Reisolation of the carbon monoxide utilizing hydrogen bacterium Pseudomonas carboxydovorans (Kistner) comb. nov. From enrichment cultures four carbon monoxide utilizing bacteria were isolated; strain OM5 isolated from waste water was studied in detail. The cells are Gram-negative, slightly curved rods, motile by a single subpolarly inserted flagellum. The colonies are smooth, translucent and not slimy. The cells are able to grow autotrophically in mineral medium under an atmosphere of 40% CO, 5% O2 and 55% N2 at a doubling time of 20h (30 degrees C) or of 85% H2, 5% O2 and 10% CO2 at a doubling time of 7h. Heterotrophic growth occurred on organic acids such as acetate(td = 8h), pyruvate(td = 8h), lactate, crotonate, malate, succinate (td = 8h), formate (td = 35h) and glyoxylate as substrates. The enzyme system for carbon monoxide utilization is formed only during growth on CO; hydrogenase is present in cells grown on CO or on H2 + CO2 as well as grown on pyruvate. The rate of oxygen reduction by intact CO-grown cells is 3.7-fold higher in the presence of hydrogen than in the presence of carbon monoxide. During growth the stoichiometry of gas uptake was 6.1 CO + 2.8 O2 + H2O leads to CH2O +5.1 CO2. For the new isolate the name Pseudomonas carboxydovorans (Kistner) comb. nov. has been proposed.


Stimulation of growth and glucose catabolite enzymes by succinate in some thermophilic fungi. Thermophilic Humicola lanuginosa, Penicillium duponti, Sporotrichum thermophile and Mucor pusillus required succinate in addition to glucose for optimal growth. The requirement for succinate was concentration-dependent and the concentration needed for one half of the maximal growth was 6.14mM. In the presence of succinate, glucose utilization from the medium was markedly increased and this was associated with increased levels of the enzymes of the glycolytic and Krebs cycle pathways. Addition of succinate to cultures growing in glucose at any stage of growth stimulated the growth with the resulting rate of growth remaining high if the addition was made within 3 days of inoculation. Cycloheximide (71.4 micrometer) prevented the succinate-mediated derepression of the enzymes suggesting that succinate may remove the catabolite repression in the presence of glucose.


Isolation of lipopolysaccharides and the effect of polymyxin B on the outer membrane of Corynebacterium autotrophicum. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Corynebacterium autotrophicum were isolated and analyzed. Autotrophically grown cells contained 2--5 mg of partly purified LPS per g dry weight of lyophilized cells. Serological cross reaction with Lipid A antigen of Salmonella minnesota confirmed the presence of LPS in C. autotrophicum. Electron microscopy of negatively stained Polymyxin B-treated cells showed formation of blebs on the Outer Membrane indicating an interaction of Polymyxin B specifically with LPS. Up to now, no Gram-positive organisms are known which contain any LPS. Thus, C. autotrophicum, though giving opposite results when the Gram-staining reaction was applied by several authors, has to be classified into the group of Gram-negative bacteria.


Chemical composition of the peptidoglycan-free cell walls of methanogenic bacteria. Cell walls were prepared from freeze-dried samples of 7 strains of Methanobacterium by mechanical disintegration of the cells followed by incubation with trypsin. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of sacculi exhibiting the shape of the original cells, on which no surface structure could be detected. Ultrathin sections of the isolated sacculi showed a homogenously electron dense layer of about 10--15 nm in width. The ash content varied between 8 and 18% of dry weight. The sacculi of all the strains contained Lys: Ala:Glu:GlcNAc or GalNAc in a molar ratio of about 1:1.2:2:1. In one strain (M. ruminantium M1) alanine is replaced by threonine, however, Neutral sugars and--in some strains--additional amounts of the amino sugars were present in variable amounts, and could be removed by formamide extraction or HF treatment without destroying the sacculi. No muramic acid or D-amino acids typical of peptidoglycan were found. Therefore, the sacculi of the methanobacteria consist of a different polymer containing a set of three L-amino acids and one N-acetylated amino sugar. From cells of Methanospirillum hungatii no sacculi, but tube-like sheaths could be isolated, which tend to fracture perpendicularly to the long axis of the sheath along the fibrills seen on the surface. The sheaths consist of protein containing 18 amino acids and small amounts of neutral sugars. They are resistent to the proteinases tested and are not disintegrated by boiling in 2% sodium dodecylsulfate for 30 min. The three Gram-negative strains Black Sea isolate JR-1, Cariaco isolate JR-1 and Methanobacterium mobile do not contain a rigid sacculus, but merely a SDS-sensitive surface layer composed of regularly arranged protein subunits. This evidence indicates that, within the methanogens, different cell wall polymers characteristic of particular groups of organisms may have evolved during evolution, and supports the hypothesis that the evolution of the methanogens was separated from that of the peptidoglycan-containing procaryotic organisms at a very early stage.


Bacteriochlorophyll cs, a new bacteriochlorophyll from Chloroflexus aurantiacus. From four strains of the gliding phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus, the as yet unknown bacteriochlorophyll cs was isolated in addition to small amounts of the known bacteriochlorophyll ap. The new bacteriochlorophyll cs is the main photosynthetic pigment of these organisms under the growth conditions used. It is different from the known bacteriochlorophylls c, as could be shown unequivocally by chromatographic examinations. Evidence for the structure of the new bacteriochlorophyll cs was obtained from mass spectra. The u.v./vis.-spectra and the chromatographic behavior are in accord with the suggested structure. The result includes two particularly interesting aspects: 1. Unlike the bacteriochlorophylls c, d, and e of the Chlorobiaceae, bacteriochlorophyll cs of Chloroflexus is not a mixture of isomeric and homologous molecules; 2. the esterifying alcohol of the propionic acid side chain is neither farnesol nor another isoprenoid alcohol, but is the straight chain aliphatic (C-18) stearylalcohol.


The anaerobic decomposition of benzoic acid during methane fermentation. III. The fate of carbon four and the identification of propanoic acid. Anaerobic rupture of the benzoic acid ring was investigated. Carbon 4 was converted primarily to carbon dioxide. Following ring rupture during methane fermentation, propanoic acid is an intermediate, and carbon 4 of benzoate becomes its carboxyl.


The anaerobic decomposition of benzoic acid during methane fermentation. IV. Dearomatization of the ring and volatile fatty acids formed on ring rupture. A possible pathway for the anaerobic utilization of benzoic acid by a methanogenic consortium is suggested. Cyclohexane carboxylic acid and 1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid have been identified as intermediates before ring rupture. Suprisingly, 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid interferes with utilization of other cyclic acids. In addition, isobutyric acid or short chain acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds could not be used without induction periods of a  week or longer. A number of volatile fatty acids (heptanoic, valeric, butyric, propanoic, and acetic) have been identified and are suggested intermediates.


Specific antibodies to the N-termini of the interpeptide bridges of peptidoglycan. The synthetic peptides Gly5-epsilon-Ahx and L-Ala3-epsilon-Ahx, with structural similarity to the interpeptide bridge peptides of staphylococci or micrococci, respectively, were convalently linked to human serum albumin via their carboxylgroups. Antisera to these synthetic peptidyl-protein antigens contained fairly high amounts of antibodies with specificity to the N-terminal parts of the peptide chains attached to the carrier proteins. Antisera to (Gly5-epsilon-Ahx)20-albumin gave, without exception, strong precipitin reactions in latex-agglutination with staphylococcal peptido-glycans. The antisera completely failed, however, in any reaction with peptidoglycans of micrococci or other bacteria which did not have these oligo-glycine peptides typical for staphylococci. On the contrary, antisera to (l-Ala3-epsilon-Ahx)22-albumin strongly precipitated micrococcalpeptidoglycans with oligo-L-alanine interpeptide bridges (e.g. Micrococcus varians. Micrococcus roseus), but showed no significant reaction with peptidoglycans of staphylococci or other bacteria lacking oligo-L-alanine interpeptide bridges.


Isolation, characterization, and numerical taxonomy of Simonsiella strains from the oral cavities of cats, dogs, sheep, and humans. Forty-nine strains of the gliding prokaryote Simonsiella were isolated from the oral cavities of cats (8), dogs (19), sheep (4), and humans (18) in Southern California by a direct isolation procedure using a complex serum-enriched medium. The numerical taxonomic analysis (unweighted pair-group method using arithmetric averages) of 57 differential traits for each strain was based on standard bacteriological diagnostic tests and included the molar guanine-plus-cytosine contents of the DNA and the relative percentages of fatty acid contents reported earlier. The resulting phenogram clustered the strains of Simonsiella into groups that correlated with sources of origin. The study included the neotype strain of Simonsiella crassa (ATCC 27504, ICPB 3651, NCTC 10283) of Australian sheep origin. The strains isolated from dogs, sheep, and humans form clusters of organisms that appear to have become adapted to live in and possibly to have evolved with their respective "hosts". In our judgment, these source-of-origin clusters represent different "ecospecies".


Role of carbon dioxide in germination of spores of Streptomyces viridochromogenes. CO2 is required continuously during germination of Streptomyces viridochromogenes spores. Spores incubated in a defined germination medium in the absence of CO2 remain phase bright and do not release spore carbon. In the presence of CO2, the spores initiate germination accompanied by loss of refractility and spore carbon. The CO2 requirement is replaced by oxaloacetate or a mixture of tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates. Labeled CO2 is taken up by germinating spores, and is incorporated into protein and RNA. TCA cycle intermediates and related amino acids contain most of the acid-soluble label following short term exposures of germinating spores to 14CO2. TCA cycle inhibitors repress germination and 14CO2 uptake whereas folic acid antagonists do not. The results indicate that CO2 is incorporated into oxaloacetate which is converted to biosynthetic intermediates required for germination. Operation of the TCA cycle appears to be essential for spore germination. The conclusion is reached that CO2 is required during germination in order to maintain the cycle by an anaplerotic reaction.


Sporogenesis in Streptomyces melanochromogenes. The mode of spore differentiation in a strain of Streptomyces melanochromogenes was followed by analysis of ultrathin sections of sporulating aerial hyphae at various stages of sporogenesis. A special accent was laid on the formation of the sporulation septum and its alterations in the course of spore delimitation and separation. Distinct differences in formation and substructure have been observed between the cross walls of vegetative hyphae and the sporulation septa. Cross walls of vegetative hyphae are formed in a way typical for Gram-positive bacteria by a centripetal annular ingrowth of cytoplasmic membrane, on which wall material immediately is deposited. The development of the sporulation septa is characterized by the accumulation of amorphous material in addition to the newly synthesized wall layer inside the invaginating cytoplasmic membrane. This amorphous septal material will later be decomposed presumably by two lytic systems which cause the separation of the spores. The central region of the finished sporulation septum is perforated by microplasmodesmata. Spores are released by a break down of the surface sheath. The complete spores are enveloped by a two-layered cell wall and the spiny surface sheath.


[Research and production at the Friedrich Loeffler Institute for lifestock protection against virus epidemics in the German Democratic Republic]. Friedrich Loeffler's discovery of the pathogen of foot and mouth disease actually ushered in the era of virus research on man and animal and gave birth, at the same time, to efforts for immunoprophylaxis against the disease. This led directly to the foundation of the world's first virological institute on Riems Island. A brief account is given of the developments that have taken place up to our days in research and production at Friedrich-Loeffler Institute for Epizootiological Research on Riems Island. The Institute is affiliated to the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the German Democratic Republic. The importance of immunoprophylaxis to prevention and control of infectious diseases among agricultural animals has grown on the basis of present microbiological knowledge and along with progress in livestock production. This concept is explained in greater detail, and aspects of fundamental importance to appropriate research are expounded.


[Biology of influenza viruses].

[Biology of influenza viruses]. Studies were conducted into antigenic variability, the most characteristic and unique parameter of influenza virus, with particular attention being given to its dependence on and correlations with virus structure, virus polypeptides, and antigenic components of the envelope. Emphasis was laid on major phases of the replication cycle, such as the phenomena of drift and shift as well as their possible mechanisms and epidemiological bearings.


[Viral hepatitis].

[Viral hepatitis]. Viral hepatitis is one of the most frequent infectious diseases of our time. It is of great concern to the epidemiological risk groups such as research laboratories, dialysis units and other public health agencies. The result of epidemiological, immunological, morphological and biochemical studies have demonstrated, that this disease is caused by at least two different viruses. The hepatitis A virus (HAV) induces the type A hepatitis and the hepatitis B virus (HBV) the type B hepatitis. Two antigen-antibody systems are associated with viral hepatitis type B: the hepatitis B-surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-HBs) and the hepatitis B-core Antigen (HBcAg) and antibody (anti-HBc). In the last years great progress has been made in the characterization of these distinct viruses. Both can be transmitted to monkeys. Advances in biophysical and biochemical procedures of treatment of hepatitis B sera have already resulted in first vaccination trials.


[Genetics of influenza viruses].

[Genetics of influenza viruses]. An account is given of important fundamentals, working methods, and recent results in the context of influenza virus genetics. Reference is made to the potentials implied in gene mapping and to the possibility of elucidating the correlations between the single gene and all biological properties of the influenza virus. Discussed against that background are the polyacrylamide electrophoresis of virus RNA, hybridisation with complementary RNA, immunological and chemical differentiation of gene products, as well as the use of defect mutants and of recombinant formation. It is shown that successful elucidation of the genesis of new virus strains is possible by means of those methods which also enable the preparation of virus strains with desired properties. This is likely to open up new horizons for more progress in the context of immunoprophylaxis against virus influenza.


[Ultracentrifugation in virus diagnosis]. Ultracentrifugation has assumed growing importance in virus diagnosis as a technique by which to concentrate and purify viruses for immediacy diagnosis on the basis of electron microscopy as well as for purely virological and serological tests. Ultracentrifugation has proved to be helpful for sizeable improvement of sensitivity for detection, which, in turn, has been conducive to time saving. The preparational ultracentrifuge enables also direct diagnosis by determination of isodensities and sedimentation coefficients of viruses and their components. Examples are mentioned, in that context, such as FMD virus, virus of vesicular swine disease, virus of larynx papillomatosis of man, and goose influenza virus. An account is given of isodensities and sedimentation coefficients of animal viruses.


[Comparative pathology and etiology of lymphatic tumors in fowl]. The tumours associated to lymphoid leucosis and Marek's disease are compared with lymphoproliferative diseases of man and other species, by morphological, immunomorphological, and aetiological criteria. Morphological and immunomorphological similarities were found to exist between lymphoid leucosis and malignant lymphomas of the B-cell system in man, more particularly, follicular lymphoma, lamphoblastic lymphosarcoma of the B-cell type, Burkitt's lymphoma, and immunoblastic lymphoma. Equivalent similarities with Marek's disease are relating particularly to Hodgkin's disease, infectious mononucleosis, and malignant lymphomas of the T-cell system. Aetiological relations were found to exist between lymphoid leucosis and the oncorna-virus-dependent lymphatic tumours in mammals, while similarities with Marek's disease were relating to infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, and herpes-virus-dependent lymphatic tumours in monkey. Reference is made to the model nature of both lymphoid leucosis and Marek's disease and the resulting relevance to tumour research.


[Programs and goals of the CMEA Reference Center for Permanent Cell Lines at the Friedrich-Loeffler Institute for Animal Diseases Insel Riems]. Multilateral economic as well as techno-scientific cooperation is in a process of persistent expansion between the member countries of CMEA. This is the background against which the need for as well as the programme and the scientific, political, and economic importance of a reference centre for permanent cell lines (cell bank) at CMEA level are described. The centre is attached to Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut für Tierseuchenforschung which is run under the umbrella of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences of the GDR.


[Production of influenza virus recombinations]. Described in this paper is the preparation of influenza virus recombination partners, H3N2 and H3N1, by poly-infection of primary embryonic fowl cells with influenza virus A/Greifswald/6/74 (H3N2) or with A/Greifswald/1/76 (H3N2) and A/PR/8/34 (H0N1). Purification was based on four consecutive plaque isolations. The productivity of all recombination partners isolated in the embryonated fowl egg was higher than that of parent strain, H3N2. A recombination partner of H0N2 was obtained from poly-infection of isolated chorio-allantois membranes (CAM) with inactivated influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/Greifswald/6/74 (H3N2), the whole process being exposed to the action of serum anti-H3N1. Purification was undertaken via plaque passages, as well. The recombination partners could be characterised by determination of haemagglutination titres in the embryonated fowl egg and by reference to plaque diameters.


Excess mortality in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Do suicides and accidental deaths solely account for this excess? Excess mortality was found in the first decade of follow-up for schizophrenia and affective disorders. This trend continued for schizophrenia throughout the entire four decades of the follow-up period. Suicides were higher than expected for all psychiatric groups except female schizophrenics and male manics. Accidental deaths were higher in these two groups, which did not show significantly excessive suicide rates. Suicides and accidental deaths were then excluded from the mortality analysis to determine their contribution to excess nortality. We conclude that death due to suicides and accidental deaths is not the sole cause for excess mortality, especially in schizophrenia.


Psychiatric screening in a medical clinic. An evaluation of a self-report inventory. A self-report symptom inventory, the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, was used as a screening test for psychiatric disorder in a group of 82 new patients in a university hospital outpatient medical clinic, and the results were compared with interviewer diagnoses. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the group was high (83%). Both parametric (discriminant function analysis) and nonparametric (contingency table) methods produced screening results from the patient self-ratings that were statistically significant but of limited accuracy in separating psychiatrically ill from well patients. Comparison of patient and interviewer ratings of symptoms indicated substantial agreement, suggesting that the screening accuracy of the symptom inventory is limited by the absence of historical and observational data.


[Neonatal detection of hypothyroidism in the South-Pyrenean region. Results of 14,000 determinations of T4 in blood eluates collected on blotting-paper]. Screening for neonatal hypothyroidism has been undertaken in Southern France by the estimation of T4 in the eluates of blood spots on filter paper. Since March 1976, 14,000 estimations have been made and four cases of hypothyroidism with very low levels of T4 have been detected (less than 38 pg/2 spots). Two cases had high TSH levels (greater than 200 microunits/2 spots). Blood was taken from the hypothyroid babies on the 20th day of life, to check the findings and in all cases the thyroxine was less than 2.8 microgrammes/100 ml and the TSH greater than 40 microunits/ml. T3 was reduced in three cases (less than 75 pg/ml) and normal in one case (150 pg/ml). In all cases no thyroid tissue could be demonstrated with technitium scan. In the first month of life there were practically no symptoms except for mottling of the skin in two cases, a large posterior fontanelle in two cases and in one baby a prolonged neonatal jaundice.


Activities of types A and B MAO and catechol-o-methyltransferase in blood cells and skin fibroblasts of normal and chronic schizophrenic subjects. We assayed activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO) type B in blood platelets and type A (and B) in fibroblasts cultured from punch biopsy specimens of skin, as well as of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in erythrocytes and fibroblasts. Fibroblasts contained moderate amounts of both forms of MAO (types A and B) found in human brain and large amounts of COMT activity. Activities of both enzymes correlated poorly between fibroblasts and blood cells. Comparing carefully diagnosed chronic schizophrenics with age-matched normal young men, we found no difference in these biochemical variables, nor could we distinguish patients with paranoid symptoms. In contrast, we confirmed markedly lower MAO activities in platelet samples from chronic patients provided by colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health. Results concerning MAO and COMT activities are now sufficiently inconsistently characteristic of schizophrenics as to question their clinical applicability and to indicate a need for further critical evaluation, with special attention to diagnosis, matching of subjects, and effects of possible spurious environmental variables.


[Transient hypothyroidism in 8 low birth weight newborns. Role of topical application of iodine chemicals]. Very low plasma levels of thyroxine with a parallel decrease in the free thyroxine index were observed in 8 low birth weight infants. The tri-iodo-thyronine levels were slightly but significantly reduced and there was a concommitant increase in thyrotropin concentrations. The abnormalities, which were usually seen between the 10th--45th day, were transitory and resolved completely. The possible role of topical iodinated products is discussed.


Platelet monoamine oxidase and serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in chronic alcoholics. Previous independent reports suggest that low platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and high serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity may be associated with alcoholism or vulnerability toward alcoholism. However, there are also contradictory reports in the literature with regard to each of these two enzymes. We measured both platelet MAO and serum DBH activity in alcoholics followed up at periodic intervals for 12 months after hospitalization for acute alcoholism. Platelet MAO activity in the alcoholics was significantly lower compared to that of nonpsychiatric controls throughout the 12-month period, whereas serum DBH activity in the alcoholics was essentially the same as control values. Thus, low platelet MAO activity, previously reported in a spectrum of clinical psychiatric disorders, appears to be a relatively stable phenomenon in chronic alcoholics irrespective of acute intoxication or pathophysiological factors associated with acute decompensation in individuals vulnerable to alcoholism.


[Hypoglycemia and microgastria].

[Hypoglycemia and microgastria]. A 5 1/2 month old child presented with hypoglycaemic convulsions. Dumping syndrome was suspected when the child was found to have a small stomach. The child was fed by a continuous intragastric infusion and thrived.


Intermingling and disordered logic as influences on schizophrenic 'thought disorders'. A technique was devised to elicit bizarre or idiosyncratic responses from 30 young schizophrenics, who were then re-interviewed a week later to determine the reasons for each patient's idiosyncratic verbalizations. Taped interviews of the schizophrenics, scored along a series of rating scales, indicated: (1) An overt mechanism involved in bizarre schizophrenic language is a tendency to intermingle into their responses material from their current and past experiences. (2) Careful analysis suggests that the seemingly bizarre intermingled material of schizophrenics usually is close to the original "correct" topic. (3) The bizarre intermingled material is related to the patients' personal lives. (4) The intermingled material does not usually represent a failure to screen out or repress primitive drive dominated sexual or aggressive material. (5) Disordered logic was not a major factor in accounting for bizarre schizophrenic language.


Delusional loving.

Delusional loving. Erotomania is reexamined by an in-depth study of eight patients. There appear to be two main varieties: the phantom lover syndrome, or fixed delusion elaborated around a person who does not exist, and erotomania proper, a recurrent tendency to believe that one is loved by a powerful, prominent man.


[Prenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies]. Fetal red blood cells are necessary for the antenatal diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies. Fetal blood may be obtained in utero, by amniocentesis or fetoscopy, from the 17th to the 20th week of pregnancy. At this time, biochemical techniques may detect bêta-thalassemia major (fetal synthesis of hemoglobin btaA chain totally absent or less than 2% and sickle cell disease (fetal synthesis of btaS chain, without any production of bêtaA chain). When fetal blood has been severely contaminated by maternal blood, purification techniques allow enrichment of the sample in fetal red blood cells by the elimination of adult reticulocytes which may lead to errors in diagnosis.


The cytology of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid with spindle cell pattern. The cytological picture of medullary carcinoma of the thryoid is characterized by so-called triangular cells with abundant cytoplasm and eccentrically situated nuclei. In the May-Grünwald-Giemsa stained smear the cytoplasm may contain azurophilic granules. Amyloid can usually be demonstrated. In this paper cytological features of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid showing spindle cell pattern are presented. The cytological smears, obtained by thin needle aspiration did not contain amyloid. The diagnosis medullary carcinoma was confirmed by the demonstration of amyloid in the histological sections of the tumour and by raised serum calcitonin levels.


[Methods and techniques of sampling and performing of cytologic lymph node smears (author's transl)]. Within the diagnostics of lymphoma the indication for cytodiagnosis and the coice of gaining material and its preparation (punction and exstirpation of lymph nodes with making smears in a squeezing manner to effect simulated tissue pattern) are the basis of an appropriate and effective work of the cytologist. The good diagnostic efficiency of the cytodiagnosis of lymph nodes is in no proportion to the totally insufficient application of those methods by physicians of various medical disciplines in the hospitals and outpatient departments. The lack of an adequate teaching of students and postgraduates is a main reason for the described situation. In order that each physician may have the possibility to apply the cytodiagnosis of lymph nodes within his diagnostic programms, some special references are given for the gaining and preparation of lymph node material.


[Cytokinetics of lymph nodes in lymph nodes in lymphatic system diseases (author's transl)]. Untreated malignant lymphatic system diseases are characterized by a preponderance of cell new formation (proliferation) against the destruction of lymphatic cells. If the lymph nodes are enlarged during these diseases, then cell new formation occurs largely or mostly in these lymph nodes. The proliferating cells of the lymph node are bigger than small lyphocytes and have, in general, a mean diameter of the nucleus of 10 mu and more. In normal lymph nodes they belong morphologically to the big lymphocytes, immunoblasts and plasmoblasts. In pathological lymph nodes they have to be looked for among the bigger cells of the disease-specific cell population. Whereas in healthy lymph nodes and in chronic lymphatic leukemia only about 1% of lymph node cells was found to proliferate, they amount on the average to 5% in lymphomas of lymphogranulomatosis and mostly to 30--50% in the lympho-reticulosarcoma (lymphoblast and immunoblast sarcoma, corresponding to large-cell, poorly differentiated lymphomas). The proliferating cells often appear as foci in the lymphomas. The generation times of the proliferating cells both in normal and pathological lymph nodes are about 24 hrs. or slightly longer. In lymphatic proliferation, apart from plasma cells big and smallymphocytes are produced in the normal lymph node; in CLL, big and small lymphocytes, in lymphogranulomatosis, big and small lymphocytes and Hodgkin-cells, and in poorly differentiated lymphomas, the corresponding lymphoma cells are produced. The clinicist is at the beginning of drawing conclusions from prevalent kinetic disturbances.


[Cytological examination of the intrathoracic lymph nodes (author's transl)]. During the last few years, cytological examinations of the intrathoracic lymph nodes have become a usual method of bronchological examinations, being applied by way of routine. Taking the analysis of 3408 perbronchial and pertracheal lymph node punctions as a basis, the author discusses the results. Mostly the intrathoracic nodes of lung cancer patients were examined. A metastasization could be detected in 58 per cent. At sarcoidosis and tuberculosis the results correspond to those of mediastinoscopy. The occurrence of the cholesterol crystals is mentioned. Occasionally, megacaryocytes and immature cells of the hematopoiesis are found in the lymph nodes. Due to the favourable anatomic conditions, also normal lymph nodes are accessible to perbronchial punction.


Malignant lymphomas. A cytological/histological classification. Early diagnosis and differentiation of malignant lymphomas is important as the various types have a very different prognosis. Aspiration cytology is useful in the initial diagnosis, monitoring the change from one cell type to a more primitive cell type and for diagnosing spread of lymphoma.


[Effects of oral contraceptives of cancerogenesis of cervical epithelium (author's transl)]. The question of hormonal action of oral ovulation inhibitor is discussed by means of publications up to the present. Some authors described endocervical hyperplasia, most of these informations were casuistic articles. Without doubt these lesions are benign. Cytophotometric measures of cervix cells of women using oral contraceptive steroids during a long time demonstrate quite normal DNA levels. Statistical comparisons between different groups, based on cytological and partially histological examinations, showed after using different oral contraceptive steroids preponderant high rates or sometimes lower rates of cervical atypia. Only a few examinations showed in comparison to a control gorup higher rate of dysplasia and carcinoma situ of the cervix. These results also were prevalance rates and no incidence rates. The difficulty of critical examination of statistical results is to consider that besides the normal effects of contraceptives many other factors have influence on cancerogenesis of the cervix. Most of all change of sexual behavior may be an important factor. The increased occurrence of cervical atypia as a direct effect of contraceptives could not yet be demonstrated.


Cross-linking of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) proteins. The proxomity and spatial relationships of the structural proteins of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were studied by chemical cross-linking with a series of imidoesters. When the virions were reacted by the cross-linker with a distance 6.1A or longer between the functional groups and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, remarkable changes were observed in the migration patterns of the viral proteins. The most striking one was the extensive decrease in the intensity of the M protein band, and although not so strikingly, glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein bands were reduced significantly. Instead, several protein complexes appeared at and near the top of the gels. The protein complexes formed by a reversible cross-linker, dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP), were analyzed by two dimensional electrophoresis; the complexes on the first-dimension cylindrical gels were cleaved by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol and electrophoresed laterally on the second-dimension slab gels. The results indicated that homodimers of glycoprotein, nucleocapsid protein and M protein were generated under the condition of the most gentle cross-linking employed. At the same time, however, trimer and higher homopolymers of M protein were already detectable. Under the more extensive conditions, the bulk of M protein was cross-linked to form a large protein complex with very high molecular weight. Further, small but significant amounts of glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein were always detected in this complex. These results suggest that M protein may be present in the virion in close enough proximity to interact with each other and may further have some interactions with glycoprotein and nucleocapsid protein. On the basis of these findings possible roles of M protein in virus assembly were discussed.


Isolation and characterization of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from pike (Esox lucius). A nonenveloped icosahedral virus measuring 60 (+/-5)nm in diameter has been isolated from pike fry (Esox lucius). The isolate is stable to heat, lipid solvent and acid. Iododeoxyuridine has no effect on its replication. Serologically, the virus related to the major European strains of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPN) Sp and Ab. The isolate is neutralized by normal trout serum and is not pathogenic for trout fry or for young pike. A line of CHSE-214 cells persistently infected with the isolate was established and has been passed 30 times.


[Effect of acoustic trauma on the ganglion of Corti]. Ultrastructural characteristics of cells in Corti's ganglion have been studied in guinea pigs subjected to acoustic stress of white wide-stripped noise (100 db for 12 h a day, for 30 days). The earliest regressive signs appear in the cells at the level of the 2d helix. They demonstrate rejection of plasmic membrane from the myelin sheath and cytoplasmic compression resulting in destruction of the whole cell. In lemmocytes, in ganglion cells and in their sheaths sharply osmiophilic myelin and multivesicular bodies are often seen. Destruction of myelinated neurons has been described. Regressive changes have not been revealed in unmyelinated neurons, the latter composing about 2% of all ganglion cells.


[Metabolic unit in the microcirculatory system of the exocrine part of the pancreas]. Metabolism between exocrine pancreocytes and blood is mediated with the participation of the metabolic section of the microcirculatory system. It includes: blood capillaries, pericapillary space, intracellular gaps and metabolite distributional complex (basal-lateral folds of pancreocytic plasmolemma). As demonstrated morphological and histochemical changes developed in exocrine pancreocytes and in the metabolic section of the pancreatic gland at different stages of the secretory cycle, interconnections between them are complex and dynamical. All the elements of the metabolic section undergo a certain reconstruction adequate to functional state of pancreocytes. Metabolism between glandular cells and the vascular bed is regulated by structural reconstruction of pancreocytic plasmolemma. A certain functional specialization in plasmolemmic folds is noted: basal-lateral folds regulate transport between pericapillary space and intracellular gaps, while the main function of the lateral folds is to transport substances by means of pinocytosis.


[Characteristics of the microcirculatory bed of the gastrocnemius muscle of rats under conditions of weightlessness]. Quantitative histological investigations of capillaries in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats after 18.5 days on board the artificial satellite "Cosmos-936" have demonstrated that the number of functioning capillaries decrease by about 30% under conditions of weightlessness. Decrease in the number of functioning capillaries in the gastrocnemius muscle is also observed in animals subjected to artificial gravitation (acceleration 1 g) during the flight. The main role in lowered blood supply of the muscles is supposed to play the lack of kinetic but not static loading on the muscles.


[Effect of stress (immobilization) on embryotoxic and teratogenic effect of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and its derivatives]. White female rats were injected intragastrically with 2,4,5-trichlorphenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in the dose of 400 mg/kg, commercial sample of butyl ester in the dose of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg and purified ester of 2,4,5-T in the dose of 800 mg/kg every day on the 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14th day of gestation. Stress reaction (immobilization) was produced by fixation of the animals on a board modified by S. I. Renaud (1959) for 2 h after the injection of corresponding substances. The rats were killed on the 20th day and the number of alive and dead fetuses was registered. Under the conditions of immobilization embryotoxic effect of 2,4,5-T increased for certain on the 9th and 10th days (52.7% and 33.64%, respectively), that of butyl ester of 2,4,5-T--on the 10th day (55.66%). Immobilization increased teratogenic effect of 2,4,5-T on the 9th, 10th, and 11th days, that of butyl ester of 2,4,5-T on the 13th, 14th days. Purified butyl ester of 2,4,5-T proved to be 4 times less toxic and produced a severe embryotoxic and a mild teratogenic effect.


[Osteopetrosis in mice caused by ectomesenchymal lesions]. Pathogenesis of osteopetrosis in mice homozygotic for microphthalmia (symbol mi) mutant gene has been studied. Heparin concentration in the blood of mi/mi mice was demonstrated to be 10 times as little as the normal. Administration of different doses of heparin (1, 5, 10 per g of body weight) at different intervals (2--20, 10--20 and 20--25 days including) of their postnatal development causes partial or complete normalization in the construction of the central part of diaphysis of tubular bones. The number of heparin-secreting mast cells, derivatives of the neural crest is less than normal. Osteopetrosis in mi/mi mice is an integral part of the complex syndrom produced by the damage of neural crest cells.


[Effect of single gravitational overloading on various parts of the brain (experimental electron and light microscopic study)]. After application of single gravitational overloadings on the cat brain, perivascular edema, peripheral chromatolysis and cytoplasmic edema in neurons, dendrites and astrocytes have been observed. Some shifts in ultrafine composition of presynaptic buds and vascular walls have been described. Structures of myelin and amyelin fibers are preserved. Ultrastructural reconstructions are expressed differently in different brain structures in connection with their functional differentiation. The reconstructions revealed are of reversible character.


[Subcellular morphology of the tubules in the rat compensatory-hypertrophic kidney according to the morphometric data]. Ultrastructure of sinuous proximal and straight distal tubules, as well as collecting tubules of the cortical layer in the rat kidney fixed with perfusion has been studied with electron microscopic morphometry 7--8 weeks after contralateral nephrectomy. The volume of mitochondria, the area of their crisis, the area of the membranes in intracellular labyrinth and other morphometrical parameters have been calculated. Relative volume of mitochondria in the nephron areas studied does not change, while in the collecting tubules it is elevated. The area of crisis in mitochondria and "coefficient of morphological organization level" of these organells in the proximal tubules are increased, in the distal do not change, in the collecting tubules increase again. Subcellular changes described are discussed mainly in terms of enhancement of concentrating function of the compensatory-hypertrophic kidney.


[Electron- and light microscopic study of changes in the structure of the posterior hypophyseal lobe caused by long-term compression of soft tissues]. In 24 dogs light and electron microscopic changes of the neurohypohysis have been studied at early and intermediate periods of the prolonged compressing syndrom. The amount of neurosecrete has been stated to decrease considerably. Increased excretion of neurosecretory material from neurovascular zones is accompanied by mitochondrial swelling. Together with increased permeability of capillaries, disturbances in blood clotting system are demonstrated. With prolonged time of observations (intermediate period), further decrease of neurosecrete in axons and accumulating bodies is taking place. Some necrotic changes occur in endothelium.


[Cellular composition of different zones in the rat and rabbit hepatic lobule under normal and experimental conditions]. Different types of hepatocytes (with caryopycnosis and caryolysis, at the state of mitosis, with amitotic nuclear strangulation and with two nuclei) were counted in the central, middle and peripheral zones of the hepatic lobule in rats subjected to an acute aminosin intoxication, and in rabbits after compressing soft tissues of the extremities. Time of observation--1--90 days in the rats and 10 h--20 days in the rabbits. In the zones of the hepatic lobule with the greatest degree of damage, the number of cells with caryopycnosis and caryolysis, as well as the number of hepatocytes with amitotic nuclear strangulation and binucleated cells were especially great. Mitotic activity of the hepatic cells was about 0.49% in the rats and 0.07% in the rabbits. Regardless the place of the damage in the hepatic lobule in all the zones, there was a definite correlation between the amount of cellular forms reflecting the demage and destruction of hepatocytes and their restoration, the same as observed in certain zones of the intact hepatic lobule.


[Current state of the problem of electron-cytochemical detection of DNA]. Direct and indirect methods for electron microscopic detection of DNA are reviewed. Indirect methods based on DNA removal or preferential contrasting of RNP-structures make it possible to define DNA localization only in outline. By means of direct methods it is possible to reveal all three components of DNA-phosphoricacid groups, pseudoaldehyde groups of desoxyribose, nitrogen bases. Within the framework of this classification the reactions suggested so far and the results obtained with them have been discussed. The main difficulty--lack of specificity, low contrast, poor reproduction, damage of ultrastructures.


[Role of direct radiographic magnification in the evaluation of various morphological changes]. Radiograms with direct enlargement of the image were performed by means of X-ray apparatus "PEIC" designed by the firm "Svetlana", Leningrad. The status of the hand bones was studied in persons with posttraumatic bone regeneration, as well as angioarchitectonics of organs in experimental animals. In radiograms with direct enlargement some details characterising the process of ageing in the hand bones are observed more distinctly than in routine radiograms. The investigators succeeded in obtaining age changes in the structure of spongy substance and of cortical layer of phalanxes. The apparatus "PEIC" presents new possibilities for vital investigation of bone ostructures in experimental and clinical work, as well as to examine preparations of organs and their histological sections.


Regional cerebral blood flow in aphasia. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was studied in 13 aphasic patients with left hemisphere lesions, using the intracarotid xenon 133 injection method and a 254-detector gamma camera system. The rCBF was measured during rest and during various function tests, including a simple speech test. In motor (nonfluent) aphasia, the rCBF method showed areas of cortical dysfunction that always included the lower part of the rolandic area while Broca's area was not consistently affected. In sensory (fluent) aphasia, the superior-posterior temporal cortex was involved in all cases. In global aphasia, the abnormalities included both regions consistently involved in the other types of aphasia. The 133Xe injection method for mapping abnormalities relevant for localizing the cortical speech areas was superior to the classical neuroradiological methods in that several cases failed to show any relevant lesion whatsoever. This is probably related to the functional nature of the rCBF method: subnormal flow values and lack of the normal flow increase during function tests apparently may disclose functionally inactivated but structurally intact cortex.


Protein-rich cytoplasmic bodies of substantia nigra and locus ceruleus. A comparative study in parkinsonian and normal brain. A histochemical study of substantia nigra and locus ceruleus from postmortem brains showed the presence of small spherical cytoplasmic bodies stained selectively by the anionic phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin (PTAH) stain at a pH of 2.5. The metachromatic reaction to PTAH indicates that these protein bodies contain a protein rich in free basic amino groups. The protein bodies are localized within the neuronal perikaryon as well as in their dendritic processes. These bodies abundantly present in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus of normal brains were noticeably reduced or absent in parkinsonian brains. Lewy bodies when present show that their core gives the same metachromatic reaction to PTAH as do the protein bodies. These findings suggest that an abnormality of protein synthesis in the substantia nigra and locus ceruleus of parkinsonian brains may be related to the absence of protein bodies and the formation of Lewy bodies and play a role in pathogenesis of the parkinsonian state.


Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical features and prognosis. The clinical diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was identified in 668 patients who were followed up for periods up to three years. This disease was found to be more common in women than previously believed. The five-year survival for all patients was found to be 39.4%, but younger patients had a substantially better prognosis than those in whom the disease was diagnosed when over the age of 50 years. When the mode of onset was considered, the spinal form was associated with a threefold better five-year survival than the bulbar form.


Leukoencephalopathy in oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease with ragged-red fibers. Mitochondrial abnormalities demonstrated by computerized tomography. In a group of 13 patients affected by oculocraniosomatic neuromuscular disease with mitochondrial abnormalities and ragged-red fibers, a major, diffuse leukoencephalopathic process was recognized by computerized tomography (CT) in three cases. Clinically, these three patients were the most severely affected. The areas involved by the leukoencephalopathic process did not show enhancement after contrast medium injection. In several of the remaining ten cases, various forms and grades of CSF cavity dilation were encountered. Four of the 13 patients had very high CSF protein levels, three had CT-demonstrated leukoencephalopathy, and the fourth had substantial sulcal dilation. The CT findings in this group of patients corresponded well to the previously reported histopathological observations and indicated the clinical usefulness of CT in identifying brain involvement in this syndrome.


Intracranial pressure reserve testing. Initial clinical observations. Sequential subdural injections of fluid through an intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring cup catheter have been employed to measure "ICP reserve" in a series of 136 determinations in 30 patients over a total of 155 days of recordings. This dynamic method of quantitating the brain's ability to adapt to increased intracranial volume tests the brain's compensatory mechanisms over a five-minute time span. The test, incorporating several safety features, has been found to be reliable, safe, and well tolerated. A series of observations have been made using this test in patients with subdural drains and in response to fluid, mannitol, and dexamethasone therapy. Deteriorating ICP reserve gave early warning of the need for reoperation for postoperative hematoma, massive brain swelling, or cystic reaccumulation. Intracranial pressure reserve testing also quantitated the evolution of postoperative brain edema. Changes in ICP reserve could be detected as much as 48 hours before changes in baseline ICP and as much as 72 hours before clinical deterioration was evident.


Adult onset of the Dandy-Walker syndrome. Two patients with the Dandy-Walker malformation first developed neurologic symptoms in adult life. In both patients there was normal motor and intellectual development during childhood, but as adults they had gradual evolution of brain stem and cerebellar signs and obstructive hydrocephalus. Following resection of the fourth ventricular cyst, both patients recovered. A review of the literature disclosed seven additional patients in whom the Dandy-Walker syndrome was first diagnosed in adult life. These cases illustrate that this congenital brain malformation may not only first become symptomatic later in life, but that it is possible for patients to remain asymptomatic.


Familial incidence of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Report of 12 cases. Twelve cases of ruptured intracranial aneurysms occurring in six families are reported in an attempt to support the hereditary disease concept. Further genetic and epidemiological studies of aneurysm patients are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.


Visual evoked spectrum array and interhemispheric variations. An EEG spectrum analysis during visual stimulation was computed in 19 normal subjects. Visual stimulation consisted of trains of flashes at frequencies ranging between 2.5 and 20 flashes per second. Recordings were carried out simultaneously from the right and left occipital regions with bipolar and referential montages. Compressed spectral arrays were computed for eight-second epochs at each recording site using a fast Fourier transform. The ratio of the spectral energy from homologus regions of right and left hemispheres at each stimulation frequency was determined. The ratios were graphically displayed in a visual evoked spectrum array (VESA) ratio plot (VESA-GRAM); the mean of the ratio plot was designated the VESA coefficient. The range of variation for these measurements was determined for normal subjects. An application of the technique to patients with hemianopia showed abnormal VESA (characterized by smaller spectral amplitudes over the appropriate hemisphere), abnormal VESA ratio plots, and high VESA coefficients. These preliminary findings suggest that VESA may be a promising method to detect retrochiasmatic visual defects.


Lensectomy and vitrectomy for complicated cataract secondary to uveitis. Combined lensectomy-vitrectomy was performed on 13 patients (15 eyes) with complicated cataracts from uveitis. Preoperative visual acuities were 20/200 or less for at least one year. The postoperative follow-up period averaged 10.5 months with visual acuities of 20/25 or better in eight eyes, 20/70 in two eyes, and 20/100 to 20/400 in five eyes. The primary cause of decreased vision postoperatively was cystoid macular edema with frequently associated optic disc edema.


Amelanotic small flat lesions of the choroid. On routine examination, three patients demonstrated yellow-white lesions in the posterior third of the fundus. These lesions have a subtle but unique appearance. They are in the choroid and have definite borders, minimal or no elevation, a lack of secondary changes in the overlying pigment epithelium or neuroepithelium, and no pigment within the lesion or at its borders. Ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic data permit discussion of the differential diagnosis of these lesions. They may represent amelanotic nevi of the choroid.


Osseous choristoma of the choroid.

Osseous choristoma of the choroid. A case is presented in which the diagnosis was made clinically of an osseous lesion of the choroid in an otherwise normal eye. The clinical diagnosis of an osseous choristoma was confirmed by the use of ultrasonography, orbital roentgenograms, and computerized axial tomography. Enlargement of the lesion was documented photographically during a four-month period. The causes of intraocular ossification are discussed, and the typical clinical features of osseous choristoma of the choroid are suggested.


Peptostreptococcal endophthalmitis with a relapsing course. A posttraumatic exogenous endophthalmitis developed that was due to Peptostreptococcus. This Gram-positive anaerobe was isolated in pure culture from vitreous. The endophthalmitis showed a bacteriologic and clinical relapse despite conventional routes of antimicrobial treatment. A second clinical relapse occurred despite apparent vitreal sterilization with intravitreal antibiotics. The response to vitrectomy was impressive, and postoperatively the patient's visual acuity improved to 20/20.


Inflammatory orbital pseudotumor. A clinicopathologic study. Fifty-five patients, suspected on clinical grounds of having an inflammatory orbital pseudotumor, were studied retrospectively. Clinical groups based on natural history or response to corticosteroid therapy were correlated with available histopathological findings. These findings were interpreted without knowledge of clinical grouping or previous pathology reports. Although dogmatic statements are not possible, several conclusions are warranted. (1) Bilaterality was not significantly related to response to steroids or development of systemic disease. (2) B-scan ultrasonography, while not diagnostic, provided a worthwhile investigative technique. (3) Germinal follicles are associated with a good prognosis and indicate a reactive lesion, while diffusely distributed lymphoblasts are associated with steroid unresponsiveness and a probable neoplastic lymphoid lesions. (4) Eosinophils are more common in reactive lesions than in presumed lymphomas. Other cellular components showed no preferential distribution in either neoplastic or nonneoplastic groups.


Aqueous humor lactate dehydrogenase in retinoblastoma patients. Clinicopathologic correlations. Aqueous humor lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were assayed for 23 patients with histologically proved retinoblastoma. The mean aqueous level was 1,886 IU/liter. Twenty-one of these patients had an aqueous humor LDH level above the normal mean. Clinicopathological parameters were determined and evaluated using standard statistical formulas. Only the presence of tumor in the anterior chamber correlated significantly with the aqueous humor LDH level. The following clinical features did not correlate with aqueous humor LDH levels: sex, family history, bilaterality, prior treatment, presentation age, enucleation age, and metastasis. The following pathological features did not correlate with aqueous humor LDH levels: calcification, necrosis, rosettes, inflammation, choroidal or optic nerve invasion, or neovascularization.


Visual results and ocular complications following radiotherapy for retinoblastoma. Between 1956 and 1974, 28 children with retinoblastoma have been irradiated with the linear accelerator at the Stanford University Medical Center. Twenty-seven children (96%) have been cured of their tumor, with follow-up ranging from 2 1/2 to 21 years. In these survivors, 50 eyes were affected. Twelve were treated by primary enucleation and 38 were irradiated. Sixteen of the 38 irradiated eyes (42%) were ultimately enucleated for recurrent tumor, neovascular glaucoma, or inability to observe the tumor through opaque media. Thus, 22 (58%) irradiated eyes were saved. Of these, five eyes had visual acuity of 20/40 or better, five had 20/50 to 20/100, nine had 20/200 to hand motion, and three had light perception or no light perception. Radiation therapy can sterilize the tumor and maintain useful vision in many children with retinoblastoma.


Studies of hyperthermia in optic neuropathy. Consideration of a humoral factor. Three patients with multiple sclerosis and prominent Uhthoff's symptom were studied. Visual loss was found to be related not only to increase in body temperature but to the rate of increase. Blood removed at the time of maximal visual loss and readministered in the normothermic state did not reproduce the symptom. The study supports the prevailing concept that Uhthoff's symptom is a direct effect of hyperthermia on conduction in damaged axons.


Daily assessment of ocular and hormonal variables throughout the menstrual cycle. Eleven normal women, between the ages of 19 and 28, were examined at the same time of day, every day of a complete menstrual cycle. Measurements of intraocular pressure, anterior chamber depth, corneal thickness, and tear production were obtained. Tonographic values were obtained on eight days during the cycle. The results for ten of the women who were shown to have ovulated during the study, were then correlated with daily blood levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, as measured by techniques of radioimmunoassay. No statistically valid correlations could be made when the various studies were analyzed and correlated.


Microtropia.

Microtropia. Evaluation of 50 cases of microtropia that were collected within two years indicates the primary form of microtropia to be more common than the secondary form (48:2 cases). Various degrees of anisometropia were present in all cases of primary microtropia, suggesting that anisometropia is the cause rather than the consequence of microtropia.


Intentional surgical overcorrection of acquired esotropia. Fifty-eight patients with surgically treated acquired nonaccommodative esotropia were studied retrospectively, to ascertain what immediate surgical result gives the best chance for a postoperative bifoveal fusional result. Of the cases that were initially overcorrected (exodeviations), approximately two thirds were fusing six months or more after surgery. Of the cases that were initially aligned (orthophoric) or undercorrected (esodeviations), only one third were fusing after the same period. These results suggest that intentional surgical overcorrection of cases of acquired nonaccommodative esotropia that have a good fusional potential (ie, equal vision) does appear to be a desirable goal for the immediate postoperative period.


Interocular transfer of a visual aftereffect in early-onset esotropia. The interocular transfer of the tilt aftereffect was studied in strabismic patients with early-onset esotropia and in controls. Squinting subjects were divided into a microtropia subgroup with anomalous binocular vision and a large-angle esotropia subgroup with total suppression of the deviated eye. Patients with alternating microtropia and large-angle esotropia showed normal or moderately reduced interocular transfer of the aftereffect. Patients with monocular microtropia with medium- or low-degree amblyopia showed a reduced monocular visual aftereffect in the dominant eye and practically no transfer to the nondominant eye. Adaptation of the nondominant eye and transfer of the aftereffect to the dominant eye was normal. The interocular transfer of the tilt aftereffect is a poor indicator of the state of binocularity of a squinting subject, and the clinical usefulness of this test is limited.


Levator aponeurosis disinsertion in the young adult. A cause of ptosis. Three patients, under the age of 35 years, had acquired ptosis. All patients gave a history of notable eyelid edema during extended periods. The patients underwent surgery under local anesthesia. Four eyelids were explored through the skin route, and a levator disinsertion was found in all cases. Repair was accomplished by reattaching the lower edge of the levator aponeurosis to the tarsus. Since the surgery was done under local anesthesia, the patient could elevate the eyelids during the entire procedure. The amount of eyelid elevation could, therefore, be determined at surgery. Levator aponeurosis disinsertion may be a cause for acquired ptosis following substantial eyelid edema in the young adult.


Posterior keratoconus.

Posterior keratoconus. Posterior keratoconus is a rare corneal disorder characterized by a total or localized noninflammatory thinning of the cornea. In front of a conical protrusion of the posterior corneal curvature, there is a thinned stroma and nonprotruding anterior surface. A corneal button from a patient with bilateral posterior keratoconus was studied by light and electron microscopy. Descemet's membrane, particularly in the area of stromal thinning, demonstrated abnormal anterior banding, a multilaminar configuration, and localized posterior excrescences. These alterations suggest an early pathogenetic mechanism, which probably originated prior to the fifth or sixth month of gestation.


Osseous choristoma of the choroid simulating a choroidal melanoma. Association with a positive 32P test. We report the clinical and histopathologic features of an osseous choristoma of the choroid that appeared in a 26-year-old woman. Her diagnostic evaluation included a radioactive phosphorus (32P) uptake test, which was 270% positive and led us to believe that the lesion was an atypical malignant melanoma. The extent of true ossification within this tumor, seen microscopically, explains the false-positive uptake of radioactive phosphorus by this benign tumor; it is well known that bone avidly accumulates radioactive phosphorus. We recommend that all "atypical choroidal melanomas" be studied for the presence of bone, with bone-free roentgenograms, ultrasonography, and possibly, computerized tomographic scans before 32P testing or enucleation. This, to our knowledge, is the second histopathologically proved case of an osseous choristoma of the choroid to be reported in the literature.


Senile entropion. Pathogenesis and treatment. Lower lid entropion is owing to a defect of the lower eyelid retractors that causes attenuation of the aponeurosis. Twelve patients with lower lid entropion underwent surgery in which a procedure that reapproximates normal lower lid anatomy was used. There were two recurrences of the entropion condition in the twelve patients.


Possible regulatory mechanisms of the cornea. I. Epithelial-stromal interaction in vitro. Electron microscopic studies of pure epithelial and stromal cultures and of combined cultures demonstrated that keratocytes activity was inhibited by the presence of epithelial cells in culture. The degradation of collagen and the formation of clear zones around the keratocytes within the explants of pure stroma is interpreted as an indication for the production of a collagenolytic substance by the active keratocytes. The collagenolytic activity of the keratocytes was not observed within the stroma of combined cultures and was probably inhibited by the activity of epithelial cells in these cultures. Furthermore, using a microculture method for the assessment of the metabolic activity of corneal cells in vitro, supernatants of epithelial cell cultures were shown to have a marked inhibitory effect on the capacity of keratocytes to synthesize DNA. No effect of stromal cell supernatant on epithelial cell activity could be detected by the same methods. It is suggested that this "one way" influence as observed in vitro might, in certain conditions, play a role as a regulatory mechanism in vivo.


Effect of intraocular miotics on corneal endothelium. We investigated the use of commercially available intraocular preparations of acetylcholine chloride and carbachol for their effects on the physiological function and anatomical appearance of the corneal endothelium. Cornea endothelial cells that were perfused for 15 minutes in the specular microscope with 1% acetylcholine demonstrated no alteration in physiology or ultrastructure. Cornea endothelial cells perfused for 15 minutes with 0.01% carbachol demonstrated alterations in physiology during the first hour; however, physiological function returned to normal during the remaining two hours of perfusion in modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution. Electron microscopy demonstrated no cellular alterations.


Changes in human eighth nerve action potential as a function of stimulation rate. The primary clinical utility of electrocochleography at the Louisiana State University Medical Center is the detection of hearing losses in children. This frequently requires the administration of a general anesthetic. Time required for this procedure could be shortened if stimuli were presented at a more rapid rate than the customary 10/s, provided the response amplitude is not significantly diminished by adaptation. The response amplitudes of 12 subjects were studied at stimulus rates of 10, 20, 40, and 80/s. An increase of response amplitude on the order of approximately 3:1 over the 10/s rate was found for the 80/s rate when the test interval for each was equal.


Arytenoid adduction for unilateral vocal cord paralysis. The arytenoid adduction technique was devised and performed under local anesthesia on five patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis. It is especially indicated for the case of a wide, glottal chink and a difference in the level of the two cords. The muscle process is pulled by two 3-0 nylon sutures in simulation of the functions of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle and the lateral thyroarytenoid muscle. Improvement of voice after surgery was dramatic in all of the patients who were operated on. The surgical procedure is rather simple, easy, and allows adjustment of the degree of arytenoid adduction during surgery to produce the best voice obtainable.


Reliable methods of tip reduction.

Reliable methods of tip reduction. Two reliable methods of reducing nasal tip projection include a direct method, which interrupts continuity of lower lateral cartilage by removal of the dome portion and leaves an intact vestibular skin cuff; continuity and cartilage volume are changed. The second method, indirect, preserves continuity of the inferior margin of the lower lateral cartilage, which is grossly weakened by resection of cartilage in cephalic areas of the lateral crus dome, and adjacent medial crus. Vestibular lining is preserved as a cuff. Volume loss and supportive strength of lower lateral cartilage allow the nasal tip to assume a less projected stance with resulting widening and outward flailing of nostrils, which can be corrected by vestibular wedging. Complete transfixion of the membranous septum and adequate lowering of the cartilaginous septal angle are adjuncts to success with either method.


Treatment of laryngeal carcinoma with conservative surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. Thirteen patients with carcinoma of the supragiottic larynx (N = 10), vocal cord (N = 2), and pyriform sinus (N = 1) were treated with conservative surgery followed by radiation therapy. This plan was chosen because clinically or histologically proven lymph node metastases were present and because the primary cancer had one or more of the following factors that were adverse to patient survival: (1) the tumor extended beyond the limits of safe, conservative laryngeal surgery; (2) it infiltrated surrounding soft tissues, ie, preepiglottic space; (3) it was close to the resected margin; and (4) perineural invasion was present. Laryngeal function has been adequate in all but two patients: one has persistent aspiration one year after treatment, and one has a narrow airway after an extended supraglottic laryngectomy that included the anterior third of both cords and a portion of the subglottis at the anterior commissure with adjacent thyroid cartilage. One patient died in the immediate postoperative period, and this case cannot be evaluted. Twelve patients who completed treatment have been followed up for a median of 30 months (1 1/2 through 3 1/2 years), and all have remained free of recurrent disease.


Comparative ototoxic liability of netilmicin and gentamicin. Netilmicin sulfate is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic currently undergoing clinical investigation. All of the aminoglycoside antibiotics now in clinical use are ototoxic. This study was done to determine the ototoxic liability of netilmicin when it is compared directly with gentamicin sulfate. Groups of ten guinea pigs each were given doses of 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg of either gentamicin or netilmicin daily for four weeks. After a two-week stabilization period, the Preyer pinna reflex, the cochlea's ability to generate the ac cochlear potential, and the missing hair cells from the cochleas were determined. Additionally, the pharmacokinetics of both drugs in the plasma and perilymph were determined. Little or no cochlear damage was detected with netilmicin, even at the highest dose, while even the smallest dose of gentamicin produced measurable changes in cochlear function.


The sphenoid sinus, the neglected nasal sinus. O. E. Van Alyea stated that "The sphenoid sinus is the most neglected of the nasal sinuses." It is neglected by disease because of its location, by the physician because of its subtle symptoms when diseased, and the surgeon because of its inaccessability. An accurate knowledge and understanding of the anatomy of the area help the physician diagnose and manage problems in this area. Eleven cases are used to illustrate the wide spectrum of pathologic conditions in and about the sphenoid sinus. Only two of the patients were asymptomatic. All of the others had deep-seated, retrobulbar headaches. Eight of 11 patients had cranial nerve involvement. The optic nerve was involved in six cases. The abducens nerve was involved in five of 11 cases and the maxillary nerve in four of 11 cases. Initial roentgenographic examination must include lateral and submental vertex views. The newer techniques of angiography, polytomography, and computerized tomography aid in determining the extent of the pathologic condition and the treatment approach.


Anterior attic wall anatomy.

Anterior attic wall anatomy. The anterior attic wall was examined by dissecting decalcified human temporal bones in search of an aeration and/or drainage route from the antrum to the mesotympanum. A thin bony plate extending down from the tegmen tympani was found to be located in front of the malleus head. The height of this bony plate was 1.5 to 3.0 mm and extended from the facial canal wall to the scutum. As the bony plate and its covering mucosal folds completely separated the attic and the mesotympanum, an anterior drainage route from the attic to the supratubal space of the mesotympanum could be made by removing this bony plate. Removal can be accomplished without sectioning the chorda tympani and the anterior malleal ligament.


Anaerobic and aerobic bacteriology in head and neck cancer surgery. A prospective study of wound infections following major head and neck cancer surgery was undertaken to define a rational approach to trials of antibiotic prophylaxis and initial therapy of these infections. Preoperative aerobic cultures were taken from the planned site of skin incision and from the oropharynx. Both aerobic and anaerobic cultures were obtained from all wound infections. Patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics were excluded from the study. The data indicate that preoperative cultures are not usually predictive of the bacteriology of subsequent wound infection. Mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora were cultured from most wound infections and usually reflected normal anaerobic oropharyngeal flora and/or exogenously acquired Staphylococcus aureus. Bacteroides fragilis was not cultured in this series. Antibiotics selected for trials of prophylaxis or initial treatment of these infections should cover both the resident oral aerobic and anaerobic flora and S aureus. Coverage for B fragilis does not appear necessary. Antibiotic choices might include (1) penicillin G agents plus a penicillinase-resistant penicillin or (2) a parenteral cephalosporin.


Analysis of optokinetic and eye tracking data on normal subjects. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of abnormal eye tracking patterns in normal subjects and to compare the optokinetic (OPK) response of normal subjects using a nystagmographic gonioscope (Nystagmotrac) and Coats's type of OPK drum. Eye movement was recorded by means of an electronystagmographic (ENG) recorder, and the speed of the slow component was computed for the OPK response. The eye tracking test showed a high rate of abnormality among our subjects. Optokinetic testing revealed highly symmetrical responses for all subjects.


Hypercalcemia and head and neck cancer. Bony metastases from tongue cancer. Hypercalcemia causes lethargy and coma in patients with head and neck cancer. It is important to realize that coma may be due to hypercalcemia and need not be a terminal event in the progress of the tumor. Also, the development of hypercalcemia in a previously normocalcemic patient requires investigation as to the cause of the hypercalcemia. I report two cases of comatose patients, hypercalcemic from bony metastases from tongue cancer, in whom treatment by furosemide and intravenous fluid diuresis, prednisone, sodium phosphate, and mithramycin produced worthwhile remissions. Hypercalcemia may be due to (1) bony metastases, (2) pseudohyperparathyroidism, (3) unrelated associated parathyroid tumors, or (4) a second primary tumor. Even with treatment, hypercalcemia is a bad prognostic sign in patients with head and neck cancer.


Predicting hearing level from the acoustic reflex. A comparison of three methods. Three prediction methods based on the acoustic reflex noise-tone difference (NTD) were used to predict hearing level in 370 subjects. The methods were two versions of the sensitivity prediction by acoustic reflex (SPAR) and a formula for estimating hearing threshold level. With each method, hearing loss was correctly predicted in more than one half of the subjects, while serious predictive error occurred in less than 10%. Age was found to be an important factor in hearing level prediction. Predictive accuracy for each method decreased systematically as a function of age. Predictive accuracy for the two SPAR methods decreased dramatically in subjects with minor middle ear and/or tympanogram abnormalities. Nevertheless, the value of the acoustic reflex NTD in predicting hearing level was confirmed.


Roentgenography of paranasal sinuses during treatment of nasal polyposis. Seventeen patients had severe nasal polyposis. Local treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate caused marked reduction in the size of polyps and the nasal obstruction, and the effect continued throughout the treatment period. In all cases roentgenographic examination showed clouding of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses, especially of the maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses. After three months of treatment, no change in the opacity of the sinuses was found. In spite of that, the symptomatic effect of the treatment was successful.


Autotransfusion in otolaryngology.

Autotransfusion in otolaryngology. Homologous blood transfusions have rare but serious complications that may be eliminated by using autotransfusion for elective surgery in the head and neck. With a small amount of planning, virtually all of the blood necessary for any surgical procedure in the head and neck can come from the patient.


Bilateral reversible sudden deafness. A case report. A man aged 43 suffering from acute bilateral sudden deafness of sensorineural type (confirmed at repeated testings) and without signs and symptoms from the vestibular part of the inner ear regained normal hearing within 10 days. The serological examination for identification of viral antibodies in blood and liquor was negative. There was no sign of immunological disorder.


Cell fractionation and cytological analysis of human lymphatic cells from tonsil and blood. No differences could be detected in the discontinuous density gradient when comparing the distribution pattern of tonsillar cells and peripheral lymphocytes. When the Kiel nomenclature is applied, the presence of centrocytes, centroblasts, lymphocytes and plasma cells in the tonsil is shown by a cytological analysis. The biological importance of these results is discussed from the point of cellular proliferation and tonsillar function.


Which are the parameters of choice from the evaluation of caloric nystagmus? On hand of caloric tests on 202 healthy subjects, the coefficient of correlation between the currently most frequently used intensity parameters was established separately for each of the four irrigations, i.e. between maximum velocity of the slow phase, maximum amplitude, maximum frequency, total number of beats and duration of reaction. The maximum velocity of the slow phase is so closely correlated to the maximum amplitude, and the maximum frequency is so closely correlated to the total number of beats (r = always greater than 0.75) that it is sufficient to merely determine one of the two well correlated parameters in healthy subjects. However, the parameters maximum velocity of the slow phase and maximum amplitude are less closely correlated to the parameters maximum frequency and total number of beats (r = smaller, in part considerably smaller than 0.75). A better correlation exists between the nystagmus parameters nearly always by warm irrigations, as compared to cold ones. The findings speak for the fact that maximum velocity of the slow phase and maximum amplitude on one hand, and maximum frequency and total number of beats on the other, are an expression of various characteristics of the experimental nystagmus. In a consecutive publication, we are going to report in which way the various nystagmic parameters of patients are being changed by different lesions of the vestibular system.


Selective effect of cinnarizine on the vestibular nucleus neurons. Effects of cinnarizine were studied on the lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) and spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) of cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Cinnarizine did not produce any obvious alterations of the field potential and spike generation of type B interneurons in STN elicited by trigeminal nerve stimulation as well as the field potential in LVN by vestibular nerve stimulation. Spike generation of monosynaptic LVN neurons elicited by the suprathreshold stimulus to the vestibular nerve was unaffected by cinnarizine up to 4 mg/kg. When the subthreshold stimulus was applied to the vestibular nerve, however, the spike number of LVN monosynaptic neurons was significantly increased after cinnarizine treatment. The enhancement of spike firing by cinnarizine upon both supra- and subthreshold stimuli to the vestibular nerve was found to be more pronounced in LVN polysynaptic neurons than monosynaptic ones. Since the effect of cinnarizine on LVN neurons was not dose-dependent, it is suggested that the enhanced responsiveness of the neurons by the drug might be due to an increase of blood flow, but not to a direct excitation of the neurons themselves.


On the influence of the middle ear muscles upon changes in sound transmission. The influence of artificially induced impedance changes on the frequency response of the middle ear has been investigated in three experienced listeners. The tensor-reflex has been simulated by application of positive and negative air-pressure to the outer ear canal. In this test-situation, the thresholdshift ("l) obtained is greatest in the surrounding of the first resonance of the middle ear ("l = 8 dB at 500 Hz). For bone-conduction, the effect is weaker by about 2 dB  than for air-conduction. The change in sound transmission is constant for all SPL's and is mainly due to the impedance change of the middle ear. In contrast the influence of the stapedial reflex is strongly dependent on SPL. In the range between hearing-threshold and 70 dB (HL) the attenuation is only 2 dB below l kHz. At higher levels the attenuation may amount to 30 dB. Thus excitation of the cochlea remains nearly constant. We suppose that the intensity-dependent influence of the stapedius reflex on sound transmission is due to a change of the stapes motion. The regulating device works without considerable distortion but with an attack-time of about 100 ms. The phenomenon of conductive recruitment in otosclerosis is probably due to the lack of this regulating effect by the fixed stapes. One function of the stapedial reflex could be the protection of the ear from high amplitudes during phonation and shouting. Furthermore, because frequencies above l kHz are also attenuated, a protective function of the stapedial reflex in industrial noise exposure can be assumed.


Idiopathic hair cell loss in the guinea pig. An incidence of specific, marked sensory cell loss affecting 12--88% of the outer hair cells in the third cochlear turn was found in a group of 130 healthy, coloured, intact guinea pigs divided into three age groups (6 weeks, 7 months, and 3 years). The pathological findings were compared with a known physiological norm. At 7 months, the disorder occurred in 8% of the animals, whereas at 3 years 30% were involved. The etiology of the above finding is at present still obscure.


Follow up study of sudden deafness.

Follow up study of sudden deafness. It is significant to follow up patients with sudden deafness, because the change of hearing level after a long-term period and a differential diagnosis from Meniére's disease must be studied. We reported the follow-up study of 27 patients with sudden deafness who were admitted to the Department of Otolaryngology of the Second Tokyo National Hospital. The duration of follow-up ranged from 6-58 months, with a mean duration of 23.7 months. In the Complete Recovery Group there was little change of mean hearing loss during the follow-up period. We coud demonstrate that the once recovered hearing level rarely deteriorated afterwards, but the not recovered hearing level would sometimes deteriorate.


Coding of time-varying sounds in the cochlear nucleus. The results presented in the present paper show that single nerve cells in the cochlear nucleus have different discharge patterns in response to tones whose frequency varies rapidly compared to tones with slowly varying frequency. Moreover, small, rapid changes in the intensity of a tone are reproduced in such a way that a modulation of a few decibels can give rise to a nearly 100% modulation in the discharge pattern. Amplitude modulation is reproduced in the discharge pattern of these neurons throughout a large intensity range, in many units more than 70 dB. This intensity range is much larger than the intensity range where the mean discharge rate is a function of the sound intensity, meaning that changes in frequency as well as in intensity are enhanced in these units. Though no doubt but a small part of the processing that occurs in the cochlear nucleus, such information seems likely to be extracted somewhat differently by different neurons.


Mechanisms of signal analysis and pattern perception in periodicity pitch. Progress in the knowledge of auditory processing of complex sounds has been made through coordinated psychophysical, physiological and theoretical studies of periodicity pitch and combination tones. Periodicity pitch is the basis for human perception of musical notes and pitch of voiced speech. The mechanism of perception involves harmonic pattern recognition on the complex Fourier frequency spectra generated by auditory frequency analysis. Combination tones are perceptible distortion tones generated within the cochlea by nonlinear interaction of component stimulus tones. Perception of periodicity pitch is quantitatively accounted for by a two-stage process of frequency analysis subject to random errors and significant nonlinearities, followed by a pattern recognizer that operates very efficiently to measure the period of musical and speech sounds. The basic characteristic of the first stage is a Gaussian standard error function that quantifies the randomness in aural estimation of frequencies of component tones in a complex tone stimulus. Efficient aural measurement of neural spike intervals from the eighth nerve provides a physiological account for the psychophysical characteristic of aural frequency analysis with complex sounds. Although cochlear filtering is an essential stage in auditory frequency analysis, neural time following, rather than details of the filter characteristics, is the decisive factor in determining the precision of aural frequency measurement. It is likely that peripheral auditory coding is similar for sounds in periodicity pitch and in speech perception, although the 'second stage' representing central processing would differ.


Pheasant susceptibility at different ages to Eastern encephalitis virus from various sources in Massachusetts. Thirteen isolates of Eastern encephalitis (EE) virus recovered from various hosts in Massachusetts differed significantly in pathogenicity for pheasants, 21 days old or older, inoculated subcutaneously with graded doses of virus. Among the least pathogenic were two isolates from Culiseta melanura mosquitoes, and among the most pathogenic isolates was one of pheasant origin. Nine-day-old pheasant chicks were highly susceptible to EE virus. Mortality did not appear to be totally dose-related, for inocula larger than an infecting dose did not increase mortality substantially.


Experimental infection of Coxiella burnetii in chicken: clinical symptoms, serologic response, and transmission through egg. Young laying hens were infected with Coxiella burnetii to study egg transmission, clinical and serologic responses, excretion of the agent in feces, and its persistence in internal organs. No clinical symptoms were noticed. The birds developed good titers in a capillary agglutination test by 13 days postinfection (DPI), which peaked at 30 DPI and therafter declined gradually, becoming negative in some birds around 90 DPI. In vivo and in vitro egg transmission of the agent could not be demonstrated. C. burnetii was recovered at 90 DPI from spleen and liver but not from kidney and ovary.


Immunization of pheasants for Eastern encephalitis. Pheasants vaccinated twice with as much as one-half horse dose of a commercial Eastern-Western encephalitis adjuvanted cell-culture vaccine did not develop significant hemagglutination-inhibition titers and were not protected against artificial challenge by an Eastern encephalitis virus.


Influence of dietary aflatoxin on the severity of Eimeria acervulina infection in broiler chickens. Broiler chicks (Hubbard x Hubbard) receiving 2.5 microgram of aflatoxin/g of diet and inoculated with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina gained significantly less weight than chicks receiving either aflatoxin or coccidia alone. Aflatoxin alone affected body weight more in females than males. Blood parameters, however, showed no sex-related differences to E. acervulina or aflatoxin. E. acervulina had no effect on packed cell volume, red cell number, or hemoglobin levels. Gross lesions in the intestine caused by the coccidia appeared the same with or without dietary aflatoxin. Either aflatoxin or E. acervulina alone reduced the plasma pigment. When both were present, depigmentation was greater with some strains of coccidia than with either alone. Aflatoxin alone reduced the plasma levels of cholesterol and protein. The effect of E. acervulina on cholesterol or protein, with or without aflatoxin, depended on the coccidial strain used.


Effects of Eimeria tenella infection and dietary aflatoxin on blood coagulation of young broiler chicks. Eimeria tenella, aflatoxicosis, and a combination of the two prolonged the prothrombin times of male Cobb broilers. Factor V added to the plasmas of birds infected with E. tenella corrected the prothrombin time. E. tenella infection did not significantly alter the levels of plasma calcium, total plasma protein, or fibrinogen. Adding Factors V, VII, and X to plasma from birds with aflatoxicosis or aflatoxicosis plus E. tenella infection did not correct prothrombin times. Partial correction was achieved by adding normal plasma containing Factor II and fibrinogen. Plasma calcium and fibrinogen levels were not significantly altered in either group whereas total protein levels of these groups were significantly lower. The hemorrhage and mortality in birds infected with E. tenella may be explained in part by the longer prothrombin time resulting from deficiency of Factor V.


Comparison of the visual perception of a runway model in pilots and nonpilots during simulated night landing approaches. Relative motion parallax, a cue that can contribute to visual judgments of glide path angle, was studied for its effect on simulated nighttime approaches in two experiments: 1) 16 pilots and 16 nonpilots adjusted the slant of a model runway to make it appear horizontal under nighttime conditions on both dynamic trials, as the model approached them, and on static trials, with the model stationary; 2) 12 pilots and 12 nonpilots performed the same task in dynamic trials while viewing the model in a dark field as before, and while viewing the model within a window which provided a stable visual frame of reference. Neither flying experience nor the visual frame of reference enhanced sensitivity to relative motion parallax. However, some errors were smaller in pilots, indicating that flying experience enhances other runway images cues. Direct judgments of approach angle magnitude indicated overestimation by an approximate factor of 2. These findings indicate large visual illusions in the nighttime situation and suggest that the ineffectiveness of relative motion parallax may be an important part of night approach problems.


Alternating measurement of ambient and cabin ozone concentrations in commercial jet aircraft. Ambient and cabin-air ozone concentrations were determined with an adapted commercial ozone analyzer installed in a KLM DC-10 from Amsterdam to Toronto and back. Cabin levels were detected directly and almost continuously; ambient levels were measured using a sampling system in which the ambient samples were converted to the cabin pressure at intervals of 13 min. A correlation is demonstrated between the ambient level, the cabin level, and the tropopause height. It was found that 70% of the ambient ozone concentration enters the cabin through the ventilation system, and about 50% of this concentration was measured 1.20 m above the cabin floor. For about 50% of the total flying time, the ozone level exceeded 200 parts per billion, by volume (ppb) in the cabin, with peak concentrations of about 600 ppb (TLV levels of 80--100 ppb apply in most IATA countries). Finally, medical and technical recommendations are made for future measurements.


Development of immunity to coccidiosis in chickens administered anticoccidials in feed. New combinations of techniques were employed for comparing the development of immunity of Eimeria tenella in chickens being medicated with 12 different anticoccidials. Broiler-type birds in batteries received a daily measured dose of E. tenella oocysts for 15 consecutive days while the drug was administered at the manufacturer's recommended level. Two or more tests of each drug gave the following ratings: strong suppression, monensin (121 ppm), salinomycin (80 ppm), lasalocid (75 ppm); moderate suppression, monensin (100 ppm), decoquinate (30 ppm), clopidol (125 ppm), and narasin (80 ppm); slight suppression, arprinocid (70 ppm), nicarbazin (125 ppm), and amprolium (125 ppm + ethopabate (4 ppm); no effect, robenidine (33 ppm), zoalene (125 ppm), and aklomide (250 ppm).


Pathology of experimental erysipelas in turkeys. Gross and histopathologic lesions were studied in 10 Broad-Breasted White turkeys with acute erysipelas induced experimentally. The gross pathologic features of the disease conformed very closely with descriptions in the literature (7). Histopathologic evaluation was concentrated on the inoculation site (skin), proventriculus, ileocecal area of the intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart. In all organs examined the dominant histopathologic alteration was vascular damage as evidenced by: generalized congestion, edema, focal hemorrhage, disseminated fibrin thrombi, and numerous bacterial aggregates either within fibrin thrombi or engulfed by cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Degenerative changes or overt necrosis of parenchymal cells were evident in liver, spleen, and kidney. The cellular inflammatory component of acute lesions was minimal. Heterophil and mononuclear leukocytic infiltrates were observed in scarified skin and, in turkeys surviving several days, in livers and hearts.


Hypoxia tolerance in rats in relation to tissue glycogen levels. Previous work has shown that rats on high fat (52%) diet (HFD) were hypoxia-resistant compared to rats on carbohydrate (75% CHO) diet (HCD) and on normal diet (ND), as evidenced from their greatly increased survival time on exposure to 10,668 m simulated altitude. Determination of glycogen levels in the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, lungs, and kidneys show that, in hypoxia-susceptible rats, tissue glycogen was decreased in ND and was unchanged in HCD rats. In HFD rats, glycogen in tissues greatly increased on altitude exposure. It is postulated that hypoxia tolerance of HFD rats was enhanced due to: (i) preconditioning to gluconeogenesis and (ii) systemic acidosis caused by their increased fat ingestion.


Eastern equine encephalomyelitis outbreak in coturnix quail. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) was the cause of heavy mortality in coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) reared commercially in South Carolina. The birds showed depression, tremor, and partial paralysis that advanced into complete paralysis, torticollis, and death within a few hours. The only consistent lesion on necropsy was a catarrhal enteritis in the duodenal area. The disease spread rapidly to all pens throughout the two houses on the farm in all birds over 2 weeks old, and mortality ranged from 40 to 90% in the various pens within the house. Total mortality exceeded 90,000 birds. Age groups on the farm ranged from 1 day to 8 weeks, at which time the birds went for slaughter. It appears that the initial infection was spread by cannibalism. EEE was diagnosed by isolating the virus in fertile eggs and suckling mice, with subsequent identification by complement-fixation. This is the first documented case of EEE in coturnix quail.


Performance, mood, and clinical symptoms in men exposed to prolonged, severe physical work and sleep deprivation. There were 44 young men who participated in strenuous combat courses of 4 d (course I) or 5 d (course II), almost without sleep. They were tested and examined clinically each morning. Groups 1 and 2 had no organized sleep, whereas groups 3 and 4 got 3 and 6 h, respectively, in the middle of each course. Substantial impairment was observed in all tests, as well as clinical symptoms toward the end of the courses for groups 1 and 2. In the vigilance test, the reaction time task, the code test, and the profile of mood-state, significant impairment was observed even after 24 h. Complaints of symptoms came first. Disturbance of senses and behaviour appeared later. Group 4 had significantly better results than groups 1 and 2 in clinical symptoms and all tests, except the positive score in mood-state. Group 3 occupied an intermediate position. Corresponding results were obtained in the two separate courses. In the morning following the course, recovery after 4 h of sleep was less extensive for courses II than course I participants.


Peculiar characteristics of crewmembers' metabolism on the second expedition aboard orbital station Salyut-4. This paper presents the results of metabolic studies of crew members on the second expedition aboard orbital station Salyut-4. Pre- and postflight medical examinations included measurements of a wide range of biochemical parameters characterising protein and carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme activity, energy exchange in red blood cells, hormone concentration, etc. It was shown that, during the 63-d flight and 7-d recovery period, crew-members developed no metabolic changes which could suggest pathologies. The changes were functional and seemed to be manifestations of adaptive reactions to space flight and return to 1 G. Elucidation of mechanisms of the reactions requires further study.


Skeletal abnormalities in domestic chicken. In 14,891 necropsies performed on domestic poultry during January 1976 to October 1977, two cases of skeletal abnormalities were found. One was a tarsometatarsal spur in an adult female chicken, and the other was a crossed-beak associated with microphthalmia.