LHRH responsiveness in anorexia nervosa: intactness despite prepubertal circadian LH pattern. Consistent with previous findings, six women with primary anorexia nervosa who underwent 24-hour endocrine studies were all observed to have immature (prepubertal or pubertal) patterns of circadian luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. This abnormality was present despite negligible weight deficit (but active symptomatology) in three of the women. Regardless of the extent of immaturity of circadian pattern, each woman showed a completely normal release of LH in response to the single intravenous administration of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH). These findings provide further evidence for the intactness of pituitary function and for the possibility of a functional hypothalamic disturbance in anorexia nervosa. The discrepant finding in certain other studies of inadequate LH response to LHRH in women with anorexia nervosa is reviewed, and the potential influences of differing variables in these studies and the possibility of a heterogeneous illness are emphasized.


Metallic clip displacement in evaluating tumor recurrence or enlargement: a source of error. The displacement of surgically placed metallic clips by fibrosis and scarring can simulate a recurring or enlarging tumor. A careful correlation with the clinical findings is indicated when this radiographic change is noted.


Occult spinal dysraphism in the geriatric patient. Three patients in their seventies with occult spinal dysraphism are described. All three had tethered spinal cords, intrasacral meningoceles, and severe degenerative lumbar spondylopathy. The mechanism for the late development of symptomatology is related to an acquired lesion, degenerative spinal stenosis.


Introduction to pion radiotherapy.

Introduction to pion radiotherapy. In recent years, radiation therapy has seen an influx of experimental treatment beams. The negative pi meson, or pion, is one such beam. It exhibits complex phenomena that may prove to be a major advance in the radiation therapy of some tumors. This paper discusses the pion beam at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.


Understanding the effects of child abuse. Child abuse is one of the difficult social phenomena with which the technologist directly deals as a part of his professional responsibilities. To be able to respond to all of the child's needs, radiologic technologists need to understand not only the physical effects, but also the psychological effects of the child. Understanding also helps the technologist deal with his own feelings when interacting with either the abused child or the child's parents. The Draw-A-Person test (DAP) was utilized in this study to illustrate visually the effect of abuse on the child's self-image. The subsequent personality characteristics of these children include low self-esteem, withdrawal, extreme forms of impulse control, and self-destructive behavior. Using the DAP, the abused child's self-portrait frequently showed body distortion, lack of detailing and poor sexual identification. In addition, the personality pattern of abusing parents was found to have many of the same characteristics as the personalities of abused children, because many times abusing parents were themselves abused as children.


Resistance of germfree rats to indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions. Indomethacin given orally to conventional rats produced in three days a syndrome, often fatal, of intestinal lesions characterized by multiple ulcers and peritonitis. Male germfree rats were found to be resistant to this effect of indomethacin, while female germfree rats developed very mild lesions. Germfree rats became sensitive again to such lesions when monocontaminated with E. coli. In such animals, however, the lesions were less severe than in conventional animals, presumably because more than one microorganism is necessary for the full syndrome to develop. These results suggest that microorganisms are necessary for the development of indomethacin-induced intestinal lesions. Secondary bile acids, absent in germfree animals, may also be necessary. The prostaglandin deficiency caused by indomethacin appears to weaken the resistance of the intestinal mucosa to microorganisms and/or their toxins. The latter may then penetrate the mucosa, damage the cells and produce ulcers and perforations. Since several prostaglandins also protect against indomethacin-induced lesions, the hypothesis is advanced that certain prostaglandins may protect the mucosa ("cytoprotection") by preventing the spread of microorganisms and/or their toxin through the intestinal wall.


A comparison of buccal (oromucosal) and oral prostaglandin E2 for the elective induction of labor. In 100 clinically-normal women, labor was induced at term by low amniotomy and PGE2. The drug was administered by either the oral or the oromucosal route, the same incremental dose scheme (initial dose of 0.5 mg; hourly increment of 0.5 mg until adequate uterine stimulation or a maximum single dose of 3.0 mg) being applied. Both routes of administration had comparable efficacy and were equally safe. The incidence of abnormal monitoring findings (uterine hypertonus, transient bradycardia and dips II during the first stage; late decelerations, progressive and transient bradycardia during the second stage of labor) and of low Apgar scores were similar. Acid-base and lactate-pyruvate equilibria in mother and fetus were not influenced by the route of drug administration in parous women. In nulliparae treated with PGE2 by the oromucosal route, higher values were found for the fetal-maternal difference in excess lactate than in those given oral PGE2; however, this is probably of little clinical importance.


Adverse reactions to quinidine in hospitalized patients: findings based on data from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. This study systematically analyzed the incidence and variety of adverse reactions to quinidine sulfate in 652 consecutively monitored hospitalized patients. Fourteen percent of the patients sustained adverse reactions of sufficient severity to warrant discontinuation of the drug. These reactions include GI intolerance, cardiac arrhythmias, fever with and without associated hepatic dysfunction or leukopenia, cinchonism, and hemolytic anemia. Cardiac arrhythmias were infrequent and, when present, generally occurred within 3 days of institution of quinidine therapy. There were no quinidine-related fatalities in this study group.


Multiple primary malignant neoplasms. The Connecticut experience, 1935-1964. Results for non-simultaneously diagnosed malignant tumors from Connecticut indicate that individuals with one malignant neoplasm have 1.29 times the risk of developing a new independent primary tumor when compared to individuals who never had cancer (P less than 0.01). However, the increased risk of multiple primary tumors is highly selective on a site-specific basis. Table 135 presents Connecticut Registry data indicating the risk of a subsequent primary malignancy by anatomic site of the later primary in patients with a first primary cancer. Tables 136 and 137 present tabulations for anatomic sites with statistically significant excesses and deficiencies, with an analysis by time interval between the two malignancies. Finally, Table 138 presents figures showing histologic confirmation for site-group paris with significant excesses of observed-over-expected later primary malignant neoplasms. The reader should bear in mind that just as the risk of subsequent primaries varies with the anatomic site of the subsequent primary (Table 135), the risk is also highly dependent upon the anatomic site of the first primary cancer (Chapters 6-12).


Age related changes in pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the male rat. Changes in pituitary and serum concentrations of LH and FSH, determined by radioimmunoassay, were studied after administration of LH-RH to intact male rats of various ages. Although injection of LH-RH resulted in a depletion of pituitary LH and FSH in almost all age groups, thereby increasing the serum levels of these hormones, the magnitude and time course of the effects varied. Serum LH in the prepubertal and pubertal rats was maximal at 10 min after LH-RH injection, whereas the mature animals showed maximal increase only after 30 min. Peak serum concentrations of FSH found at 10 min in the prepubertal animals, but between 30 and 60 min in the pubertal and adult animals. At 35 days of age, significant pituitary depletion of LH and FSH occurred.


[Quantitative bacteriology of sputum and bronchial secretions in patients with chronic bronchitis (author's transl)]. The in vitro and in vivo reproducibility of the quantitative bacteriological analysis of sputum and bronchial secretions has been studied in patients with chronic bronchitis. Sputum produced during bronchial toilet showed a significant higher bacterial numeration than that produced by physiotherapy but the bacterial species identified were identical. No significant variations were observed between the qualitative and quantitative bacteriologic flora of bronchial secretions collected by bronchoscopy from different segments of the airways. Comparison of microbial counts on sputum specimens collected at different periods of the day and at weekly intervals over several weeks revealed that the sputum of clinically stable chronic bronchitic patients contain a relatively constant and potentially pathogenic bacterial flora. The emergence of a superinfection was emphasized by the parallel increase of the leukocytic and bacterial numeration of sputum.


[Arteriography of the limbs of children (author's transl)]. Arteriography of upper and lower limbs will be needed when clinical and conventional radiologic examinations have not established definite diagnoses. Angiography of the upper and lower limbs is particularly important for congenital dysplasias (16 cases) or for diagnosis of tumors (15 cases). Traumatic vascular lesions needed angiography in 18 instances. In hemodialysis for acute renal failure, exogenous intoxication or terminal renal failure the vessels undergo severe strains with various complications. Angiography will have to clear up questions of circulation. Using special instruments for children will avoid risks for them. Angiography represents an important aid which makes exact diagnosis possible in the majority of cases.


[Use of stereotaxic surgery in the treatment of hepatolenticular degeneration]. The utility and the limits of stereotactic surgery in the treatment of neurological disorders of D.E.L. are discussed in relation to literature data and three personal observations. The operatory results are often unsatisfactory and side-effects and sequelae are frequent as well as relapses. Therefore, the operation must be performed only on those patients, who, in spite of a good general prognosis, are strongly disabled.


Marginal leakage along Concise in relation to filling procedure. Bacteria beneath 58 class V Concise restorations on permanent molars in vivo were registered. After an observation period of 1-4 months bacteria were found in all 13 cavities filled with Concise only, in 14 out of 15 cavities filled with resin and Concise, in 12 out of 15 acid-etched cavities with Concise only and in 8 out of 15 acid-etched cavities filled with resin and Concise. Only the difference between the two procedures: Concise only and acid + resin + Concise, was significant. The occurrence of bacteria in the dentinal tubules beneath the cavities was greatest when the cavities had been etched.


Surface etching and subsurface demineralization of dental enamel induced by a strong acid. Intact enamel surfaces were exposed to 20 ml of 0.1% HCl for various periods. When the acid was unsaturated with respect to both hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite the surface enamel was etched away. With time the liquid close to the enamel became supersaturated with respect to fluorapatite but remained unsaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite. Under this condition subsurface lesions developed. These observations are discussed with reference to the use of diffusion-restricting agents in laboratory caries experiments.


Acquired aplastic anemia in adults. IV. Histological and CFU studies in transplanted and non-transplanted patients. A follow-up study of 10 patients suffering from acquired aplastic anaemia, comprising methocrylate-embedded bone marrow biopsies and CFU cultures, is presented. The haematopoietic recovery patterns and changes in the inflammatory infiltration after permanent engraftment could be distinguished from those in non-transplanted patients. After anti-thymocyte globulin treatment followed by allogeneic bone marrow infusion, the recovery pattern resembled that in non-transplanted patients. The persistently low colony-forming capacity in some patients could be explained by the existence of lymphoid inhibitory cells, which suggests an immunologic auto-destructive mechanism.


Morphological differences between sub-populations of human lymphocytes revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Human lymphoid cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to see if a correlation existed between surface morphologic features and the presence of various surface markers and receptors. When viewed by SEM thymocytes appeared as smooth-surfaced cells with few surface microvilli; peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) on the other hand were moderately to densely villate with no entirely smooth-surfaced cells observed. Surface morphology within PBL samples was not uniform, due mainly to variations in the shape and number of microvilli. However, 2 distinctive types of surface morphology (termed Types 1 and 2) were discernable with a small number of cells displaying features of both groups (Type 3). The majority of E-rosette forming cells (T lymphocytes) displayed Type 1 and the majority of cells bearing demonstrable surface immunoglobulin (B lymphocytes) displayed Type 2 morphology. Exposure of PBL to anti-T cell specific ALG resulted in cytolysis of cells with Type 1 morphology while cells with Type 2 morphology appeared largely unaffected. PBL with Fc and C3 receptors displayed all 3 types of morphology. It is concluded that T and B lymphocytes do have subtle but nevertheless discernable differences in surface morphology and within these 2 groups, variations in surface morphology are probably associated with changes in the physiological status of the cell.


Bacteremia after renal transplantation.

Bacteremia after renal transplantation. Of 291 patients who received renal allotransplants in 1964-74, 94 patients developed 121 bacteremic episodes within the first 6 months after transplantation. The death rate was 38%. The bacteremic episodes occurred mainly during the first 2-3 months after transplantation. In 65% of the episodes bacteremia was secondary to urinary tract infections. The bacteria fourn were most often gram-negative rods such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Proteus. Predisposing factors were ureteral complications such as leakage or necrosis of the ureter, leucopenia, immunosuppression, and source of the kidney. The frequency of bacteremia was the same in patients with infectious and non-infectious primary renal disease.


Disseminated varicella infection: treatment with transfer factor in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. Treatment with transfer factor in a patient with disseminated varicella infection complicating stage IV Hodgkin's disease is described. The patient, a 24-year-old woman, showed transient clinical improvement and restoration of immune response to varicella-zoster antigen after receiving transfer factor. Though she later died from septicaemia, further trials of treatment of disseminated viral infection in patients with Hodgkin's disease with transfer factor are indicated.


Rational use of hepatitis B immune globulin. A review is given of present experiences of hepatitis B prevention through the use of immune globulins containing high titres of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen. This type of passive immunization has proved effective after accidental exposure to contaminated material in hospitals and for regular prophylaxis among patients on chronic haemodialysis treatment.


IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses in patients with acute genital and non-genital herpetic lesions determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody method. A total of 112 cases from 12 cases of non-genital herpes simplex, 13 cases of herpes genitalis and 60 selected controls was titrated by the indirect fluorescent antibody method for IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2. Mean titres of IgA against HSV type 1 were 6-8 times higher in patients with acute and recent non-genital herpes simplex than the mean titres of the controls, while the corresponding mean titres were only slightly elevated in patients with herpes genitalis. In this latter group of patients IgA antibody titres to HSV type 2 were 4 times higher than the control titres. IgM antibody titres were not elevated in patients with non-genital herpes simplex, but in patients with herpes genitalis IgM antibodies to HSV type 2 increased to 4 times the normal values 2-4 weeks after infection. Measurement of serum IgA antibodies to HSV types 1 and 2 might be an important diagnostic tool in acute and recent HSV infections.


Malignancy grading of epithelial bladder tumours. Reproducibility of grading and comparison between forceps biopsy, aspiration biopsy and exfoliative cytology. 107 bladder tumours cystoscopically suspected to be malignant were examined morphologically by forceps biopsy, aspiration biopsy and exfoliative cytology. The malignancy was graded from 0 through 4. The reproducibility of each method was established, and was found to be 80%, 65% and 90%, respectively. Exfoliative cytology underestimated the malignancy grade as compared with histopathology (59% of the malignant tumours were not jduged as malignant in the cytological grading), but showed no tendency towards overestimation and gave no falsely postiive diagnoses of malignancy. It is concluded that diagnosis of bladder tumours requires both biopsy and cytological techniques, since they proved complementary in a number of cases. Grading by aspiration biopsy is less reliable but may be of benefit in selected cases where forceps biopsy is less suitable.


Arteriovenous shunting in carcinomas evaluated by a dye dilution technique. In 19 patients with renal carcinomas determination of the renal blood flow and related parameters were determined. In 10 of the kidneys the renal blood flow was higher than 1700 ml/min, in five kidneys the vascular volume was increased and in all kidneys the appearance time of dye in the renal vein was below normal. It is concluded that AV-shunting is present in all renal carcinomas even if they are hypovascularized or cystic. Underperfusion is supposed to be present in the normal renal parenchyma surrounding the carcinoma. The shunted amount of blood can be fairly large, in the present series up to 3 1/2 litre. The dye dilution technique is suitable for studies of the hemodynamics in renal carcinomas.


A gastroscopic and histological double-blind study of the effects of diclofenac sodium and naproxen on the human gastric mucosa. The effects of diclofenac sodium and naproxen on the gastric mucosa were studied in a double-blind trial by gastroscopy, gastrophotography and histological examination of the mucosa in six healthy volunteers. Detectable lesions were evident in the mucosa of four subjects after administration of both drugs, and the lesions were more extensive after the ingestion of naproxen than after diclofenac sodium in all of these cases. The most serious lesions verified by both gastroscopy and histology always occurred after exposure to naproxen. The histology of the gastric mucosa of two subjects with severe lesions showed spotty to moderate chronic superficial gastritis, whereas the overall histological appearance of the mucosa was normal in subjects with  slight or moderate lesions after drug administration. The maximal acid output was positively correlated with the severity of the lesions. Subjective symptoms occurred in one person during diclofenac sodium and in three during naproxen administration.


[Differentiation of lymphocyte populations in the blood of breast-cancer patients]. The number of T lymphocytes has been determined in the peripheral blood of 90 women (65 patients with breast cancer and 25 healthy controls) using a sheep-erythrocyte rosetting technique and a cytochemical method for intracellular localization of a nonspecific acid esterase. Both tests were in agreement in showing a significant depression of T-cell percentage in a group of patients with progressive disseminated breast cancer under hormonal and chemotherapeutic treatment. After radiotherapy a fall in T cells was observed only with the rosetting method. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed.


[Activation of the complement system in different forms of glomerulonephritis]. The complement system may be activated by two pathways, the classical and the alternate. To evaluate their respective participation in different forms of glomerulonephritis, the plasma values of C3, C4, C3PA, C1q and properdin were determined in 70 patients. In systemic lupus erythematosus (LED), acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (AGN) and septicemia the classical pathway appears to be mainly involved, whereas the amplification loop and the alternate pathway seem to be of secondary importance. By contrast, in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) the alternate pathway plays a major role. However, the present data suggest that activation of the classical pathway may often be involved as well. In minimal change glomerulonephritis no signs indicating involvement of the complement system were apparent. Follow-up observation demonstrated a correlation between decreases in plasma complement concentrations and the clinical severity of the primary disease in LED, AGN and septicemia, but not in MPGN.


[Clinical disorders of potassium metabolism]. Renal potassium excretion as the factor mainly responsible for potassium balance is reviewed. Clinical syndromes related to potassium wasting, abnormal distribution between intra- and extracellular space and potassium retention are outlined with reference to the pathophysiologic mechanisms. Some therapeutic considerations are presented.


[Serum protein values in uremic patients, dialysis-patients and patients with transplanted kidneys]. Within three patient groups (1. advanced renal failure, 2. patients under chronic hemodialysis, 3. patients with renal transplants) 16 serum proteins were determined immunochemically employing MANCINIS method. The group mean values for each protein were compared, and the statistical significance of intergroup differences was examined. The most noteworthy results were the following: a distinct increase in prealbumin in all groups, least marked in the dialyzed patients; frequent elevation of alpha2-macroglobulin in the patients with transplanted kidney, but not in the other two groups; a significant increase in beta2-glycoprotein in all groups. Other changes affected several components of the acute phase reactants which were, in part, markedly elevated. On the other hand, alpha1-antitrypsin and transferrin remained largely within the normal range. Possible mechanisms accounting for some of these changes are discussed.


Immune response in the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. The sea urchin shows an immune response to grafted tissue similar to that found in vertebrates. Unrelated animals rejected allografts in about 30 days. Acceptance of allografts was observed for tissue exchanged between some F2 and F3 inbred animals. The percentage  of acceptances reflected the degree of inbreeding. Accelerated second set rejection was also found. These grafts were rejected in one-third of the time compared to first sets.


Suid evolution and correlation of African hominid localities. Recently discovered Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages have allowed complete systematic revision of the sub-Saharan African Suidae. New phylogenies are proposed for the 7 genera and 16 species of fossil and extant representatives. Suids are common elements of African Plio-Pleistocene faunas, and their evolutionary trends, particularly in the species Mesochoerus limnetes and Metridiochoerus andrewsi, are of great correlative value. Suid data are employed in a refinement of stratigraphic correlations at Omo Shungura, Olduvai, and east of Lake Turkana (formerly East Rudolf) and in a correlation of East African and South African sites, with important implications for interpretation of hominid evolution. The suid record also bears significantly on questions of theoretical evolutionary biology.


Nonunion of the femoral neck and avascular necrosis of the femoral head: treatment with bone grafts. The use of full-thickness iliac bone grafts shaped into cigar and cigarette forms in the treatment of nonunion of the femoral neck and idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head was studied. Results of 36 operations (18 hips in each category) were classified according to pain, range of motion, function, and roentgenographic appearance. Follow-up with a two-year minimum revealed that bone grafting contributed to a successful result in the nonunion group with 17 hips uniting. Thirteen hips with avascular necrosis, however, showed progression of disease and were classified as failures. In light of these results, bone grafting in the treatment of idiopathic avascular necrosis must be questioned.


Biology of psychoses: past research and new frontiers. This paper reviews major research developments in the biology of mental illness. Theories concerning schizophrenia and affective disease are shown to be based on the mode of action of drugs discovered in the 1950s and used in the treatment of these disorders. Discovery of the endorphins and the development of a new receptor site neurobiology are shown to have a potential major impact on the future of psychiatric research.


Indications for and results of coronary artery bypass surgery. The natural history of angina and the influence of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafting on the relief of symptoms and survival are reviewed. Indications and contraindications for coronary surgery and the complications and results of operation are discussed. Coronary artery surgery is occasionally indicated in situations other than angina, such as in selected cases of unstable angina, arrhythmias and acute myocardial infarction.


Infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease): a case report. An infant in hospital unexpectedly developed infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey's disease) while under-going treatment for an unrelated illness. The presentation of the disease was classic and there was marked thrombocytosis. The aetiological possibilities are discussed.


Bumadizone calcium in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind crossover trial of bumadizone calcium (Eumotol), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been carried out in 56 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. On both objective and subjective criteria bumadizone was superior to placebo and paracetamol at a statistically highly significant level (P less than 0,01). When tested against acetylsalicylic acid, bumadizone was more effective in 13 patients and less effective in 4 patients. Although this does not represent a statistically significant difference it does suggest that its anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities are at least equal to those of salicylate in high dosages. There were no serious side-effects in  the patients who received bumadizone and the drug was better tolerated than either acetylsalicylic acid or paracetamol.


Diclophenac sodium, oxyphenbutazone and placebo in sports injuries of the knee. In a double-blind between-patient study of 69 patients with sports injuries of the knee, diclophenac sodium (Voltaren) was significantly superior to oxyphenbutazone (Tanderil) and placebo in improving the degree of swelling and the condition of the injured knee. Both drugs were superior to placebo with regard to analgesia by the second day of treatment. In addition, diclophenac sodium significantly improved the condition of the injured knee by the end of the trial. Three patients dropped out of the trial for reasons not related to the drug. Two patients in the diclophenac sodium group failed to complete the trial due to rapid recovery and 1 each in the diclophenac sodium and oxyphenbutazone groups because of poor tolerability. Nine patients who completed the trial reported mild to moderate side-effects, consisting mainly of drowsiness and nausea.


Clinical trial of tolmetin and aspirin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind crossover, within-patient trial was conducted, to compare the efficacy of tolmetin (Tolectin; Ethnor) with that of aspirin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Tolmetin significantly improved morning stiffness (P less than 0.01), while aspirin was superior in reducing the number of painful joints (P less than 0.001) and the articular index (P less than 0.01). Tolmetin, in marked contrast to aspirin, was well tolerated, producing virtually no side-effects. An elevation of the alkaline phosphatase was noted in 4 patients on tolmetin therapy. When used after aspirin, tolmetin had a significantly adverse effect on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P less than 0.05). The results of this study indicate that tolmetin is a useful addition to the therapeutic agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, because of its ability to reduce morning stiffness and its lack of side-effects.


Translocated intra-uterine contraceptive devices and missing strings. The incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, possible aetiology and methods of treatment of translocated intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) and 'missing strings' are described. Details of 104 such patients, treated at Baragwanath Hospital over a period of 12 months, are given. Four unusual sites of translocation are described.


The hazards of subclavian vein catheterization. Practical considerations and an unusual case report. A case of intrapleural displacement of a piece of catheter as a complication of subclavian vein catheterization is reported. A brief review of the literature concerning complications of subclavian catheterization is presented, together with a logical classification and methods of prevention.


A microbiological study of gastro-enteritis in Black infants. A survey was carried out to determine the aetiological agents responsible for acute gastro-enteritis in Black infants. Bacteriological examination of 191 patients and 178 age-matched controls showed that salmonellae and shigellae together accounted for only 15% of cases and were harboured by almost 7% of controls. Seropositive 'enteropathogenic' Escherichia coli was an important cause of diarrhoea, especially in the summer months. Enterotoxin-producing E. coli was not a significant cause of gastro-enteritis in this study. This study suggests that routine serotyping of E. coli from infantile gastro-enteritis should be continued until the relationship of serotype and enterotoxigenicity with enteropathogenicity has been established. Rotaviruses were detected by electron microscopy in 14,4% of children. The clinical features associated with the different infectious agents are described.


The nephrotic syndrome in Malawian blacks. This study deals with the nephrotic syndrome in 34 Malawian Blacks, Plasmodium malariae infection and the use of mercury-containing skin lightening creams (Butone 3) must be included among the usual causes of nephrotic syndrome in the Malawian Black.


Ionizing radiation causing a risk of cancer in man: a short review and a discussion. An attempt has been made to present, in short review, the most important carcinogens that have been implicated in the development of cancer in the various organ sites of the human body and to demonstrate the relatively minor role played by ionizing radiation, especially radiotherapy, in causing a risk of cancer in man.


Synthetic absorable sutures.

Synthetic absorable sutures. Based on the many reports published in the past several years, the synthetic absorbable sutures have been recognized as an important step forward in the history of suture materials. Synthetic absorbable sutures have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for almost all surgical uses with the exception of certain cardiovascular and neurologic surgical procedures in which nonabsorbable sutures are mandatory, as, for example, in the suturing of a prosthesis to tissue. They have been used in many thousands of surgical operations of many types and show prospects of replacing other absorbable suture materials traditionally used in surgical operations. Moreover, because of their retained strength and low tissue reactivity, the synthetic absorbable materials are being used in some procedures in place of nonabsorbable materials. Thus, instead of using several different suture materials during some operations, the surgeon may find himself using one synthetic absorbable suture in different sizes for an entire procedure.


Tension free closure of large meningomyelocele defects. A technique for closing large meningomyelocele defects without tension has recently been developed by the authors. The technique utilizes bilateral bipedicle flaps developed from verticle flank incisions. The bipedicle flaps are advanced medially and approximated in the midline. The lateral defects created by this maneuver are closed transversely. The outer margins of the bipedicle flaps are left free until the flaps become adherent to the underlying tissue. This technique has been used in the repair of 12 large meningomyeloceles. The width of the average lesion was 6-7 centimeters, the largest lesion was 11 centimeters. In each case the width of the lesion exceeded one-half the width of the back. In all cases a tension free closure was achieved. There were no significant wound complications. The use of this technique has greatly facilitated the treatment of children with large meningomyelocele defects.


Electronic radiography in neurosurgery.

Electronic radiography in neurosurgery. The authors describe the use of electronic radiography or short-exposure fluoroscopy with concurrent video recording of images in neurosurgery. The technique is applicable to all neurosurgical procedures in which fluoroscopy is used, such as transphenoidal surgery, trigeminal RF rhizolysis, percutaneous cordotomy, etc. With the use of subtraction techniques and intra-operative angiography, vascular maps of the cerebral vascular system can be made that allow the surgeon to puncture or to avoid vascular structures during stereotaxic procedures. Besides a great reduction in radiation exposure, this technique offers new advantages and potential for neurosurgical and neuroradiological interventional procedures.


Computed tomography in spinal dysraphism. Computed tomography of the spine has been used to evaluate patients with spinal dysraphism. With this technique, the nature of soft-tissue masses can often be correctly diagnosed and the underlying bony anomalies clarified.


Quantitative radioisotope ventriculography: a comparative study. This report deals with quantitative techniques of isotopic ventriculography. In a series of 25 hydrocephalic patients, several parameters have been studied. An effort has been made to determine which of them is more significant when compared with the clinical course of the patients. Confidence intervals for population mean of this parameter were calculated. The results can be of clinical use in deciding if the clinical course of a hydrocephalic patient is arrested or progressing, and in assessing the advisability of surgical intervention.


Electronic stethoscope for detection of cerebral aneurysm, vasospasm and arterial disease. A specially designed acoustic stethoscope electronic-computer-analysis system has repeatedly detected and identified angiographically demonstrated anteriorly located intracranial aneurysms by their characteristic signals. The system has detected and measured clinically significant disease in the carotid siphon and bifurcation, even in cases with normal angiograms, and has recorded the onset and disappearance of cerebral vasospasm. Our data suggests that an aneurysm may act as a flexible Helmholtz resonator, possibly being driven by vortex shed or turbulence. Our goal is the development of a safe, non-invasive method by which the physician could investigate warning symptoms of aneurysms, cerebral vasospasm, and arterial disease in order to recommend preventive surgery or medical treatment early before the patient's condition might deteriorate. Individual cases, falsely positive and negative results are discussed.


A reappraisal of the role of splenectomy in children receiving renal allografts. Four renal allograft recipients between 8 and 14 years of age died of acute fulminating infections less than 72 hours after the onset of symptoms. These patients all had undergone splenectomy at the time of related donor renal transplantation. Because the therapeutic value of splenectomy in renal transplantation has not been established, the role of adjunctive splenectomy is evaluated, and the relationship between splenectomy and overwhelming infection is discussed. As a result of these acute deaths in 4 of 62 children undergoing renal transplantation at this institution (6.4%), splenectomy in conjunction with renal transplantation in children has been discontinued.


Current approaches to the diagnosis and management of choroidal melanomas. Although malignant melanoma of the uveal tract is well known as the most common primary intraocular malignancy, many questions exist regarding the best approach to its diagnosis and treatment. In the past, diagnosis has been made by direct ophthalmoscopy alone and errors resulting in unnecessary enucleation have been frequent. However, recent studies have shown that the adequate use of new techniques such as indirect ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, ultrasonography, and the 32P test can reduce the incidence of error substantially. A 12-step procedure for diagnosis utilizing these aids is outlined. Traditionally, enucleation has been accepted as the treatment of choice. However, with earlier and more accurate diagnosis, alternative treatments are being applied in selected cases. Although photocoagulation, irradiation, cryotherapy, diathermy and local resection of choroidal melanomas have been used with some success, these methods require further trial and followup before their value can be established. Techniques and indications for use of these procedures are discussed, and the complications and potential effectiveness of each is evaluated.


The effect of general anesthetic agents on intraocular pressure. General anesthetics may have diverse effects on intraocular pressure, possibly leading to serious complications such as vitreous loss and iris prolapse. Clinical and research findings on the effects of depolarizing and nondepolarizing agents are discussed, and methods of avoiding or counteracting adverse reactions are summarized.


Historical perspectives on photocoagulation. Benjamin Franklin may share a prominent place in the history of photocoagulation. He devised an uncomplicated experiment showing the effect of color on the absorption of light by solids and its conversion into heat motion of the molecules. His experiment and the related experiments of others leading ultimately to the development of photocoagulation techniques are discussed.


[Mechanizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in repressive testing for Trichinella spiralis infections in fattening pigs (author's transl)]. The constuction of and procedure adopted in a rail system for use in a macro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are described. This method is used in the serodiagnosis of Trichinella spiralis infections in fattening pigs. Two persons will be able to test 4,000 sera daily using this system.


[Vaginitis in the bitch (author's transl)]. During a period of two and a half years (2 1/2), sixty-two patients wre submitted to the Department of Veterinary Obstetrics and Gynaecology, where a diagnosis of vaginitis was established. These patients often were young large dogs. Most of the females showed a vaginal discharge, although some bitches were only very attrative to males. There were no complaints concerning the general physical condition of the patients. On clinical examination, the vulva was found to be swollen. Exudation was also frequently observed, externally (vaginoscopy). Ninety per cent of the patients showed normal haemograms. On bacteriological examination, streptococci, E. coli and pasteurellae were often isolated. As a rule the bitches were treated locally (deeply intravaginal), the choice of the drug depending on the results of bacteriological examination. Another bacteriological examination was made after treatment. An inquiry was made into the results of treatment in these sixty-two dogs, wherever possible. On the other hand, the prognosis in those bitches in which bacteriological examination is negative at the time of discharge from the department is likely to be better than it is in those in which bacteriological examination is still positive at that time. The extent to which vaginitis may influence fertility is not known at the time of writing. The differential diagnosis of vaginitis and endometritis may present difficulties.


[Influence of radiation-induced electrolytic shifts upon the metabolism: VII. On the question of equivalence of K+-loss and Na+-uptake (author's transl)]. Irradiated and nonirradiated yeast cells in three different metabolic conditions were incubated with four different culture mediums at various K+/Na+-concentrations and with or without glucose. The losses of K+ and the incorporation of Na+ are analysed after five hours and represented as balance values. Equivalent shifts appear in metabolic stagnation but not with metabolizing cells. The balance values nevertheless are equal in irradiated and in nonirradiated samples. This means that the radiation-induced additional exchange always is equivalent. This finding indicates a membranous modification as cause of radiation-induced electrolytic shifts.


[Risk evaluation of neoplasms relevant to jaw surgery]. The authors evaluate the risks of tumours and growth processes in the maxillofacial region. The tumours and growth processes in question are so-called semi-malignant tumours with tendency to locally limited infiltration, intra-epithelial carcinomata, precanceroses with abnormal epithelial growth and usually benign tumours with increased risk of degeneration. The clinicopathologica characteristics of these neoplasms are discussed, and recommendations for discriminating therapy are given. The clinician should use, by early detection and treatment, the primarily lower riskiness of these processes for the complete healing of patients affected with these diseases.


[Delimitation of indications for an endosseous implantation method in preprosthetics]. On the basis of observations over almost 6 years, the author endeavoured to elaborate criteria for the intra-osseous implantation technique according to Linkow. The present results permit the statement that this technique may be a valuable contribution to the spectrum of preprosthetic therapy on condition that its indication is very carefully established and that it is performed lege artis.


[Comparative studies on the bacteriostatic effect of "Grisaldon" and "Cholinesalicylate gel"]. The authors present a choline salicylate gel at present on trial and compare it, by means of microbiologic studies, with Grisaldon as to composition, consistency and bacteriostatic properties. Choline salicylate showed a good bacteriostatic effect. As to Grisaldon, the conditions are considerably less favorable due to the poor solubility of acetylsalicylic acid.


[Studies on the spacial aerosol spreading during the use of turbines]. When treating hard tooth structures with a turbine instrument, a polydisperse aerosol is formed from the turbine exhaust air and the cooling-water spray and by the rotation of the abrasive tool. The oral cavity repels this aerosol that is contaminated with micro-organisms and particles of enamel and filling materials. The present paper deals with the spatial propagation of the aerosol cloud in front of the patient's mouth in relation to the site of impact of the turbine instrument. Recommendations are given for practice to reduce the possibilities of infection.


[Preparation of the remaining teeth and the prosthesis support]. It has been proved again and again that preparatory measures are essential prerequisites for durable prosthetic treatment results which are satisfactory from the functional and prophylactic viewpoints. Therefore, it is recommended to prepare the patient for treatment and to pretreat with equal care both the remaining teeth and the edentulous jaw regions that will be used as supporting structures.


Studies on the strength of HLA antigens in related donor kidney transplants. From a study of 3,171 related donor kidney transplants several points of interest emerged: 1. HLA-identical sibling transplants survive at a rate of approximately 85% at 1 year, regardless of whether two, three, or four HLA antigens are identified. 2. Offspring donor transplants survive at similar rates, regardless of whether the recipient is a mother or a father. 3. Transplants from uncles or aunts survive at similar rates as parental donor transplants. 4. Non-HLA antigens contribute approximately 15% to the 1-year kidney transplant failure rate. 5. The strength of an HLA haplotype is reflected in a difference of approximately 15% in the 1-year graft survival rate. 6. The strength of a single HLA antigen contributes about 4% to the 1-year graft survival. 7. The HLA-A or -B loci and antigens of different HLA specificities are roughly of equal immunogenicity. 8. The relative strength of HLA antigens in human kidney transplants is best shown in the well controlled situation of related donor grafts.


Analysis of histoincompatibility in a natural population of the bisexual whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus tigris. Histoincompatibility was analyzed to describe as precisely as possible the sequence of gross morphological events taking place during allograft rejection among closely related conspecifics from a natural population of the bisexual lizard Cnemidophorus tigris. Two types of rejection were noted, depending on whether the grafts were sloughed or not. Abrupt rejection was typically characterized by hemorrhaging of the graft site, scale dissolution, and eventual sloughing of the graft. This process occurred in a graded sequence. Acute rejection occurred from 15 to 20 days, subacute from 30 to 45, and subchronic from 60 to 90. In the gradual form of rejection, the allografts were gradually replaced by host tissue during a period ranging from approximately 100 to 350 days post-transplantation. Such a gradation observed in both the abrupt and gradual categories suggests that large numbers of genes and/or alleles are responsible for the antigenic properties of skin in these lizards.


Cytotoxic versus immunoblocking effects of specific alloantibodies: effects of IgM, IgG, and IgG2 on rat kidney allograft survival. Passively introduced IgM alloantibodies of antidonor specificity regularly led to decreased kidney allograft survival times, whereas IgG alloantibodies from the same hyperimmune sera had a specific immunoblocking effect that promoted prolonged allograft survival. These strikingly opposite effects as a function of antibody isotype occurred across both strong H-1 (Ag-B) and moderate non-H-1 histocompatibility barriers. However, IgM and IgG directed against non-H-1 specificities were far more effective, respectively, in either curtailing or prolonging renal allograft survival. In the Fischer to Lewis strain combination, this was reflected in a 4-fold diminution in median survival time of IgM-treated recipients from 115 to 31 days, in contrast to indefinitely prolonged survival of IgG-treated recipients (greater than 350 days). Purified IgG2 alloantibodies proved as effective as the whole IgG fraction in passively promoting long-term renal allograft survival across a strong H-1 barrier. Conflicting data from other sources is evaluated. Possible mechanisms of specific immunoregulation are briefly discussed in relation to antibody properties of specificity, idiotype, class-subclass, and avidity-affinity.


Twenty-four hour canine renal preservation by pulsatile perfusion, hypothermic storage, and combinations of the two methods. A comparison of the effectiveness of two renal preservation techniques was studied in 30 cannine renal pairs. In the absence of warm ischemia, 24-hr preservation by pulsatile perfusion was not significantly superior to hypothermic storage. When 15 min of warm ischemia was added as an additional insult, pulsatile perfusion afforded significantly better early function than cold storage. Combinations of pulsatile perfusion and hypothermic storage following 15 min of warm ischemia were superior to hypothermic storage alone, but inferior to pulsatile perfusion. Kidneys initially perfused for 6 hr and then cold-stored functioned slightly better than kidneys perfused for 18 hr after initial cold storage.


Pharmacologic agents of potential value in protecting kidneys from ischemic damage. Use of metabolic inhibitors has been proven useful in hypothermic anoxic storage. The data are sparse about its effects in machine preservation when the hypothermic organ is oxygenated and metabolizing, although at a slow rate. Concentration of a particular drug is also important. They can, in fact, be injurious at wrong concentrations. Various drugs have been proven to be beneficial in protecting kidneys from ischemic injury. At present, methylprednisolone seems to be the best agent, offering a predictable and complete protection, thereby justifying its use in all donors where there is reasonable suspicion of warm ischemic damage.


Renal donor pretreatment with cytotoxic agents: immunologically ineffective and damaging to the graft. Simultaneous double renal allografts were performed in 32 dogs to evaluate the effect of pretreatment of the donor kidney with either Medrol, cytoxan, and methotrexate or medrol and procarbazine. There was no prolongation of survival of treated allografts. Immunosuppressive therapy for the transplanted animal unmasked a pretreatment injury of the pretreated kidney. Treatment of an autograft kidney in an intermediate host produced a cytotoxic tubular lesion in the kidney and also appeared to protect the kidney from the double ischemic insult incurred during the transplantation procedure. Pretreatment of dog donors of renal allografts with cytotoxic agents thereby offers no immunologic advantage for graft survival and produces a cytotoxic tubular lesion that is detrimental to kidney survival when ischemic and immunologic injury is minimal.


Biologic, pathologic, and radiologic studies of cadaver kidneys preserved in Collins' solution. Collins' solution is one of the world-wide methods used for kidney preservation. A long-term survey of transplanted kidneys thus preserved has never been reported. Clinical, biologic, radiologic, and pathologic data collected from 225 cadaver kidney transplantations were analyzed according to the total ischemic time (group 1: TIT less than or equal to 12 hr; group 2: TIT 12-30 hr). No differences could be demonstrated between the two groups, whether considering the percentage of immediate function, the serum creatinine level that was normal up to 2 years, the incidence of abnormal blood pressure, the pathologic changes on routine biopsies performed at 6 months and 2 years, or arteriographic features at 2 years. A better graft survival rate was consistently found at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years when TIT was between 12 and 30 hr. This could be related to the higher incidence of well-matched kidneys in this group of patients, thereby emphasizing the efficiency of exchange programs for compatible kidneys.


Lung transplantation update.

Lung transplantation update. This review has indicated that there is decreased activity in research of experimental lung transplantation and a virtual cessation of lung transplants in man. Several groups are continuing active research in various aspects of the lung transplantation problems, but it is suspected that a greater effort will be required before transplantation of the lung will become commonplace for human patients. In the appendix attached to the bibliography, we have attempted to identify groups of investigators by geographic locations in the hope of allowing a better comprehension of where and by whom research and lung transplantation is being conducted so that better communication can be established among workers in the field.


[Resistance to phage MS2 induced in E. coli by infection with that phage]. A sensitive cell of E. coli AB 259 Hfr 3000 infected with RNA-containing phage MS2 produces phages and simultaneously continues to divide showing a segregation of sensitive cells which maintain new cycles of the infection. Phage multiplication in the sensitive cell induces phage-resistant forms in the progeny of this cell. The described phenomenon is not caused by selection of pre-existing F--cells, but may result from a direct interaction of phage products with the episomal DNA coding proteins for F-pili. The elucidation of the mechanisms of this phenomenon may pave the way to studies of the DNA- and RNA- containing genome interaction within the cell, the mechanisms of persistent infection and the causes of different degrees in phage virulence.


Bartter's syndrome.

Bartter's syndrome. The syndrome of juxtaglomerular hyperplasia with hypokalemic, hypochloremic alkalosis, aldosteronism, hyperreninemia, and normal blood pressure may be familial, and is probably inherited as a recessive trait. It can usually be distinguished from salt-losing chronic glomerulo-nephritis by the histologic appearance of the kidneys, and by the absence of sodium "leak" with a low-sodium intake. Urinary, and thus renal, prostaglandin E is increased in the untreated patient: when this is lowered with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, the plasma renin and aldosterone decrease, and the plasma potassium concentration rises. These and other results suggest a partial control of renin secretion by prostaglandin E, and also suggest that prostaglandin E is an essential feature of the syndrome; it may, indeed, be a "proximal" cause of all the essential features.


Neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is the most common solid malignant tumor in children. The prognosis is poor, and despite varying chemotherapy and radiation regimens, its status has not been altered much in the past 20 years. Seventy per cent of the patients have abdominal neuroblastomas, which carry the worst prognosis of all the possible sites for the disease. Seventy per cent of the patients have metastases at the time of diagnosis. Survival is best in children under one year of age and in those patients (8 per cent) who are fortunate enough to have only stage I disease. Stage IV disease has only a 3 per cent survival rate. Surgical removal of the tumor is still the primary therapy; irradiation is of significant benefit in patients with stage III disease. Immunotherapy offers an optimistic modality for future improvement in survival rates.


Radiologic approach to adrenal lesions.

Radiologic approach to adrenal lesions. A large number of radiologic studies are currently (or will soon be) available for the evaluation of adrenal lesions. In any given set of clinical circumstances only selected studies will be necessary, and it is important that full clinical and laboratory evaluation be performed before proceeding to radiology, so that only the needed studies are performed. This approach will provide the highest degree of accuracy with the least risk and cost for the patient.


[Results of clinical trials with the cation exchange preparation campanyl in the therapy and metaphylaxis of calcium-containing urinary calculi (author's transl)]. The efficacy of the cation exchange preparation Campanyl (T1286) was tested in the treatment and metaphylaxis of calcium-containing urinary calculi. For this purpose, in vitro experiments, animal exeriments, orienting clinical studies in 79 patients, and a long term clinical trial in 42 patients over 12 months were undertaken; 22 of the latter patients are also still being treated with the cation exchange preparation, the observation period for 15 patients being 3 1/2 years and 2 1/2 years for 7 patients. As a result of these studies a lowering of the medium calcium excretion and a reduction of calculus discharge by more than half was achieved in the patients being treated with the cation exchanger, without restriction of calcium in the diet. There was not yet seen litholysis. Serious side effects or an influence on the serum electrolytes was not recorded with Campanyl (T1286).


Treatment of complicated urinary tract infections with amikacin: comparison of low and high dosage. A randomized prospective study was carried out comparing the recommended dose of amikacin sulfate (Amikin) (15 mg./Kg.) with a lower dose (7.5 mg./Kg.) in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. A total of 50 patients were entered in the study over a period of sixteen months. Bacteriologic results were comparable in both groups. Laboratory values remained normal with the exception of 1 patient in the high-dose group who had renal insufficiency. No evidence of ototoxicity was recorded. Our data indicate that low dosage amikacin sulfate is satisfactory in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections.


Technique for extracorporeal resection of dissecting renal arterial aneurysm with renal autotransplantation. A progressively enlarging dissecting aneurysm of the right renal artery secondary to fibromuscular dysplasia presents a difficult surgical problem. We present a technique of extracorporeal approach for correction of such aneurysm in a patient with dissecting aneurysm and hypertension. This technique utilizes a Teflon patch graft to facilitate the arterial anastomosis of the renal autotransplantation.


The management of special problems associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular pemphigoid. Various surgical treatment methods were outlined that are currently used in treatment of the severe chronic contractual changes seen in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and ocular pemphigoid. All methods described are not 100% successful in view of the chronicity of the disease, but have greatly aided in delaying the destructive course of action because of various degrees of cicatricial entropion formation. The potential association of ocular pemphigoid with Phospholine Iodide medications in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma is under investigation.


Bilobed chest flap.

Bilobed chest flap. The bilobed chest flap is presented as an additional method of reconstruction in head and neck surgery. The flap is a combination of two previously described flaps: the deltopectoral flap and the anterior-superior-oblique chest flap. It is based on four perforating vessels supporting an area of 480 to 560 sq cm. The superior and inferior lobes can be used simultaneously for external cervical coverage or in combination for external coverage and internal lining. The importance of this flap is appreciated in the patient who needs two deltopectoral flaps but who has had previous chest surgery on one side, or in one who requires two deltopectoral flaps with a planned fistula which then requires a third flap for closure.


Lower urinary tract pathogens in the dog and their sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Ninety-six urine samples were collected by a sterile technique from 75 dogs affected with urinary tract disease (cystitis, urolithiasis, prostatitis, etc) involving bacteruria. The infecting organisms were isolated and tested against sensitivity discs (penicillin G, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole/trimethaprin and Sulphatriad). The commonest isolate was Escherichia coli, which was generally sensitive to several agents, though in eight cases it was resistant to all drugs. Next in order were Streptococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus spp. A double infection was present in 11 cases. Further data give a breakdown for sex and the clinical diagnosis, neither of which was related to any particular organism.


[Studies of immunity in mastitis in cows]. Studies were carried out to establish the specific antibodies in the milk and blood sera of cows recovered from a spontaneous infection of the udder caused by streptococci, staphylocci, Corynebacteria, and some representatives of Escherichia coli as well as of cows immunized with a polybacterial vaccine. Followed up was likewise the resistance of the udder in vaccinated cows to bacterial infections. It was found that in both groups of animals the specific antibodies' titer ranged from 1:80 to 1:1280. Cows vaccinated in the eighth month of pregnancy developed immunity that varied in its effect, however, was able to protect the udder during the following lactation from infection caused by the respective bacterial specie against which the vaccine was produced.


[Laboratory studies of the urine in suppurative surgical infection in cattle]. One hundred and eight cattle (20 controls, 14 with an experimentally induced and 74 with spontaneously occurred suppurative surgery infection) were studied in terms of their general condition and some of the urine indices--pH, specific weight, proteins, urobillinogen, acetone, sugar, blood, urea and sediment. It was established that when the general status deteriorated and death occurred the urine pH value rose (by 1--1.5), and the specific weight was 0.005--0.010 higher, while the level of urina urea dropped by 0.5--0.6 g%. In 89 per cent of the investigated animals there were 0.1 per percent proteins, and the sediment consisted of 20--30 erythrocytes, from sporadic to 10-12 leucocytes, and from single to 5--6 kidney epithelium cells per field. In 38.8 per cent of the cattle affected with suppurative processes there were tripelphosphates in the sediment. Urobillinogen was found in 63.6 per cent of the cases. Suppurative infections caused by Corynebacterium pyogenes are accompanied by greater changes in the sediment. In almost all of the recovered animals the urine indices came back to normal.


Circular dimers of a lambda DNA in infected, nonlysogenic Escherichia coli. Covalently closed circular dimers of phage lambda DNA have been found in Escherichia coli infected with lambda. These dimers can be formed by either the lambda Red or Int systems, by a nonrecombinational replicative mechanism requiring the activity of the lambda O and P genes or by joining of the cohesive ends. Dimers mediated by the E. coli Rec system have not been observed. Those formed by the Int system often result from recombination between different DNA molecules; however, the Red-mediated dimers may be a result of replicative extension of a single DNA molecule. Trimers have also been observed but studied only briefly.


[Cytological changes in the tumor, bone marrow and leukoconcentrate of peripheral blood in thymus neoplasms]. Cytological studies of the bone marrow, peripheral blood leucoconcentrate and impressions of the removed tumor were made in 20 patients with benign and malignant thymoma. A number of differential-diagnostic signs was obtained.


Rosette formation by sensitized human red cells- effects of source of peripheral leukocyte monolayers. Employing standardized IgG-coated 51Cr-labelled human red blood cells (RBC), variation in rosette formation among monolayers obtained from 10 healthy donors was defined, as well as variation among 24 sequential monolayers obtained from one healthy donor and 8 sequential monolayers from a second healthy donor over a 4-month period. Rosette formation, expressed as eluate cpm per plate, average 220 (range 35-472) for the 10 donors; 24 determinations on one donor average 201 (range 59-420), 8 determinations on the second donor averaged 244 (range 69-395). Striking increases in rosette formation were observed employing monolayers from 4 of 4 normal subjects during  the course of viral infections, with peak values exceeding 5, 8, 13 and 14 X the normal mean. Elevations were also observed with monolayers prepared from blood of selected patients with hematologic disorders; a remarkable value 168 X the normal mean was repeatedly obtained for a patient with myeloid metaplasia whose monolayer consisted almost exclusively of mature granulocytic rosette-forming cells. The results emphasize the influence of monolayer donor variables on rosette formation.


[Histopathomorphologic changes in the organs and tissues of laboratory animals receiving an artificial diet with a low selenium and vitamin E content]. The deficiency of selenium and vitamin "E" is not infrequently noted to occur in agricultural and game-animals. Its development in humans is not ruled out. Experiments set up on mice of the CC57 lineage fed on an artificial ration with a low selenium and vitamin "E" content showed an acute selenium and vitamin "E" deficit apt to call forth profound histopathomorphological changes that become apparent following hematoxylin-eosin staining in the pancreas, liver, heart, kidneys, testes and muscular tissue. Evidence was obtained for the first time that an acute selenium and vitamin "E" deficiency leads up to a drastic fall in the content of zinc, determined by the sulfargentic method, as well as in the insular cells of the pancreas, in the renal parenchyma and in the cells of the spermatogenic epithelium of the testes.


Characterization of human heterophile antibodies apparently induced by alloimmunization. Human heterophile antibodies reactive with various tissues of different species may be detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Results of screening sera obtained after rhesus immunization and before and after blood transfusion and renal transplantation suggest that such antibodies can appear following alloimmunization of group A and O individuals. Eleven positive sera selected for detailed study were found to have anti-B isohaemagglutinins together with rat erythrocyte agglutinins. Absorption studies suggested that there may be some relationship between the group B antigen and the rat antigen concerned but the precise explanation for alloimmunization remains to be determined.


Gene markers in human bone marrow transplantation. One or more differences between donors and recipients were found in polymorphic red blood cell antigens and enzymes in each of 56 bone marrow transplant sibling pairs. These results identify those polymorphic traits which are potentially most informative for detection of donor cells in a recipient following transplantation.


[Digestion of raw and culinarily treated meat from cattle of Ural breeds]. One of the basic indicators specifying the quality of food products in general and culinary ones in particular is the extent of their assimilation in the gastrointestinal tract. Three culinary portions (sirloin, the outer part of the hind leg and the streak) of the beef of the Urals varieties horned cattle (black-mottled and Tagil) were investigated by the method of pepsin and trypsin digestion. The meat was analysed in the raw, cooked and fried state. The progress of the proteins proteolysis was controlled with reference to the tyrosine accretion. The raw meat was found to undergo digestion at a rather slow rate. The sirloin gets hydrolysed better than the other culinary portions. The meat of the Tagil variety is digested significantly in a more complete fashion than do the corresponding culinary parts of the black-mottle cattle. After heat treatment of the meat in all cases is demonstrable a material acceleration of the proteins proteolysis process, frying yielding a higher degree of splitting the meat proteins by comparison with cooking. Of the culinary portions under study it is the sirloin that shows the highest rate of digestion in its culinarily treated form, the outer part of the hind leg and the streak coming next. The fried and cooked meat of the most culinary portions of the Tagil variety undergo a more complete hydrolysis by comparison with black-mottled cattle meat. All this justifies recommending the meat of the Tagil variety horned cattle for obtaining the highest quality culinary products.


The problem of platelet autoantibodies. I. Evaluation of the platelet factor 3 availability test for their detection. To assess two modifications of the platelet factor 3 (PF3) test for platelet antibody detection, an analysis of test conditions was performed with normal test material (serum, plasma, globulin fraction), defined HLA-specific, complement-fixing antisera and a quinidine-induced antiserum. It was shown that, under standardized conditions, the PF3 test revealed known platelet antibodies confirming earlier results. Its reproducibility and, to a lesser degree, its sensitivity were inferior to platelet complement fixation. In contrast, the test did not permit the reliable determination of platelet autoantibodies in sera of 89 thrombocytopenic patients including 36 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Positive results loosely corresponded to the presence of HLA antibodies in sera.


The problem of platelet autoantibodies. II. The applicability of the 14C-serotonin release test. To evaluate the applicability of the 14C-serotonin release test for the demonstration of platelet autoantibodies, normal test material (sera, plasmas, globulin fractions), HLA-specific complement-fixing platelet antibodies and aggregated human gamma-globulin (agammaG) were tested in comparison to sera (plasmas, globulin fractions) of 101 thrombocytopenic patients including 46 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Whereas defined immunological stimuli (HLA antibodies, agammaG) were detected with satisfactory precision, platelet autoantibodies could not be demonstrated. Only sera containing HLA antibodies due to previous immunization induced reproducible 14C-serotonin release. Results with test material from thrombocytopenic patients were analyzed by 2 x 2 tables and inconsistencies were shown to be caused by methodological variations.


[Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with the immunosuppresive agent, prorezid]. Prorezid treatment was applied to 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It was applied per os with a daily dose of 300 mg to 12 subjects; to 18-intravenous drop infusion with 5 per cent serum glucose--daily dose 400 mg. Oral administration total dose-7-8 g; infusion-10-12 g. Drop infusion administration proved to be more effective and especially the combination of the preparation with salycilates, pirazolon derivatives, minimal doses of corticosteroids and antibiotics. Favourable effect on articular syndrome was obtained in 20 patients (66.6%) about 2-3 and sometimes 4-6 weeks after the onset of the treatment. First the articular pain was attenuated, latter on--the morning stiffness (3-4 week), the movements in the joints involved were improved, the edema decreased towards the 4-6th weeks. A complete normalization of the laboratory indices was observed in none of those patients. In 10 of the patients (33.3%) no clinical improvement was attained in the course of the treatment. In four of them--the improvement developed 4-6 months later, with a longer drug administration. Prorezid preparation is with a low toxicity, with manifestation of transitory side effects in single patients--diarrhoea, mild leukopenia. Alopecia was not observed. Those properties make the drug suitable for application in patients with rheumatoid arthritis whose treatment with the rest applied drugs failed to give results.


Role of the paracellular pathway in isotonic fluid movement across the renal tubule. Evidence for a highly permeable paracellular shunt in the proximal tubule is reviewed. The paracellular pathway is described as a crucial site for the regulation of net absorption and for solute-solvent interaction. Available models for the coupling of salt and water transport are assessed with respect to the problem of isotonic water movement. Two new models are proposed taking into account that the tight junctions are permeable to salt and water and that active transport sites for sodium are distributed uniformly along the lateral cell membrane. The first model (continuous model) is a modification of Diamond and Bossert's proposal using different assumptions and boundary conditions. No appreciable standing gradients are predicted by this model. The second model (compartmental model) is an expansion of Curran's double membrane model by including additional compartments and driving forces. Both models predict a reabsorbate which is not isosmotic. For the particular case of the proximal tubule it is shown that in the presence of a leaky epithelium these deviations from isotonicity might have escaped experimental observation.


Isotonic water transport in secretory epithelia. The model proposed by Diamond and Bossert [1] for isotonic water transport has received wide acceptance in recent years. It assumes that the local driving force for water transport is a standing osmotic gradient produced in the lateral intercellular spaces of the epithelial cell layer by active solute transport. While this model is based on work done in absorptive epithelia where the closed to open direction of the lateral space and the direction of net transport are the same, it has been proposed that the lateral spaces could also serve as the site of the local osmotic gradients for water transport in secretory epithelia, where the closed to open direction of the lateral space and net transport are opposed, by actively transporting solute out of the space rather than into it. Operation in the backward direction, however, requires a lower than ambient hydrostatic pressure within the lateral space which would seem more likely to cause the space to collapse with loss of function. On the other hand, most secretory epithelia are characterized by transport into a restricted ductal system which is similar to the lateral intercellular space in the absorptive epithelia in that its closed to open direction is the same as that of net transport. In vitro micropuncture studies on the exocrine pancreas of the rabbit indicate the presence of a small but statistically significant increase in juice osmolality, 6 mOsm/kg H(2)O, at the site of electrolyte and water secretion in the smallest extralobular ducts with secretin stimulation which suggests that the ductal system in the secretory epithelia rather than the lateral intercellular space is the site of the local osmotic gradients responsible for isotonic water transport.


In vitro synergy of cefamandole-tobramycin combinations. Twenty-five isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 24 isolates of Escherichia coli, and 25 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae obtained from clinical material were tested in vitro for susceptibility to cefamandole, tobramycin and combinations of the two antibiotics utilizing an automated microdilution system. Synergistic or partially synergistic bactericidal effects of the combination were observed against 15 of the S. aureus isolates (60%), 23 of the E. coli isolates (96%), and 19 of the K. pneumoniae isolates (76%) tested. No antagonistic effects of the combination were noted. This study suggests that cefamandole-tobramycin combinations are capable of acting synergistically in vitro against certain gram-positive and gram-negative organisms and may have potential usefulness in clinical situations such as gram-negative rod and staphylococcal sepsis.


Removal of atmospheric particulates by urban vegetation: implications for human and vegetative health. A review of the literature reveals considerable evidence to support the suggestion that vegetative surfaces remove particulate matter from the atmosphere. Preliminary observations of the leaf surfaces of an important urban tree indicate the presence of numerous particulate contaminants. In view of the medical importance of fine particles in urban atmospheres, it is important to assess the efficiency of tree surfaces in particle retention. Can particulate loads be reduced below biologically significant thresholds by vegetation? Are trees acutely injured or subtly influenced in the process of this removal? A brief assessment of research needs is provided.


Inquests into London and Middlesex homicides, 1673-1782. Depositions for coroners' inquests on 377 deaths, nearly all of them homicides, were reviewed and analyzed for reported causes and circumstances of death. The role of coroner and surgeon and the emergence of the medicolegal autopsy are considered.


The role of paracellular pathways in isotonic fluid transport. Paracellular pathways across "leaky" epithelia are the major route for transepithelial ionic diffusion. The permselective properties of these pathways suggest that they offer a watery environment through which ions diffuse in their hydrated forms. There is also suggestive evidence that, at least in some tissues, paracellular pathways provide a significant route for transepithelial water flow in response to an osmotic pressure difference; however, this has not as yet been definitively established. The effect of junctional complexes that are permeable to ions and water on the predictions of the standing-osmotic gradient model for isotonic water absorption is considered.


[The kinetoplast immunofluorescence technic using Crithidia luciliae, a simple test for the detection of DNA-antibodies]. The kinetoplast immunofluorescence test for the detection of antibodies against desoxynucleic acid (DNA) utilizes as a substrate the native double-stranded DNA containing kinetoplast of the hemoflagellate Crithidia luciliae, which is nonpathogenic in human beings. By studying the sera of 279 patients with dermatological and internal diseases, as well as the sera of 80 blood donors, this technique was assessed for its usefulness in routine diagnosis. DNA-antibodies were found most frequently in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (34/53). Additionally DNA-antibodies were demonstrated in some patients with cicatrical pemphigoid (1/1), autoimmune hepatitis (4/25) and myasthenia gravis (1/3). According to the experience thus far the kinetoplast immunofluorescence test appears to be a specific and well reproducible method to demonstrate DNA-antibodies in a simple way.


[Prognostic significance of arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Ventricular arrhythmias represent a common precursor of ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction in man. Frequent ventricular ectopic beats (greater than 5/min), multifocal ectopic beats, ventricular bigeminy, ventricular salvoes, ventricular tachycardia, and the R-on-T phenomenon have been considered as warning arrhythmias. However, recent studies have given rise to some doubt concerning the value of warning arrhythmias as predictors of ventricular fibrillation. In many a case there is no warning arrhythmia prior to ventricular fibrillation or these arrhythmias do not fulfill the criteria of warning arrhythmias. In other cases the warning arrhythmias develop so briefly before ventricular fibrillation that no prophylactic measure can be instituted. Warning arrhythmias may occur at equal frequency in patients with and without consecutive ventricular fibrillation. This also applies to the R-on-T phenomenon as a warning arrhythmia and as the initiating mechanism of ventricular fibrillation. In nearly half the cases ventricular fibrillation is initiated by a late ventricular ectopic beat. In view of these data of the literature, the so-called warning arrhythmias seem to have lost their predictive value. They represent a common phenomenon in acute myocardial infarction in man. However, ventricular fibrillation may also occur without any prior ventricular arrhythmias, above all during the first day of acute myocardial infarction. The frequency of ventricular fibrillation decreases in the course of infarction. Therefore the time during acute myocardial infarction may be a better guide whether to institute prophylactic antiarrhythmic therapy than the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias. To date, the beneficial effect of prophylactic administration of lidocaine has remained controversial though a recent double-blind study has strongly suggested that lidocaine is able to prevent ventricular fibrillation. If these results should be confirmed by others, this would ask for routine administration of lidocaine in each case with acute myocardial infarction during the first day.


[Bilateral peripheral pulmonic stenosis due to tumor-compression (author's transl)]. Description of a case of bilateral peripheral pulmonic stenosis due to a retothel-sarcoma of the mediastinum. A temporary remission of the stenotic symptoms was achieved under betatron-radiation and combined cytostatic therapy.


[Immunodiagnosis of urologic tumors].

[Immunodiagnosis of urologic tumors]. In 42 patients with malignant and benign diseases of the kidney, the urinary bladder and the prostate the sensitization of the lymphocytes was investigated in the cell electrophoresis mobility test. In these cases human encephalitogenic protein and tumour-associated antigens from malignomas of kidney, urinary bladder and prostate were used as antigen. When using human encephalitogenic protein 3 "falsely positive" and 2 "falsely negative" results were got, whereas, when using the corresponding tumour-associated antigens in the cell electrophoresis mobility test in every case the histologically ascertained tumour diagnosis could be confirmed.


[Unitemporary surgical procedure by Michalowski for strictures of perineal and bulbar urethra]. Initially the authors briefly deal with the genesis of strictures of the urethra in the perineal and bulbar region of the urethra and the experiences and results of the authors with the unitemporary method of operation after Michalowski for these strictures of the urethra are reported. The technique of the plastic-surgical intervention is demonstrated and here important details are explained which, as the authors think, are decisive for the success. The results are shown with the help of the own clinical material.


[Electrically induced thrombosis as therapeutic measure in life-threatening renal hemorrhage. An experimental study]. The protracted arterial renal haemorrhage is a life-threatening complication. Up to now its therapy is controversial, since in consequence of a severe shock it is not possible to perform a radical operation. For stopping this haemorrhage it is recommended the induction of an electrothrombosis in the renal artery. Experiences in the animal experiment are reported and discussed.


[T-rosette and rosette inhibition test with antilymphocyte globulin following kidney transplantation]. 263 examinations with the rosette-test with sheep erythrocytes and the rosette inhibition test with antilymphocyte globulin in 42 normal persons and 56 patients after transplantation of a kidney showed in 10 patients a significnat decrease of the rosette-forming T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood under conditions of rejection. On the other hand the number of rosettes significantly increased in 4 patients. The valency of the rosette inhibition test for the rejection diagnostics is restricted by technical difficulties and wrong positive results (11%). The results are discussed on the basis of the receptor synthesis rates for sheep erythrocytes and of the electric superficial potentials of the T-lymphocytes and in relation to the HLA-A/B/C/D-system.


[Acid base-balance after lung resections (author's transl)]. Thoracotomy and lung-resection are often followed by a decrease of the oxygenation of blood and disturbances of the acid-base-balance. Both ventilation and circulation must be restored to normal and therefore adequate levels of cardiac output, peripheral resistance, electrolytes and kidney-function are required.


[Closure of the bronchial stump: suturing or stapling? (author's transl)]. In 1016 pulmonary resections we had 2,6% bronchial fistulae. 447 times we used interrupted suture (2,9% of bronchial stump insufficiency) and 542 times we used the Soviet bronchus stapling machine UKB 25 or 16 with 2,2% of fistulae.


[Lymphocyte transformation rate in "high risk newborn infants" in relation to the gestational and postnatal ages (author's transl)]. In 74 "high risk newborn infants" of different gestational ages (at an age of 31 ..... 42 weeks) the ability of efficiency of the cellular immunity system was examined by means of the lymphocyte transformation test on different days of the first week of the postnatal life. Beside PHA also Streptolyson O and E. coli antigen were used. We ascertained a possible relationship between the pre- or postnatal age and the lymphocyte transformation rate by means of regressive analyses. We didn't find a linear relationship; the results are discussed.


[Clinical results of two-time abortion technics with special regard to ascending genital infections]. If risk of the one-time mechanical dilatation will be too high (with young first gravidae and progressed pregnancy) the methods of the two-time interruptio should be applied. As long as there will not be available sufficient quantities of Prostaglandin-analoga the present method of choice is the abort-induction by means of the extra-amnial application of Prostaglandin F2alpha. In 101 cases when extra-amnial Pg F2alpha with an average induction time of four hours, the contamination rate was checked and no danger of ascension appeared. If prostaglandines will not be available, metranoicter or laminarias should be applied in the first trimenon when there is a high risk of dilatation, in the second trimenon extra-amnial instillation methods should be used. In both the cases only can be spoken of interruptios low if risks of they are made up under guard of broad spectrum antibiotics--after negative proof of blastomyces (buddings). This recommendation results from microbiological researches made up with 423 patients under the aspect of possible hospital infections. With induction times longer than 18 hours, the cavum uteri proved accelerating contaminated microbially. There were found microbes in the cavum uteri respectively at laminarias and metranoicters of, enterobacteria (45,7%), staphylococci (24,7%), hemolyzing and anhemolytic streptococci (17,6%), enterococci (8,0%), Corynebacteria (3,0%) and blastomyces (buddings) (1,0%).


[Demonstration of antibody-coated bacteria in the urine of pregnant women]. Urinary sediments of 64 pregnant women with significant bacteriuria which has been demonstrated several times before, have been investigated for the presence of antibody coated bacteria. Antibody titers were determined in the corresponding serum samples in addition and the results were compared with the clinical diagnosis. In 50% of pregnant women with pyelonephritis antibody coated bacteria could be demonstrated, while 60% of them had elevated serum titers. Taking into account both results in 80% of the pregnant women the clinical diagnosis of pyelonephritis could be confirmed. Pregnant women with asymptomatically significant bacteriuria never gave positive results, whereas pregnant women with cystitis mainly did have negative results. The demonstration of antibody coated bacteria in the urinary sediments of pregnant women with significant bacteriuria as well as the detection of elevated serum antibody titers with the indirect immunofluorescence technique against the urinary strain were found to be of importance for the valuation of a significant bacteriuria.


Mercury resistance and R plasmids in clinical isolates of Kebsiella pneumoniae. The mercury and antibiotic resistance of 155 clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) was determined. Resistance to mercury tested was found in 64.5% of the total isolates. The frequencies of resistance to SM, TC, CP, KM and GM were 65.8%, 49.0%, 48.4%, 37.4% and 3.9%, respectively. And we selected 94 mercury and drug resistant strains, and they were tested for their ability to transfer the resistance to the mercury and drug sensitive recipients of E. coli K12 ML 1410-Nx and E. coli JE 17-Rif. Among 94 strains of Hg resistant K. pneumoniae, 86 R plasmids with Hg resistance could be demonstrated. It should be noted that transferable R plasmids with Hg resistance were demonstrated in 92% of the Hg-resistant isolates. Furthermore, R (Hg; SM, TC, CP, KM) plasmids were isolated most frequently, followed by R (Hg; SM, TC, CP), R (Hg; SM, KM), and R (Hg; SM, TC) plasmids.


Development and use of single "polytropic" diagnostic tubes for the approximate taxonomic grouping of bacteria isolated from foods, water and medicinal preparations. Single tubes, containing in all instances a bottom layer of a solid medium for detecting mode of attack on glucose, lactose, mannitol or starch and top layers of solid, semi-solid or liquid media allowing assessment of motility, formation of catalase, oxidase, coagulase, indole, hydrogen sulphide, acetyl methyl carbinol or pigments, as required ("polytropic" diagnostic tubes) were developed for the approximate taxonomic grouping of bacteria commonly encountered in foods, water and medicinal preparations. They are designated as: Gram negative diagnostic tubes (GNT), tubes allowing identification of E. coli, following the principle set out by MCKENZIE, TAYLOR and GILBERT (MTGT), diagnostic tubes for Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPT), open tubes to assess oxidative attack on glucose (OGT), Gram positive diagnostic tubes (GPT), and mannitol plasma tubes (MPT) for the identification of Staph. aureus. In addition a CP tube for the identification of Cl. perfringens is described, the basis of which is the production of H2S from sulphite in the presence of cycloserine, absence of mitality and failure to produce indole at 46 degrees C. All tubes contain intermediate layers to avoid interactions between changes occurring in top and bottom layers. Upon examination of about 600 pure cultures from collections or freshly isolated from foods etc. such tubes have given results which were in agreement with those of classical testing; in a few instances (testing for indole formation) even better results were obtained. The use of such polytropic tubes in identification routes saving much time and effort is outlines.


[Differentiation of Brucella by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis (author's transl)]. The strains of Brucella (Tab. 1) were grown on Tryptose-blood-agar at 37 degrees C, and the strains of Bordetella, Pasteurella and Actinobacillus on blood-agar. After 24 or 48 h they were harvested and extracted in phenol-acetic acid-water solution (4:2:1) (1 ml/50 mg bacterial wet weight) at 4 degrees C over 48 h. After centrifugation (8000 X g, 1 h) 2 volumes of the supernatant were mixed with 1 volume of a 40% sucrose solution in 35% acetic acid. Different volumes (0.20, 0.15 or 0.10 ml) of this were added to 7.5% acrylamide gel (2 ml in tubes 6 X 100 mm), containing 5 M urea and 12% acetic acid. The solution in both electrode chambers was 10% acetic acid. During the first 15 min it was focused with 2 mA/tube, then it was separated for 3 or 5 h with 4 mA/tube. The protein bands were stained with amido black 10B. All species could be exactly differentiated from each other, but the protein bands of biotypes of Bruc. suis, Bruc. melitensis and Bruc. abortus were identical in each case. All investigated strains of Bruc. canis were identical too. A small relationship was noticed between Bruc. canis and Bruc. suis and between Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bruc. canis respectively Bruc. suis strains.


[Results of the study of preventive effectiveness and side effects of anti-influenza lactoglobulin in controlled epidemiologic trial]. Prophylactic activity and side action of antiinfluenza lactoglobulin were studied under conditions of controlled epidemiological trial in 6361 persons during the epidemiological rise of influenza incidence. The data obtained pointed to the absence of any protective effect of antiinfluenza lactoglobulin. Marked allergenic properties of lactoglobulin and development of sensitization in the persons under observation were found during the study of the side-effect of the preparation. Thus, the absence of prophylactic efficacy and the sensitizing action of antiinfluenza lactoglobulin pointed to the inexpediency of its use for prophylactic and therapeutic purpose.


[Epidemiology of dysentery in Dagestan]. Analysis of material on bacterial dysentery and other acute intestinal infections morbidity in the Dagestan ASSR for a period of 15 years showed high morbidity level and its variations, with reduction and elevation in individual years, and the leading role played by Shigella flexneri among the causative agents of dysentery. The greatest incidence of dysentery was revealed among children aged under one year and between 1 and 2 years. A high bacterial dysentery incidence was recorded in Dagestan throughout the whole year. However analysis of the seasonal dysentery curve showed the beginning of elevation in July, reaching the maximum in August, and lasting four months with a decline beginning in October. The persisting activity of the water route of dysentery transmission in the Dagestan ASSR requires particular attention to the organization of good-quality water-supply to the population of the republic.


[Disinfecting effect of fixatives in histoenzymatic analysis of Vibrio cholerae]. Data are presented on the disinfecting action of fixative fluids on the cholera causative agents in the freshly frozen sections from the tissues and organs of animals infected with cholera. The results obtained offered a possibility of drawing a conclusion on the harmlessness of the histoenzymatic studies on the material infected with cholera vibrio.


[Study of the role of the plasmid-determined sucrose index in Salmonella newport in the development of experimental infectious process]. The authors studied the role played by Sac-plasmide of atypical S. newport strains inducing a more severe course of the disease in the development of the infectious process in man. In experiments with genetically-bound strains of salmonellae and E. coli K12, differing by the presence of Sac-plasmide, it was shown that the acquisition or the loss of the latter failed to effect significantly the capacity of the microbes to cause death of chick embryos infected on the membrane, to reproduce in the pulmonary tissue of mice infected intranasally, and affect the cells of the L1 strain. Genetic confirmation of the absence of any connection between the sucrose sign determined by plasmide and the capacity of the strains to cause dilatation of the ligated rabbit intestinal loop was presented. The data obtained indicated that high virulence of the S. newport strains under study was not associated with the presence of Sacplasmide in them.


[Comparative characteristics of cell-free filtrates of Shigella flexneri of different virulence]. It was shown for the first time that the virulent Sh. flexneri strain grown on Luria broth differed from the avirulent one by the yield of readily released surface-located complexes--lipopolysaccharide (determined by rhamnose) and protein into the filtrate. There was no distinct correlation between the strain virulence and the content of rhamnose-determined lipopolysaccharide in the filtrate; growing bacteria in the presence of Ca and Mg ions had no significant influence on the lipopolysaccharide release into the filtrate. Protein release into the cell-free filtrate was thrice that in the virulent shigella strain than in the avirulent one. When bacteria were grown in the presence of Ca ions protein release from the virulent strain increased 1.5-fold and changed but little in the avirulent culture. Cell-free filtrates of the virulent strain produced toxic action on L tissue culture cells; in conjunctival infection of guinea pigs they caused some reduction of the LD50 of the virulent strain and sharply aggravated the course of the infectious process. Heating of the filtrate at 100 degrees C for 15 min decreased their toxic action on L cells. The data obtained indicated that the active biological factor revealed in the virulent strain of Sh. flexneri was protein or its derivative.


[Retinal projections in the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis (horseradish perioxidase transport method in the optic nerve)]. After the injection of horseradish peroxidase into the eye of the lamprey L. fluviatilis, the anterograde transport of the enzyme was found in the optic tract itself reaching the optic tectum and via single fibers--the geniculate nucleus. The labeled fibers were also found in the axial optic tract terminating in the geniculate nucleus and in the nucleus of the posterior commissurae. Retrograde transport and labeling of the tracer were observed in cells of the dorsal and central tegmentum.


[Change in the protective activity of the ribosomal fractions of Salmonella typhimurium in mutations in the rfa region and the transduction replacement of the rfb region]. It was shown that mutation in the rfa region causing disturbances in the structure of the basal part of the polysaccharide of the cell wall or the absence of O-specific side chains led to the loss of protective activity of the ribosomal fractions isolated from the cells of the murine typhoid salmonella by sedimentation with dihydrostreptomycine sulphate. Ribosomal fractions isolated from the murine typhoid salmonella transductants with the replaced rfb region failed to protect the animals from the infection with the virulent. S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis cultures. The virulence of the mutants and transductants was also changed in comparison with the initial strains.


[Clinico-laboratory substantiation of possible use of the indirect hemagglutination test for the interpretation of diagnosis of enteropathogenic E. coli carrier state]. The diagnostic value of the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test in deciphering the diagnosis of enteropathogenic E. coli carrier state was found in this work; this was done by comparing the specific antibody level in carriers and patients suffering from coli-infection and also by establishing the correlation between the results of the IHA test and the clinical and laboratory examination of carriers.