[Mouse Lewis carcinoma cell population heterogeneity and sensitivity to cyclophosphamide]. Cell kinetics in the large Lewis carcinoma growing in mice subcutaneously was characterized by the following parameters: at the tumor periphery -tc=11.3 hr, tG2=1.4 hr, tS=8.8hr, tG1=1.1 hr, LI=47%, Pc=61.8%; at the tumour center - 20.7 hr, 2.9 hr, 16.0 hr, 1.8 hr,31.2%, resp. Injection of cyclophosphamide induced degeneration of all the cells in slowly growing central part of the tumour, and only of part of cells on the fast proliferating tumour periphery. It is suggested that in the central part of the tumour there are no stem cells, and that this region regenerates when the transition of cells from the tumour periphery is arrested by cyclophosphamide.


[Localization of cholinesterases in structures of the alveolar portion of the mammary gland]. Cholinesterase (ChE) localization in the alveolar compartment of the mammary gland has been studied by light microscopy and ultrahistochemical methods. The product of reaction to ChE is associated with micropinocytotic vesicles of the capillar endothelium and myoepithelial cells, separate nerve terminals in interalveolar connective tissue and perivascular nerve terminals. In secretory cells, the ChE activity is revealed in the sites of fat droplet and on the membranes of endoplasmatic reticulum.


[Sister chromatid exchanges following incorporation of bromine into cytosine DNA nucleotides. I. Combined use of 5-bromdeoxycytidine and thymidine for the purpose of incorporating bromine into DNA cytosine]. In the cultured in vitro human blood lymphocytes treated with 5-bromodeoxycytidine (BrdC) plus thymidine (dT) in concentrations of 0.05 mM and 0.4 mM, respectively, metaphases of the second division, containing chromosomes with differentially stained sister chromatids appear after a 30 hours treatment, attaining 85 per cent at 36 hours. Under the treatment with BrdC or BrdU alone, the similar percentage of metaphases is observed at 28 hours. Similar results are obtained if, at 16--18 hours, the culture medium, containing BrdC plus dT is either replaced with a medium free of both the precursors, or supplied once more vith (0.05 mM) or dC(0.05 mM). The The observed slowing movement of cells through out the cell cycle, due to the treatment with BrdC plus dT, is explained by the inhibitory effect of dT on DNA synthesis which is manifested as BrdC catabolism. It is concluded that BrdC administered together with the cell cycle-slowing doses of thymidine is predominantly incorporated into cytosine of DNA.


[Polymorphism of a population of tumor cells and selective processes. I. Ehrlich-IChPh ascitic strain tumor cell subpopulation]. 4 types of marker chromosomes and of their combination in mouse ascite Ehrlich-I. Ch. Ph. tumor cells are described. Two most frequently encountered subpopulations of cells are found in the tumor: one--with A+B+2C and A+D+2D markers, and the other--with A1+A2+2B+D1+C markers. The former population dominated during 8 days, to be gradually substituted with the former subpopulation. Changes in the number of cells with certain chromosome number in the near-diploid and near-tetraploid cell zones were followed within one passage.


[Ultrastructural characteristics of the specialized ependyma of the 3d cerebral ventricle in rats]. The ultrastructure of the specialized ependyma of the third cerebrals ventricle was studied in males of albino Wistar rats, 160--180 g of weight. The ependyma lining the inferolateral walls (alpha-tanycytes) was found to differ ultrastructurally from that of the floor of the third ventricle or of the median eminence (beta-tanycytes). These differences are assumed to reflect a specific functional differentiation of the different types of tanycytes. Various types of microvesicles and a system of peculiar membranous cavities are described in the alpha-and beta-tanycytes. These structures are supposed to be associated with the transport and secretory function of tanycytes.


[Curve of labeled mitoses with different states of cell proliferation kinetics. V. Effect of the circadian rhythm of cell proliferation on the shape of the labeled mitosis curve]. The influence of the diurnal rhythm in cell proliferation processes on the behavior of labeled mitoses curve (LMC) is under investigation. The mathematical model predicts that LMC observed following 3H-thymidine administration to experimental animals at different day-times can differ greatly even when temporal parameters of the mitotic cycle remain unchanged. The analysis of the experimental data on the hamster's cheek pouch epithelium suggests that diurnal differences in LMCs cannot be explained in certain cases by the influences of transient processes in cell kinetics only, and therefore the existence of a slight trend in prolongation of periods of the mitotic cycle cannot be completely excluded.


[Morphofunctional changes in the thyroid gland of golden hamsters during acclimatization to a temperature of 4 degrees C]. Morphological and physiological peculiarities of the thyroid gland have been studied in the golden hamster (Cricetus auratus W.) exposed to prolonged acclimation at +4 degrees C. These heterothermal rodents, kept constantly under laboratory conditions at +18-+20 degrees, show no distinct seasonal changes in the thyroid activity. As demonstrated by morphological findings, a relatively high activity of the gland persists throughout the whole year. At a prolonged acclimation to cold (up to 3 months, +4 degrees), the thyroid activity increases both in golden hamster, and in homothermal rats. Morphological indices of the hyperactivity are as follows: hypertrophy of the gland occurring by the 20th--30th days of exposure and increasing since then; hyperplasy of the granular tissue; colloid vacuolation; strong vessel hyperemy. However, the size of cells is not increased as are likely to retain a partial activity which is evidenced by the presence of tracks. Intensification of the thyroid function is also expressed by the increase in 131(uptake and output rates as well as by the increase in the protein bound iodine content in the blood of hamsters. Changes of the thyroid gland in acclimated animals occur independently of the season and photoperiod. It is shown that the degree of adaptation to prolonged action of cold, is more pronounced in golden hamsters than in rats. It has been also demonstrated that golden hamsters tend to hibernate after a prolonged cold acclimation.


[Number of Purkinje cells with an increased DNA content in rat cerebellum]. Using cytospectrophotometry, DNA quantities were measured in the Purkinje cells from a large number of animals. The Purkinje cells appeared to be either diploid or having hypercontent of DNA (HC). HC-nuclei were detected in the cerebellum of rats of different lines; the number of nuclei not depending of the animal's sex or age. No difference in the number of HC-nuclei was recorded in the animals of different litters. Out of 45 Wistar and non-inbred rats, HC-nuclei was found in 19 animals (0.5 to 7.0 per animal).


[Radioactivity of an acid-soluble liver fractions after administration of 3H-thymidine for the purpose of explaining the reasons for delayed DNA labeling]. When 3H-thymidine is injected 24 hours before a partial hepatectomy, the radio-activity of acid-soluble fraction in the mouse liver begins to rise after the operation. When 3H-thymidine is injected to animals immediately after the operation or to unoperated animals, no such a rise is recorded. The maximal radioactivity of acid-soluble fraction of the liver is observed 28 hours after hepatectomy, at the moment preceding the commencement of DNA synthesis in a great number of hepatocytes. This increase is in conformity with the subsequent rise of DNA radioactivity. It is suggested that cells of the regenerating liver reutilize the degradation products of labeled DNA which become a source of DNA late labeling.


[Histochemical study of the chemoreceptor function of the carotid body in comparison with the superior cervical ganglion]. The distribution and relative activities of some dehydrogenases and diaphorases in the rat's carotid body and ganglion cervicale superior were studied histochemically and cytophotometrically. The treatment of rats by the medium with decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide contents, a reliable rise of NAD--diaphorase activities was found in the interlobe tissue and (less expressed and late appearing) in the principal cells. In contrast, such changes were not observed in the ganglion cervicale superioir, that have not a special chemoreceptory function. It is supposed that these changes in enzyme activities in the carotid body is due to the chemoreceptory function of the intralobe tissue containing the IInd type cells and "special" cells of sensitive nerve terminals.


[Proliferation of bone marrow cells upon exposure to constant magnetic fields of ultra-high strength]. A study was made of the 0.5--24 hour effects of the stable magnetic field (SMF), with 9.9--42.4 kOe strength and 0.2--3.5 kOe/cm strength gradient, on the mitotic activity and bone marrow cell number in mice. Short-term treatments were shown to stimulate, and prolonged ones to inhibit mitotic activity, the degree of inhibition correlating with the strength and strenght gradient of SMF. The rate of mitotic index recovery was the smaller the longer the treatment and the higher the strength of SMF. With the most pronounced inhibition of the mitotic activity, the number of bone marrow cells was seen reduced. No increased frequency of aberrant mitoses in bone marrow cells has been noticed following the effect of SMF.


[Use of albuminous standards in the quantitative cytochemistry of dehydrogenases]. A method for preparing albuminous standards with various concentrations of NBT formazans is proposed. Using these standards, the molar extinction coefficients for half and fully reduced formazans of NBT in the region from 450 to 650 nm were calculated. Since the absorption curves of half and fully reduced NBT formazans are identical either in vitro in the standards or enzymatically in tissues, the extinction coefficients calculated on the basis of these standards may be used for densitometrical estimation of cellular dehydrogenase activity.


[Features of the development of the dendrites of differentiating pyriform cerebellar cortex neurons in mammals and man]. Pecularities of development of the differentiating piriform neuron cerebellum cortex dendrite system in the mammals and in man were studied with light and electron microscopy. Three consequent stages are involved in the process: the formation of a dilated portion of apical (supranuclear) cytoplasm with an increased amount of organelles; the formation of a temporary apical cytoplasmic mitre (cone); the development of the dendrite system occurring on the background of reduction of this temporary cytoplasmic formation. In the course of differentiation, a distinct change of the dendrite cytoplasm contents from reticular to tubular ones takes place.


[DNA degradation of cultured mammalian cells infected with herpes simplex virus]. In connection with a supposition concerning the role of nucleases in the production of chromosome breaks in the herpes simplex virus-infected cells, the stability of DNA of the infected cultured cells was studied. It was established that the infection of cells with herpes simplex virus resulted in a partial degradation of cellular DNA of permissive and non-permissive cells. In human embryo fibroblast culture products of hydrolysis of cellular DNA may be reutilized by the synthetising virus. In cells of clone M15, in which no mature virus is produced, products of hydrolysis of DNA are revealed in acid-soluble pool. The observed degradation of DNA apparently is not associated with the cell death. It cannot be excluded that a partial degradation of DNA in the cell due to viral infection may bring about a production of visible chromosome breaks.


[Conditions for preserving glycogen in smears of isolated cells. II. Cytofluorimetric study of the effect of fixation on the glycogen content of cells]. The influence of fixation on the intensity and specificity of the fluorescence of PAS-reaction (F-PAS) in the rat's liver cells was examined. 1.4 types of fixatives, routinely used in polysacchride cyto- and histochemistry, were tried: 100% metanol, 100% and 80% ethanol, acetone, 10% neutral formalin, buffered neutral formalin, mixtures of various fluids: ethanol : acetone (1 : 1), ethanol : formalin (9 : 1), ethanol : acetic acid (3 : 1), formaline : ethanol : acetic acid (1.0 : 8.5 : 0.5), fixatives of Carnoy, Bouin, Rossman and Shabadash. The cell fluorescence intensity after F-PAS reaction with Schiff's reagent auramine--SO2 and the cell autofluorescence were measured cytofluorometrically. It was shown that all the fixatives, besides Bouin's and Shabadash's fluids provide rather good preservation of the cell glycogen. Results obtained from the cytofluorometry of F-PAS reaction, autofluorescence and from the morphological studies of F-Pas stained cells, suggested that the best fixatives were 100% metanol and 100% ethanol.


[Accelerated measurement of the volume of condensed chromatin from electron microscopic photographs]. The fraction of condensed chromatin (C. C., %) in cell nuclei images was determined by the aid of the "random step grid". 100 random points were thrown on every electron microscopic images. The number of points in C. C. images was counted. Lymphocyte nuclei in spleen and lymph nodes of normal cows have a higher content of C. C. (61 +/- 1.6%) Than those of cows suffering from lympholeucosis in haematological (49 +/- 21%) and in tumor (44 +/- 1.1%) stages. The counting procedure takes about 2 hours for 90 images. The random step grid can be easily available in every day practice.


[Effect of cycloheximide on DNA replication. III. Results of autoradiography of the DNA of lysed cells]. With the help of DNA-fiber autoradiography on L cells, the question of mechanism of a rapid block of DNA replication by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, was examined. The presented data show that the elongation of labeled regions in replicating units is blocked. In non-treated cells the replication rate was 0.4 mcm/min; the mean size of replicon was 21 mcm. The difficulties encountered in the explanation of the data obtained are discussed.


[Change in the concentration and non-homogeneity of RNA and SH-group distribution in pyramidal neurons of cat cerebral cortex following epileptiform activity]. Concentrations of RNA and SH-groups were determined in pyramidal neurons of somatosensory cortex of the intact cats and after epileptiform activity induced by electrical stimulation. The mean concentrations of RNA and of SH-groups and the Fisher information exponent were calculated in different zones of the pyramidal neuron cytoplasm zone of the apical dendrite and that of the axon departure. With epileptiform activity, RNA and SH-group contents and the information exponent were seen decreased. The most significant changes were localized in the axon departure zone.


[Device for simultaneous bilateral stretching of biological objects without displacing the site under study]. A mechanical device is offered for stretching biological objects by 2--6 mm. This is set on the microscope stage and allows simultaneous and independent stretching to the opposite sides, keeping the fixed position of any definite object point. The device and principles of operation are described taking for ellustration experiments with the crayfish receptor that involved an intercellular registration of electrical parametres of the mechanoreceptor neuron under adequate stimulation.


The use of electron energy loss spectroscopy for studying membrane architecture: a preliminary report. Some initial measurements of interest with respect to the use of energy loss spectroscopy (ELS) in the electron microscope are reported. We have obtained energy loss spectra in the region less than 15 eV energy loss for three components of biological components; lecithin, cholesterol and spectrin. Some indications of the effect of electron beam damage on the cholesterol spectrum are shown. In addition, energy loss pictures of erythrocyte membrane fragments are demonstrated for various energy losses less than 40 eV (taken with 0.75 eV width window) and it is shown that an individual ferritin molecule can be identified on the basis of its iron MII-III excitation line. From the results of the preliminary data we have discussed the possibilities of ELS for studies of biological membranes.


An integrated set of computer programs for processing electron micrographs of biological structures. A set of computer programs is described which has been developed for processing electron micrographs of biological structures. The programs provide facilities for efficient image storage, enhancement and display. Extensive programs are available for analysis of images of structures with translational, rotational and helical symmetry, and for performing 3-dimensional reconstruction. The considerations which went into the design of the system are listed. A description is provided of the means of control of the main program, which performs the majority of the image processing operations, and an example is given to illustrate its use. These programs are compared with other program systems also developed for micrograph image processing.


Contribution to the contamination problem in transmission electron microscopy. The contamination of different supporting films is measured by irradiating a circular area of a few micron diameter and by using an electron probe of a few ten nm diameter. Contamination rings are generated by this method. They can be explained by diffusion of the hydrocarbon molecules on the specimen surface and by adsorption from the vacuum. The influence of specimen heating and charging are discussed. Some specimen cleaning methods have been examined. The best results were obtained by immersion of the specimen and the cartridge in methanol.


Quantitative electron probe microanalysis of biological thin sections: the use of stem for measurement of local mass thickness. A method for performing quantitative electron probe microanalysis on ultrathin (less than 30 microgram/cm2) biological samples is described and evaluated. The technique is based on a measurement of the characteristic peak count rate and the degree of beam attenuation as the primary electron beam passes through the sample. Using this method it is possible to measure the concentration of a given element such as sodium in sections ranging in mass-thickness from several microgram/cm2 up to 30 microgram/cm2 with an accuracy of better than 10%. For sections having a mass thickness of approximately 11 microgram/cm2 the minimum detectable concentration for sodium was found to be 20 mmolar or 4 X 10(-2) wt.%. The interaction of the electron beam with the sample is also discussed with emphasis on characterizing the variation in sample mass with radiation dose.


Radiation damage due to knock-on processes on carbon foils cooled to liquid helium temperature. Radiation damage on a holey carbon foil was investigated in an electron microscope with a superconducting lens system, where the temperature of the specimen and its environment initially was 4 K. Due to an electron dose of 2 X 10(4) As/cm2 the diameter of a hole increased 5 nm. Rough calculations show that this increase can be ascribed to knock-on processes. Estimates of the rise in specimen temperature during the irradiation are given.


Radiation exposure and recognition of electron microscopic images of protamine at high resolution. The effect of radiation exposure on visual recognition of individual macromolecules of the protein protamine was examined using high resolution electron microscopy in scanning transmission, fixed beam transmission, dark field and bright field, and recording of images on plates or via video imaging systems including image intensifiers and digital image storage. Loss of recognition of protamine, including its 5 A substructure, followed approximately three-hit kinetics with a Do on the exponential portion of the curve of about 470 e/A2. In spite of the inevitable chemical damage at high doses, virtually all molecules in orientations that exhibited the characteristic protamine structure could still be recognized in dark field scanning transmission or fixed beam bright field at 100-200 e/A2. Recognition fell from 30 to 6% when doses were increased from 1000 to 2000 e/A2 in fixed beam dark field. Exposure rates, varied over seven orders of magnitude from 0.15 e/A2-s to 3 X 10(6) e/A2-s, had no effect at all on the recognition of structures.


Discussion on the limitations of "in situ" deformation experiments in a high voltage electron microscope. Radiation damage as well as surface effects are two possible limitations of the "in situ" straining experiment in a high voltage electron microscope. The optimum experimental conditions and a few approximate criteria to be fulfilled are described, using the data presently available. In these criteria are involved the operating conditions of the microscope, the temperature, the geometry and properties of the material investigated.


A TV system for image recording and processing in conventional transmission electron microscopy. An image processing system for a CTEM is described which is particularly suited for the imaging of radiation-sensitive objects. It consists of an image intensifier device for single electron counting, a digital storage unit and a video recorder for intermediate storage of low-dose image series. During on-line operation the information can be transferred to a computer for further processing. The output can be transferred onto a second digital storage unit and observed on a monitor. The influence on the DQE of the pulse height distribution of the single electron video signals and of a multiple counting are eliminated by means of special electronic components. Various modes of operation and application possibilities of the image processing system are discussed.


About the use of electron energy-loss spectroscopy for chemical mapping of thin foils with high spatial resolution. Core-loss energy-filtered images have been suggested as a substantial contribution to the development of an analytical electron microscope with high spatial resolution. However, for many problems in complex materials, the characteristic signals can only be detected as slope variations of the continuously decreasing background. Therefore further data processing techniques are needed to extract satisfactorily the true chemical information. A discussion of the present limits and of the existing solutions clearly shows that the method can only be developed at the expense of more elaborate systems such as simultaneous detection channels (quite well suited to the STEM instruments). Typical numbers for realistic situations illustrate the field of application of the technique.


Formulae for light-element microanalysis by electron energy-loss spectrometry. Simple expressions are derived for elemental concentration in terms of quantities measurable from the energy-loss spectrum and suitable cross sections for inner-shell excitation. The derivation takes into account the predominant scattering processes occurring in a thin sample: elastic and quasi-elastic scattering and valence-electron excitation. Consideration is given to the choice of specimen orientation and thickness, the detection angle and energy window, from the point of view of accuracy of the simple formulae and other factors. The requirements for displaying chemical information in an energy-filtered image are discussed briefly.


Getting started with a scanning transmission electron microscope coupled to a small computer. A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) equipped with a laser-heated gun was coupled to a small computer. Several alterations to the commercially obtained parts of this system are described. On-line operation procedures were developed aiming to reduce the amount of radiation of the specimen area of interest. The resulting system is capable of recording information at the 1.0 to 1.5 nm resolution level by taking advantage of the efficiency of a STEM in recording the information and in controlling the irradiation conditions. These features are important in the study of biological material.


Transurethral incision of prostate. Seven-year follow-up. The first transurethral incision of the prostate (TUIP) by the author was done in 1969. An analysis of 150 TUIPs performed thus far is given and compared with 150 concomitant patients with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Only 1 TUIP patient has required subsequent resection, whereas 8 patients in th TURP group have had reresection. There has been no contracture of the bladder neck, no incontinence of urine, fewer strictures, and less sexual changes associated with this new method.


Hypertension and unilateral vascular occlusion. Diagnosis and surgical intervention. Four hypertensive patients with unilateral atheromatous renal arterial occlusion have been studied. Each showed elevation of renal venous activity on the side of the vascular occlusion relative to the opposite side. Three of the patients underwent nephrectomy with amelioration of their hypertension. It is concluded that surgical treatment is valid therapy in patients with atheromatous unilateral renal vascular occlusion and ipsilateral elevation of renal venous renin activity.


Ureteral contusion and delayed necrosis from gunshot injury. The blast effect surrounding the path of a gunshot wound near the ureter can cause ureteral contusion with hematuria, no extravasation on the intravenous pyelogram, and an intact ureter found at laparotomy. Subsequent progression of the ureteral contusion to delayed necrosis and urine leakage can occur.


Operative technique for treatment of ureterocele of single ureter in children. For treatment of simple ureterocele in children an operative technique is presented which is designed to eliminate the ureterocele and prevent future vesicoureteral reflux. This technique combines an intravesical with an extravesical approach to the distal ureter. The ureterocele is excised and the ureter reimplanted in the bladder at a different site. The exposure of the distal ureter allows tailoring to reduce its caliber, if needed, before reimplantation. During the last eight years 7 children with ureterocele of a single ureter have been treated with this technique. In each of the 7 children the objectives of the operation have been achieved, as proved by postoperative follow-up.


Priapism and multiple myeloma. Successful treatment with plasmapheresis. Priapism was associated with multiple myeloma and hyperviscosity in a sixty-year-old black male. Plasmapheresis treatment of the hyperviscosity corrected his priapism, and chemotherapy for the underlying multiple myeloma prevented the recurrence of priapism after a chronic intermittent history of seventeen years.


Survival after right radical nephrectomy and resection of suprarenal vena cava. The problems relating to injury and the resection of the suprarenal vena cava during a right nephrectomy may well confront every urologic surgeon. Although such a procedure is compatible with survival, postoperative temporary renal dysfunction may occur and a plan to deal with this problem should be formulated.


Endobronchial metastasis from prostatic cancer in patient with renal cell carcinoma. A patient was seen with a right upper lobe endobronchial mass initially thought to be brochogenic carcinoma. There was a history of prostatic carcinoma, and subsequent investigation demonstrated a hypernephroma. Thoracotomy and special studies proved the endobronchial metastasis to be prostatic in origin, a rare cause of endobronchial metastasis.


Reduction in urinary oxalate values by allopurinol. A variety of substances have been used to prevent recurrence of stone disease. Recently there has been considerable interest in the ability of allopurinol to prevent stone recurrence. This article discusses the effect of allopurinol on the urinary oxalate in a group of stone formers. A significant reduction was obtained especially in subjects in whom the blood urate levels exceeded 300 mumol./L. Possible mechanisms explaining the mode of action of the drug are discussed.


Ultrasound and nuclear medicine in evaluation of renal disease. Multiple diagnostic imaging techniques are currently available to the clinician but the complementary nature of these techniques is frequently overlooked. A case is presented to illustrate the contributions of ultrasound, radiology, and nuclear medicine in evaluating renal disease.


Hydrocele formation after sandwich irradiation therapy for testicular tumor. Contralateral hydrocele formation secondary to irradiation, radical retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy, or both, in the treatment of tumor of the testis has, to our knowledge, never before been reported. Our experience with 8 patients in whom hydrocele occurred after the combined modalities of therapy prompted this report. Because these benign hydroceles cannot be differentiated from a second testicular neoplasm on the basis of symptom complex, duration, or time interval after therapy, high inguinal exploration is mandatory in every case.


Uropharmacology: IX. Direct-acting smooth muscle stimulants and depressants. Agents which exert their effect on the lower urinary tract by stimulating or depressing the activity of smooth muscle directly are discussed. Many of these drugs also exert other actions on the urinary tract mediated via the autonomic nervous system.


[Peripheral paralysis or "bulbar threat"? (Further comment on the pathogenesis of respiratory arrest and vascular collapse during cerebrospinal anesthesia)]. The study of 9776 cases of spinal anesthesia carried out in the clinic and the results of the experiments on dogs have lead to the conclusion that respiratory arrest and drop of arterial pressure during spinal anesthesia result from the block of the peripheral conductors rather than from paralysis of bulbar centres. The artificial pulmonary ventilation constitutes the only effective means in combating respiratory depression in spinal anesthesia.


[Diagnostic and prognostic importance of the intensity of the blood plasma superweak intrinsic luminescence in acute surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity organs]. The authors present the results of the studies of the intensity of plasma super-weak chemical luminescence for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis (35 cases) and various forms of cholecystitis (131 cases). The increase of the intensity level of the blood plasma chemical luminescence has been found in all the forms of cholecystitis and in appendicitis. With the improvement of the patients condition the indices of the luminescence intensity start to normalize. On the grounds of their observations the authors consider that the use of this method in surgical practice will provide information on an early development of complications before their evident clinical manifestations occur.


[Comparative evaluation of the surgical approaches in cancer of the right and left halves of the large intestine]. The most common approaches to the right and left halves of the colon were compared in the experiment on 193 human cadavers and in the clinic (114 cases). The evaluation of the approaches was based on the studies of spatial interrelations in the surgical wound following the A. Yu. Sozon-Yaroschevich method. On the grounds of comparative experimental and clinical findings the G. D. Vilyavin's methods of right- and left-side incisions (inferior-medial laparotomy with the prolongation of the incision to the cartilage of the tenth rib) are accepted as the best in hemicolectomy.


[Surgical treatment of sarcoma of the soft tissues of the extremities]. The experience with radical operations carried out upon 281 patients with malignant tumors of the soft tissues of the extremities has proved that sparing operations are more common surgical interventions (62.2%) than amputations (38.8%). The rate of the five years' survival of the patients following amputations is lower (23.6%) than following sparing operations (62.6%), which most probably depends o, the character of a lesion influencing the choice of the volume of an operation.


[Symptom dynamics in the surgical treatment of posttraumatic arthrosis deformans of the knee joint]. 288 cases of posttraumatic deforming arthrosis of the knee-joint were examined. The further postoperative periodic examinations and checking of the late results of the treatment of 171 patients have proved that the symptoms of the disease are mainly due to the disorders in the knee-joint stability. The obtained data suggest the possibility of a secondary inflammatory origin of pain in deforming arthrosis and witness an important role played by the surgical prevention and correction of the joint instability in clinical remission of th disease.


[Transcutaneous catheterization of the internal jugular vein]. The anatomy of the internal jugular vein at different portions of the neck is described in the article. The description of three main methods of the puncture of the internal jugular vein is given. The authors present the own material consisting of 3000 catheterizations of the internal jugular vein. Indications, contraindications and characteristics of complications are set forth.


[Method of injection necrotherapy of benign tumors of the subcutaneous cellular tissue]. With the aim of exterminating small (up to 3--4 cm. in diameter), single or multiple subcutaneous fat tumors (lipoma etc.) the author suggests to use transcutaneous injections of solutions possessing necrotizing properties (10% calcium chloride, 96% alcohol, formalin) into the tumor instead of its surgical removal. The injection should be done under local anesthesia, slowly, the amount of solution not exceeding 0.5--1 of the volume of the tumor. The necrotherapy has been used for 4 years upon 14 patients (32 tumors); besides, the author made 12 self-injections. In 3 cases a repeated injection was required. There were no complications or recurrences.


[X-ray study of closed craniocerebral injury and fractures of the occipital bone]. The work is grounded on the study of 1560 case histories of a diagnosed closed craniocerebral injury. The X-ray examination showed fractures of the cranial vault only in 3.7% of cases. A comprehensive clinical analysis of 18 cases of occipital bone fractures is set forth. In case of an extremely severe condition of such patients surgical interventions have proved to be of a little effectiveness; their expediency is doubtful.


[Treatment of low fractures of the leg bones]. The reposition-fixation method was used successfully in 35 cases of low diaphyseal fractures of the bones of the crus. Reposition of the tibial fragments was carried out by means of four wires tightened in pairs in two stirrups. This was followed with the application of a circular plaster bandage. After X-ray checking of the fracture site the stirrups were removed, the ends of the wires were bent and plastered into the bandage. All the patients recovered and started working again. 2 patients, who had sustained open fractures, developed osteomyelitis, refracture occurred in 2 other patients, osteomyelitis in the site of the insertion of the wires--in 1 patient.


[New variant in the surgical treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the forearm bones combined with dislocation in the radioulnar articulation]. Better anatomical and functional results in the treatment of malunion, ununited fractures and pseudoarthrosis are gained through the combination of compression osteosynthesis with bone plasty and open reduction of the dislocated capitellum with the formation of the ligamental system. Resection of the dislocated capitellum leads mostly to the dysfunction and disability.


[Clinical x-ray diagnostic characteristics of intestinal perforation in newborn and nursing infants]. The authors described 49 neonates and infants with perforation of the intestine. The clinical picture of perforation, peculiarities of its diagnosis and the treatment are presented. A special emphasis is laid upon contrastless radiography providing quite a valuable information for the diagnosis.


[Characteristics of the course and treatment of acute hematogenic osteomyelitis in children]. The results of clinico-laboratory studies on 510 children with acute hematogenic osteomyelitis are presented. Being a septic manifestation, acute osteomyelitis in children is characterized by a severe general reaction with a symptom complex of a "septic schock" which not infrequently leads to diagnostic errors (36%). So, therapeutic measures should be aimed first at the correction of disorders of homeostasis through the specific effect of thyrocalcitonine (TCT), purposeful use of antibiotics and sparing surgical intervention (intraosseous dialysis).


[Importance and prospects of surgical study methods in lung cancer]. More than 20 years' experience with surgical exploration in cancer of the lung is generalized in this article. The use of prescalene biopsy allowed to find out metastases in 130 out of 308 patients (42.2%), mediastinoscopy helped to refine the degree of the propagation of the process in 36.2%, and parasternal mediastinotomy--in 49.5%. Due to laparoscopy and laparotomy metastases in the abdominal organs (liver, adrenal glands, retroperitoneal nodes) were found in 22 out of 162 patients. The diagnostic thoracotomy carried out upon 109 patients revealed tumors of the lungs in 50 patients, in 47 out of them it was an early stage of primary cancer.


[Anesthesia characteristics in the surgical treatment of esophageal injuries]. On the grounds of the experience with 198 operations for esophageal injuries the author substantiates the importance and necessity of a perfect anesthesia in time of the operation. 95 patients were operated upon under general anesthesia and 103--under local narcosis. Peculiarities of the local and general anesthetization are emphasyzed and the indications for each type of narcosis are defined.


[Blood cholinergic activity during ketamine anesthesia]. Blood cholinergic activity in ketamine anesthesia was studied through the acetylcholine level and activity of true and pseudocholinesterase on 30 patients during surgical interventions which were not very traumatic. Ketamine was found to increase acetylcholine blood level and activity of cholinergic enzymes in the blood due to the rise of parasympathetic nervous system tone and to the absence of depressing effect of the anesthetic upon the renal function.


[Complications in peridural anesthesia]. An analysis of complications associated with peridural anesthesia (PA) in 1000 women operated upon in the clinic of gynecology and obstetrics was carried out. In time of operation the number of complications constituted 5%; 0,5% of them were dangerous to life (collapse--0.4%, cardiac arrest--0.1%). Neither fatality nor disability resulting from PA were noted. The frequency rate of complications associated with PA does not exceed that one following other methods of anesthesia. The authors believe it possible to use PA in hypovolemic conditions after their preliminary correction or parallel to it.


[Architectonics of the vessels of small and large intestinal grafts in esophagoplasty]. In experiments on 30 cadavers the structure of the small and large bowel vessels with the concern in esophagoplasty was studied. The angiography proved that in case of multiarcade structure of the small bowel vessels, more than in 50% of cases the great bowel showed a trunk type of the division of the vessels. In 70% of cases with a favourable structure of the small bowel vessels good conditions for taking a graft from the large bowel were found. In case of a relatively unfavorable or an unfavorable structure of the small bowel vessels (26.7%) there was the possibility to get a graft from the left side of the large bowel and in 50%--from the right one.


[Peptic ulcers evoked by retention of the antral portion of mucous membrane at the duodenum after a Bilroth II stomach resection]. From the authors' data the retained mucous membrane of the antral region at the duodenum following gastric resection for peptic ulcer results in the development of gastric ulcers. It has been found that only the removal of the retained antral mucous membrane stops the production of HCl and promotes the healing of ulcer. The reflux of the duodenal contents into the isolated pylorus does not constitute a cause of the gastrin production, the continuation of which is mainly due to the vagal denervation of the glands producing the antral hormone.


[Functional and morphological characteristics of the gastric mucosa in peptic ulcer and the selection of the method of surgical treatment]. A linkage study of gastric secretion in complicated peptic ulcer in 445 patients, 192 radiotelemetric studies included, was carried out. Histological and histomorphometrical investigations of the stomach mucous membrane were carried out in 179 patients. Gastric resection was performed upon 306 patients: in 228 out of them the resection involved half of the stomach and was supplemented with selective vagotomy in case of hyperacidic secretion and unchanged mucous membrane. Good functional results were obtained in 94.4% out of 156 patients examined in late periods of the follow-up. There were no cases of the recurrence of ulcer.


[Fiber gastroscopy in the diagnosis of polyps of the gastric stump]. The work is based upon the study of findings obtained in the examination and treatment of 27 cases of stomach stump polyposis. The fibrogastroscopy revealed polyps in all 27 patients. The target gastrobiopsy was carried out upon all the case of adenomatous polyps of the stomach stump, which permitted to find out the true character of the disease in 26 of them. Hence, the fibrogastroscopy done together with the target gastrobiopsy proves to be the most effective method of the diagnosis of polyps of the stomach stump.


[Ujoviridin method of studying the absorptive and excretory function of the liver and its blood flow in mechanical jaundice]. The blood flow and absorption-excretory function of the liver were studied in 5 normal individuals and in 50 cases of mechanical jaundice. In 26 out of them mechanical jaundice was due to tumors localized in the hepatoduodenal zone, and in 24--mechanical jaundice was the complication of cholelithiasis. It was found that obstructive jaundice cases develop severe hepatocellular and hemodynamic disorders, the degree of which could be determined by the hall-absorption of ujoviridin, its clearance and relative percentage of the clearance.


[Clinical evaluation of common bile duct drainage via the cystic duct stump after cholecystectomy for chronic calculous cholecystitis]. From target studies of the clinical value of choledochal drainage through the stump of the cystic duct by Halsted-Pikovsky method, following cholecystectomy for Courvosier's gallbladder without choledochotomy, the authors have come to the conclusion that such drainage does not improve the postoperative clinical course, while evolving an added risk of some complications.


[Change in the amylase activity and microflora in the bile in cholecystitis]. To ground the surgical technic and pathognomic postoperative management some etiopathogenetic problems of acute cholecystitis have been studied. The gallbladder contents and abdominal cavity exudate and their effect upon the amylase activity and microflora have been analyzed. The analysis has shown that in the pathogenesis of acute cholecystitis in elderly and senile patients the fermentative component plays an important part, which results in a rapid destruction of the gallbladder against the background of vascular disorders. Such cases need an earlier decompression of the biliary tract and the postoperative management should be aimed at the suppression of pancreatic secretion. As to the majority of the cases of acute cholecystitis, which not infrequently possesses some features of a longlasting chronic process, the operation should be postponed till inflammatory manifestations subside.


[Cholecystostomy in elderly patients in light of the immediate and late results]. Cholecystotomies carried out upon 58 patients aged above 50 have been analyzed 22.4% of the patients died in the immediate postoperative period. In the late postoperative period good and fair results were found in 86.2% out of 21 followed-up patients 4 patients (13.8%) underwent the repeated cholecystostomy or cholecystectomy. The outcome was favorable. Some useful practical recommendations are suggested.


[Treatment of acute pancreatitis].

[Treatment of acute pancreatitis]. The experience with the treatment of 482 patients with acute pancreatitis under the conditions of a central district hospital is presented. An outline for the conservative treatment depending upon the severity of the patient's status, when admitted to a surgical department, is suggested. 80 cases were operated upon; most of them with destructive forms of pancreatitis and with complications of the disease. The success of the treatment of acute pancreatitis depends upon complex, intensive conservative treatment rendered in due time. Total lethality was 6.2%, the postoperative one-32.5%.


[Late results of the interintestinal anastomosis condition after congenital obstruction of the small intestine]. The data concerning the late results of resection of the small intestine carried out for congenital small intestine ileus in 43 newborns are set forth. The results of an experimental study on 75 puppies subjected to resection of the small intestine with application of various anastomoses are covered in the article. The evaluation of late results suggests that end-to-end anastomosis is the best one; end-to-side anastomosis gives fair results, while side-to-side anastomosis is the least physiological one as it results in the formation of big "blind ducts", and the longlasting stasis of intestinal contents in these "blind ducts" leads to the development of various complication. The children, who underwent the small intestine resection, should be under dispensary and periodic clinical observation.


[Functional state of the extremities in patients operated on for an embolism of the bifurcation of the aorta and major arteries in follow-up]. The clinical and electrophysiological examination of the late functional condition of the extremity in 103 patients operated upon for embolism of the bifurcation of the aorta and main arteries of the extremities has proved that the function of an operated extremity depends directly upon the condition of the circulation and the severity degree of the ischemia. A dispensary observation over such patients together with special procedures aimed at the improvement of arterial circulation in the extremity are recommended for the improvement of the function of the operated extremity.


[Changes in gas metabolism and tissue oxygen balance during the hyperbaric oxygenation of patients with chronic thrombotic obliterating diseases of the extremities]. The study of some indices of external respiration through spirography, studies of acid-base status and oxygenation parameters of arterialized capillary blood, evaluation of tissue oxygen tension by means of polarography in 44 cases of chronic thromboobliterating disease of the extremities before and after therapy with 1.7--2.0 ata at 40 to 60 minutes exposure in single oxygen barochambers were carried out with the aim of investigation of alterations of gas exchange and tissue oxygen balance. It was found that in hyperbaric oxygenation the normalization of metabolic processes in an ischemic tissue takes place together with the elimination of oxygen deficit and deviations in acid-base status.


[Indications for mammary-coronary anastomosis in the treatment of ischemic heart disease]. Anatomo-morphologic and clinico-angiographic peculiarities of the internal thoracic arteries have been considered in the article. The assessment of these arteries is of great importance for defining the indications for the use of these vessels in revascularization of the myocardium. It has been found that mammary-coronary anastomosis is indicated for the patients at the age up to 55, and the branches of the left coronary artery are the most suitable for direct mammary-coronary anastomosis.


[Surgical anatomy of the saphenous vein over the length of the leg and a technic for phlebectomy]. A thorough preparation of the superficial veins of the leg posterior surface in 250 operations upon the patients with primary varicosity of the veins and with postthrombophlebitic syndrome of the lower extremities permitted the author to describe the main individual varieties of surgical anatomy of the small subcutaneous vein, its anastomoses and to develop a new method of the layer-by-layer phlebectomy.


[Cause of failures in the cryodestruction of malignant tumors of the oral mucosa and tongue and the ways to increase the effectiveness of cryogenic action]. On the grounds of clinical observations over the use of cryodestruction on 109 patients with malignant neoplasms of maxillofacial localization it has been found that the recurrence took place mainly in cases when neoplasm was localized close to the large vessels (e.g. the lingual artery). The authors suggest to increase the cryoeffect through the artificial weakening of the speed of the blood flow in the vessels of the regions exposed to freezing. With this object in view, special experiments have been carried out and their results are described in the article.


[Staphylococcal wound infection and the problems of antibacterial therapy]. An analysis of a qualitative composition of wound microflora grounded on the findings of the clinico-bacteriological examination of 315 cases with various pyo-inflammatory processes is presented here, and specific features of the species composition of wound microflora depending upon the character of a pyo-inflammatory process are shown. The sensitivity of staphylococcuses isolated from the wounds, to 19 antibacterial preparations is analyzed and recommendations on the most rational and differentiated use of antibacterial drugs in various forms of a purulent process of staphylococcal eti-logy are suggested.


Feline myeloproliferative disease. Changing manifestations in the peripheral blood. A 4 1/2-year-old cat had myeloproliferative disease characterized by severe anemia. Peripheral blood had a profusion of relatively normal-appearing nucleated erythroid cells in all stages of development and a few primitive cells with nucleoli. The term "erythremic myelosis" best described the appearance of the peripheral blood. Two weeks later, the peripheral blood picture was that of regenerative anemia. During the next 2 months the cat made an apparent clinical recovery without treatment, but relapsed 3 months after the initial examination. One-fourth of the cells in circulation at the time of relapse contained nucleoli and appeared identical to those described in reticuloendotheliosis in cats. This transition suggested the progressive development of a greater degree of immaturity of erythroid precusors with time. The use of the term "reticuloendotheliosis" in conjunction with feline myeloproliferative disease was considered and determined inappropriate.


Isolation of the causative organism of canine encephalitozoonosis. Spontaneous infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi resulted in a lethal disease in all but one of a litter of puppies in Texas. The disease was characterized by severe nonsuppurative nephritis, encephalitis and segmental vasculitis. Many protozoa were in renal tubule cells, endothelial cells and brain. The number of organisms decreased and the granulomatous character of the lesions became more prominent as the disease progressed. Sera from affected puppies and their parents reacted in an indirect immunofluorescence test with canine E. cuniculi propagated in vitro. The sera of owners of affected pups were negative.


[Developmental studies on melanoma of the skin and mouth mucosa of dogs]. Progressive studies in dogs with skin and oral melanomas were undertaken to determine whether or not the WHO-classification of melanomas, which is based mainly on histological criteria, reflects sufficiently the biological behaviour of these tumours. Furthermore, some prognostic parameters, important in the prognosis of human malignant melanomas were tested with respect to their significance for canine melanomas. The paper deals with progressive studies in 182 dogs with surgically treated benign and malignant skin and oral melanomas. Parameters of the biological behaviour were the 2 years death rate and the median survival time. The melanomas were classified according to the recommendations of the WHO. Within 2 years after the first treatment five (5.7%) of 87 dogs with benign skin melanomas, 29 (65.9%) of 44 dogs with malignant skin melanomas and 44 (86.2%) of 55 dogs with malignant oral melanomas were killed because of recurrence or metastases or both. The median survival time of dogs with benign skin melanomas was more than 24 months, with malignant skin melanomas 8 months and with malignant oral melanomas 3 months. In dogs with large malignant skin melanomas the 2 years death rate was 100% with a median survival time of 4 months, whereas animals with small melanomas had a 2 years death rate of 54.3% and a median survival time of 12 months. The site of skin melanomas, sex and histological type of both skin and oral melanomas, however, had no significant influence on the course of the disease. Also, histological parameters, important in the prognosis of human malignant melanoma (rate of mitosis, size of nucleoli, pigmentation and vascular invasion), had no significant influence on the course of the disease.


Hypoplasia of the left ventricle in four ruminants. Two different congenital malformations of the heart were seen in two calves and two ewe lambs. In all these malformations the left ventricle was more or less hypoplastic; it was small with a narrow lumen and a thick wall. In one malformation the aorta began as a cul-de-sac above the left ventricle; in the other, the aorta arose from the right ventricle, to the right of the supraventricular crest.


Extraneuraxial canine meningioma. A light and electron microscopic study. A tumor mass removed from the subcutaneous tissue of the shoulder of a dog had the light and electron microscopic features of extraneuraxial meningioma. The neoplasm probably arose from arachnoid cap cells displaced during embryogenesis.


Malignant medulloepithelioma of the optic nerve in a horse. An 18-month-old Standardbred filly had a large intraocular tumor involving the optic nerve. The tumor was a malignant medulloepithelioma, a rare intraocular neoplasm derived from the primitive medullary epithelium. By light microscopy the tumor had cords and lobules of primitive neuroepithelial cells that formed clefts and true rosettes. Electron microscopy of the rosettes showed a girdle of zonulae adherentes joining the apices of the cells as well as several basal bodies. This is the sixth report of equine intraocular medulloepithelioma, and, to the best of our knowledge, the first intraocular medulloepithelioma arising from the optic nerve head in a horse. Massive involvement of the optic nerve should be suspected when an eye containing an intraocular mass in the posterior segment lacks light perception. In such cases a long segment of opitc nerve should be resected.


Bovine onchocerciasis caused by Onchocerca armillata and O. gutturosa. Onchocerca armillata was found in 284 (28%) of 1,016 aortas, and O. gutturosa in 82 (28.87%) of 284 nuchal ligaments and in 11 (7.85%) of 140 rumenosplenic areas in specimens from cattle slaughtered during a 12-month period. Adult parasites were not found in 600 hides. Gross lesions included parasitic tunnels, nodules, roughening and calcification in the aortic walls. The connective tissue of nuchal ligaments and rumenosplenic areas was increased in amount, was gelatinous and brown and had afew nodules, Microscopically there were acute changes with oedema, haemorrhages and cellular infiltrations predominatly by eosinophils. There were chronic granulomatous reactions characterized by accumulation of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, giant cells, calcification and fibrosis around degenerate and dead parasites. Neutral fat was in parasites and surrounding cells. Both changes often occurred in the same specimen and many samples had parasites but no tissue reaction. Hypersensitivity, foreign-body reactions and parasitic toxins apparently were involved in the genesis of these lesions.


Renal oxalosis in neonatal calves.

Renal oxalosis in neonatal calves. Kidney tissures were collected from 142 calves during a study of pre- and perinatal mortality. Fifty-six calves had oxalate crystals in their renal tissue. Thirty-four of the 56 had either single or multiple congenital defects, mostly of the skeleton. Twenty-two of the 56 died of causes other than congenital defects. The renal oxalosis was more pronounced in those calves affected with congenital anomalies.


Intracranial teratoma in a domestic rabbit. A solid and cystic suprasellar teratoma was found in a rabbit killed because of incoordination. The tumor consisted of neural cells, cysts lined by various types of epithelium, respiratory mucosa, gastric mucosa, mucous and mucoserous glands, collagenous connective tissue, cartilage and fat.


Fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. III. Lipolysis in affected adipose tissue. Basal and hormone-stimulated lipolysis of adipose tissue was measured at successive stages during the development of fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. Changes of lipolytic activity at an early stage of yellow fat disease were not seen. There was a significant increase of basal lipolysis and a decrease of stimulated lipolysis when many fat cells were affected (stage E). Since the increased basal lipolysis probably originates from degenerated fat cells, the mechanism of enzyme activation is not clear. The decreased stimulated lipolysis was proportional to the number of affected fat cells and resulted from membrane damage of these cells. Increased 5-nucleotidase activity, seen in affected fat cells, may be important, to this reduced stimulated lipolysis.


Clinicopathological studies in experimental hypothyroidism in goats. Goats given thiourea had hypothyroidism in various degrees. There was reduction in weight gain and oedema of face and limbs. There was an increase in serum cholesterol which was highest in goats given the lowest dose of thiourea. Protein-bound iodine decreased sharply and there was an increase in plasma protein.


Heat and conception rate after synchronisation of oestrus with cloprostenol. The intensity of induced oestrus in heifers on high and low nutritional planes was graded according to the degree of uterine contraction and cervical relaxation and the volume of oestrous mucus, and correlated with the pregnancy rates after insemination. In the heifers on a high nutritional plane, the heat was more intensely expressed and the conception rates were greater than in the poorly fed animals. In both groups the conception rate was lower in treated heifers than in untreated controls but this difference was minimal on a high plane of nutrition.


The value of embryo transfer to cattle breeding in Britain. An analysis is made of the maximum expenditure which could be justified in embryo transfer in cattle is used to: increase the rate of genetic improvement of dairy or beef cattle; increase the frequency of twin-pregnancies; and expedite a change of breed. Estimates of maximum justifiable expenditure have been compared with an estimate of the cost of non-surgical transfer. Embryo transfer should be used in elite beef herds to increase selection intensity, particularly if bulls from such herds can be used for artificial insemination. Other commercial applications will not be economically justifiable until the cost of transfer has fallen by 50 to 80 per cent.


The Sertoli cell index as a measure of testicular degeneration in the bull. Testicular degeneration of 1200 Sokoto Gudali bulls was studied and related to the Sertoli cell index (SCI). The total incidence of testicular degeneration (18.3 per cent) was in agreement with previous findings among similar bulls. The degree of degeneration was slight in 10 per cent of bulls, moderate in 5.8 per cent and severe in 2.6 per cent. The averages of the SCI for the normal testes and for the slight, moderate and severe degenerations were 11.5, 11.0, 8.8 and 5.4 respectively. The significance of the SCI as an index of testicular degeneration could not be assessed because of the many factors involved, such as tubular diameter, age of bulls and causes of degeneration.


Bruising in cattle transported over long distances. The relative susceptibility of cattle of different sexes to bruising was examined in five trials. In each trial there were three groups of cattle--bullocks, cows and mixed (bullocks and cows). The weight of bruised tissue trimmed from the carcases of the cows was significantly greater than that trimmed from the carcases of bullocks. The amount of bruising in cows, but not in bullocks, increased with increase in duration of journey. There was no evidence to suggest that differences in carcase weight or temperament, or "riding" of cows in oestrus were major contributing factors to the different levels of bruising.


A severe outbreak of bovine mastitis assoicated with Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Acholeplasma laidlawii. An outbreak of clinical mastitis is described in which 75 cows of a herd of 200 Friesian cows were affected in one or more quarters over a period of three months. Sixty animals failed to return to normal despite various intramammary and systemic antibiotic treatments. Heifers, dry cows and lactating animals were affected. The milk of 15 out of 53 animals tested yielded mixed cultures of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and Acholeplasma laidlawii. Thirteen of 34 sera showed evidence of antibodies to A laidlawii.


Thiophanate as a low daily dosage anthelmintic in sheep. Thiophanate administered daily at low dosages reduced nematode faecal egg output, egg hatchability and parasitic worm burdens in treated lambs and ewes. Six daily doses of 1 or 3 mg per kg thiophanate (approximately 1/25th  to 1/75th of the median therapeutic dose), given to lambs experimently infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, were partially effective in suppressing faecal egg output and egg hatchability. Six doses of 5 mg per kg per day were effective in lambs infected with Haemonchus contortus and Nematodirus spathiger. Daily doses of thiophanate (50 or 200 mg per head) given over 14 weeks to lambs grazing contaminated pasture resulted in improved productivity (the higher dosage) and suppression of output of viable eggs and reduced worm burdens (both dosages). Reduced output of viable eggs was also obtained in housed, lactating ewes receiving 5 or 7 mg per kg thiophanate dispersed daily in the feed for 11 or nine weeks respectively after lambing.


25-hydroxycholecalciferol for prevention of "milk fever" in dairy cows. Intramuscular injections of 4 or 8 mg 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH D3) in 5 ml corn oil given three days before the predicted calving date and repeated at weekly intervals until calving effectively reduced the incidence of parturient paresis. Drug efficacy was improved in cows receiving low to normal recommended levels of dietary phosphorus prepartum. With proper management techniques, 25-OH D3 could prevent parturient paresis in dairy cattle.


The persistence of Brucella abortus infection in calves: a retrospective study of heavily infected herds. A retrospective inquiry into 170 herds which were slaughtered in the first three years of the brucella eradication scheme found that in the 115 herds where all animals were slaughtered there were no subsequent breakdowns, other than in herds which were restocked with imported animals. In the 46 herds in which only the adult stock were slaughtered, 11 herds suffered breakdowns. In 10 of these 11 herds the sources of reinfection were possibly reprieved heifers. Seven out of the 11 initial reactors in these 10 herds were known to be offspring of reactor dams, one was born of a serologically negative dam and in the other three cases the dams were not identified. Out of the 11 initial reactors, six could have acquired infection at any time up to and including puberty, but in five cases infection could only have been acquired in utero or in early calfhood. It is estimated that under the circumstances of the British eradication scheme there is a risk of 2.52 per cent of heifer calves born of serologically positive dams reacting in early adulthood and thus constituting a risk to the re-established herds.


Solanum malacoxylon toxicity to pigs.

Solanum malacoxylon toxicity to pigs. Newly weaned pigs were given Solanum malacoxylon at dose rates of 0.2 and 1.0 g per kg body-weight per week for eight weeks. The Solanum malacoxylon was given either as an aqueous extract (SM) or as an aqueous extract incubated with fresh rumen liquor (SMLR). Tubulonephrosis, dose related in severity, was evident in all treated pigs and focal calcification in kidney and lung occurred in pigs receiving the higher dose rate. There was a marked hypercalcaemia and hypophosphataemia over the trial period; the latter feature was in contrast with the hyperphosphataemia produced in sheep. Incubation of SM with rumen liquor enhanced hypophosphataemia at both dose levels in the pig but its effect on serum calcium was equivocal.


Bovine auto-immune haemolytic anaemia.

Bovine auto-immune haemolytic anaemia. A six-months-old heifer died within two days of showing signs of anaemia and dyspnoea. The death was attributed to autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AHA) because of auto-agglutination which increased on Coomb's testing and the presence of antibovine IgG on the erythrocyte surfaces.


Data on the incidence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in Romania. A programme for the active detection of SSPE cases hospitalized in the Clinic for Infantile Neuropsychiatry within the "Dr. Gh. Marinescu" Hospital, Bucharest, was initiated in 1975. The diagnosis relied on clinical, electroencephalographic and seroimmunological criteria. Thirty-three cases were sufficiently documented to be considered as SSPE (mean age on onset: 6.1 years; male/female ratio: 3.7). Clinical, immunological and epidemiological particularities resulting from this investigation are presented and epidemiological parameters of SSPE are discussed in relation to measles mortality data. The incidence of SSPE--a lethal persistent measles infection--points to the necessity of antimeasles vaccination.


Adenovirus-induced lipid changes in human erythrocytes. Lipid changes in human erythrocytes treated with adenovirus types 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 and 27 were studied by thin-layer chromatography. Twenty-two of the human lipids revealed qualitative changes induced by one or several virus types; 12 of these alterations were found to be type-specific and they occurred only in response to subgroup II viruses. Six lipids reacted with 2 adenovirus types, one lipid reacted with 3 and one lipid with 4 types. Two lipids (belonging to the lecithin and lysocephalin groups) were responsive to all 8 types; they might represent those points in the lipoprotein layer of the cell membrane which are common receptors of adenoviruses and adeno- and influenza viruses, respectively.


[Enhancing the effect of radiation therapy of malignant tumors by means of UHF-hyperthermic exposure]. In the experiments (605 animals) and clinically (145 patients with malignant neoplasms) the authors have studied the possibility to use superhigh-frequency electromagnetic hyperthermia (42 degrees), associated with ionizing radiation in the complex treatment of tumors. The superhigh-frequency electromagnetic hyperthermia is really one of the ways to enhance the radiosensitivity of a neoplastic tissue. Ionizing radiation and SHF-hyperthermia used simultaneously provide for the directed and prompt disactivation of tumor cells.


[Estradiol reception and enzyme induction in mouse mammary gland neoplasms]. Under study was the dependence of mammary gland tumors growth on ovarian hormones level in C3H and DD mice. Tumors arising spontaneously were transplanted to 30--40 mice of the same strain, and tumors of the first passage were studied. The experiments were undertaken on ovariectomized and hormone-treated animals; the latter were given estradiol-benzoate and progesterone injections weekly during a month in the dosage of 5 mcg and 400 mcg per animal, respectively. Out of 6 tumors in C3H mice no one responded to ovariectomy or hormone administration by changes in the growth rate. Of 25 tumors in DD mice the transplants of one were found to respond to the ovarian hormones administration by a substantial increase of the growth rate. Only in these tumors a high level of estradiol receptors was noted. It was established that these tumors responded to the estradiol treatment by induction of the hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase activities. It is supposed that the changes in the enzymes activity under estradiol treatment in mammary gland tumors are indicative of their hormone-dependence.


[Clinical symptoms of cancer and precancerous diseases of the breast]. Data of the examination of 143 patients with limited forms of cancer and benign tumors of the mammary gland have been analysed. Mention is made of certain difficulties in establishing the differential diagnosis of such tumors based only on the clinical symptoms. The tumorigenesis may be established by using some accessory diagnostic methods: a cytological test of the tumor punctate and the breast nipple discharge, as well as a sectorial resection of the involved mammary gland portion with an express histological analysis of the preparation. Mammography aids to precisely determine the tumor size. Clinically, the true proliferation of the tumor is difficult to recognize, but it may be recognized after radical mastectomy and histological investigation of the whole preparation.


[Protein bound iodine indices in patients with mastopathy]. Under study was the content of blood protein bound iodine (SBI) in 102 patients with mastopathy, aged from 18 to 44 years. The law of distribution of these indices was formulated, and the mean values were determined for 6 ethiopathogenetic groups of patients. The mean value for the whole selected group prior to the treatment (3.95 +/- 0.14 mKg%) was significantly less than in the control group of healthy females (5.81 +/- 0.21 mKg%). The asthenic-depressive syndrome and other factors were shown to influence the changes in the thyroid activity in some patients with mastopathy.


[Cytologic findings in infiltrative carcinoma of the breast]. In the work different cytologic patterns of infiltrative breast carcinoma are systematized. Based on cytomorphological, cytometric and cytochemical studies 3 types of cancer cytographs are distinguished: low-differentiated, with a moderate differentiation of the parenchyma and high-differentiated. This systematization may enable the precise cytological conclusion to be made, but in a number of cases the histological typing of a tumor too. The cytological data on the degree of cancer dedifferentiation may be used clinically to prognosticate the immediate effect of irradiation on the tumor. The degree of breast cancer dedifferentiation, evidenced by cytological preparations, not always corresponds to the grade of tumor malignancy revealed histologically.


[Cytologic study of pharmaceutical pathomorphosis in breast cancer patients]. Use of a quantitation method of calculating the percentage of cells changed dystrophically (PCCD) in cytology for studying pharmaceutical pathomorphism has evidenced that the higher PCCD, i. e. the more significant the regression rate, the more considerable were cytographic changes. In the cases, which proved to be largely resistant to the administered cytostatics, PCCD was either low or there were no increased dystrophic changes on cytographs, or even the enhancement of anaplastic signs in tumor cells was noted. Thus, the use of the method under consideration to study pharmaceutical pathomorphism provides the opportunity to more, precisely determine the rate of regression, i. e. to estimate the degree of damaging of malignant cells, and also to timely recognize the development of the malignant cells resistance to cytostatics.


[Role of radiation therapy in the complex treatment of breast cancer]. The survival rate in breast cancer patients depending on the radiotherapy method employed was analysed. Based on the longterm follow-up of 1385 patients, it is shown that of all the methods of radiotherapy the preoperative irradiation, including the primary tumor site and all zones of regional metastatic spread, seems to be most preferable. Postoperative radiotherapy is a less advantageous technic, and it may be in use in case of lymphnodes metastases and an evident violation of anablastic principles during the operation. An accessory use of chemotherapy would improve the prognosis for breast cancer patients.


[Relationship between the size of the primary tumor, the presence of lymph node metastases and the survival of breast cancer patients]. An analysis is given of 449 case reports of patients with nodular breast cancer for the period from 1953 to 1967, who showed one tumor node. Most of patients (68%) were radically operated upon, tumor size being 1--4 cm. This is characteristic of patients both with and without metastases in lymph nodes. An average tumor size in the presence of metastases was 3.6 cm, without metastases--3.1 cm. With increasing tumor size the number of patients with lymph node metastases increases too. Metastases were found in 22.2% +/- 13.8% of patients with the tumor up to 1 cm, in 43.4% +/- 5,4% of patients with the tumor up to 1--2 cm. A five-year survival depends on tumor size and, to a greater extent, on the presence of metastases in lymph nodes.


[Immunologic reactivity of breast cancer patients]. An attempt was made to further characterize some conditions determining the decrease of immunological responsiveness in patients with mammary gland cancer. To reveal the delayed-type cell hypersensitivity, the antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, staphylococcus, fungi Candida were employed as well as a contact allergen--dinitrochlorobenzene. Tests were made prior to the treatment and in different terms after it. To determine T-lymphocytes the rosette-formation test with sheep erythrocytes was used. Also, the degree of lymphoplasmocytic infiltration of the tumor and the amount of peripheral blood lymphocytes were estimated. Under examination were 126-patients with mammary gland cancer, 56--with benign tumors and 73--practically healthy subjects. The frequency of positive skin tests for any of the antigens under study was lower in breast cancer patients than in the group with benign tumors and healthy subjects. There was no manifest inhibition of the immune response in the initial stages of mammary gland cancer.


[Functional-morphologic changes in the liver in breast cancer]. The functional state of the liver was studied in 239 patients with mammary gland cancer, 34 of them with intravital morphostructure of the organ. A significant impairment of the absorptive and secretory function of hepatocytes was evident. Also, there was noted an impairment of hepatic microcirculation, the decrease of leukoproductive function and enzymatic activity, changes in the content of the urine and blood cholesterol, in microelements of copper and iron. Marked morphological changes from gradual dystrophy and neocrobiotic processes in hepatocytes to cirrhotic processes in the stroma of the organ were observed. Functional and morphological disorders were observed with certain consistency in all observations, but with a various degree of expression.


[Steroid balance in patients with breast hyperplasia]. A correlation was found between the character of hormonal disorders and the morphological organization of dyshormonal hyperplasias of the mammary gland. Patients with fibroadenoma and fibrous-cystic mastopathy are characterized by a high diurnal urine content of glucocorticoids and low estrogens level, especially estradiol. Patients with cystic fibroadenomatosis of the mammary gland show the high level of the excretion of classical and total phenolsteroids and low androsterone level.


[Treatment of breast cancer recurrence with fast electrons]. During the period from July 1970 to July 1974 in the radiotherapy department of the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology of the USSR Ministry of Public Health 63 patients with breast cancer were treated with fast electrons. The irradiation technic employed in these patients allowed the occurrence of the early and late local radiation reactions and damages to be avoided. To improve the results of the treatment for local and regional recurrences and breast cancer metastases, it is necessary to elaborate some rational combinations of radiotherapy with general specific therapeutic measures.


[Sex chromatin and glucocorticoid hormone metabolism in breast cancer patients]. Somatic sex chromatin of blood neutrophyls and the metabolism of glucocorticoid hormones were studied in 20 female patients with the intact ovarian function suffering breast cancer of stage III and in 20 healthy females of the same age. A reliable decrease was found in the number of type A and B processes compared with the control group. The same patients showed the increased nonconjugated 17-OCS in the urine, a decrease in the reduced forms of THF and THE hormones and rising of the cortisol and cortisone level. Breast cancer patients show a higher level of biologically active hormones (cortisol and cortisone), which are likely to influence the amount of somatic sex chromatin under this affection.


Collection of granulocytes for transfusion. The effect of collection methods on cell enzyme release. When granulocytes are collected by either discontinuous-flow centrifugation or filtration leukapheresis, lysozyme is released. More lysozyme is released during the filtration procedure than during the centrifugation procedure. A small amount of red cell lysis occurs during the centrifugation but not the filtration procedure. A rise in lactate dehydrogenase levels consonant with the amount of hemolysis is observed. These findings suggest that granulocytes collected by either filtration or discontinuous-flow centrifugation undergo degranulation but not lysis sufficient to cause cytoplasmic enzyme release during the donation.


Interdonor incompatibility as a cause of reaction during granulocyte transfusion. The first case of interdonor incompatibility associated with granulocyte transfusion is presented. The patient received Kell positive granulocyte transfusions containing about 30 ml of red cells 36 and 132 h prior to receiving a granulocyte transfusion containing anti-Kell 1/128. The chills, fever, vomiting and hypotension resulting from the red cell incompatibility, cleared with appropriate fluid therapy. Antibody detection methods must be applied to each unit of granulocytes. The patients blood should be tested with reagent grade antibody to detect small numbers of antigen-containing cells if an antibody-containing granulocyte transfusion is to be given. Routine major and minor cross-matching is insufficient. Removal of the antibody containing plasma and resuspension of the granulocytes in plasma free of irregular antibodies may be the most effective way to prevent such incompatibility.


Lectin studies. III. A survey of phytohemagglutinins: interaction of lectins with erythrocytes of ten vertebrate species. Extracts of seeds from 79 plant species were tested for agglutinating and lytic activity with the red cells of ten vertebrate species (man, monkey, rabbit, rat, goat, sheep, guinea pig, horse, fowl, dog). Of these extracts, 24 were hemagglutinating and 15 were hemolytic. The results suggest that some lectins can serve as useful diagnostic reagents in distinguishing the blood of one animal species from that of another.


Automated screening of red cells for the detection of autoantibodies. The AutoAnalyser Technicon II system was adapted for screening red cells for the presence of warm-type autoantibodies. A significant decrease in optical density was recorded when the red cells of 38 patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia were tested using the bromelin-methylcellulose method. This was never seen with the red cells of 226 patients with other diseases or of healthy blood donors. The method is very simple and more sensitive than the manual direct antiglobulin test.


A 'new' blood group antigen Fra: incidence, inheritance and genetic linkage analysis. Investigation of the inheritance of a 'new' low-incidence red cell antigen (Fra) indicates that it is an autosomal dominant marker and not part of the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Kell, Lutheran, Duffy, Kidd, Dombrock or Scianna blood group systems. No genetic linkage was established between 3Fr, the locus governing production of Fra, and any of 21 other markers.


An economical method for the recovery of albumin from outdated packed cells using polyethylene glycol and heat-fractionation. Outdated packed cells were pooled and the red cells, together with a large fraction of unwanted globulins, were precipitated with polyethylene glycol. The albumin was then precipitated from the supernatant fluid as a crude paste containing about 85% albumin which was further fractionated using standard techniques.


An example of naturally occurring anti-Kell (K1) in a Japanese male. 'Naturally occurring' anti-Kell (K1) was found in a Japanese male who has never received a transfusion. The antibody agglutinated K:1 cells suspended in saline at 4 and 22 degrees C as well as cells suspended in albumin and treated with proteolytic enzymes.


Serological studies of seromucoids from normal subjects and patients with malignant and non-malignant diseases. During investigations of serum from patients with carcinoma, elevated levels of two proteins were observed. The larger (MW approximately 44,000) was identified as (alpha-acid glycoprotein. The smaller MW approximately 20,000) has not yet been identified. Further investigation of alpha-acid-glycoprotein-containing seromucoid showed that many red blood cell and tissue antigens were present, for example, I, i, P1, Tja (P+P+Pk), H, A, B, Lea, Leb1, M and N. Differences in antigen content between normal serum and serum from carcinoma patients could be demonstrated quantitatively and qualitatively. Seromucoid preparations from patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma inhibited phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation more often than seromucoid preparations from normal subjects.


Perfusate oncotic pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass. Optimum level as determined by metabolic acidosis, tissue edema, and renal function. Current practice with respect to the use of a dilutional prime for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) varies widely, and the safe lower limit of perfusate protein content has not been defined. We studied this question in 75 rabbits subjected to a 1-hour CPB with a perfusate colloid osmotic pressure (COP) ranging from 26 to 4 mm Hg. Metabolic acidosis was inversely related to COP; acid-base equilibrium is thus best maintained with a high perfusate protein content. Tissue edema rapidly increased at COP levels below 16 mm Hg, i.e. with a protein level less than 4.2 g%. Urinary excretion during CPB was antagonized by the COP, the reason being that glomerular filtration rate was proportional to the difference between perfusion pressure and COP. The safety margin for renal function during CPB thus widens with a decreasing perfusate protein content. We conclude that the optimum levels of perfuste oncotic pressure and protein content during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass are 16 mm Hg and 4.2 g%.


Redistribution of platelets during discontinous flow platelet pheresis. Greater numbers of platelets are recovered during discontinuous flow centrifugation than can be simply accounted for by the decrease in total circulating platelets in the donor. There is a linear relationship between the logarithm of the circulating platelet count and the number of plateletpheresis bowls filled. The disappearance of platelets from the peripheral circulation occurs at a greater rate in splenectomized donors than in normal donors, and the rate of platelet disappearance in normal donors is less than what would be expected if there were no in vivo platelet storage pools. The data suggest the redistribution of platelets from the spleen in normal donors during the time course of the procedure.


[Use of rimantadine in familial foci during an epidemic of influenza caused by A1 virus]. The therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of rimantadine in familial foci during influenza A1 outbreaks was studied. The observations included 28 experimental foci and 26 control (altogether 146 subjects varying in ages from 4 to 71 years). The foci were selected at random (the alphabet principle). In the experimental foci the patients were treated with rimantadine given in single doses of 300 mg on the first day, 200 mg on the second, and 100 mg each on the 3rd and 4th days. The contacts were also given rimantadine, 100 mg each for 7 to 10 days. In the control foci the patients received symptomatic drugs and contacts were only observed by physicians. Rimantadine was shown to be effective therapeutically if the treatment was started on the first day of the disease. As compared with the control group, in the treated patients the temperature became normal and the main symptoms of the disease regressed within shorter periods of time. The prophylactic effect was also positive: in experimental foci repeated diseases occurred only in 3 subjects (6%) and in controls 13 subjects (30%). The prophylactic effectiveness of the drug is also indicated by a decline in the number of inapparent forms: in experimental foci 26%, in control 56%. The drug may be recommended for treatment and prevention of influenza in familial foci when the disease is caused by A1 virus.


[Etiologic and immunologic characteristics of the influenza A1 epidemic in the Khabarovsk region in November--December 1977]. The etiology of an influenza outbreak which had occurred in Khabarovsk since 14 November, 1977 was elucidated. The largest number of cases was recorded among children and adolescents (under 22 years of age). Virological studies during the epidemic yielded 90 strains of influenza virus which were found to be antigenically quite close to A1 virus (HINI) which had circulated in this country in 1947-1956. Influenza viruses could be isolated from subjects under 22. Serological tests (H1, CFT) with paired sera from influenza patients and determinations of IgM showed A1 virus (HINI) to circulate more intensively among subjects under 22 years. A correlation between the presence of humoral immunity in subject over 22 and low incidence of influenza in these population are groups was observed.


[Several indices of humoral anti-measles immunity in children, previously immunized with live measles vaccine, who have developed measles]. The dynamics of the total content of measles antibody with reference to their physico-chemical nature and the dynamics of the content of the main classes of serum immunoglobulins (A, M, G) in children previously vaccinated and not vaccinated with live measles vaccine who developed measles were studied. Measles in the vaccines was found  to run a course of the type of primary and secondary infection. In the former case, the normal dynamics of specific antibody was found with timely change of synthesis of antibody of various physico-chemical nature. In the latter case, immunity to measles developed according to the secondary type and was characterized by the absence of IgM measles antibody. The secondary immunological response was also characterized by higher antibody titers in the first days of the disease and decreased content of IgG and IgM in sera in the convalescent stage. Besides, in such children, hyperthermia occurred 3 times less frequently.


[Disordered alveolar-capillary gas metabolism in the acute stage of myocardial infarct]. The alveolar-capillary gas metabolism was studied in 60 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Arterial hypoxemia and hypocapnia were observed in the majority of the patients. Those disturbances are more pronounced in the presence of cardiac insufficiency. The combination of shunt effect with the diminution of cardiac volume is admitted to be the possible pathogenetic mechanism for arterial hypoxemia. The first mechanism is associated with the disturbances of the systemic hemodynamics. Both types of hemodynamic disturbances are conditioned by the weakness of the left ventricle.


[Effect of serum of different origin on elaboration of interferon and the activity of the lysosomal apparatus of cells from the abdominal exudate of newborn mice]. In the presence of serum from newborn mice the cells of newborn mice produce almost no interferon induced by Newcastle disease virus. When cultivated in a medium containing adult mouse serum, interferon production by the cells increases markedly reaching the level of interferon production by the cells of adult animals. It is suggested that there are factors present in mouse serum which are capable, depending on the age of the animals, either of inhibiting or stimulating the activation of lysosomal apparatus and interferon production.


[Possibilities of intracardiac phonocardiography in congenital defects with left-right shunt]. The author shares his experience from intracardial phonocardiography of 48 patients with congenital heart defects with leftright shunt. The importance of the method is stressed upon, particularly in cases with interauricular and interventricular defect, not only for the diagnosis of the disease but for the differential diagnosis in difficult cases as well. The characteristic murmurs are presented, recorded intracardially in the three of the basic congenital heart defect with left-right shunt--interauricular defect, interventricular defect, and open Botal's duct.


[Significance of sinus rhythm for ventricular function]. The changes in hemodynamics in conditions of dosed loading prior to and post cardioversion were followed up in 21 patients with valvular defects or atherosclerotic myocardiosclerosis and absolute arrhythmia with auricular fibrillation. In conditions of auricular fibrillation all the patients showed data about a deteriorated ventricular function (increased arterial-venous difference--tachycardia), both at rest and at dosed loading. One week after the sinus rhythm restoration, a considerable improvement of ventricular function was observed, at rest and loading (normal arterial-venous difference, higner minute and beat volume), suggesting the favourable effect of the restored sinus activity. The improved ventricular function is due to the restored auricular contraction, together with the restoration of rhythmic cardiac activity.


[Clinical instrumental and clinical angiographic studies of patients with the anginose forms of ischemic heart disease]. The observations cover 96 male patients, aged from 30 to 61 suffering ischemic heart disease with clearly manifested stenocardia. The diagnosis in all patients was made on the base of a thorough clinical examination, the results from the electrocardiography and the selective coronarography. The data obtained from the clinical instrumental and clinical-angiographic examinations reveal that a correlation exists between the stage of the coronary arteries lesions, the patients's age, number of previous myocardial infarctions, severity of stenocardia and the state of the coronary reserve. The extent growth of the coronary arteries lesion goes in parallel with the patients' age advancement, the number of previous myocardial infarctions, severity of stenocardia and the diminution of coronary reserve. In this respect the character of stenocardia and the state of coronary reserve have the highest informative value. Our examinations failed to establish any correlation between the stage of the coronary arteries lesion and the stage and eytension of myocardial lesion on the electrocardiogram as well as between the stage of coronary arteries lesion and the duration of the illness.


[Ergospirometry study of the functional state of the cardiovascular system in chronic ischemic heart disease]. Sixty three patients were examined. The diagnosis of all was made on the base of clinical picture, electrocardiographic examinations and the results from the selective coronarography. The following indices of the oxygen consumption and gas metabolism were analysed in the paper: oxygen consumption per kilogram body weight, oxygen consumption per kilogramometer work performed, labour effectivity and restoration coefficient. The results obtained reveal that the adaptation ability of the respiratory and cardiovascular system in conditions of physical loading was disturbed in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease. At the same time, the physical capacity for work and the restoration coefficient were also disturbed. The decrease of oxygen consumption per kilogram body weight, deteriorated labour effectivity, restoration coefficient and the increased oxygen consumption per kilogramometer work performed occur in parallel with the extension of the lesions of the coronary arteries and the diminution of coronary reserve. The results from those examinations, together with the results from a series of non-invasive methods for the examination of cardio-vascular system could aid the thorough diagnostic-prognostic character of ischemic heart disease and give a tentative idea for the stage of the coronary arteries lesions prior to coronarography.


[Functional assessment of respiration and blood circulation in pectus excavatum]. Functional investigation was carried out on respiration and cardiovascular system of 57 adolescents with pectus excavatum. Right cardiac catheterization was performed to 10 of them. Two thirds of the cases with right bundle branch block and 7 out of the tenth with catheterizatium were established to have elevated telediastolic pressure in right ventricle and diminished cardiac index, supplying grounds to the authors to presume a difficulty in the filling of the right ventricle resulting from the mechanic pressure due to the deformity. Respiratory deviations proved to be negligible. The indications for operation are determined by the results from the complex functional examinations.


[Changes in the hemodynamic indices in the subacute stage of myocardial infarct before and after bicyle ergometry]. The basic hemodynamic indices: cardiac volume, volume of circulating plasma and blood, total peripheral vascular resistance and velolity of blood flow were studied in 60 patients with myocardial infarction, subacute stage in progress, prior to and post veloergometric loading. A decreased tolerance to physical loading was established: cardiac index--insignificantly increased, beat volume-decreased, volume of circulating plasma and blood--tendency to increase. The results show a dependence on the clinical development of the disease--the signs of a latent insufficiency being manifested in the cases with extensive localization of the infarction, transmural affection and with a formed aneurisma after a dosed loading.


[Analytical study of the diffusion capacity of the lungs in patients with chronic renal insufficiency]. The analytical diffusion capacity of the lungs was determined in 63 patients with various stages of chronic renal insufficiency. On the base of the values of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration the patients were subdivided into four groups. Considerable changes in all the three values of alveolar-capillary diffusion (DLCO, Dm, Vc) were established, with a definite parallelism between those changes and the chronic renal insufficiency stage. The most serious changes concern the membrane component. The correlation analysis confirms the presence of high reverse correlation interdependence, both with the values of serum creatinine and blood urea and with the diastolic arterial pressure.


[Ultrastructural studies of the plasma cells in multiple myeloma]. Electron microscopic investigations of 38 patients with multiple plasmocytoma were carried out, the patients being divided into three groups according to the type of monoclonic immunoglobin in serum or urine. Light to moderate cellular-cytoplasmatic asynchronism was found as well as hypertrophic nucleoli and versatile changes in cytoplasmatic organelles of the poliferous plasmocytes. Cellular-cytoplasmatic asynchronism is discussed as a characteristic sign of neoplastic plasmatic cells. No correlation was found between the morphological changes in the nuclei and cytoplasma and the immunoglobin class, secreted from the cells.


[Liver status in ostensibly healthy carriers of the hepatitis-Bs antigen]. One hundred eighty five ostensibly healthy candidates for blood donors, HBs positive, were examined at the clinic and laboratory as regards liver disturbances. About one fourth of the examined gave either subjective complaints or showed objective changes, deviations in the paraclinic resp. As patients with chronic hepatitis were proved to be 8,11 per cent of the subjects, 28,65 per cent--hepatitis suspected patients and 63,24 per cent were admitted to be healthy antigen-carriers. Urine urobillinogen reaction, thymol test and transaminase are sufficient for the purpose of preliminary screening. About one third of the antigen positive subjects cannot be accurately defined by the routine clinical-laboratory examination and additional immunoserological and immunohistological methods proved to be necessary.