. In summary, therefore, the available evidence suggests that immune reactions could develop as a consequence of liver damage and only in certain circumstances do these reactions play a role in the development and continuation of hepatic pathology.


Effects of triiodothyronine administration in patients with chronic renal failure. Clinically euthyroid patients with severe, chronic, non-thyroidal illnesses usually have decreased serum total and absolute free T3 concentrations. Since T3 is the metabolically more active of the two thyroid hormones, it has been suggested that these patients may be hypothyroid and thus may benefit from T3 therapy. To test this hypothesis, five patients with chronic renal failure requiring maintenance haemodialysis were treated with 5 microgram T3 eight hourly, increasing at three weekly intervals to 10 microgram eight hourly, 20 microgram eight hourly and finally 30 microgram eight hourly. The mean +/- SD serum T3 level did not change over the 12 week period (1.42 +/- 0.17 vs. 1.41 +/- 0.26 nmoll-1 whilst the mean serum T4 and TSH levels fell from 87.0 +/- 15.2 to 47.5 +/- 18.8 nmoll-1 and 1.9 +/- 0.9 to 1.3 +/- 1.6 mUl-1 respectively. Only the change in T4 levels was significant (P less than 0.005). A significant decrease in mean serum T4 levels was apparent even after the treatment period with 5 microgram T3 eight hourly (87.0 +/- 15.2 vs. 51.2 +/- 15.7; P less than 0.005). The mean fasting serum triglyceride level fell from 1.16 +/- 0.74 to 0.94 +/- 0.74 mmoll-1 (P less than 0.05) and the mean fasting serum cholesterol level fell from 6.06 +/- 1.13 to 4.69 +/- 1.10 mmoll-1 (P less than 0.05). There were no subjective improvements in any of the patients. From the marked changes in serum T4 levels during the administration of T3, it is concluded that, prior to treatment, the patients were biochemically euthyroid and not hypothyroid and thus did not require T3 therapy.


Hypertension due to a renin-secreting tumour localised by segmental renal vein sampling. An 18-year-old female was found to be hypertensive on routine medical examination. Further investigation disclosed persistent hypokalaemia and elevated plasma renin activity in peripheral venous blood. Segmental renal vein sampling with assay of blood samples located the source of excess renin secretion in the lower mid-zone of the left kidney. This localization was not confirmed by either angiography or by palpation of the exposed kidney before nephrectomy but macroscopic examination of the freshly sectioned kidney revealed a small tumour in the region suggested by renal vein sampling. The tumour had the morphologic pattern fo an haemangiopericytoma with abundant ultrastructural specific granules and very high renin activity by tissue assay. Plasma renin activity fell precipitously after nephrectomy and remained very low for the first week. Although the immediate post-operative blood pressure fell to normal, hypertension recurred temporarily and was associated with elevated plasma aldosteron, producing a syndrome similar to primary aldosteronism. All variables returned to normal without specific therapy and hypertension has not subsequently recurred.


A case of hepatitis B with pleural effusion. A case of viral hepatitis type B with associated large pleural effusion is repoted. Increased awareness of the association seems of clinical importance and may contribute to knowledge of auto-immune phenomena and the part they play in the inner-relationship of certain diseases.


Acute myeloblastic leukaemia with marrow fibrosis (malignant myelosclerosis): acute leukaemia or malignant myelosclerosis? Malignant myelosclerosis has been described as a rare form of acute myeloproliferative disorder characterised by minimal or absent splenomegaly, cytopenias, circulating myeloblasts and diffuse marrow fibrosis, but distinction between this entity and acute myeloblastic leukaemia with marrow fibrosis is difficult. This report describes a 50-year-old man who presented with features similar to those of malignant myelosclerosis but ther terminal stage was characterised by generalised lymphadenopathy, bone tenderness, marked leucocytosis and myeloblastaemia. Post mortem examination showed multiple chloromata consisting of myeloblasts. These findings suggest that malignant myelosclerosis may be but a variant of acute myeloblastic leukaemia and probably should be treated similarly. A possible association between diagnostic medical irradiation and this acute myeloproliferative disorder is discussed.


The effects of smoking on the lungs.

The effects of smoking on the lungs. The literature relating to tobacco smoking has been reviewed and is discussed under a number of headings. The smoking habits of Australians and people of other countries, the constituents of tobacco smoke and the different types of tobacco are discussed. The effects of tobacco smoke on lung defences and and function are outlined and the evidence relating cigarette smoking to lung cancer in Australia, the UK and the USA is reviewed. The relationship between cigarette smoking and diseases which chronic air flow obstruction is outlined. Differences in smoking-related diseases in males and females and the effects of stopping smoking are included in the discussion.


Inhibitor of hematopoietic cell proliferation derived from a human leukemic cell line. A continuously growing human myeloid leukemia cell line (K562) produced a potent high-molecular-weight inhibitor of hematopoietic cell proliferation. It was most active against myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) and proliferating T lymphocytes; it was less active against erythroid precursors (CFU-E) and did not inhibit fibroblasts or established lines of epithelioid cells or B lymphocytes. Inhibition of CFU-C was by direct interaction rather than by modulation of production of colony-stimulating activity and probably occurred at restricted points in the cell cycle. Inhibition could, within limits, be reversed by washing the target cells. Production of inhibitors of hematopoiesis is not a general property of established cell lines, and only two have thus far been identified in screening of 30 such lines.


[ALL-Associated antigen: occurrence on normal blood cells, cell-lines and leukaemic cells (author's transl)]. The specificity of an antiserum against ALL-cells lacking B- and T-cell markers was characterized. The antiserum was used in several indicator systems to investigate the expression of leukaemia-associated antigens on normal lymphocytes, lymphoid cell lines and various leukaemia cells. The relevance of such antisera for the detection and classification of leukaemic cell populations is discussed.


[PHA- and PWM-stimulation in acute leukaemia (author's transl)]. Peripheral blood cells from patients with acute leukaemia were stimulated in RPMI-medium with Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and/or Pokeweed-Mitogen (PWM). Samples of the cultures were taken at 3, 5 and 7 day intervals for cytological characterization. From 119 cultures from 65 patients 76 cultures from 47 patients could be analysed. Cultures stimulated with PHA and/or PWM showed in 43,4% a higher stimulation rate in comparison with cultures from normal persons. These findings are discussed in relation to the increased agar-colony growth growth of leukaemic cells after in vitro PHA-stimulation and transformation of blast cells.


[Clinical and cell kinetic data on the combination of cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin, isosfamide, thioguanine, and vincristine for remission induction and maintenance in patients with acute myelocytic leukaemia (author's transl)]. 31 adult patients (study A) with acute myelocytic leukaemia were treated for remission induction with cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C, 100 mg/m2/day) by a 7 (5) day continuous infusion. 3 (2) doses of daunorubicin (DNR, 45 mg/m2 i.v.) were added at daily intervals. For maintenance 5 day ARA-C was given monthly in sequential combination with DNR, thioguanine (TG), or ifosfamide (IFOS). 16 (52%) patients achieved complete remission (C.R.) after 1.8 (1-3) courses and 6.7 (3-10) weeks from treatment start. The median survival for responders and non-responders was 11.5 months, early death rate within 6 weeks was 3 (10%). Median remission duration was 13.5 months. Among 11 patients surving for 7-22 months 7 patients are in first remission for 5.5-20.5 months. DNR, IFOS and TG were given before the 3rd day of ARA-C infusion. In a previous group of 34 leukaemic patients and in 44 therapy courses DNA histograms of bone marrow cells using pulse cytophotometry showed marked accumulation in S-phase for 75% of courses. Also (G2 + M)-cells in the DNA distribution and thymidine pulse labelling indices were markedly increased in most cases, whereas thymidine uptake by scintillation counter was diminished and mitotic indices had not changed significantly. In now 15 patients (study B) the induction regimen was intensified by adding vincristine (VCR, 2 mg i.v.) and 3 doses of IFOS (600 mg/m2 i.v.). Preliminary results are 50% C.R. after 1,7 (1-2) courses and 6.8 (5-10) weeks from initiation of therapy. 2 patients died in the first 6 weeks.


Pulmonary granulomas induced by BCG.

Pulmonary granulomas induced by BCG. BCG administered by the multiple-puncture technique has been used in a prospective, randomized study of the adjuvant treatment of patients with osteogenic sarcoma. Pulmonary granulomas were found in the lungs of four of five patients receiving BCG, that underwent thoracotomy for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules within three weeks of the last BCG injection. Except for a single, foreign-body granuloma no pulmonary granulomas were seen in seven randomized patients who did not receive BCG. In addition, two patients receiving BCG had evidence of granulomas in bone marrow and in a mediastinal lymph node. BCG administered by the multiple-puncture technique is capable of causing granulomas at sites distant from that of the BCG application. BCG can cause pulmonary granulomas and these granulomas may be confused with pulmonary metastatic disease.


The Ommaya reservoir: newly recognized complications and recommendations for insertion and use. Two of 27 patients treated with intraventricular chemotherapy via an Ommaya reservoir developed unusual life-threatening complications attributable to the reservoir. In one patient treated for meningeal Burkitt's lymphoma, the cause of death was a large mass of tumor cells growing around the cannula. Also the tip of the cannula was found in the contralateral cerebral peduncle. In the other patient, the tip of the cannula apparently perforated the ventricular wall postoperatively and migrated into the contralateral thalamus. In both cases evidence for methotrexate-associated leukoencephalopathy was present at autopsy. Based on the experience with these two patients, we offer specific recommendations for reservoir insertion and use.


Osteosarcoma: improved survival with anticoagulation and amputation. A study of warfarin anticoagulation as an adjunct to amputation of osteosarcomas was undertaken after finding dramatic results in experimental systems. Anticoagulation was started 7 days preoperatively, continued during the operation, and for up to six months postoperatively. Three of 21 (14%) non-anticoagulated control patients are alive at 5-11 years. Five of 9 (56%) of the anticoagulated patients remain alive 5-8 years. The presumed mechanism of increased survival is an inhibition of fibrin deposition around circulating tumor cells, thereby preventing their adherence to capillary endothelium to initiate metastasis formation.


Prophylactic heparin therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Twenty-four patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia were reviewed. Group I, treated between July 1970 and September 1973, received arabinosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine, and there was one complete remission, with 4/7 dying during induction with intracerebral hemorrhages, and 2/7 dying within one month. Group II, treated between May 1974 and March 1975, received daunomycin and arabinosylcytosine without heparin and 2/8 went into remission, with 6/8 dying during induction, 5 with intracerebral hemorrhages. Group III, treated between March 1975 and November 1976, received the identical chemotherapy as group II but with the addition of prophylactic heparin and there were 7/9 complete remissions, with 2/9 dying with intracerebral hemorrhages. In Group III there was an increased incidence of remission induction when compared to Group II (p less than .05) or when compared to Groups I and II combined (p less than .05). There was also a decreased incidence of fatal hemorrhage in Group III. This suggests that prophylactic heparin is useful during remission induction in acute promyelocytic leukemia.


Phase II clinical trial with vindesine for remission induction in acute leukemia, blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia, lymphosarcoma, and hodgkin's disease: absence of cross-resistance with vincristine. Vindesine, an analog of vinblastine and vincristine, has been submitted to a phase II trial, the results of which are judged in terms of remission induction. A high proportion of remissions were obtained in acute lymphoid leukemia and blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia, and a few responses have been registered in lymphosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease. A continuous 48-hour iv infusion may induce a remission where an iv push of the same dose has failed. The most remarkable characteristic of vindesine is the absence of cross-resistance with vincristine as documented in acute lymphoid leukemia.


Actinomycin D in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Eighteen evaluable children who relapsed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were treated with intermittent, high-dose actinomycin D. Objective responses occurred in four of 11 children who had relapsed with chemotherapy which did not contain an anthracycline. The major toxic effects included thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia. Minor toxic effects included nausea, vomiting, skin rash, and stomatitis. The onset of the maculopapular skin rash coincided with the platelet count nadir. These data suggested that actinomycin D is active in ALL.


Anodal electrotonus using a separate electrode to suppress pain during cavity preparation in labiocervical cavities. A method to apply anodal electrotonus during the cavity preparation in labiocervical cavities was presented. The amount of the electrotonus through a separate different electrode was determined to the maximum allowable current which ranged between 0.1 and 1.5 mA. In 35 teeth from 22 patients, analgesia, starting from the introduction of anodal tonus to the end of the cavity preparation, was observed in 22 (63%) teeth.


Measurement of integral absorbed dose by chemical dosimeter in panoramic tomography. As an aqueous chemical dosimeter for measuring ionizing radiation, the chemical 4,4' (5-chloro-2-thenilidene) bis [N,N-dimethylaniline], a derivative of the leuco triarylmethane compounds was used. This chemical dosimeter is an aqueous solution composed of 10(-4) M leuco compounds, 10(-4) M ferrous ammonium sulfate, 10(-4) M sodium chloride and 7 X 10(-3) M of hydrochloric acid. This solution is colourless but it becomes blue-green or bright blue after irradiation. The optical density of this solution at the main absorption peak of 635 millimicron increases linearly with the increasing x-ray dose of from 50R to 2,000 R and no dose-rate dependence is found from 13.5 R/min to 270 R/min of 60Co gamma-ray, 896 gram rads was the measured value of the integral absorbed dose per exposure in panoramic tomography (Orthopantomograph type OP-2).


Hydroxyapatite-reactive salivary protein revealed by iso-electrofocusing electrophoresis. Salivary protein involvement in the formation of acquired enamel pellicle, so far, has been discussed in terms of hydroxyapatite (HA)-reactive salivary proteins only from the parotid gland. This study was undertaken to seek this type of protein in the human whole (mixed) saliva and to investigate its normal and pathological variations. Several kinds of hydroxyapatite, either biogenous or synthesized by solid phase reaction, were used as a powder (250 mesh). HA was incubated with concentrated whole saliva at 25 degrees for 30 min. After centrifugation and filtration salivary proteins were analysed on a Multiphor isoelectrofocusing gel electrophoresis. The control salivary proteins were separated into three major groups; acidic (A1-A8), neutral neutral (N1-N4), and basic (B1-B3) isoelectric point (pI). In the HA incubated sample, one of the major neutral bands (NI) preferentially disappeared at about pI 7.5. This NI band was missing or scarce in the parotid saliva and had an amino acid composition rich in glycine, lysine, serine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and histidine. This protein was considered to be one of the major HA-reactive proteins in human whole saliva.


Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. IV. Altitudinal distribution of flies belonging to Muscidae and Calliphoridae in Doi Indhanondh Mountain, Chiengmai, in early summer season. The study on the altitudinal distribution of muscid and caliphorid flies was firstly carried out in the Doi Indhanondh mountain in March 1976. Twenty-eight species of muscid and calliphorid flies, belonging to 10 genera, were collected in this study. The calliphorid flies were classified into 7 genera and 19 species (2,442 individuals) and the muscid flies were classified into 3 genera and 9 species (1,061 individuals). The data and figures are shown in this paper.


Resistant level of houseflies to six kinds of synthetic insecticides in Malaysia. The resistant level of the houseflies to six kinds of insecticides, DDT, Resmethrin, DDVP, Baytex, Sumithion and Diazinon, was examined on the seven strains collected in Malaysia. It was found that their susceptibility is rather higher than that of the Takatsuki strain which is a standard strain in Japan. However, their susceptibility to Sumithion was the same or slightly lower than that of the Takatsuki strain. The resistant level to five of six kinds of insecticides was the highest in the strain of Cameron Highland. The values were close to Singh's data in 1973, and this means that the resistance of the houseflies to the insecticides is increasing in Malaysia.


Numerical identification of teeth in Japanese shrew-moles, Urotrichus talpoides and Dymecodon pilirostris. Numerical determination of the teeth of two species of Japanese shrew moles, Urotrichus talpoides and Dymecodon pilirostris (Talpidae, Insectivora), was based on the position of the premaxillo-maxillary suture, comparison of the dentitions of the two species with those of their relatives and the supernumerary tooth. The premaxillo-maxillary suture is situated between the fifth and sixth tooth anterior to the M1, and the fifth tooth anterior to the M1 was determined to be C both in the two species. The supernumerary tooth which appears in the gap between the third and fourth anterior to the M1 of the lower jaw of Urotrichus talpoides was considered as a relic of pdl which seems to have been lost relatively recently in the evolution of this species. It was also shown that the first premolar of the upper jaw of the Urotrichus talpoides and the first premolars of the Dymecodon pilirostris are dihyodont. Retention of the dihyodont first premolars in these species seems to be a primitive character and is significant in determining the phylogenetical positions of these species.