Carcinoma of the gall bladder presenting as a retrograde intussusception of the duodenum. A case of carcinoma of the gall bladder presenting as a retrograde intussusception of the duodenum is described. Although this is a rare presentation of the disease, adequate radiography and endoscopy will help to establish the diagnosis.


Benign polypi at the site of uretero-rectal anastomosis. A case of benign polypi at the site of uretero-rectal anastomosis is herein reported. Nine other similar cases are reviewed. Possible aetiology and diagnosis are discussed.


Sub-acute thyroiditis and hepatitis in a case of infectious mononucleosis. A viral aetiology for sub-acute (de Quervain's) thyroiditis has long been postulated although proof has been elusive. Infectious mononucleosis has been associated with sub-acute thyroiditis in only two papers, and histological evidence of sub-acute thyroiditis was lacking in both. A case of sub-acute thyroiditis, confirmed by histology, occurring in a patient with infectious mononucleosis is now reported.


Juvenile hepatic fibropolycystic disease and other abnormalities. Two cases are described of hepatic fibropolycystic disease (Brunt, 1973). Both had neonatal pyloric stenosis, one craniostenosis and the other acromegaly and neuro-fibromatosis.


Duplication of the rectum.

Duplication of the rectum. A case of duplication of the rectum is presented and the literature reviewed.


Hostile interaction in a general hospital ward leading to disturbed behaviour and bulimia in anorexia nervosa: its successful management. A girl of 17 years with severe anorexia nervosa, treated on a medical ward in a teaching hospital, developed bulimia, stole food, was sometimes doubly incontinent, behaved angrily, and aroused the hostility of patients and staff. The growth of a vicious circle of hostility is described and it was hypothesized that the hostility had aggravated the bulimia. On the basis of this hypothesis the situation was clarified with the patient and staff, attitudes changed, the patient's appetite dropped within a day from about six times to one-and-a-half times the normal and her behaviour became normal. The significance of these events is briefly discussed.


[Arterio-alveolar difference in CO2 (AaDCO2) : measurement, interpretation, clinical value]. The measurement of arterio-alveolar difference in CO2, easily performed, gives the percentage of non perfused ventilated pulmonary zones. The clinical value of this examination is illustrated by two observations. Its situation, among other tests of the respiratory function, is questioned particularly when the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is concerned.


[Use of sympathomimetics in the treatment of asthma]. There are many sympathomimetic products available in treatment of asthma, such as ephedrin, isoproterenol, orciprenalin, salbutamol, terbutalin..., used by oral or injectable route and spray. In the spray form, the sympathomimetic products have immediate and intense activity but the easiness of their use leads to a dose multiplication or overdose ineluctably, and thus involves cardiac and respiratory accidents which can be fatal. Their prescription should be slightly different according to the clinical type of asthma in the patient. On the other hand the oral sympathomimetic products are less inclined to overdose.


[Value of right cardiac microcatheterization in the prescription and control of oxygen therapy in chronic respiratory insufficiency]. The authors studied 24 patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency divided in 2 groups, one of them subjected to long lasting oxygen therapy. They studied the correlations between the variations of hemodynamic and non dynamic parameters registered during a previous assay of oxygen therapy and those observed during the evolution so as to deduct criteria of prescription of a long lasting oxygen therapy. They stress the importance of microcatheterism at the beginning. On the other hand if it suggests the indication for a controlable oxygenation, the ponctual assays of oxygen therapy, such as defined, present no interest where the appreciation of later successes of a long term oxygen therapy is concerned.


[Comparative efficiency of rigid broncoscopy and fibroscopy in proximal bronchial neoplasms]. The authors report 2 comparable series of 200 bronchoscopies and 200 fibroscopies on 400 cases whose endoscopic pictures suggested a bronchial neoplasia. The histopathological results were similar in both series.


[Clinical study of pleural fibromas].

[Clinical study of pleural fibromas]. After 3 personal observations of pleural fibromas, 67 analogous cases have been recorded. Clinical, radiological and pathological signs are recalled. The authors stress the 2 points which can turn this benign tumour into a serious disease :--onset of major hypoglycemia,--recurrences happening in a malignant fashion.


Effect of high dietary copper on the ceca of chicks. Including 120 to 250 mg./kg. additional copper in practical broiler rations significantly affected the cecal appearance. The ceca were distended and the contents were darker in color and more pasty in consistency, compared to controls. Adding monensin sodium, gentian violet, or ferrous sulfate alone or in combination with copper to the ration did not significantly change the appearance of the ceca. Copper concentrations in the cecal contents reached levels above 5000 mg./kg., suggesting that the mechanism of action of copper in changing the appearance of the ceca may be related to an inhibition of normal fermentation that occurs in this part of the gastrointestinal tract. Sulfate, chloride and carbonate forms of copper all significantly changed cecal appearance, but the oxide did not, nor did a non-copper containing sulfate source. Macroscopic appearance of the gizzard lining and the proventriculus was also significantly changed by adding 240 mg./kg. copper to the diet, and liver weight and lipid content of liver dry matter were significantly increased.


Protein requirement of guinea keets.

Protein requirement of guinea keets. An experiment was carried out in batteries with raised wire floors to study the protein requirements of guinea keets from one to 56 days of age. Keets were fed protein levels ranging from 18 to 28% using an isocaloric corn-soya diet. Keets in this experiment required a dietary protein level of 24% for optimal growth to eight weeks of age. Feed conversion was slightly better for the keets that received 28% protein; however, this result was not significantly different at the 0.05 level of probability. Feed consumption was generally related to growth rate. Mortality was not influenced by levels of protein.


Distribution of 140La and 47Ca in female Japanese quail and in the eggs laid. 140La accumulations in 20 tissues and tissue products of laying Japanese quail 1, 6 and 18 hr. after an intravenous dose of 15 mumol. La/100 g. body weight were greatest in the liver (43.1% at 18 hr.) and the growing oocytes (8.19% at 18 hr.). 47Ca accumulations 6 hr. after intravenous injection as compared with 140La levels were: shell 87.7% Ca, 0.0028% La; liver 0.110% Ca, 38.5% La; oocytes 0.852% Ca, 6.50% La. La3+ administered with the 47Ca did not alter the 47Ca levels. Deposition in eggs laid over an 8-day period was: 47Ca, shells 95.7%, maximum 77.6% on day 1; 140La, yolks 25.3%, maximum 8.35% on day 4.


New formal approaches to the determination of energy and amino acid requirements of chicks. Body weight and the intake of metabolizable energy of chicks as function of age, were resolved into a linear equation from which the energy requirements for maintenance and growth were extracted. The metabolizable energy requirement for maintenance was calculated to be 1.91 and 1.62 Cal./g. 2/3, and that for weight gain was 2.05 and 2.19 Cal./g. for male White Rock and female 2--8-week old Leghorn chicks, respectively. The amino acid requirements of growing broiler chicks were calculated from the maintenance requirements, body weight gain and body weight, the proportions of feather protein in total body protein, and the amino acid composition of carcass and feathers. The requirements thus calculated, correlated well with various values in the literature. Diets formulated on the basis of the present model, were lower in protein and amino acid contents than those formulated on the basis of NRC allowances. These differences were pronounced in diets designed for 6--8 week old chicks. The weight gains obtained were similar for both types of diets. Feed conversion were slightly poorer and abdominal fat higher in chicks fed the model diets. It is concluded that the present model can serve, at least as an initial approach, to calculate the protein and amino acid requirements.


Effect of pelleting on the vitamin K activity of various vitamin K3 preparations in chicks. A study with chicks was conducted to compare the relative vitamin K3 stability of various menadione preparations in mash and pellets. The preparations assayed were menadione sodium bisulfite, menadione sodium bisulfite complex, menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite and Kastab (a physically stabilized preparation of menadione sodium bisulfite). Pelleting increased the stability of all preparations when measured by the partial thromboplastin assay. The general trend in stability obtained by both procedures was in decreasing order: Kastab, menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite, menadione bisulfite complex and menadione bisulfite. Stability, determined chemically in vitamin microelement premixes, gave similar results.


Influence of ethoxyquin on the utilization of selenium by the chick. Experiments showed that commonly used concentrations of dietary ethoxyquin (6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroxyquinoline) spare the selenium requirement of the vitamin E-deficient chick according to the following function: log Y = -0.0011X - 0.7741, where Y = Se requirement (ppm) and X = dietary ethoxyquin (ppm). The basis of the sparing effect appeared to be metabolic; (a) ethoxyquin was effective in alleviating exudative diathesis when fed (physiologically and chronologically) separately from selenium, and (b) ethoxyquin was effective in promoting increases in the plasma of the selenium-containing enzyme, glutathione peroxidase.


Studies on the utilization of vitamin E alcohol and esters by the chick. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the utilization of d1-alpha-tocopherol, d1-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and a water-soluble ester, d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 (TPGS), as dietary sources of vitamin E for the chick. Results showed that tocopheryl acetate is utilized with efficiency equal to that of vitamin E alcohol at dietary concentrations less than or equal to approximately 40 ml d1-alpha-tocopherol equivalents per kg. At greater dietary concentrations of the vitamin, the alcohol form appeared to be better utilized than the acetate when it was adequately stabilized in the diet. However, TPGS was poorly utilized at all dietary levels examined. Saponification of both esters improved the utilization of vitamin E from these sources. The utilization of all forms of vitamin E was depressed in hypervitaminotic A chicks and, to a lesser extent, in chicks fed ethoxyquin.


The relationship of production status to serum calcium and phosphorus in hens. The effect of production status on the serum levels of calcium and phosphorous of laying hens was examined. Commercial-type White Leghorn hens, 66 weeks of age, were selected on the basis of whether or not they had laid an egg each day during a two-day period. A five ml. blood sample was collected via anterior heart puncture from each of the selected hens and subjected to serum calcium and phosphorus analyses. Serum phosphorus varied significantly in relation to whether or not a bird laid an egg the day before and/or the day of blood collection. Except for birds which were reproductively inactive, serum calcium was less affected by production status than was serum phosphorus. It was hypothesized that the variations were related to the physiological changes in shell calcification activity, bone resorption and remineralization, intestinal absorption of minerals and muscular activity. It was suggested from the results that birds selected for serum mineral analyses should be of similar production status.


Suppression of phytohemagglutinin skin response in thymectomized chickens. Intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the wattles of chickens elicited marked swellings often accompanied by induration. Histologically, this reaction was characterized by a perivascular accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophage migration in the central layer of the wattles. Heterophilic infiltration was observed mostly at early hours and waned thereafter. Sometime basophils were prominently located around the vessels. These responses were significantly decreased in cases of neonatal thymectomy. Therefore, the PHA skin test was considered to be a thymus-dependent response. The use of the PHA skin test in chickens may provide useful information for the evaluation of thymus-dependent function.


Plasma concentration of progesterone and estradiol during the ovulatory cycle of the turkey. Radioimmunoassays were used to estimate concentrations of progesterone and estradiol in the peripheral plasma of hens in relation to the first (C1) or second (C2) ovulation in a sequence. Peak concentrations of progesterone were found at 6--3 hr. before ovulation. There were no consistent changes in estradiol concentrations. When blood samples were taken at 2-hr. intervals for 24--48 hrs., estradiol concentrations peaked at 18 hours before C1 ovulation and during the same time of day (2--6 p.m.) during the period of no ovulation between sequences, but no estradiol peak preceded C2 ovulation. When blood samples were taken from a second population of hens at 1-hr. intervals during the 12 hr. period before expected C2 ovulation, a significant rise in estradiol (P less than 0.01) was associated with the preovulatory peak of progesterone. The preovulatory peak of estradiol in these hens may be linked to a seasonally high rate of secretion of both estradiol and progesterone. As estimated indirectly by hypophysectomy, release of an ovulatory amount of LH in the turkey coincided with the rise of progesterone to the preovulatory peak.


Effects of age, light regimes and food removal on development of daily rhythmicity in chick heart rate. Development of daily rhythms in the chick heart rate was investigated during the post-hatching period. The measurements were made in free-moving chicks at one-hour intervals under different light conditions. Clear daily rhythms were seen 3 days after hatching under LD (12:12 hr.) whereas no daily rhythm was observed under either constant illumination or constant dark. The present study demonstrated that while heart rate increased with age during the post-hatching period, the light-time heart rate increased more rapidly than the dark-time heart rate. It was also found that the daily rhythms in heart rate were not formed after food removal even under LD. These results indicate that the light and feeding play an important role in the development of the daily rhythms in chick heart rate.


A new poultry semen extender 2. Effect of the diluent components on the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. The major objective of this study was to assess the relationship of various components of the Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender (BPSE) to the maintenance of the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. A secondary objective was to rest the effectiveness of certain chemical additives on maintining the fertilizing capacity of stored semen. The data indicate that the components of the BPSE which contribute most to the preservation of semen were sodium glutamate and potassium phosphate. Also the high level of potassium in the BPSE was critical to the survival of spermatozoa during low temperature storage. Although the fructose component of the BPSE was not a significant factor during storage, attempts to substitute fructose with other carbohydrates resulted in a reduction in fertility. The addition of gentamicin sulfate (100 to 200 microgram/ml.), or pasteurized milk (10% v./v.) to the BPSE did not significantly alter the fertilizing capacity of semen stored for 24 hr., whereas similar levels of whole egg, egg yolk, egg albumen or seminal plasma had a depressive effect. The data in this study clearly indicate that components of and additions to the BPSE were responsible for the maintenance of only about 50 to 60% of the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored for 24 hr. at 5 degrees C.


A new poultry semen extender 3. Effect of storage conditions on the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. Semen from adult Leghorns was subjected to one of five treatments during storage at 5 degrees C. for periods of up to 24 hr. The effects of dilution rate, storage temperature, presence of seminal plasma, presence of visible light and the semen to air ratio in the storage vessel were studied on the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa after 0, 4 and 24 hr. of storage. The results indicated that the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at 5 degrees C. was equal to that of the unstored controls when semen was diluted and exposed to a light intensity of 129 lux during the entire storage period. Viability of semen stored at 5 degrees C. for 24 hr. was unaffected by storage temperature (5 vs 15 degrees C.), the presence or absence of seminal plasma, or the semen to air ratio in the storage vessel.


The effect of dietary monoterpenes on the cholesterol level of eggs. Monoterpenes were included in the diets of laying hens in an attempt to inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol and hence reduce its amount in egg yolk. However, feeding five monoterpenes, phorone or 200 mg. cholesterol per day to hens did not significantly change the level of cholesterol in the egg yolk. These compounds did not cause signs of ill health in the hen or a decline in egg production.


Estimation of sodium requirement of growing chukar partridge (Alectoris graeca). Two experiments were conducted with growing chukar partridges to estimate their sodium requirement for growth. Birds fed the basal diet (0.025% Na) had poor growth and high mortality. A total of about 0.095% dietary sodium was adequate for maximum growth and minimal mortality.


The effect of environmental temperature on potassium concentrations in the blood of the domestic fowl. The effects of environmental temperature on the blood potassium concentration of chickens of different ages were studied. The mean environmental temperatures used were 8 degrees, 19 degrees and 30 degrees C. There were no statistically significant differences in blood potassium concentration between age groups within a given temperature. Birds acclimated to an environmental temperature of 30 degrees C., had a lower mean blood potassium concentration than birds acclimated to an environmental temperature of 8 degrees C. There was no significant difference between the birds at 19 degrees C. and the other groups. Birds transferred from the 8 degrees to the 30 degrees C. environmental temperature showed a significant decrease in whole blood potassium concentrations as early as six hr. following transfer. In birds transferred from the 30 degrees to the 8 degrees C. environmental temperature, the blood potassium concentrations before and after transfer did not differ significantly. The results of this study indicate that blood potassium concentrations change with acclimation by the domestic fowl.


Lysine requirement of broilers as influenced by environmental temperatures. Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of 15.6 and 29.4 degrees C. environmental temperatures on 2- to 4-week broiler lysine requirements. Weights for 4-week-old cockerels were maximum when either 1.10% dietary lysine in the 15.6 degrees C. environment or 1.00% dietary lysine in the 29.4 degrees C. environment were fed. Feed was used more efficiently by 4-week old cockerels fed either 1.10% dietary lysine in the 15.6 degrees C. environment or 0.95% dietary lysine in the 29.4 degrees C. environment. Plasma free lysine concentrations from 4-week-old cockerels increased as dietary lysine increased. Total plasma free amino acid concentrations from chicks grown in a 15.6 degrees C. environment were approximately 25% greater than from chicks grown at 29.4 degrees C. Total plasma free amino acids for 4-week-old cockerels peaked when 1.05% dietary lysine in the cool environment and 0.95% dietary lysine in the warm environment were fed.


The effects of sonication, freezing and lyophilization on JMV leukosis strain. JMV lymphoblastic leukemic cells were subjected to sonication, followed by freezing and lyophilization in an attempt to learn the tolerance of JMV cells to these treatments. Sonication experiments indicated that a high percentage of cell breakage (greater than 89%) is necessary for any decrease in lethality to be observed. Freezing experiments involving a wide range of cryoprotectors demonstrated 2M glycerol to be the best for JMV preservation. Subsequent freeze-drying of sonicated, frozen JMV preparations, of high titer, consistently resulted in all loss of lethality.


Effect of 6-amino-9-(substituted benzyl)purines on oocyst sporulation. A series of experiments have been conducted utilizing 11 strains of Eimeria representing 4 of the major species to measure the effect of arprinocid [6-amino-9-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)purine] and the dichloro analog L-628,914 [6-amino-9-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)purine] on oocyst sporulation. The results of these studies show that oocysts harvested from chickens fed graded levels of these compounds and infected with E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix, or E. tenella have a decreased capacity to sporulate. This effect was observed against each of the species of Eimeria tested at levels well below the proposed use level of 60 ppm to 70 ppm of arprinocid.


The response of Bobwhite quail chicks to dietary ammonium and an antibiotic-vitamin supplement when fed B1 aflatoxin. Dietary ammonium phosphate and a water soluble antibiotic-vitamin supplement were tested as possible means of preventing or minimizing the effects of aflatoxin in the diet of Bobwhite quail chicks. Aflatoxin (B1) was added to the diet at levels of 0, 0.4 and .8 ppm in Experiment 1 and 0, .8 and 1.2 ppm in Experiment 2. In addition, ammonium phosphate was included in the diet at levels of 0 or 1.46% and an antibiotic-vitamin supplement was added to the drinking water at 0 or 600 mg/liter. All treatments were given from 1 to 32 days of age in Experiment 1 and 1 to 28 days of age in Experiment 2. The addition of aflatoxin to the diet resulted in decreased body weight, feed consumption and percent tibia ash, increased mortality and increased feed required per unit of body weight. The addition of ammonia to the diet in the form of monoammonium phosphate did not alleviate the effects of aflatoxin. Water supplementation with an antibiotic-vitamin mixture improved weight and feed efficiency and decreased mortality of chicks receiving aflatoxin.


Energy utilization by laying hens. I. Energetic efficiencies of maintenance and production. The energetic efficiency of metabolizable energy conversion to net energy for maintenance and/or production was determined in laying hens. The techniques employed indicated that maintenance and production had essentially the same efficiencies (.619 and .628, respectively). Fasting heat production was 69.28 kcal/Wkg75 (physiological body weight) and the maintenance requirement was 111.1 kcal/Wkg75. Limiting metabolizable energy intake in laying hens reduced both egg weight and hen-day production. Regression equations predicted a reduction of 1.53 g in egg weight and a reduction of 2.5% in egg production for each 10 kcal metabolizable energy reduction in intake. This paper reports techniques which may be employed for energetic efficiency evaluations of feedstuffs, mixed diets, and energy utilization by laying hens in short term studies.


Relative phosphorus requirements of three strains of White Leghorn cockerels. Three strains of White Leghorn Cockerels were fed a degerminated corn meal diet supplemented with graded levels of phosphorus. The basal diet which contained .30% phosphorus and .21% calcium was adjusted to contain added phosphorus levels of 0, .05, .10, or .15%, with calcium levels of .49, .47, .57 and .61%, respectively. At the end of a 21-day trial period, birds were group weighed by replicate, and four birds from each replicate sacrificed for bone ash determinations. The experiment was repeated one time. Maximum body weights of Babcock B-300 and Hyline W-36 chicks was attained at the .10% supplemental phosphorus level; whereas Kimber K-137 chick body weight data indicated a response beyond this point to the .15% level. Bone ash data indicated that there may be a difference in phosphorus requirement and/or utilization among the three strains. There was no significant response beyond the .10% supplemental phosphorus level when tibia ash values of the B-300 and W-36 chicks were analyzed. A significant response in ash values was noted, however, to the .15% supplemental phosphorus level with K-137 chicks.


Alleviation of fluorine toxicity in starting turkeys and chicks with aluminum. Aluminum (Al) compounds were evaluated as fluorine (F) toxicity alleviators in starting broiler chicks and turkeys. Added F levels from NaF ranged from 0 to 1000 ppm, whereas Al levels varied from 0 to 800 ppm. Al was fed either as Al2O3 or Al2 (SO4)3.18H2O. When fed as the sulphate salt, 800 ppm of Al completely prevented the toxic effect of at least 1000 ppm of F. Al2O3 was not effective as an alleviator of fluorine toxicity. When the mode of action of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O against F toxicity was studied in colostomized turkeys it was apparent that F absorption occurred but was probably less efficient than previously reported in ruminants. Al significantly (P less than .05) reduced F absorption in turkeys. Urinary F levels were: 2.4 ppm in birds fed a control diet (26 ppm F), 17.8 ppm in birds fed a diet with 1000 ppm F, and 6.7 ppm in birds fed the high F diet with 800 ppm Al as the sulphate salt. In addition, data from this study indicated that starting broiler chicks were more tolerant (800 ppm F) than starting turkeys (600 ppm F) to fluorine toxicosis.


Testosterone levels in the blood plasma of male chicken-pheasant hybrids. Testosterone levels in the blood plasma of sterile male chicken-pheasant hybrids were compared with plasma testosterone levels of roosters and male pheasants, using radioimmunoassay. Mean values of testosterone in the roosters, male pheasants and chicken-pheasant hybrids during spring were 155.47 +/- 4.03, 24.29 +/- 1.55 and 0.68 +/- 0.05 ng./100 ml., respectively and the corresponding values for winter were 88.88 +/- 4.10, 0.61 +/- 0.04 and 0.76 +/- 0.07 ng./100 ml. The pheasant testes were inactive in winter but active in spring whereas the hybrid testes were inactive in winter and spring unlike those of roosters which were active during these seasons. The low levels of testosterone in hybrids during both seasons could be attributed to the impairment of steroid biosynthetic activity of the Leydig cells and may be causally related to the absence of secondary sexual characteristics and the interruption of spermatogenesis in chicken-pheasant hybrids.


Effect of cholera preventative treatments on reproductive performance of turkey hens. Turkey hens were treated with either the Clemson University (CU) strain of P. multocida, chlortetracycline, bacterin, or no cholera preventative treatment during the growing period. This was followed by CU vaccination during the production period in all except an untreated control group and resulted in no significant differences (P less than 0.05) in egg production, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, body weight, or feed consumption. Best liveability after post-production challenge with P-1059 strain of P. multocida was 92% for those treated with CU vaccine in both the grower and production periods. Hens receiving no cholera preventative treatment had only 8% liveability. These data indicate no adverse effect from treating turkey hens with CU vaccine during the production period.


Electrolyte content of blood and bone in chickens subjected to heat stress. In two trials, S. C. White Leghorns were subjected to constant ambient temperatures of 21.1, 29.4 and 35.0 C from 2 to 33 or 2 to 31 weeks of age. Blood samples were obtained 4 days prior to termination of the trial. In trial 1, blood electrolytes Na, K, Ca, Mg and Cl were studied. In trial 2, the same blood electrolytes plus P were studied and the left femur was analyzed for Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and % ash. Results indicate that both males and females can maintain homeostasis of both blood and bone under the above temperature conditions.


Comparison of two procedures for freezing semen from cocks of high and low fertility with frozen semen. Semen samples from groups of males chosen for high or low freezability of semen were frozen by two different methods, one using glycerol as the cryoprotectant and the other using DMSO. Fertilizing capacity was highest from semen collected from males of the high group and frozen in the presence of DMSO. Neither semen source nor method of freezing had any influence on the hatch of fertile eggs.


Plasma renin activity in hypertensive and hypotensive turkeys. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and Angiotensin I values were determined in hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys. In this study, PRA and/or Angiotensin I values were not influenced by body weight or blood pressure. The PRA of the hypertensive turkeys (.227 ng/ml/hr) was not significantly different from the hypotensive turkeys (.216 ng/ml/hr). Also, the Angiotensin I values of .225 and .213 ng/ml in the hypertensive and hypotensive lines, respectively, were not different. There were no significant correlations between body weight, blood pressure, PRA, and/or Angiotensin I.


The metabolic and endogenous energy losses of adult roosters. The metabolic plus endogenous energy losses of 300 adult, White Leghorn roosters during a 24 hr period, following 24 hr of starvation, were measured. The losses ranged from 2.37 to 6.93, with a mean of 4.46, kcal/kg body weight/24 hr. Multiple regression analysis showed that only 23% of the variation in the loss/bird/24 hr was explained by differences in body weight and weight change. The measurements were made during 38 experiments spread over 3 years but there was no evidence of any relationship between the year or time of year and magnitude of the energy loss.


Effects of environmental temperature on the iodine requirements of young chickens. Growth rate of chicks maintained at 32 C was reduced as compared with chicks maintained at 21 C. Environmental temperature did not influence the iodine requirement for growth which appeared to be met with a level of approximately 75 ppb in both environments. Thyroid enlargement was observed in both environments for chicks fed low levels of iodine, but the magnitude of the enlargement was much greater at 21 C than at 32 C. A level of 75 ppb iodine was adequate for normal thyroid size at 32 C, but was inadequate to prevent thyroid enlargement at 21 C.


D-cystine utilization by the chick.

D-cystine utilization by the chick. Young chicks were fed graded levels of either L-cystine or DL-cystine in a purified crystalline amino acid diet made adequate in methionine but void in cystine. Gain performance and slope-ratio efficacy comparisons indicated that the D-isomer of cystine could not be utilized by the chick.


Hereditary chondrodystrophy in the turkey. A new form of chondrodystrophy was observed in an inbred line of large weight white turkeys. It is characterized by shortened and thickened long bones of the legs and wings and proportionally shortened beaks. The absence of some terminal phalanges was noted in about half of the mutants. A hydrocephalous condition was observed in a few mutants but was not found in normal embryos. The chondrodystrophy is caused by an autosomal recessive semi-lethal gene designated chm. Only three chm chm individuals have hatched normally but others have been assisted out of the shell and have survived for varying periods of time. Of six that survived to mature age, all were sterile. A slightly different form of chondrodystrophy was observed in medium-weight turkeys from three sources. This type, which did not have the missing phalanges or hydrocephalic expression, was also caused by a recessive gene which was different from chm. Phenotypically, they differed from s s embryos (Asmundson, 1944) by shortening of the beak and failure to hatch.


Growth curves and stabilization of fresh vaccine cultures of the Clemson University strain of Pastuerella multocida. Growth curves at 37 C for the Clemson University strain of Pasteurella multocida were about the same in either brain-heart-infusion broth or in a recently developed broth called "special broth TV". Counts in both broths were usually greater than 1 x 10(9) viable bacteria per ml. With the addition of 5 g of dried skim milk to each 100 ml of broth culture in the stationary phase of the growth curve, only a slight decrease in viable counts occurred over the next 7 to 14 days when held at 4 C. Such stabilization of broth cultures of P. multocida gives added flexibility to the use of fresh cultures as a live oral turkey cholera vaccine.


Dieldrin, Ca and P balance, and characteristics of the egg in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A study was made of the Ca and P balance, Ca and P content in the femur, physical characteristics of the egg, mineral structure of the shell, and the number of eggs in quails treated with dieldrin (20 mg/kg of diet) for 48 days. The diet contained 3.24% Ca and 0.72% P. The Ca and P balance, the bone contents of Ca and P and the calcemia in the males were not changed by the pesticide. In the females, the pesticide decreased the amount of excreted Ca and Ca in the egg, for which reason the coefficient of nutritive utilization (CNU), the coefficient of corporal retention (CCR), and the Ca level in the femur were greater in treated laying quails. The calcemia remained stable, and the balance of P was not significantly modified by the dieldrin. The study of weight, size, and strength of the egg did not reveal any influence of the dieldrin, and egg production fluctuated throughout the test period.


Inhibition of avian mycoplasmal hemagglutination by IgM type antibody. Intravenous exposure of turkeys to Mycoplasma synoviae resulted in development of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) activity in serums within 4 days. Treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and gel-filtration separation of serum immunoglobulins indicated that the activity was due to IgM type antibody. Similar early HI activity was demonstrated in serums from turkeys exposed intravenously to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma meleagridis.


Effects of biotin, folic acid, and pantothenic acid on the growth of Mycoplasma meleagridis, a turkey pathogen. The biotin, folic acid, and pantothenic acid requirements of Mycoplasma meleagridis were determined in vitro by examining the growth and survival of the organism in the presence of varying concentrations of these factors. Growth and survival were also studied in the presence of aminopterin and methotrexate which prevent utilization of folic acid, and in the presence of avidin, a known biotin antagonist. Whereas pantothenate appeared to have no obvious effect on growth or survival, folate was marginally stimulatory at only the highest concentration tested. Aminopterin exerted a slight, but not significant, inhibitory effect at four of the five concentrations tested. In contrast, the inhibition seen with methotrexate increased, dependent on dose. Biotin exerted a pronounced stimulatory effect at the two highest concentrations tested. Avidin inhibited growth only at one of the concentrations tested; however, this concentration did not correspond to the greatest amount of avidin. The possible significance of the avidin-biotin relationship to the etiology of Turkey Syndrome 1965 is explored on the basis of these in vitro observations and previous in vivo findings.


Ochratoxicosis in White Leghorn hens.

Ochratoxicosis in White Leghorn hens. As ochratoxin-producing fungi are often isolated from poultry feeds and from cereals used in compounding these feeds, a study has been made of the effects of feeding ochratoxin A (OA) to laying birds. Four groups of White Leghorn hens were fed 0, .5, 1, and 4 ppm in the feed respectively. Egg production and feed consumption declined in the three groups given OA, while egg and body weight were depressed only by feeding higher levels of OA. Fertility and hatchability were unaffected by feeding OA. Prothrombin times were increased and total serum proteins were decreased after feeding 1 or 4 ppm for six weeks. After the withdrawal of the mycotoxin-contaminated feed, OA disappeared from the muscle after 24 hr but persisted in liver and kidney for more than 48 hr. No residues were found in fat or skin.


The effect of diet on liver glycogen and body composition in the chick. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of diet on liver glycogen and body composition in the three-week-old chick. When percent protein and percent lysine were varied, liver glycogen concentration declined significantly as protein and lysine increased, 32.6 vs. 19.4 mg/g for the 14 and 35% protein diets, respectively. Carcass fat decreased and carcass moisture increased in a pattern similar to glycogen as protein and lysine increased in the diets. When seven levels of lysine were fed in isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets, glycogen content was not significantly different in any of the treatments. Liver glycogen was highest at the lowest energy level when dietary energy was increased and protein held constant. Carcass fat varied with the energy level but was also influenced by the amino acid balance. The data suggest that percent carbohydrate to percent fat ratio in the diet (both calculated) is an important factor affecting glycogen, but more research is needed to determine the mechanisms controlling the glycogen content of the liver.


Methionine toxicity in chicks and poults. In feeding experiments with poults, 2% DL-methionine caused a marked growth depression which could be alleviated by the addition of glycine. Homocystine at an equimolar level depressed growth to a lesser degree than methionine, and this growth depression could be alleviated by glycine. Betaine could alleviate the growth depression of homocystine but not that of methionine. Methionine-fed poults developed a cervical paralysis similar to that of a folic acid deficiency, but the addition of this vitamin at several times the requirement was ineffective in counteracting the toxicity of methionine in either chicks or poults.


Glycogen metabolism in the turkey embryo and poult. Fertile eggs from Large White turkey hens were classified according to weight at time of incubation. Glycogen was measured in the 21-day-old embryo and one-day-old poult. Liver glycogen was positively correlated with initial egg weight in the 21-day-old embryo and negatively related to initial egg weight in the one-day-old poult. Glycogen recycling was evident in the one-day-old poult. Maximum accumulation of 14C-glucose as glycogen occurred 60 min post injection. Liver phosphorylase a level was higher in the one-day-old poult than the embryo. Total phosphorylase per gram of liver tissue was not different between the two age groups. Liver phosphorylase b was subject to conversion to phosphorylase a in both age groups. Avian phosphorylase exists in both the active and inactive form.


Effect of age and sex on the association constant and binding capacity of chicken serum for corticosteroid. In two experiments, the blood of White Rock chickens was collected at 6 intervals from the time they were 2 to 140 days old. The effects of age, sex of the bird, and removal of exogenous steroids (stripping) on the association constant (Ka), and the binding capacity (CBGBC) for corticosterone in the serum were measured. The Ka of the serum declined when the chickens were between 84 and 140 days old. Stripping increased the Ka only when all chickens were 2 days old and when the females were 140 days old. The CBGBC was highest in all chickens when they were 28 to 56 days old. In general, CBGBC was higher in serum of males than in that of females, but was reduced to a greater extent by stripping in males than in females. These results indicate that the bound to free ratio for corticosteroids should be highest when the chickens are 28 to 56 days old, when both Ka and CBGBC are highest.


Biogenic amine-containing cells in the chicken lung. Formaldehyde induced fluorescence was used to identify biogenic amine-containing cells in the adult chicken lung. Such cells, found in the parabronchial region, are sparsely distributed. There are at least two types of biogenic amine-containing cells in the lung: one type probably contains serotonin and the other a catecholamine. These cells might function as either a humoral or hormonal regulator of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion or as a receptor involved in control of breathing.


Effect of three lifetime ambient temperatures on growth, feed and water consumption and various blood components in male and female Leghorn chickens. In two trials, SC White Leghorns were subjected to constant ambient temperatures of 21.1, 29.4, and 35.0 C from 2 to 31 or 32 weeks of age. Weekly measurements were made of body weight, feed efficiency, water consumption, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total plasma protein, Po2, Pco2, pH, and mortality. It was found that the blood picture changes with age, sex, and ambient temperature. Age at which sex differences become significant varies with the blood component studied.


Necrotic oral lesions in chickens fed diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin, and crotocin. One-day-old broiler chicks were fed a diet containing either 5 ppm diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 5 ppm T-2 toxin, 10 ppm crotocin, or a control diet for 3 weeks. Chicks fed the diet containing DAS and T-2 toxin showed yellowish plaque-type lesions on the beak, tongue, and angle of the mouth. Crotocin did not cause such lesions nor any apparent clinical signs. Chicks fed DAS had the lowest weight gain followed by the T-2, crotocin, and control group in that order; however, chicks fed crotocin had the poorest feed conversion ratio.


Shell gland oxygen consumption in hens producing eggs of low or high specific gravity. Oxygen consumption of shell gland lumenal tissue was found to be higher in hens producing eggs of high specific gravity (greater than or equal to 1.080) when compared to tissue from hens producing eggs of low specific gravity (less than or equal to 1.075). Shell gland lumenal tissue oxygen consumption was also greater when an egg was in the shell gland as compared to hens with an egg in the magnum (9.8 and 8.0 microliter O2/hr/mg tissue respectively).


Procedural modifications for the determination of lead in microquantities of blood of young Japanese quail. Lead analyses were performed on capillary blood samples from 2-week-old Japanese quail, using a standard microprocedure. The difficulties encountered included coagulation when the blood aliquot was diluted with Triton X-100, loss of lead during the ashing stage, and non-parallel calibration curves. Recommendations to overcome these problems are presented.


Histophysiological studies on the postovulatory follicles of the fowl ovary. A histochemical study has been made of the postovulatory follicles of fowl (Gallus domesticus) during their various stages of development and degeneration. The lumen of postovulatory follicle shows granulosa cells at their initial formative stages and both thecal and stromal cells at the later regressive stages. The granulosa and thecal cells develop diffuse lipoproteins, cholesterol-positive lipids and various enzyme activities (delta5-3beta-HSDH, NAD-NADP-diaphorases and alkaline phosphatase), which are indicative of steroidogenesis.


Visual evoked potentials from the superficial Wulst of the cockerel to intermittent flash stimulation of various frequencies. Averaged visual evoked potentials (VEPs) from the surface of the Wulst and the electroretinogram (ERG) were recorded simultaneously in curarized cockerels. The polyphasic VEPs were recorded from the dorso-medial region of the Wulst of cockerels at 1 Hz stimulation, while the ERG consisted of the a, b, and c waves. The late VEPs were markedly attenuated with an increase in the stimulation frequency.


Sex-linked dwarfism and response to two Newcastle disease vaccines. In a series of battery trials, normal-sized (AG) broiler type and sex-linked dwarf chicks (D2) were vaccinated with a double dose of Roakin or LaSota strain Newcastle Disease (ND) vaccine, or were challenged with the Gilbert-Boney ND virus. The AG chicks developed higher hemagglutination inhibition titers but suffered more mortality than the D2 chicks following administration of Roakin strain vaccine. Similar percentages of mortality occurred in AG x AG, AG x D2 and D2 x D2 male chicks challenged with the Gilbert-Boney ND virus. Results indicate that the dwarf strain and the AG x D2 cross strain chicks are no more susceptible to ND than the AG strain.


Identification of some new minor acids from chicken skin lipids. Lipids from the skin of commercially processed broilers were extracted by Folch's technique and analyzed for fatty acids as their methyl esters by gas-liquid chromatography/mass pectrometry. Of the 24 fatty acids, identified, 5 had not been previously identified in either total chicken skin lipids or skin lipid fractions. They are: pentadecenoic acid (15:1), heptadecenoic acid (17:1), arachidic acid (20:0), heneicosanoic acid (21:0), and erucic acid (22:1).


Blood plasma constituents in 14-week old hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys. Plasma inorganic phosphorous, glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were determined in 14-week old turkeys from lines genetically determined for high and low blood pressure. The turkeys received a commercial grower diet (control), control + 10% animal fat, or control + 10% animal fat and 1% cholesterol. Concentrations of uric acid in plasma were higher (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than in the other dietary groups, and the high blood pressure line had significantly higher (P less than or equal to .05) concentrations of uric acid in plasma than the low blood pressure line. Turkeys fed the diet containing added cholesterol had higher levels (P less than or equal to .05) of total plasma cholesterol than those receiving the other diets. Alkaline phosphatase levels of plasma were significantly lower (P less than or equal to .05) in the control-diet group than the other dietary groups. There were no other effects within either of the genetic blood pressure lines that indicated blood pressure had any influence on blood plasma constituents other than uric acid, nor was there any indication that dietary treatment had any effect within either blood pressure group. Blood pressure and plasma constituents were not correlated.


The effect of glycerol and dilution on the release of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase from chicken spermatozoa. Glycerol was added to washed chicken spermatozoa to determine its effect on the release of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT). The addition of up to 2.191 M glycerol did not cause a release of GOT when it was added as part of the diluent. GOT was released, however, following rapid decreases in the glycerol concentration of a diluent. The amount of GOT released was related to the rate of change in molarity of glycerol.


Brain noradrenaline concentration in seizure-prone chicks, Gallus domesticus. The mutant, sex-linked recessive px (paroxysm) gene, expressed in female White Leghorn chicks (Gallus domesticus), causes  seizures beginning on approximately day 9 after hatching. In an attempt to determine possible central nervous system involvement in the seizures, brain levels of the putative transmitter noradrenaline were assayed. Brains of px chicks and controls (normal female siblings) were removed at 7, 14, and 21 days, weighed, and frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen for later analysis by the alumina-trihydroxyindoleamine method. Noradrenaline was assayed in whole brain and in 4 brain parts: optic lobes, brainstem, cerebral hemispheres, and cerebellum. No differences between px and controls were found in whole brain or optic lobe levels. Brainstem levels of noradrenaline increased significantly with time in both groups, though px increases were more rapid. Px chicks at 21 days of age had significantly higher levels or noradrenaline in the cerebral hemispheres, while cerebellar levels were significantly lower at the same age. The differences found in brainstem, cerebral, and cerebellar noradrenaline are of interest as possible explanations for the lowered body temperature, hyperexcitability, and lack of motor coordination seen in the px chicks.


Studies on dispersed unincubated chick blastoderm cells. I. Early phases of aggregation. Early phases of aggregation of dispersed unincubated chick blastoderm cells were investigated. Dispersed cells, when maintained in appropriate cultures, began adhering to one another almost immediately and eventually formed spherical aggregates without any recognizable structures except for occasional blood islands, after 24 hr of incubation. The number and size of aggregates derived from dispersed cells depended largely upon the speed of rotation and initial cell density. Treatment with colchicine (4 microgram/ml) had no apparent effect on adhesion of cells, although it yielded smaller aggregates than controls, especially after 14 hr of incubation. Direct observation on mitotic activity, estimations of cell number and nucleic acid content, and pulse labeling experiments with 3H thymidine clearly showed that aggregates were derived entirely from adhesion of free cells and/or fusion of smaller aggregates during the first 12 to 13 hr of incubation. In addition, all cell types present in the unincubated blastoderm contributed to the formation of aggregates, not one particular cell type.


Scanning electron microscopy of the oviductal mucosa apposing the hen ovum. The surface patterns of the chicken hen oviductal mucosa apposing an ovum were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The distended infundibular mucosa consisted of folds that were separated by interfold spaces of similar width and longitudinal orientation. The epithelium, which lined the base of the interfold spaces, was nonciliated and appeared to correspond to the glandular grooves, which are the sites of sperm storage in the infundibulum. The presence of an ovum in the magnum or isthmus resulted in the flattening of the mucosal folds and occlusion of the oviductal lumen. The uterine mucosa was slightly compressed when apposed to an egg and wide interfold spaces were evident.


Telemetry measured body temperature of domestic fowl at various ambient temperatures. Adult, male Single Comb White Leghorn chickens (SCWL) were housed unrestrained in individual cages in a controlled environment room with a photoperiod of 12L:12D. By means of surgically implanted radio transmitter, body temperatures were recorded hourly for five consecutive days at each of six experimental temperatures: 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, and 38 C. The data were evaluated statistically by correlogram, periodogram, and harmonic analysis. Period length of each cycle was about 24 hr at all ambient temperatures. No significant differences in deep body temperature were observed until the ambient temperature reached 32 C; but highly significant increases were detected between 32, 35, and 38 C. Diurnal differences in body temperature ranged from .6 to 1.1 C. It has been suggested that the body temperature of male chicken may be under the control of a biological clock that synchronizes with the solar day.


Relationship between intestinal movements and pancreatic juice secretion in the domestic chicken. The relationship between the intestinal movements and the pancreatic juice secretion in the domestic chicken was studied. The main pancreatic ducts of commercial broiler-type chickens 12 to 14 weeks of age were cannulated, and the pancreatic secretions were recorded by a drop counter. Balloon catheters for monitoring the intestinal movements were implanted in the proximal duodena in the same animals. Feeding and drinking activities were monitored by photocells. The recordings from the drop counter, the balloon catheter, and the feeding and drinking activity monitor were made in relation to the time of day. These recordings indicated that the pancreatic secretory rate correlates with the pattern of intestinal movements of the proximal duodenum in the domestic chicken. The data also suggest the movement of chyme in the duodenum under ad libitum feeding conditions to be at a steady state during the light period. During the dark period, the intestinal movements and the flow of pancreatic juice are intermittent.


Preliminary observations on northern fowl mite infestations on estrogenized roosters and in relation to initial egg production in hens. Treatment of normal male Leghorn chickens with doses of estradiol ranging from .1 to 1.0 mg per week caused only a slight increase in resistance to infestation with northern fowl mites. The resistance phenomenon did not increase linearly with estradiol dose. Pullets were initially resistant to mite infestation; however, susceptibility was noted to increase markedly near the time of initial egg-production. These data indicate that sex hormones may be related to mite resistance in chickens, but that estrogen alone is probably not responsible for the difference in mite susceptibility between male and female birds.


Inactivated Newcastle disease vaccines: influence of virus concentration on the primary immune response. Inactivated vaccines of high potency could play a valuable role in Newcastle disease control programs. We determined the influence of virus concentration and method of concentration on the immune response of chidkens to inactivated vaccines. We used the LaSota strain of virus concentrated by either ultracentrifugation of polyethylene glycole precipitation. Virus concentration has a significant effect (P less than or equal to .01) on serum antibody levels at 2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks after vaccination; but during this same period, the antibody response was not significantly influenced by method of concentration. Virus concentration increased beyond 2000 hemagglutination units did not significantly increase (P greater than or equal to .05) the magnitude of the antibody response.


Efficacy of arprinocid (MK-302) against Eimeria species in broilers. Eight floor pen trials were conducted to determine the effect of arprinocid on the weight, feed efficiency, and histological lesions of broiler chickens exposed to coccidiosis. In three trials, the levels of arprinocid were 0, 40, 60, 70, 80, and 90 ppm, and in the other five trials, 0, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Histological lesions were significantly (P less than .05) reduced in the medicated birds. Weights were not significantly (P less than .05) different between birds given 40, 60, or 70 ppm in the first series of trials no 50 and 75 ppm drug in the second and third series, although in both series the treated birds were significantly (P less than .05) heavier than the control birds. Feed efficiency was improved by all levels of arprinocid in the first and third series of trials and by 75 ppm in the second series.


Lipid metabolism in laying hens. The relationship of plasma lipids and liver fatty acid synthetase activity to changes in liver composition. Plasma and liver samples were taken from a random sample of caged commercial hybrid layer hens which had been in egg production for fifteen months. The concentration of plasma and liver lipids and the activity of liver fatty acid synthetase (FAS) were measured in laying hens with liver weight of 20 to 53 g. Liver total lipid, water, non-lipid, and cytosolic fractions, which are the four major liver components, increased linearly with respect to wet liver weight. FAS activity increased with all liver components. Accumulation of lipid in the liver did not inhibit FAS activity. Total cholesterol, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, triglycerides, and phosphorous were measured on each plasma sample. Multiple regression analysis showed that all plasma lipids, except cholesterol esters, were related cubically with increasing wet liver weight and cytosolic protein.


Influence of diet composition on hepatic lipid accumulation and hemorrhages in caged layers. Four experiments were conducted with commercial strains of White Leghorns. Experimental corn-soy diets with (CSW) and without (CS) minor feed ingredients significantly elevated liver and plasma lipids when compared to a standard layer diet (UGA) used at the University of Georgia. The response was not due to difference in vitamin and mineral premix or level of energy and protein in the diets. Inclusion of 5% alfalfa in a low protein (13.5%) diet with energy and amino acid profile similar to diet CS significantly reduced liver lipid. Comparison of diet CS to isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets with 20% brewers dried grains, soybean mill feed, or wheat bran showed that layers fed diets with these supplements had significantly lower liver and plasma lipids. In all experiments a higher incidence of liver hemorrhage was associated with feeding the experimental diets CS and CSW. There were no significant differences in egg production, egg weight, or body weight change due to dietary treatment in the experiments. Results of the experiments show that hens with equivalent ME intake and egg output exhibit differences in liver and plasma lipids due to diet composition. The data suggest that mill feeds and fermentation by-products contain an essential factor for control of lipid metabolism in caged layers.


[Growth efficiency and the specific rate of the yeast Hansenula polymorpha during continuous cultivation on methanol]. The growth of Hansenula polymorpha DL-1 in the chemostat (under methanol limitation) and turbidostat was measured. Cultivation with different specific rates of growth mu made it possible to determine the maximum yield of biomass Ys(max)=0.425 and the level of expendables required to maintain Ms=0.023 hr-1. The following parameters describing mu as a function of the concentration of methanol S in the fermenter were found: muo=0.154 hr-1 (maximum growth rate), Ks=1.31 mg/l, Ki=5.35 g/l. The paper emphasizes a very low value of the saturation constant Ks derived from the above experiments and reviews the literature data on the kinetic characteristics of various methanol-grown yeast.


[Biological effect of lipid fractions of Actinomycetes]. Biological activity of lipid fractions of actinomycetes was examined on microorganisms and laboratory animals. The anabolic effect of the acetone fraction of Actinomyces aurigineus 2377 (on Wistar female rats), anabolic effect of sterols of Actinomyces griseus 15 (on chicks), and the high growth stimulating effect (up to 40-60%) of sterols of Actinomyces canosus 89 (on rats) were noted. The estrogenic effect of sterols of Act. griseus 15, Act. griseus 20 and Act. albodenitrificans 13a on the sex system was shown. The antimicrobial properties of lipid fractions differed in their selectivity with respect to the test organisms and depended also on the actinomycete species and cultivation conditions.


[Extracellular lipases of the fungus Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-1]. Lipase biosynthesis by the fungus Rhizopus microsporus UzLT-1 was investigated. Under certain conditions the fungus could produce two forms of extracellular lipases. The paper describes the process of purification of the enzyme L-I,N- and C-terminal amino acids of the lipases have been determined. Identity of terminal amino acids of both enzymes has been demonstrated. It has been shown that both forms of lipase from Rhizopus microporus hydrolyze predominantly alpha-ester bonds.


[Biochemical activity of lactic acid bacterial lyophilized concentrates obtained by continous cultivation]. Microbiological and biochemical parameters of lactic acid bacterial lyophilized concentrates obtained by continous cultivation were investigated during their storage at 3 to 5 degrees C. Under these conditions lyophilized bacterial concentrates retained high activity for three months and after six months their cell survival and biochemical activity decreased by 60--65% on the average.


[Study of aeration and temperature effects on the biosynthesis of 5'-inosine acid by the Brevibacterium ammoniagenes mutant]. The biosynthesis of 5'-inosine acid (5'-IMP) by the culture Brevibacterium ammoniagenes 225--5 was studied under different aeration conditions. Intensive aeration (Kv = 3.6 g O2/l.hr) was found to be necessary for an active build-up of 5'-IMP. Reduced aeration (Kv = 3.6 g O2/l.hr) caused a decrease in the 5'-IMP yield, a simultaneous increase in the hypoxanthine concentration, a reduction of cell productivity and a decrease in the glucose transformation to 5'-IMP. The temperature of 28 degrees was shown to be optimal for the biosynthesis of 5'-IMP. The total build-up of purine derivatives (5'-IMP and hypoxanthine) decreased, if the first stage (the stage of hypoxanthine accumulation) or the entire fermentation took place at 37 degrees. The temperature rise from 28 to 37 degrees at the second stage of fermentation (the stage of 5'-IMP accumulation) resulted in a temporal increase in the 5'-IMP synthesis followed by its inhibition. The most intensive synthesis of 5'-IMP in the supernatant occurred at 37 degrees and pH 7.0-8.0. A short-term heating of the culture liquid (3 hrs at 37 degrees after 72 hrs fermentation) increased the yield of 5'-IMP during heating and, to the greatest extent, bu the end of fermentation.


[Cellulolytic activity of the thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus terreus 17p during submerged cultivation]. It has been demonstrated that the thermotolerant fungus Aspergillus terreus 17P can actively grow and produce a complex of cellulolytic enzymes on the dense nutrient medium consisting of straw (45%), wheat bran (45%), malt shoots (10%) and wet mineral supplements. The cultivation temperature is 40 degrees C, pH--5.6--6.0 and humidity of the medium--60--65%.


[Optimization of immobilization conditions for acid proteinase from Aspergillus awamori]. To optimize the immobilization conditions for acid proteinase from Aspergillus awamori by covalent binding through glutaraldehyde, experiments were carried out using the Box-Wilson method. The optimization process was assessed on the basis of absolute activity A, coefficient of activity retention gamma and their product A gamma. The following conditions can be recommended: glutaraldehyde concentration 50--60 mg/g, enzyme concentration not less than 40 mg/g, time of glutaraldehyde treatment 2--2.5 hrs, immobilization time 2 hrs, pH about 4.0, and temperature 35--40 degrees C. Under these conditions A=220--230 U/g, gamma = 23--24% Agamma = 5,000--6,000.


[Amino acid composition of Phaseolus aureus L. seeds and seedlings]. The amino acid composition of seeds and 10-day seedlings of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus L.) as well as that of proteins of Ph. aureus seedlings was measured. The seedlings were grown under different conditions of nitrogen nutrition in the light and in the dark. Ph. aureus seeds showed a high content of some essential amino acids. As compared with seeds, the seedlings had higher concentrations of aspartic acid and isoleucine and lower concentrations of glutamic acid, lysine and histidine. Proteins of Ph. aureus seedlings showed greater amounts of isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine, lysine and lower quantities of glutamic acid. Methionine and cystine were limiting amino acids.


[Study of volatile substances produced during the melanoidin synthesis in the model system: glyceraldehyde + glycine]. Volatile compounds produced during the synthesis of melanoidins in the model system: glyceraldehyde + glycine were studied. The reactions that resulted in the formation of melanoidins yielded carbon dioxide and trace amounts of ammonia and carbonyl compounds. With a rise in the incubation temperature the browning rate and quantities of gaseous substances increased, although there was no correlation between the two latter parameters. The experiments with 1-14C- and 2-14C-glycine showed that at 80 degrees about 6% and at 37 degrees less than 1% of the amino acid degraded to form CO2. The only source of CO2 was the carboxyl group. No radioactivity occurred in volatile carbonyl compounds. It is suggested that decarboxylation and deamination of the amino acid during its interaction with glyceraldehyde do not play an important part in the mechanism of melanoidin synthesis.


[Gas chromatographic method for measuring free lysine in the products of microbiological synthesis]. The paper presents a gas chromatography technique for measuring free lysine. The technique allows lysine evaluation in the products and semi-products of microbiological synthesis for 50--80 min with an error of 4--5%.


[Development of thyroid cancer in persons living in the endemic goiter area]. The authors analysed the data obtained in examination of 106 patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland residing in the Mountaineous-Altai region endemic by goiter. A conclusion was drawn that in the great majority of the aforesaid patients an important etiological factor in the development of malignant tumour was nodular and diffuse-nodular goiter. In patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland residing the mentioned region the blood iodine, cobalt, and copper content was much greater than in healthy persons. Iodine concentration in the tumour tissue of the thyroid gland was diminished, and of copper and cobalt--increased in comparison with such in healthy tissue. Blood iodine content in patients with carcinoma, and iodine in the tumour tissue of the thyroid gland was much less, and of copper and cobalt--increased in comparison with such in patients with endemic goiter. Deficiency of trace elements (iodine, copper, cobalt) in the surrounding environment of the endemic regions of the Mountaneous-Altai and the change of their content in the organism of patients with carcinoma of the thyroid gland permitted to refer this disease to geographical pathology.


[Blood serum immunoglobulins in thyrotoxicosis]. Serum immunoglobulin content was determined in 85 patients with thyrotoxicosis and in 80 healthy persons by radial immunodiffusion in agar after Mancini by means of monospecific antisera (made at the N. F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology immunoglobulins of classes G and M. The most pronounced increase was noted in patients with severe and moderate thyrotoxicosis.


[Differential diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism]. A great variety of clinical symptoms makes differential diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism difficult (only in 46.5% of patients sent to the clinic with the mentioned diagnosis was it confirmed). Complex clinical laboratory, and roentgenological examination of the patients permit to confirm or refute the diagnosis. Of the greatest significance in the differential diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism are blood serum phosphorus content, phosphorus reabsorption index, and a test with parathyrodin.


[Clinical use of Soviet-made human somatotropin preparation. 1. Dynamics of physical development]. Human somatotropin preparation made in the USSR was used under clinical conditions. Treatment was instituted to 28 patients with various forms of nanism; observation period--up to 18 months. The preparation proved to be effective in hyposomatotropic hypophysial and cerebral nanism.


[Sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to insulin in patients with insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus]. A study was made of the sensitivity of the isolated adipose tissue to insulin in 15 healthy persons, 20-with newly-revealed diabetes mellitus, and in 25-with the insulin-resistant form of diabetes mellitus. Adipose tissue was obtained from the left inquinal region and was incubated with various insulin concentration with the addition of 14C-glucose into the incubation medium, in incubation in buffer, without any insulin addition, of the isolated adipose tissue of patients suffering from insulin-resistant diabetes, 14C-glucose incorporation into the tissue lipids was at the same level as in healthy persons, apparently on account of insulin with prolonged action administered previously. The level of adipose tissue lipids radioactivity in patients suffering from newly-revealed diabetes mellitus and of patients with the insulin-resistant diabetes was the same in incubation with the high insulin concentrations (1000 muU/ml), but significantly lower than in healthy persons. In incubation of the adipose tissue of the insulin-resistant patients in the serum of the same patients, the exogenous insulin administered to the patients and added in vitro failed to express its biological action. A factor preventing the effect of insulin (probably of antibodies of significance in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance) is supposed to be present in the serum of insulin-resistant patients.


[Gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland and the antigonadotropin activity in healthy girls]. This clinical and laboratory investigation is devoted to the study of the levels and correlation between the total gonadotropins and antigonadotropin factors excreted in the urine of 10-18-year-old girls. There was found a correlation between the excretion of total gonadotropins and the concentration of their inhibitors. Periods of the greatest fall of the antigonadotropin level corresponded to the peaks of gonadotropin activity.


[Use of a biological model of isolated overload of the skeletal muscle for determination of the effect of anabolic steroids]. The authors tested a new biological model for the quantitative determination of the anabolic effect of steranobols of prolonged action. The principle of the method consists in creation of an isolated overload of the skeletal muscles of the shin (m. soleus and. m. plantaris) following section of the tendons of their synergist--m. gastrocnemius in rats, with the subsequent recording their weight gain caused by the administration of anabolic steroid. The method is simple, sensitive and permits to use the animals of different weight and sex without subjecting them to castration.


[Virilizing granulosa-cell tumors of the ovaries]. On the basis of the results of morphological and histochemical study of two malignant granulosa cell tumours removed in women with the virile syndrome the author came to the conclusion that theca-tissue was a necessary structural component of such tumours. Theca cell component can be expressed to a different extent, but its cells, in contrary to the cells of the prevailing ganulosa cell component of such tumours, possessed a high enzymatic activity providing the processes of the steroid hormone biosynthesis, and contained lipids intimately connected with these processes. These data permit to regard the theca cell component of malignant granulosa cell tumours as the main source of hormones produced by such tumours.


[Cortisol metabolism in diabetes mellitus]. A number of cortizol metabolic indices were examined in 162 patients with moderately severe and severe diabetes mellitus of different duration. The following disturbances of the hormone metabolism which depended on decompensation of the disease were revealed: changes in the rate of cortizol elimination from the circulation, the prevalence of compounds with the oxygroup in the 11th carbon atom, an increase of the urinary excretion of nonconjugated 17-OCS with a relative reduction of excretion of glucoronide fraction and some increase of the sulfate fraction content. Possible causes of the detected disturbances and the informative character of the method of 17-OCS determination in the urine after Silber and Porter in patients with diabetes mellitus are discussed.


[Study of differences between the central and peripheral action of hormones]. Experiments were conducted on rats. The effects of hormones administered into the IV ventricle (central action) and intramuscularly (peripheral action) were compared. In studying the excitability of the hypothalamus, gonadotropic activity of the hypophysis, the structure of the adenohypophysis and the ovaries, and also of the homeostatic mechanisms realizable in compensatory hypertrophy of the ovaries there were revealed significant differences in the results of action of the same hormone with different methods of its administration.


[Study of "bound insulin" of the blood sera of blood/donors and patients with diabetes mellitus by circular dichroism]. Circular dichroism was applied to the study of the structure of the insulin-transferrin complexes ("bound insulin") isolated from the blood sera of donors and patients suffering from diabetes mellitus of moderate severity. There proved to be a considerable (in comparison with the normal) reduction of the alpha-helix areas in the "bound insulin"molecule of the patients. A comparative study of the circular dichroism spectra in the area of absorption of aromatic amino acids permitted to suppose that the structural changes of the molecule of a complex isolated from the blood sera of patients could not be explained by alterations in the area of the aromatic amino acids.


[Effect of acid polysaccharides on the corticosteroid biosynthesis]. Repeated administration of carboxymethylchitin and chondroitinsulfate to rats in doses of 20 and 120 mg/kg/24 hours led to reduction (by 40-55%) of the rate of aldosterone and 18-oxycorticosterone biosynthesis by the rat adrenal glands in vitro. Carboxymethylcellulose, algin and hyaluronic acid displayed no inhibitory effect. In case of a single administration of carboxymethylchitin to rats (50 mg/kg) inhibition of the rate of aldosterone and 18-oxycorticosterone biosynthesis was seen 48 hours after the administration of the preparation and lasted four days. No inhibitory effect was induced by the addition of 10 mg/kg of acid polysaccharides into the incubation medium of the adrenal glands.


[Relationship between prolactin and serum proteins. 1. Protein-bound hormone protected from biodegradation in the kidneys]. The authors studied binding of prolactin labeled with 125I in the blood of rats and lactating goats. Not over 20% of the hormone was bound in vitro the first 5 to 10 min of incubation with the blood serum, and a complex with molecular weight of 200 000 appeared which was similar to that formed in vivo. With a longer incubation 125I-prolactin was bound in serum macroglobulin fraction; this was not observed in vivo. Blood protein-bound prolactin retained its immunological activity. Monomeric hormone was absorbed in the kidneys and the mammary glands, with the subsequent rapid degrading. Blood protein-bound prolactin was not absorbed in the kidneys, and was present in the mammary glands in small amounts only.


Amphetamine-induced hypodipsia and its implications for conditioned taste aversion in rats. According to the conditioned anorexia hypothesis, conditioned taste aversions occur when flavour stimuli are classically conditioned to the anorexigenic or hypodipsic effects of drugs. The effects on water intake of a range of doses of amphetamine and of several related compounds have therefore been examined in an attempt to correlate their known potentices in tate aversion experiments with their hypodipsic potencies (+)-Amphetamine was more potent than (-)-amphetamine in suppressing water intake but under similar experimental conditions, the isomers were equipotent in the conditioning of taste aversions. Methamphetamine and p-chloromethamphetamine were equipotent in suppressing water intake, but the latter was a more potent agent for conditioning taste aversions. Furthermore, fenfluramine produced taste aversions at doses well below those which suppressed water intake. It was concluded that the ability of the drugs to induce taste aversion was not related to their unconditioned, hypodipsic effects. However, it was confirmed that when drugs with different durations of action are compared for anorexic or hypodipsic potency, the outcome can be greatly influenced by the time over which measurements are made.


Nicotine and schedule-induced drinking in rats. In the first experiment 4 rats developed schedule-induced water drinking during daily 1 hr sessions of a fixed-time 1 min schedule of food pellet delivery. Injections of a range of doses (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) of nicotine hydrogen tartrate were found to produce a dose related attenuation of water intake. The higher doses also reduced the numbers of entries into the food tray in three rats, while the lowest dose consistently facilitated this behavior in the same animals. In a second experiment schedule-induced water drinking developed in 4 other rats under a similar schedule. Substitution of nicotine solution (0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml) for the water reduced volumes of fluid consumed. However, schedule-induced drinking continued at a rate sufficient for the animals to ing-st average doses of the nicotine salt of up to 8.5 mg/kg. It is concluded that schedule-induced drinking can be used successfully as a method of inducing self-administration of nicotine by rats.


Influence of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure on discrimination learning in rats. The animals in this study were the offspring of dams, who, from 21-99 days of age, were exposed to 1000 mg/kg of lead acetate via a daily restricted watering schedule with exposure continuing throughout gestation and nursing. Control dams received distilled water under the same watering schedule. Offspring were weaned at 21 days of age and did not received lead treatment from that point. Testing began at 30 days of age with animals receiving 10 trials/day for 10 days on a brightness discrimination task conducted in a water-escape T-maze. This task was followed by a shape discrimination problem in the same apparatus. Analysis of results revealed that the lead-exposed pups made significantly more errors than the controls but had significantly shorter swimming times on both the brightness and shape discrimination tasks. The failure to attend to relevant discriminative cues may account for the observed deficits in lead-exposed animals.


Conditioning under carbolonium bromide and D--tubocurarine chloride paralysis. The findings of past research using d-tubocurarine chloride as a control procedure in heart rate conditioning have been equivocal. The present experiment compared classical heart rate conditioning under neuromuscular blockade by d-tubocurarine chloride, and a pharmacologically more specific blocker, carbolonium bromide. Both groups were compared to a placebo condition. The results indicated that carbolonium bromide and placebo treated animals acquired deceleratory cardiac conditional responses, but animals treated with d-tubocurarine chloride did not. Unconditional acceleratory responses were found in groups. The findings were discussed in relation to classical conditioning and the psychopharmacology of neuromuscular blockade.


Thermoregulation in the rat: deficits following 6-OHDA injections in the hypothalamus. Bilateral microinjections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were made in a volume of 0.5--0.75 microliter through chronically implanted cannulae into anterior hypothalamic, preoptic loci. Sites were selected at which 1.0 to 12.5 microgram of norepinephrine (NE) had previously elicited a fall in the rat's body temperature. After 2.0 to 6.0 microgram of 6-OHDA were injected in the same volume at the same loci, a comparable hypothermia ensued. When the rats were exposed repeatedly for one-hour intervals to an environmental temperature of either 35.0 degrees C or 8.0 degrees C, they were unable to thermoregulate against the heat and their colonic temperature rose. In some experiments, the rats also failed to defend adequately against the cold ambient temperature, but mainly following the microinjection of the higher doses of 6-OHDA . The intakes of food and water were generally suppressed; this was accompanied by a transient decline in body weight. Overall, the severity, duration and direction of the thermoregulatory impairment depended upon the anatomical site of injection and the dose regimen of the neurotoxin employed. These results offer further evidence that an intact catecholaminergic pathway within the anterior hypothalamus is required for the rat's physiological control of heat loss in a warm environmental temperature.


Some behavioral effects of suppressing choline transport by cerebroventricular injection of hemicholinium-3. Evidence supports the proposition that the high affinity Ch uptake system associated with cholinergic nerve terminals can be the rate limiting step in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. The present experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that variations of the system would be reflected selectively in changes of conditioned avoidance behavior. HC-3, which primarily affects the high affinity component of Ch transport thus reducing endogenous levels of ACh and the synthetic capacity of cholinergic nerve terminals, was administered cerebroventricularly at 5 doses ranging from 0.0 (saline control) to 10.0 microgram. Whole brain ACh levels determined by GCMS analysis following microwave fixation ranged from 25.0 to 5.0 nmol/g-1. Trend analyses demonstrate a precise dose dependent relation between neurochemical and behavioral variables: median trials to condition increased as ACh level decreased. More detailed analyses of the results lead to the interpretation that suppression of high affinity Ch transport in brain is associated with deficiencies in the use of information and not with sensory input and storage nor with motor output.


Atropine methyl nitrate inhibits sham feeding in the rat. Atropine methyl nitrate inhibited sham feeding of a liquid diet in a dose-related manner. Identical doses of atropine methyl nitrate had no effect on sham drinking of water. This differential effect is evidence that the inhibition of sham feeding was not due to peripheral anticholinergic disruption of licking, salivating or swallowing. The results suggest that peripheral blockade of cholinergic receptors of the muscarinic type is a mechanism for eliciting satiety for food in the rat.


Marihuana and mood in human volunteers.

Marihuana and mood in human volunteers. Fifteen adult male marihuana smokers volunteered to live on a hospital research ward for a 31-day study which included a five-day baseline, a 21-day marihuana smoking period and a concluding five-day baseline. Subjects rated their moods and level of intoxication each day at scheduled occasions. Analyses of variance indicated a significant trend in the mood ratings which increased slightly in the euphoric direction just before smoking marihuana (compared to routine ratings) and further increased slightly after smoking marihuana. Level of intoxication ratings and mood ratings were not significantly correlated, but an intoxicated subject's mood ratings were significantly correlated with the average mood ratings of other subjects intoxicated or not. The results suggest that marihuana may increase a person's susceptibility to the moods of others and the feeling of being in harmony with others may be a positive reinforcer.


Effects of quipazine on behavior under a multiple schedule of reinforcement. The effects of three doses of quipazine (1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg) on the performance of rats under a multiple fixed-ratio 15 fixed-interval 60-sec schedule of food reinforcement were examined. In the absence of drug, response rates under the fixed-ratio component were much higher than response rates under the fixed-interval component. Rates under the fixed-ratio component were decreased by quipazine in dose-dependent fashion, while response rates under the fixed-interval component were increased by the lowest dose and decreased by the two higher doses of the drug.


Behavioral activation by enkephalins in mice. Intraventricular injection of long lasting enkephalin analogues (D--Ala2Leu and Met enkephalin-amides) produced a sustained elevation of psychomotor activity in mice. The motor syndromes were characterized by continual stereotyped activity and were reversed by naloxone pretreatment. Naloxone administered to a separate group of mice reduced the initial activation seen after exposure to a novel environment. The present findings suggest one or more endogenous opiates normally facilitates behavioral excitation in mice.


Antagonism of ethanol-evoked responses by amantadine: a possible clinical application. The behavioral and biochemical effects of amantadine hydrochloride (ATD) on some ethanol (ETOH) mediated responses in rats and mice were studied. Administration of ATD, 0.5 mM/kg IP, prior to a narcotic dose of ETOH significantly decreased the central depressant action of ETOH, as measured by the duration of ETOH-produced narcosis in mice. The time required for the onset of ETOH-narcosis was significantly delayed in ATD-treated mice compared to controls. Analyses of whole blood and brain ETOH concentrations showed that ATD-treatment prior to ETOH significantly reduced brain content of ETOH from saline-pretreated mice at the time of onset of ETOH narcosis as well as 30 min after ETOH injection without concomitant change in blood ETOH concentrations at the respective time intervals. Administration of ATD 0.5mM/kg IP, reduced voluntary intake of ETOH by rats voluntarily selecting 5% ETOH solution over water as the drinking fluid. There were no changes in cytoplasmic rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase (L-ADH) and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (L-ALDH) activities in rats maintained  on water or 5% ETOH as the drinking fluid and administered ATD, 0.5 mM/kg IP, once or identical dose once daily for six consecutive days. However, ATD produced in vitro non-competitive inhibiton of both L-ADH and L-ALDH at a concentration range between 10(-3) M and 3 x 10(-3) M assay mixture. The results indicate the potency of ATD in negating ETOH-mediated responses measured and suggest for a possible clinical trial for ATD in the management of alcoholic patients provided it is devoid of disulfiram-like reaction in man.


Method for the rapid determination of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in the same brain region. A method is presented for the fluorometric analysis of norepinephrine dopamine and serotonin. This procedure is a combination of an unpublished catecholamine assay developed by Hogans and of the o-phthaldialdehyde serotonin reaction reported by Maickel and Miller [9]. This procedure should greatly facilitate the correlation of neurotransmitter levels in brain regions with changes in behavior produced by experimental manipulations.


Effects of methadone on behavior maintained by fixed ratio reinforcement schedules. The effects of subcutaneous injections of methadone hydrochloride (0.75mg, 1.5mg and 2.5mg/kg) on lever pressing maintained by fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement were examined in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Response output over a 30 min session decreased as a function of increasing drug dose when reinforcement was delivered for every 5 responses. Increasing the response to reinforcement ratio from 5 to 20 in a second experiment doubled and nearly quadrupled responding by DBA and C57 mice, respectively. Injecting animals maintained on this schedule with methadone reduced responding to the same extent as that observed in the first experiment when response rates were lower. Hence, these experiments provide no support for the effect of methadone being rate-dependent. In both experiments methadone disrupted responding of DBA more than that of C57 mice. This finding is consistent with a previous report that other narcotic analgesics were more potent analgesics for DBA than for C57 mice. From these studies it appears that the opposite changes in locomotor activity upon an exposure to narcotic analgesics does not generalize to behavior under control of reinforcing stimuli; and that both the effects obtained in the present study and the analgesic action are dissociated from the effects of these drugs on locomotor activity.


Alcohol consumption in rats treated with lithium carbonate or rubidium chloride. Wistar-NTRU rats, offered a free choice between tap water and a 10% ethanol solution (v/v) in the absence of reinforcement, were injected for five days with Li2 CO3, RbCl or placebo. Lithium-treated group consumed 25% more liquid per day but chose to take 14.5% less alcohol than controls (p less than 0.05). By contrast, rubidium-treated animals consumed 15% less liquid but 70% more alcohol than control animals (p less than 0.005). Rubidium-treated rats were strikingly more active than the other two groups: their motility index was 60.0 as compared to 33.6 for lithium-treated and 29.4 for control rats. Serum glucose and urea nitrogen concentration were not significantly affected by the treatment but serum alcohol content was low in lithium-treated and high in rubidum-treated animals.


Psychotropic drugs and Sidman avoidance in rats: IRT distribution changes. The effects of d-amphetamine, caffeine, chlorpromazine, diazepam and and pentobarbital on Sidman avoidance responding (R-S interval, 30 sec; S-S interval, 3 sec) in rats, especially on the interresponse time (IRT) distribution, were studied. d-Amphetamine and caffeine increased the total number of responses. Short IRTs were increased, while longer ones were decreased. Chlorpromazine, diazepam and pentobarbital all increased the number of shocks delivered. After chlorpromazine, no marked change was observed in the total number of responses. However, response bursts and escape reponses increased, while IRTs between 3 and 30 sec decreased. After diazepam and pentobarbital, the burst response scarcely increased, and the IRTs in the 3-15 sec range decreased, while the IRTs longer than 33 sec increased. These changes were more marked after diazepam than after pentobarbital. Total number of responses was decreased by both drugs. The present results suggest that in utilizing the Sidman avoidance procedure for psychotropic drug assessment, changes in the IRT distribution give a more precise profile of the drug than is afforded by the total number of responses and shocks delivered.


6-Hydroxydopamine induced catecholamine depletion and passive avoidance learning in rats. Rats were injected with 6-hydroxydopamine either intracisternally, intraperitoneally, or both, in order to examine the effects of central vs. peripheral catecholamine depletion on a step-down passive avoidance task. All rats acquired the response at the end of the five asquisition trials but the rates of acquisition of the drug-treated groups were siginificantly different from the control group. No significant difference in the performance results were observed between groups during the extinction period. These findings failed to confirm the hypothesis that an intact central and/or peripheral catecholaminergic systems may be necessary for the acquisition and extinction of a step-down passive avoidance response. In addition, this study also showed that plasma corticosterone levels in the rats depleted of central or peripheral catecholamine did not differ significantly from each other after passive avoidance training.


Effect of pimozide on the improvement in learning produced by self-stimulation and by water reinforcement. When rats self-stimulate immediately after the training trial of an appetitive task their performance on a retention test is improved the next day. In the present study, this improvement was blocked by pretraining injections of pimozide, a dopaminergic blocker. In a second experiment, injections of pimozide retarded learning on the same task when the learning was reinforced by drinking water, but had no effect on learning which occurred in the absence of a reinforcer. The data made the hypotheses that the animal's behavior was a result of an action of primozide on sensory or motor mechanisms, or that the drug produced state-dependent effects, highly unlikely. We concluded that neural systems involving dopamine mediate an effect of reinforcing events on behavior.


Behavioral effects of chronic oral administration of levo-alpha-acetylmethadol in the rat. levo-alpha-Acetylmethadol was orally administered via a sucrose solution to rats in their drinking water for 24 days. A control group received only sucrose. Bodyweight and fluid consumption were monitored daily. The behavioral effects during chronic drug administration and during eight days of withdrawal were studied using behavior controlled by a fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Body weights of treated animals remained stable during drug administration but decreased by approximately 25% during withdrawal. There were no significant differences in volume of fluid consumed by the two groups. Response rate and number of reinforcements were decreased during drug administration. During withdrawal, response rates were greater than pre-drug control rates.


Effects of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin on estrogen- and estrogen plus progesterone-induced sexual receptivity in ovariectomized rats. Implants of crystalline PGE2 in the basal preoptic-anterior hypothalamic areas stimulates high levels of sexual receptivity in ovariectomized, estrogen-primed rats. Indomethacin, which blocks the synthesis of PGE2 failed to inhibit either estrogen- or estrogen plus progesterone-induced receptivity. Neither intracerebral nor subcutaneous administration of indomethacin diminished the display of steroid induced reproductive behavior without also causing a depression in open-field activity, and in some cases, causing gastrointestinal problems and even death. These results suggest the prostaglandin synthesis is not a required step in the mechanism by which estrogen and progesterone exert their behavioral effects. The possibility that PGE2 and LH-RH synthesis and/or release might contribute to a collateral mechanism for the induction of sexual receptivity was discussed.


Effect of ethanol on cardiac function in rats genetically selected for their ethanol preference. The heart rate of male ANA (Alko, Non-alcohol) and AA (Alko, Alcohol) rats was significantly increased after peroral administration of 2.7 g ethanol/kg, but the tachycardia was of shorter duration in ANA rats, which avoid the drinking of ethanol solution. The PR intervals in the electrocardiograms of ANA rats became significantly longer than those of AA rats when 13.5 g ethanol/kg was given. The QT intervals were likewise longer in the electrocardiograms of ANA rats, but before as well as after the administration of ethanol. The results suggest that intracardiac conduction is more depressed by acute ethanol in the ANA than the AA strain of rats.


2-Deoxy-D-glucose induced feeding: relation to diet palatability. Adult male rats fed either ground Purina Laboratory Chow or the same diet adulterated with 0.5% quinine hydrochloride were tested for feeding in response to the administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). Three doses of 2-DG were used, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg of body weight. During a six-hr test period, rats given ground Purina Laboratory Chow ate significantly more following intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 250 and 500 mg/kg of 2-DG than following IP injections of physiological saline. Food intake of animals given Purina Chow also increased after administration of 750 mg/kg of 2-DG but intake was not significantly different from that following saline injections. In contrast to rats maintained on the unadulterated diet, rats given quinine-adulterated chow did not increase intake over saline values during the six-hr test period following administration of 250 and 500 mg/kg of 2-DG, and actually decreased intake after injection of 750 mg/kg of 2-DG. Results are discussed with respect to the role of diet palatability in determining food intake in hungry animals.


Time course of protection from audiogenic seizures by glucose and insulin in audiogenically primed C57BL/6J mice. Glucose and insulin injections both decrease seizure susceptibility in C57BL/6J mice subjected to audiogenic priming at 16 days of age and tested at 21 days of age. These data support an hypothesis of defect in immediately available energy reserves in brains of audiogenic seizure prone mice.


D-Proline: stereospecificity and sodium chloride dependence of lethal convulsant activity in the chick. Two- and five-day old chicks were injected intraventricularly with D-proline and structurally related compounds. D-proline produced convulsions and lethality, but was non-amnestic, whereas the naturally-occurring isomer, L-proline, was non-convulsant and non-toxic but amnestic. D-proline convulsions were accompanied by decreased high frequency in the EEG and increased slow wave activity. High amplitude spiking was not observed. The lethality of D-proline was saline-dependent. Control experiments ruled out possible toxic factors such as hypertonicity, pH pyrogens, injection volume, or needle misplacement. The results demonstrate that saline and distilled water are not equivalent injection vehicles. A sodium-free vehicle may lead to artifacts but is advantageous in experiments in which amino acid transport must be minimized.


Transport mechanism of some naturally occurring tetracyclines across everted rat gut. Naturally occurring tetracycline antibiotics were tested for active transport in a standard everted rat gut preparation. The ratio of drug concentrations between serosal and mucosal solutions was measured as well as the rate of transport at different mucosal concentrations. Although a ratio of near unity was demonstrated by all the antibiotics, indicating passive transport, the rate of transport was linear only at low concentrations. A mechanism of more than simple diffusion was suggested. A carrier with limited capacity present in the intestinal tissue might be responsible for the transport of these antibiotics.


Protective effects of a series of new pyridinium derivatives against inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by fluostigmine. The protective effects of a series of new pyridinium derivatives against inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by fluostigmine was studied in vitro on human erythrocytes. It was stated that some of these compounds exhibit protective action for AChE against inhibition by fluostigmine. The best protective index had N-methyl-4-[gamma-pyridyl]-pyridinium iodide.