Characterization of the postocclusive response of renal blood flow in the cat. In contrast to the postocclusive hyperemia of brain, heart, and skeletal muscle, the hemodynamic response of the kidney following renal artery occlusion is highly variable in that both hyperemia and ischemia have been reported. The present study evaluates the factors influencing the renal response to complete renal artery occlusion (5-60 s) in the anesthetized cat. Marked postocclusive vasoconstriction could only be domonstrated in meclofenamate-treated (10 mg/kg) cats. The delta% renal blood flow (RBF) (30-s occlusion) was 16 +/- 4 in controls and 54 +/- 4 after meclofenamate (n= 10; P less than 0.001). Chronic denervation of the kidney, alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade, or infusion of [Sar1, Ile8]angiotensin II(2 microgram/min per kg) did not affect the postocclusive reduction of RBF, indicating that the vasoconstriction was independent of renal nerves, catecholamines, and circulating angiotesin II. Adenosine injected into the renal artery of five cats caused a dose-dependent transient fall of RBF. A dose of 100 nmol adenosine reduced RBF by 44 +/- 6% whereas after meclofenamate only 1 nmol produced the same degree of vasoconstriction. In summary, this study demonstrates a marked potentiation of the postocclusive vasoconstrictor response and the vasoconstrictive action of adenosine by meclofenamate in the anesthetized animal. No evidence was obtained to support a role for the sympathetic nervous system or circulating angiotensin II in mediating the postocclusive vasoconstriction.


Separate renal function studies in conscious dogs with renovascular hypertension. A new method was developed for separate kidney function studies by catheterizing the ureters and exteriorizing the catheters through the urethra into the vagina. Renal artery plication was performed to reduce blood flow to one kidney by 66 +/- 5%. Arterial pressure increased from 107 +/- 2 to 131 +/- 3 mmHg and remained elevated for 28 days. Plasma renin activity was increased for the first 7-10 days only. Sodium and water excretion were markedly reduced in the kidney with the stenosed renal artery and after the first 2 days Na and water excretion were incresed in the contralateral kidney. These changes in Na and water excretion were frequently associated with similar directional changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow. An exception was noted in that renal sodium and water excretion remained low throughout the 28 days in the kidney with the constricted renal artery, whereas GRF returned to near the control level by the end of 2 wk. Altered filtration fraction did not appear to be a determining factor in control of the rate of Na excretion. It is suggested that GFR, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and other as yet undefined factors are involved in salt and water homeostasis during unilateral renal artery stenosis with hypertension.


Iodide and thiocyanate efflux from brain following injection into rat caudate nucleus. Mechanisms and pathways of 125I and 35SCN efflux from the brain were investigated in anesthetized rats. Tracers were injected into the caudate nucleus through a guide cannula implanted 1 wk previously and concentrations of isotope in brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined at various times after injection. 125I clearance from the brain followed a single exponential curve. In control rats 36.2% of the 125I remained in the brain 30 min after injection and 60.4% in rats pretreated with perchlorate.  Comparable values for 35SCN were 25.8% in control rats, 41.0% with perchlorate, and 39.7% with iodide loading. Estimates of 125I and 35SCN effluxes from the brain via the blood-brain barrier and CSF pathways suggest that greater than 95% of efflux crosses the blood-brain  barrier. These results indicate that 1)iodide and thiocyanate are transported across the blood-brain barrier by a common mechanism, and 2) this efflux system is an important factor in the control of the distributions of iodide and thiocyanate in the central nervous system.


Metabolism of arginine by the isolated perfused rat kidney. In order to evaluate the renal contribution to the metabolism of arginine, we have evaluated its biosynthesis and catabolism in the isolated perfused rat kidney. The kidneys of eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused with Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer containing albumin and amino acids. Twenty-five muCi of L-[guanidino-14C]arginine or 25 muCi L-[guanidino-14C]citrulline were added to the system and radiochromatograms of the perfusate were obtained at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min. Perfusate levels of urea, creatine, and guanidine derivatives were measured with high-pressure liquid chromatography. During perfusion there was net utilization of arginine and net production of creatine, guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA). The guanidino carbon of arginine was incorporated by the kidney into urea, creatine GSA, GAA, and guanidinobutyric acid. The production of 14C-labeled urea from L-[guanidino-14C]citrulline was substantially lower than that previously demonstrated in the liver, while that of arginine was approximately 20 times greater. These studies demonstrate the important contribution of the kidney to the synthesis and metabolism of arginine.


Effect of ionophore RO 2-2985 on the efflux of calcium from the rat nephron. The effect of the ionophore RO 2-2985 on the efflux of calcium from the renal tubule was studied employing the in vivo microinjection technique. Microinjection solutions contained either RO 2-2985 (E) or its diluent (C). Following microinjections into the early proximal tubule, urinary 45Ca recoveries averaged 10.1 +/- 1.9 (C) and 3.5 +/- 1.4% (E) (P is less than 0.005), while recoveries averaged 32.3 +/- 6.9 (C) and 24.9 +/- 6.5% (E) (P is less than 0.05) following microinjections into the late proximal tubule. To determine if the decreased recovery of calcium was a specific effect, the effect of RO 2-2985 on the efflux of sodium, phosphate, and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose was examined. Compared to controls, RO2-2985 did not affect the urinary recoveries of 22Na, [32P]orthophosphoric acid, or 3-O-methyl-D-[14C]glucose. These studies demonstrate that RO 2-2985 enhances the efflux of calcium microinjected into the proximal portions of the rat nephron.


Vasopressin in the rat with spontaneous hypertension. Because vasopressin is one of the most potent naturally occurring pressor agents, and because of its importance in the regulation of blood volume and composition, we have undertaken a study of the role of vasopressin in the pathogenesis of the hypertension in the Okamoto-Aoki spontaneously hypertension (SH) rat. In SH rats, systolic blood pressure increased from 135 +/- 3 (SE) mmHg at age 33 days to 184 +/- 3 mmHg at age 75 days (P less than 0.01). In the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control rats, blood pressure increased from 100 +/- 2 to 120 +/- 2 mmHg (P less than 0.01). The differences in blood pressure between the SH and WKY rats at all ages were significant (P less than 0.01). During the age period 33-75 days, the 24-h urinary excretion of vasopressin in the SH rat was consistently more than twofold greater (P less than 0.01) than in the WKY rat. Plasma vasopressin concentration and pituitary vasopressin content were also elevated in the SH rat (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02, respectively). Changes in systolic blood pressure in the SH rat, however, were not paralleled by changes in the urinary excretion of vasopressin. The data indicate that the secretion of vasopressin is elevated in the SH rat. However, the magnitude of this elevation, in and of itself, may not be sufficient to account for the rising blood pressure in the young SH rat.


Effect of indomethacin on coronary vascular response to increased myocardial oxygen consumption. We tested the hypothesis that arachidonic acid metabolites mediate the coronary vascular response to changes in cardiac activity. Isoproterenol was administered intravenously to five chloralose-anesthetized, open-chest dogs. Left anterior descending coronary artery blood flow, systemic arterial blood pressure, and great cardiac vein O2 content were continuously measured, and blood gas determination (including O2 content) were made before and after infusions. From these data, coronary vascular conductance, coronary O2 delivery, and  myocardial O2 consumption were calculated. Isoproterenol increased conductance, O2 delivery, and O2 consumption. Indomethacin, a blocker of prostaglandin synthesis, was administered, and the isoproterenol infusions were repeated. The changes in conductance, O2 delivery, and O2 consumption associated with isoproterenol were not different after indomethacin was administered than before indomethacin was administered. Neither were the relations between conductance or O2 delivery and O2 consumption affected by indomethacin. We conclude that, in this preparation and with this stimulus, prostaglandins do not appear to mediate or modulate the coronary vascular response to changes in cardiac activity.


Mechanism of rhythm determination among pacemaker cells of the mammalian sinus node. The isolated rabbit sinus node was partly divided into two parts by a cut in the middle portion. Microelectrode recording near the bridge connecting the two parts revealed an interference between action potentials from the two parts. Comparison of microelectrode recordings from the two parts taken near the bridge suggested that an induced peculiar rhythm change in one part was probably induced by the electrotonic effects of the action potentials of the other part. To prove this, a subthreshold depolarizing square-wave pulse was applied extracellularly to the isolated uncut sinus node. When the pulse was applied in the early portion of slow diastolic depolarization, diastole was prolonged, and when it was applied in the later portion, diastole was shortened. These findings can explain the observed peculiar thythm and suggest that in the mammalian sinus node, pacemaker cells accelerate or decelerate mutually by the electrotonic effects of their action potentials, depending on the phase of application of the effects. In particular, for some time the faster pacemaker cells could be influenced by dragging effects from the neighboring slower pacemaker cells and the slower pacemaker cells by pulling effects from the neighboring faster pacemaker cells.


Effects of intraventricular angiotensin II mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Central effects of angiotensin II were studied in rats treated with adrenalectomy, chemical sympathectomy with intravenous 6-hydroxydopamine, or a combination of both. Unrestrained, unanesthetized rats were compared before and after one of the three treatments to determine water drinking and blood pressure responses to intracerebroventricular (ivt) injections of 50 and 500 ng angiotensin II (AII). Adrenalectomy alone did not alter either drinking or pressor response to AIIivt. Peripheral sympathectomy alone resulted in a prolonged latency for pressor response but did not significantly alter drinking response to AIIivt. Results obtained by combined treatment were not significantly different from results obtained by sympathectomy alone. There remained a pressor response to AIIivt after combined treatment. The adrenals do not appear to be involved in mediating pressor response to AIIivt. Furthermore, sympathetic neural activation alone causes the early pressor response to AIIivt. Finally, some other factor(s) in addition to sympathetic neural activation must contribute to the pressor response to AIIivt.


Actions of prostaglandins on isolated perfused cat coronary arteries. Effects of prostaglandins on coronary arterial smooth muscle were studied in isolated perfused cat coronary arteries. This preparation was shown to be responsive to known vasoactive agents, including angiotensin II, adenosine, and norepinephrine. Prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha (PGE2 and PGF2 alpha) produced dose-dependent coronary arterial constriction at concentrations of 3 times 10(-9) M or greater. PGE1 produced a biphasic dose-response curve with constriction at low concentrations greater than 10(-7) M.PGI2 dilated coronary arteries at concentrations greater than 10(-8) M. Inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis with meclofenamate potentiated responses to prostaglandins. The endoperoxide, PGH2, slightly constricted cat coronary arteries. However, in the presence of human platelet microsomes, PGH2 was converted to thromboxane A2(TxA2), which was the most potent coronary artery constrictor among the naturally occurring compounds studied. Analysis of coronary artery perfusate for TxB2 confirmed the thromboxane generation, which was markedly lower in the presence of imidazole. Two synthetic endoperoxide analogs produced potent coronary arterial constriction. Induction of hypoxia to a PO2 of 50 mmHg or increasing basal tome with 30 mM KCl did not diminish coronary artery response to prostaglandins, suggesting that prostaglandins released from ischemic myocardial tissue may influence coronary arterial tone.


The pacemaker cell of the sinoatrial node of the rabbit. Rabbit sinoatrial nodes were isolated and studied in an attempt to determine the cell of origin of the true pacemaker potential. Cells of the sinoatrial node of the rabbit giving rise to the characteristic true pacemaker potential were iontophoretically tagged with lanthanum. The lanthanum appeared within the cytoplasm of cells, which morpholigically are "P" cells. The lanthanum appeared as small, amorphous, electron-dense globules. It is concluded from this study that the P or pale cell is the source of the true pacemaker action potential of the sinoatrial node.


Alteration in heart rate response to hemorrhage in conscious dogs with volume overload. The heart rate response to hemorrhage was studied in conscious dogs before and up to 2 mo after the establishment of volume overload due to systemic arteriovenous (a-v) fistulas. Before a-v fistula, heart rate increased markedly during hemorrhage. When hemorrhage was preceded by dextran infusion, bleeding resulted in a gradual reduction in heart rate. The a-v fistula caused marked increases in resting heart rate, central venous pressure, pulse pressure, and blood volume. During hemorrhage, heart rate initially remained constant, but then declined abruptly from the resting value of 121 +/- 3.7 beats/min to a nadir of 89 +/- 6.5 beats/min (P less than 0.01). Although mean arterial pressure decreased markedly, there was no significant change in pulse pressure, and central venous pressure tended to stabilize with the heart rate decline. The abrupt heart rate decline was prevented by atropine but unaltered by propranolol. The response was observed as early as 5 days after a-v fistula. We conclude that an alteration in the heart rate response to hemorrhage appears early during volume overload. This alteration appears to be reflex in nature and to be mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system.


Effects of coronary ligation of the chromically sympathectomized dog ventricle. The cardiac response to acute coronary occlusion was studied after chronic ventricular sympathectomy. Infarct size was measured using nitro blue tetrazolium. In 11 control dogs, 8 dogs with ventricles sympathectomized 2 wk earlier, and 5 sham-operated dogs, mean infarct size was 20.0%, 8.9%, and 20.4% of the left ventricular weight, respectively. Infarct size in sympathectomized ventricles was significantly less than in control or sham-operated hearts (P less than 0.05). Left ventricular perfusion before and after coronary occlusion was measured in 10 controls and 7 sympathectomized ventricles using tracer microspheres. Preocclusion flow values in chronically sympathectomized ventricles were approximately 30-40% less than in controls even though arterial pressure and heart rate were no different, suggesting an increased efficiency. Furthermore, after coromanary occlusion, collateral perfusions in the central and peripheral ischemic zones of the sympathectomized ventricles were 200-400% of those in nonsympathectomized ventricles. When collateral perfusion was related to the respective preocclusion flows, the difference between control and sympathectomized ventricles was even greater. Thus, chronic ventricular sympathectomy results in reduced infarct size, and this effect may be due to a reduced flow demand as well as to an increased collateral perfusion.


Hemodynamic effects of electrical stimulation of forebrain angiotensin and osmosensitive sites. Previous studies from this laboratory have indicated an important role for angiotensin-sensitive anteroventral third ventricular (AV3V) brain structures in normal regulation of arterial pressure and development of renal hypertension. The present experiments examined the effects of electrical stimulation of these periventricular areas on arterial pressure and regional blood flow in the anesthetized rat. Electrodes were placed in the AV3V region 3-10 days prior to acute studies.  Blood flow was measured in extracorporeal blood flow circuits. Electrical stimulation produced only small changes in arterial pressure. Despite the small pressure changes, stimulation caused marked frequency-dependent alterations in regional blood flow. Renal and splanchnic flows were reduced while hindlimb flow was increased. Resistance changes were abolished by surgical denervation or ganglionic blockade but were unaffected by adrenalectomy. Hemodynamic responses to AV3V stimulation were abolished by a lesion in the area of the median eminence. It may be concluded that AV3V stimulation, through activation of pathways descending through the ventromedial hypothalamus-median eminence region, produces profound regional blood flow shifts without greatly altering arterial pressure.


Pulmonary artery catheterization in the rat. A method of pulmonary artery (PA) catheterization in the closed-chest rat is described. This catheterization is best accomplished with teflon catheters having a "shepherd's crook" tip. Catheter preparation is detailed. The functional advantages of such a PA catheter are: 1) the tip can remain free within the right ventricle (RV)  without becoming occluded by contact with the ventricular wall, and 2) entry into the PA is simple and reproducible. Dual catheterization of the RVand PA produced only a small systolic gradient (3 mmHg) across the pulmonic valve. We concluded that the PA catheter does not unduly obstruct blood flow through this valve.


Flexible valinomycin electrodes for on-line determination of intravascular and myocardial K+. Flexible electrode systems capable of monitoring in vivo changes in venous and myocardial extracellular potassium activity were constructed using valinomycin-polyvinyl chloride matrix membrane and polyvinyl chloride tubing. Electrode impedance was 1--30 Momega, time constant 10--200 ms, drift less than 1 mV/h, and shelf life approximately 3 days (intramyocardial electrode) and approximately 6 wk (venous electrode). In vitro and in vivo accuracy were determined in 5 dogs and 18 pigs, anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (35 mg/kg iv), with normal and elevated K+ levels. Serum and venous K+ concentration, determined using a K+ electrode with tip diameter of 1.5 mm, correlated well to serum K+ values determined by flame photometry (r = 0.997). Steady-state myocardial extracellular K+ concentration determined using double-barrel electrodes with total tip diameter of 0.6 mm also correlated well to the serum K+ concentration (r = 0.992). These electrode assemblies permit on-line, virtually instantaneous in vivo determination of intravascular and local myocardial extracellular K+ activity, a capability not previously available.


Psychiatry and the fiscal third party.

Psychiatry and the fiscal third party. Third-party payment has profound effects on such areas of psychiatry as confidentiality; diagnosis; the therapeutic relationship; psychiatry's identification with the rest of medicine and the role of nonphysician mental health professionals; psychiatric education; and the availability, type, location, and quality control of treatment. As third-party payment becomes increasingly frequent, psychiatrists will have to come to terms with its good and bad effects in hospitals and community mental health centers as well as in private practice.


Is modern-day schizophrenic outcome still negative? To evaluate formulations about more positive outcome in modern-day schizophrenic patients, the authors assessed 132 young patients 2.7 years after hospital discharge. Despite modern treatment techniques, only 14%-17% of the 79 schizophrenic patients in the study group were functioning effectively without relapses; 50% had adjusted very poorly. The schizophrenic patients were functioning significantly more poorly than the nonschizophrenic patients in all areas (p less than .01), showing poor adjustment, high symptom levels, and high rehospitalization rates. The two major acute subgroups (schizo-affective and acute schizophrenic patients) were functioning better than those with paranoid and chronic schizophrenia. Overall, the authors conclude, diagnosis carries prognostic implications. Schizophrenic outcome is more favorable today than it was in Bleuler and Kraepelin's era, but it is still relatively negative.


Diagnosis of nonpatients in the general community. Using a sample of 116 subjects drawn from a large metropolitan area, the authors compared ratings of psychopathology from both structured and clinical interviews. Although the two types of interviews yielded similar findings when there was definite psychopathology or definite signs of health, for some subjects in the middle range between health and sickness, the two interviews did not yield similar findings. The authors suggest the need for a new typology to categorize nonpatients in the community who are in the middle range between frank psychiatric disorder and optimal mental health.


Some determinants of maternal attachment. The authors conducted prenatal interviews and behavior observation sessions with 46 families in which the woman was pregnant. These families were again interviewed and observed 7 days, 1 month, 2 months, and 6 months after the child was born. The authors found that the most significant variable predicting the variance of maternal attachment was the length of separation of mother and infant: less separation was associated with greater attachment. The next most significant variable was birth experience, followed in importance by the length of labor and prenatal attitudes and expectations.


The role of infant observation in child psychiatry training. The authors discuss the role of infant observation in the training of child psychiatrists, emphasizing the overriding importance of the subtle but crucial interactions in the mother-infant relationship. Infant observation is valuable in preparing the student as an observer of behavior, and developmental concepts are taught and learned more easily in programs that provide opportunities for observing normal infants. The infant study program in the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Michigan Medical Center is presented as a model.


Third-party payers: to pay or not to pay. Insurance companies have traditionally been wary of providing coverage for mental illness for two reasons: 1) they fear that people would bring a mental illness on themselves or would use treatment for self-actualization, and 2) they fear the risk of providing never-ending treatment for "incurable" illness. The author states that the insurers' fears are groundless but suggests that psychiatrists research the utilization and costs of their treatments in insurance plans collaboratively with the actuaries who determine policy and premiums. Retrospective and prospective criteria for outcome and effectiveness of psychiatric treatment must be developed and applied.


Combat neurosis in inner-city schools.

Combat neurosis in inner-city schools. The author studied 253 classroom teachers who were referred for psychiatric evaluation because of varying degrees of psychological stress and physical trauma. These teachers had experienced actual assault or the threat of assault in inner-city schools. The author evaluated these patients' ego functioning, attitudes, current life situations, and the presence of any predisposing factors. On the basis of these evaluations and using guidelines established in studies of combat neurosis, he recommends that individuals who experience severe occupational stress be provided psychological training to prepare them to handle stress, constant support of and access to people in administrative positions, and a mechanism for crisis intervention.


Patient-therapist matching: a research evaluation. The author tested the predictive power of 10 hypotheses about the personality qualities of therapists that match with those of schizophrenic inpatients to affect therapeutic course. The personality matching traits predicted with significant accuracy the quality of the therapeutic relationship and even the type of overall clinical outcome. Examination of the data revealed that most of this surprising predictive strength derived from a group of highly intercorrelated personality qualities. Taken together, these qualities reflected a capacity of therapists to be comfortable while being involved with a variety of strong affects in their schizophrenic inpatients. The limitations of this study and its advantages over the A-B typology are discussed.


"No-commitment week": a feasibility study. To determine the extent to which involuntary hospitalization is overused, a "No-Commitment Week" was set aside, during which emergency room psychiatrists committed only patients in absolute need of hospitalization. Compared with the week before and the week after, there was no significant difference in the number of patients committed during No-Commitment Week. The authors propose replication of the study on a larger scale but suggest that decisions about involuntary hospitalization in public mental hospitals are the result of societal attitudes, which will be subject to change as long as society itself continues to change.


The internship year: a negative view.

The internship year: a negative view. The decision to add a fourth year of training with emphasis on a primary care internship experience has created serious problems for most psychiatric residency training programs. The logistic problems involved in having a department of psychiatry develop an internship program are formidable. The experiences being provided are less than optimum. Conceivably, the logistic and quality uncertainties that now characterize some PGY-I programs may be a factor in discouraging medical graduates from entering psychiatry. The reasons for moving to an internship experience are also questionable. There are no data which suggest that the new training will produce better psychiatrists. Nor can the case for the internship be supported by past experience or an analysis of the educational needs of today's psychiatrist. Dr. John Romano comments on the author's presentation.


Seclusion: uses and complications.

Seclusion: uses and complications. A total of 7.2% of the patients in a private psychiatric hospital were placed in seclusion during a one-year study. These 63 patients had a more frequent diagnosis of schizophrenia and manic-depressive illness, manic type, than a comparison group. Significant intergroup differences in age and length of hospitalization became insignificant when the seclusion patients under 20 were excluded. Although seclusion was often used to protect patients, others, and property, the most frequent reason was to maintain a therapeutic environment. This study pointed toward a staff tendency to see the "problem" of the patient's behavior as being solved by seclusion rather than viewing seclusion as an intensive care environment in which the patient's behavior and treatment could be morec arefully monitored.


Popping and snorting volatile nitrites: a current fad for getting high. In certain social circles a variety of volatile nitrites are being used extensively to expand creativity, stimulate music appreciation, promote a sense of abandon in dancing, and intensify sexual experience. Soon after amyl nitrite (the prototype of this group) became a prescription drug, legally produced substitutes appeared and were sold as room odorizers. Analyses of eight of these substitutes showed them to contain isomers of butyl or amyl alcohol and a corresponding nitrite. The authors describe the context of use of these products and their desired and adverse effects.


Comparing arrest rates of mental patients and criminal offenders. The authors compared the arrest rates of former mental patients with those of criminal offenders released in the same jurisdiction. The data for all ex-patients and all offenders released in Albany County, New York, in 1968 and 1975 support the contention that it is the relationship between prior and subsequent arrests that explains the increasing crime rate of ex-patients and the three to six times higher rate of arrest of released offenders. Since the three-quarters of former patients with no arrest records were arrested about as often as the general population and substantially less often than offenders, care is warranted in drawing inferences from overall mental patient arrest rates.


Supplemental Security Income and the sick role. Supplemental Security Income (SSI) has given the psychiatrically disabled a dependable source of income and helped make it possible for them to live outside state hospitals. The change to SSI has had an important effect on delabeling and decreasing the stigma of receiving Aid to the Disabled. However, the secondary gain inherent in SSI may interfere with social and vocational rehabilitation efforts. The authors present recommendations aimed at making the SSI system more conducive to social integration and rehabilitation.


The mind-body dichotomy reified: an illustrative case. Cartesian dualism, the splitting of human existence into mind versus body, is at times reified with unfortunate consequences. The authors report a case in which a social policy formulation based on such diagnostic dualism resulted in the denial of health-related facility placement to a patient. They argue that this denial was prejudicial and illogical and that benefits should be related to a functional disability rather than to diagnosis.


Issues critical to the survival of community mental health. The author delineates some of the critical issues that face community mental health, with the opportunity for either growth and further development or regression into a decentralized type of custodial care. These issues include clarifying boundaries and priorities, caring for chronically ill deinstitutionalized patients, providing differentiated care, collaborating with the community, relating to the rest of psychiatry and medicine, defining the community psychiatrist's role, maintaining psychiatric manpower, undertaking evaluation research, and achieving stable funding. Psychiatry's response to these issues will help determine the resolution of this crisis and the future viability and direction of community mental health.


The military family syndrome.

The military family syndrome. The author reviewed the case records of 792 children and adolescents seen in a military clinic over a two-year period. His data suggest that the incidence of behavioral disorders was higher in this clinic than in a civilian mental health center. Seven problem areas common to records in which a behavioral disorder was diagnosed were found. The author suggests that the behavioral problems of the group studied represent a process of acting out in the rigid, autocratic system of the military. He also suggests that an approach using systems theory and modified goals may be more helpful in dealing with problems of military families than the traditional individual approach.


Developmental issues in the psychiatric hospitalization of children. Rather than becoming repositories for the community's seriously disturbed children, children's psychiatric hospitals need to develop milieu programs that involve trained child care staff and developmentally oriented child mental health professionals. Treatment programs should address the developmental needs and abilities of the various age groups and the particular developmental deficits reflected in their psychopathologies and should include a variety of treatment elements.


The American Psychiatric Association and the Food and Drug Administration: an analysis and proposal for action. The relationship between medicine and society is currently undergoing substantial change. While the Food and Drug Administration has no legal authority over the practicing physician, its decisions already influence medical practice. The Drug Regulation Reform Act of 1978, if passed in its present form, would grant FDA broad new powers over patient care and clinical research. In order to retain a high degree of control of its future and activities, the American Psychiatric Association must develop an effective mechanism for meeting this challenge and for serving the interests of its members and their patients. Dr. Alexander M. Schmidt comments on the author's presentation.


Clinical correlates of the lithium pump. The active efflux of lithium from erythrocytes, expressed as the rate constant ko, was studied in patients with primary affective disorder and in controls. The authors' data suggest that ko is stable within individuals over time, is inhibited during treatment with lithium carbonate, and may be a good index of lithium toxicity. ko correlates significantly with the lithium erythrocyte/plasma ratio but is seemingly not related to age, sex, or affective disease subtype. Preliminary data suggest that ko may be determined, at least in part, by a genetic factor.


Erythrocyte concentrations of the lithium ion: clinical correlates and mechanisms of action. When lithium carbonate is administered to individuals, there is considerable intersubject variation in the extent of accumulation of Li+ by erythrocytes. The primary reason for this is differences in the activity of a Li+-Na+ counterflow system, which, under clinical conditions, removes Li+ from the cell. It appears that some bipolar patients accumulate more Li+ in their red cells than either unipolar depressives or normal controls. The precise clinical characteristics of the bipolar patients who accumulate relatively large amounts of erythrocyte Li+ need to be clarified in future research. Finally, the measurement of red cell concentrations of Li+, in addition to the usual plasma measurement, can be used as an indicator of patient compliance.


A heritable disorder of lithium transport in erythrocytes of a subpopulation of manic-depressive patients. The in vivo RBC/plasma Li+ ratio is determined by the equilibrium between Li+ influx (ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+ pump and ouabain-insensitive leakage pathways) and Li+ efflux (phloretin-sensitive Li+-Na+ counterflow). A study of RBC Li+ transport via these pathways showed that a deficiency of Li+-Na+ counterflow was responsible for the high in vivo ratio (1:1) observed in a manic patient. This defect was related to an alteration in the membrane Na+ exchange system and was under genetic control. The level of counterflow before lithium therapy was an excellent predictor (r = .88) of the in vivo Li+ ratio and was deficient in approximately one-fourth of manic-depressive patients but not in controls, schizophrenics, or unipolar depressed patients.


Effect of alcohol consumption on state anxiety changes in male and female nonalcoholics. Ten male and 10 female nonalcoholic college students were given drinks having alcohol levels of 0, 0.5, 0.8, and 1.2 g/kg. They were then given four complex psychomotor tests, immediately before and after which they were given the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, and asked to rate their performance on a five-point scale. Mean anxiety change scores were -.90, .75, 4.75, and 5.55 for the four alcohol doses, respectively. There was no significant correlation between anxiety change and actual performance on the visual vigilance task, but for males there was a significant correlation between anxiety change and perceived level of impairment.


Phencyclidine-induced psychosis.

Phencyclidine-induced psychosis. During a 13-month period, 9 patients with phencyclidine-induced psychosis were admitted to Darnall Army Hospital. They exhibited hostility agitation, and tangentiality and had delusions of influence and religious grandiosity. Six subjects reported auditory hallucinations, and 4 were disoriented in at least 1 sphere. Despite treatment with antipsychotic medication, the psychotic episodes often persisted for more than 30 days. Our clinical finding of prolonged psychotic reactions, together with previous reports of the effects of phencyclidine, suggests that phenycyclidine provides an intriguing drug model for schizophrenia.


When the psychotherapist is black.

When the psychotherapist is black. The authors present a case report of a white neurotic man treated in long-term psychoanalytic therapy by a black woman psychiatrist. The defense mechanism of reversal--the therapist was white in the patient's early dreams--was evident not only in this patient but in several other white patients treated by the black therapist. The authors suggest that, contrary to the opinions of a few other authors, the reality issues of racial differences can be dealt with successfully in this kind of interracial psychotherapy.


Psychiatric training for the primary care obstetrician-gynecologist resident. The author describes a model for the psychiatric training of obstetrics-gynecology house staff members who serve as primary care physicians for women. By integrating psychiatric skills with specialty training, the psychiatrist can enhance continuity of patient care for the resident during his transition to the role of primary care obstetrician-gynecologist.


Psychiatric consultation in an HMO: a model for education in primary care. The authors describe a program based on a biopsychosocial model of illness, which uses a liaison-consultation approach in an outpatient setting. It is directed toward integrating psychiatric education and services with primary care in a health maintenance organization. This program can serve as a useful model for studying the validity and effectiveness of integrating psychiatric concepts with primary health care.


Success or failure: psychotherapeutic considerations for women in conflict. The authors describe conflicts experienced by women who request therapeutic intervention because of symptoms of depression, anxiety, marital discord, difficulty in asserting themselves, or inability to complete work that would lead to advancement. They discuss the developmentally based difficulties experienced by women in making career choices, advancing their careers, and facing midlife issues. The therapist who deals with such patients must be aware of reality-based factors and of his or her own values and attitudes as they influence choice of therapeutic approach.


Psychosocial aspects of a Tay-Sachs screening clinic. The authors administered questionnaires to participants in a Tay-Sachs screening clinic. They received 322 responses. Although the majority of the respondents expressed anxiety about the possibility that they might be carriers, most indicated that this anxiety brought them to the clinic. The authors conclude that a well-publicized and well-organized screening clinic can function successfully and deal with the issue of anticipated loss without producing mass fear. An important factor in their clinic was the fact that they were able to offer an alternative to a Tay-Sachs child through amniocentesis.


Contextual analysis and treatment of phobic behavior as it changes. Contextual therapy of phobias is based upon the observation, analysis and conceptualization of phobic behavior as it changes in its natural contexts. Detailed, tape-recorded studies of phobic behavior changing in context were used to develop concepts and treatment of the processes governing change. Contextual therapy has been applied to individual, group, and self-help treatment of phobias.


Impact of Nazi holocaust on children of survivors. Case reports of children of Nazi holocaust survivors are sparse in psychiatric literature despite a relative abundance of material on the "survivor syndrome." The case presented here illustrates that the long-range effects of the holocaust include intrapsychic, familial, and cultureal pathogenic factors that may influence the psychologic development of the offspring of survivors.


System C: an essay in human relatedness. The system of dyadic human relationship, designated System C, is examined in terms of unique qualities and measures useful for both research and teaching in the area of dynamic psychiatric interviews. Implications are indicated in polyadic systems, and a new aspect of transference is noted. A sample of interview material is analyzed as illustration.


Hazards and horizons of psychotherapy supervision. Individual supervision is a crucial element in the education of the psychiatric resident. Although the supervisory relationship is fully as complex as that between a patient and therapist, it is less frequently studied and far less well understood. After participating in a supervisory relationship for two years, the authors became aware of two important aspects of their relationship which were seriously interfering with the work of supervision. One was the fact of the dual role of the supervisor as teacher and evaluator. The second was the failure to deal openly with emotional issues between them. The authors' separate recollections of the experience are used to explicate the nature, opportunities and pitfalls of therapy supervision. Three levels of learning which occur in therapy supervision are examined. Particular attention is paid to the most neglected aspect of therapy supervision, namely ongoing examination of the emotional vicissitudes of the supervisory situation.


Coping--every man's war.

Coping--every man's war. The concept of coping is firmly embedded in warlike connotations. This article explores three settings for coping behavior that illustrate long-term consequences of coping: the coping of survivors of Nazi concentration camps, the coping of an ancient city, and the coping shown by a modern nation state at war. Coping may have effects which are beneficial in the short run but ominous in the long run.


The sexual deviations and the Diagnostic Manual. This paper presents an historical account and a critical analysis of the diagnostic problems surrounding our understanding of the sexual deviations and their position in our classification system. Appropriate therapy can only be based on accurate diagnosis. Exceptions of this principle of psychiatric care cannot be made for social/political reasons without incurring formidable difficulties both for the diagnostician and the patient as well.


Toward early detection of manic-depressive illness in psychoanalytic patients. I:Patients who later develop a manic illness. Patients who eventually display clear signs of bipolar manic-depressive illness may initially be relatively asymptomatic and indistinguishable from classically analyzable cases. Several patients are presented whose subsequent manic decompensation was preceded by a combination of characterological traits (intensity, punning, insensitivity, etc.) whose presence should signal heightened vulnerability to bipolar illness. The family history was often positive for similar disorders.


Neutrality or negligence: interpret or act? The uniqueness of the psychotherapeutic relationship requires the therapists to maintain a careful equilibrium between objectivity at the price of empathy and closeness at the expense of the necessary perspective. Crises in the course of long-term psychotherapy brings about a sudden, unexpected loss of such equilibrium. Uithout sufficient understanding of the crisis within the context of the therapeutic strategy and goals, the therapist might easily over- or underreact, to the detriment of the treatment. In this paper we suggest careful scrutiny and guidelines for dealing with those situations.


Telecommunications in psychiatry.

Telecommunications in psychiatry. Because technological innovations will enable geographic proximity to be replaced eventually by electronic proximity, telecommunication systems could play a substantial role in psychiatry's future. As a result, the uses, advantages, and limitations of interactive television and videotelephones for psychiatric service and training are discussed.


Multi-sensory hallucinatory experiences: a diary account. The immediate subjective world of the psychotic patient is presented in a striking personal account of a paranoid woman. The diary reveals hallucinatory processes that span auditory, visual tactile, and olfactory sensory modalities as well as the tremendous intensity of emotional turmoil that accompanies a psychotic breakdown.


[Diazepam (valium). Changes in haemodynamics, myocardial oxygen consumption and vascular tone (author's transl)]. In 30 patients with congenital or acquired heart disease the haemodynamic effects of diazepam (Valium) 0.3 mg/kg were investigated during surgical procedures under neuroleptanalgesia. The following parameters were measured or calculated: Heart rate (HR), arterial pressure (-Part, Psyst, Pdiast), pulmonary artery pressure (-PAP), right (-PRA) and left atrial pressure (-PLA), left ventricular pressure (PLV), left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (PLVED), left ventricular peak dp/dt (dp/dtmax), cardiac output (CO), cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI), total systemic resistance (TSR), total pulmonary resistance (TPR), work index of the right (RVWI) and left ventricle (LVWI). In comparison with a control group (n = 36) diazepam caused a decrease in arterial pressure cardiac index, stroke index, right and left atrial pressure and dp/dtmax. This, however, was mainly attributable to vasodilatation and not to a negative inotropic effect, which is of only minor importance with diazepam. These haemodynamic changes resulted in a reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption. Diazepam is a valuable drug in neuroleptanalgesia, when an increase in blood pressure can not be controlled by fentanyl or droperidol.


[Haemodynamic effects of acute intra-operative haemodilution in open heart surgery (author's transl)]. Haemodynamic measurements were made in 80 patients who underwent acute haemodilution (up to 40 ml/kg blood withdrawal) before cardiopulmonary bypass. Measurements of cardiac output, pulmonary arterial pressures including wedge pressure were made. Cardiac index, stroke volume and total peripheral resistance were calculated. Oxygen studies included: arterial and central venous partial pressures and saturations. Haemoglobin content, haematocrit and blood gas determinations were made during haemodilution and bypass. There was a direct relationship between haemodilution and stroke volume (stroke volume increase of 8,5% with 9,4 ml/kg and 25% increase with 40 ml/kg blood withdrawal). No change was found in mean pulmonary artery or wedge pressures. Central venous oxygen saturation remained constant during haemodilution which indicates that oxygen supply was adequate. Haemodilution should be avoided in patients with less than 35% haematocrit, with more than two vessel coronary artery disease and Class IV N.Y.H.A. because of the risk of possible impaired cardiac output compensation. During bypass, a haematocrit of 20% and 6 g% provides greater perfusion and optimal microcirculation. The problems of large volume homologous blood transfusion, hepatitis risk and loss of clotting factors can be lessened with haemodilution.


Bronchoscopy with normoventilation. Automatic ventilation with Sanders technique. A clinical investigation. Forty six patients, who had to be subjected to diagnostic bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia (thiopental, pethidine, O2-N2O, suxamethonium) were ventilated using Wolf's injectomat (automated Sanders principle) in an attempt to find a setting for the apparatus that would provide normoventilation of the patient, independently of the diagnostic procedure. The first 24 patients were ventilated with the apparatus having a fixed setting: the latter being presumed to provide normo- or hyperventilation. This was confirmed and a steady state of PaCO2 was reached after ventilation for 10 min. This PaCO2 was well correlated with the vital capacity of the patients expressed factorially, in relation to the expected normal value. The investigation renders probable the observation that patients with a greatly reduced vital capacity (less than 50% of the normal value) can rarely be ventilated with the apparatus. On the other hand, a reduced FEV1 has little influence on the efficiency of the apparatus. The apparatus was adjusted in agreement with the above mentioned relation to vital capacity for the following 21 patients, in as much as the change in ventilation was carried out by a change in frequency, while the driving pressure of the apparatus and the inspiration time were maintained unchanged. Normoventilation was obtained in these patients independently of the fact that the bronchoscope was constantly open for the insertion of instruments.


[Continuous mass-spectrometric measurement of CO2 while using a modified Mapleson D-(Bain-)system (author's transl)]. In 21 patients undergoing abdominal surgery a modified Mapleson D-(Bain-)system was used under controlled ventilation. An average endexpiratory CO2 of 40 mm Hg was measured at a flow of 70 ml/kg kontinuierlich registrierten endexspiratoritimes these values were stable. In some patients without evident metabolic disturbances we found the CO2 values at borderline or even pathologic. So an increased flow rate of 100 ml/kg is recommended.


[The harmful effects of beta2-sympathomimetic drugs as uterine relaxants on caesarean section (author's transl)]. Beta2-sympathomimetics are the most powerful inhibitors of uterine contraction used in order to prevent threatening fetal asphyxia. These drugs, however, can cause harmful interactions with anaesthetics during caesarean section. Our patient-material consists of parturients, who were given a beta2-sympathomimetic, ritodrine, immediately before caesarean section performed under combined general anaesthesia. These patients showed significantly more marked tachycardia, hypotonia and abundant haemorrhage during operation as a consequence of poor uterine contractility than did the control group. Rapid variations in the circulation of the mother may also be disadvantageous to the wellfare of the fetus. These side-effects can best be minimized by omitting atropine-premedication and by expanding the blood volume of the mother before caesarean section with adequate infusion of Ringer-type.


[Nitrous oxide in the working environment of anaesthetic personnel. A gas chromatographic analysis (author's transl)]. Nitrous oxide as well as halothane is hazardous for organ dysfunction in chronically exposed man. It is necessary for each anaesthetist, in cooperation with the hospital authorities, to take care to eliminate overflow not only of halothane but also of nitrous oxide from anaesthetia locations. Using gas chromatography, we studied the concentration of nitrous oxide during routine daily work in the environment of anaesthetic personnel. With our method of discharging anaesthetic gases, we were able to reduce the concentration of nitrous oxide.


[Mini-photometer and mini-centrifuge for determination of Hb and Hk (author's transl)]. A Mini-Photometer and a Mini-Centrifuge for determination of Hb and Hk are described. These devices are simple to use, compact in size and sufficiently accurate for clinical use in a variety of circumstances.


[Analysis on x-ray-sensitivity of rabbit embryos (author's transl)]. The sensitivity of Day-4-blastocysts to total x-ray irradiation at a dosage of 130r is studied at developmental stages 10, 11, 12 and 17 days p. c., after the treated blastocysts could develop in synchronized foster mothers. The effects by 130r are compared to normal controls and other dosages of 90r and 250 r. A maximum of developmental failure is recorded particularly in 130 r --irradiated embryos. The following reasons are considered to being causally involved: 1. Reduced mitotic activity between Days 5 and 7. 2. Reduced growth of the embryonic disk at Days 6 and 7, such inhibiting differentiation and further formation of the embryo. 3. Increasing imbalances in the essential synchronisation demands of the embryonic and maternal systems. 4. Developmental retardation accompanied by a failure in the dissolution of the blastocyst coverings, by this resulting in a considerable number of degenerating blastocysts at Day 8 p.c. 5. Increased imbalances in the ratio of the differentiation and growth, specific for each embryonic stage. Growth of the embryo, in general, occurs more slowly than the process of differentiation. 6. Failure of adaptation to the chorionic-allantoic-placenta supply at Day 11. This investigation may be considered as a basis for further causal relationship studies to find out the reason for the more pronounced sensitivity to 130 r than to 250 r of Day 4 rabbit blastocysts.


[The emissaries of the human skull (author's transl)]. The range of hemodynamic conductivity of the venous outlets of the skull, called emissary veins, and factors influencing them have been explored in 888 closed and 210 opened human skulls: Exept the condylar canal and the mastoid emissary vein only emissary veins joined to cranial nerves are of importance. The straighter the connection to the heart the wider the related emisary vein tends to be, which explains the predominance of the right emissary veins in the occipital cranial fossa. The right and the left jugular vein as well as the jugular and the mastoid emissary vein compensate each other. The influence of constitutional factors is shown by the sex difference in the conductivity of the jugular veins corresponding to the sex difference of the mean cerebral weight.


The origin and initial development of the pecten oculi. The development of the pecten oculi was studied in the chick (Gallus gallus). The initial development commenced on the 9th day of incubation. The pigment cells in the pecten were derived from the pigment epithelium of the retina and the connective tissue and blood vessels were continuous with those of the choroid.


Morphology of certain sensory and motor endings in muscle spindles of the rabbit's diaphragm. The morphological features of certain sensory and motor nerve endings in muscle spindles in the rabbit's diaphragm were examined using a variety of techniques employed in light microscopy. The nuclear accumulation in the equatorial region of the spindle is encased in a dense capsule penetrated by both sensory and motor fibers. The sensory fibers from a profuse internuclear network terminating in round and triangular buttons in direct contact with the sarcoplasmic membrane of the muscle fiber. Motor end plates trail and plate endings are distributed throughout the spindle save the equatorial region. Muscle spindle motor end plates typify those observed on extrafusal muscle fibers. The trail and plate endings are readily identified since the plate axons are short in length giving rise to claw and bulb type terminal. The terminals are directly applied to the muscle fiber. The elongated axon of the trail fiber terminates in either thin tapers or in brush-like constructions.


[A rare variety concerning the nerves and arteries of the axilla (author's transl)]. The author describes a case, where the N. pectoralis medialis twists its way round two arteries which originate at about the same level from the A. axillaris, one being an A. brachialis superficia lis superior, the other running to the lateral side of the chest. The said nerf forms a loop with the N. pectoralis lateralis. An embryological explanation of this variety is suggested.


The fine structure of ependyma in the hypothalamus of the hamster (Cricetus cricetus). The ciliated ependyma of the hypothalamus of the hanster (Cricetus cricetus) consists of a sheet of cells, the luminal surface of which is reflected over cilia and numerous microvilli. The lateral portions of the plasmalemma of contiguous cells are fused at some sites to from junctions of five layers, the zonula occludens. These fusions occur usually in continuity with other intercellular junctions, the zonula adhaerens. In the apical regions of the ependyma these fusions are almost spiralled. The nucleus is regularly oval and lying close to the basal plasmalemma. The cytoplasm contains a finely granular matrix, filamentous components close to the junctions. The endoplasmic reticulum is sparse. The Golgicomplex is confined to the supranuclear cytoplasm, and mitochondria, are more numerous in the apical than in the basal regions of ependymal cells; the mitochondria are generally rounded and have transverse cristae and granules. The apical regions of the cytoplasm contain the basal bodies of cilia; they form non-striated rootlets and the rootlet filaments tend to diverge, ending in a granular zone.


[The lymphatic vessels of the stomach during phylogenesis and ontogenesis (author's transl)]. The stomach lymphatic channel of all classes of vertebrata representatives beginning from cartilagnous fish, was discovered. The lymphatic channel of cartilaginous and bony fish is presented only with lymphatic capillaries. The lymph is removed along peri- and paravascular lymphatic capillaries. The channel of the stomach of amphibians and reptiles is differentiated in lymphatic capillaries and lymphatic small trunks, while in birds and mammalia it is differentiated in lymphatie capillaries and lymphatic vessels. In human beings, macacus, dogs and cats the removing lymph pathways of the stomach wall in ontogeny undergo the following stages: 1) a lymphatic capillary, 2) a "wide" lymphatic capillary and 3) a lymphatic vessel. These stages are considered to be recapitulation of the developing process of the removing lymph pathways in vertebrate phylogenesis. The stomach lymphatic channel in vertebrate species examined is lined with a continous layer of endothelium cells.


Area distribution of gastric arteries in dog's stomach. All the 5 gastric arteries supplied both the surfaces of the stomachs except in one case, where short gastric arteries were absent on the ventral surface. The commonest pattern in the size of area distribution by different gastric arteries was seen in 31 cases (69%). Increase in the area of distribution by an artery was at the cost area of distribution by other arteries.


[Histological findings at the aorta ascendens after measurement of blood flow with ultrasonic doppler technique in chronic experiments with rabbits (author's transl)]. Following implantation of an ultrasonic transducer in the aortic wall of the rabbit, media destructions and pressure necrosis were ascertained when the transducer was fitted closley around the vessel. When the transducer however was fitted widley around the vessel few departures from the normal structure were registered. After ultrasound stress 0.2--0.5 Watt/cm2 5 Min. per die with a mean exposition at 86.6 days, necrosis of the media and proliferations of the intima were noted in the area of the ultrasound application. When the transducer were not protected this resulted in sharp incisures of the vessels giving undeniable proof of ultrasound damages in spite of the low efficiency. Alltogether the histological findings show, that provided correct methodology vasal measurement of blood is possible in chronic experiments.


The development of melanoblasts from leg bud mesenchyme grown in the celom of chick embryos. Presence of extra-epidermal melanoblasts in the messenchyme of leg bud have been acertained. Small pieces of 0.2 mm3 of isolated mesoderm of outer and inner core, from leg bud of 5 day Silver Campine, grafted into celom of 3 day White Leghorn gave positive results. The viability and migratory capacity of these cells have been practically examined. The migration of pigment cells into the hind limb musculature; differentiation of melanoblasts in different tissue environments and the behaviour of grafted melanoblasts in the host body is discussed.


Morphological and functional differentiation of the surface epithelium of the bursa Fabricii in chicken. Morphological and functional differentiation of the mucosal surface epithelium of the bursa Fabricii was studied in White Leghorn chicken fetuses and newly hatched chickens. First signs of differentiation towards two types of epithelial cells appeared on the thirteenth day of incubation: The apical cells of the epithelial buds projected towards the lumen, and an increase in the number of Golgi regions was observed in the epithelial cells between the buds. On day 15 the follicle-associated epithelium contained small apically situated vacuoles, and large mucin granules appeared in the interfollicular surface epithelium. Towards the day of hatching both epithelial cell types were arranged to a monolayered or pseudostratified cylindrical epithelium. The follicle-associated epithelium had invaginations and small vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm, whereas the interfollicular surface epithelium had numerous microvilli on its apical surface and large mucin granules in the apical cytoplasm. In functional studies, endocytosis of colloidal carbon was demonstrated in four out of ten 19-day fetuses and in all chickens studied immediately after hatching.


Pelvic and perineal anatomy of the male gorilla: selected observations. The anatomy of parts of the pelvic outlet and perineum is described in an adult male gorilla. Two previously undescribed muscles are presented: (1) The puborectalis muscle, completely separated from the levator ani, arises from the region of the symphysis and forms a sling for the rectum while it also substitutes for the perineal membrane. (2) The puboampullaris muscle, a paired smooth muscle, arises from the pubis and inserts into the rectum to elevate the rectum while additionally providing support for the urogenital viscera. The levator ani muscle is recounted to point out its lack of attachment to the pelvic viscera while allowing a hiatus in which the rectum is exposed within the perineum. The sphincter urethrae muscle is presented emphasizing its true sphincteric characteristics, its absence of lateral attachments and its similarity to man. Other muscles of the pelvis and perineum as well as urogenital viscera are described or modified where necessary. The manner in which these structures enter into the support of the pelvic viscera is considered.


Circadian variation in cell division of the mouse alimentary tract, bone marrow and corneal epithelium. Circadian rhythms in DNA synthesis are described for the tongue epithelium, five different regions of the alimentary canal (gut)--esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum and rectum--and bone marrow in a group of BDF1 male mice. A circadian rhythm is also described for the mitotic index in the corneal epithelium in the same mice. The data document for the first time in the same animals the dramatic variation in cell division encountered from one region of the gut to another. This variation is seen in the amplitudes of the rhythms as well as in the over-all 24-hour means. On the contrary, the phasings of the rhythms in the different regions of the gut are remarkably similar. In this study, where the mice were standardized to 12 hours of light (0600-1800) alternating with 12 hours of darkness, the peak of the DNA-synthesis rhythm occurred around the time of transition from dark to light, and the trough around the time of transition from light to dark. The implications of these findings, and those of others, to the study of cell kinetics and to cancer chemotherapy are discussed.


ASA physical status classifications: a study of consistency of ratings. The American Society of Anesthesiologists' (ASA) Physical Status Classification was tested for consistency of use by a questionnaire sent to 304 anesthesiologists. They were requested to classify ten hypothetical patients. Two hundred fifty-five (77.3 percent) responded to two mailings. The mean number of patients rated consistently was 5.9. Four patients elicited wide ranges of responses. Age, obesity, previous myocardial infarction, and anemia provoked controversy. There was no significant difference in responses from different regions of the country. Academic anesthesiologists rated a greater number identical than did those in private practice (P less than 0.01). There was no difference in ratings between those who used the classification for billing purposes and those who did not. The ASA Physical Status Classification is useful but suffers from a lack of scientific precision.


Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia during halothane sedation and anesthesia in man. To elucidate the effects of halothane on chemical regulation of ventilation in man, the authors studied the ventilatory responses to isocapnic hypoxia and hyperoxic hypercapnia in 33 human subjects while fully conscious and during sedation or anesthesia with halothane, .1, 1.1, or 2 MAC. In each group, the ventilatory effect of intravenous administration of doxapram, .4 mg/kg, was also measured. Halothane, 1.1 and 2 MAC, totally abolished the hypoxic response and nearly abolished the response to doxapram, while leaving the response to CO2 relatively brisk. Halothane, .1 MAC, decreased the responses to hypoxia and doxapram to less than a third of control, but did not alter the response to CO2. It is concluded that halothane selectivity impairs two ventilatory responses mediated by peripheral chemoreceptors in man.


Halothane, tracheal compliance and upper-airway mechanoreceptors. This study was designed to define the effects of halothane on the compliance of the trachea. An isolated in-situ tracheal preparation was studied in 14 mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital. Compliance of the closed tracheal segment was measured with continuous intraluminal pressure recordings during repeated injections of known volumes of air: Slow-adapting neural activity observed in paratracheal branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve accurately reflected pressure in the tracheal segment. Halothane at 0.5--4.0 per cent concentrations caused a significant (P less than 0.001) average 10 per cent increase in the compliance of the trachea. Stimulation of the efferent vagus caused a significant (P less than 0.001) average 8 per cent decrease in compliance of the trachea. After exposure to halothane, vagal stimulation still caused a significant decrease in compliance of the trachea.


Metocurine in infants and children: neuromuscular and clinical effects. A cumulative dose--response curve for metocurine based on body weight was determined in 30 infants and children during halothane (1.2 per cent inspired), nitrous oxide and oxygen (60/40 per cent) anesthesia. The mean and range of twitch depression and time for recovery from maximal neuromuscular blockade were not significantly different over an age range from newborn to 7 years. Metocurine is twice as potent as d-tubocurarine in children, and their requirement is more than that for adults. The rate of recovery from metocurine in children was the same as that from d-tubocurarine. In another 30 children, use of metocurine at a large dose (0.5 mg/kg) for endotracheal intubation caused no significant change in blood pressure or pulse rate. Cardial arrhythmias were not seen.


Epidural anesthesia with bupivacaine for Cesarean section: neonatal blood levels and neurobehavioral responses. A recent study found no neurobehavioral change in infants whose mothers received bupivacaine epidural anesthesia (112 +/- 7 mg) for labor and vaginal delivery. The present study was undertaken to examine the possibility that the larger doses of bupivicaine necessary for cesarean section might cause neurobehavioral changes in the neonate. Ten infants delivered by cesarean section with bupivacaine epidural anesthesia (168 +/- 7 mg) was assessed by Scanlon's neonatal neurobehavioral examination. They were compared in a prospective randomized study with a control group of ten infants delivered with tetracaine spinal anesthesia. In the experimental group bupivacaine was detectable in umbilical arterial blood (.17 +/- .07 microgram/ml), umbilical venous blood (.21 +/- .09 microgram/ml), and neonatal blood samples at 4 hours of age (.04 +/- .04 microgram/ml). By 24 hours of age bupivacaine was no longer detectable in newborn blood samples. Infants in the experimental group were indistinguishable from control infants in terms of their motor organization, responsiveness to external stimuli, and habituation to repetitive stimuli. Detectable neurobehavioral effects were absent despite the fact that 1.5 times the dose of bupivacaine used for labor and vaginal delivery was employed in this study.


Pharmacokinetics of etomidate, a new intravenous anesthetic. Etomidate sulfate, 0.3 mg/kg, was administered intravenously to eight patients and venous blood samples were drawn at intervals for the subsequent 10 hours. Plasma etomidate was determined by mass fragmentography. Plasma concentrations were fitted to a triexponential equation consistent with a three-compartment open pharmacokinetic model. Mean (+/-SD) variables were: initial t1/2, 2.6 +/- 1.3 min; intermediate t1/2, 28.7 +/- 14.0 min; apparent elimination t1/2, 4.6 +/- 2.6 hours; volume of the central compartment, 23.2 +/- 11.41; total apparent volume of distribution, 4.5 +/- 2.21/kg; fraction of drug in the central compartment, 7 per cent; total plasma clearance, 860 +/- 230 ml/min. Total blood clearance was estimated to be 754 ml/min and hepatic clearance, 739 ml/min. The large apparent volume of distribution indicates considerable tissue uptake. The hepatic clearance, being about 50 per cent of hepatic blood flow, indicates that changes in hepatic blood flow or hepatic metabolism will have only moderate effects on etomidate disposition.


Ultrastructure of intestinal cells of Heterakis gallinarum. Ultrastructure of intestinal cells of Heterakis gallinarum is described and compared with that of Ascaridia galli from ecomorphological point of view. The great analogy in bionomy and ecology of both worms is reflected in the great analogy of ultrastructural construction. A new organoid in the intestinal cells of H. gallinarum, hitherto unknown among nematodes, is also described. It is of a vacuole-like shape running in stripes close under the terminal bar. The paper is also meant to be a supplement to the authors' previous paper (1975) dealing with ultrastructure of muscle cells of Heterakis gallinarum.


Helminths of the ploceid Textor cucullatus from Ghana. Two nematode species (Geopetitia sp. and Diplotriaena ozouxi) and an acanthocephalan (Mediorhynchus textori n. sp.) are described. The diplotriaenid has been recorded from a new host and also from a new locality. Because of homonymy of Geopetitia chaubaudi VUYLSTEKE, 1963 with Geopetitia chaubaudi RASHHED, 1960 a new name G. vuylstekei nom. nov. is proposed for the former species. Mediorhynchus textori is characterized by lesser number of rooted hooks arranged in spirals on theproboscis. The eggs of this species bear variable floats.


[Fly density determination in cow-sheds]. Considering the tropical conditions of the Republic of Cuba and the usually applied methods of measuring fly-density, a photographic method was developed and tested basing on the experience of the SCUDDER-fly-grill method. In this method the flies are photographically counted in defined areas of 0.25 m2 of extension, which are determined according to the concrete conditions in the animal production units. An index of the fly density (in flies per m2) is calculated. The exact comparison of different animal production units will be obtained by the selection of the defined areas for the photographic counting, always the equal times for measuring, and the consideration of the situation in the production cycle.


[Interrelations between environmental factors and skin]. The interrelations between environment-factors, especially microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and viruses) and human skin are discussed. Besides different local disturbances of the skin, the following ways of sensitisation are explained. It is pointed out that new drugs and/or substances must be tested before they can be used in human skin. The most frequent parasites and skin diseases caused by these and their epidemiological situations are mentioned.


On cestodes of passer domesticus II. Anonchotaenia and Mathevotaenia. This part includes the account of Anonchotaenia globata (LINSTOW, 1879) and its embryo, and of Mathevotaenia ornithis sp. nov.--Anonchotaenia globata is know to be a parasite of Passer domesticus in foreign countries. The writers record it for the first time in India in this bird. This species is also known from other birds, but not so far recorded even in other birds in India. VOGE and DAVIS (1953), METTRICK (1958) and MAHON (1958) previously studied this species. The present study contributes additional data to the morphology of this species. Variations in the number of testes, extent of cirrus sac, and position of genital pore have been recorded. A definite neck has been found. Calcareous corpuscles, occurrence of which is not on record in this species, have been found in the present material. Paruterine organ, to which previous workers paid scant attention, has been studied in detail. It is a complex three-layered structure. Eggs undergo development upto the formation of embryos while they are still in the uterus, and subsequently they all pass into the paruterine organ which is found teeming with embryonated eggs. Eggs are quite characteristic in shape. Two coverings are found around the embryos: the outer one, the shell capsule, is spindle-shaped and cornuted; the hexacanth enclosed in a membrane is housed in the dilated middle part of the shell capsule. Hexacanth is an elongated structure with a dilated middle part and not a uniform width. Hence the term "nematodiform" embryo used for it is rather inappropriate. Three pairs of hooks are present in the dilated middle part of the embryo. WOODLAND (1929) and METTRICK (1958) denied the existence of the hooks.--Mathevotaenia ornithis sp. nov. is the first species of the genus Mathevotaenia AKHUMIAN, 1946 that has been described from an avian host, other species are known from mammalian hosts. Amongst the mammalian species, the present form comes close to Mathevotaenia deserti (MILLEMANN, 1955) and M. hardoiensis JOHRI, 1961, but differs from either in several features. This species is chiefly characterized by the number and distribution of testes, bilobed ovary, genital ducts passing between the excretory canals, vitellarium V-shaped, and cirrus sac extending aporally beyond the excretory canals. Besides, the bearing of the receptaculum seminis on the taxonomy of the genera Mathevotaenia AKHMUIAN, 1946 and Atriotaenia SANDGROUND, 1926 has been discussed, and an amendment in the generic delineation has been suggested for these genera.--Systematic position of Mathevotaenia antrozoi (VOGE, 1954) YAMAGUTI, 1959 has been discussed and the species has been assigned to Atriotaenia.


[Morphological aspects of occlusions of the basilar artery]. On the basis of 8 personal clinicopathological cases, the authors give a general review of the morphological appearances of occlusions of the basilar artery (265 cases in the literature, including 164 with study of the associated cerebral lesions). The arterial lesions (nature, site and extent) are first considered, emphasising the extreme prevalence of atheromatous occlusion (74.58 p. 100). The consequences as far as the cerebral parenchyma are then studied: involvement of the pons, in isolation or associated with appearances of ischaemic necrosis in other regions (midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres), is most important since it is found in 88.3 p. 100 of cases. Whilst correlations between vascular lesions and the consequences on the cerebral parenchyma are easy to establish, the same does not always apply to correlations between angiographic findings and anatomical examinations.


[Lesions of the myenterix plexuses in idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and in certain general diseases]. Recent observation of a case of idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction and the relationship sometimes suggested in this context with certain systemic diseases, such as scleroderma, led the authors to compare the changes seen in the myenteric plexuses in these different groups of disorders. The intramural plexuses were studied using the technique of B. Smith, in thick frozen section parallel to the lumen and stained using Bielchowsky's method. Plexus innervation was normal in a case of digestive amyloidosis and a case of myxoedema. There were secondary changes in the plexuses in scleroderma. The lesions were very different in our case of idiopathic chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (marked decrease in the number of neurones with degenerative changes in the neurones and dendrites, marked schwannosis). A decrease in the number of neurones was seen in a case of severe diabetes. Various mechanisms are discussed. These cases emphasize the great value of B. Smith's technique in the fine study of the intramural plexus innervation of the digestive wall.


[Piebaldism: ultrastructural study and pathogenic interpretation]. A case of "piebaldism" is studied under the electron microscope. The authors observe a great diminuation of melanocytes in the achromatic zones, contrasting with a hyperplasia of the Langerhans Cells. There also exists a large number of hyalin bodies, both intra-epidermic and dermic. The first seem to be formed on contact with degenerative mastocytes and Langerhans Cells, and could represent a way of elimination of these cells. As in certain previous cases, they found many mastocytes in the epidermis.


[Epithelioma (lobular) developing in a fibroadenoma: study of a case report and review of the literature]. Carcinoma developing in a fibroadenoma correspond, according to current criteria, to neoplasms inclused in fibroadenomas. One personal case and 42 others from the literature fall within this definition. These neoplasms, small in size, are asymptomatic. The average age of the patients at the time of discovery of the lesion was 44 years. Two thirds of these carcinomas were lobular in type (29 cases), the others being invasive (7 cases) or non-invasive (7 cases) galactophoric carcinomas. Lobular carcinomas in situ (25 cases) involved, at the same time, one or more fibroadenomas and the remaining breast tissue in 60% of surgical specimens (15 cases). Independent of the operative technique used (local excision, wide excision or radical mastectomy), the course of a lobular carcinoma in situ in a fibroadenoma is, in general, simple.


[Microestimation of haemoglobins A2 and F by measurement of their peroxydase activity (author's transl)]. A microtechnique of evaluation for the haemoglobins A2 and F is presented, in which the final measurement is made more sensitive by evaluation of peroxidatic activity. Haemoglobin A2 is previously separated by chromatography on a very small column of DEAE cellulose and haemoglobin F is obtained through a microtechnique of alkaline precipitation. The sensitivity of this evaluation is increased by a factor of 20.25 microliter of hemolyzate are enough for a determination. Results obtained are in accordance with those given by the classical methods.


[Adaptation to the Centrifichem of the estimation of blood sugar according to Trinder's method. Kinetic study of the main drug interferences (author's transl)]. The method of estimation of glucose described by Trinder was adapted to analysis by centrifugation (Centrifichem). A kinetic study of drug interferences (ascorbic acid, gentisic acid, levodopa, alphamethyldopa) was carried out. The choice of parameters of the method was justified by an increased specificity of the reaction and by an extremely narrow correlation with the technics using hexokinase (r = 0.994) and glucose dehydrogenase (r = 0.996).


[Mental deficiency. Definition, epidemiology, etiology (author's transl)]. In this account, the author replaces this chapter within the field of pediatrics, showing the present importance of the problem. In spite of a definition which is sometimes imprecise, and epidemiological studies which are incomplete and difficult to draw up, the importance of this subject was obvious to those who drew up the 7th economic plan (1976--1980). Their estimation mentionned a total number of about 500,000 children, i.e. 4%. The main etiologies are discussed showing the part which is due to prenatal pathology and perinatal and postnatal pathology. Each chapter shows the role of biology and biochemistry in particular in the study of metabolic disorders of the nervous system. As far as genetic advice is concerned, it is not always easy as there still subsists a majority of cases of mental deficiency where the cause remains unknown. Research has an important role to play in the future if one wihes to cure or prevent mental deficiency.


Experimental transmission of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle: gross and histopathologic changes. Bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) was serially transmitted from a spontaneous case to 19 cattle through 12 passages during a 12-month period. Seventeen of 23 cattle (74%) injected with whole blood and 2 of 5 cattle (40%) injected with blood mononuclear cells developed clinical signs of MCF after a mean incubation period of 30.2 days. A previously unreported nonsuppurative polyarthritis is described. Large numbers of lymphoid cells were found in synovial fluid and in cerebrospinal fluid. Histopathologic changes of lymphoid infiltration and proliferation, necrosis of epithelial tissues, and nonsuppurative vasculitis were found in almost all organs of the body. The possibility that MCF may be a viral-induced, cell-mediated immunopathologic disease with pansystemic lymphoreactivity and necrosis is discussed.


Evaluation of xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine hydrochloride for restraint in horses. A combination of intramuscular xylazine plus intravenous guaifenesin and ketamine hydrochloride was evaluated as a method for chemical restraint and casting of the adult horse. This drug combination provided safe and rapid induction of the horse and uneventful recovery from lateral recumbency. Cardiopulmonary function remained within base-line values for the adult horse, although cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen were decreased from base-line values. Xylazine, guaifenesin, and ketamine hydrochloride provided safe induction to general anesthesia with the inhalation anesthetics halothane or enflurane. Respiratory rate was significantly lower and arterial carbon dioxide higher during maintenance anesthesia with enflurane than with halothane. Recovery from general anesthesia was more rapid after enflurane than after halothane anesthesia.


Maturation of the visual evoked response in newborn miniature pigs. As a prelude to neurobehavioral toxicologic studies in neonatal minipigs, normal maturational changes in the visual evoked response (VER) were determined in 6 Hormel-bred minipigs. The VER were highly variable for the 1st several days of life, but were reasonably stable by the 2nd weeks. All adult waveform components were present at birth, and maturational changes primarily affected waveform latency and consistency. Only one waveform (Pi) was sufficiently distinct and consistent for statistical evaluation. At birth the latency to Pi was about 102 ms. The latency of Pi rapidly decreased to about 56 ms during the next 25 days, and subsequent changes were minimal. Comparison with other species indicates many cross-species relationships of specific VER components, with the minipig VER having many maturational and topographic similarities to the human VER.


Enteropathogenicity testing of Treponema hyodysenteriae in ligated colonic loops of swine. Multiple, ligated loops of swine colon were used as an in vivo model in which to test enteropathogenicity of isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae. Gross and microscopic lesions observed in 21 of 22 colonic loops in pigs killed 48 to 72 hours after inoculation with isolates known to be enteropathogenic were characteristic of swine dysentery. These lesions were not observed in 12 loops exposed to uninoculated media or in 12 loops inoculated with nonpathogenic isolates of T hyodysenteriae. The swine-loop technique provides a relatively rapid, economical, reliable model in which to test enteropathogenicity of T hyodysenteriae isolates.


Testing of hemolytic complement components in domestic animals. Total complement (C) and its components were assayed in the serum of 8 species of domestic animals, using commercially prepared cellular intermediates of sheep erythrocytes and functionally pure guinea pig and human components of the C system. Testing was done according to methods recommended by the producer for testing human C components. The late-acting components (C6 throug C9) and C1 were detected in carnivorous (dog and cat) and omnivorous (swine) animals. Undetectable or low titers of C4, C2, C3, and C5 were present in large herbivorous animals (cattle, horse, sheep, and goat), indicating major differences in comparison with human or guinea pig components of C. Porcine serum contained an inhibiting substance which interfered with testing C2 and later-acting components at serum dilutions up to 1:100. All components except C2 were detected in chicken serum. The binding or activation (or both) of C4, C2, C3, and C5 is more species specific than is the binding or activation (or both) of other components. Requirements for species specificity between antibody and C1 were not detected. Presence of C1 inactivator was detected in bovine, caprine, equine, and ovine sera. The CH50 (50% hemolysis) titers of C components tested in pooled serum samples from the 8 species of clinically healthy domestic animals are presented.


German Shepherd dog myelopathy--a morphologic and morphometric study. The concept that a degenerative neurologic disease in German Shepherd Dogs (designated "German Shepherd Dog myelopathy") represents a dying-back disease process was not substantiated by morphologic and morphometric data derived from central and peripheral nervous system evaluation in 23 dogs. The occurrence of this identifiable disease complex in German Shepherd Dogs suggested a role by genetic determinants.


Effects of functional nephrectomy on the disappearance rates of canine serum amylase and lipase. The rates of disappearance of intravenously injected amylase and lipase were determined in dogs before and after ligation of the renal vessels. Functional nephrectomy increased the half life of serum amylase from 5 to 14 hours and of serum lipase from 2 to 11 hours. Serum amylase values increased relatively little in dogs with a functional nephrectomy when enzymes were not infused. The increase in serum amylase activity was not correlated to the increase in serum urea nitrogen. The canine kidney was responsible for the disappearance of part of the amylase and lipase from the serum. Only trace amounts of either amylase or lipase activity were found in the urine. It is assumed the canine kidney inactivated these enzymes.


Relationship between apex cardiogram and left ventricular pressure events in Greyhound dogs. Temporal relationships between the left apex cardiogram (ACG) and left ventricular and aortic pressure events were studied in 10 anesthetized Greyhound dogs. A close relationship existed between onset of the upstrokes of the ACG and left ventricular pressure. The nadir of the protosystolic upstroke of the ACG invariably occurred after the peak rate of change of left ventricular pressure increase (d/dt)LVP and the onset of aortic pressure increase, but occurred virtually simultaneously with the peak rate of change of aortic pressure increase (d/dt)A. The relationship between the protodiastolic nadir of the downstroke of left ventricular pressure and that of the ACG was close but variable. The ACG could be of value as a noninvasive examination technique in canine cardiovascular studies.


Plating of canine scapular fractures.

Plating of canine scapular fractures. The purpose in this study was to determine whether there was a significance difference between conservative management and plating of scapular body fractures. Bilateral scapular body fractures were created in 10 dogs. The left scapula in each dog was treated by open reduction and plating of the scapular spine. The right scapula was not treated. Plating enhanced healing and early return of function, but there was no significant difference in the long-term results.


Kidney in the aging cat: hexokinase, aldolase, L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase histochemistry. Hexokinase, aldolase, L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were determined in the kidney of the aging cat. Kidneys from 24 domestic cats 2 months to 7.5 years old in 6 age groups were examined by light microscopic and histochemical methods. Enzyme activities in anatomic components of the kidney were assessed on a quantitative basis for evaluation of mean activity between the age groups. In the cats with advancing age, renal components generally had stable activity. A significant (P less than 0.05) increase in hexokinase activity occurred with advancing age in the ascending part of the renal loop (Henle's loop) and in the distal convoluted tubule. Significant (P less than 0.05) increases in aldolase activity with aging were in cortical connective tissue, internal part of the glomerular capsule (podocytes), distal convoluted tubule, and convoluted segment (Pi) of the proximal portion of the nephron tubule. L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly with aging in the convoluted (Pi) segment of the proximal portion of the nephron tubule.


Effect of orally administered ribavirin on experimental feline calicivirus infection in cats. Ribavirin administered orally at 75 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for 10 days, beginning either 1 or 4 days, after aerosol exposure of cats to calicivirus strain 255, failed to have any beneficial effect on the clinical course of the disease or to reduce viral excretion. Indeed, there was enhanced severity of the clinicopathologic findings in the treated exposed group, due largely to hemorrhage resulting from profound thrombocytopenia. Other toxic effects included depression of red and white blood cells, increased alanine aminotransferase activity, icterus, and body weight loss. Toxic effects were largely reversed within 1 week of cessation of treatment.


Certain cytologic features of the porcine adrenal medulla. Adrenal glands were collected from pigs of various ages under general anesthesia. Glutaraldehyde-fixed medullary tissue was postfixed with OsO4 for electron microscopy and with potassium dichromate or potassium iodate for light microscopy. Columnar epinephrine (E) cells formed cords between wide sinusoidal capillaries at the corticomedullary junction and were arranged in palisade fashion along the central vein and its major tributaries. The E cells usually were polarized, with the nuclei located away from the sinusoidal capillaries. Clusters of polygonal norepinephrine (NE) cells formed large central aggregates surrounded by E cells. Granulated vesicles were the predominant cytoplasmic feature of both E and NE cells. Round or oval E granules were bounded by a crenated membrane separated from the granule by a clear halo. The more electron-dense, elongate NE granules were bounded by a closely apposed, smooth membrane.  The average longest granule axis was 270 nm for E granules and 305 nm for NE granules. Many cytoplasmic organelles were congregated in a granule-free paranuclear zone, which contained a prominent Golgi complex. Thin nonmyelinated nerve fibers (singly or in small groups) were interposed between the E and NE cells. Nerve fibers often were located close to the nucleus in a depression of the cell surface and often were wrapped by thin E or NE cell processes. The medulla of newborn pigs was composed predominantly or exclusively of NE cells. In both adults and pigs, E or NE cell cords radiated through the  cortex toward the capsule, and isolated clusters of E or NE cells frequently were found in the capsule or zona glomerulosa.


Direct colorimetric determination of serum arginase in various domestic animals. A direct colorimetric method for the determination of serum arginase activity in various domestic animals is described. Serum arginase activity in healthy mature dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs ranged from 0 to 14 IU/L. Serum arginase activity increased considerably in these animals during experimental hepatic damage induced by oral administration of carbon tetrachloride.


Comparison of selected diagnostic tests for detection of motile Aeromonas septicemia in fish. Cultural isolation, slide agglutination (SA), tube agglutination (TA), microagglutination (MA), and fluorescent antibody (FA) techniqes were compared as methods for detecting motile aeromonas septicemia in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Tests were conducted on naturally infected fish from feral populations and commercial sources, as well as on fish which were experimentally infected with a virulent culture of Aeromonas hydrophila. Increased levels of specific serum agglutinins to A hydrophila were demonstrable only in fish from whose blood the organism could be recovered. It was concluded that the SA procedure was an effective diagnostic test which would be most useful under field conditions. Under laboratory conditions, the TA, MA, and FA procedures were found to be equally effective in detecting the level of serum agglutinins to A hydrophila. The FA procedure, however, was more sensitive than any of the agglutination procedures and could be performed in less time than TA or MA.


Electron probe microanalysis of fluorotic bovine teeth. Incisor teeth were obtained from adult cattle which since 4 months of age to 5 or 6 years were maintained on rations containing a yearly average of 40 ppm F in the forage. Microchemical analyses were performed on the fluorotic bovine incisors. The microdistribution of fluoride varied markedly at different sites within the same tooth. Fluoride concentrations varied with the depth from the tooth surface and were influenced by the concentrations of fluoride present in the forage during amelogenesis, and the presence of hypoplastic pits and hyperplastic coronal cementum in enamel. The cementum in these lesions contained remarkably high concentrations of fluoride, and it was less calcified and more porous than adjacent enamel.


Efficacy of a new oxytetracycline formulation against clinical anaplasmosis. A study was conducted to determine whether 1 intramuscular injection of an experimental long-acting oxytetracycline formulation was effective in treatment of induced acute anaplasmosis in cattle and to compare this with the drug response resulting from repeated treatments with an existing, approved oxytetracycline product. The new formulation was supplied in solutions of 200 mg of oxytetracycline/ml and was administered 1 time at the rate of 20 mg/kg of body weight. The experimental formulation was compared with a product providing 50 mg of oxytetracycline/ml which was administered on 2 consecutive days at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg for each treatment. The response to treatment observed in the study animals indicates that 1 injection of the experimental formulation was equivalent to 2 daily injections of the 50 mg/ml product in treating animals with acute bovine anaplasmosis compared with infected nonmedicated control animals. The need for new chemotherapeutic compounds such as this formulation for use in the treatment and control of anaplasmosis is discussed.


Pharmacologic and toxicologic study of prostaglandin F2alpha in cattle. Prostaglandin F 1alpha (tham salt formulation) was injected IM into mature beef heifers at the rate of 0, 25, 75, 125, or 250 mg (4 heifers/dose group) on days 2 and 10, or 0 and 25 mg (4 heifers/dose group) on days 1 through 10. Drug effects were evaluated by means of 19 clinical observations, measurements of body weight and 10 organ weights, 15 clinical chemistry measurements, 9 hematologic measurements, 7 urinalysis measurements, and gross and microscopic observations of 27 tissues. Prostaglandin F2alpha administered on days 1 and 10 or daily for 10 days produced little evidence of pharmacologic effects and no evidence of toxicologic effects. Pharmacologic effects  included a slight transitory increase in heart rate in all treated groups and slight hyperthermia in the 250-mg group. Failure to produce important  toxicologic effects at 250 mg/day and with luteolytic doses occurring around 15 to 25 mg/day demonstrated that the safety factor was in excess of 10 X.


Critical tests of the anthelmintic febantel in the horse: activity of a paste formulation alone or with a trichlorfon paste. Critical tests were carried out in 10 horses to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of febantel given alone or with trichlorfon. Paste formulations were administered intraorally at dose levels of 6 mg of febantel (active ingredient)/kg and 35 mg of trichlorfon (active ingredient)/kg. In 5 tests with febantel alone, removal of 100% was recorded for mature or immature Parascaris equorum from 2 infected horses. Strongylus vulgaris from 4 infected horses, S edentatus from 5 infected horses, and mature Oxyuris equi from 1 infected horse; and removal of 96% was recorded for small strogyles from 1 horse tested, and bots in 5 infected horses were not affected. In 5 horses treated with both compounds, removal of 100% was recorded for mature P equorum from 2 infected horses, immature P equorum from 1 infected horse, S vulgaris from 5 infected horses, Sedentatus from 5 infected horses, mature O equi from 2 infected horses, immature O equi from 1 horse tested, 2nd Gasterophilus intestin-equi from 1 infected horse, 2nd-instar C nasalis from 1 infected horse, and 3rd-instar C nasalis from 4 infected horses. Removal of 98% was recorded for small strongyles from 1 horse tested, and removal of 65% to 100% for 3rd-instar C intestinalis from 5 infected horses. In the aggregate, removal of 3rd-instar C intestinalis was 99%. Untoward effects of treatment were quite limited. Only a transient softening of feces in 1 of 5 horses given the trichlorfon paste plus the febantel paste was recorded.