Influence of cholinergic receptor blockade and stimulation on the anterior pituitary mitotic activity. The effects of pilocarpine and atropine on the mitotic incidence in the anterior pituitary in male and ovariectomized estradiol-pretreated female rats was investigated. It was shown that pilocarpine stimulated, while atropine inhibited, the anterior pituitary mitotic activity. It was also shown that carbachol enhanced the mitotic incidence in the organ-cultured anterior pituitary and its effect was blocked by scopolamine. The existence of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor within the anterior pituitary, as well as its involvement in the control of the anterior pituitary mitotic activity, is suggested.


Schizophrenia: a study of genetic models and some of their implications. The likelihoods of observing 25 four-generational families of schizophrenics comprising 1,333 individuals have been calculated on the basis of 12 different genetic models and one control 'sporadic' model. The control model gave a log10 likelihood, L, of -240.92. Five of the genetic models were definitely exlcuded as incompatible with certain pedigrees. The three models with the highest likelihoods were: one locus, the heterozygote having a 10% probability of being classified schizophrenic (L: - 220.05); two interacting loci (L: -219.46), and four polygenes (L: -216.87).


Thyroid autoantibody levels during lithium therapy. The study of the levels of thyroid antibodies was conducted in 58 patients treated with lithium and in 40 subjects who received other psychotropic drugs and who were used as controls. The measure of the antithyroglobulin antibodies were made by passive hemagglutination and that of the antimicrosomal antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence. For the whole control group, the research of the antithyroglobulin antibodies was positive in 3 cases, i.e. 7.5%. For the 58 patients treated with lithium, this research was positive in 11 subjects, i.e. 19%: thus, lithium seems to cause immunological reactions in the thyroid. 5 lithium-treated patients developed a goiter. The antibody determination was positive in only 2 subjects and was negative in the others. The measure of antithyroid antibodies before lithium did not enable us to predict the emergence of thyroid complications. On the contrary, subjects treated with lithium presented signficantly high antibody levels without developing clinical thyroid manifestations.


Nosological and prognostic distinctions in schizophrenia: pharmacological validation in terms of therapeutic antagonism between anticholinergic anti-parkinsonism drugs and neuroleptics. In studying the relationships between anticholinergic-neuroleptic interactions and the nosological and prognostic distinctions in schizophrenia, we have shown that these distinctions have clinicopathological meaning. The countertherapeutic anticholinergic effects seemed to be particularly evident in the good outcome, schizophreniform cases and differentiated between the three diagnostic subtypes. Such effects were most conspicuous in the catatonics who also had the most favorable prognosis, while the paranoids differed from others in not only showing the least anticholinergic effects but also in not conforming to the relationship between these effects and prognosis. The findings are briefly considered in relation to those with wheat gluten which has also been shown to be a countertherapeutic factor in schizophrenia in another study.


Pharmacokinetic interaction between amitriptyline and neuroleptics. The influence of amitriptyline on the plasma level of various neuroleptics was studied in 25 chronic schizophrenic patients. The study lasted 20 weeks. Patients were kept first 4 weeks on their former neuroleptic medication, with amitriptyline added for 12 subsequent weeks, and withdrawn during the last 4 weeks when only the neuroleptic medication was continued unchanged. The plasma level of neuroleptics was assayed by gas-liquid chromatography, once weekly throughout the study. The amitriptyline plasma level was also evaluated once weekly during the 12 weeks of its administration. The mean neuroleptic plasma values for each 4-week period were pooled together in three groups: aliphatic, piperdine and piperazine phenothiazine derivatives. Amitriptyline provoked some increase of the plasma level of all phenothiazine derivatives. This augmentation was significant only transitorily, however. The putative mechanisms of this neuroleptic tricyclic antidepressant interaction are discussed.


Visual averaged evoked responses in patients with bipolar affective disorders. 19 patients with bipolar affective disorders were investigated with visual averaged evoked responses (V.AER) to different stimulus intensities. 7 patients were investigated only in the depressive phase, 8 only in the manic phase, 2 in both the depressive and the manic phase, 1 in the manic phase and after recovery, and 1 patient was followed in both the depressive and the manic phase and when recovered. Both the comparisons between the independent groups and the results from the individual patients followed in different phases of the disorder indicate that patients in the depressive phase have a tendency to decrease in maximum amplitude when stimulus intensity is increased (reducing). Patients in the manic phase, on the other hand, show increasing maximum amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity (augmenting). The biochemical basis for this switch in augmenting/reducing tendency seem to be changes in the activity in the monoaminergic systems.


The radiographic features of unilateral megalencephaly. Unilateral megalencephaly is a rare anomaly of the brain which causes enlargement of a lobe or an entire hemisphere. The radiological features of the disease are a poorly defined unusual mass effect on PEG, angiography and CT scan. Pathologically, the disease is thought to be due to abnormal cell migration in the 3rd month in utero.


Successful embolization of a fistula between the ascending pharyngeal artery and internal jugular vein. The case of a fistula between the ascending pharyngeal artery and internal jugular vein in a patient with a high jugular bulb is presented. The lesion was missed by selective internal and external carotid angiography due to technical reasons, but was well demonstrated by common carotid and subsequent superselective ascending pharyngeal angiography. A single Gelfoam embolus soaked in Pantopaque obliterated the lesion.


Iodide and xenon enhancement of computed tomography (CT) in multiple sclerosis (MS). The characteristic findings on computed tomography (CT) in multiple sclerosis (MS) are discussed. In a series of 49 cases plain CT was normal in 21 (43%), cerebral atrophy alone was present in 17 (35%) and plaques were visible in 11 (23%). These were most often adjacent to the lateral ventricles (14 plaques) and in the parietal white matter (10 plaques). CT was performed after the intravenous administration of iodide in 16 of these cases. Three of the low attenuation and three additional isodense lesions enhanced. Two patients with low attenuation plaques were scanned with xenon enhancement; the plaques absorbed less xenon than the corresponding contralateral brain substance and additional, previously isodense plaques were revealed. In one case the white matter absorbed much less xenon than normal and its uptake relative to grey matter was reduced.


Extravascular iodine in contrast enhancement with computed tomography. Using specimens obtained at operation, tissue-blood ratios of iodinated contrast material (iodine), and in some cases also those of red blood cell tracer (51Cr), were measured in 23 patients with various kinds of intracranial mass lesions. Results provided confirmatory evidence on the major role played by extravascular iodine in the positive enhancement effect with computed tomography.


Attenuation values of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The attenuation value of CSF, obtained by lumbar puncture, was determined with computed tomography in 25 patients. Measurement of the protein content in the same samples showed no correlation with the attenuation value. It is concluded that in the normal range of protein concentrations, the effect on the attenuation is insignificant and that the attenuation value of the CSF might  be used to check large deviations in the CT numbers due to artifacts.


Attenuation changes of the ventricular CSF after intravenous injection of contrast material. The CT attenuation change of the intraventricular CSF after i. v. administration of contrast material has been studied in 20 patients. A very small increase of attenuation was observed in the entire material. The method does not seem to be appropriate at present for the study of small attenuation changes in the CSF reflecting the passage of contrast material.


Gross deformity of the spine; a lumbar myelographic risk with Conray and Dimer X. Convulsions and fracture of the neck of the femur following myelography with Conray and Dimer X are reported in two patients with a gross post-tuberculous gibbus deformity of the thoracic spine. The possible causes of the increased risk associated with myelography of the patients with gibbus are discussed.


The value of CT for the diagnosis of pituitary microadenomas in children. Three cases of prepuberal hypopituitary dwarfism regarded as idiopathic, are reported. In two of them the skull X-rays showed questionable minimal alterations of the sella turcica; in the remaining child the examination was completely negative. All three children were found to have a pituitary intrasellar microadenoma on the CT scan. The diagnosis was confirmed during surgery. The postoperative followup demonstrated the relation of the lesion with growth retardation and the indication for surgical treatment.


Ectasia of the intracranial arteries diagnosed by computed tomography. Megadolichobasilar artery: CT diagnosis. The megadolichobasilar anomaly may be diagnosed by CT as an extra-axial lesion in the cerebellopontine angle. It enhances in a tubular fashion after intravenous injection of contrast. Hydrocephalus resulting from obstruction of CSF circulation may be demonstrated.


The diagnosis of CSF fistulas with rhinorrhea by isotope cisternography. The experience with the use of RIHSA cisternography in cases of spontaneous or posttraumatic CSF rhinorrhea is reported. The utility of this method for identifying the fistulous tract so that the neurosurgeon can, as far as he is able, carry out a direct and not solely exploratory operation is pointed out.


Seven intracranial aneurysms of the internal carotid arteries. Diagnosis by magnification angioautotomography. A case with seven intracranial aneurysms is reported. Six aneurysms were on the left internal carotid artery and one on the right internal carotid artery. Magnification angioautotomography was used to demonstrate the aneurysms clearly.


Double fenestration of the extracranial vertebral artery. This is a case report of an angiographically demonstrated double fenestration of the extracranial vertebral artery found at the same level.


Visualization of an acoustic neurinoma by radioisotope cisternography. A case of acoustic neurinoma is reported. Clinical symptoms were typical, but brain scan, EEG, X-rays and the first CT failed to demonstrate the expected tumor.


[Surgical treatment of inflammatory diseases of the colon : ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis]. Operations and follow-up examinations were conducted on 106 patients with ulcerative colitis, 33 with colitis Crohn, and 163 with diverticulitis, at the University Clinics of Cologne and Munich. Overall mortality rates were 24.5% (n = 26), 6.1% (n = 2) and 16% (n = 26), respectively. In the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis the possibility of malignant degeneration and, in the case of Crohn's disease, prevention of recurrences must be taken into consideration. Whether Crohn's disease is a precancerous conditions remains to be clarified. Choosing the optimal time for operative intervention is as important in diverticulitis as in ulcerative colitis. Because of the possibility of complications and the high risk of operation, early intervention is recommended for diverticulitis.


[The role of bilio-digestive shunts in surgery of non-neoplastic diseases of the biliary tract and papillary region. Assessment of 70 cases]. Indications for and results of bilio-digestive shunt are discussed and basic stages described. The data refer to non-cancerous pathology of the bile ways. It is concluded that the operation should always be carried out in the first instance (comparatively high intracholedochic pressure values, moderate dilatation of the main bile way, calculosis of the papilla) and not just at reoperation. This convinction is backed up by the very low operative mortality, the good long-term results and the operation's comparatively easy performance.


[Hemobilia caused by rupture of a false aneurysm of the left branch of the hepatic artery]. The pathogenetic and diagnostic features of false aneurysm of the left branch of the hepatic artery are discussed in the light of a personal case. It is felt that ligation of the vessel constitutes the treatment of choice, whereas hepatic resection should be undertaken in the case of very peripheral aneurysms.


[Adenomyoma of the gallbladder].

[Adenomyoma of the gallbladder]. The clinical, anatomopathological and radiological data concerning adenomyoma of the gall bladder are considered. The differential features of the pain in patients suffering from adenomyoma and calculosis are reviewed and a line of therapeutic conduct proposed in the light of modern pathogenetic views.


[An unusual complication of hiatal hernia: perforation of an ulcer of the intrathoracic stomach into the left ventricle]. A case of gastric ulcer perforated into the left ventricle is described. A hiatus hernia was present and the ulcer was located in the intrathoracic portion of the stomach. The patient, a 76-year-old woman, died for massive bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract; the left ventricle was the probable source of the bleeding.


[Embolisms of the upper extremities].

[Embolisms of the upper extremities]. 6 cases of upper extremity embolism observed over the past three years are reported. Fogarty embolectomy was carried out in all patients, favourable revascularization results being obtained in 5. Forearm amputations was necessary in 1 case owing to the presence of ischaemic lesions that were already advanced at admittance, further proof that results depend above all on the vitality of the extremity rather than on the duration of the arterial occlusion.


[Results of treatment in early carcinoma of the stomach]. From 1961 to 1975, 53 patients were operated on for early carcinoma of the stomach, 24 or the total of 57 cancer sites being limited to the mucosa, 33 having already infiltrated into the submucosa. Macroscopically, most of them were ulcerative carcinoma, while histologically the intestinal type predominated. The cumulative five-year survival rate (excluding hospital deaths) was 86.5%, while after "typical" carcinoma resection by the Billroth II procedure with removal of the greater and lesser omentum it was 100% for mucosal and 93% for submucosal carcinoma.


[Critical considerations on paradoxical gangrene after sympathetic denervation]. Examination of numerous cases of lumbar gangionectomy has shown that paradoxical gangrene forms a particular complication, the origin of which has been discussed at length. It is felt that haemodynamic changes induced by the operation are predisposing factors, while personal experience suggests that thrombosis is responsible for the underlying acute vascular insufficiency in the immediate postoperative period. Evidence for this view is presented in the form of a case of iliac thrombosis following gangionectomy, in which disobstruction was necessary.


[Surgical treatment of echinococcal cysts with double hepatic and pulmonary localizations]. On the basis of some personal cases and with reference to world literature on the subject, the surgical treatment of liver and lung localized echinococcus cyst is discussed. Special attention is paid to 1) thoracotomy which may in some cases become a thoraco-phreno-laparatomy, the only approach which leads to really effective control of the field; 2) problems of suction drainage, particularly as regards diaphragm mobility in cases of thoraco-phreno-laparatomy.


[Notes on 4000 surgical operations for biliary tract calculosis. I. Papillotomy and papillosphincterotomy. Indications and results]. Personal experience with papillotomy and papillosphincterotomy in calculosis of the PBD is reported. The indications and results obtained are discussed. The techniques employed are described and an assessment is made of the extent to which these operations can be performed without causing unnecessary damage to the sphincter.


[Late radiological aspects after vagotomy and gastric drainage]. Personal experience in 87 cases of vagotomy and gastric drainage is presented. Pyloroplasty according to Heinecke-Mikulicz was performed in 50 cases and drainage according to Judd in 9. Three groups were distinguished on the basis of the presence of a "gastroduodenal canal" and "pseudodiverticula". Twenty-two patients were subjected to a Finney pyloroplasty, radiologically visible is a transparent line from the large curvature of the antrum to the lesser curvature medially. Jaboulay-Alexiu gastroduodenostomy was performed in 6 cases. Here anastomosis between the large curvature and the second duodenal portion was noted, with preservation of the pylorus. Mention is made of the difficulty of recurrent ulcer diagnosis and the exact interpretation of the appearance of the antrum, pylorus and duodenum after drainage operations of this type.


[Cryosurgery for hemorrhoids].

[Cryosurgery for hemorrhoids]. The new cryosurgical method of treating haemorrhoids is examined. Stress is laid on the importance of proper operation technique and correct evaluation of candidates. Infection, fistulae, abscesses, and stenosis are absolute contraindications.


[Ligation with elastic ligature: an alternative in the treatment of hemorrhoidal diseases]. Rubber band ligation, first described by Blaisdell, is an effective way of treating internal haemorrhoids. Treatment is ambulatory, thus saving time and costs. Experiences with 72 patients show this method to be superior to injection therapy and haemorrhoidectomy because of the simplicity of technique, the short period of treatment and the minimal discomfort for the patients. In our opinion rubber band ligation is the treatment of choice in managing internal haemorrhoids.


[Surgical indications in aspecific pneumopathies]. A degree course lecture based on a review of the relevant literature and experience gained at a 1000-bed lung hospital (S. Luigi Hospital, Orbassano) is presented in a shortened form. Attention is drawn to the revival of discarded techniques due to anaesthesiological and medical advances. This has considerably extended the surgical indications.


[Notes on the use of applied mechanics in a possible interpretation of skull fractures]. Principles of applied mechanics dealing with the breakage of two-dimensional medium, flat or round surfaced bodies can be used in the interpretation of skull fractures. Qualitative assessment can be essentially based on Johansen's yielding lines. This offers a justification for the term "lamina vitrea" assigned by anatomists and surgeons to the inner table of the skull.


[Blood level of thyroid hormones in surgical thyroid diseases. Pre-,intra- and post-operative T3 and T4 levels]. A pre-, intra- and post-operative determination of thyroid hormone in values in the peripheral and thyroid vein reflux blood of patients with thyroid disorders requiring surgery showed that the so-called intraoperative squeezing of the gland either does not place or is of little importance when delicate surgical movements are commenced. A low incidence of intraoperative arrhythmia was also noted. Prevention of the latter is not indicated, since it is often dependent on surgical movements and/or unorthodox anaesthesiological management.


[Surgery in the prevention and treatment of intestinal occlusion caused by adhesions. Reymond's method of enteropexy. (Experience with 69 cases)]. The state of the art with regard to surgical management in the prevention and treatment of intestinal occlusion caused by adhesions is described and the various operations proposed are examined. Noble's operation (folding and overcast suture of the intestinal loops)-the first to be proposed requires too much time for its execution. In addition, it restricts loop mobility and thus predisposes to recurrences and complications. The operation of Childs & Philips (folding of the intestine by accordion attachment of the mesentery with transfixing, looped wires) is quicker, but its wires result in a certain degree of vascular and enteric affection. Folding via intubation of the whole of the small intestine with a long catheter, using a nasogastric, gastrostomic or jejunostomic route, is both simple and rapid. It is particularly advisable in non-peritonitic obstruction in children and as a prophylactic measure. Reymond's operation (enteropexy with two simple and fundamental, lateral "virage" sutures) may be segmentary or total, or confined to a few loops. It is very simple and quick. It can always be used and is adaptable to the objective situation in each case. Personal experience with this operation in 69 cases (54 "therapeutic" and 15 "prophylactic") is presented. Two instances of recurrence due to poor technique were noted. It is felt that the operation is extremely satisfactory.


[Priapism. Etiopathogentic, clinical and therapeutic considerations]. The aetiopathogenesis and clinical picture of 3 cases of priapism are described, along with the treatment employed. The first patient suffered from thalassaemia minor, whereas in the second case priapism was a manifestation of aneurysm of the abdominal aorta perforated in the cava. In the last case, erection was a sequela of surgery for hydrocoele performed under peridural anaesthesia.


Alkaline ribonuclease activity in plasma and leucocytes of malnourished women. Alkaline RNase activity was measured in plasma and leucocytes of pregnant and non-pregnant women belonging to low and high socio-economic groups. It was observed that the enzyme activities were significantly higher in pregnant as well as non-pregnant women of the low socio-economic group as compared to women of the high socio-economic group. There was no correlation between the enzyme activities in maternal or cord blood on the one hand and birth weight of the infants on the other. These results suggest that RNase activities in maternal blood reflect the nutritional status of the mother but not that of the fetus.


Influence of lanthanum on calcium transport and retention in the rat duodenum. The present study examined the effects of lanthanum on calcium retention and transport in rat duodenal segments in vitro. Increasing the concentration of lanthanum from 0.1 to 10 mM in both the serosal and mucosal media produced a progressive decrease in tissue calcium retention and calcium transport. The addition of 10 mM lanthanum to the mucosal media alone reduced both calcium retention and transport. The addition of 10 mM lanthanum to the serosal media alone decreased calcium transport but did not alter total calcium retention by the duodenal segments. The results of this study indicate that lanthanum at a concentration of 1--10 mM acts at calcium transport sites in rat duodenum to reduce both calcium uptake and extrusion, with the net result that the addition of lanthanum to either the mucosal media, serosal media or both significantly reduced calcium transport.


[Effect of gum guar diet on feces microbiology in rats]. Approximately 8--10 days after gum guar was added to the diet of rats, the total bacterial counts in their feces, in particular Clostridium and Lactobacillus, were increased, whereas the number of coliforms was reduced. In contrast to the long, slender, rod-shaped cells in the Gram-stained fecal smears of the control animals, the feces of the gum guar-fed animals showed a predominance of short, broad, Gram-positive rods. When gum guar was omitted from the diet of these animals, their feces could not be distinguished from those of control animals.


Leo 1031 (NSC-134087) in gynecologic malignancies. Thirty-nine patients with gynecological malignancies who had failed on conventional chemotherapeutic agents were treated with Leo 1031 to study the effective dosage and toxicity of the compound in gynecological malignancies. Six patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma were also treated subsequently by using this compound as primary therapy. Comparable results (33% response rate) were obtained with excellent subjective response rate) were obtained with excellent subjective response and minimal hematologic toxicity. Leo 1031 given 30 mg per day was well tolerated by most of the patients but increasing the dose to 40 mg per day led to development of severe hematologic toxicity with no change in response rate. No patients developed clinical evidence of steroid toxicity.


Continuous treatment of non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma with prednimustine (Leo 1031). The effect of Prednimustine was evaluated in 37 patients with generalised non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The patients were divided into three groups according to dosage and previous treatment. Totally, in all three groups, 22 complete and 10 partial remissions were observed. During follow-up, five of the complete responders and all partial responders have relapsed. Leucopenia and thrombocytopenia were induced in several patients, but were always moderate and reversible after withdrawal of the drug. In some patients with a history of peptic ulcer or diabetes mellitus, these conditions were aggravated.


Monoclonal gammapathy, multiple myeloma and cancer. Seventeen cancer patients with monoclonal gammapathy on serum protein electrophoresis are described. Thirteen of these patients were proved to have multiple myeloma, while four patients had "benign" monoclonal gammapathy. In all the cases where bone marrow aspiration was done, an increase in plasma cells was revealed. A majority of the myeloma patients had osteolytic lesions, while all the patients with "benign" monoclonal gammapathy had normal bone survey. A relationship between the solid tumors and monoclonal gammapathy is discussed. The difficulty of detecting multiple myeloma in patients who are previously known to have cancer is presented.


Squamous cell carcinoma associated with sarcoidosis in the lung. A male patient, operated for squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, in whom sarcoidosis was discovered in the resected lung specimen, is reported. The increased association of sarcoidosis along with malignant diseases is discussed, as well as the various mechanisms probably responsible for this association.


[Cortical reaction in starred sturgeon eggs following fertilization and artificial activation]. An electron microscopical study of the fertilized sevryuga eggs has shown that 3 sec after insemination the most cortical granules in the region of the animal pole are already dehiscing and 10 to 30 sec the cortical granules release their contents under the membrane, but between the groups of cortical granules the contact of the cytoplasm with the membrane is still preserved. The full separation of the membrane observed under the light microscope at these times of fixation (San Felice fluid) is an artifact due to changes in the cortical cytoplasm properties. The rate of spreading of the cortical reaction over the egg surface is reduced from the animal pole to the vegetative one. By the criterion of the first changes discernible under the light microscope (formation of vacuoles and cytoplasmic threads between them) the maximal rate in the region of the animal pole amounts 360.5 mcm/sec and the average rate of the whole egg 46.5 mcm/sec; by the criterion of membrane separation the average rate amounts to 26.8 mcm/sec (at the temperature 21.9 degrees). The average rate of spreading of the cortical reaction in the sevryuga eggs is close to that in the sturgeon (Acipenser güldenstädti) and exceed ca. 3 times that in the sea urchin and teleostean eggs. The cortical reaction spreads at the same rate both in the fertilized and activated sevryuga eggs.


[Heat sensitivity of starred sturgeon follicles at different stages of their maturation period]. The influence of sharp temperature shift and proportioned keeping of the sevryuga females at a low temperature on the oocyte maturation and ovulation has been studied. The reaction of the follicles to similar influences was shown to differ at different stages of the period of maturation inertia: the follicles remained intact at the stages prior to the germinal vesicle (oocyte nucleus) breakdown, were damaged in a part of females at the prometa- and metaphase I and in the most females at the prometa- and metaphase II. The injection of triiodothyronine to the females subjected to cooling at different stages of the period of maturation inertia exerted no effect on the oocyte ovulation and the egg fertilizability.


[Change in the concentration and intensity of synthesis of RNA in cell cultures of Chironomus thummi during metamorphosis]. The content and intensity of incorporation of 3H-uridine in RNA of chromosomes, nucleoli and cytoplasm isolated by microsurgery from the salivary glands of larvae and prepupae of Chironomus thummi were studied following the incubation of salivary glands in the Cannon's medium with 3H-uridine. It was shown that during metamorphosis the content of RNA and intensity of 3H-uridine incorporation decrease in the nucleolus and cytoplasm in a prepupa, as compared with a larva, and suffer no changes in chromosomes in spite of much larger size of many puffs in a prepupa. The patterns of RNA synthesis in the salivary glands of larvae during metamorphosis are discussed.


[Acetylcholinesterase activity in the nervous system of normal planaria and during regeneration]. The acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity was studied in the nervous system of planarians in the normal state and during regeneration. During the regeneration of the cephalic body end, the AChE appears in the cells of the newly formed ganglion on the 5th day. During the regeneration of caudal body end, the AChE activity in the residual ganglion after the cut exceeds the normal level. The possible role of the ACh system in the processes of planarian regeneration is discussed.


[Formation of endopolyploid cells with the morphology of classic endomitosis during ontogenesis of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera)]. The morphological observations of cells of the basal region of seminal follicles, studies of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine incorporation and results of cytophotometric DNA determination have shown that during the larval development the cells which have morphological features of classical endomitosis in the differentiated state are reproduced. Their reproduction and polyploidization takes place in the definite, morphologically delineated zone in the basal region of seminal follicle. From the latter zone these cells migrate in the middle zone where they function. At the same time changes in their morphology are observed: cell flattening, chromatin loosening in the nuclei, appearance of morphologically distinct chromosomes. The level of 3H-uridine incorporation increases.


[Relationship between the duration of the mitotic cycle and the G2-period in sister cells of wheat root meristem and the ratio of their lengths]. The frequency of different types of pairs and triads of sister cells with labelled or unlabelled cells in mitosis was determined at different times after short-term incubation with 3H-thymidine to establish whether the mitotic cycle and G2-period duration depends on the cell length. Out of two sister cells of the pair, the larger cell used to have shorter mitotic cycle and G2-period than the smaller one. No direct dependence of the different ratios between their lengths was, however, shown. This is due to the absence of direct correlation between the mitotic cycle and G2-period durations. Possible causes of the absence of such a correlation are discussed.


[Relationship between the phases of mitosis in the cells of chimeric loach embryos]. The loach embryos differing in age by 0.5 tau0 (tau0--duration of the mitotic cycle during the synchronous cleavage divisions) were combined in pairs at the stage of 4--8 blastomeres to elucidate the role of intercellular relationships in the preservation of cell division synchrony during cleavage. Following the incubation during 3 tau0 the mean value of interval between mitotic phases in the pairs of combined embryos somewhat decreased but this phenomenon cannot be considered as the proof of cell division synchronization due to the intercellular relationships since it was observed to the same extent in all groups of chimaeric embryos irrespective of the degree of fusion as well as in the control embryos.


[Distribution of the intensity of free radical reactions at different stages of bud growth and in adult hydra]. The distribution of free radical reactions was studied by means of grafted copolymerization of 14C-acrylamide monomer in the ectoderm of growing bud and adult Hydra. Several states of regionalization were established in the process of bud growth: absence of local differences, presence of local differences and presence of the peak of free radical reactions in the hypostome region, characteristic of adult Hydra. The initiation of budding is not accompanied by the activation of free radical reactions in this region. No direct relationship between the metabolic regionalization and morphological rearrangements was found.


[Effect of a number of metabolic inhibitors and other biologically active substances on the development of sea urchin embryos]. Benzo(a)pyrene, hydrocortisone, corticosterone, ethidium bromide, actinomycin D and papaverin arrested the development of sea urchin embryos at the stage of early gastrula when the synthesis of rRNA increases. The fertilization membrane did not prevent the penetration of hydrocortisone and benzo(a)pyrene in the embryo cells. These drugs did not affect RNA synthesis at the early stages of development and markedly suppressed it at the early gastrula stage. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the developmental arrest at the early gastrula stage is connected with the suppression of rRNA synthesis. The mechanism of selective sensitivity of rRNA synthesis to a wide range of biologically active substances is discussed.


[Ontogenesis of saffron plants (Crocus sativus) and changes in their stem apices]. A study of the saffron ontogenesis has been carried out, with special reference to the morphophysiological state of cells and nuclei in the stem apices. 4 periods were established in the development of stem apices: (1) formation of apical meristem (November), (2) slow development coinciding with the intensive plant vegetation (December--February), (3) transition to generative development when the vegetative organs begin to dry off (March) and (4) differentiation of generative organs at the time when the corm is underground and vegetative organs almost fully absent (summer). The development of apex is accompanied by changes in the nuclear structure and fluctuations of mitotic activity. The critical period of transition to the phase of generative development takes place in March, long before the formation of visible generative organs and flowering.


Augmented recession of the medial recti. Bimedial rectus recession with measurement from the limbus was combined with conjuctival recession 85 children undergoing surgery for esotropia. Using this augmented recession technique, the prism diopters of correction per millimeter of surgery done were 4.8 compared with 3.2 found in 56 control patients. Postoperatively, the conjunctiva had a satisfactory cosmetic appearance and ductions were normal.


Inidcations of the posterior fixation operation in strabismus. Retroequatorial fix-tion of a rectus muscle by means of nonabsorbable scleral sutures weakens this muscle in its primary field of action without disturbing the balance with its antagonist in other positions of gaze. This procedure has been employed in patients with dissociated vertical deviations, nystagmus compensation (blockage) syndrome, double-elevator paresis, nonaccommodative convergence excess, and Duane's retraction syndrome. Complications were not encountered, but the operation was ineffective in some patients and reoperation became necessary.


Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis. Thirty-six young healthy patients developed a peculiar clinical syndrome affecting only one eye. The early stage of the disease was characterized by visual loss, vitritis, mild papilledema, and successive crops of multiple, evanescent, gray-white, deep, retinal lesions. Over a period of many months there developed widespread, diffuse and focal depigmentation of the pigment epithelium, retinal arterial narrowing, optic atrophy, severe visual loss, and electroretinographic changes. A motile, subretinal round worm, probably a Toxocara, was observed in two patients.


Pars plana vitrectomy for the management of severe diabetic retinopathy: an analysis of results five years following surgery. The general characteristics, preoperative findings, and operative procedures of 56 consecutive eyes having pars plana vitrectomies for complications of diabetic retinopathy are presented in this paper. Of the 34 eyes available for follow-up examinations five years after surgery, 50% had ambulating vision and 15% had 20/40 or better visual acuities. The vitreous cavities were clear in 59% and the maculae attached in 50% of the 34 eyes.


Vitrectomy techniques in the management of selected penetrating ocular injuries. Closed vitrectomy techniques provide new capabilities to treat severe penetrating ocular injuries involving posterior segment structures. With these methods damaged iris tissue,  lens, and vitreous can be removed and intraocular opacities can be cleared to identify and treat any retinal damage. Removal of damaged vitreous also prevents later cyclitic membrane formation and traction on the retina. The vitrectomy technique can be combined with additional methods to treat other conditions including nonmagnetic intraocular foreign bodies. We present the rationale and technique of vitrectomy together with the results of treatment in 51 consecutive cases of penetrating ocular trauma. Guidelines are offered for management of severe penetrating injuries.


A logical approach to the treatment of massive periretinal proliferation. Based on the improved understanding of massive periretinal proliferation (MPP) as a proliferative membrane-forming disease, a new therapeutic approach is presented with the technique of pars plana vitreous surgery. Not only vitreous membranes but also preretinal membranes are removed. Forty-seven consecutive patients who suffered from severe massive periretinal proliferation were operated on with this technique and followed for six months or more. Seventeen patients (36%) had an attached retina. Twelve patients had a major visual improvement. The major postoperative complication was phthisis bulbi, found in ten eyes (21%).


A predictive model for visual recovery following retinal detachment surgery. By multiple regression analysis we have identified 26 out of 200 observations which significantly affect the visual acuity following retinal detachment surgery. In addition, we have developed a highly significant mathematical model, which is able to predict in rather broad ranges of visual acuity to approximately 67% accuracy. There is still a large percentage of patients for whom we cannot account for the variability in final vision, a problem requiring future investigation. Potentially important factors which were not analyzed in this study include duration of macular detachment, afferent pupil defect, drainage of subretinal fluid, extent of the scleral-buckling procedure, and postoperative follow-up longer than six months. While most of the variables are fixed and cannot be alterd, such as age, senile cataract, and refractive error, improved knowledge of influential factors may allow us to manipulate some of them and provide mechanisms for improving results in recovery or maintenance of macular function after retinal detachment surgery.


The functional reserve of corneal endothelium. With recent advances in our knowledge of corneal physiology, coupled with the development and increasing availability of the specular microscope as a clinical instrument, valid observations relating the morphologic appearance of the corneal endothelium to its functional capacity are within our reach. Manual methods of data analysis are cumbersome, time consuming, and associated with human error and investigator bias. The Omnicon pattern analysis system lends itself to objective analysis of morphologic features, offers the possibility of quantifying the data obtained and, hopefully, will lead to a better understanding of the many aspects of endothelial cell morphology which, in total, relate to the functional reserve of a given cornea.


[Hypertrophy of the internal urethral sphincter in children (author's transl)]. On the basis auf 2 cases congenital hypertrophy of the internal urethral sphincter the authors discuss problems of diagnosis and therapy. They attribute great importance particularly to the urodynamic approach in the assessment of disorders of urinary flow in children. Compared with static or non-physiological methods, such as endoscopy or retrograde urethrography functional diagnostic methods like uroflow, manometry and MCU have definite advantages, precisely where it is a matter of analysing functional disorders. However, if the child is to be spared protracted obstruction of urinary flow, early diagnosis is a prerequisite.


[The use of play therapy (Animazione) in the hospitalized child]. In order to eliminate negative psychological sequelae of hospitalisation of children, Animazione was performed on 2 children wards. On the internal children ward Animazione was seen to be a valuable help to reduce fear by selfportrayal in play, into which also visiting parents could be introduced. On the psychosomatic ward Animazione could only be used in close cooperation with the psychotherapist of a particular child. Then it could be a fulfillment of therapeutic measures in contact with the therapeutic team of the ward. Animazione had to be used here in a modified way with aim in view: the therapeutic team on this ward after elimination of the hierarchic pyramid had taken over an increased initiative and selfresponsibility.


[Thanatophoric Dwarfism (author's transl)]. Four cases of thanatophoric dwarfism which appeared between 1974 and 1977 are described. Thanatophoric dwarfism was firstly described in 1967. In the mean-time there are reports about 44 cases. The frequency of thanatophoric dwarfism is considered to be 1 to 6393 newborns. There is no clear evidence about the occurrence of thanatophoric dwarfism, chromosone patterns have been always normal. This type of dwarfism is differentiated from other similar syndromes.


[Prepuberal rubella vaccination and development of antibodytiters during five years (author's transl)]. Salzburg was the first country in Austria to introduce, in 1971, rubella vaccination for prepuberal girls on a voluntary basis. Of 481 girls, whose antibody titers were controlled in 1972, 132 (27.4%) were seronegative, and control measurements were performed 3, 12, 24, and now 60 months after the vaccination. The conversion rate was 100%, and the geometric mean titer of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies 3 months after vaccination was 110, 12 months a.v. 135.7, 24 months a.v. 131.7 and 60 months a.v. 113.6.


[Urinary tract infection in childhood (author's transl)]. The urinary tract infection ranks fourth among children's disorders, coming after contagious diseases and infection of the respiratory and digestive organs. Half of the children who have urinary tract infections are in early infancy, and the remaining 50 per cent are divided almost uniformly among those between the ages of 2 and 14. In keeping with the underlying causes, our material can be broken down as follows: in a fourth of the cases the disorder was such as to require an operation; 8 per cent of the children showed a neurologically disturbed micturition; about 40 per cent had a genuine distal urethral stenosis, and another 25 per cent showed changes in the urethral orifice and in the external genitals.


[Histidinemia in a normal intelligent boy with hearing defect (author's transl)]. Amino acid screening in an institute for children with hearing defects led to the detection of a 14 years male with histidinuria. Further investigations established the diagnosis histidinemia. In this normal intelligent patient audiologic tests showed bilateral internal ear hearing defect. It is accepted that the hearing defect is the reason for speech abnormities in form of diminished articulation. But it is not clear how far the inborn error of histidine metabolism is directly responsible for the hearing loss. This observation suggests that the well known speech defects in histidinemics are partly caused by hearing disability.


[Bioavailability of new galenic preparations of cephalexin (author's transl)]. After the administration of 12.5 mg/kg Cephalexin as a single oral dose of Ospexin 250 and 375 sirup as well as Ospexin 500 Tbl. maximal plasma levels are reached in approximately 30 min. Within 6 hours the total administered amount of Cephalexin is excreted in biologically active form in the urine. The resorption is not influenced by food. The rapid and complete absorption shows that Cephalexin in this galenic form has an excellent bioavailability.


A note on the description of pain and its causes. The adjectives used by  72 psychiatric patients to describe pain were examined. Patients with physical lesions tended to have physical precipitants and physical relieving factors. Patients with psychologically based pain often recognized both physical and emotional preciptation. Most adjectives used were sensory rather than affective or evaluative.


Validity and sensitivity of ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors: manipulation of affect by diazepam. The results of two experiments suggest that sensory and affective verbal descriptors provide a valid scaling method which discriminates between the sensory intensity and the affect, or unpleasantness, of electrocutaneous stimuli. Twenty-four subjects judged the sensory intensity and affect of noxious electrocutaneous stimuli by choosing verbal descriptors from randomized lists and by cross-modality matching to time duration and to handgrip force. The psychophysical functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality functions for sensory intensity generated by the descriptor and the cross-modality methods are the same. Psychophysical functions for affect generated by thedescriptor and the cross-modality methods are different. However, only the descriptor method produces psychophysical functions for affect that are significantly different from all the sensory functions. This result suggest that only the descriptor method distinguishes between sensory intensity and affect. The discriminative power of the descriptor method is demonstrated further in an experiment in which 32 subjects rated either the sensory intensity or the affect of the electrocutaneous stimuli immediately before and after an i.v. administration of 5 mg diazepam. This common minor tranquilizer significantly lowered affective descriptor responses (P less than 0.005) without altering sensory descriptor and sensory and affective handgrip responses. These experiments indicate that sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors may be used as a valid and sensitive tool for the evaluation of pain and pain control methods.


Ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors. The results of two experiments show that ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors are valid, reliable and objective. In the first experiment, 16 subjects rated 15 sensory and 15 affective verbal pain descriptors by numerical magnitude estimation and by cross-modality matching to handgrip force. Ratio scales of sensory and affective verbal pain descriptors computed for two separate groups were highly correlated between the groups (sensory, r = 0.97; affective, r = 0.98), as well as over session (r = 0.99, 0.98). Scales based on an individual's data correlated equally with either another set of scales from the same individual (r = 0.96, 0.98) or a mean scale from a similar group (r = 0.96, 0.89). Sensory and affective verbal descriptor scales from the first experiment correlated highly (r = 0.99, 0.99) with those from the second experiment in which 40 subjects rated verbal pain descriptors by cross-modality matching to time duration and to handgrip force. The ratio responses to the verbal descriptors in both experiments demonstrated specific functional relationships found for measurable psychophysical stimuli. This result supports the validity of cross-modality matched ratio scales of verbal stimuli. The reliability of these scales is shown by the high between-session, between-group and between-experiment correlations. The objectivity is shown by the similarity of within-subject and between-subject correlations for both group and individual descriptor scales.


Effects of aspirin and morphine on the release of a bradykinin-like substance into the subcutaneous perfusate of the rat paw. The effects of aspirin and morphine on the release of bradykinin-like substance into the substaneous perfusate following various noxious stimuli were investigated in rat paw preparation. Subcutaneous perfusion was  performed with saline or with saline containing o-phenanthroline or soy bean trypsin inhibitor at a rate of 3--4 drops/min. Ten drops per fraction were assayed for bradykinin activity. Pressure on the instep, application of heat to the foot and stimulation of the sciatic nerve were employed as noxious stimuli. Aspirin (200 mg/kg i.p.) inhibited the release of bradykinin due to heat, pressure and sciatic nerve stimulation, while morphine (5 mg/kg i.m.) inhibited only the release of bradykinin due to sciatic nerve stimulation. Results suggest that analgesics, such as aspirin and morphine, have a depressant action on pain by inhibiting the release of bradykinin locally. They also suggest that aspirin inhibits the release of bradykinin regardless of the type of noxious stimuli, while morphine inhibits the release of bradykinin which is mediated by neural mechanisms.


Role of the dentist in trigeminal neuralgia. It is well known that people with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia sometimes have teeth unnecessarily extracted. It is less well known that pain which seems to be due to idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia is occasionally due to dental causes. For this reason it is suggested that such cases should be given very careful dental and oral examination before the commencement of drug therapy or surgery. Such an examination must be meticulous and may be tedious as well as time consuming. It should therefore be done by a dentist who is specially interested in pain and who is preferably associated with a centre for pain relief. A few cases may then have their pain relieved by such procedures as fillings, extractions or occlusal adjustment. In all cases the neurologist or neurosurgeon will face his responsibility more secure in the knowledge that all possible peripheral causes have been eliminated. Moreover, patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia may have difficulty maintaining a satisfactory standard of oral hygiene, both before and after treatment. They should therefore have careful attention paid to this as soon as possible.


[Role of free-living stages of trematode development in biocenoses]. The evaluation of the biomass of eggs and cercarians of some species of trematodes is done. It was shown that the summary mass of eggs entering biocoenosis exceeds considerably the biomass of adult trematodes; so the biomass of cercarians can amount to 50% of biomass of the infected part of mollusk population. The most part of eggs and cercarians is eliminated in biocoenosis by biotic and abiotic environmental factors and is included into biocoenotic trophic chains through eliminators or saprophags. When the main producers of useful production perform as eliminators, the organic substance contained in eggs and cercarians transforms into economically useful production. Such eliminators are the most perspective agents of biological control of pathogen helminths.


[Specification of the systematic position of Botulus alepidosauri (Trematoda, Hirudinellidae)]. The detailed description of Botulus alepidosauri Guiart, 1938 from Thunnus obesus, Alepisauris ferox, A. brevirostris in tropical East Atlantic is presented. The described species is compared with literary data. Some changes were introduced into the taxonomic position of the genus Botulus, considered as a representative of the subfamily Botulinae in the family Hirudinellidae.


[Ultrastructure of the cercomere of the cysticercoid, Trichocephaloides megalocephala]. The cercomere of the larvae of Trichocephaloides megalocephala is formed exclusively by tegumentary tissues. The cytons of the tegument contain a great number of ribosomes, developed Golgi complex and numerous mitochondria that is indicative of the intensive synthesis, protein substances first of all. A distinct secretion of multivesicular membranes into subtegumentary space and further secretion of vesicles through the distal portion of the tegument into the external cyst cavity was observed. The main function of the cercomere is a production of the ground substance which apparently fulfils a protective function as it is suggested for glycocalix.


[Species makeup and ecological characteristics of the black flies (Simuliidae) in the region of the Baikal-Amur mainline construction]. 18 species of black flies were registered from the north of the Amur district. It was found that the eternal frost affects considerably the species composition, abundance and phenology of black flies in this region. Prosimulium isio, Gnus cholodkovskii, G. rostratum and Schönbaueria subpusilla are bloodsucking species; of them G. cholodkovskii is most abundant. Data are given on the breeding places of bloodsuckers and seasonal dynamics of their flight.


[Anatomy of the neural apparatus of cestodes of the families Amphicotylidae and Diphyllobothriidae (Pseudophyllidea)]. Studies were carried out of the nervous apparatus of Eubothrium salvelini, E. rugosum, E. crassum, E. vittevitellatus, Diphyllobothrium latum and D. dendriticum (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea) at different stages of their life cycle. Scolexes of adult cestodes are innervated with 5 pairs of longitudinal nerve trunks, the number of which in the strobile gradually increases up to 17 pairs in species of Eubothrium and up to 60 pairs (in the wildest parts of the strobile) in species of Diphyllobothrium. There were noted differences in of longitudinal trunks in different species and in the specimens of the same species but from different hosts, the width of the strobile being the same. The main lateral trunks are situated in the medullar parenchima. In species of Eubothrium they are wide apart while in Diphyllobothrium they are drawn closer to one another. The description of the rough and inner nerve plexuses is given. Judging by the larval developmental phases the well developed orthogon with 3 pairs of longitudinal nerve trunks can be taken for the initial state of the nervous apparatus in Pseudophyllidea. This means that the initial forms belonged to advanced turbellarians rather than to primitive ones.


[Systematic position of blood-sucking midges of the genus Leptoconops (Ceratopogonidae)]. On the basis of literary and the author's own data an opinion is suggested that the genus Leptoconops should be considered, as before, as the subfamily Leptoconopinae of the family Ceratopogonidae. The structure of the grooming organ of the hind tibia of Leptoconops is in general the same as in Culicoides.


[Determination of the physiological age of female fleas by using a luminescence microscopy method]. On the basis of studies of age changes in the ovaries of Ct. orientalis, Ct. teres, C. laeviceps and X. conformis by means of luminescent microscopy a scale was plotted for identification of physiological age of females of fleas. Depending on the presence or absence of yellow bodies and on the stage of development of oocytes in the ovary the fleas are arranged into two main groups: breeding and non-breeding females. According to the total combination of characters, size and colour of yellow bodies, presence and character of luminescence in the germarium and adjoining areas of vitellarium, the presence of "starvation bodies", "degeneration bodies" and resorpting oocytes, the state of seminal receptable, each group is divided into subgroups that enables us to make a detail description of age composition of the population under study.


[Changes in RNA biosynthesis in the liver of chicks with coccidiosis]. The RNA fraction and the intensity of their turnover in chick liver during experimental coccidiosis was studied. A marked (about 60%) increase of intensity of mRNA turnover with no changes in its amount was found. It was shown that pre-rRNA biosynthesis was significantly enhanced and, due to it, the amount of both pre-rRNA and mature 18S rRNA was increased while the level of 28S rRNA was unchanged. The relations between the observed changes of RNA biosynthesis and protein biosynthesis in liver in coccidiosis as well as the role of these changes in pathological process studied are discussed.


[Paradoxopsyllus scorodumovi (Aphaniptera) flea, an effective vector of plague in a Gorno-Altai natural focus]. A study was conducted on the fleas of P. scorodumovi and five local strains of the plague microbe, one of which is typical of the strains of the Altai subspecies and four are non-typical of this nidus. The fleas of this species are capable to transmit not only the plague agent of the strains typical of this nidus but also non-typical ones which differ in some biological properties and are avirulent for most carriers but Pallas's pika. Biological peculiarities of fleas of P. scorodumovi in addition to their high efficiency as vectors of the plague microbe enable us to associate the more active autumn epizooty with fleas of this species.


[Gamasid tick (Acarina, Gamasoidea) fauna from the nests of the common field mouse]. 14087 specimens of 26 species of gamasid mites were found in 52 nests of Apodemus sylvaticus collected in the vicinity of Odessa. The annual index of abundance of all species of gamasids is 270. The most abundant were Hl. glasgowi (53.9%), E. stabularis (10.1%), Hg. nidi (8.6%) and Hi. latiscutatus (7.2%).


[Biology of biting midge species (Ceratopogonidae) in the southern Krasnoyarsk Territory]. In the valley of the Enisei (140 km from the town of Abakan up to the river) C. sinanoensis and C. sanguisuga are mass bloodsuckers while C. chiopterus and C. filicinus occur in small number. Data on the age composition of attacking females confirm the autogeny of C. filicinus and suggest the presence of autogeny in C. chiopterus. C. sinanoensis and C. sanguisuga can have two generations during the period of their activity. The emergence of the 1st generation takes place in the IInd--IIIrd decade of June, the emergence of the 2nd generation--at the beginning of August. The 2nd generation is so small, as a rule, that its appearance does not practically affect the abundance of attacking females. C. sanguisuga is less sensitive to light and attacks at a somewhat higher temperature as compared to C. sinanoensis. As a result, a morning peak of abundance of C. sanguisuga takes place in 1--2 hours after the peak of abundance of C. sinanoensis while the evening peak is 1--2 hours prior to it. The daily period of activity of C. sanguisuga is usually longer than that of C. sinanoensis.


[Lice fauna (Anoplura) of small mammals from the Charskaya Hollow]. 5 species of lice, Hoplopleura acanthopus Burm., H. longula Neum., Hoplopleura sp., Polyplax hannswrangeli Eich., Polyplax sp., were recorded from 15 species of small mammals of the Charskaya hollow, Kalarsky region, Chita district. H. acanthopus is most abundant and occurs on almost all species of small mammals.


[Dependence of the reproductive capacity of fleas on repeated mating (Aphaniptera)]. The fleas of X. cheopis and C. tesquorum were found to be capable of laying eggs during the whole physiological active period without recurrent fertilization. The recurrent mating and fertilization occur in these species of fleas independently of their age and favour the rise in the abundance of their progeny.


[Characteristics of the interrelationships of ixodid ticks (Ixodidae) with the causative agents of salmonellosis]. The relationships that now occur between ixodid ticks and agents of salmonelloses have been analysed. The paper presents the material on the spontaneous infection of ixodids, experimental data on the preservation of salmonellae in these ticks, their interaction and a mechanism of the agents transmission to warmblooded animals during bloodsucking of the parasites. On the basis of the observations conducted it was inferred that the relations between ixodid ticks and salmonellae are young from the evolutionary point of view.


[Variability in Toxoplasma virulence depending on the sensitivity of the macroorganizm]. The conditions of the increase in the virulence of toxoplasma lines of the Czech low-virulent strain obtained by means of the infection of mice or chicken embryos with one cyst washed three times in physiological solution were investigated. It has been shown that all the 12 were potentially virulent since in the process of frequent (in each 7 days) passage through sensitive animals (bredless mice) they increased their virulence. The lines of toxoplasms passed only one time through chicken embryos increased their virulence quicker (1 to 10 passages) than lines passed only through mice (18 to 22 passages). At the simultaneous passing of toxoplasms of the same line through sensitive animals (bredless mice) and through more resistant ones [mice of lines AKR and BALB/c] toxoplasms increased their virulence during the 4th passage and did not change it up to the 25th passage, respectively.


[Effect of the photoperiod and temperature on the fertility of different generations of the blood-sucking fly, Culicoides pulicaris punctatus (Ceratopogonidae)]. It was established that the fecundity of females of different generations of C. p. punctatus, which are at the 1st gonotrophic cycle, is unequal. There was noted a decrease of the per cent of realisation of potential fecundity in females of the summer-autumn generation. The dependence of the virtual fecundity on the day length and temperature was studied. The differences in ther effect of these factors on the fecundity of females of the spring-summer and summer-autumn generations were found.


Influence of beta-amino-propionitrile on elastogenesis in the chick embryo (light and electron microscopic study). Beta-amino-propionitrile was administered in a single dose into the chorioallantoic cavity of 14 days old chick embryos. The effects on the elastic fibre production were examined on the 3rd or 7th day following the injection. By light microscopy dissecting aneurysm, aortic ruptures were found. The elastic fibres were poorly developed and exhibited irregularities and structural anomalies. Electron microscopically we observed reduction of the number or complete absence of elastic aggregates and fibres. The elastic structures exhibited abnormal phosphotungstic acid binding. This was considered as a sign for disturbances in the development of cross linkages and in the incorporation of elastin into the elastic fibres.


Mechanism of glycoconjugates biosynthesis in the vascular wall with external circular constraint. Extrinsic local constraints, realised on dogs aorta are responsible for parietal lesions in the form of thickening of the arterial wall. Histological changes in the intima and media are characteristic of processes of degeneration destruction and cellular regeneration, superposed on sub-endothelial proliferation accompained by partial or total destruction of endothelial cells in the intimal layer. In addition to histological changes, there were perturbation in enzymatic activities of glycosyltransferases responsible for macromolecular constructions in the intima. Microsomic enzymes studied were: N-acetyl-glucosaminyl-transferase, sialyl-transferase and N-acetyl-galactosaminyl-transferase, and two glycosyl-transferases located in the soluble cytoplasmic phase: fucosyl and xylosyl-transferase. The changes observed were different  according to the position of the sugars in the glycoprotein chains. For example the variation of fucosyl-transferase activity is significant: it disappears in group where the sialyl-transferase activity is enhanced. The transfer of xylose is decreased. Finally, changes observed in hexosaminyl-transferase activities were parallel.


[New species of biting flies (Simuliidae)]. Three new species of black flies of the genus Schoenbaueria are described which differ morphologically from other species of this genus. The new species were found in drying up brooks that also differs them from the species of the genus Schoenbaueria which develop mainly in large rivers. Material was collected in the Komsomolsk and Furmanov regions of the Ivanovo district.


[Histochemical and histoenzymatic study of experimental endarteritis in rabbits. I. Femoral endarteritis]. The parietal reaction after placing a cuff of polyethylene around the femoral artery has been studied in 18 (2,5 - 3 months old) male rabbits by using histologic, histochemical (4 macromolecular substances) and histoenzymatic techniques (16 enzymatic activities). Studies were performed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 15th and 21st day, and every 15 days during the 3 months of the experiment. This process induced rapidly in each animal a parietal reaction with adventitial oedema (1st day), hypoxia of the media (1st -5th day), cytoenzymatic activation followed by a cellular transformation and proliferation of the intima-media, that forms a diffuse intimal thickening (adaptation). Most cells of the thickening were, by their enzymatic activities, quite comparable to immature smooth muscle cells, which probably emigrated from the media: intense LDH, NADH2 - TR; moderate G6P-DH, SDH, NADPH2 - TR, alpha-GP-DH, ATP/ase; weak ICHD, beta-HB-DH. Moreover, some reactions (accentuation of beta-Glu/ase, UDGP-DH, Glu-DH, 5'N/ase) besides suggested the active participation of the cells in the production of extracellular conjonctive constituents, because the histochemical studies revealed the presence of metachromatic glycosamino-glycanes and positive APS substances during the edification of the diffuse intimal thickening. In advanced thickening, an histoenzymatic duality was observed, that might prove the double origin of the thickening cells: some superficial cells had the enzymatic characteristics of endothelial cells (increased activity of aerobic oxydoreductases). At every stage of the study, the thickening cells differed from the atherocytes by a lack of lipids in their cytoplasm.


[Genetic and physiological compatibility of different forms of stem eelworms. VI. The crossing of eelworms from cultivated plants and weeds]. The crossing of stem eelworms of onion and red clover with these from Cirsium setosum and Taraxacum officinale resulted in the fertilization of females, egglaying and embriogenesis. However, the hybrid eggs died, as a rule. Only in one experiment a large population developed up to F5 but few hybrids survived to F10. The studied stem eelworms of weeds are genetically non-compatible with Ditylenchus dipsaci of onion and red clover and are distinct species.


[Diplostomum commutatum (Diesing, 1850) Dubois, 1937 (Trematoda: Diplostomatidae) cercaria]. The cercaria of D. commutatum from the mollusk Radix ovata is described. Data on the biology and development of the cercaria up to the metacercarial stage are given. Cercariae of D. commutatum differ from all known species of the genus Diplostomum by a characteristic cuticular armament.


[Histochemical and histoenzymatic study of experimental endarteritis in rabbits. II. Aortic endarteritis]. The placement of a polyethylene cuff around the abdominal aorta of 20 male rabbits 2,5 to 3 months old induce an adventitial reaction characterized by edema (7th day), fibroblastic proliferation (7th - 15th day), fibrosis and sclerosis (2nd - 3rd month), changes in the media including cytoenzymatic activation (1st - 3rd week), signs of hypoxia, degenerative and productive processes leading to intimal tickening. Histoenzymatic characteristics of the intimal thickening cells look like activities of smooth muscle cells, while the activities of some cellular areas recalled those of endothelial cells (high aerobic oxydoreductases and ATP/ase activities). This histoenzymatic duality is perhaps related to the histogenetic filiation of the intimal thickening cells. Histochemical data (metachromasia, alcianophilia, APS +) suggest that these cells are able to synthesize different elements of the extracellular matrix. All these features resemble femoral endarteritis obtained by the same process; moreover, in aorta the endarteritis evolves more slowly, the cellular proliferation is later and focused, the signs of hypoxia and necrosis and more pronounced. These differences are probably related to structural and metabolic dissimilarities of the two vessels, and to differences in their cellular reactivity.


[Importance of cellular immunity factors in the pathogenesis of experimental balantidiasis]. Adult white rats were immunized by numerous subcutaneous injections of antigenes obtained from the cultures of B. coli and B. suis. After the rats were sensibilized they were infected with cultural forms of Balantidium. 75% of infected rats were found to have ciliates in the lumen of the large intestine. In the tissues of the intestinal wall up to the muscular layer there were observed certain pathomorphological changes such as hyperemy, oedema, haemorrhagia and ulcers. By means of the macrophaga migration test it was established that in rats during their immunization and following infection appear lymphocytes which are sensibilized in relation to the balantidial antigene that points to the formation of slow allergy in their organisms.


[Postembryonic development of cestodes of the genus Aploparaksis Clerc, 1903 (Hymenolepididae) with a diplocyst type of cysticercoid]. The formation of cysticercoids of the diplocyst type in three species of cestodes of the genus Aploparaksis: A. bulbocirrus Deblock et Rausch, 1968, A. furcigera (Rud., 1819) and A. groenlandica (Krabbe, 1869) at the experimental infection of oligochaetes (Lumbriculus sp.) is described. The development of diplocysts is characterized by two invaginations. The first invagination occurs at an early developmental stage when non-differentiated anterior part of the larval body submerges into the external cyst which is formed by the walls of the primary cavity displaced toward the hind end. The second invagination of the fully formed scolex and neck into the cavity of the internal cyst completes the formation of the diplocysts.


[Change in the ultrastructural organization of Chaetogaster lymnaei neurons in the transition to the parasitic form of life]. The fine structure of the brain and ventral nerve cord ganglia neurons has been studied in two subspecies of Chaetogaster lymnaei, one of them being a commensal and the other the kidney endoparasite. The nerve cells of parasitic forms are characterised by the presence of a whole set of structural simplifications. These are the poorer development of endoplasmic reticulum, the greater number of free ribosomes in the cell and the less number of mitochondria with certain alternations in the ultrastructure. The given features are suggested as criteria when studying the influence of parasitic mode of life upon the ultrastructural organization of the cells.


[Longevity of marine cystophorous cercariae in the environment]. Experiments were conducted on the duration of life in sea water of three species of cystophorous cercariae from the Barents sea. The expenditure of reserve nutritive substances (glycogene) in the process of the vital activity of cercariae was followed. The life duration of cystophorous cercariae is considerably longer than that cited in literature for other groups of cercariae that is associated with their morphological and biological peculiarities.


Lymphatic abnormalities in Noonan's syndrome. Five boys who had Noonan's syndrome and lymphatic abnormalities are reported. The youngest boy had clinical lymphoedema and the other four showed dermal backflow after interdigital injection of Patent Blue indicating impairment of flow along the superficial lymphatics. One boy had severe bilateral chylothorax. The lymphographic findings in four of these boys are reported. Patients with the Noonan syndrome frequently have oedema of the hands and feet at birth, which decreases during the first years of life [10]. It has been demonstrated by lymphography that similar peripheral oedema in patients with the Turner's syndrome is due to lymphatic hypoplasia [1, 3]. We report certain lymphatic abnormalities diagnosed by lymphography in four out of five patients with Noonan's syndrome.


The computer as an aid in the daily practice of pediatric radiology. The use of a relatively small computer limited to a Department of Radiology has considerable benefit in report generation and information retrieval. In addition, the arithmetical tasks of pediatric radiological reporting procedures such as bone age and scanograms have been automated, and other helpful features have arisen.


Pulmonary edema following skin absorption of organophosphate insecticide. We report a case of acute pulmonary edema following exposure to organophosphate insectocide. Hypoxia, respiratory failure, and parasympathetic discharge are implicated in the pathogenesis and are related to the anticholinesterase activity of the toxicant. Rapid onset of acute pulmonary edema without cardiomegaly followed by prompt clearing are the radiographic features.


Extragonadal endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor. Angiographic findings and literature review. The angiographic and pathologic features of an endodermal sinus tumor (EST) arising from the retroperitoneum in a 19-month-old boy are presented. Although rare instances of extragonadal origin of EST have been reported, this is the first detailed description of the angiographic abnormalities. The angiographic appearance was that of a primarily retroperitoneal tumor with parasitized feeding arteries from the liver and right kidney, early filling venous radicles, sinusoidal pooling of contrast material, and inferior vena caval obstruction.


Pneumopericardium as a complication of foreign body aspiration. A case of pneumopericardium in an infant complicating aspiration of a foreign body is reported. In addition to X-ray studies echocardiography is valuable for the control of the disease. The pathogenesis and the treatment are discussed and a short review of the literature is given.


Ascaris perforation of the common bile duct demonstrated by intravenous cholangiography. Roundworm infection rarely causes common bile duct perforation. This complication was demonstrated by intravenous cholangiography in a sixteen month old girl.


Computer reconstructed sagittal and coronal CT scans. Applications in neurological disorders of infants and children. Recent technical advances in computed tomography (CT) allow sagittal and coronal image reconstruction by computer manipulation of data from thin-section transverse scans. Three cases are presented to illustrate this new supplementary modality in the pediatric patient. The technique, diagnostic implications and value of orthogonal plane image reconstruction are discussed.


The radiology of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). A review of 47 cases and the literature. The radiological findings in 47 neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are reviewed. The presence of nonspecific, generalized bowel dilatation is stressed as being an important sign in early diagnosis and the progress of the distribution of the dilated loops is important in evaluating progress of the disease process. It is thus the key to the radiology of NEC. Intramural gas and portal venous gas are not always related to the severity of the disease and their disappearance is not always related to clinical improvement. These signs are therefore poor prognostic indicators. Important radiological indications for surgery besides free intraperitoneal gas and free fluid include: 1. diminished bowel gas with asymmetric loops, and 2. persistent dilated loops. Because of the number of colonic strictures seen at our hospital we advise routine barium enemas (several weeks after the acute phase) in all infants who have had NEC. Following bowel resection contrast studies of both distal and proximal remaining bowel are essential to exclude further stricture formation prior to final reanastomosis.


Renal medullary necrosis in infants and children. Two cases of renal medullary necrosis in young infants demonstrated on excretory urography are reported. 24 cases of renal medullary necrosis in children recognised at autopsy at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children between 1953 and 1977 are reviewed. Radiologists should be aware and in search of this entity in all children with history of kidney hypoxia.


Spondylometaphyseal dysplasia in two sibs of normal parents. Two sibs with identical features of short-limbed dwarfism, a normal skull and face and normal intelligence are described. On the basis of the radiological and clinical characteristics the condition must be included within the group of spondylometaphyseal dysplasias. In contrast to the familial cases described up to now in which the mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant, the trait in the two children described here was transmitted as an autosomal recessive.


Radiological signs of mucolipidosis II or I-cell disease. A study of nine cases. Nine cases of mucolipidosis II are presented with illustrations and a discussion of specific radiologic features: these distinguish Mucolipidosis II from other storage diseases.


Pulmonary lavage in preterm lambs.

Pulmonary lavage in preterm lambs. Pulmonary function was studied before and after bilateral lung lavage with oxygenated FC-80 fluorocarbon liquid in seven perterm lambs, 134 days of gestation. Measurements of transpulmoary pressure, airflow, tidal volume, and functional residual capacity (FRC) enabled calculation of lung resistance and compliance, specific compliance, and work of breathing. Immediately postlavage, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) by 41% from control values. In addition, at 1 hr postlavage, lung compliance significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) by 43% from control levels. Lung resistance, FRC work of breathing arterial carbon dioxide tension, and pH postlavage were not significantly different from prelavage values. The mean volume of FC-80 remaining in the lungs at 1 hr postlavage was 32% of the instilled volume. These data indicate that lung lavage with a low surface tension liquid has a relatively small effect on lung mechanics of the premature lung.


Decreased prostaglandin E turnover in infants with essential fatty acid deficiency. Sick low birth weight infants (LBWI) are prone to develop rapid onset of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency. EFAs serve as precursors for prostaglandins (PGs). We measured the excretion of the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandins E1 and E2, 7alpha-hydroxy-5,11-diketotetranorprostane-1,16-dionic acid (PGE-M), in three EFA-deficient and in nine thriving neonates. There was no significant difference in PGE-M excretion between the sexes among thriving infants nor did PGE-M excretion appear to be affected by postconceptual age. However, a significant difference between the PGE-M excretion in the group of infants with EFA deficiency before and after treatment is apparent (P less than 0.05). Significant differences in PGE-M excretion were also found between the control group and the EFA-deficient infants. The severity of the EFA deficiency correlates directly with the degree of PGs excretion. The biochemical evidences of EFA deficiency and the decreased levels of PGE-M excretion are rapidly corrected when patients resume a diet containing EFA.


Response of rat intestine to a hyperosmotic feeding. After a single force-feeding of hypertonic (1300 mOsm) mannitol to rats there is rapid osmotic equilibration of the jejunal fluid, a sharp drop in luminal mannitol concentration and large influxes of water and sodium. During osmotic equilibration there was a significant loss of cells from the jejunal mucosa. In hypertonically fed rats there was an accumulation of protein, DNA, [3H]thymidine-labeled DNA, and disaccharidases in intestinal washings. Brush border disaccharidase specific activities on the jejunal mucosa were unaltered. Under the light microscope jejunal villi from hypertonic mannitol rats were comparable to controls. Some epithelial cells from rats force-fed hypertonic mannitol showed transient ultrastructural damage. Microvilli of some cells were shortened and fused at their bases 20 and 40 min after the force-feeding. By 120 min epithelial cell microvilli were all normal in appearance. In hypertonically fed rats the lateral interdigitating plasma membranes became disorganized. Large fragments budded off into one cell and fused to form larger stuctures. By 120 min many lysosomal autophagic vacuoles and residual bodies were seen. A single hypertonic force feeding produced jejunal cell loss associated with loss of brush border disaccharidases and focal ultrastructural damage.


Retardation of secretory capacity of immature rat parotid gland by chronic administration of isoproterenol. The present findings show that while chronic administration of the catecholamine isoproterenol to immature rats causes accelerated structural development, it causes an inhibition of certain aspects of secretory function. The effects on both structure and function are however closely dependent on the stage of development during which the agent is administered. When the isoproterenol is given for 8 days between 12 and 20 days of age, amylase, Na, and K concentrations of pilocarpine-evoked parotid saliva of the treated and control littermates are similar. If, however, the agent is given between 22 and 30 days of age, amylase of the isoproterenol-treated glands is only one-fourth that of controls, and K concentration is higher than that of controls whereas Na is lower. The glands of controls in both pre- and postweanling groups produce greater volumes of water than do isoproterenol-treated glands. Developmentally, these data represent less advanced secretory abilities, and therefore isoproterenol induces inhibition of secretory capacity, rather enhancement.


Effect of various phototherapy regimens on bilirubin decrement. Continuous phototherapy in full-term newborns was found to be more effective than intermittent illumination. Treatment efficacy was also related to age and the initial bilirubin level of the infants. In fact, the reported data indicate an increased therapeutic effect in newborns affected with nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia who had an initial bilirubin level greater than 15 mg/dl as compared to neonates with an initial bilirubin level less than 15 mg/dl. The light treatment was also more effective in infants older than 3 days, possibly because of an increased ligandin and conjugating capacity. Shielding the hepatic area during illumination significantly decreases the efficiency of this treatment, suggesting that the liver could also be a phototherapeutic action site.


Late effect of nocturnal mist tent therapy related to the severity of airway obstruction in children with cystic fibrosis. To evaluate the long-term effect of nocturnal mist tent therapy on the progression of airway obstruction in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) of varying severity, two matched groups each consisting of 24 children with CF were studied during 18 months on mist tent therapy and 18 months of therapy. The progression in airway obstruction was measured by change in serial measurements of maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF), from which a regression equation of MMEF against time was obtained for each individual. Changes in MMEF value with or without therapy were compared in patients matched for severity of disease as indicated by initial MMEF values. For the group as a whole no differences were found in the progression of the airway obstruction whether the patients received mist tent therapy or not. This therapy failed to benefit any of the groups of children with CF who had early, moderate, or advanced airway obstruction as judged from their initial MMEF value. It is concluded that nocturnal mist tent therapy neither decreases airway obstruction nor prevents its progression in children with CF.


Clinical pharmacology and efficacy of ticarcillin in infants and children. Ticarcillin was evaluated in 82 neonates and young infants with suspected sepsis and in 16 older children with chronic Pseudomonas infection of the mastoids. The infants also received kanamycin. Individual ticarcillin doses of 75 or 100 mg/kg were given every four, six, or eight hours by intramuscular injection or by a 30-minute intravenous infusion. Mean plasma concentrations one hour after a dose were from 125 to 189 microgram/ml, depending on dosage, age, and maturity. Mean plasma half-lives were approximately 5 hours in the first week of life, 2 hours in infants from 1 to 8 weeks, and 0.9 hours in older children. Volume of distribution was approximately twice as great in infants as in children, and plasma clearance rates correlated inversely with age. Limited efficacy data suggest that ticarcillin is a suitable alternative to ampicillin or carbenicillin, when given concurrently with an aminoglycoside, for newborn infections. When given for several days before mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty, ticarcillin sterilized the mastoids in the majority of patients. A new dosage schedule for ticarcillin in pediatric patients is proposed.


Hepatic injury in a child caused by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was given to a 16-year-old boy as prophylaxis for a urinary tract infection. He developed severe cholestatic hepatitis 41 days after administration of the drug. A liver biopsy specimen showed a mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the portal triads and prominent bile stasis. The clinical course in this patient supports the concept of an indirect hypersensitivity reaction to sulfamethoxazole.


Q-oTc interval and blood calcium levels in newborn infants. The interval from the beginning of the Q wave to the origin of the T wave (Q-oTc interval) and total and ionized serum calcium levels were measured in 27 full-term and 77 premature infants. The correlation between Q-oTc and total and ionized calcium levels was significant in both full-term and normal premature infants. No correlation was found in a group of critically ill premature infants, most of whom had evidence of CNS involvement. Constant infusion of calcium gluconate in a number of infants belonging to the latter group produced a significant shortening of the Q-oTc interval. It is speculated that the lack of correlation of Q-oTc interval and total or ionized calcium levels in sick premature infants could be explained on the basis of a dysfunction in cardiac sympathetics or alternatively by marked variations in serum catecholamines.


Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: the role of gastrin reevaluated. In order to evaluate the potential role of gastrin in the etiology of pyloric stenosis, serum gastrin levels were measured in cord blood of affected infants, matched controls, and mothers of both. No differences were identified when values from infants with pyloric stenosis were compared with those from control infants. Mean cord serum gastrin levels of the infants were significantly greater than the mean maternal gastrin levels. The data effectively dismiss the possibility that elevated serum gastrin concentration in mother or infant at the time of delivery can be implicated as a cause of pyloric stenosis.


Ophthalmoplegic migraine in infancy.

Ophthalmoplegic migraine in infancy. Isolated oculomotor nerve palsy is an unusual finding in the pediatric patient. Third nerve weakness is a rare complication of vascular headaches, and there are few reported cases of so-called ophthalmoplegic migraine (OM) in young children. Recently we have seen a 12-month-old girl with OM that appeared to respond to treatment with propranolol.


Isovalericacidemia: a case report.

Isovalericacidemia: a case report. Aminoacidopathies are rare metabolic defects that frequently present shortly after birth or in early infancy with vomiting, dehydration, ketoacidosis, and a peculiar body odor. If not recognized early, these can result in developmental retardation and/or death. A case of isovalericacidemia is reported to emphasize the importance of metabolic screening when an infant presents with the above-mentioned symptoms along with an anion gap greater than 20 mEq/liter. In our patient, a metabolic disorder was suggested by the clinical presentation and was confirmed by measuring elevated levels of biproducts. The infant was given a low-leucine diet and has developed normally since then.


Early increase in intracranial pressure in preterm infants. Noninvasive measurement of intracranial pressure is now available via the anterior fontanel in newborn infants. We measured intracranial pressure during the first week of life in 18 preterm infants and found a statistically significant increase from birth to age 24 hours and a significant decrease by 48 hours (13.8 vs. 24.4 vs. 14.3 cm H2O). This did not seem to be the result of postnatal head shrinkage. There were no other apparent correlations. We suspect that hypoxia may play an important role in the etiology of increased intracranial pressure. We believe that these findings may have important implications for intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants.


Cost of living for infants weighing 1,000 grams or less at birth. This article reports the in-hospital cost of caring for 75 infants weighing 1,000 gm or less at birth who were born during the 2 1/2-year period between January 1973 and June 1975. Thirty infants (40%) survived. Nineteen of 27 infants tested (70%) appear to be neurologically and developmentally "normal" at 1 to 3 years of age. Hospital charges were adjusted to September 1976 rates and corrected for a 94% collection rate. Physicians' fees represented less than 5% of the total bill and were not included. The average adjusted daily and total costs for the 45 infants who died were $825 and $14,236, respectively. The average adjusted daily and total costs for the 30 survivors were $450 and $40,287, respectively. The average adjusted total cost per "normal" survivor was $88,058. It is our belief that the outcome justifies this expense. Society, however, must be the ultimate judge.


Angina pectoris in a child with sickle cell anemia. A 7-year-old black boy with sickle cell disease, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, mild left ventricular dysfunction, and normal coronary arteries developed angina pectoris five months after cessation of hypertransfusion therapy. Exercise-induced ECG ST segment depression associated with angina disappeared following transfusion therapy.


Cerebral echinococcosis, a pediatric disease: report of two cases with one successful five-year follow-up. Two cases of cerebral echinococcosis in children emphasize the need to consider the Echinococcus in the differential diagnosis of children with CNS signs and symptoms. One patient died because of delay in seeking medical attention. The other is now a 22-year-old college student with no evidence of recurrence more than five years after removal of Echinococcus cysts from both brain and liver. The newer modalities available for diagnosis are discussed. Therapy with mebendazole is reviewed; this relatively new, highly effective anthelmintic is well tolerated and has been apparently highly effective in a small number of cases.


Volume discrimination in golden hamsters. To 8 subjects (golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus), having learned to discriminate between two cubic volumes of very different size, test-situations were presented to determine  if the three spatial dimensions were taken into account during learning. The results show that width is the most used dimension.


Influence of local and central factors in dominating rated perceived exertion during physical work. The literature suggests two major factors determine rated perceived exertion during physical work. These two factors are a local factor, i.e., sensations or feelings of strain in the working muscles and/or joints; and a central factor, i.e., sensations or feelings primarily associated with the cardiorespiratory systems. In some experiments heart rate and minute ventilation (central vactors) appear to be the dominant cues for rated perceived exertion, while in others, local factors such as blood lactate concentration and muscular discomfort seem to be the prominent cues. However, it appears that when a particular cue is accentuated by either elevated rate, concentration or value over others it can dominate the over-all rating of perceived exertion. After evaluating the existing literature, a model has been introduced to evaluate differentiated ratings of perceived exertion (local and central) in comparison to the over-all measure. This model may help aid in a better understanding of the mechanisms by which the subjective perception of exertion is determined during different types of physical work.


Body experience before and after surgery. 20 hospitalized male subjects were evaluated with a battery of body-perception tests both pre- and post-operatively. Their scores were also compared with those of normal healthy adults. The results indicated great stability in organization of body experience even in the context of the surgical experience.


Relation of eye movements to errors on the Rod-and-Frame Test. By a selective-attention model of rod-and-frame test performance frame-independent (small error) subjects are better able than frame-dependent (large error) subjects to select out relevant cues (the rod) while suppressing irrelevant ones (the frame). However, certain clinical studies have implied that smaller errors can be obtained by employing eye-movement strategies that ignore rather than actively suppress irrelevant cues. In this study the number, magnitude, and rate of eye movements were measured in 15 subjects actively engaged in the test. While no discernible relationship of these variables to test errors was determined for frame-dependent subjects, significant negative correlations of rate and magnitude of movement with errors were demonstrated for frame-independent subjects. Group differences were observed in number and magnitude of eye movements. These findings are discussed as support for the hypothesis of selective attention.


Effects of type of target, cognitive ability, and age on projection. It was hypothesized that older and more cognitively developed children would be less likely to use both attributive and contrast projection. Real and ambiguous target figures were used to assess the effect of the type of target on projection. 30 boys and 31 girls between the ages of 7 yr., 10 mo. and 14 yr., 10 mo. predicted a favored classmate's preferences in each of several categories. They also predicted the preferences of an unfavored classmate and of favored and unfavored ambiguous targets. These predictions were compared with the subjects' own preferences to measure attributive and contrast projection. Type of target affected the amount of projection. There was significantly more contrast projection onto ambiguous targets (dolls) than onto real targets (classmates). There was significantly more attributive than contrast projection for the real targets only. A significant negative correlation of -.26 (df = 59) was obtained between age and contrast projection onto the real targets. There were no significant correlations between the other measures of projection and the indices of cognitive ability, including age.


Performance of brain-damaged, schizophrenic, and normal subjects on a visual searching task. Goldstein, Rennick, Welch, and Shelly (1973) reported on a visual searching task that generated 94.1% correct classifications when comparing brain-damaged and normal subjects, and 79.4% correct classifications when comparing brain-damaged and psychiatric patients. In the present study, representing a partial cross-validation with some modification of the test procedure, comparisons were made between brain-damaged and schizophrenic, and brain-damaged and normal subjects. There were 92.5% correct classifications for the brain-damaged vs normal comparison, and 82.5% correct classifications for the brain-damaged vs schizophrenic comparison.


Some personality correlates of time competence, temporal extension and temporal evaluation. In a study of the relationship among three temporal dimensions, viz., competence, extension, and evaluation, and a number of personality variables including ego strength, external control, and dogmatism for 21 males and 19 females time competence and temporal evaluation related closely to a number of these variables while the relationship with extension was weak. The implications were discussed with reference to the value and validity of measures of temporal extension.


Memory and electro-dermal activity.

Memory and electro-dermal activity. To test Levonian's retentivity-accessibility hypothesis on arousal and retention 48 undergraduates participated in an experiment on retention while skin resistance was recorded. Results support Levonian's hypothesis only for longer-term (30-min.) retention but not for short-tem (3-min.) retention.