[Haemiton compositum in the ambulatory therapy of hypertension]. Comparative treatments of 14 patients suffering from arterial hypertension of the stages II to IV with haemiton and haemiton compositum (haemiton, triamteren and hydrochlorothiazide) lasting three weeks each showed that under influence of haemiton compositum the systolic blood pressure was lower in which case particularly reactions of orthostasis were practically absent. Measured on the approach of the quotient duration of pulse period to duration of basic vibration T/Tfem to the integrity and to the temporary peak value after Jungmann and coworkers which is parallel to the contractility the regulatorily better behaviour of the circulation under haemiton compositum is significantly expressed. In this case no changes of glucose content in the blood and of the potassium content in the serum appear. The sodium content of the serum slightly decreased in the medication of the combination preparation containing the saluretic. Under haemiton compositum the side effects are more insignificant.


[The effect of glucagon on serum electrolyte concentrations in man]. Intravenous application of 1 mg glucagon causes a significant decrease of the magnesium, calcium, and phosphate concentrations in the serum. Concerning the potassium level there is a biphasic change of concentration. Initially a significant increase of the potassium concentration is to be measured which transgresses into a longer phase of decrease of concentration. The possible causes of these changes of electrolytes after application of glucagon are discussed and it is referred to the possible clinical importance. In longer therapeutic application of glucagon a control of the serum parameters of the electrolytes metabolism appears indicated.


[Behavior of hypertension and cardiovascular findings in hypertension within an observation period of 10 years (the Wurzen study 1961-1971)]. In concert with literary data during a mass X-ray examination in 1961 we established in 5,517 men of the district Wurzen a frequency of hypertension of 13.6% and in 1971 in the same group of test persons a frequency of hypertension of 19.4%. The percentage of the pathological cardiovascular X-ray findings was in normotonus 10.4% in 1961 and 11.2% in 1971, in hypertension 22.3% in 1961 and 27.5% in 1971. The dependence on the age of the test persons, on the degree of severity of hypertension, and particularly on the duration of the hypertension is clear. For prevention of a hypertensive heart disease the early recognition of a hypertension and an early therapy are necessary. On the basis of our studies the making of cardiovascular X-ray findings from photofluorograms is not suitable as screening test for the hypertension. The value of blood pressure controls in mass X-ray examinations must be emphasized. Important is the collection of cardiovascular X-ray findings from photofluorograms of the thorax for the establishment of a hypertensive heart disease, of not recognized vitia and age-conditioned cardiac and vascular changes. It implies an optimum use of the material collected in the mass X-ray examination.


[Clinical studies on the paraneoplastic syndrome in intrathoracic neoplastic diseases]. Two own clinical observations concerning the paraneoplastic syndrome are reported: Gynecomastia and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. The two symptoms appeared as primary manifestation of a bronchial carcinoma and an intrathoracically situated teratoma. The gynecomastia in an estrogen-producing teratoma of this localisation hitherto has not been described; its classification as paraneoplastic syndrome is established. The value of such individual observations may be that the knowledge of these syndromes should be deepened and thus should be indirectly contribute to the diagnostics of tumours, or even to the early recognition of the tumour.


[Liver biopsy changes in chronic alcoholism]. Among 2 952 non-selected liver biopsies of adults in the 5-years-period 1970-1974 506 cases (17%) of clinically proved chronic alcoholics were found. Most of the patients are males, and even young men at an age of less than twenty years are taken with. The number of 31 professional drivers within this group is remarkable and alarming, too. The histomorphological picture may be divided into liver changes without any abnormal state (39%), fatty liver (40%), alcoholic hepatitis (18%) and cirrhosis (3%). Chronic alcoholism can be considered as one of the most important causes of the fatty liver. Clinical and pathological aspects of alcoholic liver changes are discussed.


[Urinary hydroxyproline excretion in liver cirrhosis]. In 50 patients with a laparoscopically ascertained liver cirrhosis the hydroxyproline excretion was estimated in the 24-hour-urine. There could not be found any significant differences between hydroxyprolinuria in normal persons and in patients with liver cirrhosis. The increased hydroxyproline excretion is an unspecific symptom and thus cannot contribute to the diagnosis and the observation of the course of a liver cirrhosis.


[Evaluation of measurement accuracy in microcatheterization of the heart]. In 192 patients with silicosis the results of the cardiac micro-catheterisation under conditions of rest were compared with those ones of a secondary examination performed two years later. This allows conclusions to the behaviour of the pressure values measured in the period observed as well as to the evidence of an individual cardiac micro-catheterisation. No essential increase of the mean pressure of the pulmonary artery was observed. The dispersion of an individual measurement is 3 Torr. A pulmonary hypertension, which is given from 20 Torr upwards, consequently may be established with a 95% statistical certainty only from an individual measuring value of 26 Torr.


[Studies of stress-conditioned somatotropin secretion. Discussion note on the paper of F.E. Ulrich, U. Schneyer and K. Seige, Ber.Ges.Inn.Med.10,92 (1976)]. Before the beginning of a glucose infusion test already in the test preperiod a stress-induced STH-increase could be observed in 76 of 153 protodiabetics. There was no statistically clear relation between the STH basal value and the size of the STH reaction. The stress-induced STH reaction neither can be classified to the degree of the carbohydrate intolerance nor to the size of overweight. In a normal STH reaction during the glucose infusion test in about two thirds of the cases a stress-induced STH increase is observed. On the other hand a rigid STH reaction is associated with a stress-induced STH increase only in 21% of the cases and a paradoxal STH reaction in 41% of the cases. Only in 47 (30.7%) of 153 protodiabetics a STH increase was to be observed before and after the end of the glucose infusion. There was no statistically certain relation between the size of the stress-induced increase of STH and the STH reaction in the posthyperglycemic phase. Quality and quantity of the STH reaction before the beginning of a glucose infusion do not allow any conclusions to the following pattern of STH reaction.


[Cardiovascular x-ray findings, changes of the thoracic aorta, electrocardiographic and clinical parameters in hypertension. 1. Cardiovascular x-ray findings in hypertension]. We examined 142 hypertensive patients of special consulting hours for hypertension. In a subdivision into 3 degrees of severity of hypertension and into the age groups less than or equal to 50 years and greater than 50 years X-ray findings on the heart and on the large vessels near the heart were made. Patients with blood pressure values RRs greater than or equal to 160 Torr and RRd greater than or equal to 95 Torr had these findings in 78%. 56% of the test persons with a heart affected in the left ventricle (R1) were found and 23% of the test persons with left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides (R3). The positive correlation between age of the patients with hypertension, duration of hypertension and frequency of the heart deformation in the sense of the left-ventricularly affected heart and the left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides could statistically be ascertained. 62% of the patients less than or equal to 50 years and 89% of the patients greater than 50 years had these findings. In a duration of hypertension less than or equal to 5 years 64% had these findings, in a duration of hypertension greater than 5 years 64%. The total number of findings increases with the degree of severity of hypertension. In test persons with degree II of severity of hypertension (RRs 160-200 Torr, RRd greater than or equal to 95 Torr) 73% had these findings, in test persons with degree III (RRs greater than Torr, RRd greater than or equal to Torr) 86%. The relation of the heart deformation in the sense of the left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides between degree II and III of the severity of hypertension was contradictory. In hypertension II and duration of hypertension greater than 5 years the percentage of the test persons with left-prevailing heart affected on the two sides was 42%, in hypertension III and duration of hypertension greater than 5 years 19%.


[Diagnostic value of renal urate excretion]. After a short survey of the purine metabolism, excretion of uric acid, theories of gout and urate nephropathy methodical references are given for the estimation of excretion of uric acid, a normal region on test persons was established and compared with other authors. The quantities of excretion and concentrations of uric acid from the 24 hours urine found on patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and manifest gout are the basis of the discussion of the diagnostic and therapeutic value of these examinations. In patients with gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia the excretions of uric acid are a little higher than in healthy persons. A treatment with uricosuric remedies might not reduce the factor of risk hyperuricemia, since this does not lead to a prevention of the gout nephrophathy, on the contrary it furthers it.


[Radiocardiographic assessment of the effect of digoxin on heart conduction insufficiency]. On 29 patients with heart insufficiency radiocardiographical investigations in rest and under stress were carried out before and after treatment with digoxin. Here it was shown that in existing functional insufficiency the determination of the stroke volume and of the minute volume in rest after digitalisation did not result in a remarkable change, but in obstructive insufficiency an improvement of the pump function of the heart began already under conditions of rest. Only in stress also in patients with functional insufficiency a significant increase of the heart-time volume and the stroke volume after application of glycoside was proved. An exacter information about the effect of glycoside was given by the temporary volume function particularly under stress.


[Incidence of toxic liver lesions due to Gravistat]. In 200 women who on the average 5.6 years took ovosiston and/or non-ovlon, and in 40 women who during the last three months had not taken an oral contraceptive we determined the GOT, the GPT, and LP-X and the cholesterol in the serum before and after a three weeks intake of gravistat. After a three weeks intake of gravistat of the two groups ca. one fourth showed pathological transaminases. 30 women with pathological transaminases and/or positive LP-X were hepatologically investigated including liver biopsy after an on an average 7.3 weeks exposition of gravistat. In ca. one third of the cases histologically provable changes of the liver (toxic hepatosis, fatty liver, infectious hepatitis) and in ca. two thirds of the cases the picture of the metabolic activation were found. Morphologically no signs of an intrahepatic cholostasis could be proved, so that it does not seem to be the leading parameter of the toxic liver damage.


[Osteopenia--comments on the concept of osteoporosis]. On the basis of instances the problems of the simultaneous use of the notion of osteoporosis for a clinical picture of a disease and a roentgen-morphological symptom is discussed. The described errors of diagnostics avail themselves of the introduction of the notion of osteopenia as initial findings which then further must be differentiated into the defined clinical pictures of osteomalacia, fibroosteoclasia and into the so-called syndrome of osteoporosis. In the nomenclature proposed the radiologists have the main responsibility, since instead of osteoporosis as X-ray-morphological symptom they must propose the clinician the osteopenia with sings for an adequate clinical picture and so compel the clinician to perform the differential diagnosis of demineralisation of the bone as far as possible.


[Diagnosis of a nonparasitic splenic cyst]. It is reported on a case of the infrequent non-parasitic cyst of the spleen. Here the difficulties of the diagnostics due to the poorness of clinical and laboratory-chemical symptoms are emphasized. After the radiological exclusion of the belonging of the spacial demand to the gastrointestinal canal and to the uropoietic system it is recommended to strive for the angiographical clarification and, when a cyst of the spleen is to be proven, for the splenectomy.


[Sclerodermiform paraneoplastic syndrome during a kidney carcinoma]. Sclerodermiformous alterations of the skin are described as paraneoplasia in different malignant tumours. By an own observation sclerodermiformous alterations of the skin are described for the first time as paraneoplasmia in a female patient aged 60 with nephrous carcinoma. The cutaneous efflorescences receded after elimination of the tumour.


[Metabolic changes in experimental burns in the rabbit]. This study contributes to the experimental investigation of thermic injuries and their metabolic sequels. A model for burns is created in rabbits and normal values determined. Preliminary results are reported for shifts of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte count, as well as for changes in levels of proteins, electrolytes, and blood sugar. The meaning for clinical practics is discussed.


[ECG and hemodynamics in experimental coronary thrombosis induced by direct current in the closed thorax of the dog and mini-pig]. Coronary thrombosis is a life-threatening disease that, as a rule, leads to myocardial infarction. The onset and the course of this disease are followed in animal experiments with the aid of electrocardiograms and some haemodynamic parameters. There was a biphasic course, i.e., the authors observed first a rise and then a striking drop in peripheral arterial pressure and a rise in central venous pressure. The electrocardiograms and blood-pressure controls evidenced that the induction of coronary thrombosis is more difficult in the minipig than in the dog.


[Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on burns of various depths in animal experiments]. In various diseases and injuries the application of hyperbaric oxygen is an additional measure of therapy using the oxygen physically dissolved in the plasma. This method is more and more applied in burn injuries. Some problems were studied in animal experiments. The treatment proved good in burns of different depths, as to spontaneous healing, histologic pattern, and integration of grafts.


[Pharmacologic influencing of fetal phospholipide synthesis. Part I: Effect of betamethasone and bromohexine metabolit VIII (Ambroxol) (author's transl)]. The effect of Betamethasone and Bromhexine-Metabolite VIII, commonly used in RDS-prevention, was studied in pregnant rats and rabbits. 73 rats and 78 rabbits were treated for 4 days with doses, similar to those used in men. Cesarean section was performed in rats from the 18th-21th day of gestation (23 days), in rabbits from 27th-30th day (32 days). In the amniotic fluid, in fetal and maternal lungs the total phospholipid content, percentage of lecithins in total phospholipids and palmitic acid were determined and used as parameters for the surfactant content. There was no sign of induction with regard to synthesis. Premature deliveries and malformed fetusses were frequently observed under steroid-therapy. Clinical application should therefore be observed more critically.


[Psychosomatic aspects of pregnancy, parturition and puerperium (author's transl)]. Pregnancy, delivery and post-partum period represent not only a special physical strain, but also an extra-ordinary psychic stress. Defective developments and neuroses, especially in the sexual field, as well as improperly adjusted current conflicts, can lead to somatic disturbances. The present-day situation is particularly characterized by the dual role played by the modern woman in society, and the resulting ambivalence of her attitude toward maternity. Over and above this, the technicalization of modern medicine can be associated with a loss of the human relationship between the patient and the physician, so that the patient gets the impression of being at the mercy of an inhuman apparatus. Hence, it is one of the fundamental problems of modern obstetrics not to transgress the limits where technicalization defeats its own purpose and becomes more harmful than useful. Although it cannot be the aim of psychosomatic training in obstetrics and gynecology to train the gynecologist in such a manner that he can also practise formal psychotherapy, it will become more and more important in future to expand our traditionally biologically oriented method of working by the aspect of the interactional and psychosocial fields of life.


[Trendanalysis attended with on-line fetal monitoring (a clinical study) (author's transl)]. Using some clinical examples, we have showed the importance of trend-analysis by application on-line fetal monitoring. The reference to data compression and data diminution is discussed. Trend analysis is at present time still integrated in the system of clinical computing. Valuation in order to clinical evidence is yet questionable.


[Parturition under peridural anesthesia (author's transl)]. Basing on a study of 205 "matched pairs", it is shown to what extent peridural anesthesia (PA) influences the course of parturition, the type of termination of birth, and the intrapartal and post-partal condition of the child. The method of PA application is accurately described in the section "Material and Methods". The first stage of labor, or period of dilatation (PD) is not in any way effected by PA. However, PA will almost double the expulsion period (EP). Hence, elective termination of birth via technically simple, complication-free outlet forceps is usually propagated and employed significantly more often. Emergency sections or delivery by forceps due to mandatory indication, are not more frequent under PA than otherwise. The intrapartal condition of the child, measured with the cardiotocogram employing in the score according to Hammacher et al. (6) before and after application of PA, as well as during the last 30 minutes of birth (final score), is influenced only irrelevantly. The Apgar scores one minute and five minutes post partum, as well as the arterial umbilical cord pH values, do not differ significantly between the peridural and the control groups. The authors agree with the widespread opinion that, at the present moment, PA is the best obstetric analgesic method with simultaneous maximum possible safety for the fetus.


[Enzyme values in the serum of newborn blood in relation to the course of parturition (author's transl)]. In 43 newborn, the enzyme activities of LDH, GOT, GLDH, and GPT in the umbilical cord blood, as well as 24 hours post partum was measured. Two groups were formed: 1. Newborn without decelerations during the course of parturition, and 2. Newborn with decelerations in the cardiotocogram. The oxygen partial pressure and the acid-base status in the umbilical cord blood, did not differ significantly in both groups. LDH, GOT and GLDH activities were significantly higher 24 hours post partum in the group of newborn with decelerations, than in the control group. The increase in GLDH by 75% was particularly remarkable. This GLDH increase seems to suggest an increased incidence of liver cell necroses, which must be interpreted as a result of the hypoxic conditions sub partu. A significant correlation between the magnitude of the deceleration areas and the extent of GLDH activities can be established. The correlation between duration of parturition and GLDH activity is likewise significant.


[Anamnesis and course of gestation associated with surgical closure of the cervix (author's transl)]. During a time interval of 2 years in 7% of the gravidae at the First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Vienna, a surgical closure of the cervix was performed. The anamnestic and clinical data of these 221 gravidae were compared with a compatible collective of another 221 gravidae without a surgical closure (control-group). In the closuregroup 27,6% were primigravidae. The mean age of the gravidae was 28,8 years and statistically higher than in the control group (25,7 years). Also the mean age of the multigravidae at the time of their first gestation was statistically higher (23,9 years and 22 years respectively). The anamnestic amount of abortion and perinatal mortality was 63,5% and 24,3% respectively, significantly higher was also the anamnestic rate of curettages. In most of the cases surgical closure was indicated by palpation of the cervix, 3 degrees of insufficiency of the cervix were differentiated. There was a great importance of a postsurgical treatment with tocolytic drugs (83% and 10% respectively), but there was also a different mode of application. During the course of gestation a lower frequency of EPH-gestosis (64 gravidae and 90 gravidae respectively) but a higher incidence of diabetes (11 gravidae and 5 gravidae respectively) and a higher incidence of urinary infection (20 gravidae and 7 gravidae respectively) were observed. In patients with a cervical closure a higher rate of rupture of membranes and premature labor were present. Surgical technique and time of closure had no significant influence on the outcome of pregnancy. The rate of success was 86.4%.


[A contribution to the medical and organizational care of high-risk premature infants and newborn (author's transl)]. Perinatal mortality is a qualitative parameter for the obstetric and neonatologic efficiency of an obstetric center. The present study conducted at the Herford clinical center, based on 3,700 case histories from 1972 to 1976, revealed a drop of the uncorrected perinatal mortality from 35.08% to 14.23%, and a drop of the corrected perinatal mortality from 21.35% to 5.02%. Two groups with an observation period of 2.5 years each, were compared with each other to demonstrate the efficiency of modern perinatologic care and control methods. The methods of intensive care and control of high-risk pregnancy and high-risk parturition (ultrasound, cardiotocography, fetal blood analysis; tocolysis, laboratory diagnostics of placental insufficiency), practised since 1974, and the close cooperation with a newborn intensive-care ward of the infant hospital of the Herford center have brought about a definite improvement in perinatologic efficiency.


[Modification of the vacuum extraction device (author's transl)]. The article describes a bell-shaped vacuum extractor with a rigid tube neck connected via a ball and socket joint. The advantages of this device over the "classical" device described by Malmström (2), are as follows: Easier insertion of the bell adjusted at an angle of 90 degrees, improved pushing-up of the bell for fastening to the head when this is still in elevated position, better placing of the bell at the desired location, better manipulation into the desired direction of pull, possibility of pushing up the anterior part in case of late cesarean section, and better sealing of the suction tube at the point of transition from the tube to the flexible hose. Another improvement concerns the adhesion, achieved by means of ring-shaped notches on the inside of the bell.


The nomenclature of properdin factor B allotypes. In a comparative study the presently known eleven allotypes of properdin factor B (Bf) were examined. Bf polymorphism consists of the two common alleles F and S, the two less common alleles F 1  and S 1 and seven further rare alleles. A variant designation has been proposed according to their relative electrophoretic mobility in comparison to the migration difference between the S and F 1 band. There rare variant alleles were redesignated: F 1.55, SO.45 and SO.7, which previously had been described as F 1.6, S 0.8 and S 1, respectively. Conversion studies did neither reveal variant mobility in the Bb nor in the Ba fragment of factor B in three of the rare alleles. This finding confirms the earlier report on one of the variants, possibly suggesting the existence of a so far unknown third clearing fragment.


Immunological studies of hsv-infection of resistant and susceptible inbred strains of mice. DBA/2 mice were found to be quite susceptible to infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) while C57BL/6 mice and F1 hybrids between the 2 strains were relatively resistant. This difference was most marked after ip infection, but could also be demonstrated after intracerebral, intravenous or subcutaneous infection. In both strains the LD50 was considerably higher after ip infection than after iv infection, and a dose of X-irradiation was required to kill the mice by sc infection. A/J and BALB/c mice were equally susceptible after ip infection but differed significantly after iv infection. C57BL/6 were made susceptible to ip infection by immunosuppression with antilymphocyte serum or cyclophosphamide. LPS, when given simultaneously with HSV also markedly increased the susceptibility of C57BL/6 mice. Susceptible DBA/2 mice which surrvived a low dose of HSV ip were not immune but C57BL/6 mice surviving a high dose were immune against rechallenge. Both strains of mice could be protected by an apathogenic, tissue-culture-attenuated strain of HSV against infection with the virulent strain. They could also be protected by iv injection of a sublethal dose against a lethal ip infection.


Hemagglutinins in female fish gonads: comparative investigations on perch (Perca fluviatilis) gonads of different stages of development. Female gonads of the perch (Perca fluviatilis) in various stages of development are tested for hemagglutinin activity against human erythrocytes. Based on the different agglutination patterns obtained, and on inhibition tests with L-fucose and a mature gonad of a male perch, the appearance two different agglutinins in the course of the development of the female gonad is assumed.


Chemotactic activity of lectins in vitro. The effects of concanavalin A (Con A) and leucoagglutinin (LA) on the locomotor response of phagocytes have been studied in vitro. At concentrations of 1 to 4 microgram/mol, Con A and LA induced maximal chemokinesis and chemotaxis of monocytes, macrophages and, to a lesser degree, also of neutrophils. The lectin-induced locomotion was accompanied by membrane alterations and metabolic changes, as shown by an increase of the 3H-uridine uptake and a rise of the hexose monophosphate shunt activity. The chemotactic activity of Con A was inhibited by alpha-methyl mannoside (50 mM) or by pretreatment of the cells with trypsin. These data indicate that lectins such as Con A induce chemotaxis by a specific binding to receptors of the cell membrane. It is suggested that bivalent ligand binding is required as a signal to elicit chemotactic locomotion.


In vivo development of Echinostoma malayanum Leiper, 1911 with notes on effects of population density, chemical composition and pathogenicity and in vitro excystment of the Metacercaria (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). In vivo development of Echinostoma malayanum Leiper, 1911 was studied in white rats and the developmental process was arbitrarily divided into four stages: organogeny, vitellogenesis, formation of Mehlis' gland complex and cirrus sac, and oviposition. The percentage of development was 86-94. Population density affected the prepatent period of flukes and the normal prepatent period of 13-16 days was altered to 18-23 days in infection with 500-800 flukes. The majority of flukes in heavy infection were undersized and in the immature stage of development at patency. Data from chemical analysis of flukes revealed that protein, lipids, calcium and ash decreased quantitatively in flukes from higher population densities but no such change was observed as regards glycogen. Pathological changes in the rat intestine included lysis and destruction of mucosa, increased activity of goblet cells, oedematous and reticulated appearance of lamina propria and slight to moderate hyperplasia of epithelial cells. The metacercariae excysted in the medium containing trypsin plus sodium cholate an pepsin, though not essential for a high percentage of excystment, affected the rate. The reductant sodium dithionite substantially enhanced the rate and percentage of excystment. Excystation was optimal at pH 8, and 42 degrees C was more effective than 39 degrees C.


Taxonomy of Leucochloridium sp. (Digenea) infecting Succinea pfeifferi Rossmässler, 1835. The anatomical and morphological variability of sporocysts and metacercariae of Leucochloridium sp. recovered from natural infected Succinea pfeifferi Rossmässler collected in the Agdenes area. Norway (63 degrees 35'N, 9 degrees 45'E), was studied by light microscopy. The results are compared with five species from the Nearctic and Palearctic with known adult stage (L. variae McIntosh, 1932; L. fuscostriatum Robinson, 1947; L. perturbatum Pojmanska, 1969; L. subtilis Pojmanska, 1969; L. fuscum Rietschel, 1970) and nine species with unknown adult stage. In the larval stages no morphological taxonomical characters were found to separate Leucochloridium sp. as a species distinct from the five (and nine) species. The variability and validity of the characters used is discussed.


Duodenal ulcer disease: a fresh appraisal. There have been remarkable recent advances in knowledge about duodenal ulcer, a disease which may be spontaneously disappearing. Multiple physiologic defects have been found including increased numbers of parietal cells and their increased sensitivity to gastrin, excessive gastrin release after food intake, decreased inhibition of gastrin release by low antral pH, more rapid gastric emptying, and, possibly, impaired duodenal mucosal resistance to acid. Antacid and diet therapies have been subjected to scientific scrutiny and their respective roles in the therapy of the duodenal ulcer are now better defined. New drugs have been developed which strongly inhibit gastric acid secretion in man--the recently marketed histamine H2-receptor antagonist, cimetidine, as well as chemically modified prostaglandins. Clinical trials have shown cimetidine to be effective in healing duodenal ulcers and free of significant side effects with short-term usage. Its role in the prevention of ulcer recurrence is presently being evaluated. A new operation for duodenal ulcer has been introduced which shows great promise following pilot studies and some randomized trials. Only the parietal cell containing portion of the stomach is denervated. Basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion are markedly inhibited while gastric motility is unimpaired. This operation thus eliminates the need for a drainage procedure or distal antral resection and decreases the incidence and severity of undesirable side effects associated with earlier operations for duodenal ulcer.


Allpurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: effects and treatment. There have been recent reports of a characteristic hypersensitivity syndrome associated with the use of allopurinol. The authors describe this syndrome, emphasizing predisposing factors and clinical features.


Microsurgical cerebral revascularization for the treatment of stroke. A study of 1,000 STA-MCA by-pass procedures in stroke patients is described as "extremely encouraging", with greater than 90% patency rate and marked improvement in patients who had not responded to medical management or had been turned away from routine vascular surgery.


Changing survival rates in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. The outcome of 434 infants with respiratory distress syndrome was reviewed for a three-year period, showing that survival rates have increased from 69.6% to 82.7%. Improved techniques in respiratory therapy and patient management have played major roles in lowering mortality rates.


[Psychoanalytical-psychophysiological studies on patients with a functional cervical syndrome]. In two patients with painful muscle tension in the cervical area, the surface electromyogram of the neck was registered continuously during psychoanalytically orientated talks as an indirect measure of the changing tensions. The talks were videorecorded and afterwards analysed with the patient in conjunction with the curve of the action potentials, Phases of raised muscle action potentials correspond with a conflicting affective attitude and feelings consistent with an anxious flight disposition (conflict dominance). Phases of reduced action potentials are associated with a positive self-reliance and feeling of security (ego dominance). The different phases were recognised in approximately two thirds of the cases by the patient himself when looking at the videotape. One group of observers was even able to infer the changing intensity of the action potentials merely by looking at the videotape (r=0.74). A comparison of electromyogram recordings from one of the patients at the beginning and at the end of psychoanalysis revealed a high degree of lowering of the action potentials and a change in the structure of a psychosomatic symptom (muscle tensions as the equivalent of frustrated flight and anxiety reactions) to a conversional neurotic symptom manifestation (occasional appearance of release movements of the neck and head).


[Changes in the untreated partner of the patient during analytical psychotherapy]. 50 married patients, who after a prognostical judgement had been treated psychoanalytically at the Institut für Psychogene Erkrankungen der AOK Berlin, were examined catamnestically. In the partially structured interview symptomatic and structural changes within the patients and especially within their partners were inquired. Together 35 partners were symptom-bearers before, during and after the treatment. During therapy the partners primarily showed the psychogenous symptoms anxiety, depressive variation of humor, temporary impotence, gastro-intestinal disorder; after therapy aching back. 32 partners came to a partial (28) or satisfactory (4) structurally progressive development, 3 partners to a regressive development; 16 pairs succeeded in improving their professional positions. There was mostly no change in partners of patients with poor results of treatment. There were also alterations in the internal and external references of the pairs: 10 pairs divorced, whereas 16 patients now their marriage judged as satisfieing and 9 as good.


[Results of telecobalt therapy in non-radically operated bladder neoplasms]. On the basis of the number of patients of the Radiological Clinic of Leipzig Karl Marx University from the years 1969 to 1971 is reported on the results of the telecobalt therapy of the carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Dependent on the local extension of the tumour and on metastasizing the 5-year-survival rate clearly decreases. The analysis of the death rate according to histological criteria refers to the dangerousness of the "atypical papillomas". The altogether favourable 5-year-survival rate of 43,6% of all 181 treated patients emphasizes the effectiveness of the telecobalt therapy. Radiogenic complications appearing should be kept as low as possible by suitable irradiation regimes.


[Verbal and preverbal technics in residential psychotherapy (new therapeutic approaches to the patient with psychosomatic disorders)]. Many of patients with psychosomatic symptoms and patients of lower social strata do not possess the requirements to enter the psychotherapeutic process. They are not in the position for introspection, they need help to translate physical symptoms in a psychological and life history context. They have to undergo a labilisation process to reconceive the pre-determindes life situation. Here, inpatient psychotherapy is a valuable preparation and initiation to the psychotherapeutic process. In a therapeutic community informal contacts with other patients can provide stimulate facilitating the transposition of physical complaints. Concentrative movement therapy, group therapy and other methods are helpful for the psychosomatic patient. This results in a positive indication for patients regarded hitherto insuitable for psychotherapy.


[Punch and suction biopsy in the diagnosis of prostatic neoplasms]. 133 prostate punch biopsies were examined in histologic way and 90 aspiration biopsies in cytologic way. The histologic and cytologic results of the altogether 116 patients are discussed in connection with the differently tentative findings of rectal palpation. Prostate punch and aspiration biopsies can be used as completion methods in cancer prophylaxis examination. The all-metal needle after Deutschmann (Zittau/GDR) repeatedly to be used for punch biopsy has proved its worth.


[Recognition of the therapist's intervention style through automatic speech analysis]. A series of initial interviews were conducted by four therapists of the Psychosomatische Klinik Giessen, each therapist conducting 10 interviews. The types of intervention by the therapists were classified using transcripts of interviews, the classification being based on a modified version of the Strupp and Wallach categorization scheme. Speech behavior of patients and therapists was automatically analysed by the Giessener speech analyser, using 48 indices of speech behavior. The relationships between these indices and the interventions of the therapists were investigated, and it could be shown, that most types of interventions were related to speech behavior.


[Significance of the gestalt, primary, and family therapy for psychoanalysis]. The technical therapeutic premises and the application of gestalt-, primal- and familytherapy are investigated. It is concluded, that these premises and application attempt to do justice to the change of the patients and to the widely varied offer of serious syndromes rather than to psychoanalytic routine by "Uberinvestierung" in the patient. Not only the insistence on ego-psychology but also the emphasis on transference as the only therapeutic medium are viewed critically. The confrontation is in competition with the interpretion; The acting out can help to intensify experience. As the most important result for psychoanalytic work appears the conclusion "ex omissione".


[Therapy-oriented research in psychosomatic medicine]. The author takes the view the patients with psychosomoatic disturbances show peculiarities in their psychic structure based on psychological ego defects. These typical characteristics are closely related to what is described as the "psychosomatic phenomenon" and the patient's resulting inability to give himself over spontaneously to the therapeutic process. The objectification of these clinical observations in patients taken from various branches of medicine is described. These studies support a number of hypotheses on aspects of the characteristic "lack" and have contributed to the development of a special theoretical model based on an object-psychological approach to understanding psychosomatic pathology. On the basis of this model the author developed a special analytically-oriented therapeutic method for the treatment of psychosomatic patients, which has proved itself in many years of application in a model research ward. Follow-up studies show that the positive therapeutic results achieved remained stable over a period of at least 4 years.


[The problem of structure and psychotherapy of neuroses and psychoses from Lacan's and Mannoni's viewpoints]. The author tries to give you some idea of Lacan's and Mannoni's concept of neurosis and psychosis in a very short form. The French structuralistic school, whose pupils the psychiatrist Lacan and the psychoanalyst Mannoni are, approaches the problem of psychosis by analysing the structure of the language. Mannoni, uses this sometimes very difficult system of terms successfully in the psychotherapy of severely disturbed children (with autistic, psychotic symptoms).


[Differential diagnostic problems between juxtavesical uretheral calculi and bladder neoplasms]. In the present paper on the basis of casuistic contributions is reported on occasionally appearing differential-diagnostic difficulties between the presence of a juxtavesical ureterolith and a vesical tumour. Here the thesis is evolved that physiological and anatomical conditions in man cause these changes, whereas they cannot appear in women.


[Clinical-experimental studies on the behavior of the normal bladder blood vessels and of tumor vessels towards elevated intravesical pressure]. In 17 patients with tumours of the urinary bladder angiographies of the pelvis were carried out and then the angiography was repeated during an increase of the intravesical pressure to 60--120 mm Hg. In the normal, angiographically depictable vessels of the urinary bladder the blood circulation could not be interrupted by increased intravesical pressure. On the other hand, the pathological vessels of the tumours clearly reacted to an increase of the intravesical pressure. In 9 cases the circulation was completely interrupted, in 6 patients nearly all pathological vessels were compressed, and in 2 patients a clear reduction of the vessels visible before was reached. The different behaviour of normal and pathological vessels in our opinion is based on the inferior construction of the walls of the pathological vessels as well as on the lower blood pressure in the vessels of the tumour.


[Metal removal after osteosynthesis (author's transl)]. In order to answer the question whether certain biochemical reactions may influence the date of metal removal after osteosynthesis, plasmaprotein and immunoglobulin levels were checked.


[Injuries of the pelvis (author'r transl)]. Fractures of the pelvis impair the statics of the body and the dynamics of trunk and leg movement. Concomitant injuries obtain vital importance for the digestive tract, the urogenital system and the greater blood vessels. The operative reconstruction of acetabulum fractures is recommended increasingly. The late results concerning prevention of arthrosis, however, are not convincing. Posterior marginal fractures of the acetabulum, such as those to be found after posterior luxation of the hip joint, should be fixed by operation.


[General classification, diagnostic standards, and therapeutic suggestions for malignant bone tumours (author's transl)]. The nomenclature of bone tumours as elaborated by a WHO expert group is presented and compared with own experience. Based on these data as well as those collected in the bone tumour centre at Dresden, diagnostic and therapeutic standards are recommended.


[Diagnostics and therapy of benign bone tumours (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of benign bone tumours must be confirmed histologically; only in rare cases this can be omitted. After having identified the kind of tumour, a specific therapy must be established, covering a wide range, like excochleation as well as amputation. Malignant degeneration and high rates of relapse are possible.


[Bone tumour register and therapeutic centres (author's transl)]. This report deals with bone tumour centres in Dresden and Cottbus (G.D.R.). The data registered were computerized. A reference centre as suggested by the WHO is described with respect to the tumours of bones.


[Application of homologous tendons and ligaments (author's transl)]. The report deals with the postoperative results of homologous cialit-preserved tendons and ligaments in 237 patients with 281 homologous cialit-preserved transplants. This material proved to be equally effective to the autologous and even superior to it when grafting flexor tendons of the finger. 4.7% disturbed woundhealing, 5.2% infections, 5.5% mechanical insufficiency.


[Resistance of pyogenic bacteria during a period of five years (author's transl)]. The bacteriological results of 4113 clinical specimens (wound-swabs) were analysed. In 40 per cent of positive findings Staphylococcus aureus was isolated, furthermore, in decreasing frequency Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococci and haemolysing Streptococci. During this study a considerable quota of the examined strains was observed to show large fluctuation in sensitivity, but more than half of the isolates demonstrated increasing resistance against the chemotherapeutics tested. In order to reduce the development of resistance, our results ascertain the necessity for a scientific antibacterial therapy as well as the strict observance of hospital hygienic measures.


[Is Choledocho-duodenostomy in cholelithiasis still justifiable? (author's transl)]. 2225 operations for gallstones were performed, from 1961 to 1972 and ended 397 times with choledocho-duodenostomy, 249 times with T-drainage and 84 times with sphincteroplasty. Only risky patients underwent an anastomosis. The mortality rate in all 3 procedures came up to 2.3 to 2.4%. Choledocho-duodenostomy proved to be a useful method especially in old aged people and patients with a high operative risk.


[Surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis (authors' transl)]. On the basis of 15 resp. 25 years of experience with surgical treatment of acute cholecystitis the authors evaluate their results of urgent and acute operations in 1.080 patients in whom the intensive conservative treatment of acute attacks did not sufficiently influence the symptoms of acute cholecystitis. From this group of 1.080 patients operated on urgently or acutely 21 died, the operative mortality being thus 1.9%. The mortality rate was highest after urgent operations where from 58 patients 10 died, the mortality being 17.2%. From the group of 889 acute cases operated on during 12, 24 or 48 hours following hospital admission, only 5 patients died, the mortality rate being 0.6%.


[Diagnosis of intraabdominal abscesses by the ultrasound echo technique (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of abdominal abscesses with diagnostic methods generally used up to the present has not proved to be accurate and reliable. The authors give an account of their experience with a new ultrasound echo technique. By employing this technique, abdominal abscesses and effusions can be visualized with accuracy and their size can also be measured. From the examinations performed in 21 patients, 20 gave an accurate diagnosis and there was only one case presenting a false positive result. The authors emphasize the accuracy of this method and its non-invasive character as well.


[Revascularisation in the femoro-crural region (author's transl)]. Femoro-crural revascularisation was performed in 132 operations in 126 patients. In 85.6% of these cases the operation was indicated because stage-III or stage-IV ischaemia was present. The necessity for surgery is determined by radiography of one artery of the lower extremity; in 31 of these patients it was necessary to perform a direct femoral puncture or an exploratory vascular operation followed by angiography. The authors' policy was to perform orthotopic reconstruction with autogenous vein grafts. In isolated cases a ring clearance or a prosthesis was used in the thigh region. Immediate patency was obtained in 93.9%. Of these operations, 120 were seen as follow-up; 78.3% of the bypasses were still patent, there was occlusion in 15 cases, and amputation was necessary in 11. Long-term results (2 to 9 years after the operation) were good in 64.4%.


[Relevance of lower oesophageal sphincter manometry in prae- and postoperative evaluation of gastrooesophageal reflux disease (author's transl)]. In 27 patients with refluxoesophagitis the resting LES-pressure was approximatly 80% lower than in 12 patients with asymptomatic hiatal hernia and 15 controls. All patients in the first group were operated on and 21 fundoplications (Nissen) and 6 anterior plications (Dor) were performed. The postiperativ LES-pressures were 70% higher than praeoperative and almost identical for both methods. The effective restitution of a functional sphincter with these operations could be demonstrated in this way.


[Breast cancer in the male (author's transl)]. The prognosis of breast cancer in the male is considerably worse than in the female. The longer neglect and the quicker formation of metastases are responsible for it. Modified radical mastectomy is the procedure of choice up to stage T3. In stage T4 only mastectomy should be performed. Radiotherapy with the megavolt technique is necessary in any case. The experience with castration, adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy is limited, further experience must be awaited.


[Therapy and therapeutic results in carcinoma-in-situ- of the uterine cervix]. 348 cases of carcinoma in situ are reported, which were diagnosed, without exception, by conization from 1966 to 1971. The atypical changes could be removed without leaving any detectable malignant cells in situ in 226 patients (65 per cent). These cases did not need any further therapy. In 45 cases (12,9 per cent) was doubtful if the conization could be performed without leaving malignant cells. In 77 cases (22,1 per cent) the conization was done leaving malignant cells in situ. 49 women of this group had a continued treatment, the vast majority was hysterectomized. All the other cases were strictly controlled. The 5-year healing quotient was 91,7 per cent. 7,1 per cent of the patients have not been heard of again. Only 3 patients (0,9 per cent) suffered a recurrence. They belong, without exception, to the control group in which the carcinoma in situ could not be primarily removed without leaving malignant cells in situ. The significance of an exact method of conization and a careful histotechnical perparation of the specimens in serial sections is especially pointed out. The necessity of a continued treatment by means of hysterectomy with vaginal cuff is stressed in carcinoma in situ which could not be removed without leaving malignant cells in situ.


[Value of suspicious and doubtful cytological findings in gynecologic serial examinations]. Cytological follow-up and histological results of 2336 patients with Pap III and 10584 with Pap II control of 1973 and 1974 were checked up to May 1976 and compared with new literature. 50% of Pap III became to negatives, 10% of Pap III and 0,82% of Pap II control became positive (Pap IV and Pap V). Up to now histological findings has been resulted in 10% invasive cancers; in 53% carcinomata in situ and severe dysplasia, in 16% moderate and mild dysplasias, and in 5% normal epithelium from repeated Pap III. To avoid to many conizations we have introduced Pap IIID for moderate and mild dysplasia into screening cytology.


[Mammographic evaluation of women with high-risk breast cancer development]. Mammography was performed in 427 healthy women and in 249 women with breast cancer. The types of breasts were clasified into 4 groups according to the age and period of life of women. The group of healthy women had analysis of the individual types of breast in a separate age periode different from those with breast cancer. On the basis of the information gathered, a screening of risk women could be undertaken and the percentage of incidency of breast cancer as well as that of unnecessary screening could be determined. The extent of screening is influenced by personnel and economic considerations.


[Surgical management of vaginal prolapse following total uterus extirpation]. After discussing the frequency, aetiology, pathogenesis, possibilities for gynaecological surgery of true prolapse of the vaginal vault, which is limited of general vaginal prolapse following hysterectomy, were given information about own results of treatment in seven true cases (--0,65%) within eleven cases of prolapse of the vaginal vault under 1075 hysterectomies. The vaginal excision of peritoneal prolapse and plastic correction of the vaginal vault for preserving the functional capacity for intercourse were carried out with success in all the seven cases in one case bye the methode of SYMMONDS and PRATT. An anterior colporrhaphy snd a posterior colpoperineorrhaphy were carried out in other four cases. Hints were finally given for prophylaxis of prolapse of the vaginal vault.


[Tokolysis using Berotec aerosol].

[Tokolysis using Berotec aerosol]. It has been tested whehter the uterine motor activity could be suppressed by inhalation of Berotec--aerosol. Fast developing, effective but short-lived tocolytic effect was demonstrated. The treatment could be carried out easily and proved to be efficient by briefly quiescing the uterus in obstetrical emergencies or starting longterm tocolysis, as started by the authors.


[Recommendations on the recording of the effects of birth mechanics on the newborn skull]. Recommendation of recording influence of birth mechanics on the head of the newborn. The birth mechanical influence, visible on the head of the neonate, by a single manner can be recorded. Two presented figures give an example for a possible registration of configuration and injuries. Visible configuration of the neonatal head is the extern finding of related dislocations of cerebral substance. Latters are most followed by a slight neurological symptomatology of the newborn, which most is reversible. The topical location of an irreversible brain damage in some cases, diagnosed in childhood, can be related to the mechanical course of birth.


[Acute syndromes of the brain stem in newborn infants with birth injuries--case report]. The acute syndroms of the brainstem of cerebral injuried newborns by the birth trauma (casuistry). The neurologic clinical symptomatology of the acute syndroms of the brainstem are described in brief. Three cases of damaged newborn with this syndroms are particular published. Especially performed are: the possibility of repair, the changing of the symptoms, the danger of manual transformation of abnormous cephalic positions and the need of topological diagnosis in follow-up of special care.


[Ultrasound and semiquantitative chorionic gonadotropin secretin in the diagnosis of abortion]. 191 patients with signs of threatened abortion were assessed by means of ultrasound (Kretz-Technik, Vidoson, Siemens) and semiquantitative assay of urinary HCG-excretion. Sonar examination was able to establish an accurate diagnosis of fetal life (heart action and/or movements) in all pregnancies showing a gestation sac suitable to the 11th week. The remainder cases required a repeated investigation including HCG-levels and growth rate of the gestational sac. Thus the diagnosis of blighted ovum could be made within one or occassionally two weeks.


[Determination of residual bilirubin binding capacity in the serum of newborn infants using bromphenol blue]. In serum specimens collected from premature infants the residual bilirubin binding capacity was determined by a direct spectrometric method using bromphenol blue. The bindingin capacity determined in this way is strongly correlated to the serum bilirubin level. Changes in binding capacity are shown during the first 16 days of life. Experiments on model sera show the dependence of binding capacity for bromphenol blue on the ratio albumin/bilirubin. The results are discussed with respect to the urgency of blood exchange transfusions preventing danger of kernicterus.


[Transitory hyperbilirubinemia and oxytocin infusion]. Serum bilirubin levels at 5th day of life was compared between 100 mature newborns with oxytocin infusion to the mother during labour and 100 mature newborns without oxytocin. Newborns, whose mothers received more than 5 IU oxytocin had significant higher bilirubin values than the controll group without oxytocin and the cases with oxytocin administration under 5 U. Hyperbilirubinaemie was also present in babies after vacuum extraction and oxytocin infusion.


[Relief of pain in obstetrics using peridural anesthesia]. It is talked about the technical explanation and the theoretical foundations of the obstetrical peridural anesthesiologica. 250 births done under peridural segmental anaesthesie are compared with a control group by means of clinical dates. It was found out that this method doesn't correspond in some details to the classic de-mands of the obstetrical mitigation. Nevertheless it seems to be without any danger and effective under appropriate conditions.


Lactobacilli isolated from French saucisson (taxonomic study). 190 Lactobacilli strains originating from saucisson produced in France, were isolated. The use of numerical taxonomy enabled 6 representative taxa to be established, defined by average biochemical profiles, differing greatly from those of Lactobacilli from dairy origins. Two groups of tests seem to be of particular interest in order to characterize these strains: 1. Fermentaion of ribose: positive, Arginine dihydrolase: positive, Gas production: negative. 2. Fermentation of melibiose: positive, Fermentation of raffinose: negative.


[The meteorological factors influencing the number of man-hours lost by workers in the engineering industry (author's transl)]. For 4,000 men aged from 35 to 50 years, all employed in an industrial plant in Poznan a record was made of the daily number of the first sick-notes issued as a result of accidents, acute inflammation of the respiratory tract and exacerbation of chronic diseases which accounted for a total of 82 per cent of the absence from work. On the days which showed an increased incidence of accidents and exacerbations of chronic diseases, the weather charts issued by the Institute of Meteorology indicated a statistically significant and more frequent prevalence of meteorotropically active weather conditions over Poland. In contrast, the number of sicknesses due to an acute inflammation of the respiratory tract increased significantly on the day following the passage of a warm or cold weather front in Poland. Such losses of working hours also occurred more frequently during the colder season, while absence from the workplace due to accidents increased during the warm season.


[Arizona bacteria (salmonella subgenus III), a rarely identified cause of food infections (author's transl)]. A report is given of the infection, described under the clinical picture of enteritis, of a one-year old Turkish child with Salmonella arizonae 61:k:1,5,7 (Arizona 26:29-30) which is largely adapted to sheep. It appears that, outside of the USA reports have not been published on infections with this species of Salmonella. Considering that reports on human infections with Salmonellae of the subgenus III (Arizona bacteria) have rarely been published, it was decided to deal with these Salmonellae in general, especially with their reservoirs, the clinical pathological pictures and the problems associated with the bacteriological diagnosis which is made on the basis of the ready splitting of lactose of numerous species of the Arizona group.


[Bite anomalies in familial Friedreich's ataxia]. Besides well-known deformations of the spine and foot in Friedreich's disease, special attention is drawn to the deformation of the maxillodental system, the state of which was not specially studied before. The authors detected pathology of occlusion in 16 of 24 patients with familial Friedreich's ataxia. As a rule this form of anomaly is combined with other bone deformations. In 2 families, where several patients were studied, there was the same occlusional pathology. On the basis of a study of 24 patients and control consisting of 151 individuals, the conclusion is made, that in Friedreich's disease, almost as frequent as deformations of the spine and foot there are also pathological occlusions.


[Nature and pathogenic significance of vertebral osteochondrosis]. On the basis of literary data the authors demonstrate that spinal osteochondrosis is due to aging changes in the biochemism and structure of intervertebral discs. Under the influence of such factors as physical, overtension, overcooling of the organism, osteochondrosis may acquire a pathogenic significance in the appearance of some diseases. This in its turn may be due to the development of supplementary processes in the discs and adjacent tissues. The authors discuss the insufficiently studied problem of overcooling of the organism in the development of sacro-lumbar radiculitis, underlining the facts of influence of overcooling on the hemodynamics and metabolism of the organism.


[Table of predicting the outcome of neurologic syndromes of lumbar osteochondrosis]. Using the algorhythm of a successional statistical Wald procedure, the author elaborated a table for the assessment of the probability of a transition of an exacerbation into remission on the 20th day. The table was tested in the studied group (87 patients) and in control series (94 patients). In a 5% level of permissible error, with the aid of the table a correct prognostical evaluation was attained in 70.5% of the conclusions, incorrect ones in 7.9% and indefinite in 21.0%. Incorrect and indefinite responses prevailed in cases of sclerotomic and radicle lumbo ischalgia. The table is intended for selection of a more severe group, the treatment of which from the beginning of an exacerbation is expedient to conduct in a neurological ward.


[Complex conservative treatment of patients with chronic vertebral-basilar insufficiency against a background of cervical osteochondrosis]. The paper contains a description, concerning medicative treatment of 55 patients with chronic vertebro-basilar deficiency in cervical osteochondrosis. The purpose of this study was to remove irritation of the spinal plexus, insufficiency of the cerebral blood flow and secondary astheno-depressive conditions. The following measures were applied: physiotherapy (influences of sinusoidal modulated currents on the cervical part of the spine, massage), special medical gymnastics, drugs (vitamins of the B group, biogenic stimuli, spasmolytical and antihistamine drugs, tranquilizers) and psychotherapy. A comprehensive treatment leads to a steady improvment in 91% of the treated patients, and according to the REG data, to an activization of the blood supply in the zone of vascularization by spinal arteries, especially in the hemispheres with the largest initial blood repletion deficit.


[Experience in treating vascular parkinsonism with metamysil]. The paper is concerned with a study of the effect of metamizil in 45 patients with different forms of vascular parkinsonism. It was established that metamizil exerts a positive effect on the development of neurological symptoms (rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor) in mild and moderately expressed degrees of lesions. In most of the cases the drugs appeared effective in doses of 0.001 g thrice daily, and in separate cases 0.001 g 6 times daily. In the majority of patients metazil was tolerated without significant side effects. In some patients the side effects (vertigo, dryness in the mouth) were slightly expressed. The effect of treatment was seen after 2 days up to 2 weeks and lasted during the whole course of treatment and sometimes after it. Metamizil possessing a moderate sedative action, as well as spasmolytical and hypotensive is indicated for patients with vascular parkinsonism.


[Autoimmune processes in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain disease]. The authors give immunological characteristics of the brain traumatical disease on the basis of a dynamic study of autoimmune reactions in direct and retarded type with brain tissue antigenes in 156 patients. The conclusion is made of an interconnection of these indices and the dependence of the clinical syndrome and the type of development of the pathological process to these data.


[Recovery of several higher cerebral functions in patients with mild cranio-cerebral injuries]. The dynamics of a restitution of higher brain functions was studied in 30 patients and 20 normals of the same age and educational census with the aid of an experimental psychological test (a proof test, a remembrance of 10 words, a search for numbers according to the Schulte table and an elimination of significant signs). The achieved data testify to the fact that restitution of cerebral functions is accomplished slowly and that disorders do not disappear at the end of the month following a mild brain trauma. For this reason the duration of treatment in such cases should be not less than 30--35 days.


[Epileptic syndromes in ascariasis and enterobiasis]. The report contains some results of a study of 18 patients where in 17 cases the authors believe that the convulsive syndrome was due to an infestation by ascarides, soatworms or by a combination of helminths with other enteral helminthosis. In one case intestinal parasitism aggravated the development of frontal epilepsy. It was demonstrated that the removal of helminths leads to an arrest of convulsive seizures, while a new infestation--to their appearance. The authors have attemped to give characteristics of the epileptical syndrome, provocated by ascarides and seat-worms.


[Disruption of the homeostatic regulation of adrenal function in endogenous depression]. The authors studied the sensitivity to the inhibitory action of 0.5 mg of dexametasone (determined by a drop in 11-oxycorticosteroids in the blood content) in 22 patients with endogenous depressions. In 20 cases among the 22, the dexametasone test appeared to be disturbed. In 14 patients refractory to the action of dexametasone during the depressive period in intermissions the inhibitory effect was restituted. In 7 among 8 cases of reactive depressions the indices did not differ from the control group. The insufficiency in the regulation of glucocorticosteroids is considered as a significant link in the pathogenesis of endogenous depression which may be due to disorders of metabolism of the brain biogenic amines.


[Rheoencephalographic findings in circular depressions]. The paper is related to a special study of the vascular brain pathology by REG methods in 50 patients with circular depressions. The REG data demonstrated changes of REG waves not only in the elderly patients, but in young patients as well. The study detected normalizing influence of electroconvulsive therapy on the REG indices which correlated with the clinical improvement. A REG study of brain vessels permitted to reveal different vascular conditions in circular depressions, which may be of definite significance fof differential diagnosis and adequate therapy.


[Clinical features of manic-depressive psychosis with organic brain defects]. The authors studied the clinical picture of manic-depressive psychoses in 71 patients who had signs of an organic brain lesion (both anamnestically and clinically), which were confirmed by X-ray and EEG data. It was established that these patients more frequently exhibit atypical forms of affective conditions (anxious--depersonalizational syndromes, angry mania). As a rule, they also have a significant amount of supplementary psychopathological signs in the syndrome structure (dysphorea, obsessions, depersonalization). Such conditions quite often are refractory to therapy and require special therapeutical approaches.


[Effect of pyridoxine on the psychopathology and pathochemistry of involutional depressions]. In agreement with the catecholamine hypotheses of affective disorders the main role in the pathogenesis of depressive states is allocated to the central "noradrenergic insufficiency". The author thinks it feasible to use pyridoxine (vit. B6) in the treatment of depressive states, inasmuch as it is involved in the process of catecholamine synthesis as a cofactor of DOPA-decarboxylase. The author examined 48 patients among which 31 were with involutional melancholia and 17 with manic-depressive psychoses, manifesting after 40 years. Along with a positive therapeutical effect there was an increase in the noradrenaline excretion and a drop in the relative adrenaline content.


[Changes in the blood clotting system of patients with atherosclerotic and senile dementias]. The author studied changes of the coagulative blood system in patients with atherosclerotic and senile dementia (82 cases). In cases with simple forms of senile dementia a tendency towards hypercoagulability was established (an increased formation of thrombin, the amount of fibrinogen content). However, this group demonstrated a defensive activation of the anticoagulative system, sufficient to maintain an equilibrium in the whole system of hemocoagulation. An exhaustion of compensation may lead to stasis and microthrombosis in the smallest vessels and capillaries, which indicates to the pathogenetical significance of changes in the coagulative blood properties.


[Vitamin C metabolism in patients with presenile psychoses]. The author studied vitamin C metabolism in 125 patients with presenile psychoses. There is a vitamin C deficit in patients, which does not disappear during treatment. In order to remove C hypovitaminosis and to exert a purposeful influence on the metabolism as a nonspecific agent increasing the reactions and reactivity of the organism, the author recommends the use of vitamin C in dosages not less than 500 mg daily.


[The sex factor and mental disorders of advanced age]. With the aid of a clinico-statistical method the authors studied 1514 patients older than 60 years. The following facts were found. There was prevalence of females in schizophrenia, circular psychoses, neurosis, atherosclerosis and senile dementia. Depressive syndromes were more often seen in females, subaffective and paranoid--in males (these syndromes were most linked with sex). In aging schizophrenic patients there waa a significant increase of hallucinatory-delusional syndromes (both in males and females), depressions in females, a tendency towards a drop in the frequency of depression in males. The linkage of syndromes with sex decreased along with aging.


[Clinical picture of hallucinatory-paranoid psychoses in cerebral atherosclerosis]. As a result of a clinico-psychopathological study of atherosclerotic hallucinatory-paranoid (endoform) psychoses the author eliminated 3 syndromological forms: 1) hallucinatory, 2) paranoid, 3) paranoid with their clinical variants. according to their development and clinical expression the endoform hallucinatory-paranoid psychoses are differentiated into acute transitory (exogenous type of reaction) and chronic progressive. Clinico-anotomical correlations demonstrated that of acute psychoses large focal changes are more typical, while of chronic--multiple small foci--brain lesions.


[Detecting patients at higher suicidal risk by psychological criteria]. On the basis of an experimental psychological analysis of the personality features in patients with suicidal tendencies the conclusion is made that an important role in the decision to commit suicide (84%) is allocated to such forms of thinking as unisignificant subjective models, a nonrepresentation in their development, a full negation in thinking, a selective perception of information. In 16% of the cases there was a drop in a very important adaptive function such as imagination. The detected features help to select patients with a high suicidal risk and consequently pose specific problems in psychotherpay.


Post-hatching evolution of the pineal gland of the chicken. The authors studied the evolution of the pineal gland of the chicken (Gallus gallus) from hatching until 34 months of age. They describe the progressive decrease of the follicular cavities and the appearance of solid-looking cavities. The stroma increases with age, dividing the pineal parenchyma into territories of small caliber.


Ultrastructure of the liver cells in Salamandra salamandra (L.) in the end of Winter. Following hibernation, most salamander liver cells undergo alterations. The liver cells containing the structure of their active period present a normal nucleus, glycogen granules disseminated throughout the entire cytoplasm and granular mitochondria with several peripheral cristae. Most cells, however, possess altered mitochondria, transformed into electron-dense masses, or clear vesicles with the possibility of digesting the ambient organelles. Other cells have clear vacuoles with similar digestive possibilities. The endoplasmic reticulum is poorly represented in the liver cells that have suffered advanced alteration. The nucleus of these cells is homogeneously granular. The sytoplasm is populated by electron-dense bodies and lipid vacuoles. The nucleolemma and plasmalemma are thickened. The pigmented cells, altered concomitantly with the liver cells, contain granular aggregates. Some of the pigmented cells exhibit electron-clear formations similar to the reflecting platelets of the iridocytes of the integument of lower vertebrates.


Comparative neurohistological observations on the pancreatic duct in certain birds and mammals as revealed by cholinesterase technique. A comparative study of pancreatic duct innervation of Francolinus pondicerianus (grey partridge or safed teeter) and Suncus murinus (Indian musk shrew) as revealed by cholinesterase technique has been done for investigation. In Suncus pancreas, the AChE-positive ganglia, elongated and irregularly shaped, medium and large-sized, were recorded either on the periphery of the excretory duct or on the wall of the duct. No ganglia were recorded on the periphery, although the fibres of the ganglia were in close association with the periductular plexus and the fibres of the peri-insular plexus in Francolinus. In Suncus, multipolar and AChE-positive ganglia of various shapes, arranged in chain-like fashion on the duct, were recorded, whereas in Francolinus the multipolar ganglia of AChE-positive nature and of various shapes, arranged in chain-like fashion, were observed in the duct region.


Influence of extrinsic factors on the development of the articular system. In the present study, the results obtained after embryonic movements were paralyzed are described. Paralysis was produced by succinylcholine administered to chicken embryos during Hamburger-Hamilton's stages 25-29. The study of microscopic sections across all the articulations emphasize the absence of articular cavity formation. The cavities were replaced by a non-differentiated mass of mesenchymatous tissue. Regression of articular cavities and para-articular structures was noted in already formed embryos. Contrary to the opinion sustained by some authors, modifications on the articular surfaces were not produced. All of these data, reveal the importance of embryonic movements in articulation formation and conservation.


The cephalic arterial system in carnivores, with special reference to the systematic classification. The cephalic arterial pattern in 53 fissipeds, representing all the classical families, is described on the basis of corrosion casts prepared by means of a special plastic injection and corrosion technique. The results are discussed on an ontogenetic and phylogenetic basis and related to current theories on the systematic classification of fissipeds at a higher taxonomic level (infraorders or superfamilies). In this respect, especially the systematic position of the canids and hyaenids in relation to the felids is discussed, the greatest importance being attached to the contribution of the external carotid artery system to the intracranial circulation. Also the very specific cephalic arterial pattern in the herpestines, one of the two viverrid subfamilies studied, is emphasized.


The collagen of the gingiva and of its blood vessels. The collagen of the gingiva and that of its blood vessels of several animal species and of man were studied with the scanning electron microscope following corrosion with pancreatin at 0.3%. The gingival collagen forms fundamental cells or fasciculi that are distributed throughout the entire territory. In the interior of the cells there are small balls either detached or in clusters. Because of the contact and the fusion of these balls with the collagenic fasciculi, and due to their resistance to the pancreatin corrosion procedure, we believe them to be condensations of collagen. The approximate size of these balls was 2 micrometer. The fasciculi that surround these cells have either the form of bundles or are united in bands. There is an abundance of blood vessels in the gingiva and they are surrounded by collagen. This collagen can assume any of varied positions. The relations that exist between the vascular collagen and that of the gingiva are different in every case.


A rare origin of the superior thyroid artery. In the course of a classroom dissection of a negro male (height: 167 cm; weight: 56.8 kg), and anomalous right superior thyroid artery was noted. It arose from the common carotid artery 27 mm proximal to the bifurcation into external and internal carotids. Previous reports indicate that the incidence of origin of the superior thyroid from the common carotid or its bifurcation varies from 5 to 45%, depending on the population sampled. Moreover, a low origin is more common in females than males, and appears approximately twice as often on the left as on the right. Previous reports also indicate that the origin is only very rarely more than 1 cm proximal to the bifurcation, only one case having been reported of an origin 25 mm proximal. The present case appears to be the most proximal origin so far recorded, and the first far proximal origin in negroes. The implications of such a low origin for surgical approach to the thyroid are considerable.


Interparietal bone.

Interparietal bone. The paper deals with the presence of interparietal bone in a single or more pieces out of a series of 1,500 skulls of the Anthropology Museum of Anatomy Department, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur. It was found to be present in 0.3% of cases. It has no morphological importance but it certainly has a morphogenetic bearing.


Fiber size and sensory endings of the middle cardiac nerve of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). The middle cardiac nerve, a branch of the vagus, innervates the ventricles of the avian heart. Of 533 myelinated sensory fibers, the size range was 2 micron. The ratio of myelinated to unmyelinated sensory fibers ranged from 2.17 to 3.48. Sensory endings resembled a network pattern with no distinct receptor-like endings. Frequency of nerve population increased from apex to base of the heart.


A quantitative histological study of the aortic nerve and the aortic body in the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). In the buffalo, the left aortic nerve ramifies in the periarterial connective tissue between the ventral surface of the aortic arch and the truncus pulmonalis. The right aortic nerve ramifies over the dorsal and right aspects of the aorta ascendens near its origin. The histograms of myelinated fibres of both left and right aortic nerve are distinctly unimodal with peak around 4-6 micron (64.2-67.8%). The left aortic body is situated in the periarterial connective tissue between the ventral surface of the aortic arch and the truncus pulmonalis, while the right aortic body is located in the tunica adventitia of the dorsal and right aspects of the aorta ascendens near its origin. The greatest sagittal section area of the left aortic body is 0.102 +/- 0.009 mm2 and that of the right aortic body is 0.041 +/- 0.002 mm2. The organ is highly vascular. The mean size of the glomus cells from the left aortic body is 7.68 +/- 0.9 micron x 9.37 +/- 0.13 micron (short diameter x long diameter), whereas the corresponding value for the right aortic body is 7.84 +/- 0.14 micron x 9.86 +/- 0.21 micron; and their density values are (11,417 +/- 301.7)/mm2 and (9,839 +/- 213.3)/mm2 respectively.


Effects of zinc deficiency on the chick embryo blastoderm. A technique which permits the in vitro study of zinc deficiency in early embryos of Gallus domesticus is described using dithizone as a chelating agent. Zinc deficiency produces specific and constant lesions which are more severe as the embryo is cultivated in more early stages. The most serious alterations affect growth in general and the differentiation of the nervous system and mesoderm.


Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced growth retardation: impairment of cartilage mineralization. Immature female mice were treated with daily doses of triamcinolone diacetate. Using histochemical and fluorescent methods, the mineralization pattern of the proximal epiphyseal plate of the humerus was studied at various intervals. Following 1 injection, a noticeable decrease was noted in the oxytetracycline incorporation at the mineralizing zone of the growth plate. By the 10th injection, the mineralization process was almost totally arrested. Marked accumulation of phospholipids appeared in experimental plates concomitantly with a lack of acidic glycosaminoglycans' synthesis as well as degradation. Chondroclastic activity was also inhibited resulting in an increased number of hypertrophic chondrocytes at the mineralization zone. It is suggested that the hormone's antianabolic effect led to an impairment in the activity of the chondrocytes' hydrolytic enzymes and thereby interfered with the maturation of the matrix, a prerequisite phase for normal mineralization.


Innervation of the intrapulmonary bronchi of the female Funambulus pennanti. Ganglia of various shapes (rounded, oval and irregular) and of large, medium and small size were recorded on, or near, the bronchial wall either in free form or arranged in chain-like fashion. Most of the ganglia were AChE-positive and connected with the myelinated nerve fibres.


Lipid droplets in the lining epithelium of the crop of Columba livia. Presence and distribution of lipid were studied in the lining epithelia of three regions of the pigeon (Columba liva) crop: lateral lobes, median region near the cervical esophagus and median region near the thoracic esophagus. During the resting phase of the 'milk gland', insulated lipid droplets were observed within the lining epithelium of the three regions studied. On the other hand, during the activity of the 'milk gland' (under action of exogenous prolactin and in natural incubation), only the lateral lobes showed a remarkable increase in the amount of lipid, whereas both median regions showed only an inexpressive increase of lipid within their epithelium.


A mechanism for passive mandibular depression. Retention of a retromandibular space has necessitated developing a system of mandibular protrusion in hominid species. It is possible that mandibular protrusion can be effected by a single muscle-the lateral pterygoid-and the motion controlled by the excentrically placed mandibular suspensory ligaments. The elasticity of the ligaments produces an integrity maintenance force between the articular condyle and eminence which is normally of minimal size. Excessive craniofacial flexion, or the retention of a juvenile configuration of the mandible, could result in increasing this integrity maintenance force and cause crepitation and clicking. Ajustment of the ligaments could reduce these pathological manifestations.


[The vascularization of the submucous external plexus (Schabadasch) and the submucous internal plexus (Meissner) in the small intestine of swine and cat]. Each ganglion of the plexus Schabadasch is supplied by a specific periganglionic capillary network. Within the plexus Meissner, several ganglia are connected to circulation areas. The communicating branches of the plexus Schabadasch have their own capillary system; as to the plexus Meissner, this is valid for the cat only. The results allow to conclude that the centres of the intramural nervous system of the intestinal wall are equipped with a preferred and self-acting vascularization.


Comparative morphometric analysis of vermilion border epithelium and lip epidermis. A comparative morphometric study of lip epithelia in cattle, rats, and humans was undertaken using stereological techniques. Vermilion border and skin specimens of cattle, rats and humans were processed under standardized conditions for light microscopic observation. Stereological techniques were employed to obtain volumetric densities of each epithelial layer. The results obtained show that although the absolute volume of each epithelial stratum of the vermilion border and of the skin varies markedly in the different species studied, the relative volume of these strata in relation to the entire epithelium is similar in all epithelia.


Clinical features of the spinal form of multiple sclerosis. Out of a data pool of 1271 patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) a total of 109 cases are selected having a sole spinal symptomatology throughout the course of the disease. This group differs in three particular features from the non-spinal forms of MS: In this group there is a higher percentage of females, the age at onset of the disease is higher, and the course of the disease is more often chronic progressive from the beginning. After the mean duration of 11 years, the spinal and the non-spinal cases show the same grade of disability. The ability to work is slightly better for spinal cases; office workers are able to keep their jobs longer after the onset to the disease than patients with any other occupation. The spinal form of MS is discussed in respect to its relationship to the classical form of MS and as a differential diagnosis to other spinal processes.


Effect of dexamethasone on protein extravasation in the brain in acute hypertension induced by amphetamine. Amphetamine productes protein leakage in the brain when given to rats under nitrous oxide anesthesia. The blood-brain barrier dysfunction is caused by the combined effect of blood pressure increase and vasodilatation. In the present experiments pretreatment with dexamethasone, 2 mg.kg-1, diminished the amphetamine-induced extravasation of Evans blue albumin and 125IHSA in the rats' brain. Possible explanations to the effect of dexamethasone on cerebrovascular permeability are discussed.


Spina bifida: epidemiological data from a pilot study. The epidemiology of spina bifida has great geographical variation. A small unselected group of patients were registered as part of a pilot project on infantile hydrocephalus. Twenty-two patients, born 1963-69 in Vejle county, Denmark were identified, giving an incidence of 0.77 per 1000 births. The mothers had 26 pregnancies prior to the spina bifida children; 14 of these had resulted in normal viable infants (54%). Seven of the patients had other congenital malformations, unrelated to the neural tube defect. All unoperated patients died. Four of 10 operated children were alive at age 7-12 years, three of them without handicap.


Development of perifocal edema in experimental epilepsy induced by cobalt-gelatin. Two blood-borne tracers, Evans-blue albumin (EBA) and colloidal-iron (Ferrlecit) were applied to visualize the development of perifocal edema in experimental epilepsy induced by cobalt-gelatin (Co-gelatin). This model is known to produce central necrosis with gliomesenchymal scar and peripheral transitory zone in the brain cortex. Characteristic red fluorescence of EBA was detected diffusely in the necrotic area surrounding the Co-gelatin implant and EBA labelled individual neurons reflecting cell membrane injury in the transitory zone. The colloidal iron tracer was localized mainly in the gliomesenchymal scar. It is proposed that neurons with altered membrane permeability to EBA in the transitory zone may play a role in the genesis of epileptic spike activity. The marked labelling of the gliomesenchymal scar by colloidal-iron indicates furthermore that this newly vascularized tissue with leaky capillaries may be a source of perifocal edema.


Axonal regeneration in experimental allergic peripheral neuritis. It has recently been suggested that severed axons fail to regenerate in the mammalian central nervous system as a result of an autoimmune reaction to myelin basic protein released into the circulation at the time of injury. Since the autoantigenic components of peripheral myelin are rapidly phagocytosed after axonal transection, it is claimed that a comparable immune response does not occur following injury to peripheral nerves, so the regenerative process is not hindered. If this contention is correct, it should be possible to inhibit the regeneration of peripheral axons by inoculating animals with suitable neuritogenic homogenates of peripheral nervous tissue. It has been shown that axonal regneration proceeds at the same rate in rats with experimental allergic neuritis as in healthy controls inoculated only with Freund's adjuvant. It is unlikely, therefore, that myelin basic proteins can stimulate the production of antibodies capable of inhibiting regenerative axonal growth.


Toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system in the adult. Electron microscopic observations. The fine structure and reproductive mechanisms of Toxoplasma gondii are described in a case of toxoplasma encephalitis. Replication was observed in glial cells by an internal budding process: endodyogeny. Distinctive ultrastructural features associated with host cell penetration, and encystation are described. Electron microscopic features previously reported in tissue culture and in experimentally produced infections with T. gondii are confirmed in the human brain tissue.


Scanning electron microscopy of malignant gliomas. A comparative study of glioma cells in smear preparations and in tissue culture. Smear preparations from 15 malignant gliomas, 2 metastatic carcinomas and from normal brain were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Tissue culture preparations from malignant gliomas were also studied. In the better differentiated areas of gliomas, the cells in smears were stellate with multiple long interweaving processes 0.25--1.3 micrometer in diameter which could be distinguished from myelinated nerve fibers (1.3--5 micrometer) and from fibrin (0.08--0.3 micrometer) by their thickness and arrangement in the tissue. The relationship of glial processes to blood vessels within the tumour was well demonstrated in smears. Metastatic carcinoma cells lacked the processes seen in glioma cell smears and did not show the same relationship to blood vessels. The more anaplastic glioma cells had fewer processes and ovoid cell bodies covered with surface ruffles and microvilli similar to the cell membrane projections in the nuclear regions of glioma cells in culture. The relationship of the surface morphology of glioma cells in smears to the known invasive nature of these tumours is discussed.


Activities of enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway in nervous system tumors induced by ethylnitrosourea. The activities of three enzymes of the hexose monophosphate pathway (HMP) were measured in frozen samples of rat cerebral cortex and ethylnitrosourea-induced tumors of the rat nervous system. Results show that in most tumors, adequate amounts of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH), and transketolase (TK) were present so as not to be rate-limiting for utilization of the HMP. When enzyme activites were expressed on the basis of fresh weight, TK was increased in most tumors as compared with cerebral cortex; G6PDH and 6PGDH were more variable, showing either higher or lower activities in tumors as compared to control. Tumors in general had a lower protein content than cerebral cortex. When activities were expressed in terms of this protein content, mean values for the dehydrogenases in all groups of tumors were higher than the average value in cortex, indicating that G6PDH and 6PGDH were spared in tumors relative to other proteins. TK activities in tumors, expressed in terms of cytosol protein were lower than or in the same range as cortex. Increased activities of HMP enzymes in some tumors indicated that the potential activity of the HMP in some (but not all) tumors of the nervous system is greater than that of cerebral cortex.


Electron microscopic structure of the Alzheimer's neurofibrillary changes in case of atypical senile dementia. A man aged 70, showed early disorientation, memory defects, delusions and rages at 66, later mental deterioration with muteness and dysphagia. He died of cardiac failure. The postmortem examination revealed macroscopically and light microscopically the neuropathological findings of atypical senile dementia. Moreover, it is the interesting characteristic in the presented case that there are electron microscopically two types of filaments making the neurofibrillary tangles. One showed the so-called "paired helical filaments", which were observed in the cerebral cortex. The other showed paralled "straight filaments". These "straight filaments" were found in the bilateral hippocampi.


Bovine normal peripheral nerve and nerve sheath tumour in explant culture. When bovine normal nerve and nerve sheath tumours were cultured using explant techniques, the same morphological cell types were seen:thin bipolar cells with bulging nuclei;found refractile cells; large quadrangular cells; variable polar, wide-processed cells. However, differences in the pattern of cell growth and the proportions of morphological cell types occurred between normal and tumour nerve. The bovine nerve sheath tumours cultured showed a range of histological areas which did not appear to affect the pattern of cell growth in culture or the cell types present. Antoni type A tissue was prominent in many explant blocks and probably gave rise to most cell growth. On comparison with human schwannomas maintained in explant culture, bovine nerve sheath tumours appeared to have a similar range of morphological cell types. Although suggestions for the origin of human schwannomas have been made on the basis of cell morphology, it was felt that morphology alone did not allow speculation on the origin of cells present in bovine nerve sheath tumour explant cell growth.


Melanosis of the dentate nucleus: fine structure and histochemistry. Ultrastructural and histochemical studies were done on a rare case of primary melanosis of the dentate nucleus. The coexistence of extraneuronal neuromelanin and glial lipofuscin in that region was observed and the interconvertability of these two pigments is suggested.


Short-latency ventilatory responses to sudden withdrawal of hypoxia at normal and raised body temperature in man. Approximately isopnoeic conditions (VE=40 l/min) were achieved by the inhalation of asphyxial gas mixtures (PA,O2 60 torr, PA,CO2 40-45 torr) in normothermia after a rise in rectal temperature of 1.6 degrees C had been induced by a heated flying suit. Arterial chemoreceptor drive was transiently reduced by either isocapnic removal of hypoxia (type (1) tests: two breaths of CO2 in O2) or simultaneous withdrawal of both hypercapnia and hypoxia (type (2) tests: two breaths of O2). 8-13 tests of each type were performed at both temperature conditions in 6 expts. on 4 healthy human subjects. Expired volume, total breath duration and inspiratory time were recorded, and minute ventilation and expiratory time subsequently computed breath by breath. In hyperthermia the steady-state ventilation of 40 l/min (at a relatively higher respiratory frequency and a correspondingly lower tidal volume) was achieved at a PA,CO2 which was 5 torr lower than in normothermia. Ventilation decreased significantly in all tests. Tested with a 3-way analysis of variance significant differences between the ventilatory responses at the two temperature conditions, and between the two test types were found. The rate of change of ventilation was greater in hyperthermia than in normothermia, and also greater in type (2) tests than in type (1) tests. Since isopnoeic conditions existed prior to the tests, this implies that the arterial chemoreceptor contribution to the total ventilatory drive is increased in hyperthermia. In type (2) tests a significant lengthening of expiratory time was observed in the first test breath. This finding confirms the effect in man of changes in airway PCO2 on lung stretch receptor discharge.


Anticholeretic effect of substance P in anesthetized dogs. Nine anesthetized dogs were provided with acute common duct fistulas after exclusion of the gallbladder. Synthetic Substance P was administered as caval infusions in a dosage of 0.5-20 ng x kg-1 x min-1, duration 10 min. The output of hepatic bile, sodium and amylase decreased during infusion by 40-52 per cent at the highest doses. After termination of infusion all 3 parameters increased by 19-60 per cent above the basal level. The biliary concentration of sodium was constant, while that of amylase increased during infusion. The responses were dose-related. The anticholeresis induced by substance P might be due to inhibition of the canalicular bile fraction, which presumably is mediated by active sodium transport and independent of bile salt excretion.


Maturation of circulating red blood cells in young baltic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The maturation of circulating red blood cells (RBC) in salmon (Salmo salar L.) has been studied. A developmental RBC series of 6 classes based on morphological criteria was proposed. After a single dose of iron (55Fe) given to 5-6 months old salmon the incorporation of radioactivity in maturing RBC was followed by autoradiography on blood smears. The relative distribution of labelled RBC between the 6 classes in specimens taken 15, 20, 41, and 52 days after the injection of iron showed that the RBC matured along the proposed series. The projected area of the RBC increased by 100% during the maturation. This RBC growth was caused by an elongation of the RBC. Thus the ratio between short and long axes of the RBC decreased with maturation and can be used as a measure of the degree of maturation. The uptake of radioactive iron measured as grain count per RBC or per projected area of the RBC increased during the maturation in classes II-IV. Radioactive iron was not incorporated by mature RBC. The maturation time from class I to class VI was shorter than 41 days. RBC iron bound to non-haemoglobin proteins as a possible restriction in estimations of the haemoglobin concentrations of developing RBC is discussed.