Interpersonal touch among adults in cafeteria lines. Previous studies have indicated that interpersonal touch decreases with age. In the present study 1012 pairs of college students and 212 pairs of elderly subjects were observed in cafeteria queues. Instances of touch were recorded along with sex, race, and body parts used to touch and touched. College students segregated themselves by race and sex just as the younger students had been observed to do in previous studies. Unlike all previous studies the elderly subjects did not segregate themselves by gender. For college students, touch was highest for female to male combinations; blacks were more likely to touch other blacks and least likely to touch whites. Touch was more likely among elderly subjects for female to female interactions than it was for college students, but there were no differences for the other gender combinations. In college students personal body areas were used to touch those of different gender while impersonal body areas were used to touch those of the same gender; personal body areas were more likely to be touched by others of the other gender. For elderly subjects there were no differences in frequencies with which personal or impersonal areas were involved in touch in relation to gender for either area used to touch or area touched.


Stability of Portable Rod-and-Frame Test scores. Data were obtained on the Portable Rod-and-Frame Test for a sample of 31 college women. For a test-retest interval of approximately 9 mo. a stability coefficient of .84 was obtained. There was no difference between test and retest means of 2.15 (SD = 1.93) and 2.50 (SD = 2.12), respectively (t30 = 1.65). These findings provide evidence for the intraindividual stability of scores on the portable task.


Relations of pain threshold and pain tolerance in cold water with scores on Maudsley Personality Inventory and Manifest Anxiety Scale. Testing 56 Japanese undergraduates, the relationships between pain threshold and pain tolerance in cold water and personality factors were investigated. Significant negative correlations of moderate magnitude between the pain threshold and scores on Maudsley Neuroticism and the Manifest Anxiety Scale were found. On the contrary, significant positive, moderate correlations between pain tolerance and the Maudsley Extraversion were obtained.


Handedness and smoking.

Handedness and smoking. This article reports the observation that proportionately more left-handed persons smoke than dextrals, and a greater proportion of left-handers than right-handers smoke 10 or more cigarettes daily, regardless of sex, race, stress of residence (or social class), and prior history of smoking. This association is especially strong among males and persons residing in residence areas of high stress (low income, low education), and weak among black females and persons who smoke 30 or more cigarettes daily. The sample was drawn from four census areas in Detroit differing by race, socioeconomic levels, and crime rates. Respondents and their spouses were 25 to 60 yr. old, married, and had relatives in the metropolitan area (N = 1496).


Assessment of swimming performance of preschool children. The purpose of this research was to establish the validity and reliability of a swimming scale designed for children, ages 2 to 6 yr. Subjects (N = 57) were tested on nine categories of tasks. These tasks were selected from the skills traditionally included within the motor domain of swimming; therefore, the scale is assumed to be valid. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to estimate the interjudge objectivity, and within-day, and between-days reliabilities. The range of values for each were: .99 to .98, .99 to .96, and .97 to .84, respectively. As these values are acceptable, the swimming scale seems to be an appropriate instrument for assessing the performance of preschool children.


Ethnic differences in time perception: a comparison of Anglo and Mexican Americans. Social scientists have presented an image of the Mexican American as locked into the present, incapable, or unwilling to project plans and events into the future. This is seen as responsible in part for the lack of social mobility and assimilation exhibited by Mexican Americans. However, there is little empirical support for the contention that Mexican Americans have a restricted sense of future events. The present study compared the temporal perspectives of 31 Mexican American and 41 Anglo American college students. No marked differences were observed.


Effect of sleep deprivation on response threshold for signal detectability parameter, beta. In contrast to a previous study (Deaton, Tobias, & Wilkinson, 1971), data are presented which demonstrate significant decreases in response bias (beta) as well as sensitivity (d') following one night of sleep deprivation. It is argued that previous failures to observe significant decreases in beta may be related to the disparity in the number of noise and signal-plus-noise trials in these experiments. The use of parametric analysis to test the effect of sleep deprivation on d' and beta is recommended.


Decisional difficulty in pattern discrimination. To assess the relative influence of decisional ambiguity and response uncertainty on task difficulty, a pattern discrimination task was presented to 60 college undergraduates. The comparison stimuli were nine 20 X 20 matrices of randomly assigned black and white squares, with percent of black squares varying evenly from 10% to 90%. The standard contained 50% black squares. In a low-response uncertainty condition there were two response categories, and five in a high uncertainty condition. It was hypothesized that decisional ambiguity should be greatest at the boundaries between categories. The results suggested that decisional ambiguity was the critical factor determining judgment difficulty.


"Inner" darts: effects of mental practice on performance of dart throwing. To explore the effects of mental rehearsal on the performance of a motor skill, 32 college undergraduates were scored on dart-throwing ability and randomly assigned to one of 4 practice conditions: no-practice controls, mental rehearsal only, mental rehearsal with simulated dart-throwing motor movements, and direct physical practice. Following 6 days of mental or physical practice by the experimental groups, the performance level on the dart-throwing task was again measured for all subjects. Comparison of improvement showed statistically significant differences between the groups. Follow-up tests showed that all experimental groups differed significantly from the no-practice group, there were no significant differences between mental practice groups and direct physical practice resulted in improvements significantly higher than any other form of practice.


Cross-modal utilization of information: recognition memory for environmental stimuli. In a study of cross-modal recognition memory for vision and audition photographs were matched for meaningful content with naturalistic sounds. Fifteen subjects inspected pictures and were tested with sounds and for 15 other the procedure was reversed. The two cross-modal groups were further divided into subgroups of 5 to test at one of three delays: immediate, 2 days, or 7 days. Accuracies for recognition of vision-audition for the respective retention intervals were 88.0%, 81.8%, and 75.4% and for audition-vision 87.9%, 85.1%, and 76.7%. Delay interval significantly affected cross-modal recognition. There was no interaction. Vision-audition recognition accuracy did not differ from audition-vision. The cross-modal recognition for both was high. Neither differed from a comparable intra-modal recognition memory for naturalistic sounds (Lawrence, 1974).


Effects of shock inputs on perceptual vigilance. This study concerns the role of an accessory shock stimulus in varying the level of performance of subjects in reporting pairs of tachistoscopic words. On half the trials received either a high or low level of shock together with a pair of words presented for one of two durations. The results indicate that intensity of shock interacted with sex such that for female subjects performance deteriorates with intensity in shock while for male subjects it increases. The role of phasic and tonic arousal is discussed.


Psychological effects of jogging: a preliminary study. Three chronic psychiatric patients in a halfway house were enrolled in a program of regular supervised jogging. In comparison with three other chronic patients from the same setting who received the same amount of attention but no jogging, the jogging group showed significantly less posttest trait anxiety. No significant posttest differences in body image were found between groups. The role of multi-process relaxation is discussed.


Role of kinaesthesia in arousal and learning behavior. This article presents a rationale of the significance of kinaesthesia. The development of arousal in the central nervous system is primarily peripheral and based on kinaesthesia. Consistent adaptive behavior results from adequate kinaesthetic perception and is the foundation for intersensory integration. Without kinaesthesia learning develops unevenly, as in children with learning disabilities. Inconsistent, bizarre behavior evident in psychopathology may result from inadequate, distorted kinaesthetic perception. Visual and auditory perceptual processes have been researched but the essential role of kinaesthetic perception has been neglected. The implications of adequate kinaesthesia are relevant to teaching and to psychotherapy.


Sex differences in perception of life events using self-weights. This study investigated the relationship between sex differences and the perception of life events as influenced by social desirability. Change events in the lives of 71 subjects being admitted to the adult inpatient unit of a large mental health center were measured by the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire. Social desirability and role perception were measured using the L-Scale of the Mini-Mult, an abbreviated form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The findings suggest that sex differences in the appraisal of life events have a social desirability bias rather than an intrinsic difference between males and females.


Letter recognition ability of aphasic subjects. This study examined the letter-recognition abilities of 44 aphasic and 10 normal subjects. On a 26-item letter recognition task normal subjects made no errors. Moderately aphasic subjects illustrated minimal difficulty but did not differ significantly in performance from normals. Severely aphasic subjects exhibited marked impairment and made significantly lower letter-recognition scores than moderate aphasic or normal subjects. Type of aphasia as determined by conversational speech fluency (fluent or nonfluent) seemed to affect the letter-recognition performance of the severely aphasic subjects. Fluent severely aphasic subjects made significantly lower scores than all groups; nonfluent severely aphasic subjects made significantly lower scores than all groups except the severe nonfluent group. The types of letter-recognition errors produced by the two severely aphasic groups offer some explanation as to their performance differences. Errors of the latter group were more likely to be related to the stimulus letter; errors from the former group tended to be random. Findings indicate the intactness of the aphasic subjects's semantic associational network is important to the letter-recognition process.


Field dependence and adaptation-innovation theories. Witkin's field dependence and Kitton's adaptation-innovation theories are compared and a theoretical overlap of concepts is advanced. This is confirmed by field study despite the confounding elements of spatial ability and extraversion in the former theory for male responses. Women's scores on the Embedded Figures Test differ from those of males, and this finding continues to constitute a difficulty for Witkin's theory and use of his measure.


Matching familiar figures test: a unidimensional measure of reflection-impulsivity? In an initial factor-analytic study using preschool children (41 girls, 44 boys), the errors and latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures Test saturated different factors. A second study (47 boys, 39 girls), employing the Kansas Reflection Impulsivity Scale for Preschoolers, replicated this finding. In addition, the error (but not the latency) was associated with measures of gross-motor, fine-motor, and perceptual-motor coordination. The results suggest that error measures a maturational dimension of task-oriented attention for this age group.


Creativity and imagery in men and women. This study investigated the relationship between creativity, imagery, and sex-role orientation in men and women. Instruments measuring creativity, creative production, imagery, and sex-role orientation were administered to 163 students enrolled in introductory psychology. The results showed that creative ability and vividness of imagery were related in women but not in men, whereas creative ability and creative production were related in men but not in women. Creative ability correlated with femininity whereas creative production correlated with masculinity. The author concluded that: (1) men and women show differing patterns of cognitive functioning in the creative process; and (2) men and women differ in the utilization of their creative capacity possibly due to the influence of sex-role stereotypes.


Field study of eye glance and laterality. Because most experiments on lateral eye movement and laterality are done with one parochially based group, it was wondered if percentages of laterality and consistency of glance would be consistent in disparate groups. Five questions eliciting preference, recall, cognition, space and imagination modes of thought were asked of 140 people who made up six groups: randomly selected citizens, children, artists, people-helpers, law-keepers and law-breakers. Results showed significant differences from the norm in three groups and variability within questions.


Effects of individual psychotherapy on body-cathexis and self-cathexis. Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis scales were administered to 24 people who received individual psychotherapy and a control group of 25 students. Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis tests were given before and after the therapeutic sessions. No significant differences were obtained.


Components of the clinician's confidence. Judgmental tasks in person perception are related to the degree of confidence of the performing clinician. 10 judges were exposed to increments of video and/or case history information about 10 patients and were asked to rate the patients' characteristics after each phase as well as to indicate how confident they felt about their ratings. The results suggest that the level of confidence varies according to the information available (as found in other research). the item judged, and the personality of the judge. The impact of the mode of information did not become sufficiently clear.


Influence of imposed metabolic fatigue on visual capacity components. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of exercise to exhaustion on different components of visual capacity: visual field, and coincidence/anticipation capacity. 16 male subjects were first familiarized with the three visual tests, one day before being submitted to a prefatigue visual test. Metabolic fatigue was induced by working to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer. Once fatigued, all subjects undertook the visual tests. Pre- and post-fatigue visual measurements were not significantly different. The results demonstrated the independence between metabolic fatigue and visual capacity.


Use of the Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test with learning disabled children. This investigation established the reliability of the Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test for learning disabled children. Test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from .89 to .92 for a sample of 91 children, 5 through 12 yr., attending private schools for children with learning disabilities. Reversal errors decreased with age for boys and girls, although girls 9 through 12 made significantly fewer errors than did boys in the same age range. Learning disabled children made more errors at all ages than normal children. This test instrument was determined to be a measure of the global tendency to make visual reversal errors and was viewed as an appropriate part of the learning disabilities diagnostic procedure.


Sex and generational differences in Senior Apperception Technique projections. A major purpose of this study was to compare the projections of 50 young and 50 elderly subjects to the Seniors Apperception Technique.  Specifically, the emotional contents of stories told to the test were compared for sex and generational differences. The results showed, in general, that, while the themes contained more negative than positive feelings, many individuals gave unhappy stories happy conclusions. In addition, the projections of elderly and female respondents were more positive than those of younger and male subjects. The findings were interpreted in light of Neugartin's disengagement theory.


Inter- vs intramodal performance of college men and women: a replication. Intermodal and intramodal functioning in the auditory and visual sensory modes along a temporal dimension were investigated for 52 male and 52 female college students, ranging in age from 17 to 33 yr. Auditory and visual stimuli were presented electronically in a same-different matching task. Four separate conditions were investigated, auditory-auditory, visual-visual, auditory-visual, and visual-auditory. An analysis of variance showed women made significantly more correct responses than men. No significant differences were found between the groups' performance on intramodal and intermodal tasks. Results are consistent with an earlier report by Gould (1977).


Effects of instructions for visual imagery on Rorschach responses. The Rorschach was administered to two groups of 12 subjects under two conditions. The first group was classified as imagery Reactors based upon their prior responsivity to imagery instructions during therapy. The second group was labelled Nonreactors using the same clinical criteria. The condition administered first utilized the standard Rorschach; in the second, subjects were asked to produce sequences of visual imagery using Rorschach cards as stimuli. Both groups received both Rorschach administrations. Responses were scored without knowledge of the two classifications of subjects. Instructions for imagery appeared to have a disinhibiting effect and led to significant changes in several major Rorschach scoring categories and in a specially derived index of the amount of clinically relevant conflictual and affective material manifested. There were a number of significant differences between Reactors and Nonreactors in Rorschach response levels under the imagery condition, among other changes. Reactors yielded significantly more complex and clinically revealing material under imagery than did Nonreactors. The findings were considered to be particularly useful for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions with certain types of patients. The results also suggest the possibility of differences in personality structure between imagery Reactors and Nonreactors which warrant further investigation.


Locus of control in short and long sleepers. As a test of the hypothesis that consistent short sleepers tend to be less reflective and more conformist in their thinking than long sleepers, the I-E scale scores of 15 short and 15 long sleepers were compared. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that to a significant degree, short sleepers view themselves as more externally regulated than long sleepers.


An assessment of a property analyzer model in predicting adaptation patterns of simple and complex figures. Selective adaptation patterns of simple contours and geometrical illusions under monocular stimulation were studied with five subjects. A strict property analyzer model predicted that adaptation patterns would mirror figural contours of both types of forms. The results supported this hypothesis: the geometrical illusions generated adaptation patterns reflecting their physical stimulus properties rather than the illusory percept resulting from contextual juxtaposition. The results are discussed with respect to a model of feature extraction which assumes that property analyzers possess a sensitivity bandwidth.


Reliability and predictive validity of the Dean Laterality Preference Schedule with preadolescents. The reliability and predictive validity of scores of the Dean Laterality Preference Schedule were estimated with 50 preadolescent children. The schedule is a self-report measure of a respondent's lateral preference for a number of common tasks involving the eyes, ears, hands, feet. One week following the administration of the scale, data were collected on each child's lateral preference when performing the actual tasks. Analysis showed the schedule to be a good predictor of manual patterns of lateral preference. The temporal stability of scores was .91 when all subjects were retested 4 wk. after its initial administration. It was concluded that the scale meets minimum requirements of reliability and predictive validity with preadolescent children.


[Articular and muscular manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. 11 cases (author's transl)]. We report 11 cases of bacterial endocarditis with muscular and articular manifestations seen over the past ten years. There was arthralgia in 7 cases, vertebral pain in 7 cases and myalgia in 3 cases. Arthritis consisted of a monoarthritis of the ankle in 2 cases and oligoarthritis in 2 cases. There were also 2 cases of lumbar spondylodiscitis and 1 of finger clubbing in the series. The underlying heart disease was a valvular lesion of the left side of the heart in 10 cases out of 11 and the organism isolated by blood culture was a streptococcus in 9 cases and a staphylococcus in 11. We emphasis the need for early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy, in the absence of which the course may be fatal in the short term, as it was the case in one of our own patients.


[Treatment of breast carcinoma. Results of telecobaltherapy associated to surgery (author's transl)]. The study was performed on 156 cases of breast carcinoma treated since 1968 with a follow up of 5 to 9 years. The global actuarial survival in 73,5%. The stages T1 T2 N0 treated by tumor excision gave a prominent result: 93%  5 years survival while preserving the breast. Among grave signs the importance of axillar involvement is outlined: the 5 years survival is 65,5% with N1 M0 while 73,5% with N0 - M0. Local recurrences are  rare (8%) and generally in extensive cases. Sequelae are rare (3 to 13%), the most frequent is the arm lymphodema which is related more to the Halstedt surgical procedure than to post operative irradiation. These results in agreement with other publications emphasize the importance of post operative irradiation. Only in the high risk cases one must try in addition to radiotherapy a chemotherapy treatment.


[Stenosis of the thoraco-abdominal aorta by endovascular calcification, with hypertension. Surgical treatment (author's transl)]. A case of a 24 year-old man in whom, following acute pulmonary oedema complicating hypertension known for a period of three years, stenosis of the thoraco-abdominal aorta produced by a large calcification within a zone of the aorta with an inflammatory appearance was demonstrated. This case is included within the context of the aortic syndrome. Operation led to normalisation of blood pressure immediately afterwords, but there was moderate hypertension 56 months later.


[Surgery for carcinoma of the oesophagus. A plea for precise technique and pleuro-mediastinal drainage (author's transl)]. During surgery for carcinoma of the oesophagus, the authors emphasise the need for selective intubation using a Carlens tube, of avoiding damage to the diaphragm and the phrenic nerve at all levels, and of draining the hemithorax involved in the operation by three drains: anterior and posterior thoracic and madiastino-abdominal. These precautions reduce post-operative difficulties, justifiy excision surgery for carcinoma of the oesophagus, and to a certain extent make it possible to reduce the contraindications, in particular in the presence of tracheo-bronchial spread. Amongst 107 patients undergoing surgery, in whom there was a risk of respiratory insufficiency in one quarter, surgery (sometimes with extension of the excision: one case in four) was associated with an operative and post-operative mortality of 18%.


[Clinicopathological study of the causes of mortality during the acute phase of myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. Clinical and autopsy study of 100 cases of patients dying during the first 3 weeks of hospitalisation for myocardial infarction revealed the following causes of death: cardiac failure in 59 cases (including 40 of cardiogenic shock), rupture of the heart in 29 cases (24 of rupture of the ventricular wall, 4 of the septum and 1 of a mitral papillary muscle). 4 ventricular arrhythmias and 6 haemorrhagic or embolic complications. In 2 cases, the cause of death could not be accurately determined. In cardiogenic shock, death usually occurred early. It was later in cases of refractory left ventricular failure. Conduction disturbances were much commoner in  cases of myocardial infarction complicated by fatal cardiac failure (57.6%) than in the presence of any other complication (17.1%) (p less than 0.001). The responsible infarction was often extensive and recurrent. Rupture of the heart invariably occurred during the first three days of an infarction often initial (p less than 0.001), anterior (apart from septal rupture) and small in size (p less than 0.01). Other complications play only a secondary role in mortality at the present time, in particular arrhythmias, the gravity of which has greatly decreased since the reduction of delays before hospitalisation and improvements in anti-arrhythmic therapy.


[Fibrorectosigmoidoscopy. Results of 476 cases (author's transl)]. A fibrorectosigmoidoscope, 60 cm in length has been systematically applied in the endoscopy unit to the exploration of the distal colon. Technical parameters have been analysed in 300 patients: --immediate enema preparation was satisfactory (95% of examinations), --tolerance was good (96% of examinations), --mean length of colon explored reached 48,5 cm, --mean length of duration reached 5,15 mn. Efficacy in the detection of colonic lesions was tested in 476 patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic). Tumoral lesions were detected in 105 patients, with a total of 125 adenomas and 31 cancers; 71 lesions were found in the area that could be explored by a rigid rectosigmoidoscope (0-19 cm) while 85 were beyond this limit (20-60 cm). The fibre endoscope explores a larger territory (rectum + sigmoid), resulting in increased efficacy in the detection of colonic lesions. It should therefore replace progressively the rigid instrument in spite of its higher cost.


[Successive bilateral adrenal phaeochromocytoma. One case (author's transl)]. A patient underwent surgery for the first time at the age of ten years for a right-sided adrenal phaeochromocytoma. She underwent a second operation at the age of 27 years, for a contro-lateral localisation. Phaeochromocytomas are rare in the child. They are frequently bilateral, multiple and situated extra-adrenally. They fall within the context of Sipple's syndrome more rarely than in the adult. Treatment of these bilateral forms requires bilateral adrenalectomy in one or two stages, followed by substitute hormone therapy.


[Hypophosphatasia in an adult, with late clinical manifestations (author's transl)]. A case of hypophosphatasia with osteomalacia and subtrochanteric pseudo-fractures is described in a 53 years old woman. Bone biopsy showed an excess of osteoid. Alkaline phosphatase activities in sera were low. There was no excretion in the urine of abnormal quantities of phosphoetanolamine. But alkaline phosphatase activities were low in bone and intestine. Two sons were affected by biological hypophosphatasia without clinical features. These data support the diagnosis of minimal hypophosphatasia in an adult.


Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage fd DNA. The sequence of the 6,408 nucleotides of bacteriophage fd DNA has been determined. This allows to deduce the exact organisation of the filamentous phage genome and provides easy access to DNA segments of known structure and function.


A protein linked to the 5' termini of both RNA components of the cowpea mosaic virus genome. Evidence is presented for the presence of a protein covalently bound to the 5' termini of both M and B RNA components of CPMV. The protein is found to be linked in both cases to the 5' phosphate of the dinucleotide pUpAp, derived by ribonuclease digestion of the RNA. The intact protein is not required for infectivity or for in vitro translation of the RNA in cell-free extracts.


A method for sequencing restriction fragments with dideoxynucleoside triphosphates. A rapid enzymatic approach is described for the sequence analysis of a 5' terminally labelled restriction fragment. It involves limited nicking of the strands of the molecule throughout the sequence by pancreatic DNAase I. The 3' hydroxyl groups exposed by each nick are then used to prime chain extension by DNA polymerase I in four separate reactions. Each reaction uses one of the four chain terminating dideoxynucleoside triphosphates (ddNT-PSs), together with the four deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). In a single reaction all the 3' ends are terminated in positions of the same base, which is different for each of the four reactions. When the products of these reactions are resolved by gel electrophoresis according to size, a sequence can be deduced from the pattern of radioactive bands. Sequences can be determined onwards from 10-20 residues from the 5' labelled end. The length of sequence which can be determined is only limited by the resolution of the gel.


DNA methylation at a CCGG sequence in the large intron of the rabbit beta-globin gene: tissue-specific variations. We have analysed DNA modification in a HapII site (CCGG) present in the major intron of the discontinuous rabbit beta-globin gene. In most somatic tissues, including erythroid and non-erythroid tissues, about 50% of the DNA is resistant to cleavage at this site by HapII, though 100% cleavage is found with the isoschizomer MspI. Since the former enzyme is unable to cleave CCGG sites if the internal C residue is 5-methyl C (and since methylation is the only form of CpG modification documented in animal DNA), while the latter enzyme cleaves DNA irrespective of methylation at this residue, we infer that 50% of the CCGG sites in the beta-globin gene intron are methylated in these tissues. The same site appears to be 100% methylated (judged by the same criterium) in sperm DNA and about 80% methylated in brain DNA. DNA from the rabbit SIRC cell line is entirely unmethylated at this site.


DNA adjacent to attachment points of deoxyribonucleoprotein fibril to chromosomal axial structure is enriched in reiterated base sequences. Mitotic chromosomes of L cells (metaphase plates) were dehistonized by centrifugation through a layer of 2 M NaCl and then treated with restriction endonuclease Bam HI. Alternatively, they were pretreated with EcoRI endonuclease, dehistonized, and additionally digested with EcoRI or HindIII. The DNA remaining attached to the axial structure of the chromosomes was isolated and investigated in renaturation experiments. It was found to be enriched in reiterated base sequences belonging to the satellite and to abundant intermediate repeats. The CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation of this DNA separated the satellite from the fraction containing intermediate repeats.


Identification of a large precursor of vitellogenin mRNA in the liver of estradiol-treated chicks. Studies were performed to determine whether vitellogenin mRNA from avian liver has a precursor molecule or not. Total cellular RNA was prepared from estradiol-treated chicken liver in the presence of 8 M guanidine HCl, 2-mercaptoethanol and aurintricarboxylic acid. After denaturation, RNA was fractionated on sodium dodecylsulfate-sucrose gradients and large size RNA was analyzed under stringent conditions on 85% formamide-sucrose gradients at 25 degrees C. RNA fractions collected from the gradients were hybridized with vitellogenin (3H)-cDNA. Besides mature vitellogenin mRNA (32S, 7,000 nucleotides) vitellogenin sequences were also found in RNA fractions ranging from 38-50S with a peak at 45-50S (12-15,000 nucleotides). Only 5-10% of the putative 38-50S pmRNA is polyadenylated. We calculated that the half-life of vitellogenin pmRNA is about 3-4 minutes. We conclude that vitellogenin mRNA has a precursor which is twice the size of the mature mRNA.


Caffeine inhibits excision of 7-bromomethylbenz (a) anthracene-DNA adducts from exponentially growing but not from stationary phase Chinese hamster cells. Excision of 7-bromomethylbenz(a)anthracene (7-BMBA)-DNA adducts from exponentially growing cultures of Chinese hamster V79-379A cells followed logarithmic kinetics with a half of approximately 20 hrs. Post-treatment incubation in the presence of a sub-toxic concentration of caffeine markedly reduced this loss. Caffeine brought about a concomitant increase in overall DNA synthetic rate in treated exponential cultures. Excision in stationary, non-DNA-replicating cultures, was slower and caffeine did not affect this reduced rate of excision. These findings lend support to a previous proposition that the caffeine-induced inhibition of elongation of nascent DNA on a template containing chemical lesions results in an interference with the excision repair mechanism that removes these lesions.


An octamer of histones H3 and H4 forms a compact complex with DNA of nucleosome size. Equimolar mixtures of histones H3 and H4 have been reconstituted onto DNA of nucleosome core size. Two distinct complexes are formed in a relative abundance that depends on the starting ratio of H3 + H4 to DNA. One of these complexes contains two H3-H4 dimers for each DNA molecule, and has a sedimentation coefficient of 7.5S. The other complex contains an octamer consisting of four H3-H4 dimers, and has a sedimentation coefficient of 10.4S. On the basis of these measurements, we conclude that the octamer complex (but not the tetramer complex) is a fully folded, compact structure resembling the nucleosome.


The helix-coil transition of closed and nicked DNAs in aqueous neutral trichloroacetate solutions. The melting transition for closed, underwound DNAs and for nicked or linear DNAs was monitored by velocity sedimentation and by absorbance spectroscopy in aqueous NaCCl3CO2 (NaTCA) and RbTCA. The addition of neutral trichloroacetate lowers the midpoint of the helix-coil transition by 26% C/M for RbTCA and by 32% C/M for NaTCA, depressing the denaturation region to near room temperature at neutral pH. The melting of nicked DNA is cooperative, occurring over a temperature range of about 5.6 degrees C. The melting profile for closed DNA is broad and noncooperative with a transition breadth greater than 45 degrees. Closed DNAs undergo a structural alteration, as revealed by velocity sedimentation, resulting in a reduction in the number of superhelical turns at temperatures and salt concentrations substantially below the melting temperatures and salt concentrations substantially below the melting temperature of the nicked DNA. The reduction in the extent of supercoiling continues upon isothermal addition of salt up to the salt concentration at which all superhelical turns are removed. The salt concentration at the principal minimum in the sedimentation velocity profile (3.16 M NaTCA for PM-2 DNA) is approximately the same as that at the midpoint of the helix-coil transition for the nicked DNA.


Methylation of DNA in early development: 5-methyl cytosine content of DNA in sea urchin sperm and embryos. By separating formic acid hydrolysates with high pressure chromatography on an Aminex-10 column, we determined the ratio of 5-methyl cytosine to cytosine and other bases of DNA from sea urchin sperm and nuclei of embryos from early cleavage through pluteus stages. Contrary to several previous reports, we could not find any measurable changes in the methylation levels of embryonic nuclear DNAs at different stages of development. We also found no consistent differences between the methylation levels of sea urchin sperm and embryonic nuclei or the 5-methyl cytosine content of fish (Mugil cephalus) sperm and liver nuclei. While these measurements would not have detected subtle variations associated with differentiation, they would have indicated the gross changes previously reported for embryos or between sperm and somatic nuclei had those changes been present.


Spectroscopic properties of ethidium monoazide: a fluorescent photoaffinity label for nucleic acids. The non-covalent binding of ethidium monoazide to nucleic acids is entirely analogous to that of ethidium (binding constant approximately 2-3 X 10(5) M). The ethidium monoazide can be photochemically covalently linked to nucleic acids in high yield, up to 75%, by long wavelength light. The fluorescence of ethidium monoazide and ethidium crosslinked to nucleic acids show the same environmental sensitivity as does the fluorescence of ethidium. These properties of ethidium monoazide indicate its use as a fluorescent photoaffinity label for nucleic acids. Ethidium diazide can be photochemically linked to nucleic acids but appears to have properties substantially different from those of ethidium.


Complex of DNA with chromatin proteins investigated by isopycnic centrifugation in metrizamide. Complexes of mouse main band DNA with a fraction of non-histone proteins (NHP), having a high affinity for DNA, in the absence or presence of histones have been investigated by gradient centrifugation in metrizamide. Two types of complexes were formed at an input ratio of NHP to DNA between 1 and 2.5. In metrizamide gradients a majority of DNA was found in the light complex (at the density of 1.14-1.16 g/cm3) even at the very high NHP to DNA ratio. When histones were present in the reaction mixture, most of the DNA was found in the heavy complex (1.19-1.21 g/cm3). The electrophoretic profiles of the proteins recovered from the heavy and light complexes were different; some fractions of nonhistone proteins were present only in the heavy component.


Long-term organ culture of adult rat colon. Colon explants from adult rats were maintained in culture for over 3 months in our laboratories with good epithelial preservation and cellular differentiation. The light and transmission electron microscopic features of rat colon mucosa during the culture period are described. In all the explants that remained viable, there was an initial phase of degeneration of the surface and crypt cells, later these areas were repopulated in one week, showing well-formed crypts, goblet cells, and ultrastructural features such as extensive lateral interdigitations, microvilli and glycocalyx--typical of colon. The effect of in vivo carcinogen pretreatment was also studied. The explant culture from control untreated animals showed good epithelial differentiation with crypts until 6 weeks. In contrast, the explants from animals pretreated with 4 weekly doses of azoxymethane consistently showed epithelial differentiation with well-formed crypts up to 13 weeks.


Effects of chronic oral dosing with quinine sulphate in the rat. Male Leeds strain rats were given 0.1% guinine sulphate in their drinking water for up to 15 months. A high mortality rate was obtained, but no tumours arose during the 20 month duration of the experiment. However, liver parenchymal changes were observed which appeared to be associated with chronic toxicity due to quinine and did not include hyperplasia.


A new type of congenital nephrotic syndrome. Description of a newborn male suffering from hydrops fetalis of unknown cause. Placenta showed multiple chorioangiomata. Coincidence of chorioangiomata of the placenta and hydrops fetalis has not been previously reported. The authors suggest a new kind of glomerulopathy as a cause of congenital nephrotic syndrome.


'Epidemic neuromyasthenia' 1955-1978.

'Epidemic neuromyasthenia' 1955-1978. A record of fifty-three patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Department of the Royal Free Hospital between April 1955 and September 1957 suffering from 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' establishes the fact that the condition was endemic in the general population before, during and after the outbreak among the staff of the hospital. A further outbreak occurred in North Finchley between 1964 and 1967 and sporadic new cases are still being encountered. The majority of these patients show evidence of involvement of the central and sympathetic nervous systems and the reticulo-endothelial system. Abnormal muscular fatigability is the dominant clinical feature and it is suggested that mitochondrial damage may provide an explanation for this phenomenon. Enzyme tests carried out in seven cases show pathologically high levels of lactic dehydrogenase, and glutamic oxalo-acetic transaminase. A follow-up study suggests that there is one group of patients that recovers completely or nearly completely, a second that recovers but is subject to relapses and a third that shows little or no recovery, these patients remaining incapacitated.


'Epidemic neuromyasthenia' at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London. An outbreak of an illness with features in common with 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' affected the staff of the Hospital for Sick Children in London between August 1970 and January 1971. At least 145 cases were observed and the majority of these were nurses. Symptomatology was protean, clinical findings minimal and relapses frequent. Care was taken to minimize anxiety and fear in a vulnerable population, and laboratory investigations were purposefully limited in number for this reason. In general, laboratory findings, including virological investigations were negative. A high incidence of anti-complementary activity and the presence of ill defined aggregates in some acute sera on electron microscopy were interesting and possibly significant findings suggesting the presence of immune complexes. These findings, plus the ability of lymphocytes from some patients to proliferate in vitro, were thought to represent possible evidence of an infective process. Although no children were affected during the 1970 outbreak, it is interesting that seven children have recently been referred to the hospital with features compatible with 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'.


'Epidemic neuromyasthenia' in Southwest Ireland. During the course of an obscure illness in a teenage girl it was eventually realized that the diagnosis was 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'. The illness which occurred between February and September 1976 was characterized by fatigue, pallor, headache, nuchal pain, alterations in mentation, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, paraesthesiae, weakness and heaviness of limbs, and a prolonged relapsing course. Investigation brought to light fourteen patients with similar symptoms--twelve female and two male. In view of the shortcomings of retrospective enquiries, especially those involving the assessment of notes made by other people, and the problem of trying to define a nonfatal illness with protean symptoms, many of a nonspecific nature, with few physical findings and negative laboratory studies, caution is necessary. Under these circumstances it is claimed on clinical epidemiological evidence that a diagnosis of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' could be sustained confidently in three patients and probably in a fourth. Six patients were considered possible cases and four were rejected.


Disease due to echovirus type 19 in Birmingham, England, 1975: relationship to 'epidemic neuromyasthenia'. In the summer of 1975 an extensive epidemic of disease due to echovirus type 19 occurred in the West Midlands. The features of this outbreak, and their relationship to the syndrome referred to as 'epidemic neuromyasthenia', are discussed. The two diseases are considered to be separate entities.


Ill defined neurological diseases of possible viral origin. Any approach towards elucidating the aetiology of an ill defined disease such as 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' has to be a comprehensive and wide-ranging one. Although viruses must be strong candidates, by reason of their ubiquity, this need not necessarily be the case and we have recently seen the onset of Legionnaires' disease as a new entity caused by a bacterium. We do not always recognize that a particular virus may affect the entire community and that the patient seen in hospital may represent only the tip of the submerged iceberg and that, in closed communities more of the iceberg will be seen. Silent viral epidemics are probably frequent and may only be recognized in retorspect. As an example the recent epidemic with adenovirus type 7 will be alluded to. Possible variations in virus and, to a lesser extent, in the host which could modify the course of an individual infection are discussed.


Electro-encephalographic investigations in myalgic encephalomyelitis. The main EEG features are described of thirty-six young adults who were examined at the Royal Free Hospital between 1960 and 1964 and twelve children seen at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London, between 1957 and 1977. It is important in the future, if a plan is considered for the study of a fresh epidemic, to include systematic EEG studies covering a period of 2 to 3 years. The EEG alterations found in this limited survey, though modest, would suggest that cerebral function was disturbed with somewhat variable distribution by an insidious illness which has not yet been identified.


Epidemiological approaches to 'epidemic neuromyasthenia': syndromes of unknown aetiology (epidemic myalgic encephalopathies). The study of future outbreaks of 'epidemic neuromyasthenia' syndromes would be easier if there were a standing advisory arrangement for the co-ordination of basic standart studies, diagnostic tests and long term survey of patients. It is proposed that this might be achieved by establishing an 'EN Outbreaks Panel' at Colindale which, in addition to epidemiologists and virologists might include specialists in infectious diseases, neurology and psychiatry and other fields. The approach to such a panel would be through the Communicable Diseases Surveillance Centre (CDSC) when outbreak is suspected. Arrangements could then be made by the CDSC with the Epidemiological Research Laboratory and the Virus Reference Laboratory to assist immediate investigations and for a follow-up to ascertain the incidence of sequelae, as well as for long storage of sera and other specimens.


[Fiberscopic transbronchial lung biopsy. Study of 100 cases]. The authors report their experience of 100 transbronchial pulmonary biopsies done during fibroscopy. The technique is easy; patients with respiratory insufficiency or bullous lesions are excluded. Biopsy is done blindly, without any brillance amplifier. A hundred biopsies were performed (34 in limited opacities, 66 in diffuse images). Pulmonary parenchyma was brought out in 77% of cases and a histological diagnosis was made in 52% of cases. Two pneumothorax and 5 minor hemoptysis occured as sequellae of these biopsies. This method of study is interesting mainly for alveolar or interstitial diffuse pneumopathies. In such cases, it represents a real improvement over the bronchial biopsy, often avoiding the need for a surgical biopsy.


[Instrumental technics of exploration of the mediastinum]. Several techniques can be used for the diagnosing of diseases pertaining to the mediastinum. The diagnosis can be made in 78% of cases by mediastinoscopy. When the lesion is situated beyond the reach of mediastinoscopy, needle biopsy and pleuroscopy can be used either alone or associated to mediastinoscopy. The histological diagnosis can be made in almost all cases. But a few precautions are necessary because this technique carries a certain risk for vessels. Therefore preoperative angiography of the superior vena cava or arteriography of the branches of the aortic arch should be performed to help for the diagnosis and ensure its safety.


[Respiratory localizations of Launois-Bensaude symmetrical lipomatosis. Apropos of 3 cases]. The authors report 3 observations of cervico-facial lipomatosis with mediastinal localization. In the 3 cases the rather unusual localization of Launois and Bensaude's disease produced respiratory troubles which worsened a chronic respiratory insufficiency due to another cause. Once a tracheotomy had to be done because of tracheo-malacia. Another time there was a pharynged localization. This disease etiology always remains obscure, usually appearing in alcoholic addicts of about 50. Mediastinal localizations have been unfrequently described but must be searched for systematically. The evolution is chronic, without specific treatment. If there is already a chronic respiratory insufficiency in relation with a chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy or a cardiac insufficiency, then the mediastinal localization becomes an aggravating factor.


[Role of surgery in the treatment of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limbs and prevention of pulmonary embolism]. Besides anticoagulants and thrombolytic drugs, surgery should be included among the therapeutical means to prevent deep phlebitis of the lower limbs. Early phlebography, thoroughly innocuous, is necessary to any coherent therapy. The prevention of pulmonary embolism which can be done by a ligature of the inferior vena cava or by the fitting of an umbrella-shaped filtre, is performed most of the time with a clamp of Adams and de Weese. Its reliability is satisfactory as the percentage of embolic recurrences does not exceed 5%. Early venous thrombectomy prevents in 60 to 80% of cases the post-phlebitic incidents; but its indication must be reserved to young patients.


[Doxapram. Pharmocokinetic and clinical study]. Two series of work are reported. The first concerns the pharmacocinetic study of the product after it was administered through different ways and the corresponding evolution of PaCO2. The second study concerns the effect on pulmonary arterial pressure, blood gases and some parameters of ventilatory mechanics, of a perfusion of 200 mg of this product over a two hours period.


[Anuric tubular nephritis caused by rifampicin allergy]. Starting again a Rifampicin treatment gave rise to an acute renal insufficiency, reversible by hemodialysis. This incident resulted from an immunopathological conflict revealed by the presence of anti-Rifampicin antibodies. Renal needle biopsy did not show any immune deposits. The mechanism of these incidents is discussed. Authors draw attention to the necessity of avoiding discontinuous Rifampicin treatment.


Mesenteric mast cell degranulation is not essential for conditioned taste aversion. The possible role of mesenteric mast cell degranulation as the mediator of the initial UCS effects in the complex sequences leading to conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was studied. Both LiCl and Compound 48/80, a potent mast cell degranulator, produced CTA to 10% sucrose. Whereas the Compound 48/80 groups displayed massive mast cell degranulation, neither the LiCl treated nor saline control groups demonstrated any histologically determinable alterations. Administration of the antihistamine chlorpheniramine at dosages known to block radiation-induced CTA before the sucrose CS-UCS pairings did not block either LiCl- or Compound 48/80-induced CTA; the antihistamine actually facilitated the aversion. However, pretreatment with the antihistamine did not alter mesenteric mast cell morphology.


Effect of clonidine, amphetamine, and their combinations on the locomotor activity of CD-1 and C57BL/6 mice. Clonidine inhibited the exploratory motor activity of C57BL/6 mice non-habituated to the testing conditions. In CD-1 mice clonidine did not depress exploratory activity but did elevate the basal locomotor activity of animals both non-habituated and habituated to testing conditions. Amphetamine increased the locomotor activity of many C57BL/6 mice and conversely inhibited the locomotion of many CD-1 mice. In both strains, amphetamine in doses up to 2 mg/kg was unable to alter effects produced by clonidine. Results suggest that the locomotor activity of C57BL/6 mice is more sensitive than that of CD-1 mice to drugs affecting the central noradrenergic system.


Tolerance to delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adapted and nonadapted rabbits. Two groups of New Zealand white rabbits, one which had been adapted to the testing chamber and one which had not been adapted to the testing chamber, were given delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC; 0.5 mg/kg, IV) daily for 12 days. During vehicle control and on the first and last day of delta9-THC administration, electroencephalograms (EEG's) were recorded from the motor cortex and hippocampus, while standing, sprawling and behavioral activity were recorded concurrently. The results showed that tolerance to the behavioral and EEG effects of delta9-THC occurs in rabbits and that acute and chronic effects produced by delta9-THC are influenced by environmental factors.


Long-term effects of LSD-25 on easy and hard visual discrimination in rats. Rats subjected either to unilateral frontal cortex lesion or sham operation were trained to discriminate between a lighted and unlit alley to escape to shock. After reaching criterion, the rats were intubated with either placebo or LSD-25 (1.0 mg/kg). One week or 1 month later they were given discrimination trials with either an increased (hard) level of task difficulty, or with the same (easy) level used in pre-intubation training. A single-dose effect, as long as 1 month post-intubation, was observed both in error scores and running time, but only with hard discriminations. The study emphasizes the sensitivity of the experimental paradigm which reduces the risk of Type II error.


The effects of phenobarbital on lithium chloride induced taste aversion. The dose related effects of phenobarbital on LiCl induced taste aversion were examined. Rats were adapted to a 23 hr 50 min water deprivation schedule. On the Treatment Day animals were offered a novel 0.125% saccharin solution during the 10 min drinking session and were then administered 3.0 mEq/kg LiCl. The saccharin solution was presented again on six subsequent Test Days. Sodium phenobarbital 20, 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg was administered 15 min prior to drinking on the first Test Day. Results indicated that all doses significantly attenuated taste aversion with the maximal effect occurring with the 60 mg/kg dose.


Effect of indomethacin on water intake of the rat. Indomethacin stimulated water intake in intact rats. This effect could also be demonstrated in bilaterally ureteral ligated rats, but it was totally abolished after bilateral nephrectomy. It is suggested that the stimulatory effect of indomathacin on water consumption is mediated by a renal factor.


Synthesis of some newer formazans and tetrazolium salts as antiviral agents. Thirteen new formazans were prepared by the condensation of the phenylhydrazone of 3.4-dimethoxy-6-nitro-veratraldehyde with the appropriate phenyl diazonium salts. Attempts were made to oxidize these highly coloured formazans with various oxidizing agents to their corresponding tetrazolium salts. The most suitable oxidizing agent was found to be H2O2/Fe2+. Both the formazans and tetrazolium salts were screened for their antiviral activity against the Ranikhet disease virus and vaccinia virus in a stationary culture of chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryo. Among the 15 compounds tested one of the compounds namely 1-o-carboxyphenyl-3[3'.4'-dimethoxy-6'-nitrophenyl]-5-phenylformazan evinced 100% protection against the Ranikhet disease virus. Rest of the compounds showed significant protection ranging from 83 to 20%. An attempt has also been made to arrive at some structure-activity relationship.


NMR studies of sustained release methadone tablets. NMR studies for the identification of methadone in sustained release tablets is conducted. Up-field shifts of the N-methyl and phenyl groups of the compound were observed. These changes indicate an increased lipid solubility and therefore better absorptivity of the drug in the current form.


Ego strength and psychosocial adaptation to cancer. This study investigated a patient's ego strength (Es) at the time of an initial cancer diagnosis and its relationship, over time, to mood disturbance, vulnerability, self-reported physical symptom totals, current concerns, coping strategies, and effectiveness in the resolution of problems. The subjects were 163 newly diagnosed male and female cancer patients representing five primary tumor sites. All patients were seen for an initial evaluation, at which time they completed Barron's Es scale, the Profile of Mood States, the Inventory of Current Concerns, and a semistructured interview. Ratings on patient vulnerability, coping strategies, and problem resolutions were made at each of the five follow-ups. Results showed that psychosocial adaptation to cancer was related to a patient's ego strength. Es correlated positively with a patient's use of effective coping strategies. The concept of Es and problems with Es assessment were discussed within a cognitive-ego analytic frame of reference.


Type A behavior, self-involvement, and cardiovascular response. Coronary-prone Type A and noncoronary-prone Type B students were challenged by a battery of tasks including cold pressor, mental arithmetic, behavior type interview, and the generation and expression of emotions. Measures of blood pressure, heart rate, and digital vasoconstriction were intercorrelated with reported distress, performance, speech characteristics, emotional intensity, and self-references. The major difference between the two behavior types concerned self-references, measured as the frequency of personal pronouns employed in speech. The Type A's who referred to themselves frequently had a markedly higher systolic blood pressure, a slightly higher diastolic blood pressure, a lower heart rate, higher distress ratings to cold water, and more extreme voice emphasis and emotional intensity than Type A's who referred to themselves less frequently. The Type B's have little relationship of self-references to any of the measures taken. The possible role of self-involvement in generating Type A behavior and cardiovascular response is discussed.


Hemodynamic factors and Rorschach testing in borderline and sustained hypertension. Hemodynamic parameters and the Rorschach test were performed on 48 borderline and 64 sustained essential hypertensive patients, and compared with 33 normal subjects. Hemodynamic patterns suggested (1) in borderline hypertensives, a neurogenic hypertension, and (2) in sustained hypertensives, a volume- and renal-mediated hypertension. Repeat hemodynamic determinations were performed on 35 borderline hypertensives after a 47 +/- 3-month follow-up survey. The results confirmed that, in the same patient, hypertension was successively neurogenic and volume-mediated. The results of the Rorschach test in the overall hypertensive population pointed to an incapacity to form a structured neurosis because of the lack of a fantasy life, and an inadequacy of the mechanisms of repression of aggressive tendencies. These observations were more marked in sustained hypertensives. In borderline hypertensives, the lack of fantasy life, assessed from kinesthetic perceptions, was highly significant (p less than 0.01) and was associated with anxiety and functional symptoms suggesting an increased lability of the autonomic nervous system. In sustained hypertensives, however, there was an inability to express anxiety in a symbolic fashion (p less than 0.01). These differences in psychological findings between borderline and sustained hypertensives agree with the difference in hemodynamic patterns. The results suggest that sustained hypertensives have a predominantly somatic issue in place of the psychological conflicts observed in borderline hypertensives.


Relationship of the type A coronary-prone behavior pattern to achievement, power, and affiliation motives. The present investigation examined the relationship of Pattern A as assessed by the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and interview to measures of job involvement and a series of motivation constructs included because of their descriptive resemblance to Pattern A. The Type A scores were unrelated to achievement, power, and affiliation motives. Individuals high on resultant achievement motivation (high on nAch and low on test anxiety) scored as extreme Type A's on the JAS. Job involvement was also related to JAS Type A measures but was unrelated to the interview Type A. Evidently Pattern A, because of its multidimensional nature, is not strongly related to individual constructs. As our knowledge increases about the Pattern A characteristics that contribute to coronary-proneness, we can more adequately develop measures of those characteristics and individually relate them to current psychological constructs.


[Comparative study of five different methods for measuring urinary porphyrins (author's transl)]. The AA. have compared five different methods for measuring urinary porphyrins (Bio-Rad porphyrins, Porphyrin-T Sibar, Reinkingh-Van Kampen, Schwartz and coll., Fischer-Ham). Based on the results obtained, for total porphyrins the best method appeared to be the Porphyrin-T Sibar test, while for the separate evaluation of uro- and coproporphyrins the most suitable method proved to be the one proposed by Reinkingh-Van Kampen. The investigations has also allowed the AA. to conclude that spectrophotometric reading can replace the fluorimetric one, without affecting the accuracy of results.


[Frequency of antibodies towards brucella in subjects of different ages not having specific infection and with the disease in course (author's transl)]. Results showing the frequency of anti-Brucella antibodies in subjects of different ages without specific infection are presented first. This frequency was not significant in percentage nor titer. Onlwy 3.12% and 1.88% of the subjects examined had a greater titer respectively of 1 : 20 and 1 : 40. In subjects positively affected by specific infection the agglutination titer of 1 : 80-1 : 100 con be considered valid in the diagnosis of Brucellosis.


[Psychotherapy in the penitentiary environment: problems and perspectives]. While recent studies suggest that psychotherapy has little impact on recidivism, these studies are far from conclusive and they tell us little about the ultimate value of psychotherapy in the correctional setting. Aside from the issue of recidivism, psychotherapy in prison has many practical and humanistic advantages. The incarcerated offender may seek psychotherapy because of motivations that are totally unrelated to the issue of release. It is useful to consider psychotherapy of incarcerated offenders in terms of the relevance of helping factors that are critical to all types of psychotherapy. Some of these factors have less therapeutic influence in the prison setting than in the free world. Certain factors such as tension reduction and the learning of new behaviors probably have a greater therapeutic affect in the prison setting.


[Serum cholinesterase activity (CHE) in different classes of chronic liver diseases (author's transl)]. ChE activity was studied in a series of 193 patients of different classes of chronic hepatitis. CAH and much more cirrhosis showed a mean value significantly lower than normal controls. In CAH, no difference was found between HBsAg positive and HBsAg negative cases. Alcoholic cirrhotics had serum cholinesterase levels more lowered than non alcoholic patients. Finally, the follow-up of serum cholinesterase levels could be useful in assessing the prognosis of cirrhotic patients.


[Psychiatric treatment of mentally abnormal delinquents under detention]. The author examines the situation of psychiatric treatment of abnormal offenders under detention, and lists ten problem areas: 1) Lack of interdisciplinarity; 2) Lack of proper diagnostic categories; 3) Lack of definition of treatment goals; 4) Lack of integration into general criminal policy planning; 5) Mistaken emphasis on "prediction"; 6) Politicization of the concept of deviance; 7) Non-recognition, on the part of the professions, of their institutional role--the "who is the client" dilemma; 8) Confusion of forensic with criminal justice system roles; 9) Considering detention an isolated process, and not as part of the criminal justice system continuum; 10) Lack of basic research and of comparative studies.


Effects of X-rays on cell membranes. I. Changes of membrane potential of L-cells. Changes in the membrane potential of cultured L-929lcells were investigated after irradiation with doses ranging from 5-200 Gy. Immediately after irradiation a depolarisation is observed that is followed by a damped oscillation of the membrane potential and finally by a rapprochement to the control value. Whereas the magnitude of depolarisation does not show any dependence on irradiation dose, the time required to reach the control value again increases with increasing dose. Up to 10 Gy, the period of the first half-oscillation rises rapidly to about 12 min, at higher doses a slow linear increase follows reaching a value of 23 min after 200 Gy.


[Violent crime in Italy. Report on the phenomenon of kidnapping for extortion and on the national and international transfer of ransom money]. The present report contains a collection of statistical data concerning the phenomenon of kidnapping for extorsion purposes during the period from 1968 to 1977; it also contains remarks and observations concerning the development of crime. A brief indication follows of the ways of carrying out negotiations and of paying the ransom, and some initiatives of the insurance companies to cover the risks deriving from kidnapping. The above subjects, which are closely connected with the problem of the illicit transfer of capital of criminal origin, are followed by a brief summary of the action of the magistrature, of the regulations at present governing kidnapping cases and of the measures taken to prevent recycle of currency.


[Adolescent dyssocial behavior and lack of a father figure during the latency period]. The Authors, taking Andry's hypothesis about the pathogenetic role of the deprivation of father-image during infancy in structuring an inadequate, too rigid or incoherent Super-Ego, assume that could be a possible factor in explaining the social misadaptation of adolescents with prolonged experiences of institutionalisation. The test group, consisted of 163 adolescents and pre-adolescents released from three state institutions in Modena, in the period 1966-1973, it seems to confirm, through the indexes of the socialisation in the family, scholastic and work groups after releases from the institutions, as well as through those of social misadaptation and antisociality, the Author's hypothesis interpreting the social misadaptation as one of the manifestations of the difficulties encountered by adolescents in the adaptation process. These difficulties depend a great deal on a surplus of pathological defenses arising from retarding of the consolidation of the Ego and from developing a negative Ego-Ideal. The deprivation of valid parental images for introjective identifications during latency or adolescence seems a very important factor in influencing these structures of personality.


Effects of X-rays on cell membranes. II. Changes of permeability measured by fluorescein efflux. The effect of irradiation on the permeability of cell membranes of L-929 cells was investigated. Efflux of fluorescein, accumulated by hydrolysis of fluoresceindiacetate in the cells, was measured using flow cytometry. The changes of rate constants for the permeation of florescein through the cell membrane at different temperatures and after various X-ray doses were studied. Decreasing temperatures yielded substantially slower efflux of fluorescein. After irradiation of cells, the rate constant of fluorescein efflux increased linearly with dose; 180 Gy are required to cause an increase by a factor of 2. The results are discussed with respect to radiation damage of active and passive transport mechanisms.


[Penal deterrents and benefits of clemency: marginal notes on research]. The article refers to a volume recently issued by the Criminology Department of the National Centre for Prevention and Social Protection, which illustrates the results of some research carried out in order to verify the effects, if any, of the application of the benefits of amnesty and free pardon (not infrequent in the history of Italy) and of the application of the benefits of mercy, on recidivism. Although the research is focused on the formal figures of sentences of punishment, an attempt has been made to reach indicative conclusions based on the behaviour of those to whom these benefits were granted, in order to discover whether their application has reinforced or weakened the crimino-resistance of the subjects. The indications found in the examination lead to the conclusion that those who are predisposed to a certain type of delinquency, greater or lesser, (for example, towards crimes against the patrimony, especially if recidivous) continued to commit crimes at the same rhythm, or even in some cases at a greater rhythm, while those who may have fallen only rarely into crime (particularly women) tended to relapse less into crime. This is the case also with pardon, although in this case the benefit is individualized and conceded generally as a consequence of favourable prognostic evaluations. It is interesting to note that each time a general measure of amnesty or pardon is issued, the percentages of criminality are increased. The article brings these results to the attention of the reader, as material for reflection on the efficacy of reinforcement of the measures of pardon, with respect to the penal system.


Microscopic dose distributions due to iodine isotopes in thyroid. Microscopic electron dose distributions inside and outside the colloid spheres of thyroid tissue of radii 15-150 micron containing 1.5 muCi/g 123I, 125I, 131I, and 132I uniformly distributed have been calculated by the application of Berger's scaled absorbed dose functions approximately standard polynomial regression  techniques. For 131I, 123I and 132I whose electron or effective beta energy ranges are at least few times more than the sphere sizes considered the contributions of energy emitted from neighbouring follicles have been included into the dose calculations. Additionally, the frequency mean and energy mean of microscopic  event-size distributions in small spherical 125I sources have been computed in rad per one 125I disintegration.


Thorotrast kinetics and radiation dose: results from studies in thorotrast patients and from animal experiments. As a presupposition for estimating the mean tissue dose from intravascularly injected Thorotrast results of investigations on tissue distribution and steady state activity ratios of 232Th and daughters in Thorotrast patients were compiled and are presented as "best estimates". Special emphasis has been given to the non-uniformity of Thorotrast distribution on the organ and cellular level on the basis of results from animal experiments. Moreover, the variation widths of the mean tissue doses were calculated from the individual standard errors of the mean Thorotrast tissue distribution and activity ratios. According to the results of Thorotrast tissue distribution analyses about 97% of intravascularly injected colloidal ThO2 are retained by the organs of the reticulo-endothelial-system (RES) of the average Thorotrast patient (liver: 59%; spleen: 29%; bone marrow: 9%). Only 0.7 and 0.1% are distributed within the lungs and the kidneys, respectively. The fractional retention of 232Th in the marrow-free skeleton proved to be 2% on the average. Considering in addition the results on the steady state activity ratios between 232Th and its daughters and self-absorption of alpha-energy in Thorotrast agglomerates the mean annual tissue doses to the liver, spleen, red bone marrow, lungs (respiratory zone), and cells on bone surface, e.g., from 30 ml intravascularly injected Thorotrast are about 30 (10-70), 80 (30-200), 10 (4-27), 4.5 (1.8-11.3), and 15 (6-38) rad. The variation widths of the mean tissue doses given in brackets are based upon an average individual standard error of the mean Thorotrast tissue distribution and activity ratios of 150%. The data on mean tissue doses, however, do not include variations of the dose due to macroscopic inhomogeneities of Thorotrast distribution on the organ level, which in the liver may go up to a factor of 50. Contrary to the mean tissue dose the local annual dose, i.e., the dose to cells adjacent to the surface of 0.1-50 micron Thorotrast aggregates is between 40 and 40,000 rad.


Biophysical aspects of Am-241 and Pu-241 in the environment. Most of plutonium released by nuclear explosions is Pu-241 which decays to Am-241. We have studied the deposition of Pu-241 and Am-241 in lichens collected since 1958 in the central part of Sweden (62.3 degrees N, 12. 4 degrees E). Comparative studies with Pu-isotopes, Pu-239 + 240 and Pu-238 were also performed. In 1972 the total accumulated deposition of Pu-241 was 8 mCi/km2 of Pu-239 + 240 1 mCi/km2 and of Am-241 0.2 mCi/km2. About 80% of the Am-241 activity has been formed in situ from decay of Pu-241. The biological mean-residence time for all Pu-isotopes were about 6 years and for Am-241 4 years. The spatial distribution of Am-241 in the lichen carpet is quite different from that of Pu-241. The activity concentrations of Am-241 and Pu-241 have been studied in reindeer liver and bone. The average concentrations found were in liver 0.6 and 40 pCi/kg, in bone 0.2 and 6 pCi per kg for Am-241 and Pu-241 respectively. The activity content of Am-241 and Pu-241 in the Lapps due to their reindeer diet was estimated to be in liver 1.0 E-4 and 1.0 E-2 pCi/kg, in bone (3-9) E-5 and 1.0 E-2 pCi/kg for Am-241 and Pu-241 respectively. The estimated values for the fractions of ingested activity retained were in liver 7 E-6 and 14 E-6, in bone 20 E-6 for Am-241 and Pu-241 respectively. The fraction of ingested activity of Pu retained in reindeer liver is about 2-3 times higher than that of Am.


Temperature distribution in tissue during laser irradiation. During irradiation with an Ar+-and Kr+-laser the temperature rise in living and dead tissue was measured in various depths. The contribution of the blood flow to the heat transport during irradiation was found to be small. The influence of the different depths of penetration and backscattering at the blue-green Ar+-and the red Kr+-radiation was investigated. The measurements compared with theory show reasonable agreement for an one-dimensional model below 100 degrees C. The results are discussed with respect to laser application in medicine.


Studies on the interaction of microwave radiation with cholinesterase. The significance of the enzyme cholinesterase in studies on the biological effects of microwaves is discussed. Experiments were performed on the direct effect of microwave radiation on the enzyme activity in aqueous solution, and in rabbit blood. Microwave radiation was found to have an effect only when the temperature increase was great enough to denature the enzyme.


Ultrastructural study of lens fiber damages after laser irradiation. Lens fiber lesions after laser irradiation were studied in the albino rats. Loss of cytoplasmic contrast, pulling apart of intercellular cell junctions and increase of intracellular vesicles were observed.


Radiographic screening in the early detection of lung cancer. A prospective study designed to detect early lung cancer in a high risk outpatient volunteer population is in progress. At present all 10,362 volunteers have been recruited into the project. A review of the radiographs of patients with lung cancer identified on the initial screen, or in retrospect, has led to the following conclusions: (1) Independent double reading is important in a screening project. (2) There are no reliable radiographic criteria to distinguish early lung cancer from benign disease. (3) The lateral chest radiograph is useful in the high risk patient. From these conclusions the authors have three recommendations for the practicing radiologist. (1) Since double reading improves sensitivity, attempt to doubly read a chest radiograph by removing your eyes from the film and look at it a second time before finalizing your report. (2) Consider any newly appearing, noncalcified lesion in the chest radiograph of a high risk individual as primary lung cancer until proven otherwise. (3) Consider the "routine chest radiograph" in a high risk patient as a challenge to detect early lung cancer rather than the drudgery of day to day clinical practice.


Intensive care unit radiology. Problems of interpretation. The radiographic examination of the chest plays an important role in the evaluation of patients in the intensive care unit. The maximum diagnostic value of the radiographs can be achieved only if the films are frequently reviewed, preferably in a daily working conference of the radiologist with the clinicians. Without detailed knowledge of the patient's clinical status, the radiologist will be severely limited in the precision with which the radiographs can be used to evaluate the status of a patient in the intensive care unit.


The effects of minor degrees of obliquity on the lateral chest radiograph. Minor degrees of obliquity affect the appearance of the lateral chest radiograph. For 100 normal subjects we compared findings on three left lateral projections: the "straight lateral", rotation of the subject's right side 10 degrees anterior ("right anterior"), and rotation of the patient's right side 10 degrees posterior ("right posterior"). A number of structures appeared generally best seen in the "right anterior" lateral projection, less well seen in the "straight posterior" lateral projection and least well seen in "right posterior" lateral projection. These structures were the epicardial fat stripe and pericardial line, the anterior margin of the ascending aorta, the hilar vessels, the origins of the upper lobe bronchi, and the posterior wall of the bronchus intermedius. The heart appeared largest in the "right anterior" lateral view, while in the "right posterior" lateral view it appeared smallest (whether assessed subjectively or by measurement of posterior left ventricular overlap of the inferior vena cava). Similarly, the hilar vascular shadows and major bronchi were most prominent when rotated apart in the "right anterior" projection and least prominent when more nearly superimposed in the "right posterior" projection. Slight rotation showed no significant effect on the anteroposterior diameter of the trachea, the width of the left pulmonary artery, or the diameters of the upper lobe bronchi. The azygos vein and a well visualized posterior tracheal band were seen in a few patients. They tended to be best and most frequently seen in the "right posterior" lateral view. Either obliquity tended to improve delimeation of the anterior pleural margins and the costophrenic angles. This was also true for the interlobar fissures, but confusing superimposition shadows were less likely in the "right anterior" than the "right posterior" lateral radiograph.


A fundamental study on imaging with an off-axis Fresnel zone plate. An off-axis Fresnel zone plate, through use of a halftone screen to introduce a spatial carrier frequency, can be used as a large-area, coded aperture for imaging incoherent radiation sources. This paper discusses the structure of off-axis Fresnel zone plate as an aperture and the mentods of imaging from the viewpoint of the spatial resolution by optical simulation, appending some examples of objects, holograms and reconstructed images. It is then concluded that the off-axis Fresnel zone plate having D (diameter) = 5.8 cm and nuc (spatial center frequency) = 23 l/cm is sufficient for the reconstructed images.


Determination of zirconium in natural water by spectrophotometry following the concentration step with yield tracer. Zirconium in natural water samples was determined spectrophotometrically after concentration using95Zr as a yield tracer. Acidified sample (1l) with a known amount of 95Zr was evaporated to dryness, treated with hydrofluoric and nitric acids, and then with nitric and perchloric acids, and evaporated nearly to dryness. The residue was taken up with 2 M perchloric acid and zirconium in the solution was extracted with 0.1 M thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) in benzene. The TTA complex solution was converted to hydrochloric acid solution. After the recovery yield was estimated by measuring the radioactivity of 95Zr in the final solution, zirconium was then determined by spectrophotometry with Arsenazo III. Zirconium contents in lake and hot and cold spring samples from Nikko and Shiobara districts were found to be 0.29-2.8 microgram/l by this method.


Studies on the metabolism and toxicity of dinitrotoluenes--on the absorption and excretion of tritium-labelled 2,4-dinitrotoluene (3H-2, 4-DNT) in the rat. In order to investigate the detailed absorption and excretion of 2, 4-DNT in the rat, after the single oral administration of 3H2, 4-DNT, the time-course of radioactivity level in blood, liver and digestive organ contents, and of biliary, faecal and urinary excretion were observed. Radioactivity level in blood reaches a peak at 6 hr after the administration and its half-life was about 22 hr. Maximum level of radioactivity in the liver was observed at 6 hr after the administration as well as in the blood. In contrast with the radioactivity levels in blood and liver, amount of radioactivity in small intestine content is markedly decreased for 6 hr after administration. In the biliary excretion, about 10 per cent of the radioactivity administered was excreted in bile within 24 hr. The excretion rate is rising steadily from 6 hr after administration and its peak time was 9-10 hr. In the faecal excretion, the most of the excretion radioactivity was concentrated on 6-9 hr. In the faecal excretion, the most of the excretion radioactivity was concentrated on 6-9 hr faeces as reflected with the biliary excretion pattern. On the other hand, the most of  the urinary excretion radioactivity was concentrated on 0-6 hr urine.


[Renal dysplasias].

[Renal dysplasias]. The definition and classification of renal dysplasia are discussed, with reference also to its differentiation from kidney heteromorphism.


[Upper urinary tract filling defects (author's transl)]. The distinctive features of true and false filling defects in the radio-opaque image of the upper urinary tract are discussed. The differential diagnosis of intrinsic intraluminal and parietal lacune is examined and several cases are presented by way of illustration.


[Arteriography in the diagnosis of renal tumors]. Renal angiography with some technical improvements (simultaneous multiple tomography, administration of epinephrine) is still the most reliable method for the diagnosis of a renal tumor; nevertheless, there are limits that this method can not overcome, and an error is always possible. The matter is discussed and a number of cases are reported.


[Radiological pictures in non-obstructive infantile uropathy (author's transl)]. An account is given of the radiological features and the main differentiating aspects of some non-obstructive infantile uropathies, namely vasal lesions and necrosis of the renal tissue, conditions due to abnormal development of the renal parenchyma, and glomerular nephropathy.


[Radiological study of non-neoplastic renal expansive processes (author's transl)]. The radiological aspects of non-neoplastic renal expansive processes are reviewed and discussed, particular attention being paid to indications for the various investigation techniques and differential diagnosis. Numerous examples are reported.


[Present situation and future prospects for epidemiological surveillance within the framework of Quebec new health system (author's transl)]. Epidemiological surveillance in Quebec is part of the integral system of this activity throughout the whole of Canada and the United States. Since surveillance is aimed mainly at the ecosystem of the disease rather than just the cases, the activities are insured from the horizontal point of view by several organisations, aided by various Ministeries (health, agriculture, industry and commerce). The vertical structure (besides the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta as coordinator) includes the federal Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, its epidemiology and surveillance bureaus, as well as its territorial epidemiologists, provincial epidemiologists and their teams. Quebec has recently been given a new health structure, introduced in conjunction with the traditional organisations by the new Departments of Community Health, and the Social Centres of Community Services. This structure which is new to North America is characterised mostly by its close integration with community health. Moreover, it represents an excellent opportunity for developing an epidemiological surveillance complementary to local problems and for heightening their responsibility.


[Mathematical model of epidemiology of an anthropozoonose: brucellosis (author's transl)]. We are trying to make a model of the epidemiology of Brucellosis by using a two-type branching process. In this text, we are studying the probability of extinction. A complete study on the theory of process with a finite number of types was made by SEVAST'YANOV (1951) [6]. The study of the behaviour of such a process is made with the help of the generating function of the number of infected animals by a single animal. To express this generating function, we start with the same hypothesis as BARTOSZYNSKI [2] (1965) when he makes an interhuman epidemic model by a simple branching process of GALTON-WATSON. However these hypothesis will be modified in order to adapt them to the types of Brucellosis contamination.


[Generalisation of Martini's model to study the dynamic of infectious diseases (author's transl)]. Martini's model makes it possible to study various epidemiological situations arising in the study of infectious diseases: endemicity, recurrence, presence of a reservoir of pathogenic agent and active immunization. Numerical applications to epidemiological data concerning measles in Uruguay is presented.


[Surveillance of human brucellosis in France (author's transl)]. Brucellosis is an anthropozoonosis, transmissable between animals and from animals to man. There is no interhuman transmission. Practically all domestic and wild animals are sensitive to various species of Brucella which explains the world-wide occurrence of the disease. Animals transmit the disease to man by direct contact (giving rise most often to professional disease which accounts for approximately 2/3 of the cases in France), and by way of food consumption (milk, cheese). The discovery of host animals may guide the diagnosis of human cases but more often the diagnosis of a human case reveals the existence of a host animal. Among the serological tests which help to follow the course of the human disease, the importance of the card test and of the immunofluorescence reaction are especially emphasized. The incidence of the human disease is difficult to determine: from the number of cases notified, the number of cases actually diagnosed can be estimated (from 3 to 5 times greater in France); however the true number of cases is very difficult to estimate owing to the large number of asymptomatic or atypical cases.


[Surveillance of influenza in France (author's transl)]. The collection of data for influenza surveillance is difficult because clinical cases cannot easily be notified by practitioners and because only a few cases are studied by specific biological methods. In different countries, several indices are used such as: morbidity returns, mortality returns, absenteeism returns preferably in combination. In France, the two National Reference Centres in Paris and Lyon coordinate the activities of all diagnostic laboratories where influenza is detected by collecting and redistributing their findings and by identifying the strains they isolate. Furthermore, a collaborative network of physicians and institutions is being organised to provide a complete coverage of the country. I.N.S.E.R.M. and the National Centres have set up during the last two winters a new method of specific surveillance in school children: it combines observation of absenteeism peak in randomly selected classes and etiologic diagnosis by virus isolation. Surveillance of such a group, particularly sensitive to epidemic spread and probably partly responsible for it, was very efficient: early isolations were obtained and the presence of epidemics was detected before overt outbreaks occurred.


[International surveillance of some viral diseases (author's transl)]. During a period of more than fifteen years the WHO international surveillance system for selected viral diseases has been modified on several occasions. The aims of the surveillance programme on viral diseases are two-fold: to make available world-wide epidemiological information and to contribute to the development of public health laboratories in countries where this is necessary.


[Ecology of intestinal schistosomiasis in Guadeloupe. Epidemiological analysis and data for a model study (author's transl)]. In Guadeloupe, during a general survey on intestinal schistosomiasis, the authors made a structural analysis of a limited focus of infection. The focus is formed by a river basin on the Carribean coast of Basse-Terre island. Sampling of the various elements of the parasitic cycle was done in spatial units defined by ecological and epidemiological criteria. The study of corresponding populations shows that: -- inside the twelve delimited sectors, only two include both hosts and parasites. They are zones with ditches and small temporary streams; -- the vector (Biomphalaria glabrata) density is always high in inhabited sectors; -- the rat, although present over the whole river basin, is only parasitized near inhabited places; -- fluorescent antibody level is an excellent indicator of the level of infection of human populations. Its variation can be detected in a time interval of less than one year; -- distance from contaminated water is one of the principal risk factors. A mathematical expression for this is given.


Radiotherapy of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. An analysis of 232 patients with extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas has been presented. Prognosis of each site has been assessed. The influences of good radiation therapy and stage at the time of first treatment have been evaluated. Simple clinical examination and sedimentation rate appeared to be the first indicators of an existing or threatening relapse. This relapse alarm usually preceded distant relapse or dissemination. Retrospectively, the value of expensive (psychologically and financially to the patient) routine investigations has been evaluated with regard to the information they contributed to the understanding of the disease and hence to probably better treatment. In the same way, the hypothetic benefit from elective superb chemotherapy has been assessed, assuming that this might prevent relapses after good radiation therapy and disregarding the fact that the chemotherapy actually given resulted either in temporary partial response or no response at all.


Effects of treatment of malignant lymphomas on the granulocytic progenitor cells (CFUc). The goal of this work was to appraise the after-effects of radiotherapy and associated radio- and chemotherapy on hematosarcomas by studying the granulocytic progenitor cells (CFUc). The bone marrow of 14 subjects was cultured in methylcellulose 1--6.5 years after completion of radiotherapy. The results were recorded as the number of CFUc per 10(5) nucleated medullary cells plated and per 10(5) metamyelocytes plated, and the total number of medullary CFUc was calculated. These different modes of expression are discussed. The post-radiotherapeutic effects appeared to be closely correlated with the volum irradiated. Chemotherapy seemed in several cases to accentuate the effects. Nevertheless, the organism can operate a powerful compensatory mechanism by means of increased mitosis, and in addition, certain subjects are able to maintain a normal number of CFUc after an aggressive treatment. It was possible in certain cases to study the medullary regeneration of the irradiated zone by culture of the CFUc and by the 59Fe external counting. Its extent after radiotherapy seemed for both the granulocytic and the red cell line to be correlated with the volume irradiated. Subject to the study of new cases, regeneration appears to be very reduced when chemotherapy is associated with radiotherapy.


Outline of a prospective multicentric study on the clinical significance of the Kiel classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Retrospective analysis of 405 patients suggested the clinical relevance of the Kiel classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In order to further clarify the clinical and prognostic features of the lymphoma entities diagnosed according to this histopathologic scheme, a prospective multicentric study was initiated by the Kiel Lymphoma Group. Initial staging evaluation is performed according to the Ann Arbor classification. On the basis of the hypothesis that like Hodgkin's disease non-Hodgkin's lymphomas originate, at least in part, as localized nodal or extranodal tumors, extended field irradiation is performed in localized disease (stages I and II) (with the exception of lymphoblastic lymphoma in children and young adults) whereas in more widespread disease (stages III and IV) (with the exception of stage III of centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma) chemotherapy with additional radiotherapy is applied.


Prognostic factors and treatment of multiple myeloma: interest of a cyclic sequential chemohormonotherapy combining cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and prednisone. 1. A type 2 therapeutic trial consisting of the administration of monthly cycles of chemohormonotherapy, each cycle combining weekly sequences of mephalan, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone, has been achieved in 20 stage II or III myeloma patients. Tolerance of this regimen in treated out-patients was found to be excellent. Preliminary data indicate that the better survival rate in patients treated by this regimen is still not reached at a 30-month follow-up examination by three other nonrandomized control groups of patients receiving continuous therapy with prednisone alone, prednisone + cyclophosphamide, or prednisone + melphalan. 2. Analysis of the main prognostic factors of the four trials indicates that a) IgG-type myelomas are associated with a better prognosis than IgA type; nonexcreting myelomas are associated with the best prognosis, while Bence Jones myelomas are associated with a prognosis as poor as that of the IgA type; b) tumor volume as well as renal insufficiency, at the time of diagnosis, are also prognosis factors; this study confirms the prognostic value of the recently proposed clinical staging system based on these parameters but outlines that 10% of the patients died from a cause not directly related to myeloma plasmocyte proliferation. 3. In conclusion, these results point out: a) the possible advantage of using two alkylating agents instead of one at the beginning of the disease; b) the need to classify multiple myeloma according to prognosis before attempting therapeutic trials.


Staging in childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. What are its benefits? How extensive should it be? A review of published reports of the management of childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was undertaken to determine the extent to which a staging procedure should be implemented and the benefits which could be derived. A variety of clinical, radiographic, surgical, and laboratory investigations were performed by different investigators. Overall, similar results were obtained for the different stages. The utility of the individual studies was not defined in any single review. However, it appeared that bone marrow biopsy was superior to bone marrow aspirates, staging laparotomy was generally not required, and lymphangiography did not constitute a routine staging procedure. Staging permitted identification of patients with primary sites at high risk for the development of central nervous system disease or failure. The reviews did not specify the minimum number of procedures to be performed. It is concluded that each patient should receive individual consideration, and diagnostic evaluation should consist of a series of tests sequentially performed and interrupted whenever sufficient information has been assembled for institution of therapy.


Genetics of aneuoploidy in man reconsidered by banding studies. The effects of aneuploidy are only partially known in man, but the information available suggests that they are remarkably similar to those in Drosophila melanogaster. The fractions of the haploid genome that can be tolerated in three doses and in one dose approach 7 and 3%, respectively. Hypoploidy is more deleterious than hyperploidy. The phenotypic effects of aneuploidy result in an 'aneuploid syndrome' of developmental, mental and growth retardation and multiple malformations. Even if upon closer scrutiny a recognizable collection of dysmorphisms can be detected in some chromosomal imbalances, specific phenotypes result only as the consequence of changes in dosage-sensitive loci. The aneuploidy of man was approached by chromosomal band studies. Available data suggest that R bands may be rich in functional DNA. The proportion of R bands involved in viable imbalances was calculated, and it is concluded that nearly all chromosomal arms tolerate trisomies or monosomies of a proportion of their R band content. This evidence and the demonstration of the involvement of proportionally similar quantities of band type in viable aneuploidies contrast with the idea that imbalances with a higher R band proportion have less chances of survival. Thus band patterns seem to be adequate to provide empirical clinical phenotypes but inadequate to reflect the genetic make-up of a given chromosome.