[Current problems in the use of probation with compulsory work]. In the framework of the Soviet law, probation accompanied by compulsory work represents an up-to-date measure of a criminal character that allows to rehabilitate a convicted offender without depriving him of his freedom. The Panfederal Institute for the study of the causes of criminal behaviour and for the formulation of measures for preventing it, has conducted a number of researches directed at clearing up some debated problems bearing on the implementation of the measures existing on the subject, and at collecting proposals of amendment. The present article deals with the assumptions and preconditions, of both an objective and subjective character, underlying the application of this juridical institute, and also tackles, by referring to some cases previously occurred, the problems posed by the various types of subjects. Special attention is devoted to the decision-making procedure followed by the tribunals in applying the said measures, and to the various elements on which it is to be based.


[Action of acetylsalicylic acid administered by different routes on the blood and buccal tissues of rats]. Sixty female Sprague-Dawley rats, with an average weight of 120 g, have been used in this study. The experimental groups received twice a day 1 ml of a 2% acetyl-salicylic acid suspension in methyl-cellulose either per os or i.p. The control groups received methyl-cellulose without asprin. The blood was collected before any treatment and each day during the week for the purpose of counting cells. The experimental animals and their control were killed after 2, 4 and 8 days. A piece of endobuccal epithelium with its deeper tissues was cut off and frozen for histochemistry. The tissue sections were treated to show the basic enzymatic reactions of the cell. It was observed that: 1. most of the changes appear between the 4th and 8th day of the treatment: 2. depending on the administration route, certain blood cells show a peak. Microphages between the 4th and 6th day in injected animals. Lymphocytes at the same time, in the gavage group; 3. oral epithelium lesions are limited and appear lately; 4. underlying muscles are a constant target. The lesions are seen in both experimental groups as soon as the 2nd day. After a week, the lesions are more numerous. They are characterized by enzymatic inbalances with or without macrophages. The muscular cell is a real target for acetyl salicylic acid.


[Analogs and models of systemic arterial circulation]. This review article is primarily aimed at those researches using the experimental physiological approach and gives a survey of analogs and models of the systemic arterial blood flow. They are presented in increasing order of complexity in two sections: the "lumped" and the "distributed" parameter models. In the first section a brief description is given of the purely resistive, Windkessel and multi-element analogs with emphasis on their use in physiology for estimating several hemodynamic variables. The distributed parameter models, whose central idea is pulse wave propagation along the arterial tree, are then presented in five categories, using a new classification scheme. These categories are based on four criteria derived from the assumptions used in the formulation of the fluid and wall equations. The most recent non-linear models are treated in more detail with their common properteis as well as their particular contribution emphasized. In conclusion it is noted that the distributed parameter models also begin to be used to evaluate physiological variables in the experimental and clinical context and that this trend can only become more important in view of the advances made in the field of biomedical instrumentation.


Subclinical trichostrongylosis in growing lambs produced by continuous larval dosing. The effect on performance and certain plasma constituents. Three groups of eight-four-month-old worm-free lambs were used to investigate the effect of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection on growth rate, food intake, and concentration of plasma constituents. Groups ALC and ALI were fed ad libitum, the latter being dosed daily with 2500 infective larvae for 14 weeks. Lambs in group PF were paired to individuals in group ALI and offered the same quantity of food as the infected pair consumed. Hypophosphataemia and hypoalbuminaemia developed in ALI at week 3 and hyperglobulinaemia was present from week 6. There was no significant difference in plasma calcium, protein, urea or glucose concentration between the three groups at any stage. No clinical signs of parasitism were seen in seven of eight ALI lambs and egg counts were generally less than 2000 epg. Worm burdens of 1500-82,900 were found at slaughter. Group weight gain was only 50 per cent of PF lambs which received the same digestible energy intake. Group ALI consumed 15-5 kg dry matter per kg gain in bodyweight compared with 8-6 kg/kg and 9-8 kg/kg for ALC and PF respectively. The infections resulted in extensive villous atrophy and flattening of the intestinal mucosa. Bone growth was arrested and osteoporosis present in five group ALI lambs. The possible use of plasma constituents, particularly phosphorus, as aids for the diagnosis of the early stages of trichostrongylosis in the field is assessed.


The effects of bumetanide on renal function and blood composition in sheep. Respones to bumetanide were studied in five ewes. During ADH infusion urine flow increased from less than 1-0 to approximately 11-5 cm3 min-1 within 30 min of intravenous injection of 0-02 mg kg-1 bumetanide and returned to approximately 2-0 cm3 min-1 within 3 h of dosing. The diuresis was accompanied by large increases in sodium and chloride excretion and smaller increases in potassium and free hydrogen ion excretion. Bicarbonate excretion and TCH20 were reduced. Plasma potassium and chloride concentrations decreased slightly while arterial bicarbonate pH and pCO2 slightly increased. A transient increase in GFR and RPF was followed by a small reduction in GFR. No change in CH20 was observed after bumetanide injection during water diuresis. Increasing the dose of bumetanide over the range 0-002 to 0-20 mg kg-1 resulted in more pronounced and prolonged responses. The results show that bumetanide is a potent diuretic in sheep with its main site of action on the ascending limb of Henle's loop.


The qualitative assessment of glycosaminoglycans in the canine intervertebral disc using a critical electrolyte concentration staining technique. Through the use of a critical electrolyte concentration staining technique, the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the nucleus pulposus region of the canine intervertebral disc were arbitrarily identified as "hyaluronic acid", chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate. Approximate estimates of GAG concentration could be qualitatively deduced by determining the appropriate GAG "ALCIANOPHILIC INDEX". This index was considered to be an effective qualitative adjunct to chemical quantitation of GAGs in the intervertebral disc.


Pharmacokinetic interpretation of erythromycin and tylosin activity in serum after intravenous administration of a single dose to cows. The distribution and elimination kinetics of erythromycin and tylosin, which are macrolide antibiotics, were studied in healthy cows. A single dose (12-5 mg/kg) of drug was administered as an intravenous bolus, and blood samples were collected at precisely timed intervals. The standard cylinder plate bioassay method using Sarcina lutea as test organism was employed to determine antibiotic activity in the serum. The results suggested that these drugs are distributed in at least two kinetically distinct body compartments. By use of established mathematical techniques, values were assigned to the individual rate constants controlling distribution between the central and peripheral compartments and to the rate constant  controlling overall elimination (beta) of each drug from the body. The calculated overall tissue to serum drug level ratios (k12/k21) after apparent distribution equilibrium was attained were 2-28 and 2-05 for erythromycin and tylosin, respectively. The half-life (mean+/-SD) of erythromycin was 3-16 h+/-0-44, while that of tylosin was 1-62 h+/-0-17. The total body clearance (ml/kg/min) values were 2-88+/-0-47 for erythromycin and 7-8+/-2-95 for tylosin. Analogue computer simulated curves of the antibiotic levels in the central and tissue compartments as wel as an elimination curve were generated. The tissue level of erythromycin reached a peak of 43 per cent of the dose at 67 min. At 6 h, the percentages of the dose of erythromycin in the central and tissue compartments and eliminated were 6, 19 and 75, respectively. The peak level of tylosin in the tissue compartment (26-5 per cent of the dose) was present at 30 min. At 4 h, 1 and 5 per cent of the dose were contained in the central and peripheral compartments, respectively, while 94 per cent had been eliminated. This single dose study provides information which is essential for the design of a satisfactory dosage regimen.


Histological development of the small intestinal mucosa in the ovine fetus. Histological changes in the small intestine of 85 ovine fetuses were studied, with particular reference to the mucosa. In 24-day-old fetuses the endoderm of the intestine consisted of a single layer of epithelium. By the 26th day the epithelium was flattened and stratified. The first evidence of rudimentary villus formation was noted in 39-day-old fetuses. Intestinal glands were first observed at 56 days. Other mucosal structures were present by 101 days. At birth the intestinal mucosa was fully mature.


The isolation of ovine lymphocytes and granulocytes from whole blood using hydroxyethylcellulose. Sheep erythrocytes do not aggregate spontaneously but will sediment when mixed with a solution of hydroxyethylcellulose. The resulting leucocyte-rich supernatant can be used in the preparation of purified lymphocyte and granulocyte suspensions.


Swine dysentery: protection of pigs by oral and parenteral immunisation with attenuated Treponema hyodysenteriae. An attenuated strain of Treponema hyodysenteriae was used to immunise 18 pigs in three experiments. Live attenuated spirochaetes were dosed orally and injected intra-peritoneally, and killed spirochaetes were injected intramuscularly with adjuvant. The vaccinated pigs, which developed high serum agglutination titres against T hyodysenteriae, and 18 unvaccinated litter-mates were repeatedly challenged with virulent T hyodysenteriae. Nine vaccinated pigs and 16 control pigs developed typical swine dysentery.


Preliminary observations on the use of the capillary flocculation test for the diagnosis of heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium infection). A capillary flocculation test was developed to diagnose heartwater disease of ruminants. Antigen was prepared from the brains of cattle and goats highly infected with Cowdria ruminantium. Sera were obtained from experimentally infected ruminants which either recovered naturally or with the aid of oxytetracycline treatment. Antibodies were first detected one to two weeks after clinical recovery or after treatment, and persisted for periods varying between one and four weeks. Control sera collected from cattle (sheep) and goats in the Netherlands where heartwater does not occur, or from animals serologically positive for Anaplasma marginale or Eperythrozoon ovis infections, did not react to the test.


[Histochemical aspects of the differentiation of the gastric glands]. The Authors have studied some aspects of the differentiation of gastric mucosa, during the prenatal and postnatal development in man and mouse. They have demonstrated that in both species the first elements of glandular rudiments can be already recognised, owing to the richness of their mitochondrial store, as parietal cells, where oxireductase activities are already present. The functional differentiation in the membrane of such elements takes place later on: from the point of view of the function the parietal cell can then be considered as completely differentiated. Chief cells, on the contrary, define their morphological and functional characters starting from the fifth month of foetal life. At any rate, at least for the studied characters, the gland store of human gastric mucosa, at birth and in the adult, is exactly alike.


Electrophoretic variants of alkaline phosphatase in normal human populations. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of sera obtained from normal individuals shows an incidence (33%) of double and triple bands of alkaline phosphatase in the beta-lipoprotein zone in addition to the usual ones near beta-globulin. The correlation between the occurrence of a slow moving band in addition to the normal one, of different intensities, p+ and p++ with O and B groups has been further confirmed. No relationship was observed between the width or the number of bands with the total amount of alkaline prosphatase as determined biochemically.


[Histochemical studies of the peroxidase activity of the bursa of Fabricius of Gallus dom.; study of the enzymatic metabolism of that immunocompetent organ during its development]. By means of the technique proposed by De Robertis and Grasso (1946) for the histochemical localization of peroxidase activity, we have shown in the developing chicken Bursa of Fabricius positive cells from the 12th day onwards. They are localized in the mesenchymal network and increase during the development, reaching their top level in a period between the 18th-20th day before hatching and the 3rd day after hatching. After the first week these cells decrease and disappear during the second month. Peroxidase positive cells are tentatively identified as eosinophilic granulocytes (pseudoeosinophilic according to Romanoff); their variations should express fluctuations in the pattern of bursal granulocytopoiesis.


Modifications in some rat liver cell components following stimulation with isoprenaline (a cytospectrophotometric, microrefractometric and cytoelectrophoretic study). The liver cell is a quite interesting model for the study of several cytophysiological problems. Proper suspensions of isolated liver cells can be obtained which can be conveniently studied by means of quantitative microtechniques. Several cytochemical and cytophysical techniques (cytospectrophotometry, microrefractometry, and cytoelectrophoresis) were employed for elucidating the effects on the stimulation of the liver cell with high doses of isoprenaline, an amine which is known to produce hypertrophy and hyperplasia in various organs with effects also at the genetic and metabolic level. The following data were collected during the postnatal development of rats up to the 70th day of life: 1) DNA content per nucleus; 2) total dry mass per cell; 3) cellular electrophoretic mobility in connection with the sialomucinic component of the membrane. The process of polyploidization of the liver cell (typical of this life period) was generally accelerated; in this connection, an early appearance of binucleate cells and subsequent significative variations in their incidence were observed. This fact is important as the binucleate cells should represent an alternative intermediate step in the polyploidization phenomenon. At the same time, marked, although transient, signs of cellular hypertrophy were detected during a rearrangement of the hepatocyte dry mass, where the values tended to a multimodal distribution; in particular, IPR appeared to favor the disappearance of cells with a lower mass to the advantage of those with an intermediate mass. The study of electrophoretic mobility evidenced the role of the sialomucinic component of the membrane in the changes occuring in the parenchyma: indeed, this component exhibited an increase, thus causing an acceleration of the mobility similar to the one observed in actively proliferating cell populations. Such change persists even long after the IPR stimulus has ended and, at any rate, beyond the immediate phase of DNA synthesis and the appearance of binucleate cells.


Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Indonesia: a review. The prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in Indonesia is given, with the emphasis on the current data. An extensive investigation was started in 1971. Control measures became desirable because of development schemes in and around the endemic areas, thus increasing the possibility of the spread of the infection. This investigation consisted of: a study of prevalence, distribution, and intensity of the infection in man and animals; clinical studies, treatment and follow-up; and epidemiological studies. A comparison was made between the results of different workers. In addition to the only known endemic area at Lake Lindu, another endemic area was discovered recently at Napu Valley, situated 50 km southeast of Lake Lindu at an altitude of 1200 meters. Surveys in other areas gave negative results. Nine species of wild and domestic animals were found positive. The intermediate host was discovered in 1971 and described as Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis. This snail is widely distributed in the endemic areas.


Amino-oxidase and dermal connective tissue in scoliosis. The amino-oxidase and collagen content of dermal tissue was evaluated in 10 patients with severe idiopathic scoliosis and in a control group of 7 patients with poliomyelitic scoliosis, that were to undergo surgical correction of their skeletal deformity. A greater dermal content of neutral salt souble collagen was found in the patients with idiopathic scoliosis, compared with the control group. Statistically the difference was highly significant. Mono-amino-oxidase activity, however, was found to be significantly decreased in dermal extracts obtained from patients affected by idiopathic scoliosis in comparison with controls. The involvement of mono-amino-oxidase in the crosslinking of collagen and the possible classification of idiopathic scoliosis as a systemic disease of connective tissue are discussed.


Nuclear medicine computing. Where we have been, where we are and where we are going. Demand for the newest and most elaborate Nuclear Medicine equipment is at an all time high. Never has there been more to offer than now with such improvements as large field of view, high resolution, whole-body capability and so on. The dedicated minicomputer systems that are available to go with these latest imaging devices are equally impressive. Still, the headaches associated with putting together a full capability camera/computer system are numerous. Things just do not seem to go together the way they ought to. If we are to truly get the most value out of our new equipment, we must put tremendous work loads on our clinical staff by expecting them to use very awkward and poorly configured systems in which several complicated steps are required to to produce the finished product ready for the reading room. The relatively low usage factor which most clinical Nuclear Medicine computer systems experience is not surprising when we consider the ridiculous way in which these systems are configured. It is time for a little human engineering to be introduced into the design process. Unfortunately, this proliferation of equipment is wasteful of money as well as the operator's time. It would make more sense to consolidate the multitude of displays and controlling elements into a single console which would allow a single operator to perform all necessary data processing operations quickly and interactively.


Schistosomiasis in Cambodia: a review.

Schistosomiasis in Cambodia: a review. Human schistosomiasis has been known in Cambodia only since 1968. In 1968-1970, many cases were detected in the provincial capital of Kratié. Infection seemed to be confined to the ethnic Vietnamese fishermen who inhabited raft houses (= floating villages) on the Mekong River at Kratié. Overall prevalence in fishermen of all ages was between 7 and 10%. In the children of fishermen between the ages of 1 to 14, the prevalence was between 14 and 22%. Transmission was apparently limited to floating houses stationed more or less permanently near shore and connected to each other in a chain. It is believed that transmission occurred only in the areas of still water which were created between raft and shore. The principal focus of schistosomiasis in Cambodia appears to be Kratié. Only a few cases have been detected elsewhere in the country. The parasite is undoubtedly identical with the Schistosoma reported from humans and dogs at Khong Island, Laos. However, the transmitting snail in Laos, Lithoglyphopsis aperta, has thus far not been reported from the Mekong River in Cambodia.


Preliminary observations on the biology of the Indonesian strain of Schistosoma japonicum: animals and oncomelanid snails. Laboratory animals and subspecies of Oncomelania hupensis were exposed to experimental infections with a strain of Schistosoma japonicum from the Lindu Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. All laboratory animals given 50 cercariae were suspecptible to infection with the greatest number of worms being found in mice followed by Wistar rats, Long Evans rats, Mongolian gerbils, wild rats, hamsters and guinea pigs. Rabbits and the Taiwan monkeys given larger numbers of cercariae were also susceptible to infections. Adult worms were found to reach the largest size in the rabbit and Taiwan monkeys but many worms from rats were immature. Eggs from the Taiwan monkey were larger than those from a dog and from mice. Six subspecies or geographic strains of Oncomelania hupensis were exposed to 3 to 5 miracidia of the Indonesia strain of Schistosoma japonicum and only Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis and Oncomelania upensis chiui from Taiwan were susceptibile and produced cercariae while Oncomelania hupesis formosana from Changhua, Ilan and Kaohsium countries of Taiwan as well as Oncomalania hupensis quadrasi from the Philippines were considered refractory to infection.


Some aspects on the ecology and biology of Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis. Schistosomiasis is known to be endemic in the lake Lindu area since 1937 (Brug & Tesch, 1937). Investigations carried out later between 1940 and 1942 (Bone et al., 1942) failed to find molluscan intermediate host. It was not until April 1971 that the first specimen of Oncomelania was found (Carney et al., 1972). In August of the same year the first focus was discovered at Paku (Hadidjaja et al., 1974). Further investigations revealed 50 more foci in the lowlands surrounding the lake. A survey of the habitat in the Napu Valley revealed 15 more Oncomelania colonies (Crney et al., in prep.). The morphology studied by Davis and Carney (1973) showed that this snail has a close resemblence to O. h. chiui and O. h. quadrasi. It was given the subspecies name Oncomelania  hupensis lindoensis. Snail cultures maintained according to Davis' method (1971) were done in the laboratory of the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia. Diatoms and algae were given as food. Biology of the snails concerning the temperature, hymidity, mortality rate of the snail or survival rate and also the living and egg laying habits of the snails were described.


Control of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Lindu Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. In Indonesia, schistosomiasis is presently confined to two endemic areas in Central Sulawesi; Lindu (1,500) and Napu (5,000 inhabitants) valleys. Because of various development schemes now underway, it is feared that the natural balance which existed for many years between the parasite, the snail intermediate hosts and man, will be upset and will place some 70,000 people of the adjoining Palu and Palolo areas at risk. Measures are being taken to control and prevent the spread of the disease. A pilot control programme is planned for two years in the village of Anca in Lindu with a population of 391 and a prevalence rate of 70.5%. Langko village with a population of 464 and a prevalence rate of 53.7% will be utilized as the comparison area. Baseline data on human, malacological and animal reservoir hosts are being collected and control operations are anticipated to commence in July 1975. Measures to be applied to control schistosomiasis in the order of priorities are: (a) agro-engineering or modification of the environment; (b) environmental sanitation through the provision of adequate water supply and construction of latrines; (c) mollusciciding of remaining snail infested areas; (d) chemotherapy, and (e) health education campaign. At the end of the two-year control programme, the following activities will be carried out to determine the degree of intervention achieved; (a) human data: calculation of prevalence rates, incidence rates, and changes in the intensity of infection based on quantitative egg counts; (b) malacological data: changes in the number and extent of snail foci; snail density, and snail infection rates; (c) reservoir hosts: changes in the prevalence rates among domestic and wild animals. Calculation of reclaimed areas and increase in agricultural production will also be assessed together with the overall cost/benefit analysis of the project undertaking.


Autorhythmometry: leads from single-sample medical check-ups toward a health science of time series. Starting from the definition of health as given by the WHO, the authors emphasize that rhythms of biological variables should be taken into account if one is to arrive at a positive and individual definition of the concept of health. The evaluation of a single datum spot check of physiological functions does not permit to quantify health in dynamic terms whereas this may become possible when the rhythmic quality of these variables, according to a spectrum of characteristic frequencies, has been assessed. Rhythmometry provides for appropriate reference standards as regards both the population in general and the physical conditions of the same subject during certain spans in the (prospective) life history (spans selected according to consideration of risk and hence cost and benefit at a given age). The authors therefore stress the importance of rhythmometry, thanks to which the time course and other peculiarities of any biological phenomenon can be evaluated by obtaining serial measurements, objectively quantifying their characteristic features, and working out special models with the aid of computers. Of special interest, particularly for the evaluation of reference standards, is autorhythmometry (AR), to be used at least for certain variables. This is the method by which each subject studies himself, performing a certain number of measurements in the course of the day (or month or year) of his body temperature, blood pressure, cardiac rhythm, grip strength, etc. In AR, the subject takes an active part in the study of his condition of health and it has been shown that in the majority of cases these measurements are done with the utmost accuracy and precision, providing that the purpose of the operations to be performed has been adequately explained. The wide spread use of AR, during more or less extended periods in a lifetime, would permit the assessment of the normal situation for each individual and thus offer the possibility of diagnosing any disorder at its very beginning; it would thus be of great prophylactic value. The authors refer to the example of arterial blood pressure; widely different values for the normal levels can be found in the texts of different authors. They also show that a certain presure may be normal for a given subject at a certain time of day and be a sign of illness for another subject, or even for the same subject at a different ime. The authors suggest the introduction of AR in the curriculum of secondary schools and into the routine for outpatients and inpatients. This practice would increase the availability of information on public health at a lower cost. AR may be very usefully applied to chronotherapy: it is a well-known fact that there are rhythms of sensitivity and therefore rhythms of toxic as well as therapeutic effects for various drugs. These can be dove-tailed in such a way as to work out, for individual cases, a time for administration at which the therapeutic effect is at its maximum and the toxic one at its minimum...


Agro-engineering and sanitation improvement in the control of schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines: a review. Measures that would change the habitat of the snails were found to prevent its breeding. Among these are clearing and drainage of waterlogged areas; filling of depressions where filling materials are available; ponding of areas which cannot be drained, and improved rice culture. The degree of success in snail control depends to a large extent on the amount of change brought about in the habitat. The more radical the change, the greater the reduction in snail density. It can be expected that improvement in sanitation in the form of toilet construction and use, provision of safe water supply, building of footbridges and the control of stray animals will bring a further decline in the transmission of the disease. Studies have shown that perfect sanitation in the form of toilet construction and use will reduce transmission by about 75%, the other 25% being contributed by lower mammals. Agro-engineering control measures are presently being carried out intensively in 7 town of Leyte, with food assistance from the UN/FAO World Food Program being given to volunteer workers as incentives for them to work. Snail evaluation after 2 years has shown a snail reduction by 72% in the areas covered. It may be mentioned here that sanitation improvement, especially latrine construction, is an ongoing program of the Department of Health in all rural areas.


Cord blood cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein electrophoresis in 124 Italian infants. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and lipoproteins (by electrophoresis on agarose gel) were determined in the cord blood of 124 Italian infants (Verona area). The mean TC and TG values, when compared with the values reported in other studies, turned out to be remarkably uniform, suggesting common genetic determinants in the modulation of blood lipids; no sex differences were  observed. The TG distribution curve was skewed, overlapping the adult pattern. Cord blood TC and TG were not modified by the presence of perinatal factors. Both beta and alpha bands (on agarose gel electrophoresis) were present in  all the cases. The pre-beta band was clearly detectable in 90% of the cases; it was barely visible for TG values below 20 mg/100 ml; occasionally a discrepancy between the intensity of the pre-beta band and the cord blood TG was observed, indicating a variable lipid composition of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). In 4% of the cases a small band at the origin of the electrophoretic run was observed, consistent with the presence of chylomicrons. In the serum of both a newborn infant and its mother we detected a double band migrating in the pre-beta region. This finding confirms the hypothesis of a familial transmission of this abnormality.


A coxsackievirus type A24 epidemic conjunctivitis in Brunei. The paper reports on a coxsackievirus type A24 epidemic of acute conjunctivitis in Brunei. The role of the Singapore Epidemic Conjunctivitis 1970 (coxsackievirus type A24) virus in the new disease syndrome variously known as the "Epidemic Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis", "Picornavirus Epidemic Conjunctivitis" and "Acute Haemorrhagic Conjunctivitis" is again established.


A comparison of the efficiency of the Nuclepore and Millipore filtration systems for detecting microfilariae. Using Brugia pahangi or Dirofilaria immitis as the test organisms no significant difference could be detected between Nuclepore and Millipore filters. It was found that 0.7% of microfilariae passed through the Millipore and 1% through the Nuclepore filters. No microfilariae were lost from the Nuclepore membrane during the staining process.


Hydrogen sulphide production as an aid to the identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In this study 18 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from food and 8 from humans were tested for hydrogen sulphide production on various modifications of Russel's Triple Sugar slopes and on TSI. All strains showed a characteristic surface browning on RTS with Andrade's indicator. This was not seen when RTS with phenol red as indicator or TSI were used. Appearance of this phenomenon allows unknown strains to be suspected as being Vibrio parahaemolyticus.


Leptospirosis in Malaysia: a common cause of short-term fever. A study of 1,437 unselected febrile patients in rural Malaysia yielded a diagnosis of leptospirosis in 86 (6.0%). The clinical syndrome was mild to moderate in all cases, jaundice was observed in only 2 (2.3%) and no deaths were documented. The diagnosis was not clinically obvious in most cases, and it is apparent that many infections must be going unnoticed at present.


Angiostrongylus malaysiensis from Tuaran, Sabah, with reference to the distribution of the parasite in Malaysia. A survey of Angiostrongylus malaysiensis among wild rodent and molluscan hosts was made in the Tuaran Central Agricultural Research Station and within the vicinity of Tuaran, Sabah. Three of 19 Rattus rattus diardii, one of 2 R. exulans and one R. argentiventer were found naturally infected with the parasite. In this survey 56 of 382 molluscs comprising of Pila scutata, Achatina fulica and two species of land slugs, Laevicaulis alte and Microparmarion malayanus, were found naturally infected with the parasite. Samples of larvae from each of these molluscs were experimentally transferred to laboratory albino rats and adult worms consistent with A. malaysiensis were recovered. Comparison of the rat hosts and the molluscan intermediate hosts of the parasite in Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah was made, and the finding of A. malaysiensis in Tuaran is the first report of the parasite from Sabah. The distribution of the parasite throughout Malaysia is discussed. Observation on the human consumption of the freshwater snail, P. scutata, was made. Although the infection rate of this snail is low compared with other molluscan hosts examined. The importance of this mollusc as a potential source of human infection should not be overlooked. Hospital records for 1974 and 1975 were examined and clinical human angiostrongyliasis was rarely recorded in Sabah.


Parasitological survey in Gorontalo North Sulawesi, Indonesia. A survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in the municipality of Gorontalo on the Minahasa peninsula of North Sulawesi. A total of 156 stool specimens were obtained from 83 males and 73  females. Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, unidentified dicrocoeliid-like ova and Entamoeba coli, in that order, were the most common intestinal parasites detected. Other intestinal parasites found less frequently were Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, Enterobius vermicularis and Chilomastix mesnili. Brugia malayi microfilaremiar were detected in 6% and Plasmodium falciparum in less than 1% of the population sampled.


Reactivation studies on organophosphate inhibited human cholinesterases by pralidoxime (P-2-AM). There is biochemical and clinical evidence that P-2-AM (Pyridine-2-Aldoxime Methiodide, Pralidoxime) does not reactive human acetylcholinesterase inhibited by either Malathion or Malaoxon. In vitro studies using Pralidoxime iodide up to ten times the recommended concentrations, produced insignificant reactivation of cholinesterases inhibited by Malathion or Malaoxon. This was observed inspite of prolonged exposure of the inhibited cholinesterases to the oxime. The value of Pralidoxime as a reactivator of phosphorylated cholinesterases is therefore in doubt, and should not be used in preference to large doses of atropine and other supportive treatment in poisoning by organophosphate pesticides.


Observations on the breeding habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) in Jakarta, Indonesia. A one-year study was done of the breeding habitats of Aedes aegypti (L.) and of the water storage habits of the inhabitants in four crowded districts of urban Jakarta. Immature mosquitoes were found in or near houses in containers of relatively clean water used for drinking or bathing purposes. An average of 185 containers were found per 100 houses, of which 60 were positive for Aedes immatures, resulting in a Container Index of 32%. The mean potential water storage capacity per house was 173 liters of which only 92 liters of water was actually being stored at any one time. Water jars were the most common containers found, but bak mandi (cuboidal or oblong concrete reservoirs) held more water per container. Total water storage per house in bak mandi was twice that of water jars and ten times that of drums, which were uncommon. Ant traps and other miscellaneous containers were unimportant for either water storage or mosquito production. A mean of 0.93 pupae per  house was found, pupal production indoors being ten times than outdoors. Indoor water jars produced more pupae per house than all other containers combined. The infestation rate of covered containers was significantly higher than that of uncovered containers, perhaps because loose-fitting lids allowed entrance of gravid females to the attractive darkened interior of the container.


Endemic goitre in Sarawak, Malaysia: I. Somatic growth and aetiology. A comparative epidemiological and anthropometric survey was conducted among Ibans, the largest indigenous ethnic group in Sarawak, in three regions where the endemicity of goitre exhibited marked differences , to assess the effect of endemic goitre on somatic growth. In the Ai river region the prevalence of goitre was 99.5%; 35% having grade 3 goitres, 55% grade 2 goitres and 9.5% grade 1 goitres. At Rubu the prevalence of endemic goitre was 74%; 3% having grade 3 goitre, 16% grade 2 goitre and 55% grade 1 goitre. In the Bajong region relatively few people were detected with goitre and most of these had migrated from other regions. Neurological cretinism was estimated at 3.6% in the severely goitrous Ai river population but was not detected in the other regions. Anthropometric data obtained from the three adult populations did not reveal any statistically significant differences in the following parameters: weight, height, weight/height ratio, height/sitting height ratios, head circumference, scapular skinfold thickness and left mid arm muscle circumference. The haemoglobin, serum total protein and serum albumin concentrations were similar in the three populations. It is concluded that endemic goitre occurs with  a frequency of close to 100% in certain Iban populations which represents one of the highest incidences of endemic goitre in the world. Neurological cretinism is common in this population. Our observations suggest that body proportions and somatic growth do not vary among similar ethnic populations exhibiting greatly different endemicity of goitre. Although no iodine balance studies were performed, assessment of diets suggested that iodine deficiency is a significant contributory factor in the development of endemic goitre in Sarawak. Urgent attention to iodine supplementation is indicated to prevent the development of endemic goitre and neurological cretinism.


Comparative growth of Malay, Chinese and Indian school children in Malaysia. The weights and heights of 3,312 Malaysian primary school boys and girls, aged 6 to 11 years, belonging to various ethnic groups in Malaysia were measured. On the whole, the Chinese children were taller and heavier than the Malay and the Indian children who were the least heavy among the three ethnic groups. Economically the Indians were the poorest among the three ethnic groups and they also had the largest family size. When the household incomes were taken into consideration it was found that the growth achievement of the higher income children was better than that of the poorer children, irrespective of their ethnic groups. It is interesting to note that, although the Indian children as a whole, were the least heavy of the three ethnic groups, yet the growth achievement of the higher income Indian children was similar to that of the higher income Chinese children. The differences in growth achievement of the various ethnic groups are probably due to environmental differences, rather than genetic differences. It seems likely that Malaysian children of different ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese and Indian) can attain similar statures if environmental conditions are similar.


Carcinoma of the cystic duct associated with opisthorchiasis. Four patients who had obstructing carcinoma of the cystic duct and who presented themselves with enlarged and palpable gall bladders but without jaundice are reported. All patients came from endemic areas of opisthorchiasis and had evidence of Opisthorchis infection by peritoneoscopic and surgical findings. All but one had Opisthorchis eggs in the stool. The pathogenesis and management was discussed.


Intestinal and blood parasites of man in Bireuen and Takengon, Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. A survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in Aceh Province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 348 stool specimens were obtained from 167 males and 181 females ranging in age from 6 months to 70 years. Over 98% of the population sampled were found infected with at least one intestinal parasite. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm and Entamoeba coli, in that order, were the most common parasites detected. Other intestinal parasites found less frequently were Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana and Giardia lamblia, Brugia malayi microfilaraemias were detected in 2% of those examined and only in the coastal villages of Cot Ketapang and Rusip Dayah. No malaria was found.


Prevalence and zoonotic potential of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in cats in Thailand. Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Ancylostoma caninum were found in cats from Prachin Buri, Thailand, with infection rates of 92% and 23%, respectively. In this survey, 75% of cats were infected with A. ceylanicum alone, the rest had mixed infections of A. ceylanicum and A. caninum. The worm burden range in 26 cats for A. ceylanicum and A. caninum were 1 to 83 and 1 to 10, respectively. For A. ceylanicum, both males and females were found in the gut from the first part of duodenum to rectum. In the case of A. caninum the distribution was not constant. The sex ratio between male and female A. ceylanicum was 1:1.4. The egg count for A. ceylanicum was in the range 31-150 per gram of faeces (mean 70). The zoonotic potential of these parasites was discussed.


Pralidoxime as an insignificant reactivator in severe anticholinesterase (organophosphate insecticide) poisoning. In acute severe anticholinesterase poisoning by organophosphate compounds, pralidoxime (P-2-AM, pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide) used in the recommended doses, intravenously, has not been shown to reactivate the inhibited cholinesterase, as evidenced both clinically and biochemically. In vitro studies using pralidoxime iodide up to ten times the recommended concentrations, produced insignificant reactivation of cholinesterases inhibited by the organophosphate insecticide Bidrin (di-methyl-3-hydroxyl-N, N-dimethyl-crotonamide phosphate). This was even so despite prolonged exposure of the inhibited cholinesterases to the oxime. The value of pralidoxime as a reactivator of phosphorylated cholinesterases is therefore in doubt, and should not be used in preference to large doses of atropine and other supportive treatment in poisoning by organophosphate insecticides.


Chronic industrial exposure to lead in 63 subjects. I. Clinical and erythrokinetic findings. Clinical, biochemical, haematological and erythrokinetic studies were performed on 63 adult males with prolonged lead exposure. Their most common symptoms and findings were abdominal pain (62%), gingival lead lines (48%), headache and/or dizziness (33%), muscle cramps (32%), anaemia (19%), and fatigue (18%). Colicky abdominal pain (27%) and gingival lead lines correlated with urinary lead excretion. Anaemia was mild, but more frequent in the subjects with the greatest urinary lead excretion. Other associated findings were: higher reticulocyte counts and more basophilic stippling of the RBCs, more sideroblasts and greater erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow, more reduction in 51Cr-tagged RBC survival time, smaller RBC mass, a more rapid plasma iron clearance, a greater plasma iron turnover and greater utilization of 59Fe in subjects with urinary lead excretion of greater than 100 microng/day in comparison with the remainder and normal controls. These findings suggest that minimal chronic exposure to lead causes an increased haemolysis with resulting increased production of erythrocytes.


The vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status of school children in two resettlement areas in Northeast Thailand. The vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status of school children were studied in the Khon Kaen resettlement and irrigation area and in the Lam-takong settlement in northease Thailand using the in vitro tests based on the erythrocyte transketolase, glutathione reductase and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase activities. Healthy school children from the Khon Kaen University School were selected as a reference group. The results demonstrate that the vitamin B1 status in the resettlement area is sufficient, but about 20% to 35% of all the children show evidence of vitamin B2 and B6 deficiencies. It is noticed that besides a high prevalence of parasitic infections and poor hygienic conditions the protein and vitamin intake is low and improvement of the situation is necessary.


The changes of the hair roots in correlation to the clinical status of the nephrotic syndrome. The examination of the hair roots were performed by a modified technique as described by Bradfield. The mean hair bulb diameter in children with overt nephrotic syndrome was statistically smaller than the controls. The distributions of hair root morphology amongst them were also statistically different from those of the control group. The hair roots of the children with remission or with questionable relapse were not different from the control group. The application of hair root examination, therefore may be useful in the differentiation of various stages of the nephrotic syndrome.


Socio-economic, health and nutritional status of the villagers in the Nong Wai irrigation area, Khon Kaen, Northeast Thailand. Studies were carried out from June 1974 to May 1975 on the socio-economic status, health and nutritional status of the people in 4 villages, in the irrigation area of the Nong Wai Pioneer Agricultural Project of Khon Kaen Province, Northeast Thailand. The result obtained were compared with those in 2 non-irrigated villages in the same province, in order to identify the health and nutritional problems which might arise during the water resource development in the irrigation area. It was found that in the irrigated villages 90% of the peoples were farmers, while in the non-irrigated villages all were farmers. The socio-economic status of the people in the irrigated villages was much better than those in the non-irrigated ones. The income per family in the former was about three times greater than that in the latter. In the study of the health conditions of the villagers, the vulnerable age group including pre-school children under 7 years of age and school children in the elementary school class 1 and class 2, aged 7-9 years old, served as subjects for investigation. Haematological and physical examinations revealed many children with mild to moderate anaemia, vitamin B2 deficiency and a few cases of hepatomegaly. Anaemic children were found to be more prevalent in the non-irrigated villages than in the irrigated area. The overall parasitic infection rates in children in the irrigated and non-irrigated villages were similar with respect to severity of the infection. Hookworm infection, opisthorchiasis, strongyloidiasis and giardiasis were the leading parasitic infections, while amoebiasis was rare. Ascariasis and trichuriasis were not found. However, the first two helminthic infections had a low grade of intensity. The nutritional status of pre-school children, showed that there were more children with good growth in the irrigated villages than in the non-irrigated one. Serum proteins, albumin and globulin, and urinary urea nitrogen-creatinine ratio revealed normal findings indicating that the children had sufficient protein intake. The results of the urinary hydroxyproline-creatinine index suggested that many of the children in both groups of the villages were at marginal malnutrition status. Surveys on domestic animals including cattle, buffaloes, pigs, and field rats revealed no important zoonotic diseases except leptospirosis in a few rats. Some fish were found to harbour metacercariae of Opisthorchis viverrini, while some snails were positive for cercariae of O. viverrini, Schistosoma spindale, and Echinostoma malayanum. The overall findings indicated that the water resource development by establishing better irrigation, resulted in an improved socio-economic and nutritional status among the villagers, but health conditions and associated parasitic diseases and some nutritional deficiency still existed in the children. However, the findings from this study provide only preliminary data concerning the socio-economic status, health, and nutritional status of the villagers in the irrigation area...


[Receptor cells of different types and quantitative relations between them in the organ of smell of larval and adult specimens of acipenserid fishes]. Three types of olfactory cells: rod-like and cone-like (flagellar olfactory cells) and filamentous (microvillar olfactory cells), which have been described previously in adult Acipenseridae were found in the olfactory organ of the ten-days larval sturgeons (Acipenser güldenstädti), sevrugas (Acipenser stellatus) and sterlets (Acipenser ruthenus). The flagellar olfactory receptors appeared to predominate in both ten-days larvae and adults of the anadromous sturgeons and sevrugas, while the microvillar olfactory receptors predominate in freshwater sterlets in ten-days larvae as well in adults. The facts obtained confirm the idea that the rod-like, cone-like and filamentous olfactory cells are independent types of olfactory receptors. The different ratios of these cells in the olfactory organs of anadromous and fresh-water Acipenseridae may be a result of their ecological adaptations.


[Curve of labeled mitoses in different kinetic states of cell proliferation. III. Experiments with a mathematical model]. By means of computer simulation, the dynamic structure of labeled mitoses curve (LMC) has been investigated. Experiments using computer demonstrated the dependence of LMC form not only on the values of temporal parameters of the mitotic cycle, but also on the state of cell proliferation kinetics before and after pulse labeling. Of particular interest was a case of a temporal block of cell entry into the S period which has been studied in a greater detail. The results of modelling experiments have shown that the universally accepted graphic procedures for the evaluation of mean durations of S- and G2-periods (using 50%-level of LMC) yield the satisfactory estimates only for systems with stationary age distribution for cells in the mitotic cycle (steady, in the strict sense, and exponential states of cell proliferation kinetics). The paper presents also the kinetic interpretation of certain abnormalities in LMC form arising from some peculiarities of cell population kinetics in the real biological experiment.


[Highly permeable contacts between epithelial cells in culture]. Cultured epithelial cells producing monolayered sheets were used to study intercellular contacts permeable to sodium fluorescein. Cells in dense cultures were more capable of forming permeable junctions than cells of sparse cultures. In addition, the standard microelectrode technique revealed some differences in cellular membrane potentials in dense and sparse cultures. A possible correlation is discussed between intercellular contact formation and other features of cells depending on cell culture density.


[Obtaining mutations with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in Dactylis glomerata L. under the influence of chemical mutagens]. When treating seeds of orchard grass with definite concentrations of nitrosoethylurea (NEU), dimethyl sulphate (DMS) and ethylene imine (EI) in M1 and M2 the plants with CMS as well as sterility fixators to them are obtained. Proportionality of mutagenic action and stimulation effect of these substances are found. The greatest amount of sterility fixators is found in M1 among plants the seeds of which were treated with NEU and EI; in M2 the fixators are found among plants obtained after treating seeds with DMS. Sterility fixators were found among plants of the VIK-61 and Asta and VIK-61XAsta hybrid population.


[Molecular organization of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) genome]. Studies in peculiarities of the DNA secondary structure in barley by means of thermal denaturation and renaturation shows that there are three types of the nucleotide sequences organization in DNA. More than 95% of the genome composition contain distributed repetitive sequences, in one part of the concentration of the repetitive sequences being higher as compared to bulk of them. About 3.5% of DNA is enriched with A-T pairs and contains no repetitive sequences. There is no "unique" part in the barley genome, which is natural for animals. Slowly renaturation sequences repeat 4 times.


[Aneuploids from the progeny of triploid sugar beets]. The crossing of sugar beet triploids with triploids (3x X 3x) produced 25.1 +/- 5.16% of aneuploids, the crossing of triploids with tetraploids (3x X 4x) resulted in 17.7 +/- +/- 2.66% of aneuploids, and the crossing of triploids with diploids (3x X 2x) yielded 12.4 +/- 2.36% of aneuploids. In the combinations 3x X 2x and 3x X 4x all the theoretically possible forms of aneuploids were observed. After free pollination of aneuploids with different numbers of chromosomes their progenies comprise 71.4 +/- 2.18% of euploids and 28.6 +/- 3.31% of aneuploids.


[Effect of ultraviolet ray-irradiated autogenous blood on hematological indices in horses]. Comparative clinical and experimental investigations were carried out on 18 clinically normal horses. It was found that the single transfusion of in vitro UV-treated autogenous blood, following a previously described method, was tolerated well by horses and did not lead to any deviations from the normal indices. Under the effect of the treated blood there was an increase in the hemoglobin content, rise in the erythrocyte and leukocyte count with slightly expressed hyperleukocytosis and weak neutrophilia (simple regeneration of the blood). The sedimentation of erythrocytes also showed higher rates as early as the first hour following the autohemotransfusion, remaining at the attained level up to the fourth day, while on the sixth day it again came back to the initial value. The contents of calcium and inorganic phosphorus rose, showing a slightly expressed shift to the physiologic level without reaching it. The changes in the phagocytic activity of the blood showed that the autohemotransfusion stimulates phagocytosis. Along with these effects the bacteriostatic titer of the blood, as recorded with the use of the anthrax bacillus as early as the first hour, and likewise favourably affected, the highest titers being observed at the 24th and 48th hour.


[Experiments in the diagnosis and therapy of stylesiasis in sheep]. Tested were several methods for the diagnosis of sheep stylesiasis - the study of washings, successive decantation, flotation after Füleborn and with the use of zinc sulfide - obtaining no favourable results. Immunobiologic methods, such as the skin allergic test and the complement-fixation test had no practical diagnostic value either. Sheep infected with S. globipunctata reacted positively to antigens of M. expansa, M. benedeni, and A. centripunctata. A total of 15 anticestode agents were tested to treat stylesias-isaffected animals. Bithionol and lead arsenate caused the shedding of Stylesia strobilae up to 100 per cent, however, about 50 per cent of the scolexes with the necks, attached to the intestinal wall, remained intact and produced strobilae. Cyclosamide, dichlorophen, trichlorophen, sulphen, dibromsulphen, and sulfoxide removed the strobilae, but did not almost act on the scolexes and necks, which later on developed strobilae. Praciquantel (isochinoline-pyrazine, EMBAU, droncit-Bayer) at the rate of 15 mg/kg is 100 per cent effective against S. globipunctata, M. expansa, M. benedeni, M. automnalia, and A. centripunctata, and has been tested for the first time as an anticestode means against the Anoplocephalite parasites in sheep. It has no unpleasant odor and taste, is practically untoxic (therapeutic index over 20), and could be used in group treatment of sheep.


[Effectiveness of sodium arsamilate and its effect on the immunity of hens experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina]. The toxicity of sodium arsanilate for chickens was determined following a six-day oral application. Doses higher than 0.15/kg body weight led to symptoms of intoxication and death, especially when the intake of water was restricted. No spirochetemia, clinical signs of spirochetosis, and death cases were noted in birds infected subcutaneously with a lethal dose of Borrelia anserina simultaneously treated (orally) in the course of three days with sodium arsanilate either in solution or in tablets rated 0.05 -0.15/kg or in the drinking water at 0.4--0.5/1 for four days beginning one day prior to infection. Symptoms of the disease were observed in the birds of the control group only. On the second day after the infection the effectiveness of sodium arsanilate proved as high as 95 per cent, and on the third day--75 percent It was found that the agent had a relatively short-term prophylactic action. The chickens acquired immunity at the simultaneous application of sodium arsanilate and a culture of Borrelia anserina. Sodium arsanilate was shown not to affect the building of postvaccinal immunity in birds in the case of Borrelia anserina infection.


[The out-patient clinic for medical oncology treatment. Experience at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan (author's transl)]. The possibility to administer chemo-hormone- and immunotherapy on an out-patient basis has greatly increased because of the progress reached in the management of the out-patient departments. The improved knowledges on tossicological, pharmacodynamic and therapeutic data as well as the advent of the cyclic schedules determined the feasibility of medical treatments even when they are combined with surgical and/or radiotherapeutic modalities. To the patient, the possibility to be carefully and effectively treated on out-patient clinic, renders more acceptable, both from a psychologic and economic point of view, even a prolonged combined treatment. On the same time, also the Institutions have some advantages both on their organization (a shorter median stay in hospital and consequently a reduced waiting list) and for their scientific program (increased number of patients who can be treated according to a therapeutic program, possibilities to obtain statistically valuable information on the treatment program of a given disease and on the knowledge of its natural history). The last five year increasing activity of the Out-Patient Clinic for Medical Oncology Treatment of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan is illustrated in Text-figure 1, while Text-figure 2 represents its actual organization; this is obviously of a multidisciplinary type, both on its diagnostic and therapeutic phase. Table 1 shows the activity carried out in 1975; it is noteworthy that 2,570 patients have been followed, thus accounting for a total of 20,164 medical examinations and/or intravenous drug administrations. Table 2 presents the incidence of the different types of neoplasia followed in the out-patient department: the large majority was represented by breast cancer (40%); followed by malignant lymphomas (31.5%) and pediatric tumors (7.5%). During 1975, 22 therapeutic protocols have been applied, 10 of which (table 4) required an initial hospitalization and 12 (table 5) could be entirely carried out in the out-patient department. As shown in Table 6 chest x-rays accounted for 52% and skeletal survey for 18% of the 11.906 radiological examinations. Table 7 shows the number of off-hand required radiological reports carried out for patients not geographically accessible who, in one signle day, could have their radiological, and medical examinations as well as their hemogram and treatment performed. A total 467 scintiscans have been required, 86% of which of the liver (table 8). The hemato-pathology unit counted out about 16,000 hemograms with platelets (table 9). The hemograms were always performed within 1-2 hours with immediate communication of the counts to the out-patient department. In order to modify clinical situations which were deteriorated because either of the disease or of the treatment 358 blood units were transfused.


[Biochemical and cytological changes in the milk and blood of cows with subclinical mastitis]. Some biochemical and cytological investigations were carried out with milk and milk serum, blood and blood serum of 87 cows, of which 57 manifested symptoms of subclinical mastitis and 25 were normal. It was established that the milk of animals having subclinical mastitis had lower content of lactose, inorganic phosphorus, and sialic acids; on the other hand chlorides were at a higher level, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase rose. Besides, the contents of serum albumin and gamma-lactoglobulins showed dependable rise, while those of alpha-lactoglobulin and beta-lactoglobulin dropped. Dependable was likewise the drop of the total protein level. However, no changes were found in the total protein content and the distribution of protein fractions in the blood serum of cows manifesting inflammation of the udder.


Carcinoma of the thyroid gland, adenoma of the adrenal cortex and peptic ulcer: an unreported association. A 39-year-old man, operated on for duodenal ulcer, was found to have a papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, an aldosterone-producing adenoma of the adrenal cortex, and a recurrence of a peptic ulcer. The probable coincidental occurrence of these diseases in this patient is suggested. Nevertheless, careful investigation of the other endocrine glands in patients with endocrine tumors is recommended.


[Experience in controlling the Salmonella carrier state on a pedigree poultry breeding farm]. Systematic microbiologic control was carried out in the 1972-1975 period on an elite poultry farm whereas from the 23,724 samples studied, taken from objects of the epizootic chain forage-birds-hatchery, 78 cultures of Salmonella organisms of 14 species or 0.32 per cent of the total number of samples were isolated. A trend was observed toward the year-to-year drop in the number of positive findings of Salmonellae, and by the end of 1975 the results were negative. This fact was backed by the investigations in the poultry dressing combines throughout the country that have received the parental forms of birds from the sanated elite poultry farm. Established was vertical (congenital) transmission of Salmonella enteritidis, and using the typhoid-pullorosis test all carrier birds were detected and eliminated. Thus serologically were followed up and eliminated the hidden sources of infection among the flocks on the elite poultry farm. The alimentary mechanism of infection transmission (horizontally with the chain forage-birds was discontinued through the storage of feed mixtures packed in bags (not in bulk). The chain birds-hatchery was interrupted by means of fumigation, the eggs being treated up to the second hour following laying, and then subjected to four subsequent treatment with disinfectants up to hatching. The environment was sanated by three-fold disinfections every sixth day with lysol, formalin or veraform, anf fumigation with formaldehyde vapours, resulting in 100 per cent effectiveness. This was demonstrated many times bacteriologically. The overall observation of hygiene measures contributed to the sanation of the elite farm. The parallel examination of personnel on the farm made by organs of the Hygiene and Epidemiologic Inspection detected a female worker that acted as a carrier of S. enteritidis. Upon her elimination the complex of measures for the study and complete sanation of the farm was considered fulfilled.


[Results of radiotherapy in a series of 250 carcinomas of the mucosal surface of the cheek (author's transl)]. This paper presents the results of a retrospective clinical study of 250 cases of monocentric carcinoma of the mucosal surface of the cheek, i.e. all the primaries treated by radiotherapy at our Institute between January 1948 and December 1965. Neoplastic lesions found at follow-up were regarded as marginal recurrences if in the proximity of the treated area and as secondary tumors in other cases. From 1948 to 1957 conventional radium therapy was the usual treatment for the primary tumor whereas from 1958 to 1965 cobalt teletherapy was given most frequently. Surgery was reserved for lymph node metastases when present on clinical examination. In our experience radiotherapy is effective in cancers of the mucosal surface of the cheek, for it checked local spread in 50.9% of cases, however treated and regardless of initial clinical appearance, whereas in the T1-T2 cases the local failure rate dropped to 35.8%. The higher the T level the greater are the difficulties confronting radiotherapy; for more extensive lesions appropriate combination therapy (radiosurgical) in line with the well-defined rules explained in the text is useful. In our experience radiotherapy yields good long term results regardless of T level and even in the more unfavorable cases. Our study confirms the low rate of lymph spread of these carcinomas: over half of the patients were N0 before treatment; only 56.7% of the patients receiving surgical treatment on the neck had histologically positive lymph nodes; there were very few neck recurrences at follow-up; the presence of suspect or frankly metastatic nodes on clinical examination, being movable and homolateral (N1), did not worsen the prognosis. However, considering the techniques used for irradiation of the primary, some patients received a substantial dose to the neck; hence radiotherapy probably played its part in the low rate of neck metastases.


[Carbamide phosphate in sheep feeding].

[Carbamide phosphate in sheep feeding]. Experiments were carried out in 1975 with feeding urea-phosphate to year-old sheep of the Black face Plevenska breed in the course of three months. Results showed that giving urea-phosphate instead of urea produces a favourable effect on the digestibility of nutrient matter, the coefficient of digestibility of the test group sheep rising as follows: for fats--11.12 at p less than 0.001; for proteins--5.10 at p less than 0.01; for phosphorus--10.0 per cent (p less than 0.01); etc. Dietary nitrogen was used 83.05 per cent (p less than 0.001) better when ureaphosphate was offered. A ration composed of meadow hay 1000 g, maize mash 300 g, barley mash 100 g, lime 5 g, sodium chloride 10 g, and urea-phosphate 15 g influenced favorably productivity of sheep, the weight gain rising by 90 per cent (p less than 0.001). Mutton obtained from sheep fed urea-phosphate the rate of 0.4 g per kg proved of higher quality, containing more protein and less fats, the dressing percentage being 3.5 per cent higher.


[Studies of the carrier state and excretion of the pathogenic plague virus in vaccinated swine]. Investigations were carried out on the presence of carriers and the excretion of the virulent swine fever virus in pigs vaccinated with the lapinized vaccine strain K. On the 15th, 25th, and 35th day following injection with the virulent virus a pig was killed each time and material was taken for morphologic studies and immunofluorescence microscopy. The results of the investigations were negative except for two pigs the cerebrum of which showed perivascular, slightly to moderately expressed lymphoid-cell agglomerations as well as a weakly manifested perivascular edema. Material of the killed animals was used to infect unvaccinated susceptible pigs in which the presence of the virus had not been demonstrated. No clinical and morphologic data or immunofluorescence microscopy demonstration proved the presence of a virus upon exposure of animals to pigs that were injected with a virulent virus. Hematologic studies revealed leukopenia, lower percent of hemoglobin, and a drop in the erythrocyte count following injection with the virulent virus. After a certain period of time this condition was overcome. These experiments showed that when a virulent virus gains access to pigs that have become immune after vaccination with the K vaccinal strain of the swine fever virus does not persist longer than the seventh day and does not cause the development of latent or a clinically manifested infectious process.


[Epizootiology of leptospirosis on industrial swine-breeding complexes]. Epizoovotiologic studies were carried out at two industrial pigbreeding complexes for 40,000 and 33,000 animals with a record of leptospirosis. The serologic examination of pigs made use of the microagglutination reaction in the investigation of a total of 3,793 blood samples by groups corresponded to the technology of raising introduced at such complexes--sows, growing animals, replacement animals, and pigs for fattening, along with the study of 20,914 blood samples taken from pigs in various regions of the country. The total number of positively reacting pigs accounted for 12.9 per cent. Highest was the percent of positively reacting sows and growing pigs--19.1 and 12.9, while the replacement animals showed 8.31. No positively reacting animals were found among the pigs for fattening. Highest titers were noted among sows--up to 1:12,800 (infectious), and lowest among growing pigs--up to 1:100 (postnatal). State are the substantial economic losses caused by abortions and stillborn piglets--11 and 23 per cent, resp., for the two complexes. The basic Leptospira type for the two complexes and for the country as a whole proved L. pomona. The main source of infection were the carrier pigs that excreted Leptospira organisms, and the infection at the industrial complexes came from the hybrid sows and boars imported from abroad for grading purposes. A biologically justified and economically expedient programme of immunoprophylaxis in the control of Leptospirosis was worked out, providing vaccination of replacement pigs and sows only, treatment taking place after impregnation.


[Study of the immunogenic properties of 3 lentogenic strains of the Newcastle disease virus isolated in Bulgaria]. Three local strains of lentogenic type of the Newcastle disease were used to produce live liquid vaccines. These were given per os to broiler chickens in order to test their immunogenicity (first vaccination at the age of 25 days and vaccination when 70 days old). The immunity thus acquired was followed serologically by the titer of the antihemagglutinins and the resistance manifested by the birds at the control infection with a proven lethal dose of a highly virulent velogenic strain of the Newcastle disease virus. The results obtained were compared with those observed with the use of liquid vaccines of the strains Hitchner-B1 and La Soto. It was concluded that the vaccines of the local Newcastle disease strains are completely harmless and immunogenic. The vaccinal strains are excreted by the immunized birds and serve to immunize the contact control chickens.


[Methods of treating puerperal endometritis in cows]. Tested were two methods for the treatment of cows affected with acute endometritis after giving birth. The experiments were carried out with a total of 92 cows of the Bulgarian Brown breed kept under equal condtions of feeding and management. Two tests and one control groups were formed. The first group of cows (48) were treated with a bilateral epipleural block after Mossin. As a result 66.7 per cent of the cows conceived up to the 80th day after calving and 43.7 per cent at the first insemination. The service period of the impregnated cows of this group was 73.3 +/- 4.94 days, on an average. The second group of cows (25) were treated muscularly with a combination of 1 per cent magnesium sulphuricum solution (40 cu. cm), vitamin C (10 cu. cum), norsulphasol (5 g), and chloramphenicol (2 g). The treatment was repeated at a three-day interval. The results of the treatment accounted for 68 per cent impregnated cows up to an 80-day service period, and 48 per cent--at first insemination. The service period of the cows of this group lasted 69.3 +/- 6.0 days, on an average. The control group cows were treated at random with penicillin and streptomycin, muscularly. The conception rate at first insemination was 36.7 per cent, and within the range of an 80-day service period--47.02 per cent of the treated cows. The average service period for this group lasted 91.80 +/- 9.28 days.


[Comparative studies of agglutinin formation in poultry experimentally infected by various routes with Salm. gallinarum-pullorum]. It has been established that the immunologic response in birds is directly associated with the way of infection. Parenteral treatment has proved to be the most effective route in establishing the highest degree of titers as early as the 6th day following injection -- 1:754. Using the intravenous route of infection the titers are found on the eighth day -- 1:580; at the intramuscular infection as well as the accomplished via subcutaneous injection the titers are observed on the tenth day --1:364. At oral infection the peak in the agglutination titer curve is noted on the twentieth day -- 1:383 (comparatively later); it has been found that the titers in this case remain at one and the same level for a much longer period of time.


[Study of the effect of egg white and thiamine on coccidiosis in chickens caused by E. tenella]. Studied was the effect of tiamin at the rate of 50 mg/kg mixture and white of egg in ratios of 25 and 50 per cent to the feed on the course of coccidiosis in chickens caused by Eimeria tenella. It was found that those of the birds that were offered 25 per cent white of egg and tiamin in a dose of 100 mg per kg exhibited more severe signs of coccidiosis had more pronounced morphologic changes with a higher mortality rate and the amount of the oocysts shed was higher than the same indices in birds having received the vitamin at the rate of 50 mg per kg and white of egg in a ration of 50 per cent to the feed. The increase of white of egg up to 50 per cent led to a lower oocyst production, however, still the latter was higher than in the control birds that were not given white of eggs and vitamin. Cyclicity was observed as well as explosive shedding of oocysts, which was associated with the physiology of the caecal intestines and with the biology of the parasite.


[Study of the mechanism of erythropoietin effect on energy metabolism in the bone marrow]. In extracts of rabbit bone marrow cells was studied effect of erythropoietine on the activity of some enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase, phosphohexoisomerase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucoso-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADP-reductase). The NADP-reductase activity was increased under the effect of erythropoietine; the activities of other enzymes studied was not altered.


[Effect of hydrocortisone acetate on carbohydrate metabolism and cellular respiration of lymphoma NK/ly]. Hydrocortisone acetate caused the inhibition of the limphoma cells growing. In the process the aerobic glycolysis was increased, the respiratory activity was altered slightly but the magnitude of Crebtry effect was distinctly decreased. Under effect of the hormone the activity of pentose pathway was drastically increased: oxidation via 6-phosphogluconate and the synthesis of phosphorylated carbohydrates by "non-oxidative" pathway were increased 1.7- and 7.4-fold, respectively. Thus, the stopping of the tumor cells development occurred with simultaneous activation of the pentose-phosphate pathway and energy metabolism as a whole.


[Enzymatic hydrolysis and reversible binding of suberyldicholine by cholinesterases]. A hydrolysis of suberyldicholine and monocholic ester of suberic acid by butyrylcholinesterase was studied. In the region of Sopt the rates of suberyldicholine hydrolysis were slightly below and under S less than Sopt they were far in excess of the rates of acetylcholine hydrolysis. The following kinetic constants of hydrolysis were obtained: for suberyldicholine--Km=2.3-10(-5)M, V=2.4 mcM/mg. min, Kss=7.2-10(-2)M; for monocholic ester of suberic acid--Km=7.5-10(-4)M, V=1.5 mcM/mg, min, Kss=1.2-10(-2)M (25 degrees, pH 7.5, 0.1 M KCl). Suberyldicholine was shown to be highly active reversible inhibitor of competitive--non-competitive type (Ki=2.3-10(-6)M, alpha=0.5) of acetylcholinesterase from human erythrocytes; the inhibitory effect of monocholic ester of suberic acid was distinctly lower. By biological and indirect biochemical methods it was found that low concentrations of suberyldicholine 10(-5)=10(-6)M (similar to concentrations that were in an organism upon myorelaxation) were hydrolyzed by acetlycholinesterase with the rate, approximately equal to the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. The reversible binding and the enzymatic hydrolysis of suberyldicholine by acetylcholinesterase of tissues were likely to be the main factors that determined the effectiveness and prolonged blocking action of suberyldicholine on the nerve-muscle conductivity.


[Enzymatic mechanisms of inhibition of peroxidative oxidation in different regions of rat brain]. Activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase were studied in the cortex, cerebellul and stem of rat brain. The presence of glutathione: dehydroascorbate reductase was observed in rat brain. The highest levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase and the lowest levels of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione: dehydroascorbate reductase were found in the stem; the level of glutathione peroxidase was highest in the cerebellum. The significant part (30--40%) of thiol containing substances was bound with proteins as mixed disulfides. The role of the enzymes studied in regulation of free-radical processes and of the content of peroxides in brain tissue is discussed.


[Change in the activity and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme spectrum in rat lungs, liver and kidney cortex under the effect of hydrocortisone, insulin and hypoxia]. Pretreatment of rats with hydrocortisone or protamin-Zn-insulin within 4 days altered in subsequent acute hypoxia (3 hrs, "height" 10 000 m) the isoenzyme spectrum of LDH in lungs, liver tissue and kidney cortex. The differences in alterations in the activity and content of LDH isoenzymes were observed in tissues with various types of metabolism.


[Effect of actomyosin on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis]. An increase in the lysis of human and rat clot of euglobulin fraction of blood plasma was caused by an actomyosin preparation isolated from rabbit and rat muscle. Neither fibrinolytic nor activating properties of actomyosin were observed on applying of different concentration (13-0.6 mg/ml) of the protein on the fibrin films. No activation of 0.4% solution of pure plasminogen by actomyosin was observed in vitro. A decrease in fibrin clot density under the effect of actomyosin was indicated by thromboelastogramms of blood plasma and euglobulins. The phenomenon was probably determined by the physicochemical properties of the protein itself.


[Zonal distribution of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin synthesis in the liver]. Effect of hepatotoxic agents (carbon tetrachloride and dimethyl nitrosamine) on the rate of the haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin synthesis in liver tissue was studied. In impairment of hepatocytes in the central zone of liver lobes, the distinct decrease in content of haptoglobin was shown to occur with a simultaneous increase in content of ceruloplasmin in blood serum. When parenchyma of the central zone of liver lobes regenerated, the haptoglobin content tended to normalization. The data obtained suggest that the synthesis of haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin is carried out in different zones of liver tissue lobes: haptoglobin is mainly found in the central zone and ceruloplasmin -- in the peripheral one.


[Liberation of DNA from particles of CD phage of DNA-protein complex: Properties of DNA in the complex and the effect of formaldehyde on the complex structure]. Properties of DNA in a complex with protein, which was liberated after destruction of CD phage by heat treatment in solutions with low ionic strength, were studied. DNA in the complex did not differ from free DNA under the same conditions as shown by spectra of circular dichroism and by the type of melting during the thermic denaturation. As demonstrated by viscosimetry and gradient centrifugation in cesium sulfate, 1.5% formaldehyde inhibited the dissociation of the complex studied in a medium containing 0.15 M NaCl. In the medium with 1.5% of HCHO T degrees ml of DNA in the complex was distinctly higher than T degrees ml of free DNA under the same conditions. Electron microscopy showed that the complex studied comprised DNA ;molecules, associated with protein membrane in one or several internal sites.


[Activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the thrombocytes in different forms of cerebral circulatory disorder]. In thrombocytes of patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic insult a transformation in the isozyme spectrum of lactate dehydrogenase was observed without an alteration in the reaction rate. In this case LDH3 was decreased and LDH1 and LDH4 were increased. The correlation was not found between the type of insult and the character of the isozyme spectrum. The alterations were considered as an adaptive mechanism and the reflected the extent of immediate or intermediate effect of ischemia on thrombocytes.


[Eznzymatic conversions of ortho-nitrophenyl organophosphorus compounds in the tissues of white rats]. In homogenates of rat tissues hydrolysis of O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethyl phosphonate, O-pentyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethyl phosphonate and O-heptyl-O-isopentyl-O-orthonitrophenylphosphate was studied. Hydrolysis of the preparation was shown to be carried out mainly in liver tissue and slso in kidney and blood serum. The substances studied were cleaved only at the bond P-O-aryl. The structure of orthonitrophenyl phosphoorganic substances exhibited the distinct effect on Km and on the maximal rates of the enzymatic hydrolysis. In all the tisses studied O-heptyl-O-orthonitrophenylmethyl phosphonate was hydrolyzed with maximal rate.


[Effect of early visual deprivation on the free amino acid and protein content in the brain formations of dogs]. 10 days old dogs were subjected to bilateral enucleation of eyeballs. When the dogs became 3 months old, content of free amino acids and total proteins was determined in tissue of brain formation of optic system (optic cortex-field 17, external knee body and front bigeminal bodies). locomotor and partietal regions of brain cortex and cerebellum. As compared with the control group, the amount of proteins was distinctly decreased in optic cortex and increased in external knee body. In all he brain formations studied content of arginine, lysine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, cysteine (except of external knee body) and histidine (except of external knee body and front bigeminal bodies) was distinctly increased. The decrease in content of glutamic acid was observed only in front bigeminal bodies and aspartic acid -- in cerebellum. Glutathione was accumulated selectively in front bigeminal bodies and in locomotor cortex.


[Effect of posthemorrhagic anemia on the protein makeup of the erythrocyte membrane]. A distinct increase in content of gamma- and beta2-globulins was shown by means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis in blood serum of rats with posthemorrhagic anemia. The increase in content of high molecular weight proteins and the decrease in content of low molecular proteins were observed in the stroma of erythrocytes on incubation of normal red blood cells in blood serum of animals, subjected to loss of blood and also after perfusion of erythrocytes through kidney of the exsanguinated animal.


[Comparative study of changes in the concentration of free cholesterol and antioxidative activity of lipids from animal tissues]. An inverse correlation was observed between the alterations in concentration of free cholesterol and an antioxidative activity of lipids in several tissues and cells. The effect was studied in mice liver tissue on reparative regeneration after partial hepatectomy, in intact mice liver under the directed action on the system of free radical reactions of cell lipid oxidation and in a culture of Hela cells during various periods of cell cycle. Using as a model system the thermal oxidation of oleic acid methyl ester cholesterol was found to function as a substrate in the reactions of free-radical cooxidation and the products of oxidation of cholesterol were active as antioxidants. The significance of a system containing cholesterol and its oxidizing products is discussed in connection with the metabolism of cholesterol itself and in reactions, related to alteration in free-radical oxidation of cell lipids.


[Non-proteolytic enzymes of human gastric and duodenal mucosa in peptic ulcer]. Gastric and duodenal ulcers were characterized by the high activity of alkaline phosphatase within the zone of impairment. In gastric ulcer the high concentration of the enzyme was observed also in the region of minor curvature. Activities of aspartate and alanine transaminases were decreased in the zone of gastric ulcer; in duodenal ulcer only the alanine transaminase activity was decreased. The total lactate dehydrogenase activity was unaltered in gastric ulcer, but it was increased in impaired duodenum, where, among the other LDH isozymes, LDH5 fraction was increased.


[Changes in lipid-carbohydrate metabolism of rabbits after long-term administration of lactose and its derivatives--glucose and galactose]. Rabbits were administered with lactose, glucose or galactose (3 g per kg of body weight) within three months, after which an alteration in the pattern of response to a sugar loading was noted. Content of cholesterol was distinctly increased in blood serum after administration of glucose. After administration of lactose the increase in content of cholesterol was less distinct. Cholesterol, kephalin and lecithin were markedly deposited in heart and liver after the carbohydrates administration. On the treatment with galactose the total content of lipids and triglycerides was increased in heart. If animals were loaded with lactose, content of triglycerides was increased in heart only.


[Comparative study of 21S RNP particles and ribosomes from the cytoplasm of the cells of sarcoma M-1 in vitro]. Preparations of RNP-particles from rat sarcoma M-1 were obtained by means of treatment with different detergents: anione - sodium deoxycholate (1%) and non-ionic - Triton X-100 (1%). Triton X-100 caused some increase in content of the small ribosomal subunit and also in the content of 21 S and 7.5 S particles in the preparation. The latter particles as well as ribosomes were resistant to different detergents. 21 S RNP-particles were stable in 1 M KCl. In a cell-free system 21 S and 7.5 S RNP-particles lost a significant amount of labelled protein, which appeared partially in the ribosomes.


[Hydrophobic nucleus in the primary structure of bovine prolactin]. In the primary structure of bovine prolactin a hydrophobic fragment 79-88 of the peptide chain was found, which participated in a maintenance of conformation of the hormone molecule in a solution due to hydrophobic interactions. The fragment contained about 50% of leucine residues, which are currently considered as important in determination of three-dimensional structure and biological functions of protein (6).


[Effect of hemorrhagic shock on catecholamine metabolism in the brain]. Content of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, DOPA and normethanephrine was estimated by means of the hydroxyindole method in brain tissue and hypothalamic region of rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock (loss of 3% of blood during 20 min) within 15 min, 2, 24 and 72 hrs. At the first day after the hemorrhage an increase in content of adrenaline and a distinct decrease in content of noradrenaline were observed in hypothalamic region, although the biosynthesis the neurotransmitters was not inhibited. Then, the noradrenaline concentration was normalized but the content of its precursors was decreased. In brain a constant posthemorrhagic increase in content of dopamine and the phase alterations in patterns of the catecholamine metabolism were observed: an initial decrease in synthesis and turnover of noradrenaline followed by its increased metabolism.


[Vitamin A esters and their hydrolysis in different organs and tissues]. Hydrolysis of retinylpalmitate and retinylacetate was studied in rat blood, liver tissue, intestine, testes, placenta and embryonic liver. The retinylpalmitate hydrolase activity was observed only in walls of small intestine and, less distinctly, - in liver tissue of some animals. Retinylpalmitate was hydrolyzed in rat liver very slowly, that was determined apparently by the metabolic requirements of the organism. The retinylpalmitate hydrolase activity occurred in dog blood after absorption of vitamin A oil solutions. This phenomenon was probably related to an increased secretion of pancreatic enzymes into blood after the loading with oils.


[Changes in phosphorus-calcium metabolism in experimental renal insufficiency and after administration of dihydrotachysterol and thyrocalcitonin]. Development of experimental chronic renal insufficiency in rats was accompanied by an increase in concentration of residual nitrogen and phosphorus in blood and also by a decrease in intestinal absorption of Ca2+, however, no hypocalcemia was observed and the alkaline phosphatase activity was unaltered in blood serum. At the same time the renal insufficiency caused in some animals metastatic calcification of aorta and kidney, which was manifested by increased calcium concentration in these tissues. Administration of dihydrotachysterol increased the active transport of Ca2+ in rat intestine at the later steps of the impairment and led to development of moderate hypercalcemia and particularly to an increase in the degree of calcinosis of aorta and kidney. Administration of thyrocalcitonine did not prevent the hypercalcemia and calcinosis of internal tissues.


[Role of structural factor in the kinetics of free-radical oxidation of lipids in the membranes]. Kinetics of free radical oxidation of lipids (formation of primary molecular products - hydroperoxides, secondary products - carbonyl substances and "fluorescent pigments") was studied in various membrane fragments, which were distinctly differentiated by their fatty acid composition. The non-enzymatic catalysis of lipoperoxidation in these systems was initiated by addition of Fe2+ + ascorbic acid. The membrane fragments were isolated from microsomes and mitochondria of rat liver tissue, external segments of frog retina rods, sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit and carp skeletal muscles and from microsomes of rabbit brain. In membrane structures the free radical oxidation of lipids developed following the same pattern as the liquid-phase oxidation of alkenes. But in phospholipids of biomembranes the rate of hydroperoxides formation did not correlate with the level of unsaturation of their polyene acyls. The rate of peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids was distinctly determined by their structural organization in membranes.


[Sequential analysis and its application possibilities in clinical psychology]. This paper describes an experimental-statistical procedure widely unknown in psychology, which allows an efficient problem-solving in clinical research and practice, such as, for example, in evaluating the officiency of therapeutical strategies. The method dealt with is Wald's (1947) sequential analysis, which has been successfully applied in pharmaceutical research as well as in quality controls of industrial products. The characterization of this method and the description of its application fields are followed by an illustrative computational example.


[Indices of intragastric pNa-graphy in dogs]. The dynamics of intragastric pNa was looked into in 6 dogs with fistulas in the gastric fundus by employing the method of its automatic registration on an empty stomach and after feeding the animals on a nutritional stimulant. The pNa parameters and the types of intragastric pNa-grams before feeding the animals, pNa changes during and after feeding them on a nutritional stimulant and with histamin stimulated secretion, as well as the time of the progressively increasing activity of the Na+ ions and the pNa curve stabilization level were determined.


[Several methodologic approaches to determining the biological value of proteins]. By summarizing the results of their personal experimental research work and literature sources the authors come to the conclusion that a temporal determination of the free amino acids concentration in the portal vein blood of rats enables one to judge about the summary duration of the first two stages of the protein assimilation, namely about the rate of the protein digestion and that of the amino acids absorption. The aminogram of free amino acids in the blood of the portal vein shows a marked tendency toward convergence with the consumed protein aminogram.


[Attempt at scientific theoretical classification of behavior therapy]. Following the discussion about the position of behavior therapy there are mentioned some problems of behaviorism, the connection between behavior therapy and learning theory and problems of etiology and treatment. The usefulness of known criteria (formal as well as non-formal) should be demonstrated. There are discussed three different positions of behavior therapy within the scientific disciplines.


[Rockers: social background, attitude and personality aspects]. A group of rockers (N = 46) was tested using questionnaires by means of which their social background, views and attitudes to others, intelligence, performance motivation and further personality variables such as aggression, extraversion, neuroticism and rigidity were investigated. The control group comprised a sample population of non-rockers (N = 132) matched with the rockers as regards age and education. Rockers come more frequently from broken homes and families with financial difficulties. They display more aggression, criminality, intolerance and dislike of other groups and have a higher alcohol consumption. They advocate physical strength and violence. There are frequent changes of employment, as well as a high proportion of unemployment and unqualified occupations. Their intelligence lies below that of the average population. As regards the other personality variables they did not differ from the control group.


[Effect of the alimentary factor on the immunobiologic reactivity of children's bodies]. Observations covered 66 healthy six-year old children of a childrens' home. The actual alimentation of the children was studied according to tabulated values for one year and 112 apportionoments. In the rations of actual nutrition a disturbed correlation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates was noted. Seasonal variations of the salival lysozyme activity were revealed against the background of the actual alimentation. The lowest antimicrobial activity of the lysozyme was recorded in the winter and spring seasons of the year. The low lysozyme activity of the saliva in spring may be explained by deficiency of the animal protein in the ration. In winter time added to the insufficient content of the animal protein were features specific for the day's routine, typical of this season. An addition of the animal protein to the actual nutritional rations of the children, in the form of eggs and nonfat dry milk and a correction of the proteins, fats and carbohydrates proportions in the rations led to a statistically significant rise in the lysozyme activity in the saliva of children during all the months of observation.


[Biological properties of strains of influenza virus that caused the epidemic of 1974-1975]. The biological features of the strains of influenza virus isolated in the 1974-1975 epidemic were compared with those of the strains which had circulated earlier. Most of the properties examined (toxicity for mice, sensitivity to gamma-inhibitors, thermostability of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) in strains isolated in 1974-1975 did not differ from those in strains of previous epidemics. Clear-cut differences between the new and earlier strains were found in the studies of their chromatographic profiles.