Impact of solid discharges from coal usage in the Southwest. The Southwestern region of the United States is extremely wealthy in low sulfur coal resources which must be eventually utilized in response to national energy balance priorities. Fly ash and scrubber sludge can be safely disposed of using properly managed techniques to ensure that any potential impact from elements such as boron, molybdenum, or selenium is rendered insignificant. Alternative methods of solids utilization are presently being developed. Fly ash is presently being marketed commercially as an additive for concrete manufacture. Successful experiments have been completed to demonstrate the manufacture of commercial-grade wallboard from scrubber sludge. Also, greenhouse studies and field experiments have been conducted to demonstrate increased yields of selected crops grown on typical soils amended with fly ash in amounts ranging from 2% to 8%, by weight. These studies also indicate that barium and strontium may be good monitoring indices for determining atmospheric deposition of fly ash, due to their concentration ratios in soil and vegetation samples. Further studies are being conducted to confirm encouraging irrigation and crop-yield data obtained with fly ash amended soils. Finally, the composition of many fly ashes and soils are similar in the Southwest, and there are no anticipated solid discharges from coal usage which cannot be rendered insignificant with proper management of existing and emerging methods of treatment. Compared with the water availability impact of coal usage in the Southwest, the impact of solid waste discharges are insignificant.


Solid wastes from nuclear power production. Radioactivity in nuclear power effluents is negligible compared to that in retained wastes to be disposed of as solids. Two basic waste categories are those for which shallow disposal is accepted and those for which more extreme isolation is desired. The latter includes "high level" wastes and others contaminated with radionuclides with the unusual combined properties of long radioactive half-life and high specific radiotoxicity. The favored method for extreme isolation is emplacement in a deep stable geologic formation. Necessary technologies for waste treatment and disposal are considered available. The present program to implement these technologies is discussed, including the waste management significance of current policy on spent nuclear fuel reprocessing. Recent difficulties with shallow disposal of waste are summarized.


Hazardous solid wastes generated in the cleanup of air and water. Air and water pollution control programs sometimes result in production of solid wastes that are difficult to manage. The sludges from sewage treatment plants and flue gas scrubbers are two examples. In many coastal communities, there is no alternative to ocean dumpling of sewage sludges for the foreseeable future. The use of sludges as soil conditioners, their conversion to fuels by pyrolysis, and other alternatives are frequently mentioned options, but they have not been demonstrated to be practical on a large scale. The Federal requirement that ocean dumping be terminated by 1981 presents the large seaboard population centers with a dilemma, due to the absence of economically feasible alternative methods of disposal. Another major solid waste problem is arising from the Federal policy that requires flue gas desulfurization on practically all power plants. This policy, designed to reduce sulfur oxide emissions, will require that vast quantities of sludge be stored. Their environmental impact is as yet not fully evaluated. Commercial use of the sulfur or sulfates produced in these processes may be possible, but its practicability on a large scale remains to be demonstrated.


Introduction: utilization of higher plant systems as monitors of environmental mutagens. Research over the past 10 years has clearly demonstrated the presence of mutagens among the numerous man-made and naturally occurring chemicals in our environment. These mutagens occur in all classes of chemicals, including foods, drugs, cosmetics, pesticides, household and industrial chemicals as well as in pollutants of both air and water. More recently, a high correlation has been found between carcinogenic and mutagenic activity; at least 90-95% of chemical carcinogens are mutagens. There is a widespread expectation that the discovery of mutagenic activity in chemical screening programs may alert us not only to mutagenic potential in man, but carcinogenic potential as well. The types of genetic damage which can be produced are numerous and the specificity of chemical mutagens makes it possible for one type of effect to be produced predominantly or exclusively. Thus, any screening program must consist of a battery of tests capable of detecting nondisjunction, chromosome aberrations, gene mutations (point mutations as well as interstitial deletion), in addition to more subtle effects of DNA repair. In addition, since innocuous chemicals can be converted by mammalian metabolism to potent mutagens and carcinogens, these metabolites must be evaluated as well as the parent compounds. Chemicals such as air pollutants present particular problems for mutagenicity testing using conventional microbial assays. Some of these problems can be overcome by using various higher plant systems. The general utility of these systems needs to be evaluated in terms of the types of genetic damage which can be detected, relative sensitivity, and general utility for use in mutagen screening and monitoring.


Landfill disposal systems.

Landfill disposal systems. The current status of landfill disposal of hazardous wastes in the United States is indicated by presenting descriptions of six operating landfills. These landfills illustrate the variety of techniques that exist in landfill disposal of hazardous wastes. Although some landfills more effectively isolate hazardous waste than others, all landfills must deal with the following problems. Leachate from hazardous waste landfills is generally highly polluted. Most landfills attempt to contain leachate at the site and prevent its discharge to surface or groundwaters. To retain leachate within a disposal area, subsurface barriers of materials such as concrete, asphalt, butyl rubber, vinyl, and clay are used. It is difficult to assure that these materials can seal a landfill indefinitely. When a subsurface barrier fails, the leachate enters the groundwater in a concentrated, narrow band which may bypass monitoring wells. Once a subsurface barrier has failed, repairs are time-consuming and costly, since the waste above the repair site may have to be removed. The central problem in landfill disposal is leachate control. Recent emphasis has been on developing subsurface barriers to contain the wastes and any leachate. Future emphasis should also be on techniques for removing water from hazardous wastes before they are placed in landfills, and on methods for preventing contact of the wastes with water during and after disposal operations. When leachate is eliminated, the problems of monitoring, and subsurface barrier failure and repair can be addressed, and a waste can be effectively isolated.A surface seal landfill design is recommended for maintaining the dry state of solid hazardous wastes and for controlling leachate. Any impervious liner is utilized over the top of the landfill to prevent surface water from seeping into the waste. The surface barrier is also the site where monitoring and maintenance activities are focused. Barrier failure can be detected by visual inspections and any repairs can be made without disturbing the waste. The surface seal landfill does not employ a subsurface barrier. The surface seal landfill successfully addresses each of the four environmental problems listed above, provided that this landfill design is utilized for dry wastes only and is located at a site which provides protection from groundwater and temporary perched water tables.


What is hazardous? What is safe?

What is hazardous? What is safe? The definition of an acceptable risk involves many facets most of which are outside the control of the decision maker, but they must be recognized if a proper definition is to be made. Six of the principal factors are stated and discussed. (1) nothing is absolutely safe; (2) each individual or group of individuals has his own standards by which he judges risk; (3) perceptions of risk vary with the conditions at any one time in history; (4) there must be a compensatory benefit for taking any risk; (5) societal perception of a risk may be different from the actual risk; and (6) safety is only one of the many factors that must be considered in the design of a product or service.


Elimination of the hazards from hazardous wastes. The "hazard" associated with a waste essentially controls the overall engineering approach to finding suitable alternatives for solving potential disposal problems. It should be recognized that all factors affecting environmental equilibrium must be considered, including product sales, process design, financing, pre- and end-of-pipe treatment, residuals management, and ultimate bioaccumulation of residuals. To meet this challenge, a systems approach to waste treatment and residuals disposal provides a logical approach, but this management concept requires a thorough understanding of the important physical and chemical aspects of the problem, as well as many social implications of the resulting decisions. Thus waste management within a plant necessarily involves process control, pretreatment and end-of-pipe treatment. Further, it follows that residuals management from a disposal point-of-view must ultimately embrace what is called the "multi-barrier concept." In essence, hazard elimination occurs in varying degrees during each phase of a properly engineered system.


Exploratory monitoring of air pollutants for mutagenicity activity with the Tradescantia stamen hair system. The Tradescantia genetic system developed by the late Dr. Arnold H. Sparrow for the study of effects of ionizing radiation is applicable to chemical mutagen detection. Early radiobiological data demonstrated that the stamen hairs were sensitive to as little as 0.25 rad of x-rays and that the number of cells showing a phenotypic change in pigmentation from blue to pink plateaus after approximately 21 days of chronic, low-level irradiation. Exposures to the air pollutants SO(2), NO(2), and O(3) and to vapors of mutagens such as 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) demonstrated the usefulness of the system as a detector of chemical mutagens. A significant number of phenotypic changes was observed following exposures to as little as 0.14 ppm of DBE. The maximum sensitivity of the system is obtained with long-term or chronic exposures because the response increases linearly in proportion to the duration of exposure up to 21 days. To monitor industrial sites for atmospheric mutagens a mobile laboratory was designed to support plant culture in the field. Environment-controlled growth chambers were installed in a trailer so that both ambient air fumigations and concurrent clean-air control exposures could be made. Sites monitored by the mobile laboratory were: Elizabeth, N. J.; Charleston, W. Va.; Birmingham, Ala.; Baton Rouge, La.; Houston, Tex.; Upland, Calif.; Magna, Utah; and Grand Canyon, Ariz. The latter site at Grand Canyon served as a clean air control study. Atmospheric contaminants from petroleum and chemical processing plants generated a significant number of phenotypic pigment changes that were 17 to 31% above the control levels; contaminants from steel and copper smelters, automotive combustion products and photochemical compounds were negative. Chemical analyses are underway to identify the atmospheric mutagens at the sites that showed a positive response.


Use of haploid plants as bioassay for mutagens. Results of a pilot program show that suspension cultured polyhaploid Nicotiana tabacum cells can be used to bioassay the effects of mutagens. Reproducible survival curves with significant regression coefficients are obtained. Putative mutation conferring resistance to amino acid analogs is significantly more frequent after exposure to mutagens; in contrast, habituants, cytokinin-independent clones, are significantly less frequent (although the variance of clone size increases!). The maximum spontaneous mutation rate is estimated at 3 X 10(-8); the equilibrium frequency of habituant cells in an otherwise nonhabituated culture is estimated at 5 X 10(-7). An evaluation of the system suggests changes in several and further characterization of other of the parameters involved. The use of haploid tobacco as an in vivo mutagen screen is briefly described, as is the importance of similar in vivo diploid systems for discriminating between various kinds of mutational processes.


Screening aquatic ecosystems for mutagens with fern bioassays. Recent researches on the royal fern, Osmunda regalis, have documented a high incidence of post-zygotic mutational damage in a population growing in a river heavily polluted with paper processing wastes, whereas genetic studies of nearby populations in nonpolluted environments failed to detect mutational damage. Intensive genetic and cytogenetic studies of mutation in O. regalis indicates that natural populations of homosporous ferns may be useful in situ bioassay systems for monitoring the presence of mutagens in aquatic ecosystems. Since these organisms are long-lived perennials with an ontogenetic system which stores mutational damage, they can be manipulated to give an integrated estimate of mutational damage for specified blocks of time (in units of years). Thus, the fern bioassay may be an inexpensive means of detecting both chronic low dose and episodic high dose inputs of mutagenic pollutants into aquatic ecosystems. The fern mutagen bioassay is based upon the detection of numerous categories of post-zygotic mutation load in natural fern populations. The frequency of sporophytic and embryonic lethals, leaf or root mutations, auxotrophic gametophytic mutations as well as numerous phenotypic alterations of gametophyte morphology can be routinely detected and quantified. In addition, various two-break chromosome aberrations (paracentric inversions, reciprocal translocations and ring chromosomes) can be readily screened for in the spore mother cells of many homosporous ferns.


Effect of phenylhydrazine on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity was measured in the blood of rats poisoned by successive injections of phenylhydrazine (1 ml, 35 mmol). After 5 days of successive injections, more than 90% of the circulating blood cells consisted of reticulocytes and the enzyme activity also increased successively and reached a maximum corresponding to the number of reticulocytes. Thus delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity measured in the peripheral blood is mainly due to the percentage of circulating reticulocytes.


Effect of age and diet on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells. ALA-D activity measured in the red blood cells of different species show considerable variations. Among the adult animals, rabbits have the highest activity and dogs, the lowest. It is a zinc-dependent enzyme and its activity is related to the age of the animals as well as the availability of zinc in the diet during the early growth period. Rats at partus have the highest ALA-D activity ever registered in any animal species and it decreases drastically during the early growth period. The red blood cells of newborn human babies have 50% higher ALA-D activity than that of adult man. When rats during their early growth period are fed on a diet containing 0.08 mmol zinc, there was a reduction in the enzyme activity whereas adult rats fed on diets containing higher and lower amounts of zinc did not show any change.


Citrate and isocitrate utilization by rat ventral prostate mitochondria. Isolated rat ventral prostate mitochondria preparations were capable of utilizing exogenous isocitrate with some resulting production of citrate. The prostate preparation did not utilize citrate or alphaKG. Citrate utilization via isocitrate seems to be limited by a unique aconitase activity which permits isocitrate to citrate but not citrate to isocitrate conversion. In contrast, kidney cortex mitochondria (under these same conditions) were capable of utilizing citrate, isocitrate, and alphaKG, and also converting isocitrate to citrate. The results support the view that citrate oxidation by prostate may be limited at the aconitase step, and thus may be a key step in accounting for the uniquely high citrate content of prostate.


Further studies on creatine kinase activity in human skeletal muscle. Creatine kinase (CK) was measured in muscle samples from 9 female and 9 male adult subjects using comparatively two procedures. The improved method, using N-acetylcysteine as activator gives results about 1.5 times higher than that with reduced glutathione. The significant correlation existing between activities of CK and hexosephosphate isomerase was confirmed using the improved method. There also exists a correlation between CK and enolase activity. In this respect, there are no differences between muscle samples from male and female subjects.


Electrophoretic properties and specificity of human gastric lipase. Electrophoretic separation of gastric juice and the homogenate of stomach body mucosa on polyacrylamide gel followed by staining for esterolytic activity resulted in a characteristic zymogram composed of five activity bands located in the cathodal part of the electropherogram. This pattern was lacking in zymograms obtained for the homogenates of antral and duodenal mucosa. Lipolytic activity was confined to the same area of the gel where the five band pattern of esterolytic activity was localized. It was concluded that gastric juice and homogenate of stomach body mucosa contain one esterolytic enzyme of wide specificity, known as gastric lipase.


Effect of maternal protein deficiency on intrauterine development of small intestine with special reference to alkaline phosphatase. Rat intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity was found to be greater in the fetus near term than in the progeny at birth. A set back in the orderly development of the enzyme was observed in the duodenum of pups born to protein-deficient mothers. Electrophoretic studies on polyacrylamide gel showed homogeneity of the enzyme in fetus and newborn pups. Severe intrauterine growth retardation was associated with reduced size of the enterocytes and their nuclei.


Relative stimulation of aspartate aminotransferase activity in human serum by pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in myocardial infarction. The relative stimulation of aspartate aminotransferase was investigated in human serum by saturation of apoaspartate aminotransferase with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. This stimulation depended on the time-course after injury and the peak level was attained later than the maximum value of aspartate aminotransferase activity.


Enzymic, electrophoretic and immunoreactive properties of labeled MM and BB isoenzymes of human creatine kinase. Purified MM and BB isoenzymes of human creatine kinase (CK) were labeled with Bolton-Hunter reagent. Labeling process did not affect their enzymic activity, although the labeled enzymes lost enzymic activity in storage. The labeled BB isoenzyme progressively changed its electrophoretic mobility, while labeled MM isoenzyme did not. Both labeled isoenzymes, however, maintained their immunoreactivity with their respective antisera. These results suggest that the enzymic and the immunoreactive sites of each CK isoenzyme are different and that BB isoenzyme, not MM isoenzyme, is electrophoretically unstable.


Haemodynamics in the horse: 2. Intracardiac, pulmonary arterial and aortic pressures. The paper reports the changing pressure values during the cardiac cycle recorded from various chambers of the heart and great vessels using 2 catheter-mounted transducers, 9 cm apart. Pulse pressures are calculated. Transvalval pressure differences are determined taking account of the effect of hydrostatic pressure between the 2 sensors. The effects of some valvular lesions and arrhythmias and of changes in intrathoracic pressure are also described.


Haemodynamics in the horse: 3. Duration of the phases of the cardiac cycle. The paper reports observations on the duration of various phases of the cardiac cycle using a bipole ECG record as a time base from which to measure the timing of pressure changes in the chambers of the heart and great vessels. From the findings the likely sequence of mechanical events during the cardiac cycle in the atria and ventricles is described.


The effect of some anti-diarrhoeal drugs on intestinal transit and faecal excretion of water and electrolytes in the horse. The effect of morphine, Tinct. opii, loperamide, pethidine and atropine on intestinal transit and the faecal and urinary excretion of water and electrolytes was studied in ponies. The rate of passage of a particulate marker was slowed by morphine, hastened then slowed by loperamide and Tinct. opii, and hastened by atropine. The liquid marker was slowed by Tinct. opii and hastened then slowed by the other drugs. Only loperamide decreased the faecal sodium excretion. This drug also decreased faecal water and weight; it appeared worthy of clinical trial in diarrhoea. Tinct. opii decreased by morphine, pethidine and atropine increased faecal water.


Heart rate during a defined exercise test in horses with heart and lung diseases. During a gradually increasing exercise test heart rates were determined in healthy animals and in 2 groups of sick horse. These included 31 animals with a chronic pulmonary disorder and 5 with chronic heart disease. The alteration in heart rate was correlated with the clinical signs exhibited. In the horses with lung disease there was a close correlation between the stage of the diseases and the heart rate during the exercise test. In 3 animals with heart valve disease there was no apparent difference in heart rate compared with healthy horses. On the other hand the exercising heart rate of horses with atrial fibrillation showed a significant increase. The recovery rate of pulse and respiration after a 20 min trot did not show any correlation with the stage of disease or the pulse and respiration after a 20 min trot did not show any correlation with the stage of disease or the results of gradually stepping up the exercise in horses with lung disease.


A report on clinical aspects and histopathology of sweet itch. Sweet itch is an intensely pruritic dermatitis of horses recurring annually in Ireland from April to November. The tissue changes of sweet itch have similarities to immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions which occur in skin sensitised to the saliva of bloodsucking insects. There was subepidermal oedema, and marked eosinophilia; the blood vessels were tortuous and enlarged. Microfilaria were not found in serial sections of lesions of 5 affected horses. The histopathology of the immediate dermal remal reaction to the intradermal injection of Culicoides extract shows dermal vasodilation and eosinophil diapedesis. Seven horses challenged intradermally with whole extract of Culicoides, Stomoxys calcitrans, Tabanidae and saline, gave immediate reactions to Culicoides, 3 gave immediate reactions to Stomoxys calcitrans. Immediate and delayed reactions only occurred at the sites of challenge with Culicoides extract. Three normal ponies when challenged intradermally with extracts of biting flies, showed minimal dermal reactions.


Changes in the caecal flora associated with the onset of laminitis. Caecal fluid samples collected 8 and 24 hours after carbohydrate overload were quantitatively compared to control samples in terms of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Concomitant increases in lactic acid-producing bacteria and decreases in Gram negative bacteria were substantiated during the onset of acute laminitis. Progressive decreases in caecal fluid pH were also quantitated. Although endotoxin assays of caecal fluid and blood were not done, the caecal flora changes suggest its presence during the onset of acute laminitis.


A histological study of macroscopically normal equine digital flexor tendons. The normal appearance of the superficial (SFT) and deep (DFT) digital flexor tendons was described and the difference between their histological structures was emphasised. Further differences were recognised between different sites from the same tendon and between tendons in the fore and hind limbs of the same animal. Both of the tendons underwent changes with age but although a number of alterations in the histological appearance were described, a particular change, involving a patchy loss of stainable nuclei, was found at the common site of SFT injuries. While this appearance has been seen in injured tendons and described as tendon necrosis, the author warns that no cause and effect relationship has been established between the acellularity and the clinical lesions. Neither is it certain that the loss of tendon cells results in mechanical weakness of the tendon.


Control of ornithine decarboxylase activity in Physarum by polyamines. The addition of putrescine, spermidine, or spermine, to cultures of Physarum polycephalum rapidly reduced the activity of ornithine decarboxylase, with maximal inhibition, 80-90%, occurring after 90 min. This response was not due to a decrease in enzyme molecules, but rather to the rapid conversion of the active enzyme to a stable, catalytically less active form. This response to exogenous polyamines was not accompanied by the appearance of a macromolecular inhibitor (antizyme) either free, or bound to the enzyme. Physiological levels of the polyamines were also found to inhibit this enzyme in vitro both competitively and non-competitively, and to promote complete yet reversible inactivation of this enzyme in the absence of reducing agents. The data suggest that the control of this enzyme by endogenous polyamine levels may be distinct from its response to exogenous polyamines.


The rate of release of ATP from its complex with myosin. An approach previously published from this laboratory for measurement of the rate of dissociation of ATP from its complex with myosin has been carefully evaluated. The procedure has been found valid, and the off constant (21 degrees C, 1=0.21 M, pH 7.0) is 1x 10(-4)s(-1). Other data for the rate of ATP binding give a Kd for myosin ATP of 6x10(-11) M. Reasons for the apparent discrepancy between this value and that reported by others have been examined. When various factors are appropriately taken into account, this discrepancy is eliminated.


FAD is covalently attached to peptidyl-tRNA during cell-free synthesis of 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase. The process, by which FAD is attached covalently to the 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase apoprotein in D-nicotine-induced cells of Arthrobacter oxidans was studied in vitro. [3H]Adenine-labelled FAD prepared biosynthetically in Clostridium kluyveri was incorporated into the 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase molecule during cell-free translation. FAD rather than FMN or riboflavin was thus shown to be the flavin derivative transferred to the polypeptide chain. After short-term protein synthesis on ribosomes from induced A. oxidans cells in the presence of an Escherichia coli MRE 600 supernatant fraction and [adenine-2-3H]FAD, THE PEPTIDYL-TRNA fraction was separated from completed polypeptides. Labelled FAD was found to be covalently attached to the tRNA-bound polypeptides. Cleavage of the tRNA-peptide bond released labelled polypeptides the largest of which migrated as authentic 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase during dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results strongly suggest that FAD is incorporated into the nascent polypeptide chains of 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase during ribosomal translation.


Purification of the elongation factors present in spinach chloroplasts. Elongation factor G (EF-Gchl) and elongation factor Tu (EF-TUchl) have been purified from isolated spinach chloroplasts. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the purifed proteins appear to be at least 70% pure. The molecular weight has been estimated to be 77000 and 45500 for EF-Gchl and EF-TUchl respectively. Chloroplast elongation factor T (EF-Tchl) has been only partially purified. Gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing and denaturing conditons indicate that EF-T-chl is most probably composed of two polypeptides, one of which has an electrophoretic mobility identical to that of EF-TUchl. EF-TUchl appears to represent approximately 7% of the chloroplast soluble protein while EF-Gchl accounts for less than 1%. Just as in the case of the bacterial factors, EF-TUchl appears to be in excess as compared to EF-Gchl. Although no data were obtained on the concentration of EF-Tchl, it may be assumed that the three elongation factors represent approximately 10% of the chloroplast soluble protein.


The isolation and characterization of elongation factor eEF-Ts from Krebs-II mouse-ascites-tumor cells and its role in the elongation process. A factor having activity similar to that described in other systems for the eukaryotic elongation factor eEF-Ts was isolated from the heavy, aggregate form of eEF-TH (formally named EF-1H). This protein has a molecular weight of 52000 under native conditions and of 25500 under denaturing conditions. It has been shown to stimulate eEF-Tu-dependent aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes and therefore eEF-Tu/eEF-G-dependent polyphenylalanine synthesis by ribosomes and was found to stimulate GDP-GTP exchange in eEF-Tu . GDP complexes. In the course of this work, it was also demonstrated that the removal of deacylated tRNA from the ribosome is a GTP-dependent process. This report, therefore, adds further support to the concept that a third elongation factor, eEF-Ts, may be common to all systems in the eukaryotic domain.


Studies on polypeptide-chain-elongation factors from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. 1. Purification and some properties of the purified factors. Polypeptide chain elongation factors have been purified from an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8. By chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex column, the factors were separated into two peaks; peak I contained a complex of EF-Tu and EF-Ts, while peak II was composed of EF-Tu.gdp and EF-G. These factors were subsequently purified to homogeneous states and crystallized. The EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex could be resolved into EF-Tu and EF-Ts by chromatography on a Sephadex G-200 column in the presence of 8 M guanidine-HCl. The complex could be reconstituted from EF-Tu and the renatured EF-Ts. No immunological cross-reaction was detected between EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G from T. thermophilus and the antibodies to their corresponding Escherichia coli factors. The molecular weight of EF-Tu . GDP determined by sedimentation equilibrium and sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 49000 and 51000 respectively. On the other hand, the molecular weight of EF-Ts was estimated as 27000 and 64000, respectively, by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex gel filtration, suggesting that the protein existed probably as a dimer. The molecular weight of the EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex determined by sedimentation equilibrium and by gel filtration, was 142000 and 220000, respectively. Since the molar ratio of EF-Tu to EF-Ts in the EF-Tu . EF-Ts complex was one to one, it was suggested that the complex was composed of 2 mol each of EF-Tu and EF-Ts. The molecular weight of EF-G was estimated as 85000, 80000 and 78000 by equilibrium centrifugation, gel filtration, and sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis respectively.


Physical evidence for the assembly of A and B chains of human placental collagen in a single triple helix. Native collagen molecules containing A and B chains were isolated from pepsin-solubilised human chorionic and amniotic membrane extracts by fractional salt precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. They exhibited a circular dichroism spectrum, and a melting curve, characteristic for a triple-helical structure. Electron microscopical investigations of their segment-long-spacing crystallites revealed a molecule similar to those of the interstitial types I, II and III collagens. After denaturation, the A and B chains were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and were consistently recovered in a ratio of 1:2. Renaturation experiments indicated that only the B chains are able to reform triple-helical molecules which are stable under conditions in vivo. The data support a molecular formula A(B)2 for the native collagen molecule.


Complexity of polysomal polyadenylated RNA in undifferentiated and differentiated neuroblastoma cells. Using cDNA probes, we have analysed the sequence complexity and the frequency distribution of the polysomal poly(A)-containing RNA from neuroblastoma cells at two different developmental states: either as round, immature neuroblasts, or as differentiated cells exhibiting the morphological properties of mature neurons. The total complexities measured for mRNA from undifferentiated and differentiated cells are identical and correspond to approximately 7000 average-sized sequences of 1750 nucleotides distributed in the same three abundance classes. We have determined the homology between the mRNA populations corresponding to the two developmental states by heterologous cross-hybridization: all the sequence from differentiated cells are present in the polysomes of undifferentiated cells. Conversely, the mRNA from differentiated cells fails to hybridize with about 15% of hybridizable cDNA corresponding to undifferentiated cells. This difference probably results from the disappearance of some mRNA species and may be related to the terminal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells.


Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. Dissociation of bacteriophage PM2 into its morphological subunits. The lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 was dissociated stepwise in 1 M NcCl (pH 7.2)with increasing urea concentrations. In 2 M urea the following substructures could be identified: (a) a nucleocapsid containing all of the viral lipid, the DNA, proteins III and IV, plus a fraction of protein II, and (b) a second substructure respresenting particles which contained all viral elements except protein I, the spike protein. In 4 M urea the viral nucleocapsid containing all of proteins III and IV, the DNA, plus a fraction of protein II, was isolated. Upon increasing the urea concentration further, this nucleocapsid is stable up to 8.5 M urea; in 9 M urea protein III was partly dissociated from the nucleocapsid. The nucleocapsid in 4--8.5 M urea is stabilized by the addition of 0.1--3 M NaCl but dissociates if the NaCl concentration is less than 0.1 M. The nucleocapsid was also dissociated in 4--8.5 M urea at pH 4.5. The nucleocapsid structures and some intermediate morphological subunits have been analysed by physical methods, enabling us to draw some conclusions about the structure and hydration of the virus.


Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. Total reconstitution of bacteriophage PM2 in vitro. The lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 was reconstituted stepwise from its purified denatured subunits. In the first step the nucleocapsid was reconstituted from the DNA and the two nucleocapsid proteins. Slight biochemical differences between reconstituted nucleocapsids and those isolated from native virus were seen. Combination of reconstituted nucleocapsid or nucleocapsid from virions with the coat and spike proteins in the presence of the viral lipids resulted in the formation of infectious virus in both cases. The reconstituted particles contained amounts of viral components similar to those in native virus, except for the lipid content. The amount of lipids present in the reconstituted particles was twice as high as the lipid content of native bacteriophage.


Electrophoretic fractionation and translation in vitro of poly(rA)-containing RNA from maize endosperm. Evidence of two mRNAs coding for zein protein. In the search for individual mRNAs coding for particular zein proteins, polysomal RNA was isolated from the endosperm of 22-days post-pollination maize kernels. This RNA was enriched for poly(rA)-containing RNAs and then submitted to preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. After electrophoresis, RNA fractions were eluted from the polyacrylamide gel and analyzed for zein mRNA activity by translation in vitro in the wheat germ system. The wheat germ system had previously been optimized for accurate translation of zein mRNAs. By a gel-electrophoretic analysis of immunoprecipitated products from the translation reactions in vitro, it could conclusively be shown that the endosperm of developing maize kernels contains two separable mRNAs for zein, one coding for the 22000-Mr protein and one coding for the 19000-Mr protein.


Dynamic scintigraphy: calculatiion and imaging of regional distribution of quantitative parameters. The theory and general method of calculation of the parametric (functional) images at dynamic studies is described briefly. This method is illustrated by a general program DYNAM. PARAM. PRESENT. created for Clincom apparatus. Moreover, the selection of parameters and algorithms for calculation, the problems associated with the filtration of data, the correction for dead time and for non-homogeneity are discussed. In addition to the general method, there are presented here the possible ways of application of the simplified methods of construction of the parametric images by means of algebraic operations between images in special cases. Some aspects of that method are completed by examples of practical parametric images of some organs.


Dynamic radionuclide phlebography. A clinical study in patients after total hip replacement. Dynamic radionuclide phlebography was performed in 50 consecutive patients after total hip replacement to evaluate the diagnostic value of the method compared to contrast phlebography. The investigation was limited to the diagnosis of iliofemoral thrombi. A special injection technique was developed and flow curves, mean transit time and distribution of flow were recorded with a scintillation camera interfaced to a digital computer. Three principally different types of flow curves were observed. Mean transit time was of value in differentiating particle flow in the superficial veins from passage through the deep veins. Out of 15 legs with thrombi in the iliofemoral region, the distribution of flow was significantly changed in 12. Deep vein thrombosis in the lower leg did not influence mean transit time or distribution of flow in the iliofemora region. Extensive collateral flow was rare. Ninety per cent of the thrombi were asymptomatic. The method compares favorably with the 125 I fibrinogen method and cuff impedance phlebography, in diagnosing iliofemoral thrombi after total hip replacement.


Correlation between liver scintigraphy and computed tomography in the detection of liver metastases. Parallel scintigraphic and computed tomographic (CT-scan) examinations of the liver were carried out during the same observation period in 55 cancer patients in whom the liver status could be microscopically and macroscopically documented with regard to presence or absence of metastases. Scintigraphy was realized by means of 198Au or 99mTc-colloid using a rectilinear scanner or a gamma-camera; CT-scan images of the liver were obtained by a standard commercial instrument before and after injection of a contrast product. The liver was found to be normal in 38 out of the 55 observed patients and a metastatic involvement was seen in 17 cases. In 45 out of 55 cases, there was concordance between the results obtained by the two investigation methods and discordance in 10 cases. The sensitivity is 97% for the scintigraphy,  94% for the CT-scan and 100% for the common negative results. The specificity can be established as 64% for the scintigraphy, 65% for the CT-scan and 74% for common positive findings. It seems therefore that these two techniques present the same efficiency in the detection of liver metastases and that the results obtained are only partly complementary.


The influence of serum folate on urinary excretion of vitamin B12. It was found that in patients with decreased serum folate concentration, urinary excretion of vitamin B12 was increased in a statistically highly significant way with both oral administration of 58 Co-labeled vitamin B12 and with a 57Co-labeled vitamin B12 intrinsic factor complex. This increased vitamin B12 excretion may account for some false normal Schilling test results. Furthermore, in folate deficiency, the intrinsic factor no longer seems required for vitamin B12 to pass the intestinal wall. It is also questionable whether vitamin B12 absorbed through the intestine under these circumstances could be properly metabolized. Besides statistical evidence, some clinical support for this theory is presented. These findings offer a possible clue for some literature reports that have lacked a satisfactory explanation.


113mIn-DTPA, a useful compound for the determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The binding of 113mIn to DTPA and a comparison between GFR estimated with 113mIn-DTPA and 125I-iothalamate. For measurement of glomerular filtration rate the usefulness of diethyl traimino penta acic (DTPA) labelled with 113mIndium has been explored. The labelling procedure is very simple, since eluate from an 113mIn generator can be used directly for labelling DTP. The in vitro and in vivo binding of 113mIn to DTPA in competition with serum proteins was studied by gel-filtration. The radioactivity with the 113mIn-DTPA peak represented 100.6, 107.1 and 99.6% of the amount of radioactivity applied to the gel column for the in vivo studies, and 102.0 and 101.4% for the in vitro studies. Futhermore, the clearance of 113mIn-DTPA was compared to the clearance of 125I-iothalamate using the constant infusion technique. The clearance values were found to be nearly equal (r=0.996). It is concluded that 113mIn is almost entirely bound to DTPA after intravenous injection of the 113mIn-DTPA complex, and that the complex is a suitable agent for determination of glomerular filtration rate.


Detection of porencephaly by cerebral dynamic scanning. Routine cerebral dynamic scanning in two patients revealed unilateral focal areas of decreased radionuclide activity between the anterior and middle cerebral arteries; the subsequent brain scans were normal. Both patients were shown to have porencephaly by isotope cisternography and computed tomography (CT) scans. When a focal avascular area is noted on cerebral dynamic scanning in the presence of normal static images, the possibility of a porencephalic cyst should be considered.


Preparation and purification of estriol, estradiol, and progesterone labeled with radioactive iodine. Steroids labeled with radioactive isotopes are useful tracers for radio-immunoassay and for in vivo nuclear medecine purposes. We here report and discuss methods for direct labeling of the steroids estriol, estradiol, and progesterone with radioiodine-125 or -131. The purification procedure and some chemical and physical properties of the purified labeled materials are referred to and discussed.


Dead-time correction in dynamic radionuclide studies by computer. Several methods for the measurement of dead time and for evaluation of the dependencies required to correct dynamic studies for dead-time losses are described. Two program variants were written to produce time-activity curves in the selected areas of interest of the dynamic studies with computer's correction of dead-time losses; these variants are part of the system of programs for complex processing of scintigraphic studies set up for a Clincom instrument. The first variant performs correction on the basis of the registered count rate in the whole image, while the second variant makes us of the additional reference source positioned on the periphery of the camera visual field.


Performance characteristics of a gamma camera over a wide range of energies. The problem of choosing which collimator to use for imaging a new isotope has been approached by collecting resolution and sensitivity data for a selected group of isotopes. These have been chosen to be readily available and to have generally a single gamma-ray only. Resolution and sensitivity plots for a low energy collimator and a high energy collimator are presented and their use with several isotopes of interest is discussed. The interpretation of recommedations in the literature on the choice of collimators for newly introduced isotopes would be considerably simpler if data in this format were commonly available.


A simple methods for labeling BSP with 131I. BSP was labeled with 131I using the Greenwood and Hunter method, which was rapid and simple. The chromatoelectrophoresis of the labeled compound showed that the labeling efficiency was 100%. Scintigraphic studies gave good results in accordance with radioactive BSP distribution reported in the literature.


Sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension in dogs. Drug sensitivity and resistance experimentally provoked by circulating blood volume alterations. The effects of small circulating blood volume alterations on the SNP dosage required to maintain the mean arterial pressure at 70 mm Hg were studied in 6 anesthetized dogs; (A) normovolemia, (B) hypovolemia by arterial bleeding 7 ml/kg, and (C) hypervolemia by infusing 7 ml/kg whole blood. The animals became extremely SNP sensitive during hypovolemia and resistant during hypervolemia (SNP dosage A: 25.8, B: 14.7, C: 70.0 microgram/kg/min); these changes were accompanied by significant changes in cardiac output (A: 193, B: 142, C: 249 ml/kg/min). The intravenous administration of SNP with the aim of inducing hypotension generally causes a balanced pre- and afterload reduction. This balance is rather delicate and easily disturbed by small intravascular fluid changes leading to cardiac output and thus to SNP sensitivity changes. Slowly developing tachyphylaxis can be explained on the basis of such intercompartimental fluid shifts and a case of SNP tachyphylaxis reported in literature is discussed on the basis of overinfusion. SNP tachyphylaxis or resistance might be treated by preload reducing measures like phlebotomy or the administration of nitroglycerin.


Ultrastructural changes in striated muscle after experimental tourniquet ischaemia and short reflow. The effect of experimental tourniquet ischaemia on the fine structure of a rabbit's hind limb striated muscle was studied. The tourniquet time varied from 1 to 4 h. Samples were obtained from the tibialis anterior muscle 30 min after releasing the tourniquet, the contralateral limb serving as the control. As the first sign of ischaemia, dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was observed after a tourniquet blockade of 1 h. After 4 h ischaemia myofibrillar components showed advanced degeneration. Ultrastructural alterations were distinct in the mitochondrial morphology. After 2 h, the mitochondria showed moderate but clear condensation. After 3 h many mitochondria showed high amplitude swelling and structural disorganization. Total blockade of the limb circulation up to 4 h effects the energy-producing organelles in the first place, especially sarcoplasmic reticulum, T tubules and mitochondria prior to the alterations in myofilaments. Ischaemia extended up to 3 h induces sublethal damage to the muscle cells.


Lung function and morphology after hemorrhagic shock, soft tissue trauma and regional ischemia in dogs. Among 40 dogs submitted to 1 of 3 experimental shock procedures: hemorrhagic shock, soft tissue trauma or regional ischemia, 24 dogs fulfilled the criteria of irreversible shock, based on survival or characteristic hemodynamic and metabolic changes. The 24 dogs were studied by measurements of lung function and hemodynamics. During the shock period no impairment of lung function was observed. The pulmonary shunting ratio fell and pulmonary vascular resistance increased. The macroscopical aspect of the lungs did not differ from that of 10 control dogs. The microscopical examination of the lungs, performed after infusion fixation, revealed only a higher granulocyte infiltration in traumatic shock and more severe congestion in hemorrhagic shock.


Specific effects of different food components on intestinal motility. Electromyographic study in dogs. Interdigestive intestinal myoelectric activity is characterized by repetitive aborally migrating complexes which are inhibited by feeding. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of different food components on the duration of inhibition of the myoelectric complex and on the number of spike potentials during this period. 4 dogs were prepared for chronic recordings with electrodes implanted on the jejunum and an alimentary cannula placed into the duodenum. Glucose, peptides and lipids were given into the cannula at doses of 7.5 and 15 kcal/kg. The results indicated that the inhibition of the myoelectric complex was longer for lipids than for glucose and even longer than for peptides. When the caloric load was increased, the duration of inhibition was also increased. As concerns the spike potentials, their number was increased after administration of glucose and of peptides, whereas it was decreased after lipids. Lastly, the increase of the caloric load did not change the number of spike potentials significantly. These results indicated that the duration of inhibition of the myoelectric complex depended on both the nature and the caloric load of the food components, whereas the number of spike potentials was determined only by the composition of food.


Treatment of bilateral renal pelvic and ureteral tumors. A review of 45 cases. A particular type of kidney disease, the so-called Balkan nephropathy, is to be observed in some areas in Yugoslavia. This type of disease is very often associated with ureteral and pelvic tumors. 495 cases were observed (308 of pelvic and 187 of ureteral origin). Taking into consideration the frequency of bilaterality (9%) as well as of renal insufficiency (50%), we have been forced to preserve the kidney in tumoral cases instead of performing radical nephrectomy. The results on 45 bilateral pelvic and ureteral tumors are presented in this paper.


Sarcoma of the urinary bladder and prostate in children. The survival rate has been improved for rhabdomyosarcoma of all sites in children by combining surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. However, very few children are alive today who have had sarcoma of the prostate. The prognosis appears to be better for sarcoma of the bladder than for sarcoma of the prostate. In our series all the children with prostatic sarcoma died within 7 months. 2 children with sarcoma of the bladder are cured.


Angiographic study of renal vein involvement in renal cell carcinoma. High dose selective renal arteriography was performed in 62 cases of renal cell carcinoma to study the patency of the renal vein trunk. Arteriographic findings were correlated with histopathology in all cases. In 35 cases of angiographic patency of the renal vein surgery always confirmed the findings. 11 false positive results were observed (the arteriographic diagnosis of venous involvement was not found at surgery). The authors believe that this method is easy and reliable; inferior cavagraphy is not necessary when arteriography shows the patency of the vein.


Echotomographic study in the diagnosis of the nonfunctioning kidney. The results obtained from the nephrosonographic study of 61 functionally inactive kidneys of 57 patients are presented. Its usefulness as a diagnostic tool in the evaluation of hydronephrosis, renal agenesis and retroperitoneal collections is stressed.


Renal calculus dissolution in immobilized patients. 13 patients presenting with immobilization stones are reported. Young males with an infection of the urinary tract are most commonly affected. In the case of phosphate stones, the infection of the urinary tract with an alkaline shift of the pH and an idiopathic hyperuricosuria play a decisive part together with temporary hyperphosphaturia and hypercalciuria. The importance of urea splitting bacteria in the urine for stone formation is stressed. Applied in time increase of fluid intake, specific antibiotics and allopurinol can lead to litholysis. If the urine of immobilized patients were monitored closely from the beginning of the hospitalisation for the above factors, and treated appropriately, urine calculi should be largely prevented.


Locomotion and phagocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in infected urine. Reversal of PMN polarity. The appearance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), fixed during locomotion and phagocytosis in deposits of infected urine, is described. By comparison with previous observations on vital PMNs, it is inferred that the anterior lamellipodium is the direction-choosing and prey-catching cell organelle. During phagocytosis the lamellipodium may assume such proportions that a reversal of cell polarity is produced, i.e., the lamellipodium forms the handle of a hand-mirror cell.


Monosodium urate in urinary calculi.

Monosodium urate in urinary calculi. In 3,000 calculi, monosodium urate was detected in 50 cases (1.66%). Infrared frequencies of monosodium urate are reported. In thin sections it appeared as long and thin fan-shaped or feather-like arranged crystals. Six calculi had monosodium urate as the sole component but all other cases were of mixed composition, with whewellite as the main secondary substance. The relative scarcity of monosodium urate cannot be explained by its high aqueous solubility because in urine the solubility decreases with increasing sodium concentration. Monosodium urate should be suspected in radiolucent calculi with neutral or light alkaline reaction and high uric acid and sodium concentrations in the patient's urine.


Some influences of the contractile element on the visco-elastic properties of bladder wall strips. The influence of the inhibition and stimulation of the active element of pig bladder wall on the stress-decrease curves, determined on bladder wall strips, has been investigated. The properties of the strips were investigated by stepwise straining. Stress-decrease curves were analysed in terms of a multi-exponential model. The reduced activity of the active element was found to decrease the spread of the exponents (relaxation constants) of the bladder wall. The smallest of the three relaxation constants did not, however, appear to be influenced by the active element.


Use of adhesive tissue for repair in experimental vesico-vaginal fistulas in dogs. Experimental vesico-vaginal fistulas were successfully treated using the transvaginal approach and strengthening the bladder sutures with adhesive tissue. Despite inflammation of the surrounding tissues good results were obtained, without cystotomy, permanent catheterization and antibiotics.


Renal carcinoma in a child.

Renal carcinoma in a child. A case of renal carcinoma in the left kidney of a 9-year-old female with parahilar lymph node metastases, surviving 9 years after surgery, is described. Referring to data in the literature, symptoms of infantile renal carcinoma, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are discussed.


Massive venous hemorrhage after bilateral internal iliac artery ligation following retropubic prostatectomy. The possibility of massive venous hemorrhage after bilateral internal iliac artery ligation for postprostatectomy bleeding is illustrated by this case report. Emergency measures to differentiate the arterial from the venous sources of such a hemorrhage and their influence on the subsequent management are discussed.


Operative procedures on male genitalia using a new 'infrapubic' approach. The 'infrapubic' approach gives an excellent exposure for most bilateral operations on the scrotum as well as on the penile root.


From clinical and research findings on memory to intervention programs. Memory remediation for the elderly is in its infancy. This paper reviews the etiology of memory problems in the elderly and the current difficulties in evaluating memory complaints and memory functions. Recommendations for comprehensive intervention programs are included.


Problems in the clinical assessment of memory. The purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of clinical memory testing in the light of recent theoretical and experimental advances in the study of human memory. It recounts some of the purposes of memory testing and inadequacies in the tests currently available. A brief review of information processing theory and experimental findings with Korsakoff patients and aged normals provides a number of considerations that must be attended to in developing more adequate memory tests in the future.


Remembering the person: relations of individual difference variables to memory. Individual differences in personality and temperament variables were examined in relation to measures of simple mental performance in an attempt to determine the effects of personality on cognitive functioning in the elderly. Shorter latencies in binary decision and choice reaction times, and in recognition memory and object naming tasks were found to be associated with greater trait anxiety and experiential openness. The need to include clinical assessments of memory impairment and measures of more global cognitive abilities and styles in future research on personality and mental performance was discussed, and ways in which information on personality variables might be incorporated into programs of intervention for memory impairment in the elderly were suggested.


Toward applying cognitive skill training to memory problems. Four elements of a successful program of cognitive skill training for the elderly include: (a) the use of mnemonic aids for the memorization of new information; (b) the development of motivational techniques to enhance attention to materials and maintenance of cognitive skills acquired through training; (c) the design of techniques which utilize individual differences in abilities, personality, and cognitive style to enhance individual programs of cognitive skill training; and (d) the use of appropriate medical and/or psychiatric care when necessary.


Comments on Winn and Elias: testing the rehearsal deficit hypothesis. Winn and Elias, [Experimental Aging Research, 1977, 3 (4)], recently tested a version of the rehearsal deficit hypothesis in which elderly adults are viewed as being less likely to rehearse spontaneously than are young adults. Since their results failed to support this variant of the deficit hypothesis, Winn and Elias concluded that elderly adults do not manifest a rehearsal deficit. The present position is that Winn and Elias's version of the deficit hypothesis is an untenable one. Their results actually supported an alternative version of the hypothesis that identifies deficit in terms of elaborative or mediational rehearsal.


A reply to Kausler: to rehearse or not to rehearse; was that our question? A reply is made to criticisms by Kausler of a previous study by these authors. Two main points are discussed: the main thrust of the previous study and the use of the concept "rehearsal deficit". Suggestions for testing a specific rehearsal deficit hypothesis are given.


Remote memory as a function of age and sex. Memory for events which occurred between 1910 and 1969 was examined in individuals ranging in age from 20 to 80 years. Two types of events were included: Those which represented happenings of historical significance and those which dealt with the entertainment world of the past. Men were found to recall historical items significantly better than women, while entertainment items were equally well recalled by the two sexes. Age of peak memory for past events from the entertainment world increased with the age of the item; individuals seemed to remember best those events which occurred in their youth or young adulthood. This pattern was not replicated with respect to the historical current events items; however, these items may be a biased test of remote memory in women.


Age differences in perceptual style, selective attention, and perceptual-motor reaction time. One hundred seventy-five females ranging in age from 17 to 72 years, who were placed into one of seven age groups, were administered tasks measuring perceptual style, selective attention, simple choice, and complex reaction time. Multivariate and univariate analysis indicated there were significant differences between the age groups for all dependent measures. Trends manifest in the data suggest significant declines on the investigated information-processing ability measures begin in the late-40's. This finding appears to indicate an over-all general decline on all information-processing variables rather than selective drop-out of abilities. Theoretical and applied implications of the results are discussed.


Age, isometric knee extension strength, and fractionated resisted response time. The relationship of age and a life style of physical activity with isometric knee extension strength and a simple and choice resisted response time was examined in 60 male subjects divided into four equal groups: Old Active, Old Inactive, Young Active, Young Inactive. Each response measure consisted of a visual reaction time followed by a movement to a target. Reaction time was further fractionated into premotor and motor time components. Resistance was applied in reaction time trials via an electromagnet placed below the subject's heel. Although knee extension strength was lower in old groups, the Old Actives were 7.7 kg stronger than Old Inactives. Simple and choice total reaction time for all groups lengthened in the resisted condition due to an increased motor time component. Even though the resistance applied was a fixed 10% of maximum strength the increase in resisted motor time was greatest for the young groups and unrelated to physical activity level.


Associative symmetry and item availability: evidence for qualitative age differences in acquisition strategies. The concept of associative symmetry was investigated under three instructional conditions with standard instructional conditions producing associative asymmetry in old subjects and symmetry in young subjects. Analysis of response-stimulus item availability for young and old subjects led to the suggestion that young and old subjects utilize qualitatively different acquisition strategies to process information and that deficits in PA learning in old subjects may begin in the associative learning stage.


Symptoms reported on the Cornell Medical Index in relationship to hypertension and age. This study compared young and old hypertensive and normotensive subjects with respect to the number of symptoms reported on the Cornell Medical Index (CMI). The hypertensive subjects had more physical and psychological complaints than did the normotensive subjects. Differences in symptoms reported between the blood pressure groups were not concentrated in one specific category (e.g., cardiovascular) but were distributed over several categories. Age did not influence the number of symptoms reported for either blood pressure group. The results were discussed in the context of the lack of specificity of symptoms reported by hypertensive subjects, and to what extent reported symptoms on the CMI are influenced by knowledge of one's blood pressure status.


Age-related differences in serial binary classification. In a two-choice serial task, three groups of subjects with median ages of 37, 54, and 69 years pressed one response lever when the current signal was the same as its immediate predecessor in a sequence, and the other when it was not. Four classes of events-same signal/same response, same signal/different response, different signal/same response, different signal/different response-occurred equally often. The reaction times of subjects in the oldest group exceeded those of the two younger groups by a constant amount under all conditions; there was no evidence that stimulus or response repetition interacted with age. The data from all age groups support only the hypothesis that repeating a given signal is sufficient to produce the repetition effect in a choice reaction task.


National Institute on Aging cell-line repository. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) has established, under contract, a cell-line repository. This resource is designed to support NIA grantees, prospective grantees, and other laboratories engaged in cellular aging research. Services of the NIA Cell-Line Repository include storage and distribution of characterized, contaminant-free normal diploid and genetically-marked human cell-lines.


Investigation into the species-specific deacylation of penta-acetyl-gitoxin. Penta-acetyl-gitoxin (PAG) shows species-specific deacylation to 16-acetyl-gitoxin (16 AG; I and III) or gitoxin (II and IV) by homogenates of liver and intestinal mucosa of man (I), rabbit (II), guinea-pig (III) and rat (IV), whereas it is degraded into tri- and tetra-acetates by homogenates of guinea-pig myocardium as well as by human blood and serum. The identity of the principal and chloroform-extractable metabolities in human urine after PAG administration with 16-AG has been demonstrated by mass spectrometry.


Plasma timolol levels after oral and intravenous administration. The plasma kinetics of timolol administered orally and intravenously to 5 male subjects were examined. Bioavailability was reduced by 25% when the drug was taken orally. Mean plasma half-life after oral dosing was 4.86 h, and after intravenous administration it was 4.56 h; the difference was not significant. The volume of distribution was 3.5 1/k. It is suggested that timolol is little affected by the 'first pass effect', even though there is marked interindividual variation in availability and peak plasma level.


Serum and plasma concentrations of clindamycin following a single intramuscular injection of clindamycin phosphate in maintenance haemodialysis patients and normal subjects. Serum levels of clindamycin bioactivity and total clindamycin were studied after single intramuscular injections of 300 mg of clindamycin phosphate in a group of 6 normal subjects and a group of 6 maintenance haemodialysis patients. The patients were studied during a non-dialysis period and then again during haemodialysis. Peak levels tended to be higher and elimination half-lives shorter in the patients than in the normal subjects. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. There was no evidence that haemodialysis per se influenced the pharmacokinetics of clindamycin phosphate. The proportion of unhydrolysed clindamycin phosphate tended to be higher in the renal failure patients and the reason for this is not apparent. Little, if any, dosage modification is necessary in severe renal fialure although there is probably little point in exceeding a  dose of 300 mg intramuscularly every 5 h even in severe infections in patients with severe renal failure. The higher peak levels in patients with advanced renal failure indicate the need for further studies with repeated doses.


Effect of delayed administration of activated charcoal on nortriptyline absorption. Activated charcoal is known to reduce the absorption of therapeutic doses of nortriptyline in vivo when administered 30 min after drug ingestion. In a group of volunteers, one sachet (10 g) of a new activated charcoal preparation, 'Medicoal' was found to produce a highly significant reduction in nortriptyline absorption when given as long as four hours after nortriptyline dosing. Activated charcoal may therefore be useful in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant poisoning even if a delay of several hours ensues before medical help is sought.


Effects of amphetamine and haloperidol on avoidance behavior and exploratory activity. The effect of graded doses of D-amphetamine and haloperidol were tested on retention of a one trial learning passive avoidance response, on extinction of pole-jumping active avoidance behavior and on open-field activity. Low doses of amphetamine (10 microgram/animal) increased passive avoidance latency when given s.c. 1 h prior to the retention test. Higher doses (20 and 1000 microgram/animal) caused a bimodal distribution of avoidance latencies. Haloperidol (0.03 or 1.0 microgram/animal) significantly attenuated passive avoidance behavior. Amphetamine caused a delay of extinction of pole-jumping avoidance behavior in a dose-dependent manner (10, 30 or 90 microgram per rat). Conversely, haloperidol induced a dose-dependent facilitation of extinction (0.03 or 0.1 microgram per rat). Open-field activity was not significantly affected by 30 microgram amphetamine or 0.03 microgram haloperidol; 90 microgram amphetamine significantly increased rearing activity and 0.1 microgram haloperidol decreased ambulation. The data show that passive and active avoidance behavior are sensitive measures to test the activity of psychomotor stimulant and neuroleptic drugs. Exploratory behavior allows more specific behavioral effects to be dissociated from locomotor influences.


Effects of pimozide on the response of smooth muscle to non-dopamine agonists and calcium. Pimozide inhibits acetylcholine and histamine-induced contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileum and noradrenaline-induced contractions of the isolated rat vas deferens in a non-competitive manner. In order to explore the nature of this inhibitory effect, we investigated pimozide's effects on calcium-induced contractions of deplorized guinea-pig ileum. In this case the antagonism elicited was competitive. Therefore caution is indicated in the use of pimozide to provide indirect proof of the existence of peripheral dopamine receptors.


Substance P and opioid interaction on stimulated and non-stimulated guinea pig ileum. In the past, substance P (SP) has been suggested to be both an opiate agonist and an antagonist. It therfore seemed appropriate to examine potential interactions of SP and opioids on guinea pig ileum. On non-stimulated ileal strips SP caused a dose responsive increase in contraction. Pretreatment of the tissue with morphine (3, 30, 300, 3000 nM), enkephalin (1.42, 14.2, 142, 1420 nM), naloxone (5nM), or atropine (0.144 micron) did not significantly alter the spasmogenic effect of SP. On stimulated guinea pig ileum, whereas morphine and enkephalin inhibited the electrically induced twitch, SP adminstration resulted in contraction of the tissue. Additionally, neither strongly effective non sub-threshold doses of SP antagonized the effects of the narcotics. These data are discussed in terms of separate receptors mediating the effects of the opiates and SP on guinea pig ileum.


Coronary vasospastic action of thromboxane A2 in isolated, working guinea pig hearts. The effects of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) on isolated, working guinea pig heart and left ventricular papillary muscle preparations were investigated. TXA2 was generated by the enzymatic conversion of prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) with indomethacin-treated horse platelet microsomes (IPM). TXA2 caused dose-dependently a considerable decrease in the coronary flow, left ventricular systolic pressure and left ventricular dp/dt in the perfused heart, while the similar effects of PGH2 were transient and weaker than those of TXA2. These effects of TXA2 disappeared after the TXA2-generating system was left standing at 37 degree C for 3 min. When IPM in the TXA2-generating system was pretreated with a TXA2 synthetase inhibitor, L-8027, the enhanced cardiac responses induced by the mixture of IPM and PGH2 disappeared. TXA2 had no direct effect on the contractile force of the papillary muscle. These results suggest that TXA2 has a specific coronary vasopastic action without a direct inotropic effect.


Effect of terbutaline sulphate on ovarian, uterine and maternal placental blood flow in the anesthetized guinea pig. The effect of terbutaline sulphage, a beta-adrenergic agonist, on uteroplacental blood flow was studied in the guinea pig during late pregnancy. Organ blood flows and cardiac output were assessed by the radioactive microsphere technique. Infusion of terbutaline at a rate of 2nmol min-1 kg-1 body weight caused a significant increase in cardiac output and in the perfusion of the uterus and ovaries, but there was no significant alteration in maternal placental blood flow. When the infusion rate was increased tenfold, there was also a significant rise in the blood supply to the bronchi, urinary bladder, kidneys, and adrenal glands. Maternal placental blood flow was not adversely affected even by this large dose of the drug, although there was a significant reduction in the placental share of the cardiac output.


Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in conscious and morphine--chloralose-anesthetized dogs: anesthetic influence on drug action. Pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic effects of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC) in conscious dogs and in those anesthetized with morphine (3 mg/kg, i.m.) plus alpha-chloralose (100 mg/kg i.v.) were evaluated in this study. A decrease in the heart rate, cardiac output (PBF) and a concomitant increase in the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and right ventricular stroke work (RVSW) observed in conscious animals following the administration of delta 9-THC were qualitatively similar to the effects reported in dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital; however, unlike in the pentobarbital group, hypotensive effects to THC were not evident in the consious animals. In contrast, the effect of delta 9-THC in morphine--chloralose dogs were different; in this group delta 9-THC administration resulted in increases in the heart rate the PBF, and significant reductions in PAR, PVR and RVSW. Further, a decrease in the arterial blood pressure noted following THC administration was closely associated with a reduction in the total peripheral resistance in the morphine--chloralose group. The results of this study indicated that the pulmonary effects of THC in dogs may be related to its actions on the heart rate and differ qualitatively as well as quantitatively depending on the anesthetic used.


Analysis of feeding suppression produced by perifornical hypothalamic injection of catecholamines, amphetamines and mazindol. The effects on feeding of perifornical hypothalamic injection of catecholamines, amphetamines and mazindol were examined in hungry rats. In pargyline-pretreated subjects, both dopamine and epinephrine significantly suppressed food intake, at doses as low as 31 ng for dopamine and 150 ng for epinephrine (the latter injected with an alpha-adrenoceptor blocker). This effect was reliably strengthened by inhibiting catecholamine deamination or presynaptic catecholamine uptake. Perifornical injections of amphetamine, mazindol, methamphetamine, and phenmetrazine also suppressed feeding. The magnitude of this effect in individual animals was positively correlated with the effect produced by catecholamine agonists. Moreover, this effect of mazindol was partially antagonized by perifornical injection of dopaminergic and beta-adrenoceptor blockers. The effects of amphetamine and epinephrine were abolished by these drugs, while dopamine's effect was selectively inhibited by the dopaminergic antagonist. Serotonergic antagonists produced no change. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that perifornical hypothalamic catecholamine neurons, through dopaminergic receptors and beta-adrenoceptors, are involved in inhibiting feeding behavior, as well as in mediating the anorexic action of the amphetamines and mazindol.


Cardiovascular and behavioral effects of intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine in the rabbit. Acute effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 400--900 microgram kg-1 intracisternally, i.c.i.) consisted of bradycardia and hypertension, maximal 2--3 h after injection and preceded after some doses by a phase of hypotension. This pattern was obtained in completely conscious rabbits and after propanidid and sodium pentobarbitone anesthesia. After 600 microgram kg-1 i.c.i. 6-OHDA the peak rise in blood pressure (25 +/- 3.8 mm Hg) was due to a rise in peripheral resistance involving particularly renal and intestinal beds. Suprapontine mechanisms contributed to both hypertension and bradycardia. Giving pontine rabbits 6-OHDA elicited a short-latency fall in blood pressure, resembling the hypotensive phase in intact animals. Chronic effects 7 days after 600 microgram kg-1 included a rapid loss of 10% of body weight associated with reduction in food and water intake. To avoid secondary circulatory effects the rabbits were artificially fed, halving the weight loss. At 7 days blood pressure had fallen by 7.4 +/- 2.3 mm Hg probably owing to this residual weight loss. From experiments involving administration of phenotolamine and clonidine in intact rabbits and the responses of pontine animals it is likely that both descending and ascending catecholaminergic pathways have inhibitory effects on blood pressure, though some of the pathways may also be excitatory. Absence of specific chronic circulatory changes may be due to compensation through parallel pathways involving other transmitters.


Effect of tryptophan on hepatic nuclear free and engaged RNA-polymerases in young and adult rats. Whereas in young rats (2 weeks old), administration of typtophan produced marked enhancement in the activity of both engaged and free polymerases of nuclei, in adult rats (10 weeks old) only the engaged polymerases showed higher activities following tryptophan force-feeding.


Characterization of ribosomal RNA from insect eqqs (Euscelis plebejus, Cicadina; Smittia spec., Chironomidae, Diptera). The molecular weights of ribosomal RNAs from eggs of 2 different insect species and of their mitochondrial rRNA were determined. By denaturating conditions, the 28 S rRNA from both insect eggs is converted to 18 S products.


The density and chemical composition of fish muscle. The relationship between the density of muscle from Coregonus pollan Thompson and its chemical composition has a parabolic nature which makes prediction of fat or dry matter content from density impossible.


Purification of acidic Z protein from human liver. Preparation of Z protein from human liver is described. Z protein consists of 2 forms which have different isoelectric points, pI 5.8 and pI 8.7 respectively. The acidic Z protein has a molecular weight of about 11,000 and has binding affinity for BSP using gel filtration.


The antifertility action of alpha-chlorohydrin: enzyme inhibition by alpha-chlorohydrin phosphate. Preparations of the enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and triosephosphate isomerase are shown to be inhibited by alpha-chlorohydrin phosphate (II) in a competitive and non-competitive manner, respectively. alpha-Chlorohydrin (I), glycidol and epi-chlorohydrin have no inhibitory activities suggesting that their antifertility actions are due to their metabolism in vivo to alpha-chlorohydrin phosphate.


Partial purification and some properties of a nucleoside phosphotransferase of chick embryos. A nucleoside phosphotransferase purified about 40fold from chick embryos utilizes efficiently as phosphate donors deoxyribonucleoside and pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphates, whereas the pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside appear to be the preferred acceptors of phosphate. The enzyme is very unstable to heat, dilution and dialysis. A marked enhancement in the stability is caused by nucleotides and it seems associated with the formation of an aggregated state of the protein.


Age-dependent response of lactate dehydrogenase of pituitary of rat to testosterone. The effects of time and various doses of testosterone on the responsiveness of lactate dehydrogenase of pituitary of 7-, 38- and 78-week-old rats were studied. The activity of the enzyme increases in 78-week-old rats. Castration decreases the enzyme activity at all ages. Maximum increase in the enzyme activity is seen with 50 and 100 microgram of testosterone 4 h after administration of hormone to castrated rats. No further time and dose-dependent effect is observed. The magnitude of increase for the enzyme is higher at the age of 38 weeks and decreases in 78-week-old rats.


Voltage-clamp analysis of the sodium and potassium currents in skeletal muscle fibres treated with 4-aminopyridine. External application of low concentrations of 4-aminopyridine blocks potassium currents without affecting sodium currents in pieces of single frog skeletal muscle fibres. The blockade of potassium currents was voltage-dependent, being partially relieved on depolarization.


RNA polymerisation capacity and permeability to ribonucleoside triphosphates of nuclei from livers of whole-body X-irradiated rats. For 4--18 h following whole-body X-irradiation of rats, liver nuclei showed a progressive increase in the permeability to ribonucleoside triphosphates (as assessed in vitro using tritiated uridine triphosphate (UTP) and in the capacity to polymerise RNA in vitro (Mg++-containing and Mn++/(NH4)2SO4-containing assay systems).


Inhibition of plasminogen activator production in organ cultures by cycloheximide. The production of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) in rat tongue organ cultures is strongly inhibitied by low concentrations of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. TPA production is fully resumed after the removal of cycloheximide from the culture medium.


Effects of selective removal of the salivary glands on taste bud cells in the vallate papilla of the rat. The in-block removal of the main salivary glands produced a significant increase in the rate of development of the intermediate type of taste bud cells. Such effect was reproduced by removal of submaxillary-sublingual glands. Removal of parotid glands was not effective.


Difference in resistance of subunits A and B of Vibrio cholerae toxin (choleragen) to treatment with pronase. Disc electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate, performed on choleragen after incubation with pronase, only showed the band corresponding to the B subunit, while the A subunit was lost. When examined in immunodiffusion, the digested choleragen was still able to precipitate with specific antibodies. On the other hand, toxicity was considerably reduced.


A correlation of responses of the resistance and capacitance vessels of the intestine and kidney to changes of impulse in postganglionic nerves under pressor reflexes. The responses of resistance vessels of the intestine and kidney were induced by high amplitude impulses (over 15 muV), while those of capacitance vessels in these organs were induced by low amplitude impulses (15 muV and lower) of postganglionic sympathetic fibres.


Unequal distribution of calcium and magnesium of snail neuron. Ca and Mg contents of snail neuron differ depending on the cell type. Ca and Mg near the cell membrane are not equally distributed in the isolated neuron. Ca is almost twice as dense in the axonhillock region than in the cell body. The Mg distribution pattern is the reverse of that of Ca.


Motilities of isolated and aggregated mice; a difference in ultradian rhythmicity. Isolated mice display higher locomotor activity and greater sensitivity to d-amphetamine than aggregated mice. Ultradian motility rhythms can be shown to differ both quantitatively and qualitatively between isolated and aggregated mice.


Transplantation of brain tissue in the brain of adult rats. Brain tissues obtained from rat embryos were transplanted in the forebrain and/or cerebellum of the adult rats. The transplants survived, grew and achieved normal cellular and cytoarchitectural differentiation. They had become anatomically integrated with the host brain. The animals did not show any obviously detectable abnormal behavior or pathology of the brain. The transplants survived as long as the animals did suggesting that they had become a part and parcel of the host brain.


The influence of GABA on discharges of cortical epileptogenic focus. GABA, when applied locally, acted similarly on both primary and mirror cortical focus: the negative component of the spike discharge was suppressed or inverted in polarity, whereas the late slow negative wave was strongly potentiated. Recordings from deep cortical layers suggested a different origin of these 2 surface-negative components of focal discharges.


A rapid method for measuring the phospholipid synthetic activity of incubated lymphocytes. A rapid and simple method for estimating the phospholipid synthetic activity of incubated lymphocytes by a Florisil column technique following the uptake of 14C-oleic acid was established. Stimulation of phospholipid synthesis by PHA and inhibitions caused by Tween 20 or Tween 80 and heating were evaluated easily with this method.


Bone marrow in male and female rats.

Bone marrow in male and female rats. Sex differences of high significance in the marrow weight relative to femur volume, as well as to body weight, were found in adult rats. A positive significant correlation was found between the femur volume and the marrow volume in both sexes, while a negative significant correlation between femur density and the marrow content (mg/mm3) exists only in male rats.


The effect of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) on mouse brain development. PTC--when dispensed during the whole fetal development--causes a disturbance of brain development in new born mice. This disturbance in manifested by a reduction of the cell number, a reduced protein content and a reduced activity of acetylcholinesterase in the brain.


Interaction between azapropazone and warfarin. In vitro studies, using 2 separate techniques, have shown that the anti-inflammatory agent azapropazone caused displacement of warfarin from its plasma albumin binding and it is therfore suggested that such a displacement mechanism may be involved in the reported clinical interaction between these 2 drugs.


An approach for the in vitro screening of drugs for activity against leprosy. Slow growing strains of mycobacteria isolated from leprous tissues present a characteristic resistance pattern to antibacterial agents that is comparable to drug sensitivity of M. leprae in man.


GABA-mimetic action of etomidate.

GABA-mimetic action of etomidate. A comparison of antagonism by bicuculline or strychnine of the effects of GABA or etomidate on rat isolated superior cervical ganglia, frog isolated hemisected spinal cords and rat central neurones in vivo indicates that etomidate has GABA-mimetic actions.


Dissolution of gallstones in hamsters by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid. Addition of 0.05--0.20% of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid to a lithogenic hamster diet resulted in a marked reduction in the incidence of gallstones in hamsters.


Stereoselectivity of oxotremorine antagonists containing a chiral pyrrolidine group. Oxotremorine (Ia) and its succinimide analogue (IIa) have been substituted in the pyrrolidine ring with a methyl group in the 2- or 3-positions. The compounds are oxotremorine antagonists. The 2-methyl-substituted enantiomers show stereoselectivity, the S-isomers being the most active.


Renal accumulation of amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin in the rat. Free and total concentrations of amikacin, tobramycin and gentamycin were measured separately in the rat kidney after equal weight by weight doses. The accumulation of aminoglycosides followed the order amikacin less than tobramycin less than gentamycin. The ratio between free and total aminoglycosides was similar (about 0.6) in all 3 aminoglycosides and independent on the length of administration.


Membrane interiorization by phagocytosing macrophages--an ultrastructural morphometric approach. Stereological methods have been used to quantify selected membrane compartments of normal and activated rat peritoneal macrophages, before and after phagocytosis of latex beads. Despite being rounder, activated cells are more efficient phagocytes: 30 min after latex challenge they suffer a greater nett depletion of plasma membrane and sequester more and larger phagocytic vacuoles. However, phagocytosis of latex is not the major route of membrane interiorization.


Correlation between the carcinogenicity of organic substances and their spectral characteristics. A correlation between the carcinogenicity of organic substances and their UV-absorption characteristics has been established. It is found that chemical carcinogens have absorption maxima in the wavelength region of 206--248 nm. On the basis of revealed correlation, a mechanism of chemical carcinogenesis is proposed.


Quantitative aspects of structural changes in chorioallantoic placenta of the rat during its development. Volume analysis of chorioallantoic placenta of the rat from day 12 through day 22 of fetal development shows quantitatively the changes in volume density of fetal and maternal parts, and changes of volume fractions of structural components along with the increase of absolute volume of the placenta.


Anatomical identification of the presumed electroreceptors of two air breathing catfishes, Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis. Histological preparations for light microscopy have revealed for the first time the structure of the electrorecoptor of Clarias batrachus and Heteropneustes fossilis, the 2 Indian air-breathing catfishes. These sensory organs are found to resemble the ampullary organs of many weakly electric and nonelectric electroreceptive teleost.


Binding of fluoresceinated lectins to normal and dinitrofluorobenzene treated human leucocytes. Using fluoresceinated lectins we have shown the receptor distribution on normal human granulocytes and lymphocytes following tagging with 1-fluoro- 2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNFB). DNP-tagged cells exhibited strong, smooth membrane staining and produced smaller patches dispersed uniformly over the entire cell surface.


[The participation of the proximal convoluted tubule in the formation of the parietal layer of the renal corpuscle in the mouse (Mus musculus)]. The epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule participates in the formation of the parietal layer in the area of the urinary pole, as can already be observed in the first renal corpuscles of the mouse fetus. Sexual hormones do not seem to have any influence on this structural characteristic, neither during prenatal nor postnatal life.


Degeneration of unmyelinated axons in the dental root canal induced by 6-OH-dopamine. The pulpal nerve fibres of feline incisors were examined ultrastructurally after i.v. administration of 6-OH-dopamine. The presence of degenerating unmyelinated fibres at this site provides conclusive morphological evidence that sympathetic fibres enter the dental pulp.


The timing of cyclophosphamide therapy in tumor-bearing rats affects the resistance to tumor challenge in survivors. Cyclophosphamide given to rats 2 or 5 days after an injection of Yoshida ascites sarcoma cured approximately the same proportion of animals, but the resistance to a subsequent tumor challenge was found only in rats treated with the drug 5 days after tumor injection.


Radioprotective effect of a protein free parathyroid extract. The radioprotective effect of a bovine protein-free parathyroid extract was studied in rats, being administered orally after irradiation. A significant increase in survival was found after treatment compared to conrols. It is assumed that the extract contains a new, probably as yet unknown bioactive agent responsible for the radioprotection.


Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on rat carotid body chief cells. Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in concentrations high enough to cause degeneration of perivascular adrenergic nerve terminals has no morphological effect on the catecholamine-storing cells of the rat carotid body. Uptake of 6-OHDA by carotid body chief cells may be more selective than that exhibited by small-intensely-fluorescent cells and other catecholamine-storing cells which are affected by 6-OHDA. Alternatively, the sustentacular cells which envelope the chief cells may provide an effective barrier against the uptake of 6-OHDA.


The occurrence of small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells in human sympathetic ganglia. Small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells were found histochemically in lumbar sympathetic ganglia (L2) obtained from sympathectomy of 3 patients suffering from chronic occlusive diseases of leg arteries. 3 types of SIF cells were distinguished. These cells will probably contain dopamine.


Testing the clockface model of amphibian limb regeneration. Contrary to the predictions of the clockface model, rotating a regenerate by 90 degrees produces duplications identical to those resulting from 180 degrees axial reversals. Exchanging regenerates between arms indicates the presence of 2 determined transverse axes.


Suppression of humoral immune response in mice by administration of high molecular levan. High molecular levan, a polyfructoside, has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the primary immune response to sheep red cells (SE) in Balb/c mice, when given as from 1--2 days prior to the antigen injection. A slight stimulation of the immune response was observed when levan was given shortly before or 1 day after the antigen.


Evidence for the existence of an agent in the serum of the cyclic hematopoietic dog which influences hemoglobin synthesis. Serum samples collected through the cycle of a cyclic hematopoietic (CH) dog under reduced atmospheric conditions, were assayed for their ability to affect hemoglobin synthesis by normal canine bone marrow. Varying levels of hemoglobin synthesis in the presence of different serum samples suggest an agent cycles in the serum of CH dogs which influences hemoglobin synthesis.


Migration of lymphoid cells to the bone marrow of rat following eradication of cells in DNA synthesis and in mitosis. Eradication of replicating bone marrow cells of rat by means of combined administration of single doses of hydroxyurea and vinblastin is followed within 9--10 h by an inflow of lymphoid cells of extramedullary origin in the range of 13,200,000/femur. The rat bone marrow with a high content of lymphoid cells was previously shown to be concentrated in stem cells. The factor(s) which convey the 'information' of decrease of replicating marrow cells to extramedullary sites is at present unknown.


On the mechanism of immunosympathectomy. The effects in vivo and in vitro of the antiserum to mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) are independent of the presence of complement. These results are consistent with the view that the antiserum acts by neutralizing endogenous NGF.


Effect of borax on testis of Indian desert gerbil, Meriones hurriane Jerdon. Borax was injected at a dose level of 250 mg/kg b. wt for 16 days (total dose 4 g/kg b. wt) s.c. to active adult male gerbils. Borax caused several degenerative changes in the testes, of which giant cell formation, pyknosis and exfoliation are prominent. The increased activity of phosphatases was also noticed.


Effect of actinomycin D or puromycin on microsomal testosterone hydroxylase activity enhanced by testosterone in female rat liver. The injection of testosterone propionate for 4 successive days into female rats resulted in an increase of the in vitro conversion of the hydroxylated testosterones from testosterone by the hepatic microsomal fraction, but no change in the content of microsomal cytochrome P-450 occurred. Actinomycin D or puromycin, which was administered for 4 days with injections of testosterone propionate, prevented the enzyme induction.


Influence of pinealectomy on serum estrogen and progesterone levels in blind-anosmic female rats. Previous studies show that the suppression of gonadal function in blind-anosmic rats is dependent on the pineal gland. The present results demonstrate that in young female rats both the pineal gland and dual sensory deprivation have additional independent antigonadal effects.


On a rabbit hyperlipemia induced by a fungic galactomannane peptide. I.v. injection into rabbits of a fungic galactomannane peptide isolated from the culture medium of Aspergillus oryzae induced the apparition, 20 h later, of an hypertriglyceridemia, with a concomittant decrease of about 70% of the post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity. The same effect had been obtained earlier with a carbohydrate-rich fraction purified from a crude papain preparation. The 2 fractions are compared.


[Phytotoxicity of di,sec.butylamides of halogenoalkoxybenzoic acids]. N,N-di,sec.butylamides of halogenated alkoxybenzoic acids were prepared and tested for phytotoxic activity. The corresponding acids and a series of N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkylamides of 2-methoxy-3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid were studied in parallel. The phytotoxicity of these substances was tested against seven representative weeds and some crop plants using both pre- and post-emergence test at doses of 6 kg/ha or lower. The amides studied proved more strongly phytotoxic on absorption through the root than through the foliage. Furthermore selective phytotoxic activity against two important infesting graminacae, Echinochloa crus-galli R.S. and Setaria glauca L. was observed. Some of these compounds showed low toxicity or were tolerated by crop plants. The results obtained with this series of amides of 2-methoxy-3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid confirm the importance of the sec.butyl group on N for the appearance of selective phytotoxicity.