Diepoxybutane-induced male-transmissible X-autosome translocations in Drosophila melanogaster: a test of the supporting evidence for the Lifschytz-Lindsley model of spermatogenesis. The Lifschytz-Lindley model of spermatogenesis in heterogametic animals postulates a stage of gene inactivation during spermatogenesis, which affects the X-chromosome and the autosomes at different times. The frequent male infertility of X-ray induced X-autosome translocations is attributed to disruption in the timing of this stage by breaks that occur in the interior euchromatic portion of the X. Indeed, all male-fertile X-ray induced translocations between the X and an autosome had their breakpoints in the proximal or distal portion of the X. We now show that this was true also for 16 male-fertile X-autosome translocations that had been induced by an alkylating agent, diepoxybutane (DEB). The significantly higher proportion of male-fertile X-translocations in this experiment than in experiments with ionizing radiation apparently is due to a preference of diepoxybutane for the induction of breaks in the "permissive" regions of the X. Older data suggest that this preference is even stronger for mustard gas as chromosome-breaking agent. While these data do not add further evidence to the Lifschytz-Lindley model, they remove a potential objection to it.


Expression of TEM-induced damage to postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis of the mouse during early embryogenesis. I. Investigations with in vitro embryo culture. After treatment of postmeiotic stages of spermatogenesis of the mouse with TEM, dose and stage of spermatogenesis-dependent disturbances of the early embryonic development can be observed both in vivo and after in vitro culture of the embryos. The observations in both systems can be correlated. The embryo-culture system thereby enables analysis of the expression of mutagen-induced damage more accurately than the in vivo dominant lethal test. With the doses used (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) TEM-treatment of the fathers did not affect the rate of fertilized and cleaving eggs during the first three weeks post-treatment but severely disturbed the further development of the embryos at all stages up to implantation, exhibiting a maximum effect on morulae.


Lack of effect on the chromosomal non-disjunction in aged female mice after low dose X-irradiation. Karyotypes were determined in 1064 embryos of aged C57/BL mothers. The virgin female mice were irradiated with 0, 4, 8 or 16 R of X-rays, respectively, and placed with young untreated males 5 days after irradiation. 10.5-days old embryos were recovered from the uterus. Aneuploid embryos classified as alive (heart beats observed at the dissection) were 1 monosomic in the control group (496 embryos) and 2 trisomics in the irradiated group (568 embryos). The number of aneuploid embryos classified as dead was 4 trisomic cases in the control group and 3 trisomics in the irradiated group. The data indicate that trisomic embryos are not uncommon in the mouse but are eliminated in post-implantation death. In contrast to the results of Yamamoto et al. the present data do not demonstrate an increased frequency of chromosome abnormalities in embryos of aged mice X-irradiated before mating as compared to non-irradiated ones.


Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of mycotoxins using Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutagenic effects of fiteen mycotoxins on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D-3 were tested. Only aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin were mutagenic. Both were active against S. typhimurium strain TA1538 and S. cerevisiae strain D-3; however, both required activation by the hepatic S-9 enzyme preparation. A positive correlation between the other mycotoxins reported to be carcinogenic and the two in vitro test systems employed was not demonstrated in our hands.


Mutagenicity of alkyl-(omega-hydroxyalkyl) nitrosamines related to dibutylnitrosamine. Various alkyl-(omega-hydroxyalkyl) derivatives related to dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) were investigated for mutagenicity in the absence of liver-activation system. Butyl-(4-hydroxybutyl)-, butyl-(3-hydroxypropyl)-, and butyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-nitrosamines were so tested and found to be mutagenic for TA 1535 strain of Salmonella typhimurium. In all cases, a simple dose-response relationship was observed. Furthermore, no significant (p less than 0.05) differences in the mutagenicity of the various test compounds were observed as the alkyl sidechain possessing the OH group increased in length. From these results it is siggested that mutagenesis in S. typhimurium by the higher dialkylnitrosamines is partially due to the formation of omega-hydroxylated derivatives in addition to the major mutagenic metabolite derived from alpha-carbon dealkylation.


The efficiency and extent of mutagenic activity of some new mutagens of base-analogue type. N4-Hydroxycytidine, 5-methyl-N4-hydroxydeoxycytidine and 2-amino-N6-hydroxyadenine were tested for their mutagenic activity in S. typhimurium and E. coli cells. Reversion analysis of different markers was applied in a plate-test system, and 2-aminopurine was used as a reference mutagen. (i) 2-Amino-N6-hydroxyadenine was the most potent mutagen. In some cases it gave more than 1000 colonies of revertants per plate. (ii) N6-Hydroxycytidine was the least specific mutagen. Almost all the tested markers were inducible to revert by this analogue. (iii) The mutagenic specificity of 5-methyl-N4-hydroxydeoxycytidine seemed to be opposite to that of 2-aminopurine. This suggests that the former can induce transition of CG to TA. (iv) A comparison of the mutagenic actions of N4-hydroxycytidine and 5-methyl-N4-hydroxy-deoxycytidine showed that deoxyriboside analogues are not necessarily more efficient mutagens than ribonucleosides. (v) No purine or pyrimidine deficiency was needed for mutagenesis to occur for any of the mutagens investigated. (vi) The results on bacteria with different repair abilities suggest that base-analogue mutagenesis (except perhaps for BrdUrd) occurs mainly during replication of nucleic acids containing substituted nucleosides with bi-functional specificity.


Mutagenicity of fume particles from metal arc welding on stainless steel in the Salmonella/microsome test. Mutagenic activity of fume particles produced by metal arc welding on stainless steel (ss) is demonstrated by using the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test described by Ames et al., with strain TA100 (base-pair substitution) and TA98 (frame-shift reversion). Results of a representative but limited selection of processes and materials show that mutagenic activity is a function of process and process parameters. Welding on stainless steel produces particles that are mutagenic, whereas welding on mild steel (ms) produces particles that are not. Manual metal arc (MMA) welding on stainless steel produces particles of higher mutagenic activity than does metal inert gas (MIG) welding, and fume particles produced by MIG welding under short-arc transfer. Further studies of welding fumes (both particles and gases) must be performed to determine process parameters of significance for the mutagenic activity.


Mutagenic effect of dichloromethane on Salmonella typhimurium. The possible mutagenicity of the organic solvent dichloromethane was investigated with the mutation test as described by Ames et al. The compound was mutagenic in both tester strains used, namely TA98 and TA100. The administration of rat-liver homogenate did not appear to be essential though it slightly increased the number of mutations.


Mutagenicity testing of certified food colors and related azo, xanthene and triphenylmethane dyes with the Salmonella/microsome system. Thirty-seven azo, xanthene and triphenylmethane dyes including FD and C colors currently approved for use in the U.S.A. and a number of delisted food colors, were tested in the Salmonella/microsome system. In addition to direct plate tests with five tester strains (TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA1538, TA98), the azo dyes were also assayed after chemical reduction to their component amines. Also, a selected group of azo dyes was subjected to liquid tests (both aerobic with microsomes and anaerobic) and to plate tests involving initial 16 h anaerobic incubations to facilitate microbial reduction of the azo bond. None of the presently listed FD and C colors was mutagenic in any of the test modifications. Among formerly listed colors only Butter Yellow (p-dimethylaminoazobenzene), a recognized animal carcinogen, was mutagenic in the aerobic liquid test. Several other azo dyes were either directly mutagenic,  viz. Acid Alizarin Yellow R and Alizarin Yellow GG; required microsomal activation, viz. Acid Alizarin Red B and Methyl Red; or required chemical reduction and microsomal activation, viz. Acid Alizarin Violet N and Sudan IV. Of the non-azo dyes tested only two xanthene dyes appeared to be mutagenic, viz. 9-(2-sulfophenyl)-6-hydroxy-3-isoxanthenone and its 2,4,5,7-tetrabromo derivative.


Mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium mutants of the benzene-soluble organic matter derived from air-borne particulate matter and its five fractions. Air-borne particulate matter was collected on a filter, then extracted with benzene. The benzene-soluble material was separated into 5 fractions, namely acidic, basic, alipathic, polyaromatic and oxygenated fractions. The mutagenic activities of these fractions were examined with a set of Salmonella typhimurium mutants. The 6 mutants were from the TA1535 series, deep rough strains without excision repair, namely TA100 and TA98 (having a resistance-transfer factor) and the standard strain TA1535, TA1536, TA1537 and TA1538. Linear dose-response curves were obtained for the benzene-soluble organic matter, and its acidic, polyaromatic and oxygenated fractions with strain TA98 and a 9000 X g liver supernatant from both phenobarbital(PB)- and dibenz(a,h)anthracene(DBA)-treated rats. Among the 5 fractions tested, 3 fractions, namely the acidic, polyaromatic and oxygenated, played an important role in the mutagenicity of the benzene-soluble organic matter derived from air-borne particulate matter. The 9000 X g rat-liver supernatant was not required to make the acidic fraction mutagenic.


Mutagenicities of the pyrolyzates of peptides and proteins. Pyrolyzates of 10 peptides, 10 proteins and 5 naturally-occurring materials were tested for mutagenicity in the histidine-requiring mutants Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Significant mutagenic activity was detected with pyrolyzates of most of these materials. The pyrolyzates requred a liver microsomal fraction, as representative of mammalian metabolism, for their detection as mutagens. Among the pyrolyzates tested, the highest mutagenic activity was observed with that of a tryptophan-containing peptide. The pyrolyzate of protein obtained from tobacco leaf also showed mutagenicity. The higher the protein content in the leaf the higher the mutagenic activity of the pyrolyzate. Protein in a tobacco leaf may be the principal precursor of mutagens in tobacco-smoke condensate.


Mutagenicity induced by lyophilization or storage of urine from isoniazid-treated rats. Urine collected during 24 h after treatment of rats with 90--550 mg/kg isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid, INH) was after lyophilization, mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA1535. Urine collected directly from bladders of INH-treated rats was not mutagenic, and solutions of INH in water or urine became mutagenic only after lyophilization. In the absence of lyophilization, sterile urine from INH-treated rats became mutagenic after 8--14 days' storage at room temperature.


The in vivo induction of sister chromatid exchanges in the bone marrow of the Chinese hamster. II.N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and n-isopropyl-alpha-(2-methyl-hydrazino)-p-toluamide (Natulan), two carcinogenic compounds with specific mutagenicity problems. N-Nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and N-isopropyl-alpha-(2-methylhyadrazino)-p-toluamide (Natulan) were examined with the in vivo SCE method of Vogel and Bauknecht. Only Natulan showed a positive effect with a significant increase of induced SCE between 10 and 25 mg/kg b.w. The six-point curve of the dose effect was of the plateau type. With DEN only a slight increase with high doses could be obtained, which was not significant when 50 or 100 cells were counted. Compared with the results of other tests published, Natulan gives positive results preferentially with in vivo mammalian tests but not with microorganisms. On the other hand, DEN is inactive in vivo on the chromosomal level, but preferentially induces point mutations at the molecular level in microorganisms and Drosophila. It is recommended to include in a battery of true mutagenicity tests also cytogenetic tests (in vivo SCE test and micronucleus test).


A comparison of two methods for evaluating drug-induced chromosome alterations. Evaluating the technique and procedure for mutagenicity testing in mammals is a prerequisite to the development of a broad spectrum mutagenic assessment program. Two techniques, chromosome examination and micronucleus scoring, show promise but their applicability for mass screening is uncertain. We determined the slide observation time for these two techniques in mice treated orally, subcutaneously, intravenously, and intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide (CY). In each instance, we detected a dose-response in less observation time by counting micronuclei in polychromatophilic erythrocytes. The simplicity of the scoring method, the ease of micronucleus identification and the rapidity of scoring all suggest the micronucleus test may be favorably integrated into a mutagenicity screening program.


Cytogenetic effects in the mouse of 17 chemical mutagens and carcinogens evaluated by the micronucleus test. 2 dialkylnitrosamines, 4 oxazaphosphorines, 6 aryldialkyltriazenes, urethane, N-hydroxyurethane, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, procarbazine (natulan) and the inorganic carcinogen potassium chromate were studied for cytogenetic activity in the micronucleus test on mouse bone marrow. Except diethylnitrosamine, all chemicals were active. The results are compared with those known from studies in other mammalian and sub-mammalian test systems. The results of the micro nucleus test correlate well with results from other mutagenicity tests and with the carcinogenicity of the chemicals. The lack of an effect on N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA) is discussed with regard to the short life-time of the ultimate mutagen.


Prophylactic doxycycline for travelers' diarrhea. Results of a prospective double-blind study of Peace Corps volunteers in Kenya. We performed a randomized double-blind study to determine the efficacy of doxycycline (100 mg daily) in preventing travelers' diarrhea among 39 Peace Corps volunteers during their first five weeks in Kenya. The volunteers took either doxycycline or placebo for three weeks and were observed for an additional two weeks. Nine of 21 taking placebo and one of 18 taking doxycycline had travelers' diarrhea during the treatment period (P = 0.012). The protection seemed to persist for at least one week after the drug was stopped. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was the only pathogen isolated from the placebo group, but was not detected in persons taking doxycycline. None of these organisms were resistant to doxycycline or tetracycline, whereas resistance to tetracyclines and other antibiotics was common among the nonenterotoxigenic Esch. coli. We conclude that doxycycline effectively prevented most episodes of travelers' dirrhea.


Prediction of protein structure from amino acid sequence. In principle, it is possible to predict theoretically the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence. Recently substantial progress towards this goal has been made by the use of simple models to represent protein conformation and interatomic interactions, together with the knowledge gained form analyses of know protein structures.


Purification of mouse interferon by sequential affinity chromatography on poly(U)--and antibody--agarose columns. Mouse interferon has been purified to homogeneity by twostep affinity chromatography. Two polypeptide bands were obtained on sodium dodecyl sulphate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis migrating at molecular weights 35,000 and 22,000, both having antiviral activity. The 35,000 but not the 22,000 band, also stained with periodic acid--Schiff. The specific activity was 8 X 10(9) of our laboratory units, corresponding to 2.4 X 10(9) NIH reference units.


Repair deficient human disorders and cancer. The analysis of the repair of damage to DNA in mammalian cells leads not only to a knowledge of which environmental agents are deleterious to living creatures, but also to an understanding of which reaction products in DNA are potentially carcinogenic and which tissues are the more sensitive.


In vivo synthesis and properties of uracil-containing DNA. T4 bacteriophage DNA containing as much as 30% of its thymine replaced by uracil can be synthesised in Escherichia coli deficient in both dUTPase and uracil--DNA glycosidase. This uracil-containing DNA is competent for RNA transcription, and can be packaged into phage which are viable, if the host cells are deficient in uracil--DNA glycosidase activity. If the host cells are not deficient in this glycosidase activity the infecting phage DNA is rapidly attacked, resulting in more than 50% acid-solubilisation of the DNA. The infected cells are inefficiently killed, presumably because of very limited, if any, expression of the phage DNA. These results indicate that this replacement of thymine by uracil in DNA does not seriously impair the biological functionality of T4 DNA, provided the DNA is not subjected to the breakdown (repair) pathway initiated by uracil--DNA glycosidase.


[Intravenous salbutamol in the treatment of bronchial spasm]. Personal experience with slow venous drip salbutamol is reported. The VC, MEVS and FEP values showed that the drug possessed a good bronchodilatatory action, though the presence of side-effects meant that doses had to be restricted.


[Pseudotumor of the breast during a course of acute leukemia]. A case of breast infiltration with neoplasm-like clinical and radiological findings, occurring during acute leukaemia treated with polychemiosteroid therapy is described. Although at histopathological investigation this neoplasm is considered a reticulolymphoblastosarcoma, a personal suggestion that this breast infiltration is a blastic localization is put forward. This observation is a starting point for suggesting that antiblastic polichemio-therapy can change the clinical aspects of acute leukaemia.


[Experiences with the use of sodium diclofenac (Voltaren) in rheumatic diseases]. 150 mg/day sodic diclofenac was found particularly active in subjects with diathetic rheumatism and arthrosis. Excellent general and gastrointestinal tolerance was noted after prolonged administration and in aged subjects with cardiac damage. A protracted therapeutic effect was obtained, especially in cases of diathetic rheumatism.


[Clinical problems in current malaria. Considerations apropos of 2 cases]. Two cases of malaria imported from West Africa by two sailors (falciparum and vivax respectively) are reported. It is pointed out that nowadays malaria is no longer indigenous to Sicily but has to be imported; an increasing number of cases of malaria are being reported world-wide in relation to increased traffic volumes, particularly air traffic. This means growing importance of imported pathology for which a new training strategy is required (with regard to young physicians who at present are quite uniformed of the problem). Doctors and travellers should also be informed of the risk of contracting malaria.


Hydroxyproline excretion following renal transplantation: comparison with values found in primary hyperparathyroidism. The amounts of total hydroxyproline (THP), free hydroxyproline (FHP) and non-dialysable hydroxyproline (NDHP) excreted in the urine by six patients with chronic renal failure who received kidney transplants and six patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were studied. Following transplantation three of the four patients with radiological evidence of hyperparathyroidism developed hypercalcaemia and excreted more than 360 mumol THP/24 hours on at least one occasion. The remaining patients were normocalcaemic and excreted less THP and a higher proportion of NDHP. In all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, THP excretion fell after adenoma removal but there was an increased excretion of NDHP:THP. It is suggested that studies of hydroxyproline excretion may contribute to clinical assessment of healing of renal osteodystrophy and involution of the parathyroid glands after renal allograft transplantation.


Prazosin in hypertension. Part II. Effects of the initial dose. The events after the first dose of prazosin have been studied. Twenty-four patients with hypertension were given a single 1 mg tablet. Supine and erect blood pressures were recorded at 15-minute intervals for up to 270 minutes. Six had no previous therapy, 18 were uncontrolled on other drugs, chiefly thiazides or beta-adrenergic blockers or a combination of both. In 10 patients in whom no symptoms of postural hypotension occurred, there was a mean maximum erect diastolic blood pressure fall of 21/14mmHg at an average of 110 minutes after the dose. The remaining 14 had symptoms of postural hypotension of which four were milk, seven moderate and three severe. The mean maximum erect diastolic blood pressure reduction in this group was 67/52mmHg at a mean of 90 minutes after the dose. Subsequent therapeutic response was better in those with an abrupt initial blood pressure fall. Twenty-two further patients were studied in the same manner with a single dose 0.5mg (tablet), 11 of them in a double-blind within-patient crossover study with placebo. Postural symptoms or significant tachycardia did not occur with this dose. Most patients experience some postural hypotension after the first dose of prazosin. Symptoms occur only when this fall is marked, and the extent of the fall is dose related.


Desamino arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) as a diagnostic agent. The use of 1-desamino-8-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) was examined as a diagnostic agent, within the context of the comprehensive one day renal function test. Thirty-three normal young subjects were examined in an 8 1/2 hour day. It was found that a 20 microgram intranasal dose of DDAVP consistently resulted in the production of a urinary osmolality to 800mosmol/kg or more, with no untoward effect. DDAVP can advantageously replace pitressin tannate in oil as a diagnostic agent.


Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy.

Carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnancy. The signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome in pregnant patients are outlined and the diagnostic methods are reviewed. Carpal tunnel syndrome that occurs during pregnancy almost invariably abates postpartum. Due to the benign course and excellent prognosis in most cases, splinting of the wrist is indicated in the pregnant patient.


Dysplasia. A real concept or a misnomer? The purpose of this paper is to summarize the author's views on precancerous lesions of the epithelium of the uterine cervix. It is pointed out that the pathologist's ability to prognosticate the outcome of any such lesion is limited. The names attached to these lesions, ranging from mild dysplasia to carcinoma in situ do not necessarily reflect their true biologic potential in terms of disappearance, persistence, or progression. It is suggested that a unified nomenclature of these lesions may be helpful in clarifying the issue at hand. Comments on the accomplishments and failures of the cytologic methods of diagnosis of these lesions are appended.


Improved results in combination chemotherapy of head and neck cancer using a kinetically-based approach: a randomised study with and without adriamycin. One hundred and seventeen patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were randomised between two combination schedules, one with and the other without adramycin. Responses (more than 50% tumor regression) were 67% overall with 63% responding to the combination without adriamycin and 82% responding to the schedule containing it. The increase in response rate seen with the addition of adriamycin is not statistically significant. Prior radiotherapy reduced the likelihood of response to chemotherapy.


[Molecular organization and genome expression in eukaryotes]. The recent data on the structural organization and expression of genome in eukaryotes are reviewed. Different types of nucleotide sequences (repetitions, palindromes, homopolymers) represented in the regions of genome transcription, as well as in mRNA's of the cytoplasm and nuclear messenger-like RNA's are analyzed. Probable functions of different types of sequences are discussed. The problem of nuclear precursors of cytoplasmic mRNA's and in particular heterogeneous nuclear RNA is considered. It is noted that this population of molecules is heterogeneous not only by the molecular weight, but also by some other parameters. Stable messenger-like 28S and 18S RNA's found in the nuclei are described. In addition to the already known scheme of rapid posttranscriptional processing of pre-mRNA, a hypothesis is put forward to the effect that the selective transport of mRNA molecules stored in the nucleus from the nucleus into the cytoplasm is realized at the expense of extended processing.


[Research on the artificial regulation of sex in animals in the USSR]. The problem of artificial sex control was cardinally solved only for the silkworm among the domestic animals. The artificial sex control is realized by means of several methods. The artificial ameiotic parthenogenesis allows to obtain isogenic parthenogenetic progeny of only female sex. The meiotic parthenogenesis, on the contrary, gives only male progeny characterized by homozygosis by all genes. As a result of androgenesis with the participation of ooplasm and male nuclear material, only male progeny develops as well. Sex marked strains in which the female and male eggs are coloured in different may were obtained by means of translocation of the dominant genes controlling the egg colour on W chromosome determining the female sex. This allows readily to pick out the eggs of desirable sex only with the help of photoelectric equipment. The males of a specially raised strain balanced by two non-allelic sex-linked lethals, when being crossed with the females of any other strain, give male progeny only. The developed methods of sex control have found wide application in theoretical investigations of various directions and practical sericulture.


[Transplantation of somatic nuclei into activated teleost eggs (the example of the loach, Misgurnus fossilis L.)]. Some peculiarities of the technique of nuclear transplantation for teleostean fishes are described, the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) taken as an example. The cells of the late high blastula were used as donors and the activated non-enucleated and enucleated (by X-rays, 20 kR) eggs of the loach as recipients. Following the nuclear transplantation in the activated non-enucleated eggs, 33 (out of 128) normal blastulae were obtained, one of which developed until hatching. Following the nuclear transplantation in the activated enucleated eggs, 34 (out of 251) blastulae were obtained, 6 embryos hatched and 2 larvae attained the stage of active feeding.


[Complications of the combined cataract-keratoplasty operation]. The results of 43 corneal graft operations combined with cataract extraction were investigated. The visual acuity was improved in 63% of cases in spite of the fact that some eyes were suffering from additional diseases or had prior operations. Complications of surgical procedure were rare. Postoperatively a raise of intraocular pressure was sometimes noted. In postinflammatory and post-traumatic cases, corneal opacifications were frequent, but they were rare in keratoconus or in endothelial corneal dystrophies.


Failure of inhibiting corneal graft rejection in rabbits by 5 alpha-androstane-3,17-dione. Corneal transplantations were performed on both eyes of 19 albino rabbits. For each animal both grafts were taken from one pigmented donor rabbit. In all animals one eye was treated with a 2% 5alpha-androstane-3,17-dione ointment (alphaA) and the other eye with an ointment containing no steroid (6 rabbits) or 2% cortisol (13 rabbits). Our experiments showed that alphaA cannot inhibit the efferent limb of corneal graft rejection as effectively as cortisol. we discuss some histological features of corneal graft rejection and our technique of corneal grafting in rabbits.


[Aggressive eyelid basalioma with erythroderma ichthyosiforme congenita sicca]. Report on an agressive eyelid basalioma which led, in a patient with Erythrodermia ichthyosiformis congenita sicca, to exenteration of the oribt. Presentation of clinical and histopathological findings and discussion about the histogenic character of both diseases considering also present literature on this subject.


Analgesic activity of ibuprofen (Motrin) in postoperative oral surgical pain. The effectiveness of 400 and 800 mg. of ibuprofen was compared to that of 650 mg. of aspirin, 65 mg. of propoxyphene HCl, and placebo in 510 patients experiencing pain subsequent to oral surgical procedures. In double-blind study, patients were randomly assigned to one of five experimental groups and instructed to report the intensity of pain (complete, partial, or none) over a 3-hour period of evaluation. Ibuprofen, at both doses, was shown to be more effective for both degree and duration of relief from pain.


Marijuana and human performance: an annotated bibliography (1970-1975). A bibliography of 199 annotated references was compiled to aid the reader in determining the impact of marijuana on psychomotor, cognitive, and physiological factors considered pertinent to flight performance. The bibliography contains an index which categorizes the references into the following major areas: (1) reviews or overviews of issues, literature or research; (2) psychological effects of marijuana use; (3) physiological and pharmacological research; (4) medical comments and research critiques; and (5) additional reference sources. The basic period of coverage is 1970 to 1975, although selected studies from earlier years are also included.


Relaxation and exercise for hyperactive impulsive children. This study explored the effectiveness of progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise in improving the cognitive performance of hyperactive, impulsive males. Progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise were compared to an attentional-training placebo, a no-treatment control, and a nonhyperactive control. While no differences were found on the Continuous Performance Task, relaxation, exercise, and nonhyperactive control groups performed significantly better on the Matching Familiar Figures test than the no-treatment control. Results were suggestive of the effectiveness of both progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise in treating hyperactive, impulsive youngsters.


The effect of iodine supplementation on the reproductive rates of goats and sheep. Three trials involving 140 does and 185 ewes were conducted at Ilonga. In the three trials, potassium iodide doses of 210 mg were drenched to half of the female animals 3 times during the first trial, 5 times and 4 times during and after the mating periods of the second and third trials respectively. The percent kidding/lambing was higher in the treated group of animals than in the control animals. The increase was due to high numbers of twin sets particulary in goats. The goitre incidences in the offspring, was significantly reduced by the administration of iodide to mothers during pregnancy. The average birth weight of the kids/lambs was depressed by iodide drenching in the first and second trials.


On arginine splitting as a taxonomic criterion with special regard to the separation of Aeromonas and Vibrio. An investigation of various methods and media intended for arginine testing of Aeromonas or Vibrio, showed that the method of Thornley (1960) was superior to the others for this purpose because it showed the best conformity with the established taxonomy of a number of type strains and because it furthermore yielded the lowest percentage of false positive reactions from a number of Aeromonas/Vibrio-suspect strains of marine origin.


[Recrudescence of imported malaria (author's transl)]. In the light of two recent cases of severe central nervous system malaria due to neglect in chemoprophylaxis, the authors report the very marked recrudescence in imported malaria and draw attention to the frequency of cases due to P. falciparum, the agent of malignant tertian fever and of malignant episodes. The necessity of early diagnosis in such cases is mentioned, together with the treatment of simple malaria and, in particular, of malignant varieties. In order to be effective, chemoprophylaxis must be begun immediately following arrival in an endemic area, continued  regularly throughout the stay there and continued for 2 months after leaving. The blood of former malaria suffers, in order to avoid the risks of transfusion malaria, should be used only after seroimmunological studies have demonstrated the absence of anti-malaria antibodies.


Physiology of abnormal movements.

Physiology of abnormal movements. The units of the central nervous system controlling voluntary movement are described and the roles of the motor and sensory cortex, of the basal ganglia and cerebellum and of the final common loop are outlined. The pathophysiology underlying disturbances of movement, power and tone of the limbs is discussed, with particular reference to the more common dyskinesias.


Symptomatic Parkinsonism.

Symptomatic Parkinsonism. Parkinson's disease, 'paralysis agitans', is characterized by a number of abnormalities. A similar clinical picture may be symptomatic of other disturbances: these are briefly described and the differential diagnosis is discussed.


The treatment of Parkinson's disease.

The treatment of Parkinson's disease. The treatment of Parkinson's disease is discussed. Levodopa is the most effective drug in this therapy. The place of other agents is discussed.


Left ventricular function in ischaemic heart disease. A review. The clinical significance of the abnormalities seen at left ventriculography in ischaemic heart disease is discussed. Aneurysms may be recognized when left ventriculography is combined with coronary arteriography to show the characteristic obliteration of the supplying artery. Localized areas of abnormal contraction seen at rest are almost certainly indicative of infarcts. Similar areas provoked by exercise or atrial pacing represent the site of acute ischaemia. The ischaemic ventricle may be recognized by abnormal response to exercise, even in the absence of angina. The abnormal response may be reversed by successful revascularization surgery.


The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (L.H.R.H.) on serum L.H. and ovarian growth in turkeys. Serum L.H. of non-laying hens (NL.) was significantly higher than serum LH of layers (L.). All NL. hens  showed a marked increase in serum L.H. within 5 min. of an i.v. injection of 20 or 40 micrograms of L.H.R.H. The L.H. levels of NL. hens were significantly lower at 15 min. after L.H.R.H. injection than at 5 min. The laying turkeys were erratic in their response, with clear cut, small rises in L.H. occurring only in some individuals with hard shelled eggs in utero. Hens with membranous eggs or with empty uteri failed to respond to the L.H.R.H. While F.S.H./L.H. injections caused significant ovarian and oviducal growth, L.H.R.H. given by daily i.m. injection for 7 days or twice daily i.v. injection for 6 days failed to do so. Subcutaneous implants of 1 mg. of L.H.R.H. in polyacrylamide gel led to prolonged elevation in serum L.H.R.H. and increased serum L.H. for about 12 hr. but caused no change in ovarian or oviducal weights.


Effect of noxythiolin on experimental peritonitis. The intraperitoneal instillation of noxythiolin in the treatment of peritonitis is widespread in clinical practice despite contradictory evidence as to its efficacy. In this light the value of noxythiolin was reappraised by studying its effect in guinea-pigs and mice with induced bacterial peritonitis. Treatment with a 1% solution of noxythiolin reduced the mortality rate of mice by 14% (P less than 0.1). The guinea-pig model proved unreliable giving inconsistent mortality rates throughout. Further studies are required to determine the optimum dose and concentration of noxythiolin while the search for more effective intraperitoneal antiseptics should continue.


Degeneration of the mucosal surface of the small intestine of the chicken in Salmonella infection. Day-old chicks were infected with Salmonella typhimurium. The impact on the intestinal mucosa was observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Salmonella infected birds were characterized as having areas on their intestinal mucosal cells devoid of microvilli. The absence of microvilli probably interferes with absorption of the digesta.


Behavioral and electroencephalographic manifestations of avian epilepsy: a review of the literature. Recently, electrophysiological studies on sleep and wakefulness in birds have yielded useful results. Furthermore, recent evidence obtained in behavioral and electroencephalographical investigations of epileptic birds, induced neuropharmacologically or genetically, have led to recognition of the fact that epileptic seizures are present in aves, and that these seizures reveal many similarities between mammalian and avian epilepsy. While the investigation of birds is of obvrious value for demonstrating the neuropharmacological interrelationship with the brain, comparison of the correlation between abnormal behavior and the electroencephalogram in birds and higher vertebrates requires further research. In the present paper, normal and abnormal electroencephalographic activity associated with behavior of birds is reviewed. It was concluded that birds provide a useful preparation for studying experimental epilepsy.


Effect of vitamin E and A on humoral immunity and phagocytosis in E. coli infected chicken. Dietary supplementation of either vitamin E (300 mg./kg. diet) or vitamin A (60,000 I.U./kg. diet) significantly reduced E. coli caused mortality, but the combination of the two vitamins did not. Protection was attributed to increased antibody production and increased phagocytosis, although neither factor alone gave a significant correlation with mortality. Vitamin E level significantly increased especially in the spleen of supplemented chicks, but vitamin A suppressed this increase, partially explaining the lack of protection in vitamin E and A supplemented chicks.


Effect of cold exposure on the immune response of chickens. The effect of various environmental temperature changes on the antibody production of chickens were examined. Chronic cold exposure significantly increased the antibody titers. Birds exposed to 32.2 degrees C. and above had significantly depressed agglutinin levels. Short term cold exposures 2 or 4 times following the antigen injection enhanced the agglutinin and hemolysin response. Thirty minute cold exposures for 2 or 4 times significantly increased IgM antibody production and markedly reduced the IgG antibody. The data suggest the elevation of antibody titers are in relation to time of the cold treatment and antigen injection. Observed differences of antibody production may be due to cold induced changes in the metabolic activity of antigen reactive cells and antibody producing cells.


The effect of starvation on antibody production of chicks. The effect of 24 and 48 hours of food and water deprivation on ascorbic acid, liver, leukocyte counts and internal lymphoid organ weights of crossbred chicks was examined. Starvation caused an increase in plasma ascorbic acid level, a significant decrease in leucocyte count in peripheral blood, significant loss in body weight and a profound loss in liver, bursa of fabricius, spleen and thymus weights. Deprived chicks were I.V. injected with Escherichia coli dead bacteria and sheep red blood cells at different times before and after onset of deprivation. Blood samples were taken 3, 6, and 12 days thereafter. A lower antibody titer was found on the 6th day post vaccination in the groups where deprivation started on the day before or on the day of vaccination.


Effect of low level feeding chlortetracycline on subsequent therapy of chicks infected with Salmonella typhimurium. A six-week trial was conducted to determine if therapeutic use of chlortetracycline (CTC) would be affected by previous use of the same antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels in the feed. Results indicated therapeutic effect of CTC on mortality was not compromised by the previous use of the low level antibiotic.


Purification and characterization of human and bovine platelet factor 4. Platelet antiheparin, platelet factor 4, was isolated from freeze-thaw lysates of fresh bovine and outdated human platelet concentrates by a single step affinity chromatographic procedure. The yields of PF4 were 93 microgram and 142 microgram/ml of human and bovine platelets respectively. Antiheparin activity of the products were 558 units/mg for the bovine isolate and 489 units/mg for the human material. The bovine product is a single chain polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 12,300. Amino acid composition indicates 107-109 residues compared to the smaller human product which has an apparent molecular weight of 8,000 for a 70 residue polypeptide. The intact polypeptide was resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis as opposed to the reduced-alkylated derivative which was susceptible to hydrolysis in the presence and absence of heparin.


Identification of a host protein necessary for bacteriophage morphogenesis (the groE gene product). Mutations in the groE gene of Escherichia coli, which block the correct assembly of the phage lambda head, have been previously described. Many groE mutations exert pleiotropic effects, such as inability to propagate phages T4 and T5 and inability to form colonies at 43 degrees. With the help of the EcoRI and HindIII restrictionenzymes and the appropriate phage vectors, we have constructed two lambda transducing phages, called W3 and H18, that carry the groE+ bacterial gene. Upon lysogenization by phage H18 the groE bacterial mutants recover their gro+ phenotype for both phage growth and the ability to form colonies at 43 degrees. We have identified the groE+ bacterial gene product as a protein of 65,000 molecular weight. Mutants of the W3 transducing phage that were selected on the basis of their ability to propagate on some groE mutant hosts induce the synthesis of a groE protein with altered electrophoretic mobility.


Role of the host in virus assembly: cloning of the Escherichia coli groE gene and identification of its protein product. Correct assembly of the heads of bacteriophages lambda and T4 requires the function of the groE gene of the Escherichia coli host. We have isolated a transducing derivative of lambda, called lambda gt-Ec.groE, that carries a functional copy of the groE gene. Unlike wild-type lambda, this phage is able to form plaques on hosts with a mutant groE gene. We have isolated an amber mutation in the groE gene carried by the phage, and this has made it possible to identify the groE product as a protein of molecular weight 65,000. In the phage, the groE gene is under the control of an early phage promoter.


Translational specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomes. The translational specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosomes was studied by determining the effectiveness of various synthetic RNAs as templates at 37 degrees and at higher temperatures. The effectiveness of poly(G,U) was maximal at a G:U ratio of 1:3; it declined with lower G content because of reduced ribosomal affinity for the RNA and, with higher G, because of interference by secondary structure. The effectiveness of poly(A,C,G,U) also declined when secondary structure was increased by increasing (G+C) content. Escherichia coli ribosomes exhibited a similar specificity for poly-(G,U), but had a lower sensitivity to interference by RNA secondary structure. In both bacterial species, sensitivity to secondary structure was determined by the 30S ribosomal subunit.


Structure of yeast phenylalanine-tRNA genes: an intervening DNA segment within the region coding for the tRNA. Sixteen bacterial clones containing sequences complementary to yeast PhetRNA were isolated from a collection of hybrid plasmids containing BamHI restriction endonuclease-generated yeast DNA fragments inserted in the plasmid vector pBR315. Ten of these clones contained hybrid plasmids with distinct BamHI fragments. The sequence of the Phe-tRNA structural genes and adjacent regions of three of these clones is reported here. In the region flanking the tRNA gene, the sequence of two of the cloned DNAs is similar; the sequence of the third varies considerably. All three of the tRNA genes are bordered by A,T-rich regions. In particular, near the region coding for the 3' end of the tRNA there is a long sequence of As in the coding strand. This is reminiscent of the region of termination of transcription of the yeast 5S rRNA gene. The sequences coding for the Phe-tRNA contain an additional segment of 18 or 19 base pairs (depending upon the clone) not predicted by the yeast Phe-tRNA sequence. These intervening segments are nearly identical in the three clones and are located within the structural gene, two base pairs from the nucleotides coding for the tRNA anticodon.


Electron microscopic determination of the binding sites of ribosomal proteins S4 and S8 on 16S RNA. Specific complexes.early in the assembly of Escherichia coli ribosomes were examined in the electron microscope. Complexes between ribosomal protein S4 or S8 and 16S RNA were fixed gently with formaldehyde and then denatured for protein-free spreading. Binding of each protein was found to preserve an easily recognized configuration in the RNA that allows the sites of protein binding to be determined. S8--16S RNA complexes have a single hairpin loop near the middle of the 16S RNA, 798 +/- 21 bases from one end and 657 +/- 26 bases from the other. S4-16S RNA complexes have two adjacent loops at one end with 250--450 bases. This structure probably arises from the simultaneous binding of S4 to three noncontiguous sites on the RNA. Measurements of these complexes place the binding sites near the 5' end, at more than one site 250--585 nucleotides from the 5' end and 645 +/- 45 bases from the 3' end. The latter site has not been recognized previously as a distinct S4 binding site. This approach allows the binding sites to be determined without knowledge of the nucleotide sequence and gives insight into the configuration of the rRNA in the assembling ribisome.


Streptomycin causes misreading of natural messenger by interacting with ribosomes after initiation. The induction of misreading by streptomycin in vitro, previously observed with synthetic messengers, is now demonstrated with natural (endogenous or viral) messenger by the use of extracts of temperature sensitive mutants lacking Glu--tRNA or Val--tRNA synthetase. With chain-elongating but noninitiating ribosomes (i.e., purified polysomes) deprived of an aminoacyl--tRNA, streptomycin and other aminoglycosides, over a wide range of concentrations, stimulate incorporation. With ribosomes initiating in the presence of streptomycin stimulation is also observed but it is restricted, just like phenotypic suppression in cells, to very low streptomycin concentrattions which evidently allow some ribosomes to initiate and later encounter them in the course of chain elongation. The stimulation is accompanied by an increase in the size of the products; hence, it is evidently due to substitution of an incorrect aminoacyl--tRNA for a missing one. The test introduced here also has revealed a misreading effect of streptomycin on resistant ribosomes. In addition, significant intrinsic misreading was observed without streptomycin, indicating that under optimal conditions for in vitro protein synthesis an empty codon is frequently read by an incorrect aminoacyl--tRNA.


Mutant RNA polymerase of Escherichia coli terminates transcription in strains making defective rho factor. We have isolated a rifampicin-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase that restores transcription termination in strains with a defective rho protein. In such strains, the mutant RNA polymerase terminates transcription at normally rho-dependent sites at the end of the trp operon, in bacteriophage lambda, and within the lac operon. In addition, a strain with this mutant RNA polymerase remains viable with an amber mutation in rho, whereas a strain with wild-type RNA polymerase does not. These results suggest that the mutant RNA polymerase can terminate transcription at normally rho-dependent sites in the absence of rho.


Detection of prokaryotic signal peptidase in an Escherichia coli membrane fraction: endoproteolytic cleavage of nascent f1 pre-coat protein. An inverted membrane vesicle fraction isolated from uninfected Escherichia coli and largely derived from the inner membrane has been shown to contain an endoproteolytic activity that cleaves nascent bacteriophage f1 pre-coat protein into two identifiable products. The electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea/polyacrylamide gels and the partial amino-terminal sequence of the larger fragment were indistinguishable from those of the mature phage coat protein. Partial amino-terminal sequence analysis showed that the smaller fragment corresponds to the amino-terminal "signal peptide" of f1 pre-coat protein. Cleavage occurred only if the membrane fraction was present during in vitro synthesis, and was not observed if it was added after completion of pre-coat protein synthesis. The cleavage reaction was strongly stimulated when the membrane fraction was present together with the nonionic detergent Nikkol. These results are consistent with and discussed in terms of the signal hyothesis.


Quantitative forward mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium using 8-azaguanine resistance as a genetic marker. We have developed a quantitative forward mutation assay using Salmonella typhimurium, in which resistance to the purine analog 8-azaguanine is used as a genetic marker. We present the assay protocol, the concentration-dependent toxicity and mutagenicity of five known mutagens (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ICR-191, 9-aminoacridine, dimethylnitrosamine, and benzo[a]pyrene), and reconstruction experiments testing the assay for possible bias. The relative merits of forward versus reverse mutation assays are discussed.


Mutation affecting thermostability of sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase lies near the dnaG locus at about 66 min on the E. coli genetic map. The Escherichia coli strain, ts-rnp5, originally described in 1975 by G. D. Burdick and H. Berger, is shown to possess an RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase) sigma subunit with an activity 4--6 times less thermostable at 45 degrees than sigma from wild-type strains. This defect remains associated with the sigma polypeptide through a variety of purification stages, including renaturation of sigma after its elution from sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels. The mutation responsible for decreased thermostability of sigma, called rpoD1, cotransduces with dnaG and therefore is located at about 66 min of the E. coli genetic map.


Formation of a ternary complex: actin, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate, and the subfragments of myosin. The formation of the ternary complex composed of actin, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate [AMP-P(NH)P], and myosin subfragment 1 (S-1) was studied using the analytical ultracentrifuge with UV optics, which enabled the direct determination of the extent of dissociation of actin.S-1 (acto.S-1) by AMP-P(NH)P. In contrast to the reaction with ATP, at saturating levels of AMP-P(NH)P (1.5 mM), extensive formation of the ternary acto.S-1.AMP-P(NH)P complex occurs at 22 degrees . With 40 muM actin present, AMP-P(NH)P causes almost no dissociation of the acto.S-1 complex at 0.04 M ionic strength, while even at 0.22 M ionic strength one-third of the S-1 remains associated with actin and AMP-P(NH)P in a ternary complex. A detailed study of the binding of S-1.AMP-P(NH)P to actin using the Scatchard plot analysis shows that, at saturation, 1 mol of S-1.AMP-P(NH)P binds per mol of actin monomer. There appears to be no cooperativity occurring as the S-1.AMP-P(NH)P binds along the actin filament, with the possible exception of a slight positive cooperativity when most of the sites on the actin filament are saturated. The turbidity of the ternary complex is identical to the turbidity of acto.S-1 alone. Preliminary experiments with the two-headed subfragment of myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM), show that the binding of HMM.[AMP-P(NH)P](2) to actin is only about twice as strong as the binding of S-1.AMP-P(NH)P to actin, indicating that the second head contributes very little to the free energy of binding.


Structural analysis of spermine and magnesium ion binding to yeast phenylalanine transfer RNA. Refinement of the diffraction data at 2.5-A resolution from orthorhombic crystals of yeast tRNAPhe has proceeded to the point where spermine and magnesium ions can be located in the difference electron density map. Two spermine molecules are found: one is located in the major groove at one end of the anticodon stem; the other is near the variable loop and curls around phosphate 10 in a region where the polynucleotide chain takes a sharp turn. Four distinct magnesium ions have been identified: one in the anticodon loop, two in the D loop, and one coordinated with phosphates 8, 9, 11, and 12, where the polynucleotide chain is coiled. The conformation of the anticodon stem and loop is stabilized by the cations at the end of the molecule. The positions of these ions may be related to aspects of the biological activity of tRNA. The spermine and magnesium ions appear to be important in maintaining the overall folding of the tRNA molecule.


Physical organization of the ilvEDAC genes of Escherichia coli strain K-12. We have determined the physical location of the ilvEDAC genes on the restriction cleavage map of the ilv region of Escherichia coli K-12 by two methods: (i) heteroduplex and endonuclease cleavage analysis of hybrid phages carrying genetically defined parts of the ilv cluster and (ii) complementation analysis and enzyme assays to determine ilv gene expression from hybrid plasmids containing DNA restriction fragments of the transducing phage lambdah80dilv. The ilvEDA and ilvC operons occupy 2.4 and 0.9 megadalton sequences of DNA, respectively, and are separated by a region of 0.6-0.75 megadalton. The ilvD region, specifying dihydroxy acid dehydrase, has a maximum coding capacity of about 55,000 daltons of polypeptide. Our results confirm that ilvC is transcribed clockwise on the E. coli K-12 map, in the same direction as ilaEDA. A secondary lambda attachment site within ilvC has been located on a small (0.45 megadalton) EcoRI fragment. Our results are compared to other physical studies of ilv DNA.


Perfusion-fixation procedure for immediate histologic processing of brain tissue. The rat brain can be hardened instantly by in vivo perfusion of the head with 50 ml of 50% Formalin followed by 50 ml of 10% sucrose-formalin. The brain can be sectioned on the freezing microtome immediately after the above perfusion. With routine staining procedures for unmounted sections histological slides of excellent quality can be prepared within an hour after perfusion.


Precision stereotaxic procedure for the mouse (Mus musculus): method and instrumentation. A precision stereotaxic procedure for mouse brain research is described accompanied by a new design in mouse stereotaxic head holder and a new device used to guarantee accurate alignment of the skull in the stereotaxic device. This method and instrumentation when applied in forthcoming research will contribute to the development of investigations of structure/function relationship in mouse brain.


Behavioral alteration of plasma phenylalanine concentration. The concentration of 13 neutral and acidic plasma amino acids was measured before, during and after either 40 min of control relaxation or 40 min of the process known as transcendental meditation (TM). An electro-oculogram, electroencephalogram, and electromyogram were simultaneously monitored in these subjects. Increased phenylalanine concentration was noted during TM practice with no change during control relaxation; no difference between the groups of total time slept or sleep stage percent was observed. The stability of phenylalanine concentration in controls and lack of correlation of increased phenylalanine with sleep in the long-term practitioners seem to suggest a relationship of the phenylalanine increase to TM practice.


Fluorescein test for prediction of flap viability during breast reconstructions. The fluorescein test is a useful ancillary procedure for predicting the viability of breast flaps in reconstructive procedures after subcutaneous mastectomy or radial mastectomy.


Influence of some operative and postoperative factors on capsular contracture around breast prostheses. In a follow-up of 490 patients with breast implants, neither the size of the prosthesis nor the nature of the surgical procedure (simple augmentation mammaplasty or after subcutaneous mastectomy) increased the incidence of capsular contracture. Hematoma or infection were followed by a higher incidence of capsular contracture. Drainage with suction and the instillation of steroid around the prostheses seemed to be effective in reducing the incidence of capsular contracture. In the steroid-treated group, the need for open surgical treatment was reduced. The recurrence rate after closed capsulotomy, or open capsulotomy, was not significantly different from that following the more extensive procedure of capsulectomy.


The versatility of the laterally based cervicofacial flap for cheek repairs. The versatility of the laterally based cervicofacial flap is described for coverage of defects following removal of cancers of the head and neck. It requires no delay procedures, and it gives excellent results in terms of both function and appearance.


Electrical burns causing a urinary bladder fistula. Case report. We present a patient with electrical burns which resulted in loss of the right upper arm and a urinary bladder fistula. A jump flap was used to cover the repaired bladder, and also to cover the stump of the amputated right arm.


Hidradenitis suppurativa of the breast areolae. Case report. A case of hidradenitis suppurativa of the areolae of the breasts is presented. The treatment was excision and split-skin grafting, and this was successful.


[History of psychotherapy in Russia and the Soviet Union]. Previously, articles on and contributions to the history of psychotherapy proceeded on the assumption that the most essential sources were to be found in Anglo-Saxon and German literature. Developments in other civilizations were usually treated as undeserving of consideration. It is important to note that a large amount of specialized literature on psychotherapy has been published in the Soviet Union, and this shows that a great importance is attached in that country to the treatment of nervous and mental disorders by psychological methods. A review of the writings of S. S. Korsakov and V. M. Bekhterev shows that the essential principles of group psychotherapy had been recognized by those authors already in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, respectively. Results achieved by Makarenko appear valuable in the light of what we know today. The method of "collective psychotherapy", which was first described by Libch, is discussed in detail. This method is being widely used in the Soviet Union. The concern of this paper is to describe developments which have not so far been covered in our literature, thus attempting to make an addition to psychotherapeutic activity in this country.


[Development of current problems regarding perinatal CNS lesions from a neuropathologic viewpoint]. Perinatal central-nervous-system lesions may be found in as many as one third of all subjects who died before, during, or after the time of birth. Today, hypoxia is considered to be an essential cause of such lesions; in contrast to views held previously, birth trauma, i.e., physical injury to an infant during its delivery, is of minor pathogenetic importance. Neurohistological studies showed that it is especially prolonged hypoxia - in addition to cerebral hemorrhage, damage to the cerebral parenchyma and medullary substance - which can cause lesion of the brain stem. A relatively frequent occurrence are isolated ischemic cerebrospinal nerve cell lesions. Their prognostic dignity in regard to the possible formation of synapses and the problem of damage to the neuroglia are as yet imperfectly understood.


Peer review and PSRO in American psychiatry. The past 5 years have provided major pressures for and development in the varied areas of peer review of medical services. Organized psychiatry's activities on the national and local levels have been vigorous and responsive. The author traces the development of the mandated, professional and third party payer forms of peer review and the mechanisms and requirements within these programs. The specific programs and projects within the American Psychiatric Association and it's district affilates are also reviewed.


A systems-analytical approach to macro-evolutionary phenomena. Two sets of evolutionary phenomena find no explanation through current theory. For the static phenomena (such as homology, homonomy, systematic weight, and "Type") there is no causal base, although these principles are responsible for all phenomena of predictable order in the living world. The dynamic phenomena (such as homodynamy, coadaptation, parallel evolution, orthogenesis, Cartesian transformation, typostrophy, hetermorphosis, systemic mutation, and spontaneous atavism) have no causal explanation, although they are responsible for all directed phenomena in macroevolution. These phenomena share one unifying principle which can be explained by a system theory of evolution based on, but extending, the current synthetic theory. This system theory envisages feedback conditions between genotype and phenotype by which the chances of successful adaptation increase if the genetic units, by insertion of superimposed genes, copy the functional dependencies of those phene structures for which they code. This positive feedback of the adaptive speed (or probability) within a single adaptive direction is compensated by negative feedback in most of the alternative directions. The negative feedback operates as selection not be environmental but by systemic conditions developed by the organization of the organism. The consequences are an imitatively organized system of gene interractions, the rehabilitation of classical systematics, the reality of the "natural system," and, in general, the resolution of the contradiction between neodarwinists and their critics, between reductionists and holists, between "a priori" and "a posteriori" views, between idealism and materialism, and between the notions of freedom and of purpose in evolution.


Pulmonary nocardiosis.

Pulmonary nocardiosis. Six cases of pulmonary nocardiosis are reported. All patients were compromised hosts treated with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive agents. The clinical presentations ranged from malaise to respiratory failure. The radiological manifestations varied from a solitary nodule to extensive cavitary bronchopneumonia with distant dissemination. The diagnosis was made by sputum culture in one, open lung biopsy in 3, and at autopsy in 2 others. In 3 patients, in whom early diagnosis was made, the infection was controlled by sulfonamide therapy.


Small vessel calcification and its relationship to secondary hyperparathyroidism in the renal homotransplant patient. Of 131 patients who received one or more renal transplants over a twelve-year period, 12 patients showed evidence of extensive small vessels calcification on routine bone surveys. All patients developed symptomatology directly attributable to advanced secondary hyperparathyroidism. In addition, all patients eventually showed evidence of extensive bone disease. Progressive small-vessel calcification in the renal homotransplant patient should alert the clinician and radiologist to underlying secondary hyperparathyroidism.


Diffuse cortical calcification in rejected renal transplants. Two cases of diffuse cortical calcification in rejected renal transplants are presented. Rejected renal transplants are added to bilateral renal cortical necrosis and chronic glomerulonephritis as causes of diffuse cortical calcification. Possible mechanisms of calcification are briefly discussed.


Percutaneous nephropyelostomy in the management of obstructed renal transplants. Five percutaneous nephropyelostomies were performed on 4 patients with obstructed renal allografts. In all instances the procedure significantly influenced further management of these patients. It allowed pressure measurement within the obstructed collecting system, assessment of renal function after prolonged drainage, and anatomical delineation of the site of the obstruction using antegrade pyelography. Percutaneous pyelonephrostomy and drainage is a useful means to determine whether obstruction or rejection is the major contributor to renal failure following renal transplantation.


Central lymphatic irradiation to low dose for advanced nodular lymphoreticular tumors (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). Total central lymphatic irradiation (2500-3000 rads in 3 to 6 weeks) including the entire abdomen, the supradiaphragmatic nodal areas, and Waldeyer's ring is being investigated as a potentially curative approach to patients with Stage III disease. Twenty-two patients have been treated (24-month minimum observation). All evidence of disease has disappeared in every patient. Three patients have developed local recurrence; 2 of them received 2000 rads or less. Three patients had marginal recurrences, and 5 developed generalized disease involving viscera. Fourteen patients (64%) are alive and free of any evidence of disease from 24-90 months (median, 54 months). Absolute survival is 82% (18/22).


Yersinia enterocolitica and pseudotuberculosis infection in children. The clinical symptoms of infections with Y. ent. and pseudotub. are of a different nature. Whether the infection becomes apparent in form of a pseudo-appendicitis, enterocolitis or a typho-septic disease does apparently not only depend on the type of pathogens but also on the children's condition with regard to their resistance. All forms mentioned are observed in case of infections with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as well as in case of infections with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as well as in case of infections with Yersinia enterocolitica. However, infections with Yersinia enterocolitica seem to have more frequently a chronic course and to be accompanied by conjunctivitis, arthritis and skin diseases. For the subacute and the chronic forms of the disease, a specific treatment is not necessary in most cases. Severe enterocolitis and septicemia, however, need an antibiotic therapy besides the symptomatic therapy. The best antibiotics for an infection with Yersinia enterocolitica still seem to be the tetracyclines and leucomycine, for an infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis also the cephalosporines, ampicilline and carbenicilline.


Pregnancy termination with the PGE2-analogue SHB 286. A group of 94 volunteers were treated with PGE2-analogue SHB 286 at the 12+1 week of pregnancy. Of the 94 gravidas, 78 received a single extravular dose of 50-200 microgram (Mean +/- S.E. 76 +/- 7 microgram) while 16 a short intravenous infusion of 1000-2000 microgram SHB 286. Despite the single treatment and low dose, the success rate was 69% and the instillation abortion time only 15 +/- 1 hours. At 24 hours after treatment even those gravidas who failed to abort (31%) had sufficient cervical dilatation for curettage and thus could be spared from rapid surgical dilatation. Peripheral plasma progesterone and estradiol-17 beta decreased significantly at 4 hours after treatment in those gravidas who subsequently aborted. After an initial contracture response of the uterus to SHB 286, the cyclic intraterine pressure evolved gradually. In 4 hours it reached significantly higher levels in those gravidas who subsequently aborted than in those who did not.


Single shot prostaglandin gel for labor induction. A viscous suspension of prostaglandin E2 was introduced endocervically to induce labor in patients with favourable induction features. The method was found to be effective and compared favourably with the conventional practices of amniotomy and intravenous oxytocin infusion or oral prostaglandin therapy. Several advantages were found including a high degree of patient acceptability.


[Analysis of gamma-ray spectra by using fast Fourier transform (author's transl)]. In order to simplify the mass data processing in a response matrix method for gamma-ray spectral analysis, a method using a Fast Fourier Transform devised. The validity of the method was confirmed by a computer simulation for spectra of a NaI detector. The method uses the fact that spectral data can be represented by Fourier series with reduced number of terms. The estimation of intensities of gamma-ray components is performed by a matrix operation using the compressed data of an observation spectrum and standard spectra in Fourier coefficients. The identification of gamma-ray energies is also easy. Several features in the method and a general problem to be solved in a response matrix method are described.


Immunosuppression of mice by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Studies were initiated to determine the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) on the production of indirect IgG plaque-forming and rosette-forming cells in mice. BDF1 mice were immunized with sheep erythrocytes followed by multiple injections of 10, 25 or 40 mg/kg THC. Results indicated that both parameters were significantly reduced by 25 mg/kg, thus affirming the immunosuppressive properties of this substance in mice.


African hamster lymphocytes as a model for immunologic studies. The mitogenic response of splenic lymphocytes from Mystromys albicaudatus was studied to evaluate the potential of this animal as a model for immunologic research. In response to phytochemagglutinin and concanavalin A, splenic cells from Mystromys, unlike those from mouse strains, incorporate [3H] thymidine optimally in microculture at 10(5) to 2 X 10(5) cells per microculture. Maximum magnitude of incorporation in response to the same doses of mitogen used in mouse splenic lymphocyte microculture is greater than 10(5) cpm. Moreover, this high incorporation at low cell concentration has been observed in cultures from animals ranging from six to 24 months of age. Splenic cells from Mystromys give little or no incorporation with either LPS or PPD in doses mitogenic to mouse lymphocytes. These features of mitogenic response in Mystromys lymphocyte cultures suggest several useful applications to studies of mechanisms of mitogenesis.


Regeneration of wool follicles in autografts of sheep skin. Three experiments involving six sheep were carried out at three different times in the annual wool growth cycle. Forty-eight full-thickness fitted autografts were sampled 2 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 21 and 28 days after grafting. The histopathology of the grafts is described. Individual variation in 'take' was probably related to the speed with which vascular integrity was reestablished between graft and bed. Delayed acceptance caused the death of pilosebaceous units. In a successful graft, wool follicle regeneration appears to occur in three main ways: (1) an inactive follicle regenerates from the dormant bulb at about seven days, (2) follicles that were active at the time of grafting have first to form a papilla stalk, and such follicles did not become active until 11 days, (3) sometimes one or more outgrowths appeared at higher levels suggesting follicle regeneration by branching. In addition there were a few instances of de novo downgrowth of follicle plugs from the epidermis. Wool growth on the graft therefore arises almost entirely from the reorganisation of preexisting follicles.


Therapeutic responses of piglets to experimentally induced colibacillosis. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the effects of prior exposure to antimicrobials on subsequent treatment of artificially induced colibacillosis in pigs. One- to two-week-old piglets were given 10(7) multiple antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli orally. Two groups of the piglets received priming doses at different levels of the antimicrobial preparation, ASP-250 before challenge. The remaining group received no antimicrobial. Piglets ill as a result of the challenge were treated with chloramphenicol of chlortetracycline, or received no treatment. Chloramphenicol was significantly more effective than chlortetracycline in terminating colibacillosis in the primed and unprimed groups. There were fewer deaths and relapse cases in those groups which received chloramphenicol treatment. Results in piglets treated with chlortetracycline were not significantly better than those which received no treatment.


Indirect fluorescent antibody levels in experimental Babesia divergens infections of cattle. In splenectomised calves infected with Babesia divergens IFA titres appeared after peak parasitaemia and maximum titres were observed 35 days after infection: the IFA response of adult non-splenectomised cattle was similar. It was concluded that the absence of a spleen did not markedly inhibit the IFA response of cattle to B divergens infection.


The aetiology and significance of the phagocytosis of erythrocytes and leucocytes in sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense (Broden, 1904). The phagocytosis of erythrocytes and leucocytes in sheep infected with Trypanosoma congolense is shown to be due to the coating of the blood cells with trypanosomal antigen. The occurrence of the phagocytic activity is dependent on fluctuations of the parasitaemia and is significant in maintaining the anaemic state of the subject.


[The contractile filament system of carcinoma cells. Immunofluorescent and electron microscopic study]. Recent research has shown that the cytoplasm of several varieties of non muscular cells contains contractile proteins similar to those of striated muscle (actin and myosin, with the control complex of troponin and tropomyosin). Using indirect immunofluorescent staining with specific antisera, the authors demonstrate that the cytoplasm of the cells of oral squamous cell carcinoma contains actin, myosin and actinin (tropomyosin seems to be lacking). They have found these contractile proteins inconstantly in various precarcinomatous states, but never in normal epithelium, except in a few basal cells. In electronic microscopy, these contractile proteins correspond to a network of microfilaments of 40-80 A, more rarely 100-120 A, Clearly different from tonofilaments, located mainly in the peripheral part of the cytoplasm, just under the plasmalemmal membrane. It is tempting to speculate that the occurence of a contractile filamentous apparatus in the cells of oral carcinomas--already described in skin and mammal gland carcinomas--allows to these cells amoeboid movements and active migration, which might to some extent explain their tendency to invade surrounding tissues and to produce metastasis.


Serum levels of human pancreatic polypeptide in renal disease. The newly recognized pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been demonstrated in the circulation of healthy subjects, although its physiological role is not definately established. In order to investigate the renal role in the elimination of PP from the circulation, PP was determined in patients with varying degrees of renal damage, in patients on chronic haemodialysis, and in patients who have undergone renal transplantation. A close correlation was found between glomerular filtration rate and serum PP. In the uraemic group, PP levels were highly elevated as compared to normal individuals. After renal transplantation, PP values declined in step with the improvement in glomerular filtration rate. The increased serum PP levels in renal failure raise the possibility of PP being involved in the development of uraemic gastrointestinal symptoms.


Prevention of hepatitis B infections by passive immunization. Experience with the use of standard immune serum globulin (ISG) and the more recently available hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) is reviewed. The biologic phenomena which could be affected by passive immunization are discussed, as are recommendations for the use of these forms of passive immunization in the prevention of hepatitis B infections.


Gastric mucosal damage caused by plain and microencapsulated acetylsalicylic acid tablets in healthy subjects: a gastrocamera study. In a randomized, cross-over study plain acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) tablet and microencapsulated ASA tablets were given in doses of 1 gram 3 times a day for 3 days to 8 healthy subjects with no previous gastrointestinal disturbances. Gastrocamera examinations were performed before the ASA treatment and 1--2 hours after the last dose of ASA. The gastric mucosa appeared macroscopically normal at all the control examinations; whereas musocal bleeding was evident in all the subjects after the ASA treatment. There was no statistically significant difference between the plain ASA and the microencapsulated ASA preparations. No correlation could be found between the ASA concentration in plasma and the gastric mucosal damage.


Decision-making considerations in the choice of radioactive diagnostic and therapeutic agents. There are no ideal radioactive diagnostic or therapeutic agents. There is only the best compromise at a given time between the agent's physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, its compatibility with available instrumentation needed for its use, and the ability to assure quality and availiability. This article elaborates on the parameters affecting such compromise.


Epidermal cytoplasmic antibodies. (Incidence and clinical significance). Antibodies to epidermal cytoplasmic antigens were detected by the indirect immunofluorescence (IF) technique in 36% of 100 adult healthy subjects and in 17.6% of 17 normal newborn infants. This type of autoantibody occurred in 33% of 100 cases with vitiligo, in 32.5% of 40 cases with psoriasis, in 55.3% of patients with malignant tumours and in 72.7% of subjects with malignant melanoma. The frequency of the autoimmune reactions was statistically significant only in patients with malignant neoplasms. In the majority of positive cases the IF pattern involved the upper layers of the epidermal cells (U-CYT). The basal layer was generally negative. Only a few cases showed a pattern involving both the upper and the basal layers (G-CYT). However, a wide variation in staining was noted when sera were tested on different skin specimens or different sections of the same skin. To identify the nature of the target antigen(s), absorption experiments of sera were attempted with lyophilized and particulate antigens. Animal and human blood cells and lyophilized homogenates of malignant tumours failed to absorb the autoimmune activity of positive sera. Only a powder preparation of keratin induced a decrease in antibody titres. It is postulated that they are the result of an antigenic stimulation by exogenous substances commonly present in the environment.


CLL and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma in one patient: clonal proliferation of two different B cells. A case report is presented of a 77-year-old woman suffering from a composite lymphoma, known as Richter's Syndrome, consisting of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. Light-microscopic investigation revealed the presence of CLL cells in the blood and bone marrow and a combination of CLL cells and large immunoblastic cells in the lymph node. Immunological investigation showed that both malignant cell types were B cells. The CLL cells carried a monoclonal surface immunoglobulin (S-Ig) micron lambda, and the immunoblastic cells had a monoclonal S-Ig micron K. These findings indicated that both clonal lymphoproliferative diseases were probably derived from different tumour stem cells.


Studies of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in a plaque assay: evidence of human monocyte-like effector cells. Two different methods for evaluating 'in vitro' cytotoxicity against antibody-coated target cells mediated by mononuclear leukocytes were compared. One was a plaque assay for identification of the cytotoxic cell and the other the classical chromium release assay for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). A marked decrease in plaque-forming cells (PFC) was observed in a cell suspension depleted of peroxidase-positive cells and cells with membrane-bound Ig (B lymphocytes) by fractionation on a nylon fiber column. In contrast, the ADCC activity was considerably increased by these depletions. A similar effect was obtained by removal of phagocytic cells with iron. These results, together with the observations after depletion of E-RFC (T lymphocytes) or EA-RFC (Fc-receptor-bearing cells), suggest that the PFC in the assay system used were of monocytic origin and differnet from the cells responsible for the ADCC.


A high molecular weight serum protein is the carrier for amyloid-related protein SAA. In the present study evidence is presented that SAA in serum complexes to a carrier protein with a molecular weight of 100,000-200,000 daltons, with mobility in the alpha-region on electrophoresis, and with a rather low normal serum concentration. The carrier protein is apparently not albumin. SAA isolated from the carrier protein has a molecular weight of 14,000 daltons and does not complex to any considerable extent with itself under neutral conditions.


[A candida bezoar in the Chiari reticulum of the right heart atrium]. An incidental finding at autopsy in a 55-year-old woman who died of complications of uterine cervical carcinoma was a 3 cm long polyp attached to the rete of Chiari in the right atrium. The lesion was interpreted grossly as either a pedunculated metastasis to the heart or an unusual atrial tumor. Histologic examination revealed it to be a fungus ball composed of regularly grouped Candida mycelia. The patient's history revealed Candida septicemia several months prior to death for which she had been treated by heavy doses of antibiotics administered through indwelling catheter. The causes of this unusual anatomo-pathologic finding are discussed in the light of our observations and those reviewed in the literature.


[Lung circulation in emphysema].

[Lung circulation in emphysema]. Pulmonary emphysema is regularly complicated by pulmonary hypertension which is, however, mostly of minor degree. As long as pulmonary capillary pressure and cardiac output remain within normal limits, the elevated pressure in the pulmonary artery is due to an increase of vascular resistance for which hypoxia is responsible in the first place, while rarefaction of vascular ramifications due to the emphysematic destructive process in the pulmonary parenchyma plays only a secondary role. Breathing of oxygen decreases pulmonary hypertension, an effect which is reinforced by combination of oxygen with IPPB. Phentolamine lowers both vascular resistance and pressure in the pulmonary artery in short-term administration. The effect of hemodilution on pulmonary hypertension in emphysematic patients with hypoxic polycythemia is, however, somewhat disappointing if the hematocrit value remains below 60%. Some rheological causes for this therapeutic failure are discussed.


[Comparative study of 3 irreversible hydrocolloids]. This study was realized: to determine the best manipulation of 3 alginates; to compare their dimensional stability; to compare their reproduction of detail; to evaluate, through these 3 criteria, the best of the 3 alginates. It seems necessary to point out that: The 3 examined alginates show a poor dimensional stability on account of the deformations produced during the setting time and the removal of the impression. The immediate pouring of the model gives the best results, because storing the impression is accompanied by dimensional changes. The other methods of conservation seem considerably less accurate. The reproduction of detail is excellent with the 3 alginates. The accuracy is of 25 micrometer, but it is not possible to take advantage of this quality, because the compatibility and the accuracy of model stone are insufficiently adapted to the properties of the alginates. CA-37 is, among the 3 studied alginates, the one which gave the worst results with regard to the ease of manipulation and compatibility with Vel Mix Stone.


[Crown and bridgework prostheses. A survey of the literature]. From 1975 to 1977, 20 dental journals of German, Anglo-American, French and Scandinavian origin were examined for articles concerning crowns and bridges. 286 articles specifically concerned fixed prosthetics, and certain subjects were treated more than others (metal ceramics, relation between restorations and periodontium). It was attempted to give a survey of articles that were clinically oriented, which permitted to reduce the number of articles reviewed.


Endorphins: naloxone fails to alter experimental pain or mood in humans. In 30 human subjects, experimental pain was produced by either ischemia or cold-water immersion. In a double-blind procedure, intravenous doses of up to 10 milligrams of naloxone hydrochloride in saline were indistinguishable from similarly administered saline alone. There were no effects on subjective pain ratings, finger plethysmograph recordings, or responses to mood-state questionnaires. These laboratory procedures do not activate any functionally significant pain-attenuating or mood-altering effect of endorphins.


Ethanol: modifications of acute intoxication by divalent cations. Calcium, other divalent cations, and calcium antagonists were tested for their ability to alter ethanol-induced sleeping time, hypothermia, and behavioral intoxication in mice and rats. Calcium given intraventricularly significantly enhanced sleeping time and behavioral intoxication in a dose-related manner. The ionophores X537A and A23187 accentuated the effect of a low dose of calcium, whereas the calcium chelators EDTA and EGTA decreased sleeping time. Calcium also enhanced tertiary butanol- and chloral hydrate-induced sleeping time. The effects of cations on ethanol-induced hypothermia were less significant. The results suggest the existence of a central calcium pool that is involved in ethanol intoxication in rodents.


Myosin: immunofluorescent localization in neuronal and glial cultures. The distribution of intracellular myosin was studied by the double antibody immunofluorescence method in primary organotypic neuronal cultures and two established neuronal and glial cell lines. An array of parallel filaments aligned with the major cellular axis and a three-dimensional subsurface network were shown to react with two different myosin antibodies. The presence of myosin-rich filaments in regions known to contain actin filaments suggests that these proteins interact to generate the motive force in nonmuscle contractile systems.


Significance of hemolytic streptococci for Nashville school children: clinical and serologic observations. The results of this study (1969-1971 confirm previous findings that incidence rates for hemolytic and group A streptococci in Nashville school children fluctuate sporadically. During these two years, there was a significant decrease in streptococcal incidence and in typability of group A streptococci. A positive throat culture was not associated significantly more often with symptoms of an infection of the upper respiratory tract than when symptoms were absent. The larger the number of group A streptococci present in the throat culture, the more likely was a streptococcal antibody increase to occur. Nevertheless, some children with small numbers of group A streptococci had an antibody increase, and the degree of positivity of the throat culture was not a very accurate indication of whether an antibody response would occur. Epidemiologic factors such as age, sex, race, or crowding in the home did not seem to play a highly significant role in rates. Seasonal influences were marked in 1969-1970 but not in 1970-1971. Regarding socioeconomic background, the rates were consistently lower in Clemons school, which serves a predominantly black neighborhood of higher socioeconomic level, than in the other two schools. Our findings confirm that the incidence of acquisition of the hemolytic streptococcus is a continually changing, dynamic process among school children.


Prophylactic antibiotics in vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy. A double-blind, prospective study over a 12-month period evaluated the effectiveness of cefazolin and cephalexin in reducing infection and morbidity in private patients undergoing vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy. Prophylactic antibiotics reduced febrile morbidity from 74.4% to 20.8% in the vaginal group and from 46.2% to 24.0% in the abdominal group. Serious postoperative infections such as pelvic abscess, pelvic cellulitis and abdominal wound infection were reduced from 11.5% to 0% in the abdominal group and from 32.6% to 2.1% in the vaginal group. The use of prophylactic antibiotics was of benefit in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal patient, as well as in the premenopausal patient, although, in some categories, the numbers were too small to be statistically significant.


Gray scale ultrasound in obstetrics and gynecology. Ultrasound can provide significant information in the fields of obstetrics and gynecology, Fetal presentation, presence of multiple gestation, and gross fetal abnormalities are easily determined. Measurement of the biparietal diameter correlates more closely with gestational age than does use of the fetogram. In addition, there is no evidence of fetal toxicity by this method, and the placenta is easily located. Ultrasound is the preferred method for diagnosis of placenta previa. Abnormalities of the early gestational period including missed abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and molar pregnancy also can be diagnosed by ultrasound. The cystic or solid nature of pelvic masses can be assessed as well as their relationship to the uterus and adnexa.


Request for sex change.

Request for sex change. Five patients who presented at the Veterans Administration Mental Hygiene Clinic, Brentwood Hospital, Los Angeles, California, are described. All claimed to be transsexuals and requested estrogens and sex reassignment surgery on admission. They created great difficulty at the time of their admission and follow-up because of lack of precedents for such eventualities in government medicine. These veterans, displaying a mosaic of psychologic problems, were followed up for a period of three years. The federal social medicine system, particularly the VA, is not equipped psychologically or physically to deal with unusual requests.


Disorders of taste and smell.

Disorders of taste and smell. Symptoms of disorders in taste and smell range from loss of the sensations to an increased sensitivity. Causes include infections, metabolic disorders, and central nervous system disturbances. In many instances, the diagnosis for these disorders is obvious, such as an upper respiratory tract infection. In some cases, the diagnosis eludes the clinician and no pathologic condition is found. For the idiopathic taste disorders, zinc therapy is available; however, no therapy exists for idiopathic smell disorders.


Multiple flap coverage for degloving hand injuries. A technic incorporating the simultaneous elevation of multiple adjacent thoracoabdominal pedicale flaps, based in opposite directions, has been successfully used on four patients with extensive degloving injuries of the hand. In all cases, the hand was later divided into individual digits. A five-year follow-up of three patients is presented, illustrating functional results good enough to allow the patients to return to work. The special problems of a circumferential wound and digital shortening appear to be better controlled by this technic than by a single long "wrap-around" flap. Various technics of skin coverage are reviewed.


Amaurosis and primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain: clinicopathologic study of a case. A 63-year-old man developed headache, left hemiparesis, and progressive visual loss. Craniotomy demonstrated reticulum cell sarcoma within the right temporal lobe. Necropsy revealed extensive involvement of optic nerves by primary RCS. Autopsy suggested that local compression of optic nerves by tumor cell infiltrates may produce atrophy in addition to sustained, generalized elevation of intracranial pressure.


Professor F. P. Scott (1915-1976)--his contribution to dermatology in South Africa. Tribute is paid to F. P. Scott, and the nature and circumstances of his contribution to dermatology are described. Conditions prevailing in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State during his lifetime are related to his professional, academic and research achievements.


Effects of propranolol and atenolol on blood pressure and plasma renin activity in patients with moderate hypertension. A double-blind crossover trial was completed in 15 patients with moderate hypertension and the effects of propranolol (Inderal) 80 mg twice a day and atenolol (Tenormin) 100 mg twice a day were assessed on blood pressure, pulse rate and plasma renin activity (PRA), while patients were maintained on 1 cyclopenthiazide tablet (Navidrex K) per day. Both agents caused a significant reduction in blood pressure and pulse rate with patients at rest and during exercise. Plasma renin activity was significantly reduced by both agents in subjects with normal and high renin levels (with PRA 2-8 ng/ml/h and greater than 8 ng/ml/h respectively). Blood pressure responses could not be correlated with renin status or reduction in pulse rate. No adverse effects were attributable to either of the two beta-adrenergic blocking agents and we concluded that a beta1-selective agent, which has the advantage of not aggravating bronchospasm, can replace the non-selective propranolol.


The incidence of infections in compromised patients at Groote Schuur hospital. An autopsy study. The results of a retrospective autopsy study of 115 adult patients with haematological or lymphoreticular malignancies or who had undergone transplantation procedures, are presented. The overall incidence of infection was 65%, 123 infections being detected in 75 patients. The bulk of the infections involved the gastro-intestinal and respiratory systems, other systems being considerably less frequently affected. Patients who had received allografts and subsequent immunosuppression had the highest incidence of viral inclusions, especially cytomegalovirus. Candida infections were more common than aspergillosis, and severe fungal infections were most frequent in patients with acute leukaemia who had been treated aggressively. The only other mycosis detected was cryptococcosis. Bacterial pneumonia was the most frequent infection over-all (36%). Tuberculosis, pyelonephritis and Pneumocystis pneumonitis were also encountered.


Transplantation of children's kidneys into adult recipients. In the present study of 31 kidneys transplanted from donors ranging in age from one to one-half to nine years, the ability of kidneys from donors in the pediatric age group to provide adequate renal function in adults is evaluated. Kidney function was reviewed six months, one year, three years and five years after transplantation. Forty per cent of the transplanted kidneys from this age group had excellent function at six months. Of the kidneys at risk for five years, 30 per cent were still functioning. Kidneys from donors three years of age and younger developed a creatinine clearance rate of 20 milliliters per minute in 12 days or less. Maximum creatinine clearance rates for kidneys from donors of the pediatric age group equaled those of adult donors. In addition, recipients of pediatric kidneys after one year tended to maintain a lower creatinine level than did their counterparts receiving adult kidneys. Thus, kidneys from donors as young as 18 months of age can be transplanted individually without special difficulties and can be expected to provide excellent renal function for adult recipients.


Estimation of the antral and duodenal gastrin cell population removed by gastrectomy from patients with peptic ulcer. The total number of gastric and duodenal gastrin cells was determined in the gastrectomy specimens from eight patients with peptic ulcer. Planimetry was used to determine the antral and duodenal surface. The immunoperoxydase method with specific antigastrin antibodies was used for staining gastrin cells, and the mean concentration of nucleated gastrin cells per square millimeter of antral and duodenal surface was determined by light microscopy. The mean number of duodenal gastrin cells in the resected duodenum was 4.8 per cent of the total gastric gastrin cell mass. The concentration of gastrin cells in the antrum was quite variable from one mucosal site to another. The degree of extension of the antral gastritic areas was a major factor influencing the mean concentration value. The total number of gastrin cells in the stomach varied from approximately 7 to 74 million cells. Our data indicate that hyperplasia of gastrin cells cannot be demonstrated by studies performed in small specimens taken for biopsy.


Controlled subtotal evacuation of intracerebral haematomas by stereotactic technique. A new instrument for stereotactic evacuation of intracerebral haematomas is presented, as well as preliminary clinical experiences. A combined screw-and-suction technique makes possible the evacuation of even densely coagulated clots. The principle for a limited removal of a hemorrhagic mass in the brain is discussed.