The scope of the reactions of hydrazines and hydrazones. Part 4: Trisubstituted pyrazoles of possible hypoglycemic and antibacterial activity. Condensation of ethyl 2,4-dioxo-6-phenyl hex-5-enoate (1) with 4-substituted sulphamyl phenylhydrazines (2) led to 1-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-styrylpyrazoles (3) which on hydrolysis gave 1-aryl-5-styrylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acids (4) and upon permanganate oxidation gave 1-aryl-3-ethoxycarbonylpyrazole-5-carboxylic acids (5). Similar condensation of hydralazine (6) with (1) gave the corresponding pyrazole (7) which on hydrolysis gave the acid 8.


Synthesis of some naphthylazosulphur compounds structurally related to certain antibilharzial drugs. The synthesis of 5,5'-Bis[4-(N-mono and disubstituted aminoethylamino)-naphthylazo]-2.2'-dipyridyldisulphides has been achieved by the coupling of 2.2'-dipyridyldisulphide-5.5'-tetrazonium chloride with different N-mono and N.N-disubstituted N'-1-naphthylethylenediamines.


Studies in potential organo-fluorine antibacterial agents. Part 1: Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some fluorinated arylsulfonylthiosemicarbazides and Arylsulfonylhydrazones. A series of fluorinated arylsulfonylthiosemicarbazides and arylsulfonylhydrazones has been synthesized. A representative number of the synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial activity but none of the compounds showed significant activity.


A simple method to obtain an approximate solution of the Free-Wilson model. A method is proposed which yields an approximate solution of the Free-Wilson model very rapidly without using a computer. Although the resulting group contributions are numerically somewhat different from the exact Free-Wilson solution they correctly reflect the relative order of the substituents with respect to their effect on biological activity within each position as well as the relative importance of different positions. Thus, the approximate results can well be used to select the most promising candidates for further synthesis and testing.


Distribution and accumulation of alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus G. Don during development. Pattern of the total alkaloids distribution and accumulation in Catharanthus roseus G. Don was investigated during six different stages of flowering and fruiting. The highest concentration of alkaloids (mg perivine/g dry weight) was found in the roots at the start of flowering and the minimum in the stems during full fruiting stage; the rate of alkaloidal accumulation in the leaves, stems and roots tended to decrease during fruit maturation. The most active stage of alkaloidal biosynthesis was at the start of flowering in all vegetative organs. The maximum dry weights of leaves, stems and roots were obtained during the start of fruiting. The weights of flowers and fruits were relatively very small during different developmental stages. Harvesting Catharanthus roseus should best be carried out at the full-flowering stage to obtain the optimum yield of total alkaloidal content of leaves, stems and roots (as mg perivine/total dry weight of each organ per plant).


Studies in potential organo-fluorine oral hypoglycemic agents. Part 6: Synthesis and biological activities of some fluorinated 2-arylsulfonamido-5-alkyl-1.3.4-thiadiazoles. Forty new fluorinated 2-arylsulfonamido-5-alkyl-1.3.4-thiadiazoles have been synthesized and a representative number of synthesized compounds have been screened for their hypoglycemic activity and some other types of biological activities.


The use of Fourier functions to eliminate interferences in spectrophotometric analysis (theory and application). The basic principle for the use of Fourier functions in spectrophotometric analysis is discussed. Fourier function coefficients are linearly related to concentration and are associated with relative standard deviations of less than 1%. The proper choice of function and range, number of points and the transformation of an absorption curve are discussed. New trigonometric functions are derived to correct for linear irrelevant absorption. The method is illustrated by the determination of progesterone and testosterone propionate in oily solutions without prior chromatography. The results obtained are compared with those obtained using orthogonal polynomials.


Application of Henderson equation for the determination of weakly acidic pharmaceutical compounds. Part 1: Determination of sulfathiourea. A new method based on the Henderson equation is proposed for the determination of sulfathiourea. The determination is achieved in mixed organic solvent/water media. To apply the Henderson equation, the dissociation constant (pKa) of sulfathiourea in such media should be known. Thus, the values of pKa as function of the composition of the media have been determination potentiometrically according to Albert and Serjeant. Equations have been derived to calculated the pKa of sulfathiourea in any medium. The pKa of sulfathiourea in water and the other solvents, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetone, are reported. The proposed method is simple and rapid and gives reliable results. The mean percent recoveries of the powder in 50% solvent: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and acetone are: 97.87 +/- 1,30, 100.85 +/- 1.35, 102.01 +/- 1.39 and 99.35 +/- 0.29 respectively. For the tablets, the mean percent recovery in 50% acetone is 97.95 +/- 0.60. The mean percent recovery of added standard sulfathiourea to the tablet powder is 101.55 +/- 0.83.


Long acting methadone formulations.

Long acting methadone formulations. Studies conducted in this laboratory have indicated the feasibility of producing long-acting methadone tablets. In examining further, methadone hydrochloride suspensions were developed using spermaceti or eudragit retard-1 for particle coating. These procedures involved the addition of the active compound (methandone hydrochloride) to: a) melted spermaceti which was dried, and the dried mixture was pulverized and added to a methyl cellulose water solution; afterwards wild cherry syrup was added to the suspension, and b) Eudragit retard-1 crystals which were pulverized, dissolved in acetone/isopropanol (1:1) solvent system, dried, and to this product again the suspending agent methyl cellulose was added followed by wild cherry syrup to produce suspensions containing 10, 20, and 30 mg/ml methadone. These formulations were further used for in vivo studies, in male albino rats of Wistar strain. The pain threshold method was utilized in order to determine the duration of methadone. Over 75 h resistance to pain was recorded. Using the same technique, suspensions of methadone-naloxone combinations and the salts methadone-alpha-naphthalenesulfonate and methadone-o-benzoylbenzoate were prepared and examine similarly.


Samarium as a tool in studies on the responsiveness of the isolated guinea pig ventral taenia coli to barium. The responsiveness of isolated guinea pig ventral taenia coli to barium in polarized (Ringer-Tris medium) and depolarized (Ringer-KCl medium) preparations was assayed in the presence of samarium (Sm3+, 6 or 8 X 10(5) M). No difference in EC50 or maximal response was observed between polarized and depolarized preparations (p greater than 0.05). The lower Sm3+ concentration increased Ba2+ EC50 in both experimental conditions (p less than 0.05) although no alteration was observed as to the maximal response (p greater than 0.05). On the other hand, maximal tension was strongly reduced by the higher Sm3+ concentration in polarized preparations (p less than 0.01) while a potentiation of the maximum response was observed on the depolarized tissues (p less than 0.05). A possible role for calcium ions in the mediation of the effects is suggested.


Interactions of calcium, prostaglandins and indomethacin on the smooth muscle of the bladder. The effects of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2alpha and indomethacin (Indo) were studied on isolated detrusor smooth muscle strips in balanced salt solution and in 80 mMK+ depolarizing solution. The addition of Indo to the smooth muscle preparation at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 micronM produced depression of spontaneous motility that was partially antagonized by PGE2 or by elevating the extracellular Ca2+ level. Alone, both PGE2 and Ca2+ caused a marked increase in motility, increasing both frequency and amplitude. In low Ca2+, K+ depolarized bathing medium with 0.1 mM EGTA added PGE2 or PGF2alpha augmented Ca2+ contractures both in velocity and amplitude while either PG without Ca2+ had no effect on the smooth muscle. Indo produced a noncompetitive antagonism of the Ca2+ dose response curve in 80 mM K+ depolarized preparations suggesting a direct effect on Ca2+ flux. Also Indo depressed both PG and Ca2+ contractures in terms of velocity and magnitude, suggesting that Indo may act at Ca2+ channels in addition to its action on PG synthetase. These data support the work of others who suggest that PGs may augment Ca2+ permeability, acting at the Ca2+ channel or as a carrier for Ca2+ across smooth muscle cell membranes.


Effect of promethazine on human polymorphonuclear chemiluminescence. The effect of promethazine on the metabolic responsiveness of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes to opsonized zymosan was evaluated by chemiluminescence (CL) assay under the following situations: (1) preincubation of granulocytes with promethazine; (2) simultaneous addition of zymosan and promethazine, and (3) addition of promethazine after initiation of phagocytosis and CL. The presence of promethazine inhibited light emission in all cases. The data suggest that promethazine interferes with the generation and/or subsequent activity of those reactive forms of oxygen which contribute to CL.


[The effects of imipramine and lofepramine on EEG and their dependence on relative alpha-intensity (author's transl)]. The effects of imipramine (single dose of 100 mg orally) and lofepramine (single dose of 140 mg orally) in comparison to placebo on the EEG power spectra were examined in 24 non-selected healthy male volunteers. All subjects received the three drugs in a completely counterbalanced sequence. On the basis of their relative alpha-intensity the Ss were divided in two groups of 12 Ss each (high and low alpha-intensity). Two-way analyses of variance were computed for the absolute power in the alpha-, beta-, delta- and theta-frequency-bands. Imipramine increased the intensity of the delta-, theta- and beta-frequency-bands and decreased the power in the alpha-band. Lofepramine increased the intensity of the beta-band. The effects of imipramine and lofepramine are dependent on the relative power in the alpha-band of the Ss.


[Renal toxicity of lithium in therapeutic doses (author's transl)]. Two cases of acute nephrotic syndrome, occurring in patients treated with lithium in monitored therapeutic doses, are described. They each made a full recovery. A kidney biopsy, carried out in one case, disclosed normal tissue. Up to now, only a small number of comparable cases have been described in the literature. Pathological kidney changes appear to be more frequent with toxic serum lithium levels, i.e. greater than 2 mmol/l. However, it remains at the present time an open question as to what proportion of such cases are a consequence of primary renal pathological lesions and what proportion are otherwise caused. All published types of kidney dysfunctions in relationship to treatment with therapeutic doses of lithium are discussed in connection with the cases observed.


Unresponsiveness of catatonic symptoms to naloxone. A case report of a catatonic patient is presented. Because of the similarity of catatonia to the animal behavior produced by intracerebral administration of beta-endorphin, an endogenous opioid, naloxone was administered. No effect was observed with naloxone, whereas both amobarbital and diazepam were able to reverse catatonic behavior. Testing of catatonic patients with naloxone may help further elucidate naloxone's reported anti-psychotic properties.


[Studies on the long acting neuroleptic agent flupenthixol decanoate--a review (author's transl)]. The development of long acting neuroleptic agents is considered as important progress in the treatment of schizophrenic psychoses. An outline of pharmacological and clinical results with flupenthixol decanoate is given. Special attention is paid to pharmacokinetics, the methods for determining plasma concentration, to the profile of action and duration of action, to other dosage as well as to safety. Importance is also placed on the possible use for prophylaxis of affective psychoses.


Disturbances of liver function of long acting neuroleptic drugs. In a study in 97 patients on the occurrence of disturbances of liver functions by use of long acting neuroleptic drugs (fluphenazine decanoate, flupenthixol decanoate and fluspirilene) no indications were found that these agents, even in relatively high dosages, are hepatotoxic. Furthermore, in 40% of the patients slight disturbances were found, which nevertheless, were not specific in nature, and mostly concerned the turbidity tests. In spite of these findings a regular control (for instances, once a year) of the liver functions in patients with long acting neuroleptic drugs seems to be called for.


Dose outside the treatment volume for irradiation with negative pions. Irradiation of humans with negative pions requires a knowledge of the absorbed dose and radiation quality outside the primary pion beam. In conjunction with early clinical trials at LAMPF, experimental data have been obtained with microdosimetric techniques and multiwire proportional counters. Theoretical calculations have been made for the neutron contribution to the dose and are consistent with these data. Measurements were made with in 40 cm x 51 cm x 76 cm water phantom for a negative pion beam of initial momentum of 170 MeV/c, deltap = +/- 3MeV/c. The absorbed dose outside the treatment volume is the result of: (1) neutrons and photons from the pion interactions,(2) treatment room background and (3) peripheral muons, electrons and pions in the primary beam. The first two components are nearly isotropic and are congruent to 0.02% of the peak dose at a distance of 24 cm from the treatment volume; the third component is anisotropic and varies from 0.01 to 0.1% of the peak dose. Collimation of the bean increases the dose outside the treatment volume typically by 50%.


Dosimetric properties of neutron beams from the D--D reaction in the energy range from 6.8 to 11.1 MeV. The tissue kerma in air, the tissue dose at maximum build-up, the relative depth dose on the central axis and the dose build-up characteristics were measured for neutrons produced by 6.8, 8.9 and 11.1 MeV deuterons on deuterium. The neutron beams were produced by a variable-energy cyclotron with a fully stopping deuterium gas target 20 cm long. Measurements were made in a 11.1cm x 11.1 cm field 126 cm from the target entrance window. The dose rate was found to increase rapidly with energy from 0.07 rad min-1 microamperemeter-1 at 6.8MeV to 0.35 rad min-1 muA-1 at 11.1 MeV. The entrance dose is about 50% of the dose maximum for each bombarding energy. The depth of the 95% dose level in the build-up region increased from 50 mg cm-2 at 6.8 MeV to 90 mg cm-2 at 11.1 MeV. The penetration was independent of the bombarding energy in the region investigated. Attenuation of the total dose to 50% of the maximum occurred at 10.2 +/- 0.1 g cm-2 for all three bombarding energies. The dose at the maximum is typically 14% higher than the tissue kerma in air.


Comparison of the stopping cross-sections of ethylene and polyethylene using alpha particles in the energy range 1.5--4.2 MeV. In order to design reliable gas-filled dosemeters it is necessary to have knowledge of the ratios of the stopping powers of various solids and their gaseous equivalents. This paper describes the measurement of the stopping cross-sections of ethylene and its polymer polyethylene using alpha particles, and compares the measurements with results published by other workers. The results indicate that there is no difference between the two sets of values, within the quoted errors. Reasons are suggested to account for part of the discrepancy between our results and those of others for thin solid sample measurements.


Similarity treatment of phase effects in stopping power of low energy heavy charged particles. Bragg's additivity rule is the basis for calculating stopping powers of compounds from data on their constituent elements. Major assumptions in applying it are that chemical binding and the physical state of the stopping material have negligible influence on the slowing down process. The fragmentary and, at times conflicting evidence for phase effects for low energy heavy charged particles is summarised. A detailed survey of published stopping powers has been made and the information grouped according to target medium and phase. Each group has been fitted to universal curves of Lindhard type with the object of separating phase contributions to stopping. Least square fits have been made to each set of data. From these a quantitative measure of the effect is obtained and presented as stopping power ratios (vapour/condensed phase). From the experimental evidence available, it is concluded that phase effects do occur, decreasing the stopping power in solids and liquids as compared to the corresponding vapours, and are thought to be due largely to changes in electronic excitation levels as the phase is changed, combined with a physical-state dependence of the effective ion change at low energies. Magnitudes of the stopping power ratio deviate from unity by up to approximately 25%, but have significant associated errors, pointing to need for more accurate stopping power measurements.


The feasibility of using a liquid-filled Cerenkov counter of gamma-ray counting of large samples. The feasibility of detecting gamma rays with energies below 1.5 MeV by means of a large-volume liquid-filled Cerenkov counter has been examined, together with the characteristics and limitations of an experimental counter. Various liquids (water, glycerol, sodium iodide solution; and glycerol plus a wavelength shifter) were investigated as possible Cerenkov media. A rectangular counter containing 1.2 liters of the latter medium could detect 10 nCi of 58Co or 59Fe at 10 cm in a counting time of 1000 s.


The noise power spectrum in computed X-ray tomography. An expression is derived showing that the two-dimensional noise power spectrum of computed X-ray tomography is proportional to [G(k)]2/k where k is the radial spatial frequency and G(k) is the one-dimensional corrective filter used in the filtered back-projection reconstuction technique. It is shown that predicted noise power spectra compare well with those estimated from CT reconstructions of simulated noise for both the ramp filter and the Hanning-weighted ramp filter. A consequence of the non-uniform shape of the noise power spectrum is that statistical noise in CT reconstructions is correlated from point to point. Because of this correlation when the reconstructed CT values are averaged over some region, the uncertainty of the average depends on the shape of the region as well as its area. This dependence is confirmed by computer simulations.


A multiwire proportional gamma camera for imaging 99Tcm radionuclide distributions. A gamma camera made of multiple multiwire proportional chambers with thin converter foils has been evaluated for clinical application. Results are presented from a small prototype (10 cm x 10 cm)showing good imaging of 99Tcm radionuclide distributions and comfirming the predictions of the theory regarding quantum efficiency and spatial resolution. The technique is especially aimed at creating a gamma camera with an active area greater than or approximately equal to 1 m2, a quantum efficiency of 15% and a spatial resolution approximately 3 mm, to be applied in whole body scanning and tomographic applications. The results generated by the current prototype indicate that the above requirements can be met using relatively cheap mass production techniques from the electronic industry. This apparatus is covered by patent applcation number 26595/77.


Photostimulated thermoluminescence of Al2O3 (Si, Ti) and its application to ultraviolet radiation dosimetry. Intrinsic photostimulated thermoluminescence (PSTL) in the range 200-320 nm and radiation sensitized PSTL for 200-425 nm have been studied in Al2O3 (Si, Ti) phosphor. Causes of the effects found, partly attributed to phototransfer of electrons are described. Linearity in the intrinsic and radiation sensitized response of the 280 degree C TL peal for both pellet and powder forms has been studied with regard to ultraviolet dosimetry over the range 10(-2) to 5 x 10(4) mJ cm-2. Details of the use of powder and pellet forms for dosimetry are given.


Calculated dose factors for the radiosensitive tissues in bone irradiated by surface-deposited radionuclides. The method of calculating dose factors for the haemopoitic marrow and endosteal tissues in human trabecular bone, used by Whitwell and Spiers for volume-seeking radionuclides, has been developed for the case of radionuclides which are deposited as very thin layers on bone surfaces. The Monte Carlo method is again used, but modifications to the computer program are made to allow for a surface rather than a volume source of particle emission. The principal change is the introduction of a surface-orientation factor which is shown to have a value of approximately 2, varying slightly with bone structure. Result are given for beta-emitting radionuclides ranging from 171Tm (E (E beta=0.025 MeV) to 90Y(E beta = 0.93MeV), and also for the alpha-emitter 239Pu. It is shown that where the particle ranges are short compared with the dimensions of the bone structures the dose factors for the surface seekers are much greater than those for the volume seekers. For long range particles the dose factors for surface and volume-seeking radionuclides converge. Comparisons are given relating the dose factors calculated in this paper on the basis of measured bone structures to those of other workers based on single plane geometry.


Electromyographic study of three parts of the gluteus medius muscle during functional activities. This study was undertaken to determine the onset, duration, and degree of electromyographic activity in the anterior, middle, and posterior segments of the gluteus medius muscle during functional activities. Fine wire electrodes were inserted into each muscle segment. After a triaxial hip electrogoniometer was applied, each of the 10 subjects performed the activities of walking, crawling, stair ascending and descending, shoetying, sitting, and single limb-standing with forward learning. Raw electromyographic records evaluated on the basis of on-off activity provided results showing that the onset, duration, and degree of activity of the three segments was similar for some activities. Results also established that asynchronous activity occurred for selected functional activities, thereby justifying a three-segment conceptual model of the gluteus medius muscle.


Minimal care concept. An alternative for the management of arthritis. This article is a report on the initial year of operation of the Arthritis Minimal Care Unit at the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. The unit provided a comprehensive program for patient with arthritis including an interdisciplinary approach to care and patient-oriented program development with emphasis on patient and family education. The results of our program showed that hospital admission time and cost could be reduced and an improved quality of care could be provided in a Minimal Care Unit as compared to the acute hospital setting.


Reflex and voluntary electromyographic activity in patients with hemiparesis. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of combining voluntary effort with passive muscle stretch in the major flexors and extensors of the elbow and knee joints in order to test the validity of the assumption that stretching a muscle in conjunction with voluntary effort enhances the production of muscle activity more than muscle stretch or voluntary effort alone. This was accomplished by using a computer-controlled test instrument to produce the conditions necessary for measuring stretch reflex activity, voluntary effort, and stretch reflex activity plus voluntary effort, and then quantitatively examining the EMG activity associated with each test condition. In general, greater EMG activity was produced by the combination of muscle stretch and voluntary effort than by either muscle stretch or voluntary effort alone. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.


Kinematic and electromyographic differences between men and women during skill acquistion: a preliminary study. The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine kinematic and muscular differences between male and female subjects during acquisition of a novel throwing skill. The task consisted of an underhand ball toss for accuracy and involved 10 male and 10 female subjects who each practiced the task for 104 trials during one sitting. A high speed 16 mm camera was used to gather the cinematographic data, and surface electrodes monitored the electrical output of the anterior and posterior portions of the deltoid muscle. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between male and female subjects in 1) integrated electrical activity of the posterior portion of the deltoid muscle, 2) premovement activity of both the anterior and posterior portions of the deltoid muscle, 3) peak velocity of the movement, and 4) velocity of the limb at ball release. Differences may exist between men and women in kinematic and muscular modifications occurring during the acquisition of a novel throwing skill.


Below-knee amputee knee extension force-time and moment characteristics. This study, utilizing isometric knee extension, was undertaken to determine if significant differences existed between extremities of below-knee amputees and matched normal subjects in minimal time to production of peak force, maximal rate of tension development, and maximal extension moment. Results showed no significant differences for rate of tension development. Significance at the .05 level was established for moments produced by left amputees and their contralateral limb, and right and left limbs of normal subjects. Differences in time to 95 percent of peak force for the amputated leg were also significant when compared to the limb of the matched normal subject. Results indicate that quadriceps tension and rate of tension development are both factors to emphasize in therapeutic programs, particularly for the left knee of the below-knee amputee.


Neurodevelopmental treatment approach for teaching swimming to cerebral palsied children. A model swimming program for cerebral palsied children based on the underlying principles of the neurodevelopmental treatment approach is presented following a review of the current literature pertaining to swimming programs for the physically handicapped and a discussion of the values of hydrotherapy.


In search of the acoustic correlates of stress: fundamental frequency, amplitude, and duration in the connected utterance of some native and non-native speakers of English. In this investigation of the correlates of stress, account was taken of both production and perception aspects of the phenomenon in the connected utterance of a group each of native and non-native speakers of English. Measurement of the fundamental frequency, amplitude, and duration of the syllables stressed by these subjects revealed that duration was by far the most frequently used cue and that amplitude was the least used. The two groups differed significantly both in the incidence and placement of stress, although no evidence was found to suggest that native and non-native speakers consistently employ different acoustic parameters to signal this feature at the sentence level.


Pharyngeal constrictions.

Pharyngeal constrictions. From a fiberscope, the tip of which was swung from left to right in the pharynx, cinefilm frames were obtained which showed the cross-sectional shape of pharyngeal constrictions in back vowels. This information was combined with the information offered by X-ray pictures of the same subject phonating the same vowels on a different occasion. The results agree to a reasonable extent with previously published data obtained by different techniques, and support previous hypotheses regarding distance-to-area conversion in the pharyngeal region of the vocal tract.


Perceived dimensions of 13 tones: a multidimensional scaling investigation. 24 native speakers of American English made direct ratings of dissimilarity between 13 pitch patterns superimposed on a synthetic speech-like syllable. A multidimensional scaling analysis of the data revealed four perceptual dimensions, which were interpreted as average pitch, endpoint, extreme endpoint and length. The relative importance of these dimensions varied across individual subjects.


[Rehilamiento: description].

[Rehilamiento: description]. The work analyses the way in which the 'rehilamiento' presents itself. It presents itself as an acoustic stochastic field, superposed on an acoustic periodic field, as a consequence of two articulatory constrictions: the one at the oscillating vocal cords and the other at any place in the pharynx. The auditory perception of the 'rehilamiento' is simply one of voiced friction. The oscillograms presented confirm that in the language of Buenos Aires the realization [z] tends to conserve its voiced quality among men while losing it among women.


Total glandular mastectomy. Modifications of the subcutaneous mastectomy for use in premalignant disease of the breast. We describe two modifications of the original subcutaneous mastectomy, in which we remove the nipple en bloc with the breast, and we believe they are as suitable as other mastectomies for the removal of microcarcinomas and premalignant diseases of the breast. We do not advocate them for macroscopic malignancy. We are using the term "total glandular mastectomy" to designate these two modifications.


Xeroradiography in the diagnosis of facial fractures. Xeroradiography, because of its unique phenomenon of "edge enhancement," has some advantages for assessing facial fractures. In 17 of the 19 patients in our pilot study group, this technique was as valuable as, or more so than, plain films. The xerogram done prior to laminagraphy is a useful "map" for the radiologist to use in planning laminagraphic cuts. For the surgeon this technique offers a relatively accurate diagnostic tool, useful early after the facial injury.


The selection of sun-blocking topical agents to protect the skin. A simple method, based on scientific evidence, for the selection of a proper sun protective agent has been presented. To make it even easier, the surgeon need only look for a product containing both PABA and titanium dioxide. The author is aware there may be many other fine products available but not mentioned here, and some of those mentioned here serve the purpose for which they were designed but may not do all the things the plastic surgeon desires. In any event, the statements made herein should not be construed as an endorsement of one product over another.


Treatment of the ischemic finger secondary to digital artery occlusion. We present 7 cases of digital artery thrombosis with ischemic symptoms. Six were treated successfully by application of the Leriche principle of resection of a segment of the thrombosed artery. One was treated successfully by resection of a thrombosed segment and replacement with a small vein graft. The symptomatic relief has been conplete in 4 of the 6 patients who had resections, and in the patient who had the single vein graft. The other two patients (with resection only) have had improvement.


Biostereometric analysis in plastic and reconstructive surgery. A one-step, on-line technique. Biostereometry is the measurement of living things (especially the human body) in 3 dimensions. Moire topography provides a simple, one-step method for mapping contours of the face, or other parts of the body--a method which has potential value for the plastic surgeon. A prospective study of the value and the uses of this method is now under way at our institution.


Resection of obstructing inferior nasal turbinates. We report a series of 88 patients in whom 119 obstructing inferior nasal turbinates were resected for airway obstruction, and who have been followed for 3 months to 3 years. The airways were consistently improved and, to date, there have been no undesirable sequelae.


Metastasizing keratoacanthomas? The difficulties in differentiating keratoacanthomas from squamous cell carcinomas. The problem in diagnosis of keratoacanthoma versus squamous cell carcinoma has been reviewed, and 13 patients are presented to illustrate the difficulties in differentiating between these two lesions. If the pathologist is in doubt, the lesion should be called "probable keratoacanthoma, but squamous cell carcinoma cannot be ruled out." We should all be aware that even the most careful pathologist, using all the information and material available, may still erroneously diagnose a lesion as a benign keratoacanthoma--one which, if inadequately treated, may metastasize or recur as a squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, it is important for the clinician to treat most keratoacanthomas by adequate removal and close follow-up.


A cause of wrist pain: non-specific tenosynovitis involving the flexor carpi radialis. We describe 4 patients who complained of pain over the course of the flexor carpi radialis tendon at the wrist, and who presented with point tenderness there. These 4 patients presented a spectrum of non-specific tenosynovitis involving the flexor carpi radialis tendon at the wrist, ranging from slight tenderness and swelling to complete disruption of the tendon. Their clinical course and treatment is presented.


Closure of septal perforation in Osler-Weber-Rendu's disease by bilateral labial-buccal flaps. Case report. We present a case of septal perforation in Osler-Weber-Rendu's disease, treated by rotating bilateral labial-buccal flaps up into the nose to close the perforation and resurface the adjacent areas on the septum.


[Clinical psychopathological characteristics of acute atypical circular affective psychoses]. The clinical reality of acute atypical affective psychoses is recognized by almost all psychiatrists. A total of 229 cases of atypical circular psychosis have been studied. In many of these cases the "psychodynamic mobility" of the personality, i.e., the "fixed attitude" according to Usnadse, was studied in addition to a clinical analysis. The method used for this is described, and a number of criteria for evaluation are reported. Also, the thematic apperception test and Rorschach test as well as electroencephalographic examinations have been carried out on many of the patients included in this study. The results of clinical-psychopathological and experimental-psychological examinations enable better diagnoses of acute atypical affective psychoses to be established.


[Differentiation between primary and neurotic sexual disorders]. The object of this paper is to show that there are different forms of sexual anomalies which permit of basic and therapeutic differentiation. Atavisms of responding have been observed to play an essential role in real perversions.


[Sociodynamic aspects of psychotherapy]. Definitions of psychotherapy are determined by sociocultural and epistemological factors, which, in turn, influences the objectives and practical consequences of the use of psychotherapy (for example, selection, indication, and method used). The current state of knowledge and social needs tend to modify views of the role and functions of psychotherapy in medical and extramedical fields and areas, which sociodynamic aspects of psychotherapeutic processes and their applications being considered and utilized differently. It is within the framework of different social orders that potentially equivocal functions and ways of making use of psychotherapy can be either promoted or inhibited. Consequently, it is desirable to try to clarify corresponding prerequisites and conditions, which has been attempted by the author in his present paper.


[Development of views of the causes of juvenile delinquency in Europe]. In the past two hundred years, views of the etiology of delinquency have developed from the extreme constitutional direction or line of thought through theories considering social factors to be solely responsible to the assumption of a combination of constitutional and social factors. Theses of social misadaptation as a source of delinquency, which were inaugurated by Soviet criminologists, could also be confirmed by the results of a large-scale investigation conducted in Poland. The combination of two factors (limited psychic power and negative social influences) was found to be the most frequent cause of criminal acts.


[The role of schooling in the child neuropsychiatric clinic]. The authors report the inclusion of schooling in the therapeutic regime used by a pedopsychiatric department. Comparative psychological examinations of children, which were made on admission to and discharge from the clinic, showed a positive effect upon the course of disease, with different degrees of improvement being observed. A questioning of thirty children regarding the influence of schooling showed that their motivations lay in the affective rather than executive sphere. However, a child's striving for a favorable position within the group also proved an important prerequisite of successful therapy.


Perspectives on community as a social system. This paper seeks to analyze processes and roles within the community as a setting for mental health work. The author contends the social workers can utilize linkages and resources more effectively by training community as a social system. Furthermore, the community approach to mental health problems appears to be a logical framework to organize and harmonize different subsystems. A two-dimensional, conceptual model brings into focus two mutually supportive considerations within this framework: community and mental health. Systemic linkages between the mental health group and the welfare community are further conceptualized to signify their importance in the MR programs. A critique is presented of the changing professional roles of the community organizer in a society where welfare services are organized for the less competent individuals within a complex web of values and antivalues. Social workers' dynamism in self-shaping their professional roles toward improving the quality of life is highlighted.


The aftermaths of deinstitutionalization: problmes and solutions. Thousands of mentally handicapped patients released from mental hospitals are now living in a variety of community settings. Services to help them remain in community are often fragmented, uncoordinated and limited. Research and experience have highlighted the services they need. Numerous demonstrations have shown that patients can be successfully maintained in community setting. Coordinated services and fixed responsibility for each individual placed are essential.


[Psychodynamic aspects of marriages of schizophrenics (author's transl)]. 20 couples, each of which with one spouse suffering from schizophrenia, are investigated with clinical and psychological (individual and consensus Rorschach, Freiburg personality inventory) methods. Married schizophrenics seem to be less schizoid than passive dependent, infantile or stormy in their premorbid personality. Regarding our results their spouses don't differ in their mental health from the average population. Behaviour disorders of the non-schizophrenic spouses rather have to be seen as reactions caused secondarily by the patient's schizophrenic symptoms than as characteristics of their primary personality, because they only arise in the exploration of both spouses together. The schizophrenics appear less disturbed in the interaction with their spouses than in the situation of the single exploration. The "interacting personality" of the non-schizophrenic spouses, however, seems to be more disturbed than their "individual personality". Special factors, which are connected with premorbid personality of the later schizophrenic, are important in the mate selection. Very often first manifestation and the course of schizophrenic syndrome on the one hand and the marital dynamics on the other hand are closely related. Describing the attitude of the spouses to each other the non-schizophrenic shows three characteristic patterns, which are seen in the interaction of the couple: acceptation, emotional distance and ambivalence. Further the question of indication and prospect of marital therapy is discussed.


[Comments on the impossible concept of schizophrenia (author's transl)]. Schizophrenia is an impossible concept. Under this heading, a number of psychoses is being grouped which have the common characteristic that the patient is, as a rule, but by no means always, fully conscious. In all other respects, no other points agree, neither in respect of symptoms, nor in respect of etiology or prognosis. Hence, there are hardly any reasons to reduce these disease patterns to a common denominator, either as "schizophrenia" or as a "group of schizophrenic psychoses". Rather, it seems more probable that schizophrenic psychoses are individual disease patterns, instead of being variations of a basic type. What is principally needed at this stage, is a fair amount of empirical research to catalog the concept of schizophrenia. Such a catalog would have to be based on exactly defined and described syndromes to enable further study whether there are any other points besides these symptoms which characterize the syndrome in question, such as etiology, pathogenetic factors, course, or response treatment. The more characteristics are found, the greater the chance that the disease pattern under investigation is really a unit by itself. In the course of these studies, and in order to avoid terminological confusion, it is advisable to use, for the time being, the term "schizophrenic psychoses", under the condition that in each concrete case this term must be supplemented by a careful typification of the symptomatology, of the etiologic factors, and of the course of the disease.


Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in patients with shock due to septicaemia, trauma and haemorrhage. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities were measured in patients with septicaemic, traumatic or haemorrhagic shock. Irrespective of the type of shock plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were increased above the normal range. This is in keeping with the clinical features of increased sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medullary activity present in these patients. Plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities were within the normal limits in all forms of shock indicating the poor relationship of this measurement to sympathetic nervous system activity. In patients who died plasma noradrenaline concentrations remained persistently elevated above normal while in those who survived there was a rapid decline towards the normal range.


The role of various cereals in coeliac disease. It is well established that the consumption of wheat gluten will produce the characteristic mucosal lesion of coeliac disease in subjects who are predisposed to it. The role of other cereals in the pathogenesis of this disease is less certain. In the present study, four different cereals (rye, barley, maize and rice) have been tested by feeding them to volunteer coeliac subjects who had shown good mucosal recovery on a gluten free diet and assessing the effect by serial jejunal biopsy. The biopsy specimens obtained before and after challenge were compared in terms of histology and disaccharidase activity. The results indicate that rye and barley are harmful but that maize and rice are harmless.


Sodium losing renal disease: Two cases and a review of the literature. Two patients with sodium-losing renal disease were studied in detail. Both presented with shock and hypotension which was attributed at first to other causes, as was the recurrent hyponatraemia in one of them. In both patients the cause of the sodium loss was probably unrelieved urinary obstruction which has been reported previously to cause water loss but not sodium loss. Both patients had severe hyponatraemia when they were sodium depleted, which has previously been attributed to water retention from excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations were raised in one patient but not in the other. The cause of the water retention in the other patient is not known. One of the patients, like others described in the literature, was only able to vary his sodium excretion within narrow limits. He became sodium depleted on a normal intake and oedematous when he was given saline intravenously. We suggest that the term sodium-losing renal disease should be replaced by the term 'fixed sodium' excretion renal disease.


The haematology of hyperthyroidism.

The haematology of hyperthyroidism. In an unselected series of 239 patients with uncomplicated hyperthyroidism the haemoglobin concentration was less than 12.0 g/dl in 37 of 207 women and below 13.0 g/dl in 9 of 32 men. Although some of these patients with a low level of haemoglobin were iron deficient, with a transferrin saturation less than 16 per cent, many were not. On treatment of hyperthyroidism the haemoglobin rose by an average of 0.5 g/dl in patients who had not been anaemic on diagnosis. A small fall in haemoglobin is therefore usual in hyperthyroidism and it may sometimes be sufficient to cause a mild degree of anaemia. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was decreased in hyperthyroid patients who had neither anaemia nor a reduced transferrin saturation. After treatment of hyperthyroidism the MCV rose in these patients by an average of 6 fl. A dimunition in MCV, even within the normal range, is an invariable concomitant of hyperthyroidism. The administration of thyroxine to excess does not, however, cause the same change in the MCV. On diagnosis of hyperthyroidism the prevalence of pernicious anaemia in this series of patients was 1.9 per cent. Gastric parietal cell antibodies were present in 15.4 per cent and thyroid microsomal antibodies in 49.5 per cent.


Analgesic nephropathy: an important cause of chronic renal failure. Study of case-notes and autopsy reports of patients with renal disease suggests that analgesic nephropathy is responsible for at least 12 per cent of cases of chronic renal failure, Between 1970 and 1975 eight new cases of analgesic nephropathy were seen annually in a population of three-quarters of a million. This is equivalent to an incidence of 490 new cases per year in England and Wales. Fifty-five patients with analgesic nephropathy were followed from one to 84 months for a total of 190 patient years. Changes in renal function were correlated with bacteriuria, hypertension and analgesic consumption. One-third of the cases had been misdiagnosed and analgesic abuse was only revealed by thorough examination of case-notes and autopsy records, together with careful questioning of patients and relatives. A number of cases had been classified as chronic pyelonephritis. The calculated survival rate at five years was 44 per cent. Mortality was related to the level of analgesic consumption and the degree of renal failure at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis was poor if serum creatinine at presentation was greater than 400 mumol/l. There was no significant correlation between deterioration in renal function and bacteriuria or hypertension. Forty-two per cent of the patients were taking analgesics for arthritis; 27 per cent had rheumatoid arthritis. Most had been taking large quantities of analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin. Renal papillary necrosis was present in only 26 per cent on intravenous urography but was found in all those examined at autopsy. Twenty thousand, two hundred and twenty-nine autopsy reports were examined for the presence of renal disease. Renal papillary necrosis was found in 0.41 per cent, and could be attributed to analgesic nephropathy in 24 per cent. In patients under 65 years of age analgesic nephropathy appeared to be a more frequent cause of death than chronic pyelonephritis. The report indicates the need for careful enquiry about analgesic consumption in all patients with renal disease, and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and cessation of analgesics in suspected cases of analgesic nephropathy.


The changing mortality of cerebrovascular disease. Cerebrovascular disease mortality trends in England and Wales are discussed, concentrating on data relating to years after 1968. Cerebrovascular disease deaths have been found to comprise a decreasing proportion of all deaths and of all cardiovascular disease deaths. For ages under 85 the mortality rates have generally fallen for cerebrovascular disease, with females experiencing the greater improvement. Concerning the main diagnostic categories, the rates for cerebral haemorrhage and thrombosis have fallen, and have risen for subarachnoid haemorrhage and the vague rubrics (436, 437). Possible explanations for these trends are proposed including relationships to other cardiovascular diseases. In particular, the downward trend in cerebral haemorrhage mortality rates is found to be positively correlated at a significant level with that due to hypertensive disease. However, the trends in cerebral thrombosis and ischaemic heart disease mortality rates are found to be in opposite directions--a phenomenon which contradicts the widely-held view that these diseases have a common aetiology.


Diabetes mellitus and coeliac disease: a clinical study. Fourteen adults in whom diabetes mellitus and coeliac disease coexist, are described. In no patient was coeliac disease diagnosed (biopsy proven) before the age of 28 years. Diabetes was recognized before coeliac disease in all except one. Diabetic control was very unstable and hypoglycaemia particularly troublesome before treatment with a gluten free diet. Following gluten restriction, insulin requirement increased in six patients, and diabetic control became more stable. Diarrhoea due to coeliac disease in a patient with coexisting diabetes, may be mistakenly diagnosed as 'diabetic diarrhoea'. However, certain clinical and laboratory features should arouse suspicion that the diarrhoea is not of diabetic origin. These included a history of gastrointestinal symptoms preceding the diagnosis of diabetes, the occurrence of repeated hypoglycaemia, absence of neuropathy, anaemia, low serum folate, low serum albumin and a malabsorption pattern on small bowel radiography. A definitive diagnosis of coeliac disease can be made only jejunal biopsy. The opportunity to diagnose coeliac disease in adult diabetics will usually fall to the diabetologist and wider use of jejunal biopsy in diabetics with chronic or recurrent diarrhoea is suggested.


Uncertainty in interplay of biological and cultural evolution: man's view of himself. Systems models made possible an examination of the machinery by which information is accumulated and exchanged in biological and cultural evolution. Indeterminacy is revealed which obscures our perspective on the growth of humanity.


The inflammatory esophagogastric polyp and fold. A radiographic finding, previously undescribed to our knowledge of a polypoid defect and prominent fold in the region of the esophagogastric junction was seen in 9 patients. We believe this represents a stage in the evolution of chronic esophagitis.


Intestinal volvulus: angiographic findings. Intestinal volvulus may be the underlying process in patients presenting with intestinal ischemia. In 3 patients, angiographic findings of volvulus were erroneously interpreted as indicating occlusive or nonocclusive intestinal ischemia. In a fourth, the correct preoperative diagnosis was suggested by angiographic findings. Volvulus should be suspected at angiography by the whirlpool arrangement of the mesenteric arterial branches, the delayed filling and emptying of the arteries, and the intense opacification of the bowel wall. Familiarity with the angiographic picture of intestinal volvulus is essential for early diagnosis and for prompt initiation of appropriate therapy.


Prolonged gallbladder opacification after oral cholecystography. Recent reports state that prolonged gallbladder opacification after an otherwise normal oral cholecystogram is abnormal and reliably indicates acalculous cholecystitis. In 122 patients on a variety of diets, the frequency with which prolonged gallbladder opacification is detectable one and two days after oral cholecystography was studied prospectively. Prolonged opacification was seen in 75% of patients and did not occur more commonly in those patients with documented gallbladder disease. Prolongation of gallbladder opacification after oral cholecystography is common and cannot be used as the sole criterion for the diagnosis of cholecystitis.


The effect of nonfractionated and fractionated administration of iopanoic acid on gallbladder visualization. Visualization of the gallbladder after nonfractionated and fractionated administration of iopanoic acid was investigated in a blind experiment. The authors studied 168 patients; 73 were given 3 g iopanoic acid over a period of 6 hours (0.5 g/hour), and 95 received the same amount of contrast medium in a single dose. No differences in visualization were found for the two modes in both normal and pathological cases.


Hard metal pneumoconiosis: another cause of diffuse interstitial fibrosis. Three patients developed diffuse pulmonary fibrosis caused by exposure to aerosolized cobalt while working in the tungsten carbide tool industry. Two cases were severe and one of these has died of cor pulmonale. The third is mildly disabled. The pathophysiology is reviewed. Clinicians and radiologists should be aware of hard metal exposure as a cause of diffuse interstitial fibrosis.


Pulmonary actinomycosis. A report of three cases. The diagnosis of thoracic actinomycosis is readily made when the patient presents with the constellation of poor oral hygiene, pulmonary infiltrates, empyema, sinus tracts, and osteomyelitis of the ribs. However, in the absence of rib and chest wall involvement, the disease may be overlooked. Three cases of primary pulmonary actinomycosis are presented showing three different pulmonary forms of the disease and comprising (a) subacute patchy pulmonary infiltrates, (b) a cavitary lesion simulating tuberculosis, and (c) a central mass lesion simulating bronchogenic carcinoma.


Arterial encasement in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. A case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is reported in which arterial encasement was demonstrated. Pathologic correlation is shown.


Nonsurgical treatment of splenic-artery aneurysms. Splenic-artery aneurysms are commonly found incidentally during abdominal angiography. Because approximately 10% of these aneurysms may rupture and lead to fatal hemorrhage, surgical treatment is indicated. A new, nonsurgical approach is described in which the splenic-artery aneurysm is packed with foreign matter introduced through a catheter to induce thrombosis. The procedure can be carried out under local anesthesia and is the preferred technique in high-risk patients. As more experience is gained with this procedure, it can be performed on an elective basis under local anesthesia and the patients can be spared the disadvantages of laparotomy.


Renal peripelvic extravasation: a complication of arteriography. Renal peripelvic extravasation is a known complication of intravenous urography in patients with acute ureteral obstruction. A case of bilateral peripelvic extravasation during arteriography is presented. Possible causes for the extravasation are discussed.


Extramedullary plasmacytoma.

Extramedullary plasmacytoma. Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare form of plasma cell dyscrasia, in which malignant plasma cell tumors arise outside the bone marrow. The tumor may arise in any part of the body but the vast majority occur in the head and neck, primarily in the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, or upper airway. Six patients with extramedullary plasmacytoma are presented and the clinical and radiographic findings are reviewed.


Lipohemarthrosis of the elbow joint.

Lipohemarthrosis of the elbow joint. Radiographic demonstration of three cases of lipohemarthrosis of the elbow is discussed. Lipohemarthrosis is superior to posterior fat pad as a more specific sign of elbow trauma because posterior fat pad merely indicates increased intra-articular pressure while lipohemarthrosis is due only to intracapsular fracture or cartilage and/or ligament injury. Little fat accumulated in the anterior compartment of the joint can be demonstrated by horizontal-beam technique and lipohemarthrosis may conceivably be observed before posterior fat pad is displaced dorsally. With horizontal-beam technique, the patient is more comfortable and it seems unnecessary to irradiate the other elbow.


CT-assisted pelvic and abdominal aspiration biopsies in gynecological malignancy. Twenty-four CT-directed biopsies were performed in 17 women with proved gynecological malignancy which had been treated previously by surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of modalities. CT proved superior to ultrasound biopsy in that the presence of gas in the bowel does not hinder imaging and the use of contrast agents to outline bladder and ureters enables identification of pathological masses even in the presence of massive adhesions and anatomical distortion. Even in small lesions, CT can locate the tip of the needle. The technique, difficulties, specimen handling and clinical relevance are discussed.


Mediastinal lipomatosis. CT confirmation of a normal variant. Mediastinal lipomatosis is a common benign cause of mediastinal widening. While it may be associated with exogenous obesity, steroid ingestion, or Cushing's syndrome, these factors often are not present. Evaluation of the mediastinum by CT should be the initial diagnostic study in the work-up of patients with abnormalities of the mediastinal contour; indeed, in many cases it can eliminate the need for other procedures.


Computed tomography and ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of neuroblastoma. Gray-scale ultrasound and computed tomography were found to be diagnostically and clinically valuable in the study of 13 of 17 children with neuroblastoma. Use of ultrasound and computed tomography: (a) resulted in diagnoses not possible with conventional techniques, such as plain radiographs and excretory urograms; (b) defined more clearly the normal and pathologic anatomy in a three-dimensional perspective; (c) was an aid in evaluating extra-abdominal manifestations; and (d) permitted follow-up after surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.


Fluid dynamics in cerebral angiography.

Fluid dynamics in cerebral angiography. Flow field characteristics are described so that the physician may have a better understanding of the mechanical effects of rapid intravascular injection of a highly ionized hypertonic solution. Theoretical and experimental results which illustrate the fluid dynamics involved are presented. This knowledge may be helpful in diminishing the overall complication rate in cerebral angiography and in outlining the carotid arterial complex, which is frequently the site of dense atheromatous plaque deposition.


Radiography, radionuclide imaging, and arthrography in the evaluation of total hip and knee replacement. Twenty patients with 21 total joint replacements including 17 hips and 4 knees were studied by plain film radiography, radionuclide imaging, and subtraction arthrography to evaluate these procedures for assessing prosthetic complications. Surgery was performed in 14 patients and confirmed loosening of 8 femoral and 7 acetabular hip prosthesis components and 1 femoral and 4 tibial knee prosthesis components. Plain films suggested loosening of only 9 hip components and no knee components. In contrast, radionuclide imaging and subtraction arthrography were considerably more effective in demonstrating loosening as well as other causes of the painful total joint prosthesis.


Evaluation of sacro-iliitis: comparison of radiological and radionuclide techniques. A 99mTc count profile of the sacro-iliac region was performed in 14 control subjects and in 50 patients with inflammatory pain of the sacro-iliac joints. In addition, 85mSr count profiles were recorded in 14 control subjects. The sacro-iliac/sacral uptake ratio was calculated. There was no significant difference between Sr and Tc count profiles. The uptake in patients with sacro-iliitis was not above the range for controls. The mean uptake ratio was significantly below that for controls, and was lower in cases with radiologically advanced changes than in those with few or no signs. This method was not useful for early diagnosis of sacro-iliitis.


Oxyphilic adenoma of the parotid gland. Identification with 99mTc-pertechnetate. Oxyphilic adenoma of the parotid gland is a rare benign tumor. In the case presented, increased concentration of 99mTc-pertechnetate was seen in the tumor. The only other neoplasm which is known to consistently concentrate pertechnetate is papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin's tumor).


Diagnostic significance of persistent colonic gallium activity: scintigraphic patterns. One hundred and forty-eight gallium scans were reviewed to determine the diagnostic significance of colonic gallium activity and its relationship to colonic disease. Location or intensity of the activity was unchanged during the course of the radionuclide study in 25 patients imaged more than once. Of those patients who had colonic gallium activity that did not change in location or intensity during the study, 9 had proved colonic disease. The patterns of colonic activity were either focal or diffuse. These distinct patterns, however, cannot distinguish benign from malignant disease.


111In Desferal: a new radiopharmaceutical for abscess detection. Desferal was labeled with 111In and its distribution was studied in normal mice, rabbits bearing turpentine-induced abscesses, and rats bearing Staphylococcus aureus-induced abscesses. The results indicate that 111In Desferal may be used in abscess detection and localization.


The normal 99mTc-DMSA renal image.

The normal 99mTc-DMSA renal image. Renal images of 194 normal subjects given 99mTc-dimer captosuccinic acid (DMSA) were reviewed to establish normal values an optimal imaging techniques for this new renal agent. Images were consistently of high quality. Normal renal size (posterior length) averaged 11.5 +/- 1 cm, and renal radioactivity (functioning tubular mass) was equally divided between the left and right kidney. 99mTc-DMSA appears to be an excellent renal parenchymal imaging agent.


Discordant imaging of a thyroid nodule with 131I and 99mTc: concordance of 131I and fluorescent scans. A thyroid nodule, "hot" by 99mTc and "cold" by 131I scanning, was reimaged with a fluorescent scanner. The fluorescent scan was qualitatively similar to the 131I scan and demonstrated low iodine content in the nodule. This combination of scan patterns is compatible with an organification defect in the nodular tissue.


The application of 67Ga scanning in determining the operability of bronchogenic carcinoma. In a prospective study of 34 patients with histologically proven bronchogenic carcinoma, 67Ga scanning of the chest was used to screen for mediastinal involvement. Mediastinal scans and pathologic findings were in agreement in 27 patients. Two patients had false-negative scans and 5 had positive scans but no evidence of mediastinal tumor. These results indicate a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 66.6%, an accuracy of 77% for positive scans, and an accuracy of 83% for negative scans. Overall correlation between 67Ga scanning of the chest and mediastinal-tumor involvement is statistically significant (P = 0.003).


Pentagastrin stimulation of technetium-99m uptake by ectopic gastric muscosa in a Meckel's diverticulum. A case is described in which the preoperative diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum was made by scintigraphy after the administration of pentagastrin. Pentagastrin premedication may be helpful in demonstrating ectopic gastric mucosa in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding in whom initial radiopertechnetate scintigraphy is equivocal or normal.


Gray-scale ultrasonography of the jaundiced patient. In 143 jaundiced patients, ultrasound demonstrated the extrahepatic biliary system in 38% of those with medical and 74% of those with surgical jaundice. The size of the extrahepatic biliary system indicated that surgical was best differentiated from medical jaundice when 5 mm served as the upper normal limit for the common hepatic or common bile duct in patients without prior biliary surgery. Half of those patients with prior biliary bypass surgery had nondiagnostic sonograms. In 22% of the jaundiced patients, no additional imaging procedures were performed before definitive therapy. The role of ultrasound in evaluating jaundiced patients is discussed.


The use of ultrasound to enhance the diagnostic utility of the equivocal liver scintigraph. Using state-of-the-art technology in nuclear medicine and ultrasound, directed ultrasound examinations were performed with attention to equivocal areas identified on hepatic isotope studies. In 100 patients studied prospectively, 100 equivocal radionuclide findings were identified. Proven diagnoses were obtained in 99 cases. Overall accuracy figures were 74% for scintigraphy and 93% for ultrasound. Scintigraphy in general showed high sensitivity, but ultrasound showed greater specificity and accuracy. It was concluded that a directed ultrasound examination is accurate and useful when the hepatic scintigraph is equivocal for any reason.


Sensitivity of pancreatic ultrasonography in the detection of pancreatic disease. Pancreatic ultrasonography was correct 87% of the time separating patients with a normal pancreas from those with an abnormality. Of those patients felt to have a normal pancreas by ultrasonography, only 81% wre ultimately found normal. In this group, errors occurred primarily in patients with chronic pancreatitis. An abnormal pancreatic ultrasonogram is significant and usually indicates disease; ultrasonography correctly identified 94% of those patients ultimately found to have an abnormal pancreas.


Anatomy and pathology of the kidney by gray scale ultrasound. Gray scale ultrasound can define intrarenal structures which could not previously be visualized. The normal calyces and infundibula within the renal sinus can be evaluated for abnormalities. Parenchymal anatomy (cortex, medulla, and arcuate vessels) of the right kidney is best demonstrated with the patient supine, using the liver as a window; anatomy of the left kidney is best appreciated using coronal scans in the right lateral decubitus position. Criteria and differential diagnosis of "Type I" parenchymal changes, in which the echo intensity within the cortex is increased, and "Type II" changes, in which there is a focal or diffuse disruption of normal renal parenchymal anatomy, are presented.


Midline pineal tumors and suprasellar germinomas: highly curable by irradiation. Sixty-one patients with midline pineal tumors and 16 patients with suprasellar germinomas were treated with surgical decompression and relatively high-dose radiotherapy of the primary site. Results were excellent, and there were no long-term complications. Ten per cent of midline pineal tumors and 37% of suprasellar germinomas metastasized to the cerebral or spinal subarachnoid space within 6 months to 5 years. Irradiation of the entire neural axis is recommended for locally extensive tumors, simultaneous pineal and hypothalamic lesions, and all biopsy-proved germinomas. The five-year survival rate was 79% for midline pineal tumors and 77% for suprasellar germinomas.


Postoperative irradiation of pterygia: ten more years of experience. "Bare sclera" excision followed by 90Sr beta irradiation has been used at Bellevue Hospital for more than 20 years as standard therapy for pterygia. Primary treatment was successful in approximately 90% of cases, and 80% of the failures were salvaged by a second course. This policy is recommended for similar patient populations.


Light output and X-ray attenuation measurements for some commercial intensifying screens. The spectral content and intensity of light emission together with the x-ray attenuation have been measured for a selection of commercially available intensifying screens used in diagnostic radiology. Incident x-ray beam qualities with half value layers between 3.8 to 10 mm AI were employed in order to simulate a wide range of clinical situations. The measurements of spectral content demonstrate the wide variations in spectral emission which now exist between screens employing different phosphor materials. Similarly, a wide variation in the intensity of light emission is observed for screens employing different phosphor materials and also for screens employing the same material. The interrelation of the measured physical properties affects both the system speed and noise properties and needs to be considered when comparing the performance of different systems.


A method of evaluating and minimizing geometric unsharpness for mammographic X-ray units. A method for measuring and minimizing the effects of geometric unsharpness in mammography involves using a star resolution pattern to determine the equivalent focal spot size of mammographic x-ray units. With this measurement, the limit of resolution at any plane within the breast and the focal spot-to-object distance necessary to obtain the desired limit of resolution are determined. Six mammographic x-ray units were evaluated with this technique. Results show that the resolution capability of four of these units is limited by geometric unsharpness, such that the resolution capability of present mammographic recording systems is not fully utilized.


The dose-latent period relationship in the irradiated cervical spinal cord of the rat. The cervical spinal cords of young adult female rats were irradiated with various single and fractionated doses of 250 kV x rays. No relationship was evident between the dose and the latent period for myelopathy after irradiation of the rats' cervical cords, i.e., there was considerable variation in the mean latent periods between different groups of animals given a fixed single dose (4,000 rads). It was concluded that the latent period for myelopathy following irradiation of the cervical cord of the rat is not a reliable experimental end point for radiobiological investigations.


The "swinging" tube: a new concept.

The "swinging" tube: a new concept. A new technique converts a standard biased x-ray tube into a microfocal spot tube with a clinically useful loading capacity. If the tube is pivoted exactly through the focal spot, the film can be scanned with a 5-10 cm wide beam and cover a 17-inch field. Then the target angle can be decreased to a few degrees. The width of the focal spot can be decreased using a grid bias.


Choosing a contrast material for aortofemoral runoff angiography. Aortofemoral runoff angiography was performed 63 times in a total of 21 patients, each of whom was injected three times with different contrast materials (60% methylglucamine iothalamate, 78%) sodium methylglucamine iothalamate, and 76% sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate). Neither the examiner nor the patient was aware which contrast material was being given. Significantly fewer patients reported severe injection pain with methylglucamine iothalamate than with the other two agents.


Computed tomography diagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma. Angiomyolipomas with a high fat content can be diagnosed by CT, thus eliminating the need for angiography. Surgery can then be tailored for maximal renal tissue preservation. One unilateral and two bilateral surgically confirmed cases of renal angiomyolipoma are presented with a typical fourth case in which surgery was cancelled based on the pathognomonic CT findings.


Experimental and clinical trials of new 99mTc-labeled hepatobiliary agents. Several new derivatives of lidocaine were synthesized and used to examine the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts and gallbladder. Diisopropyl-IDA exhibited approximately twice the bile concentration of 131I-rose bengal during the first hour after injection. P-butyl-IDA also concentrates moderately well in the bile and has the added advantage of very low excretion into the urine (2%). It seems more effective than the other IDA derivatives at high bilirubin levels.


Assessment of neutron/gamma-ray dose ratios in intracavitary 252Cf neutron therapy. 252Cf was used to treat tumors of the cervix, vagina, and uterus. Dosimetric analysis and assessment of n/gamma ratios achievable under clinical conditions indicate that this radionuclide may be useful in gynecologic brachytherapy.


Early clinical experience with a radionuclide emission computed tomographic brain imaging system. Six selected cases demonstrate the appearance of subdural hematomas, tumor, stroke, and abscess on single-photon emission tomography. Conventional radionuclide images were obtained on every patient, and computed transmission tomographs were obtained on 4 of the patients. This early clinical experience suggests several promising areas for further investigation.


Beam anomaly for a cobalt-60 teletherapy machine. A beam anomaly due to trimmer bars for a cobalt teletherapy machine and the possible consequences in clinical work are reported.


The urinal artifact.

The urinal artifact. Abrupt narrowing of the male anterior urethra has been increasingly observed during voiding cystourethrography due to extrinsic pressure from a urinal. The true nature of this narrowing must be recognized to avoid misinterpretation.


The use of a tip deflecting guide in untying a knotted arterial catheter. Although knot formation occurs only rarely in the distal portions of angiographic catheters, its prompt recognition and the knowledge of various techniques for untying the knot can avoid surgery. The authors describe a unique method for untying a catheter knot using a 60 cm .035-in tip deflecting guide.


Xeromammographic cone edge pressure to shift deep lesions into view: a simple modification and technique. A straight lower edge on the flat side of an open-ended mammographic cone, applied firmly downward along the chest wall, may sometimes displace deepseated breast lesions into the mammography beam. This can be done with simple materials.


The Cleopatra view in xeromammography: a semi-reclining position for the tail of the breast. The Cleopatra view is a semi-reclining position with the patient turned and leaning slightly backward and to the side. It allows the lateral breast and the tail of Spence to be radiographed in contact with the xeromammography cassette.


Improved visualization of the lumbar spine and sacrum in pediatric patients by use of the pneumatic compression paddle. The lumbosacral spine in infants and young children is usually partially obscured on frontal radiographs by gas-filled intestinal loops. Displacement of the intestine by an air-filled balloon compression device improves visualization of the spine.


A simple buoyancy method for measuring computed tomography phantom material densities. The author describes a simple method to rapidly and accurately measure the densities of randomly shaped CT phantom materials.


An improved needle for localization of nonpalpable breast lesions. The author describes an inexpensive 22-gauge flat head needle which permits rapid and virtually painless preoperative localization of nonpalpable breast lesions. The lesion is transfixed and anchored by the needle to the skin after a mammogram is obtained.


Use of a curved multi-hole catheter for abdominal and femoral arteriography. A single-curve 6.5 French polyethylene catheter with an endhole and multiple sideholes is routinely used by the authors for abdominal aortography and femoral arteriography. It allows excellent simultaneous visualization of both renal arteries and intrarenal vasculature. When withdrawn to the aorto-iliac bifurcation, it allows virtually selective bilateral femoral artery visualization in the evaluation of peripheral vascular disease.


Computed tomography scans on paper.

Computed tomography scans on paper. A method to display CT scans on paper has been developed using an electrostatic printer. The scans are displayed in threshold and gray level form, allowing the radiologist to utilize the CT values in the analysis of the scan. This system also has logistic, storage, and economic advantages.


Step-wedge sensitometry.

Step-wedge sensitometry. An aluminum step-wedge filter placed far from the film cassette provides the constant variation of subject contrast required for quantitative sensitometry while virtually eliminating scatter radiations. Attenuation curves made with this configuration are almost exponentially linear.


A simple method of using a shadow gonadal shield with closed incubators. A small disc of lead placed on top of a closed incubator serves as a simple gonadal shield in the neonate. It is easily positioned by use of the collimator light.


A 23-gauge sheathed needle: an alternative in transhepatic cholangiography. The authors propose the use of the BD 23 gauge sheathed needle as an alternative to the Chiba University needle because it permits both the cannulation of normal biliary radicales and therapeutic drainage of a dilated system, without increased morbidity.


Arteriography in children using an isocentric parallelogram. A modified U-am with parallelographic motion is readily usuable for serialographic neurological, abdominal, and peripheral angiographic studies in infants and children. Clinical experience with the apparatus has demonstrated dependable and mechanically simple operation, and confirmed that undistorted rotated and sagittally angled views can be obtained without the need for repositioning sedated pediatric patients.


Labelled gelfoam in transcatheter arterial embolization of renal cell carcinoma. Six patients with renal cell carcinoma underwent transcatheter arterial embolization with Gelfoam labelled by metallic clips. The embolization procedure was more easily monitored by fluoroscopy, and the complication of peripheral embolization was prevented. Tumor regression can be evaluated by changes in the distribution of the metallic clips on plain films.


Computed tomography of the pancreas: negative contrast medium. The usefulness of polyunsaturated fat, an oral negative contrast material, in outlining the stomach and duodenum in computed tomography is described. Some advantages and limitations of the contrast material are discussed.


Fluoroscopic replacement of a choledochal U-tube using a steerable catheter. The use of steerable catheter for replacement of a U-tube following its accidental removal in a patient with incurable cholangiocarcinoma is described. The simplicity of the technique, and the advantages for prevention of further surgery in these patients are emphasized.


A modified technique for needle localization in arthrography of the shoulder. The authors describe a simple technique for establishing satisfactory position of the needle in the shoulder joint for arthrography. Local anesthetic is placed in the hub of the spinal needle and is often drawn into the joint when the needle enters, causing a sudden drop in the fluid level.


Electron-beam radiographs.

Electron-beam radiographs. Good portal films can be obtained if the film is left in position throughout the daily fraction. Such films can delineate the outlines of the treatment field as well as the internal structures, making them valuable for future reference.


A technique for enhancing the visualization of "peritoneal sacs" during inguinal herniography. Increasing intraperitoneal pressure during inguinal herniography by inducing infants to forcefully cry and older children to forcefully cough will enhance opacification of peritoneal sacs that are either not apparent or only minimally opacified during routine filming. The maneuver is performed with fluoroscopy, and spot films are obtained. The technique is discussed and three cases are illustrated.


Medical malpractice insurance. Part I: A consideration of some of the factors. The "crisis" of medical malpractice insurance is a product of a number of factors, both social and economic. Physicians, patients, insurance companies, and lawyers have all made individual and collective contributions. Social forces, changing physicians' roles and reorientation of patient attitudes have made institution of litigation against doctors much more culturally acceptable. Contingency fees, the need for compensation, and aggressive legal attitudes have increased the number of lawsuits and the size of awards, inflation, recession, and other economic developments have caused the insurance industry to be concerned about their financial welfare. The responses of various groups to these factors are presented, and their effect upon the cost and availability of medical malpractice insurance are considered.


Ultrasonic assessment of transposition of the great vessels. Echocardiography can provide important diagnostic information that identifies the transposition complexes, evaluates relative pressure levels in the pulmonic and systemic circuits, describes subpulmonic obstruction, and identifies some associated congenital anomalies. Following the Mustard procedure, baffle dysfunction may be recognized, and the function of the procine heterograft used in the Rastelli procedure studied. Echocardiography can also demonstrate other congenital cardiac defects that may mimic transposition of the great vessels or reveal normal cardiac and great vessel anatomy and function that can reliably rule out the transposition complexes.


Natural history of obstructive coronary artery disease: ten-year study of 601 nonsurgical cases. The most important factors in the prognosis of coronary artery disease are the number of arteries severly obstructed, significant involvement of the left main coronary artery, and generalized impairment of left ventricular function or ventricular aneurysm. Other prognostic influences at least partially independent of these factors are the severity of functional impairment imposed by angina pectoris, electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy or conduction defects, hypertension, and diabetes. Candidates for bypass operation have a better prognosis than noncandidates, but difference in left ventricular function is responsible. Refinement of prognostic precision will depend largely on future improvement in measurement of obstructive disease and left ventricular function serially and better knowledge of the cause or causes of coronary artery disease.


Effect of methylated prostaglandin E2 analogue on insulin secretion in man. Previous studies of the effect of E series prostaglandins /PGs/ on insulin secretion gave conflicting results in animals and little information in man. This study was designed to determine the effect of methylated PGE2 analogue /15/S/- 15-methyl PGE2 methyl ester/, given orally, intraduodenally or intravenously, on insulin secretion, both under basal conditions and in response to intraduodenal or intravenous administration of glucose in 22 male volunteers. Methylated PGE2 kept basal serum insulin level unchanged, but significantly reduced insulin response by 15 +/- 6 microunits/ml to intravenous glucose pulse injection /0.1 g/kg/ or by 45 +/- 11 microunits/ml to intraduodenal glucose infusion /0.5 g/kg-hr/. Blood glucose level was unaffected in tests with intraduodenal methylated PGE2, but in tests with intravenous administration it was significantly reduced. These studies demonstrate that methylated PGE2 analogue given orally, intraduodenally or intravenously results in a potent suppression of insulin response to glucose challenge.


Synthesis of some aromatic prostaglandin analogs. Some aromatic prostaglandin analogs, having a benzene (2a, 2b) and a dimethoxybenzene (1) ring in place of the cyclopentane moiety, have been synthesized. The key intermediates in the syntheses were lactols 9 and 5, which were elaborated to the final products via two olefination reactions. Compound 2b was twice as potent as phenylbutazone and nine times as potent as aspirin in inhibiting prostaglandin synthetase activity.


Perfusion rate dependent prostaglandin release from isolated rabbit kidneys. Isolated rabbit kidneys were perfused with 37 degrees C Krebs-Henseleit solution aerated with 95% O2 + 5% CO2. Perfusion rate was varied from 1 to 10 ml/min. This was accompanied by parallel changes of perfusion pressure, prostaglandin excretion and release of radioactivity from kidneys with 14C-arachidonic acid incorporated into the tissue lipid pool. It is suggested that enhancement of perfusion rate raises the intrarenal pressure which increases renal prostaglandin release due to increased substrate availability.


Low prostaglandin concentrations cause cardiac rhythm disturbances. Effect reversed by low levels of copper or chloroquine. In perfused male rat hearts concentrations of prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and F2alpha in the range 1 pg/ml to 10 ng/ml (2.8 X 10(-12) to 2.8 X 10(-8)M) consistently caused rhythm irregularities. Higher concentrations had no effect themselves and stabilized rhythm in hearts made unstable by lower concentrations. Copper ions (as the sulphate) at 2 X 10(-6)M stabilized hearts made unstable by PGs and when present prior to the PGs prevented PG induced disturbances. Chloroquine also reversed PG-induced rhythm changes.


The lack of an effect of furosemide on uterine prostaglandin metabolism in vivo. We determined the effect of 2 mg/kg intravenous furosemide on the production and metabolism of prostaglandin E2 in the utero-placental unit of pregnant dogs. Uterine venous prostaglandins E2 and 15-keto-13,14-dihydro E2 were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Even though the dose of furosemide was adequate to effect a good diuresis, neither the production nor the metabolism of prostaglandin E2 by the uterus was altered by that dose of the drug. Using radioactive microspheres to measure hemodynamic parameters, we observed no change in uterine vascular resistance while renal vascular resistance decreased. Although the renal concentration of furosemide may be higher than the uteroplacental concentration, there is so far no evidence in vivo that usual doses of furosemide enhance the production or inhibit the metabolism of prostaglandin E2.


Administration of prostaglandins by various routes for induction of abortion. Merits and demerits. Prostaglandin F2alpha and its methyl analogues were used for induction of abortion in 598 patients with gestational age from 9 to 20 weeks. Different routes of administration were studied and various dosages given. The incidence of gastrointestinal side effects were within acceptable range for all methods. Both intra-amniotic injections of 50 mg PGF2alpha and 2.5 mg 15-methyl PGF2alpha as well as intramuscular and vaginal administration of 15-methyl PGF2alpha or its methyl ester, respectively, were highly effective in termination of pregnancy. The intramuscular route was, however, associated with the highest frequency of gastrointestinal side effects. If both efficacy and side effects were taken into consideration, the intra-amniotic and vaginal routes were superior. The ease of administration as well as the applicability over a wider range of gestation in termination of pregnancy may, however, in many situations speak in favour of the repeated vaginal administration of 15-methyl PGF2alpha methyl ester.


Formation of thiosulfate [35S] by neutron irradiation of potassium chloride and preparation of elementary sulfur [35S]. Potassium chloride was subjected to various kinds of pretreatments and irradiated in a nuclear reactor. Irradiated potassium chloride was dissolved in deaerated aqueous solution of several sulfur-salts. A portion of the solution was chromatographed on a thin layer chromatographic plate and the distribution of 35S-chemical species was determined. Irradiation of potassium chloride degassed at 3x10(-4)Torr resulted in the formation of about 60% of 35S in the form of thiosulfate and remainder was distributed among sulfide, sulfate and elementary sulfur. Thiosulfate[35S] was converted to elementary sulfur[35S] first by reducing to hydrogen sulfide [35S] with nascent hydrogen and then by oxidizing the latter to elementary sulfur[35S] with hexacyanoferrate(III). Elementary sulfur[35S] was finally extracted into benzene. Radiochemically pure elementary sulfur[35S] could be produced by simple procedures with a yield of about 60%. Thiosulfate[35S] was decomposed with acid to elementary sulfur[35S] and sulfur[35S] dioxide. The former was separated by centrifuging and dispersed in boiling water to form colloidal suspension of elementary sulfur[35S]. Approximately 40% of 35S was recovered as colloid.


[Synthesis of 14C-labelled prazepam (author's transl)]. In order to study the metabolic fate of prazepam (PZ), a new synthetic method of [5-14C]PZ(I) and [sidechain-14C]PZ (II) was investigated. The synthesis of these labelled compounds has already been described by E. J. Merrill, et al., but their method requires many synthetic steps and the yield is unfavorably poor. We have recently found much more convenient and efficient method, which is summarized below. 2-Iodo-4-chloroaniline was cyanized with Cu14CN obtained from K14CN, then reacted with phenylmagnesium bromide, hydrolyzed with conc. HCl to give [carbonyl-14C]2-amino-5-chloro-benzophenone(ACB). ACB was bromoacetylated, aminated with NH3 in MeOH, then heated and cyclized to [5-14C]desalkylprazepam(DPZ) according to the usual procedure. DPZ was converted to its Na salt with MeONa, then reacted with cyclopropylmethyl bromide in DMF to give I (2.61 mCi/mmol) with the overall yield of 41.9% from K14CN. [5-14C] Diazepam was also obtained by using MeI instead of cyclopropylmethyl bromide. On the other hand, 14CO2 generated from Na214CO3 and H2SO4 was reacted with cyclopropylmagnesium bromide to give [carboxyl-14C]cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, which was reduced with LiAlH4, then naphthalenesulfonylated to [alpha-14C]cyclopropylmethyl 2-naphthalenesulfonate. Na salt of DPZ was treated with the naphthalenesulfonate in DMF to give II (3.45mCi/mmol) with the overall yield of 36.9% from Na214CO3.


[99mTc-pertechnetate neck uptake in the evaluation of thyroid function--simple method with gamma camera and pinhole collimator (author's transl)]. The neck uptake ratio of 99mTcO4- was measured using a gamma camera and pinhole collimator. The patient was sit 2 m apart from the collimator surface and radioactivity was counted 20 minutes after injection. The whole body count with lead shield (Cc) and without shield (Cd), and natural background count (CBG) were measured. As the shield was utilized the B filter for conventional thyroidal 131I uptake test (lead plate of 1.3 cmx10 cmx10 cm) and it was placed over the anterior neck to cover the thyroid gland at the measurement of (Cc). Then 99mTcO4- neck uptake ratio was calculated as following: (formula: see text) The mean values were 5.3%, 4.5%, 3.1%, 11.2% and 20.7% in the group of euthyroid, hypothyroid, subacute thyroiditis, hyperthyroid state with chronic thyroiditis and Graves' disease, respectively. This method is very convenient and simple to perform following scintigraphy of the thyroid gland with pinhole collimator.


[103Ru for tumor scanning--a comparative study on tissue distributions of 103Ru-chloride and 103Ru-citrate in tumor-bearing animals (author's transl)]. Biological distribution of 103Ru in mice bearing Ehlrich's solid tumor and rats bearing AH-130 solid tumor were studied with two compounds of 103Ru, the chloride and citrate. The radioactivity of 103Ru-chloride showed slower excretion and higher tumor concentration than that of citrate. The tumor-to-muscle ratios of chloride were always higher, but the tumor-to-blood ratios were always lower than those of citrate. No significant difference was founds between 103Ru-chloride and citrate as tumor scanning agents.


[Development of subtracted nephrogram using 131I-hippuran sequential scintigraphy (author's transl)]. Subtracted nephrogram was developed using 131I-hippuran sequential scintigraphy. An Anger-camera and on-line minicomputer system (HITAC-10, 16KW) was employed for data processing. In the present study, after 500microCi of 131I-hippuran was injected intravenously, sequential images were stored as 10-second frames of digitalized data for 20 minutes and these images were transferred into the magnetic tape. RI dynamic curves in the areas of interest such as substantial and pelvic regions were extracted by comparison with regional renograms with varimax method. Subtracted nephrogram was attempted which calculated the differences in RI concentration between two images of substantial and pelvic phase in the digitalized image and displayed as functional images on a CRT. These methods were applied clinically in various renal diseases. It was demonstrated that subtracted nephrogram was proved to be a method by which the dynamic process of renal function was represented by a single display. And subtracted nephrogram was shown to delineate the functioning renal substance and pelvis clearly and to correspond with the findings of pyelography. In conclusion, these method seemed to be useful for quantitative evaluation of substantial or pelvic function and for the differential diagnosis of various renal diseases.


[Effect of coitus on sperm transport and fertilization in rabbits]. The number of spermatozoa into the Fallopian tubes and levels of in vivo fertilization were measured following different treatment. The results show that copulation by the artificially inseminated animal has a strong influence on the transport of the rabbit spermatozoa and "in vitro" fertilization. This constitutes some more evidence about the physiological role played by the utero-tubal junction.


Conformational changes in antigen-stimulated lymphocytes detected with 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate. The hydrophobic fluorescent probe, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonate (ANS), has been used to study conformational changes of mouse antigen-stimulated lymphocytes in vivo. Studies revealed that early conformational changes appear in Bovine Serum Albumin-- or Sheep Erythrocytes-- stimulated splenic and thymic lymphocytes. These conformational changes are detected by fluorescence intensity changes, when ANS is bound to lymphocytes. The kinetic studies further indicate that the course of conformational changes may vary considerably depending on antigens.


Effect of estradiol benzoate on the proliferation of osteogenic cells in fetal rat fibulae cultured in vitro. The influence of estradiol benzoate on the proliferation of bone cells was investigated in vitro by radioautography. The fibulae from 19-day fetal rats were pulse-labeled with 3H-thymidine after various periods of culture on estrogen-supplemented (5 microgram/ml) or control media. The analysis of radioautographs revealed that the cell division was restricted to osteogenic cells of undifferentiated appearance. No label was found in osteoblasts or in osteoclasts. At the time of explantation, about 30% of osteogenic cells were labeled. However, this percentage varied considerably after different intervals of culture. In the control bones, it decreased during first 12 hours to 15% and then rose slowly to attain a preculture value after 48 hours. In the presence of estradiol, the initial decline of labeled cells was less pronounced. The percentage recovered to a preculture level already after 24 hours and continued to increase thereafter. The numbers of labeled osteogenic cells, in estrogen-treated bones, were significantly higher than in controls already after 12 hours of culture. It is concluded that the fetal rat bones undergo in vitro a period of adaptation to a new environment as indicated by a transient decrease of dividing cells. Estradiol benzoate appears to shorten this period by stimulating the proliferation of undifferentiated cells.


Cryosurgery of headache.

Cryosurgery of headache. The use of cryosurgery applied to the sphenopalatine area (artery and ganglion) plus the superficial temporal and occipital branches of the external carotid artery has proven worthwhile in a majority of patients in whom this procedure has been used since 1968. Experience includes almost 700 procedures in more than 500 patients who have answered to follow-up. The procedure is not a major operation, is repeatable and, until the ideal drug is discovered, offers a better than average change for definite improvement in vascular headache.


The discriminative stimulus properties of cyclazocine: generalization studies involving nalorphine, morphine and LSD. Rats learned to discriminate cyclazocine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) from saline using a two-lever operant (FR-4) procedure within 10 sessions under each drug condition. The cyclazocine discriminative stimulus (DS) was both dose- and time-related, being antagonized by naloxone at doses approximately 80 times that necessary to block the discriminative stimulus effect of morphine. Cyclazocine also generalized to nalorphine, but not to morphine, pentazocine or LSD. These data suggest that cyclazocine produced DS control of behavior by acting at CNS sites different from those affected by morphine or LSD.


Rat hippocampal norepinephrine response to cholinesterase inhibition. In this study, 13 groups of rats were injected with the insecticide Disulfoton (0-0-diethyl S-2-[(ethylthio) ethyl] phosphorodithioate), sacrificed after various time intervals and levels of hippocampal norepinephrine determined. Results indicate that this cholinesterase inhibiting compound caused a significant decrease (congruent to 14%) in hippocampal norepinephrine within 3 hours of exposure. This reduction was maintained for at least 48 hours. Titers of norepinephrine had returned to control levels when measured 5 days after a single drug administration. Chronic poisoning also caused depressed norepinephrine levels, although not significantly below those observed in acutely treated animals.