[Case report: adenocarcinoma of the kidney developing metastzsizing to both lungs, with numerous microliths radiologically imitating Microlithiasis alveolaris pulmonum (author's transl)]. A 28 years old man developed a radiological pattern like Microlithiasis alveolaris pulmonum during the following five years after exstirpation of his right kidney due to an adenocarcinoma. Tests showed, in contrast to the x-ray pulmonary function, only a slight restriction of total lung capacity over a long time up to few months before he died. Autopsy showed a spread of miliary and submiliary metastases in the lower parts of both lungs. In all metastases psammomabodylike microliths were found microscopically, especially numerous and enlarged with both lungs. A second check of the slides of the primary tumour showed rare microliths too, not mentioned at that time. A microlith producing tumour of the kidney was first published with full details by Lubarsch in 1925. The radiological aspect of the lungs of the reported case reveals serious differential diagnostical problems to Microlithiasis alveolaris pulmonum.


[Dense deposit nephropathy: a peculiar variant of glomerulonephritis or a distinct disease entity (author's transl)]. In four renal biopsies of two patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (GN), the so-called dense deposit nephropathy (NDD) was diagnosed by means of light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy. In routine paraffin sections the picture approached that of the membrano-proliferative GN. In semithin sections (toluidine blue, periodic acid-Ag-methenamine) and especially in the ultrastructure there appeared extensive confluent deposits of a very dense substance, infiltrating the lamina densa of glomerular capillaries, basal membranes of both Bowman's capsules and tubules, and arteriolar walls. In this localization, a non-diffuse "psdudolinear" deposition of beta1c was detected, whereas antisera to main Ig-fractions and fibrin(ogen) were not fixed. In a biopsy performed six years later, a concentration of dense depositis towards the mesangial area and a partial regeneration of basal membranes were observed. In a part of dense deposits there appeared vacuolization, primarily in tubular and arteriolar basal membranes. In glomeruli, focal IgM deposits were apparent at an advanced stage. NDD apparently is a sequel of a particular metabolic (immune?) process, afflicting solely the renal membranous system and distinctly dns known at present. The noncharacteristic clinical presentation resembles chronic. GN, is very protracted, lengthy, and relatively benigh, with a chance of functional and possible even morphological remission.


[Chronic eosinophilic leukemia with eosinophilic granulomas of the lung (author's transl)]. For the first time a report is given on a case of chronic eosinophilic leukemia with occurence of eosinophilic pulmonary granulomas. Even after enucleation of the granulomas eosinophilia remained in the peripheral blood and in the bone marrow, and over a period of 6 years lay at a value of above 50% of the granulocytes. The illness ended with sudden increase in the number of myeloblasts. The autopsy revealed destruction of the bone marrow by myeloblasts, immature and mature eosinophilic granulocytes as well as infiltration of the heart, liver, spleen and kidneys. On the basis of histological, cytological and histochemical examinations of the granulomas, the peripheral blood and the organs after dissection, particularly of the bone marrow, there was good reason to assume common pathogenesis of these changes; it was not however possible to completely exclude an allergically generated cause.


[Histobiopsy of bone marrow (author's transl)]. The histobiopsy of the bone marrow is more and more included in clinicohaematological diagnostics. It has better diagnostic possibilities than the cytology of smears (aspiration biopsy). The specimen is taken from the iliac crest by puncture or the milling method. The sample can be considered representative of the whole bone marrow with regard to the normal quantity and quality. The pathologist ordinarily per forms the processing and assessment of the specimens in a desirably constructive cooperation with the clinical haematologist. The paper presents a condensed review of the histological technics and the recording of features in bone marrow sections, the indications for bone marrow histobiopsy, the results (2769 cases of literature and 496 own cases), and the clinical significance of human bone marrow histobiopsy.


[Neuroaxonal dystrophy with delayed onset and protracted course (author's transl)]. An unusual case of neuraxonal dystrophy in a 24-year-old man has been described. The condition started at the age of 10 years with motoric disturbances, later the patient developed spastic quadruparesis and deep dementia in last two years. The disease appears to be of genetic origin. The morphology is characterized by the generalized presence of spheroids in the central nervous system. Additional findings of status pigmentosus and dysmyelinisatus do not exclude the case from being labelled neuraxonal dystrophy.


[Pathological findings in subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy (Leigh's disease) (author's transl)]. About 8-years old boy with a brief clinical history and postmortem findings of a subactue encephalomyelopathy (Leigh-Syndrom) is reported. Pathohistological features were found to be of microcyst formation, vascular proliferation, proliferation of astrocytes, fibrillary gliosis, partial destruction of the myelin sheaths, relative preservation of the cell bodies of neurons. The lesions were symmetrical and involved the tegmentum mesencephali, the lamine quadrigemina, the substantia nigra, the tegmentum pontis, the tegmentum of the medulla oblongata, the basal protion of nucl. lentiformis, the ansa lenticularis, the thalamus, the hypothalamus and the gray matter of the spinal cord. Moderate changes were in the cerebellum. There was no marked histological changes in the cerebral cortex and white matter of the cerebrum, the mammillary bodies, the nervi and tracti optici and the peripheral nerves.


[Tumour frequency in autopsy cases. IV. The malignant tumours of the kidney (author's transl)]. The analysis is based on the catalogue of neoplasms notifiable in the German Democratic Republic (ICD-Code Nrs. 140-209, 210.2, 211.3, 211.9, 225, 226.2, 226.3, 253.0, 253.2, 702, 757.2). At the Medical Academy of Erfurt 22,155 autopsies (12,212 males, 9,943 females) of adults (15 years and upwards) were performed in the period from 1950 to 1966. Among them 186 malignant tumours of the kidney (177 carcinomas, 9 sarcomas) were observed. The cases are distributed among 126 males (1% of males) and 60 females (0.6% of females). The frequency difference is not distinct. Age and sex distribution, frequency and localization of metastases as well as the histologic classification are presented.


[Amyloidosis, expression and cause of presenile and senile mental and physical regression. A revision of the amyloid problem (author's transl)]. New historic, morphologic, localisatory, chemical, etiological and pathogenetical observations urge the revision of problems of the so-called amyloidosis and suggest a new logical terminology. Cerebral amyloidosis, which corresponds to the clinical picture of senile dementia and Alzheimer's disease, is the local manifestation of a generalized systemic degeneration typified by amyloidotic deposits in aged persons. Chronic lingering tuberculosis, traumatic cerebral injury, genic aberrations, ionising radiations as well as a chronic "slow" virus infection (in cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease) proved to be inducers of cerebral amyloid deposits. Glenner and his associates succeeded in transforming Bence-Jones albumin into amyloid in vitro. The present writer observed the direct development of amyloid from vascular elastic fibers, from the ground substance of cartilage and osteoid tissue, and from fibrin. Regression of cerebral, cardiac and hepatic amyloid deposits occurs. Similarities between electron microscopic structures bring about difficulties in the morphologic definition of amyloid and cause tinctorial and ultramicroscopic resemblances between cellulose, amyloid and certain vira, although they represent chemically and biologically different materials.


[Histomorphological and spectroscopic studies on the skeleton following alloplastic joint substitution (author's transl)]. We report on our morphological and spectrometric findings with complete acetabuloplastics. The histomorphological investigation revealed the formation of a narrow cicatricial coat round the prothesis. The collagenous tissue borders on a zone of granulation tissue of varying width. Granular foreign matter can be found in cicatrical tissue especially in the extracellular space and in granulation tissue in macrophages. Only a few partigles turned out to be iron in the Prussian blue reaction. Spectral analysis proved the hip and thigh-bones to contain more than 0.001 p. c. of cobalt and chrome. Toxicological problems inherent in the use of the cobalt alloy "Vitallium" are discussed. The dangers of metal poisoning are dealt with in addition to those of the development of osteomyelitis and the formation of a sarcoma. At last we discuss our macroscopic findings concerning the fit of the prosthesis, the metal demonstration by electron micrsocopy, and the scanning electron microscopic investigation of the metal surfaces.


[Structural deviations of the vagina epithelium from fetal up to prepubertal age (author's transl)]. A series of vaginal specimens from 327 autopsied female fetuses and girls up to the age of 13 years was studied. In one case the upper portion of the vagina was lined by an one-row mucus-free colomnar epithelium similar in appearance to that of the corpus endometrium.--In 21 girls, there were residual thelium.--An incomplete differentiation of the surface squamous epithelium was encountered in 7 girls.--Eight girls revealed dysontogenetic cysts in the deeper levels of the vaginal wall. When compared with similar lesions in adults, the typical columnar epithelium of the endocervical type, cysts with squamous lining, as well as adenocarcinoma were not encountered in the young age group examined. With the exception of cysts, the frequency of individual lesions in the vaginas of our series diminished with the increasing age towards puberty.


[Vaginal cytological studies on the new delayed-action estrogen-ethinylestradiol sulfonate]. The colpocytologic efficacy of a new estrogen - ethinylestradiolsulfonate - has been studied in postmenopausal and fertile women. According to the depot character of the compound, ranging between ethinylestradiol and quinestrol, it exhibits a high and prolonged proliferative effect on the atropich vaginal epithelia. The weekly application of 1 mg of the substance in a contraceptive regimen causes a high grade of maturation with considerable individual differences. A single dose of 1 mg ethinylestradiolsulfonate quickly influences conditions of estrogen difficiency in the vaginal epithelia.


[Development of ectopia. Colposcopic and colpotopographic studies]. On the basis of colposcopical observations a possible, though certainly rare, mode of development of ectopia is described. Proliferation of the glands of the upper part of the cervical canal up to the base of the squamous epithelium leads to exfoliation and desquamation of this and to extension of the columnar epithelium on the surface of the vaginal portio. The possible causes of this process are briefly presented.


[Localization of a small androgen-active ovarian tumor by catheterization of the femoral vein and selective vein/blood withdrawal with determination of testosterone in plasma]. Prove of a little hormonactive adrenal Adenoma in the ovary by katheterisation of vena femoralis and selective determination of Plasma-Testosteron in various regions of abdominal veins. Localisation of the tumor by routine diagnostic measures, even by Laparoscopy, had been impossible.


[Bilateral tube carcinoma with unusual involvement of the endometrium]. Report on a case of bilateral, primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube with extensive implantation metastasis of the endommetrium. To judge by the morphological structure of the tumor in the fallopian tubes and in the endometrium, by the nature of the spreading in the mucosa of the uteruscorpus and by the morphology of the intramural fallopian tube sections, the neoplasm is, in differential diagnostic terms, demarcated by a corpus carcinoma of the uterus.


[Unusual advantage of the hydropertubation]. Report of a case of hydropertubation after conception by a nulli-para, and deliverance of a healthy baby after full term pregnancy. The treatment was made by suspicion of closed fallopian tubes.


[Methods of localization of chorioamnionitis and their clinical value]. 121 out of 390 placentas of mostly pathological deliveries and preganancies were cases of chorioamnionitis. Histological studies have been performed under topographical respects. Several localisations (dynamic phases) of ascending infection of the secundinae are being described and their clinical relevance is being assessed. 1)"Nomal secundinae" or "physiological leucocytosis at ruptured chorionic membranes": there are but a few cases (3 to 5%) of amniotic infection syndroms or morphological signs of an aspiration of infected amniotic fluid and fetal sepsis. 2) "Isolated leucocytosis of the vessels of the umbilical cord and the chorionic plate": it is mostly caused by a fetal hypoxia; relatively seldom it is the result of an infection (about 10%). 3) "Partial phlegmon of the secundinae" (phlegmon of the chorionic membrane with spreading to the periphery of the chorionic plate): about 30% amniotic infection syndrom or infected amniotic fluid (and fetal sepsis respectively. 4) "Subtotal phlegmon of the secundinae" (phlegmon of the chorionic membrane and the chorionic plate in part, spreading to the umbilical cord): about 50% amniotic infection syndrom or infected amniotic fluid (and fetal sepsis) respectively. 5) "Total phlegmon of the secundinae" : in the majority of cases (about 65%) signs of infection damage on mother and/or fetus are visible.


[X-ray determination of the coincidence of intrauterine pessary and pregnancy]. It is reported on 21 pregnancies during contraception with IUD, among them one tubal pregnancy, one pregnancy with normal outcome and one pregnancy with a partly perforated IUD. By means of an extra- and intraamnial opaque matter injection one can find out exactly the position of the IUD on the roentgenogram before artificial abortion is carried out. The IUD can be seen above the small pelvis as a result of the changed position and the growth of the uterus during pregnancy. Furthermore it is possible to notice a glide down of the IUD into the cervix uteri or a perforation of the IUD into the uterine wall respectively into the pelvic cavity.


[Report on a case of simultaneous extra- and intrauterine pregnancy with delivery of a healthy infant]. Report on the occurrence of a simultaneous intra- and extrauterine pregnancy. The extrauterine pregnancy was operated during its sixth week. At the time of the operation the intrauterine pregnancy was not recognized. The enlargement of the uterus was regarded as con sensual. Only during the check-up which took place four weeks after the patient's discharge from the hospital the intrauterine pregnancy was diagnosed. Three weeks before term a healthy infant was born by means of vacuum.


[Treatment of a small intestine-vaginal fistula by means of Paragalalith (tissue adhesive)]. The Paragalalith method, to dry off a fistula proved to be a complete success, when a complex vagina/small intestine fistula was removed from a 75 year old patient (woman). We had developed the method previously in our clinic and used it sucessfully to close 30 fistulas in the abdominal region.


[Validity of the modern fetal monitoring methods in the decision of emergency obstetric operations]. The validity of the modern methods of fetal monitoring to decide for the indication of urgent obstetric operations. The reliability of the modern supervision of the fetus is studied in cases of doubtful fetal heart action. Up to the present day we have no method for the exact estimation of the degree of a damage to the fetus. In such a precarious situation we should use all available methods for the diagnosis of the fetal condition, because the results of only one of the methods offer insufficient evidence. By means of the literature the alterations in the ECG of the dying fetus are interpreted in comparison to artefacts. In cases of doubtful fetal heart action we recommend in addition to the clinical findings to record the fetal ECG, to controll the actual fetal pH and attempt an investigation by ultrasonic.


[Possibilities in modification of the risk to the child in multiple pregnancy and labor]. A comparison of twin deliveries from 1966 to 1971 (140 = 1,23%) and from 1972 to 1974 (65 = 1,07%) indicates a decrease of the uncorrected perinatal mortality from 10,35% to 6,15% caused by early diagnosis, gestation prolonging measures, diagnosis of placental insufficiency and management of delivery. Concerning the first twin the decrease of perinatal mortality was more evident from 7,86% to 1,54% compared with the second twin from 12,86% to 10,77%. Nevertheless the following statement can be made: up to 1971 perinatal mortality was mainly a problem of prematurely born infants; it is changed now to a problem of antenatal mortality of small for date infants. Prematurely birth and mortality of twins may be well influenced by: 1. Early diagnosis. 2. Widely used hospitalisation, beginning from 28 th week of gestation. 3. Widely used cervix-cerclage and uterotocolysis. 4. Intensive antenatal care. 5. Intranatal intensive care of both infants (cardiotocography, blood gas analysis). 6. Limitation of the interval to 5 to 10 minutes. 7. Widened caesarean section indication (breech presentation, small for date infants).


[Diabetes and pregnancy - a clinical and statistical analysis of 1800 pregnancies and deliveries in the years 1952 - 1971. 3. Birth weights percent values of newborn infants of diabetic mothers and further studies on the birth weight]. Newborn babies of diabetic mothers have a higher birth weight in comparison with newborns of nondiabetic mothers in the same gestational age (35. to 39. week). Body weight percentiles were estimated for new borns of diabetics (excluding stillborn babies), it was to be shown that birth weight lower than 2750 gm in the 38. to 39. gestational week (less than 10. percentile) characterizes "small for gestational age babies". Not any influence of maternal blood glucose values during the second part of pregnancy was to be seen. Severe toxaemias and vascular-renal complications (WHITE-class F) were statistically significant correlated with underweight in newborns. The lowest perinatal mortality was found in the weight class 3500 to 3999 gm.


[Causes of unwanted pregnancies and reasons for their interruption]. The paper report on of 207 interruptions, which were performed in our clinic from oct. 1st to oct. 31st 1974. The analysis of the interrupted cases resulted in  an average age of 26,3 years. 73,9 per cent of the women are married and 36,2 per cent were pregnant for the third time. The main causes for these not desired pregnancies lay in failure of Knaus' and Ogino's method of prevention (39,2 per cent). A great number of patients gives for the reason of interruption no wish for further children (35,3 per cent). At the end the causes of pregnancy and reasons of the interruption are discussed. The aim is to lower interruptions.


[Clomiphene--its use from stimulation test and for treatment of functional sterility]. There is reported on application of clomiphene (Clostilbegyt-EGYT Pharmaceutical Works, Budapest, Hungaria) in 17 patients for a clomiphene-stimulation-test and in 34 patients with functional sterility on 124 cycles. The dosage was between 50 to 150 mg p.d. for 5 to 7 days and was adapted individually. 12 patients responded to clomiphene-stimulation-test positively and in 4 ovarian hypoplasias and one Anorexia nervosa in acute phase, the clomiphene-stimulation-test was negatively. From the 34 patients with functional sterility 18 women were in 21 times gravid, 13 women could be delivered on term; in 8 cases it was an abortion. By reason of the findings after a clomiphene therapy a gravidity can be accepted, if the hyperthermic phase in the BBT existed for more than 25 days. For a repetition - treatment a dosage is recommended with 150 mg p.d. clomiphene for 7 days.


[Behavior of alkaline phosphatase in serum during pregnancy. I. Normal pregnancy]. On 120 patients, during normal pregnancy, from the 17th to the 42nd week of pregnancy, 372 heat labile alkaline phosphatase estimations were carried out by means of the 4-nitrophenol method. In addition to that, after incubation of sera at 65 degrees C for 30 minutes, the activity of the heat stable placental isoenzyme was checked. With progressing pregnancy, the heat stable fraction rises significantly and the heat labile fraction of total alkaline phosphatase increases slightly. There is a correlation between the readings of the two fractions. In 169 cases, the total urinary oestrogen output correlates also with the heat stable alkaline phosphatase.


[Cervical status and subjective symptoms in the normal pregnancy]. In 426 unselected pregnant women who came into the routine examination included in the maternity care and who were grouped according to the week of gestation the cervical status was examined and the subjective symptoms were observed. Attention was also paid to the correspondence between the occurrence of the subjective symptoms and the change in the cervical status. In total 984 examinations  were carried out. Before the 33rd week of gestation no open internal orifice of the cervix uteri were found. All parities in total the cervix had become shorter (less than or equal to 2 cm) in 7,0 per cent of the cases before the 33rd week of gestation. Subjective symptoms occurred in 19,1 per cent of the cases. Towards the end of the gestational period the changes in the cervical status and the subjective symptoms became more frequent. In all the groups of gestational week the cervical status became pathologic significantly more frequently in pregnancies with subjective symptoms than in pregnancies with no symptoms.


[Acute and long-term tocolysis by means of buphenin (Dilatol) in insulin dependent pregnant diabetics]. During two years 73 insulindependent pregnant diabetics (43,2% of the total material) were treated with Dilatol (Buphenin) and Isoptin. The requirement of insulin increased dependent on the dosage and on the application of the tocolytic drugs. Despite the considerable influence on blood sugar it is possible to maintain metabolic conditions at normoglycaemic levels during short- or longterm tocolysis, provided exact metabolic controls and adapted insulin treatment. The prophylactic administration of contractionreducing drugs is indicated in pregnant diabetics.


[Influence of labor induced by prostaglandins on the metabolism and blood coagulation system of the mother and child during labor]. 22 pregnancies at term were terminated by dilatation of the uterine cervix, low amniotomy, and by intravenous administration of PGF2alpha or PGE2. The average infusion time was 4 hours 10 minutes, and the average total dose of PGF2alpha amounted to 2,0 mg and of PGE2 0,2 mg. Parameters of acid-base changes, carbohydrate and energic state changes, gas metabolism, and changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in mother and in fetus were analyzed during labor and after birth. Labor activity and fetal cardiac action were monitored cardiotocographically. Checked against 50, and for the coagulation 12 uncomplicated spontaneous deliveries, we have found no disadvantageous changes in the parameters investigated.


[Studies on the colonization of female urogenital system by Mycoplasma]. In order to demonstrate a urogenital mycoplasmosis, restriction is made frequently also in women - to withdrawal of smear from the urethra. For recognizing whether this procedure is sufficient, 640 female patients of the fluor consulting hours were examined, and 2560 smears were withdrawn from the cervical canals, the surface of the portio, the laterovaginal walls, and from the urethra. The least frequency of mycoplasmas was stated in the urethra. Smears merely withdrawn from the urethra are, therefore, the least appropriate ones for fluor or for identification of a urogenital mycoplasmosis of the female genitals. According to the present results, it is recommended to carry out simultaneously smears from the surface of the portio, from the laterovaginal walls, as well as from the cervical canal and the urethra.


[Incidence of the Blastomyces and Trichomonad infections during the use of hormonal and intrauterine contraception]. The vaginal smear of 200 women treated with hormonal contraceptives (group A), of 45 women using an IUD (group B) and of 220 women representing an untreated control group (group C) was investigated on infection with vaginal yeasts and trichomonads. It was found, that infection with vaginal yeasts in women of group A was significantly higher (23,7%), than in women of group B (9,0%) and group C (9,5%). The occurance of trichomonads was also different between the groups. It was about 6,6% in group B and 6,8% in group C but only 2,1% in group A. From these results we concluded, that hormonal contraceptives on vaginal yeast infections act as a stimulating factor.


[Total protein and immunoglobulin level in the saliva of pregnant women]. The content of total protein and immunoglobulin in the saliva of pregnant women has been determined quantitativly by the biuret-method and radial immunodiffusion. IgA has been ascertained in all samples of saliva, whereas was appears IgG in 78,55% and IgM only 52,50% of the samples. It was discussed the importance of salive-IgA during the pregnancy.


[Histochemical studies of the myometrium in the prolonged pregnancy]. There are several reports on the weak contractile activity of uterus in the prolonged pregnancy. Some investigations showed that the weak contractile activity is associated with the low contents of RNA, proteins and glycogen in the myometrial cell. The material was obtained from caesarean sections in 27 patients with prolonged pregnancy and 30 patients with normal pregnancy. It was found a diminished contents of glycogen and lipids in the myometrial cell, and a decreased activity of phosphorylase and alkaline phosphatase but an increased activity of acid phosphatase. The lower content of energetic material and changes in the activity of the enzymes shows that the metabolism of the myometrial cell is impaired in prolonged pregnancy. One can suppose that the lowered level of estrogens is responsible for the described changes. The lower level of estrogens probably causes the decrease of 3'5' AMP in the myometrial cell with the impaired cell metabolism as a consequence. This may be one of the causes of a weak uterine contractile activity in the prolonged pregnancy.


[Fate of pregnancy with IUD in position]. 68 pregnancies associate d with I.U.D. were studied. Neither maternal nor fetale complications occured, therefore in these cases the pregnancy can be beared.


[Acetylcholine contracture of the fast muscle fibers in the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis]. Fast fibers of m. longitudinalis linguae respond to Ach by a transient contracture with a half-decay period of 3-5 sec. The threshold concentration of Ach is approximately 10(-7) g/ml. Ach contracture is based on even depolarization of the whole muscle membrane. Threshold level of the MP for the onset of contracture lies between --50 and --40 mV. In the presence of Ach depolarization decreases twofold within 40-70 sec. Relaxation is not due to the decrease of depolarization. Contraction--Ach concentration curve has a small slope; it reaches maximum at a concentration 10(-4) g/ml, which corresponds to the MP ca. -10mV. Equilibrium Ach potential is significantly shifted to depolarization as compared to that in frog muscles, being equal to +1+/-1.8 mV.


[Effect of antilysosomal sera on the phagocytosis of corpuscular antigens in a macrophage culture]. A study was made of the effect of the antilysosomal sera on various phases of phagocytosis Macrophages fluorochromized with acridine orange served as a model for the assessment of the effect of the antilysosomal sera on the phagocytosis: the fluorescent-microscopic method permitted to evaluate quantitatively the activity of the antilysosomal sera and to study the intracellular changes in the phagocytized antigen associated with its interaction with the lysosomes. The data obtained showed the antisera to the enzymes and the lysosome membranes to inhibit the phagocytosis both in the presence of a complement and without it. It was also demonstrated that the antilysosomal sera influenced the activity of the acid phosphatase and its distribution in the macrophages.


[Possibility of affecting the regulation of salt and water uptake in the critical periods of development in rats]. Peculiarities in water and salt (NaCl) appetite were studied in rats under various experimental influences during critical periods of development. When sexual maturation is going on, females consume more salt than males. These sex depending differences may be altered by experimental influences but only during critical periods of development, for instance by injection of androgens into neonatal females or by gonadectomy of males, by premature cessation of rearing, etc. The effects of those early interventions manifest themselves after the termination of sexual maturation.


[Morphology of the temperate plague phages 1701 and 1710 and their mutants]. A study was made of the morphology of plague moderate bacteriophages 1701, 1710 and their mutants 1701-1 and 1710-1. The phages proved to be morphologically identical, were referred to group 5, and were identical to the moderate plague H-phages; when confronted to the commonness of the serological properties and a number of other signs this indicated their affinity.


[Comparative physiological characteristics of the action of pentagastrin on gastric secretion in fish, frogs, turtles and chickens]. The same preparation of pentagastrin, which is highly effective in dogs (threshold dose 0.3 mug/kg), has been tested on fishes, frogs, tortoises and hens. In fishes (rays), the threshold dose was equal to 50 mug/kg; the drug only increased juice secretion, but did not decrease pH of the juice. In frogs, the effective dose was equal to 25, in tortoises -- to 50 mug/kg, the drug increasing the secretion of both the juice and HCl. The effect of the drug exhibits seasonal variations, being absent in winter period. In hens, the threshold dose is equal to 5 mug/kg; the drug increases both the volume of the juice and HCl production. In frogs and hens, similar to that in dogs (tortoises were not studied in this respect), pentagastrin also increases the production of proteases of gastric juice. It is suggested that in the animals studied pentagastrin is a specific stimulator of gastric secretion.


[Study of the epidemiology of Far Eastern scarlatina-like fever in the Maritime Territory. I. Contamination of vegetables, root crops and pickled foods with the pseudotuberculosis microbe (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) in foci of the scarlatina-like fever]. There was revealed high incidence of contamination with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis of vegetables, roots and pickled products (less frequently) in the vegetable store-houses of the majority of the far Eastern scarlatina-like fever foci in Primorie. Contamination of the mentioned food products increased by the spring-beginning of summer seasons; vegetables and roots which are often used raw--onion, carrots, cabbage--displayed the greastest contamination.


[Isoosmotic type of regulation in the sturgeon, Acipenser güldenstaedti, in the marine period of its life]. Concentration of osmotically active substances in the blood serum of the sturgeon A. guldenstaedti and sevruga A. stellatus from the central part of the Caspian Sea is practically equal to that in the sea water. In the blood serum of the sturgeon and the sevruga, concentration of Na is higher, whereas concentration of K and Mg is lower than in the sea water. Excretion of the urine with relatively low Mg concentration presumably indicated that being isoosmotic to the medium, the fishes studied in the Caspian Sea do not swallow the sea water. Electronmicroscopic studies indicate that with respect to poor development of membranous structures at the base of cells in the proximal tubuli, the kidney of the sturgeon and sevruga stands closer to freshwater than marine teleosts. These data show specific pattern of the osmotic and ionic regulation in the sturgeon, i.e. its isoosmotic type during migration to the Caspian Sea.


[Preliminary electron microscopic and x-ray study of the crystalline protein of diphtheria toxin]. The authors present the results of the electron microscopic and roentgenological study of the crystalline protein of diphtheria toxin. On the basis of direct measurements of the crystal image and diffraction pictures it was possible to calculate the interplane distances of the placement of molecules in the crystal. Examination in polarization microscope showed that the crystals were optically uniaxial with a direct extinction and a positive character of elongation. Molecular aggregates revealed in the protein molecules resembled the caudal part of the bacteriophage by structure.


[Adaptive evolution of osmoregulation in rodents with different ecologies]. Studies have been made on osmoregulation in aquatic rats (Arvicola terristris), cotton rats (Sigmodou hispidus) and Wistar albino rats under the conditions of usual salt-water regimen and 3-day water deficiency. In water-loving rodents, water deficiency results in significant changes in blood constants which charasterize osmotic homeostasis (sodium and urea concentration, the osmolarity). In albino rats, the state of dehydration is accompanied by a significant increase in antidiuretic activity of the blood serum and by an increase in osmotic concentrating index up to 7.4 +/- 0.2. In A. terestris and S. hispidus, despite of the increase in antidiuretic activity of the blood serum, no significant increase in U/Posm was found (2.7 +/- 0.2 and 4.8 +/-0.3 respectively). Low effectiveness of osmotic concentration in water-loving rodents is due to structural and functional rearrangement of the concentrating mechanism of the kidney, and, as a result, to the decrease in intrarenal gradients of sodium and urea. These peculiarities determine ecological specialization of osmoregulatory system.


[Study of the process of interaction of the causative agent with the cells of the body and with a macrophage culture in experimental typhoid infection and carrier state]. Experiments were conducted on 117 rabbits and cells of the macrophage cultures in vitro by the methods of clinico-laboratory, quantitative microbiological, immunological, electron microscopic and microcinematographic examination; a study was made of the interaction of the typhoid causative agent with the cells of the organism and the macrophage cultures and also of some aspects of the immune response during acute typhoid infection and carrier state. Infection was modelled by the enteral, subconjunctival and intrabonemarrow infection with 24-hour culture of the typhoid bacillus (strain Ty2 4446). Experiments demonstrated that structural reconstruction of both the causative agent and of the cells of the organism, of the culture macrophages and their organoids occurred in the course of the first hour after the infection. Homogenates of the lymphoid and myeloid tissues and also of the macrophages and polymorphonuclears possessed bactericidal activity against S. typhi. The degree of this activity largely depended on the pH of the medium. It was also shown that under conditions of the macrophage culture sodium aside inhibited the bactericidal activity of macrophages obtained from the intact and immune animals.


[Utilization of serological methods in the retrospective diagnosis of cholera and in detecting vibrion carriers]. Sensitivity and specificity of the three serological methods were studied comparatively: the vibriocidal test, the reaction of bacterial agglutination and of indirect hemagglutination, with the use of erythrocytes sensitized with the vibrio lyzate, cholera species O-antigen and cholerogen. Investigations were conducted with the blood sera of cholera patients, vibrio carriers and contacts. Vibriocidal test proved to be the most sensitive; its data correlated with the results of bacterial agglutination and indirect hemagglutination with erythrocytes, sensitized with the lysate of the vibrios and the cholera O-antigen. None of the used serological methods provided a 100% coincidence with the results of bacteriological analysis. The frequency of detection of anticholera antibodies decreased in the following order: cholera patients, vibrio carriers, contacts.


[Some pathomorphological bases for the disorders of the tissue amino acid pool in Salmonella infection]. Possible causes of disturbances of the amino acid pool of the blood serum and the tissue, as well as the presence of an association between these shifts and the changes in the ultrastructure of the striated columnar epithelium of the small intestine were studied. Investigations were conducted in 138 patients suffereing from salmonellosis and in 120 albino rats experimentally-infected with S. typhimurium culture. Free amino acids of the blood serum and the tissue were determined by paper chromatography and on the automatic amino acid analyzer; ultrastructure of the small intestinal mucosa was studied by electron microscopy. The height of salmonella infection was attended by dysproportional changes in the amino acid pool of the tissue and the blood caused by disturbance of absorption and intracellular transformation of amino acids. Ultrastructural changes in the microvilli of the absorbing cells of the small intestine underlied absorption disturbances: at the height of salmonella infection some of the microvilli of the striated columnar small intestine proved to show poor contours; reduction of mitochondrial cristae was observed in almost all the mitochondria.


[Morphological and histochemical characteristics of the reaction of the body to Cl. botulinum toxin administration. III. The cellular reaction of the diaphragmatic nerve nucleus to the administration of Cl. botulinum type B toxin]. On the appearance in the animals (guinea pigs) of paralysis of the limbs and myasthenia after the administration of Cl. botulinum, type B, toxin, there was seen a considerable vascular hyperemia of the spinal cord, and in the neurons of the phrenic nerve nucleus there developed dystrophic-necrotic processes coursing with a marked swelling, hyperchromasia and tigrolysis. As revealed histochemically, at this stage of the botulin intoxication the neurons of the phrenic nerve nucleus displayed metabolic changes expressed in the altered activity of succinic dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and cholinesterase.


[Morphogenesis and some problems of the pathogenesis of experimental Pasteurella infection in white mice]. The authors present materials on the study of the principal stages of morphogenesis of experimental pasteurellosis infection in albino mice in subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intranasal infection. Particular attention was paid to the interrelations in the organism between the cells realizing the protective functions and the causative agent. It was established that the highly-virulent P. multocida strain was capable of intracellular reproduciton in the cells of the macrophage type. It was demonstrated that the protective course of infection was largely determined by its high rate of reproduction and its capacity to paralyze the protective function of leukocytes.


[A method of reproduction in mice of chronic sacculated staphylococciasis the deeply tissues]. The intranasal method of infeciton of mice proved to be of no avail in search of a model of prolonged staphylococciasis in animals. Intraorbital infection by Badenski's method - by high staphylococcus doses - produced a severe septico-pyemic process with a high percentage of animal death during the first days of the disease. Intraorbital administration to mice of the pathogenic staphylococci in a dose of 300,000-500,000 microbial cells led to formation (in 60 to 80% cases of the sacculated purulent foci with a preponderant localization of the abscesses in the area of the chest, their prolonged persistance and progressive development. The suggested modification of Badenski's method consisting in the use of a 200 times lower infective dose served as a convenient model for studying the pathogenesis of chronic staphylococcus infection and for testing the therapeutic antistaphylococcus preparations.


[RNA biosynthesis in the microsomes of splenic cells during the inductive phase of the immunological response]. RNA labeled with 3H-uridine was extracted from the microsomes of the spleen of the intact and antigen-stimulated mice. A study was made of the composition of this RNA by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Apart from rRNA, there were revealed in the microsome composition up to 10 RNA components in the mol wt range of from 0.4-10(5) to 7-10(5) dalton and 2 componnents - between 7-10(5) and 1.7-10(6) dalton. Incorporation of 3H-uridine into the rRNA was the maximal 24 hours after the administration of the antigen, whereas the RNA with the mol wt between 0.4-10(5) dalton remaining practically unchanged for a period of three days after the immunization. 3H-uridine incorporation into these RNA was resistant to the action of low antibiotic (actinomycin D) doses. Immunization was not accompanied by the appearance of new, by molecular weight, RNA components.


[Toxin B and A production by beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from scarlet fever patients]. This work was aimed at the study of the frequency of isolation of beta-hemolytic streptococci from the patients suffering from scarlet fever, producing A and B toxins. Toxigenicity of the microbes was studied in the indirect agglutination test. In 68.4 per cent of cases there were isolate streptococci producing toxin A, and in 22.8 per cent--toxin B. The percentage of strongly toxigenic A-strains constituted 28.2, and of B-strains--0.6. The greatest incidence of the A and B toxigenic streptococci was observed during the autumn-winter period. Among the strains of the 4th--"leading" serological type there were the greatest number of the A-toxigenic variants, and among the streptococci belonging to the I serological type--of the B-toxigenic strains.


[Epidemiological mechanism for the formation of drug-resistant bacterial populations]. The concept on the epidemiological mechanism of formation of drug-resistant bacterial populations was substantiated. Investigations showed the epidemiological mechanism of formation of the drug-resistant populations of staphylococci in the purulent-inflammatory foci to be represented in 81.4 per cent of the patients by superinfection with resistant microbes. The latter group of the patients could be divided into two subgroups: in one of the subgroups (34.9 per cent) a reduction of sensitivity in the initial staphylococci was seen in the presence of donor bacteria which later either remained in the focus or were eliminated. In this case it could be supposed that there occurred a preliminary infection with the resistant staphylococci or with the transducing bacteriophages.


[Polymorphism of water-soluble and triton-X 100-extractable esterases and proteins from Leptospira]. Electrophoresis in gel from polyacrylamide was used to study the water-soluble intracellular esterases, triton-X 100-extracted and proteins of three saprophytic and three pathogenic strains of leptospirae belonging to different serological types. The results of investigation of a relative mobility of 27 fractions with an esterasic activity and the molecular weight of eight of them showed that their polymorphism was mainly consecuent of structural differences. In examination of proteins extracted from the cell residues with triton-X 100 there was also revealed an intertype polymorphism: by acrylamide electrophoresis with sodium dodecylsulphate they were divided into 3--10 fractions with a molecular weight of from 20000 to 200000. The results of these studies are discussed as a manifestation of biochemical individuality of leptospirae of individual serological types.


[Role of neuraminidase from cholera vibrions in the pathogenesis of experimental cholera]. A study was made of a possible effect of neuraminidase of cholera vibrios on cholera pathogenesis. It was shown that in intraintestinal injection of cholera vibrios of the El Tor biotype to nursling rabbits neuraminidase could be revealed in their intestine 5 to 8 hours after the infection. Addition of neuraminidase to the weakly cholerogenic strain cholera vibrios intensified its cholerogenic action in infection of the animals. The antineuraminidase serum administered to the infected rabbits prevented clinical manifestations of experimental cholera, although it failed to always eliminate the cholerogenic syndrome (revealed during autopsy). At the same time neuraminidase did not influence the capacity of cholerogen to produce the cholerogenic syndrome. The authors consider that the action of the enzyme should occur at the early stages of the pathogenic process, and could be associated with creation of conditions for the attachement of cholera causative agent to the intestinal wall or for the action of their exotoxin.


[Molecular aspects of the interaction of albumin and tannined erythrocytes in the process of hemosensitization. II. The effect of temperature]. A study was made of a combined influence of the temperature of the medium and of sensitin concentration on the process of interaction of tannin-treated sheep erythrocytes and human serum albumin. On the basis of determination of the number of molecules bound by a single erythrocyte during hemosensitization,, depending on the mentioned conditions, it was revealed that the relative total albumin binding increased with the elevation of temperature. Elevation of temperature also led to the absolute and the relative increase in the stable and a reduction in the loose albumin binding by a single erythrocyte and the growth of sensitivity of the passive hemagglutination test. The role of chemical mechanisms in the erythrocyte albumin loading was demonstrated; this permitted to carry out erythrocyte albumin sensitization at a comparatively high temperature for the purpose of increasing the efficacy of passive hemagglutination test.


[Changes in the H-reflex of children with cerebral spastic hemiparesis]. A study of the H-reflexes in children with cerebral spastic hemipareses and in the control group of normal children depicted a decrease of the maximum amplitudes of H-reflexes and a drop in the relation Hmax:Mmax, a shortening of the latent period and a slower development of inhibition in sick children; in comparison with normals. Such changes are seen not only on the affected side in the patients, but on the unaffected (although expressed to a less degree). Such states do not permit to consider the nonaffected side as intact. The authors believe that the studied groups of patients are characterized by a disturbed process of intraspinal inhibition.


[A clinico-physiologic assessment of the state of the neuromuscular apparatus in children with ischemic lesions of the upper extremities]. A study of the potentials of action in the muscles of the brachium and carpus during voluntary movements and the assessment of the velocity of conduction along the motor filaments of the ulnar and median nerve in children with ischemic lesions of the upper extremities have shown that the pathological picture is characterized by a drop in the muscular electrogenesis and the velocity of excitational conduction. The authors come to the conclusion that there is a direct correlation between the decrease in the velocity of excitational conduction and a drop in the electrical muscle activity during voluntary movements.


[The activity of the rheumatic process in children with neurological forms of rheumatism]. The authors studied the biochemical indices characterizing the activity of the rheumatic process in 121 patients with neurological forms of rheumatism and in 28 patients with neurological forms of rheumatism and in 28 patients with rheumocarditis without expressed changes on behalf of the CNS (all the children were from 5 to 15 years). Besides, a control group of 15 normal children of the same age were studied as well. In all patients with neurological signs of rheumatism and rheumocarditis without expressed changes of the nervous system there was a distinct increase in the content of seromucoids, hexosamines, uromucoids during all periods of examination. The diphenylamine index and cyalic acid content in the blood plasma was changed to a less degree. A full correlation between the biochemical changes and neurological state was not found. However, even in moderately expressed neurological signs the patients are in need of an observation on behalf of the rheumatologist and preventive therapy.


[Paroxysmal myoplegia].

[Paroxysmal myoplegia]. The report deals with an observation of a 16 year old patient with paroxysmal myoplegia. On the background of a low K content in the blood plasma, a drop in the level of Co in the whole blood, an increase of the content of Na in the plasma and Cu in the blood, an increase in the adrenalin excretion with urine, a drop in the brain biorhythm seen in the EEG and cerebral-vascular tone in the REG, there were periodical attacks of tetraplegia with disturbed respiration. During one of such severe attacks the patient died from respirational and bulbar muscle paralysis.


[Features of cerebrovascular disorders in children with beta-thalassemia major]. In 42 patients with major beta-thalassemia the author studied the traits of cerebral vascular disorders with a correlation of clinical and REG data. In 5 cases the pathomorphology of different areas of the CNS was studied. In most of the cases there were transitory disorders of the brain circulation with transient neurological symptomatology. Acute strokes with stable focal disorders were encountered less frequently. Cerebral vascular disorders were more expressed in children from 6 to 12 years during hemolytical crises and in the terminal stage of the disease. REG data indicating changes of the cerebral hemodynamics testify to the compensatory vascular reaction which is necessary for the preservation of the functional capability of the brain in conditions of cerebral hypoxia.


[Digestion and absorption of food substances by patients with the generalized form of myasthenia]. The results of coprological studies demonstrated that prior to thymectomia, in most of the patients with myasthenia there was a disturbed assimilation of lipids and carbohydrates, while as in 1/3 - a disturbed assimilation of proteins. These disorders were the reasons for a significant drop of weight in 60.9% of the patients. Following thymectomia with an improvement of the general state and a rehabilitation of transverse striped muscles there are, as a rule, positive dynamics in the assimilation of the above-mentioned food ingredients. Thus, the achieved results may indicate to a functional character of the changes in the digestive organs in myasthenia.


[The reflex on shortening (the Westphal phenomenon) in deforming muscular (torsion) dystrophy]. By the aid of an objective test the authors studied the reflex to a shortening (the Westphal phenomenon) which is a typical symptom of deforming muscular dystrophy, reflecting disorders of the muscular tone. It was demonstrated that prior to a development of a muscular spasm there were changes of the muscular activity due to an integration of excitation. It is being supposed that muscular spasms and dystonic hyperkinesis are generated on a spinal level. A disappearance of the Westphal phenomenon following operations on the basal ganglia, may indicate to the fact that the leading role in the genesis of this phenomenon belongs not only to the segmentary spinal apparatus, but to the supraspinal influence from the stem-subcortical brain structure.


[Interpersonal relations in a collective of mentally ill children]. By psychological and sociometrical methods the authors studied the selected objects for communication among the children of different diagnostic categories (schizophrenia, oligophrenia, epilepsy, organic brain lesions, etc.). The group under observation consisted of 218 children (boys aged 7-17 years). It has been demonstrated that interpersonal relations are mainly influenced by personal socio-psychological regularities, while the nozological entity of the patient influences these relations only indirectly, through the influence of such factors as age and level of the general development.


[Developmental features of the children of schizophrenic parents]. The author assessed the traits of the mental development of children from schizophrenic patients. A prevalence of schizoid types of personality was seen. The personality was also being analyzed from the point of view of age traits in asthenic, sthenic and mixed variants of the schizoid type. An analysis of a group of ill children (96) with a schizophrenic hereditary loading gave grounds to assume that the differences in the premorbid development of the children correlate with the differences of the initial stage and the type of development of schizophrenia.


[Clinical features of schizophrenia in children and adolescents with dysplastic papillary patterns of the skin of the fingers and palms]. The authors conducted a dermatoglyphical study of 278 schizophrenic children and adolescents. The frequency of papillary pattern dysplasia of the hands was 23.7% in boys and 22.8% in girls. These data significantly exceed similar indices in normal children and adolescents (377 cases). A clinico-statistical analysis of 62 patients with dysplasia depicted (as a control, a group of 451 patients not differentiated for dysplasia were studied) an earlier onset of the schizophrenic process mainly with psychopath-like disorders and a continuous progressive development.


[Features and dynamics of changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in children and adolescents ill with shift-like schizophrenia]. Singular and repeated EEG studies performed in children and adolescents with shift-like schizophrenia permitted to depict some special traits in the bioelectrical brain activity. In all age groups there was a definite tendency to a decrease in the amplitude of fluctuations and to a drop in the "area" occupied by the fluctuations of biopotentials in relation to normal age indices. There was also a relatively high per cent of rapid EEG activity, irregular reactive changes of the biopotentials and paraparoxysmal activity. The changes of corticat rhythmics were to a greater degree influenced by the features of the psychotic attacks rather than by their number and duration of the disease.


[Clinico-psychopathologic correlations of depressive and maniacal states in adolescents with schizophrenia and predominantly phasic affective disorders]. The author examined 64 adolescents with schizophrenia with a prevalence of phasic affective disorders in the clinical picture. In accordance with the degree of severity 4 groups of patients were distinguished. A comparison of these groups depicted some structural traits of the depressive and manic attacks and their dynamics which correlated with the progress of the process. The conclusion is being made that shift-like schizophrenia with a prevalence of affective disorders in adolescency is characterized by frequent bipolar phases, a tendency towards a continual course and a more rapid than in adults modification of the phenomenology of attacks with increasing personality changes.


[A schizophrenia-like variant of phenylketonuria]. In the clinical picture of 121 patients from 1 to 14 years among the group of 250 with phenylketonuria (48.4%), besides symptoms of mild mental retardation, there were also signs of autism, shallow emotional reactions and catatonic disturbances. This group was distinguished as a special schizophreno-like variant of phenylketonuria. A study of the age and therapeutical dynamics of the psychotic symptomatology has demonstrated that the schizophreno-like syndrome in phenylketonuria may be transient (63 cases) and more stable (58 cases) and does not depend upon the content of hyperphenilalaninemia, the genetical variant of the disorder and hereditary loading by schizophrenia. It is concluded that the schizophreno-like symptomatology in phenylketonuria develops due to a pleiotropic effect of the phenylketonuric gene.


[An oscilllographic study of the speech of patients with cerebral circulatory disorders during the period of recovery from aphasia]. The articulation-phonographic (oscillographic) method of registration based on the transformation of acoustic fluctuations into an electrical signal was used for the determination of a character and degree of speech disturbances following brain strokes. Twenty normals and 18 patients with speech disturbances following brain strokes were studied in dynamics. The authors evaluated the duration of the latent period and the pronounciation rate of phonemes, words phrases. The following disturbances were marked in the motor speech defects: articulational, lengthening of the latent period, retardation of the speech rate; in the sensorial - lability of sound perception, failure of combinations. Thus, the aphatic disturbances, objectivized by the oscillographic method, reveal the pathology of various language levels (phonemes, words, phrases) and depend not only on the spasticity and apraxy of the vocal muscles, but on the time of the course of the cortical processes. The rehabilitation of the speech activity takes place simultaneously not on all the levels, while the most vulnerable appears to be the phonemic level.


[Use of electroroentgenography in air contrast studies of the brain]. Electroroentgenography was used for the first time in neurological practice in 70 patients. Indications for its use were brain tumors, intracranial hematomas, epileptical seizures and a necessity to define inflammatory, traumatical changes and brain tumors. These studies permitted to depict hydrocephaly, basal and convexital arachnoiditis, asymmetrical ascites, local dilatation of the third ventricule, a dislocation and deformation of the ventricules in tumors and intracranial hematomas, sequalae of closed brain injuries. It was also proved that the use of electroroentgenography is leasible and has advantages in the evaluation of the CSF system.


[Use of the Brdicka polarographic filtrate test for brain tumors]. The authors conducted a polygraphic study of the blood plasma proteins in 102 patients with brain tumors of a different histological structure. The data depicted a moderate statistically significant increase of the first and second catalytical waves in benign tumors and a significant (1.5 times more) increase in malignant and metastatical tumors in comparison to the data achieved in donors. This method can be used as a supplementary one for differential diagnostical purposes in the practice of neurooncology.


[Coagulation properties of the blood and effectiveness of heparin therapy in patients with the cerebral form of hypertension and atherosclerosis]. By means of clinical and instrumental diagnosis the authors displayed a high effectiveness in the preventive treatment of patients with atherosclerosis and hypertensive disease by heparin in the period of remission. At the same time following treatment some patients especially with hypertensive disease revealed a marked activation of the hypercoagulative blood properties which exceeded the intial level. The authors discuss the possible mechanisms of this reaction.


[The adequacy of the rheoencephalographic method in clinical practice and research]. For purposes of defining the adequacy of using REG registrations in clinical practice, the authors conducted 4 series of studies on normals (16 cases), in patients of a neurosurgical ward (39 cases) and in experimental animals (12 dogs). The experimental and clinical studies displayed that the mechanical pulse fluctuation of the skin was not the determining factor in the genesis of a REG. The authors have come to the conclusion that the time of distribution of the pulse wave by itself can not serve as an indicator of an extra-or intracranial origination of REG waves inasmuch as it is different in different brain areas and depending upon its remoteness from the heart and the state of the vascular tone. Using the occlusional cuff the authors calculated the portion of the extracranial item in the total amount of the wave amplitude in the REG in norms (in average 14%). Thus, the achieved data confirmed the adequacy of the REG as a method of studying the pulse blood flux and cerebral vascular tone.


[The state of cerebral and peripheral hemodynamics in patients with visceral rheumatism]. In 75 patients with visceral rheumatism prior to and following antirheumatic treatment the authors studied the REG in a frontomastoidal and occipito-mastoidal leading as well as the REG of the brachial muscles. In one group of patients there were REG signs of a significantly increased tone of the cerebral vessels, especially of the arterioles and veins accompanied by a certain drop of brain repletion. In the other group there was a decrease of the pulse blood repletion of the hemispheres along with a significant drop of the arteriole and venous tone and difficulties in the blood back flow from the brain cavity. In most of the patients in the basin of internal carotid arteries there was a prevalence of arterial ischemia, while in the vertebrobasillar system -- venous hypoxia.


[Heat pulsation as a method of functional loading during electroencephalography]. In most of the normals who were studied with the aid of thermal pulsation there was an expressed shift of bioelectrical brain activity towards a synchronization. In patients with generalized epileptical fits and with mesodiencephalic lesions under the influence of thermal pulsation there was a distinct expression an increase of pathological activity. This effect obviously exceeded the results of a use of photostimulation and hyperventilation. In patients with focal lesions of the hemospheres the effectivity of of the method appeared to less.


[The diagnostic value of electromyography in patients with demyelinating diseases of the nervous system]. The authors used EMG registrations of the reflex potentials in the orbicular ocular muscles appearing in an electrostimulation of the supraorbital nerve. The study included an analysis of the fluctuations of the latent period of the winking reflex in patients with different lesions of the central and peripheral nervous system. The authors were able to show a significant elongation of the latent period in patients with disseminated sclerosis, encephalomyelitis, Guillain-Barre polyradiculoneuritis. In other signs of focal lesions of the brain stem and polyneuropathy the latent period of the winking reflex was near to the normal indices. The authors propose to use this method for the study of the process of demyelinization in the brain stem and for early diagnosis of disseminated sclerosis.


[A clinico-electroencephalographic study of acute noxiron poisoning]. The study is concerned with results of a clinical and EEG examination of 28 patients with acute poisoning by noxiron. All these were seen in a Republican Centre for the Treatment of Acute Poisoning. Three groups of patients with certain clinical and EEG features were distinguished which permitted to assess more precisely the state of the patient. The authors discuss the possible mechanism of CNS lesions in such forms of intoxication.


[The role of neuromediators in changes in the character of respiration and in its correction following cranio-cerebral trauma]. Experimental studies on dogs and clinical examinations of patients with brain injuries permitted to state that the activity of the sympathicoadrenal system in the posttraumatic period is increased. The cholinergic processes in such conditions are inhibited, the concentration of blood serotonin is decreased. Depending upon the character of changed neurohumoral blood factors the parameters of external respiration (hypotachypnoe with respiratory acidosis) are also changed. In such condition hydrocortison fulfills the normalizing effect on the respiratory function only in a stimulation of the inhibited cholinergic system by cholinomimetics.


[Lateralization of mental functions at the subcortical level (according to material from stereotaxic surgery)]. In 26 patients with expressed signs of parkinsonism the authors studied the state of higher cortical functions prior to and following stereotaxic operations. The results of such studies point to a distinct connection between the changes of certain mental processes and the side of the operation. It was demonstrated that the subcortical structures of the left and right hemisphere participate in the mnestic function in different ways. The specificity and different directions of postoperative changes in the higher cortical functions may in the opinion of the authors speak in favour of a certain specificity in the contributed organization of mental processes on behalf of the subcortical structures.


[Memory disorders in epileptic children with temporal psychomotor seizures]. The authors demonstrate the results of experimental psychological examination of memory in 57 patients with epilepsy in psychomotor temporal seizures. It was possible to show that in such cases there was a total decline of short-time memory. In bilateral foci and a long-term development of the disease there was a formation of an amnestic syndrome. The most distinct changes were seen in a delayed reproduction. In an electrostimulation of the structures of the temporal lobe by means of implanted electrodes the experiments displayed an intactness of direct reproduction during a stimulation of the neocortex, a moderate decrease in a stimulation of the hypocampus and a grave -- when stimulating the amygdalar complex.


[Concept formation in children with schizophrenia (from Piaget test material)]. The authors studied reasons of a domineering perceptive generalizations in the Piaget test by children with schizophrenia. In teaching the children to distinguish and measure different properties of objects, the most typical appeared to be the following actions: a complete or partial refusal to accomplish them, a substitution of measurements by a perceptive comparison, difficulties in the narration of personal activity in well developed speech. Better results were attained in those who were emotionally positive. On these grounds the authors presumed an autistical genesis of these disturbances.


[Psychological diagnosis of sluggish schizophrenia (according to thematic apperception test findings)]. The paper deals with a pilot study of fine, slightly expressed disorders of mental activity in patients with sluggish schizophrenia. The results of themotical apperceptive tests used in these cases were thoroughly analyzed by the author. Three general types of plots, characteristic of such patients were distinguished. These features can be used in clinical practice as a supplementary diagnostical method in the evaluation of a sluggish form of schizophrenia.


[Visual perception, reaction time and their alteration under the influence of alcohol in patients with remote sequelae of closed cranio-cerebral trauma]. In patients with remote sequalae of closed brain injuries the author examined the time of perception of letter stimula by the aid of a technique of reverse masking, the time of motor reactions to simple and letter stimula and changes of these temporary parameters under the influence of small doses of alcohol (60 ml 40 degrees alcohol). The time of perception and time of motor reactions to a simple stimula were practically identical to those in normals. The time of motor reactions to aletter stimula was higher than to a simple one and in patients significantly higher than in normals. Under the influence of alcohol the time of perception and motor reactions increase in conditions of letter distinguishing. These facts permit to consider that alcohol in such patients makes the processing of information in the CNS slower and most strongly influences the central cortical processes.


[The clinical picture of epileptoid psychopathy in light of the views of P.B Gannushkin]. Continuing the main concepts developed by P. B. Gannushkin concerning epileptoid psychopathy as an independent form of personality anomaly the author considers some clinical traits and the dynamics of this form of psychopathy. Epileptoid psychopathy is evaluated in the light of an interaction of epileptoid traits in the personality with some external influences and diseases of an organic nature. The paper deals with different variants of psychogenic reactions in this contingent of patients, reactions to intoxication influences and special clinical traits of this form of psychopathy in combination with organic brain lesions and in particularly with arteriosclerosis. Besides, the author discusses some problems of interrelations of epileptoid psychopathy with schizophrenia and epilepsy.


[Comparative socio-demographic characteristics of schizophrenic patients committing socially dangerous acts]. The report is based on a statistical analysis of a reregistration of mental patients on the territory of a large city. The authors systematized and analyzed (with the aid of a computer) data concerning the age and sex structure and the special traits of a socio-working adaptation of schizophrenic patients who committed socially dangerous acts during the period of their illness. These data were correlated with similar ones in respect to all the registered schizophrenic patients. It was demonstrated that among the patients who committed dangerous acts in the past there was a prevalence of males (on the average 4.3 times more frequently), while in the general population of schizophrenic patients there is only a 23.8% increase among the males, as compared to females. Those who committed such acts had a lower educational census and worse indices of working capacity which have their specificity in different age groups for males and females. The indices of working capacity correlate (a feed back) with the frequency of dangerous acts. The authors are of the opinion that the obtained information may be used for a wide-range evaluation of the possible risk of dangerous acts committed by schizophrenic patients.


[Results of an epidemiologic study of mental patients over 60 years of age in one of the districts of Moscow]. The convened investigation was related to a clinico-epidemiological study of mental disorders in individuals older than 60 who lived in the Kiev district of Moscow. The study was made of the entire population by a nonselective method with a fulfillment of a specially elaborated epidemiological chart. On the basis of an analysis of such charts and a personal interview of 1024 elderly patients and 215 elderly individuals not registered in the neuropsychiatric dispensary it was possible to receive some data concerning the prevalence rates, diagnostical, sex and age content of mental diseases in patients over 60, living in the given district.


[Clinical patterns in the course of alcoholic psychosis]. A dynamical study of 266 patients with alcoholic psychoses during a long period, demonstrated that the traditional classification according to the syndromological principle is not adequate to the modern development of psychiatry. The achieved clinical data testify to the fact of an existence of 3 main types of alcoholic psychoses: episodic, remittent and protracted. An analysis of the clinical picture of alcoholic psychoses from the point of view of "psychiatry development" permits to claim that there is a unity of the pathogenetical mechanisms of all the psychotic conditions in a chronic alcoholic intoxication. The main pathogenetical factors conditioning the type of psychoses is the stage of alcoholism and the character of alcholic abuse.


[Electromyographic characteristics of movement disorders in tumors of the temporal lobe of the brain]. The author studied the basic regularities of EMG changes in 26 patients with tumors of the temporal lobe, in 30 normals and in patients with tumors in the frontal lobes. The studies depicted an inhibition of the muscular electrogenesis in the form of a drop of the amplitude of muscular potentials at rest, in respirative and synergical changes of the muscular tone, in tests on extension and voluntary muscular contraction. There was also a mildly changed structure of the EMG and crude disorders of the reciprocal relations in muscular antagonists. The author stresses that there was no significant asymmetry of EMG parameters. An inhibition of muscular electrogenesis was more expressed in patients with malignant tumors and in the remote stages of the hypertensive syndrome.


[Primary multiple sarcoma of the brain and spinal cord]. The authors present a rare case of primary multiple sarcoma of the brain and spinal cord. Histologically the tumor was differentiated with meningeal sarcoma and glioblastoma. The diagnosis of a sarcoma was based on the existence of densly located polymorphic cells with a large amount of ugly gigantic cells and a dissemination of them along the vessels, the presence of collagenic filaments not only in the walls of the vessels, but between the tumor cells. The morphological pictures of the tumor in the brain and spinal cord were identical.


[Cerebrospinal fluid studies in acoustic neurinoma]. The author examined 506 operated upon patients for unilateral neurinoma of the acustical nerve of a different size. The content of the protein in the CSF was in a direct correlation with the size of the tumor and degree of involvement into the pathological process of the vessels in the brain structures, adjacent to the tumor. A disturbance in the permeability of the CSF spaces was determined by the size of the tumor node.


[The relationship between the development of the clinical picture of the disease and the rate of development of the intracranial focus (an experimental study)]. Experiments on 53 dogs with a slowly increasing limited brain cavity depicted some traits in the development of intracranial hypertension and in the clinical development of the disease with regard to the rate of intensification of the focus. The rate of an increasing focus exerts great influence on the correlation between the duration of the period of larvated (compensated) and manifest development of the pathological by volume process in the brain cavity. The author distinguishes 4 types in the development of the disease: chronic, subacute, acute and stroke-like conditioned by the degree of expressiveness in the compensatory mechanisms and factors leading to a breakdown of compensation.


[The dynamics of temporal lobe epilepsy manifestations and the social-occupational prognosis in children following surgical removal of the epileptic focus]. The authors conducted a follow-up study of 28 children with temporal epilepsy who had undergone an anterior temporal lobectomy performed at the age of 4-13 years. Besides, a discontinuation of convulsive seizures in almost all of the cases there was an improvement in the social adjustment: 25 of 28 children could go to school for the first time or renew their studies, whereas before the operation 7 children could not study, because of frequent seizures and behavioral disturbances. Following 2-10 years after the surgical operation II of the patients were still studying at school or in vocational schools and 12 of them were working. Not being able to study was I child of school age, and 4 patients older than 18 years were incapacitated. Surgical treatment of epilepsy in childhood was more effective than in adults.


[The phenomenon of experimental motor retardation as one of the manifestations of the Parkinsonian syndrome]. A low frequency stimulation of the head of the caudate nucleus in freely moving cats leads to an arrest of reactions with an increased muscular tone and tremor. This reaction may serve as an experimental model of one of the expressions of parkinsonism, inasmuch as its accomplishment depends upon the central dopaminergic mechanisms (confirmed on experiments with disulfiram and alpha-methyltyrosine). The similarity is also supplemented by the fact that the arrested reaction is weakened by antiparkinson drugs (d, 1-amphetamine, DOPA, artane) and is increased by neuroeptical preparation (aminazine, haloperidol, reserpine).


[Disruption and recovery of grammatical speech in patients with acoustic-mnestic aphasia]. The clinical picture of acustico-mnestical aphasia, besides defects of understanding, naming and reiteration is characterized by disorders of a grammatical shaping of statements as well. Such disorders as yet have not been specially studied. The conducted study explored disorders and rehabilitation of speech grammar in 10 patients with acustico-mnestical aphasia with the aid of a neuro-linguistical analysis of spontaneous speech in patients and some special tests. The study made it possible to eliminate general types of agrammatism in different forms of aphasia and disorders, specific of acustico-mnestical aphasia. The suggested methods appeared to be adequate for a rehabilitation of speech grammar in this group of patients. Besides rehabilitative training may be used as a supplementary method for studying the character and structure of agrammatism in acustico-mnestical aphasia. The achieved results may be used for the diagnostics and rehabilitation of speech in this form of aphasia.


[Dispensary treatment of the rural population with diseases of the nervous system]. The presentation is concerned with the results of a dispensary study (screening) of 517 patients among the rural population with disorders of the nervous system during 1971-1972. The author discusses the effectivity of such observations, their qualitative and quantitative indices.


[Several features of facial expression and its perception in schizophrenic patients and the problem of emotional reference]. The author discusses some general problems of emotions and expression. It is admitted, in particular, that a consideration of expression as a paralanguage may lead (similar to correlation of language and thinking) to a conception of mutually conditioned emotions and expression. It is assumed that a differentiated concept of emotional structure including besides emotional reactions and states, emotional relations may afford a better understanding of expressional pathology. The emotional relations as an expressional phenomena is specially stressed. In preliminary experiments based on scaled evaluation of mimics it was possible to distinguish by experts the mimics of normals and schizophrenic patients. The latter had a significant increase in the maximally positive and negative marks.


[The relationship between cerebral electroactivity in schizophrenic patients and age and genetic factors]. In different age groups of schizophrenic children and adolescents there is a tendency towards a drop in the amplitude of fluctuation of brain biopotentials and to a decrease in the square of modul according to the data of EEG automatic integration. In the younger age groups (3-9 years) these differences were significant. The same tendency was marked in the parients of schizophrenic children. In epileptic patients and their parents according to this sign there was an opposite direction of EEG changes.


[Comparative clinico-epidemiologic characteristics of affective psychoses and periodic schizophrenia]. The author presents the results of an epidemiological study of 274 patients with manic-depressive psychosis and 433 patients with periodic schizophrenia. The study concerns the comparison of syndromal conditions in these diseases and criteria of prognosis. It is stressed that a bipolar development is an unfavorable prognostical sign in both disorders. The prognosis is especially poor if manic states appear at the earlier stages of the disorder. The probability of a more severe development of manic-depressive psychosis and periodic schizophrenia is higher in males than in females.


[Agonal remission in the terminal stages of schizophrenia]. The study is concerned with 3 cases of agonal remissions in schizophrenic patients following a long-term stable terminal state against the background of severe somatic disorders. During these states the behaviour, speech and emotional reactions of the patients became normalized. However, there was an insufficient insight to the psychoses. The authors mark a special psychopathological disorder named as a schizophrenic ecmnestical shift. The patients allocated the age of their closest relatives and some - times the current year approximately to the time of the onset of the disease. In this relation the authors discuss the problems of the possibility and borderlines of a reverse development of severe deterioration states, the correlation between the functional and organic conditions in schizophrenia.


[Psychopathologic manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus]. The authors studied 200 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus. In most of the patients (117 cases) they exhibited neurasthenic symptoms and somato-psychic adynamia. In 3 cases there was a hallucinatory syndrome and in 2 - a hallucinatory-paranoid psychosis. The pathomorphological findings depicted organic brain lesions (vasculitis). A supplementary factor promoting mental disturbances in some cases could be an overdosage of corticosteroids and kidney lesions.


[A clinico-physiological study and work capacity evaluation of patients in the late stages of vibration disease]. The authors studied the bioelectroactivity, brain hemodynamics and the state of the nervous-muscular system in 97 patients in the remote period of the vibrational disease. It was established that despite the absence of a contact with vibration most of the patients demonstrated slight general brain changes of an electroactivity in the form of irritation, a disturbance of cerebral hemodynamics. This was expressed in a decrease of blood repletion, an intrahemispheric asymmetry of the blood flux. An analysis of the EMG dopicted a decrease in the general electroactivity and a distrubance in the structure of the EMG. In patients who had a short contact with vibration the above mentioned changes were minimal. The clinico-physiological studies permitted to elaborate the basic principles for the commission of experts in regard to working capacity.


[Experience in organizing a system of stepwise reabilitation for the mentally ill]. The paper deals with the organization of a system of rehabilitative treatment of mental patients in conditions of a large and industrially developed region. It is stressed that in order to organize a wide range of readaptation measures it is necessary to have material security, an expedient distribution of hospital beds, a high standard system of a continuity between the in-patient and out-patient (including day hospitals and occupational shops) services. In this light it is very important to know the general principals of treatment by social methods and a correct succession of therapeutical measures and a gradual readaptation, adequate to the mental condition of the patient. The effectiveness of the mentioned measures is confirmed by figures.


[Metabolic manifestations of the compensatory process in the brains of cats following spinal cord injuries]. The author studied the brains of 7 cats following the 30th and 90th days after lateral hemisections of the spinal cord on the superior cervical (2-3 segment) level and the brains of 7 control intact cats. The quantitative (cytointerpherometric) and morphological studies depicted an accumulation of dense substances (proteins) in the cytoplasma in the nuclei of the efferent neurons of the 5th layer of the motor cortex, in the nucleus rubri, Deyters nucleus and in the gigantic cells of the reticular nuclei on the intact side accompanied by an increase in the cells and an increase in the amount of satellites. More vivid and initial changes were seen in the cortex. The results are considered as structural and metabolic signs of a compensatory process conditioning the restitution of motor functions.


[The effect of brain hydrolysate on central nervous system structure]. The authors studied the action of "cerebrolysin" on the maturation and differentiation of cell elements in the brain cortex and hypophysis. Cerebrolysin was administered in doses from 0.005-0.025 ml daily during 4 days (beginning from the 4th, 7th or 10th day of postnatal life of the animals). Histological and electron microscopical studied demonstrated that in experimental groups of animals compared to control ones (intact) there is an earlier differentiation of the nervous cell structures and an accelerated formation of the cytoarchitechtonic fields in the brain cortex. The hypophysis has an earlier accumulation and increase of the amount of granular secretion.


[The morphology of pial and cortical vessels in senile dementia]. The presentation deals with the data of a morphological study on the brain vessels in senile dementia (19 cases) which are compared to the corresponding data of mentally healthy individuals of different ages. It was displayed that in the arterial vessels along with collagenous and elastic fibres there were pseudoelastic structures subjected during the involutional process to hyperplasy. The author found that the inner elastic membrane did not undergo pathological changes either in the involutional process, or in the cerebral congophyl angiopathy, which was characteristic of senile dementia. It was established that primary hyalinosis (artheriosclerosis), characteristic of the vessel involution of some organs was not observed as an independent process in the brain. A constant combination of hyalinosis and amiloidosis in the same vessels allowed the author to suppose that the two processes were of the same genesis in senile dementia.


[Ultrastructural features of brain cells from the embryos of schizophrenic women]. With the use of the electron microscope the authors studied the embryonic brain tissue obtained during medical abortion of 6 female schizophrenic patients. Ultrastructural peculiarities of the cell elements in the embryonic brain in theses cases were estimated in comparison with those found in the embryonic brain of 14 mentally healthy women. There is a description of damages of membranes, mitochondrias and accumulation of granular material in the cytoplasma.


[Morphology of the endocrine system in schizophrenia according to early autopsy findings (the hypophyseal-thyroid system)]. The paper is concerned with the results of a study on the morpho-functional state of the thyroid gland and hypophysis. The research material was obtained during the period of 20 min.--5 hours post mortem. Irrespective of the type of the course of schizophrenia it was characterized by signs of deterioration in the functional activity of the thyroid gland. However, it was established that the morphological picture can also be changed under the influence of acutely developing diseases, previous to death. In these cases the morphological picture corresponds to the sufficiently expressed activation of the glands (according to the type of stress-reactions). The author comes to the conclusion of certain functional traits in the morphological changes found in the thyroid gland and hypophysis in schizophrenia.


[Clinico-anatomic observations of the Sheehan syndrome with mental disorders]. The author conducted a clinico-anatomical observation of Sheehan's syndrome with characteristic somatic manifestations and patho-anatomical changes in the endocrine glands. The psychic disturbances were expressed in the form of a hallucinatory-paranoid psychosis. The histological study displayed the following significant and extensive changes in the cortex of the hemispheres: a contraction of the nervous cells, including an outcome into lipoid sclerosis and gangliose-cellular vacuums and parenchymatous necrosis.


[A histochemical study of brain tissue in experimental convulsive seizures (componetns of acetylcholine metabolism)]. The author studied substances related to acetylcholine metabolism (acetylcholinesterase, non-specific acetylcholinesterase, SH, SS-groups, histidine, Ca) using histochemical methods. There was an increase in the intensity of reactions on SH-groups and Ca, and a rise in the staining degree on SS-groups and acetylcholinesterase in the subconvulsive phase of the stroke. These shifts were more significant in the brain stem. A generalization of convulsive strokes intensifies the given changes and causes an increase of the intensity of the reactions on histidine after the end of the stroke (after 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours). A normalization of the studied reactions happens at different times in the different brain areas and does not end completely even 72 hours following discontinuance of the convulsions. The author comes to the conclusion that the acetylcholine metabolism is inhibited during the covulsive stroke.


[The effect of several psychotropic substances on brain structure]. The authors have shown similarities of structural changes in the neuron and interneuronal relations found in the brains of rats under indopan and LSD stimulation of the CNS with certain differences in the localization of the changes in the functionally different brain systems. A high sensitivity of the sensory-motor cortex and the subcortical formations of the brain, rich in dopamine and serotonin, to indopan has been marked. LSD central effects were conditioned by the influence of the drug not only on the synapsis, but on the cell body components of the different brain systems, especially in the visual. The observed changes were allocated to categories of functional disturbances.


[Ultrastructure of neurons from the motor region of the cerebral cortex following exposure to lysergamide (LSD) and haloperidol]. The authors describe certain ultrastructural changes in neurons of the cortical motor zone in rats after the administration of haloperidol and LSD in combination with haloperidol. The study took place 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after the administration of the drugs. LSD caused certain neuron changes --a lucid swelling. An increase in the number of large neurons with a hyperchronic staining of the cytoplasm and an increased intensively stained nuclei was characteristic of haloperidol action. A significant increase of the surface of granular endoplasmatic reticulum and ribosomes was observed in the large hyperchromic neurons. The action of haloperidol on the development of LSD intoxication is regarded as a protective one.


[The effect of mellerin on the lysosomal membranes of rat brain and liver]. Following one hour after the administration of melleril intramuscularly in dozes from 30 mg/kg of weight (when its concentration in the liver and brain attained the mazimal figures) there was a labilization of the membranes by liver and brain lysis in experimental animals. The membrane damage was evaluated by the increased activity of the marker enzyme -- acidic phosphotase in an suprasedimentive liquid, as well as by the activation of the enzymes in the fraction by lysis, eliminated from the tissue of the brain and liver. The achieved data may reflect the interaction of the introduced preparation with the membrane by lysis, subcellular particles which participate in freeing the organism from an excessively introduced preparation.


[Rapid treatment of nervous tissue for the purpose of electron microscopy]. The paper deals with the description of the method which permits to prepare during 3.5 hours the nervous tissue for an electrono-microscopic study. The accelarated processing is achieved due to the reduction of the main stages: prefixation, fixation, dehydration, eponic saturation and polymerization. The isotonic buffer was used for the removal of a possible deformation of cell appendexes (pressing) with the fixation in glutaraldehyde. The accelarated method of the nervous tissue processing neither gives afrtefacts, nor reveals essential differences in the tissue in comparison with the general method.


[The dynamics of clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic parkinsonism]. The paper deals with data of a clinico-electrophysiological study of 126 patients with atherosclerotic parkinsonism in its development. Three variants of the atherosclerotic parkinsonism course are demonstrated: a slowly progressive development with short-termed remissions of the major symptoms in extrapyramidal deficiency (28 patients); a slowly progressive development without remissions (59 patients) a rapidly progressive development (38 patients). The rate of atherosclerotic parkinsonism progressiveness directly depends upon the expressiveness of the atherosclerotic processes in all the organs and tissues, but mainly on the degree of the damage of the brain vessels and the heart. The increase of chronic cerebrovascular deficiency in patients with atherosclerotic parkinsonism lead to stable disturbances of metabolic processes not only at the extrapyramidal system level of the brain, but in the other areas.


[The role of disorders of "non-specific systems" of the brain in the pathogenesis of the Parkinsonian syndrome]. The authors conducted a clinico-physiological analysis of the syndrome of parkinsonism in different functional states (intense vigilance, flaccid vigilance, various phases and stages of night sleep, a hypnotic state) using the method of a polygraphic registration and an experimental-psychological study. The functional state of so-called nonspecific brain systems in parkinsonism and their disturbances in the pathogenesis of the disease was studied. A complicated character of shifts in different chains of the non-specific systems with various clinical forms and at different stages of the diseases were demonstrated. The authors proposed a method of quantitative evaluation of these shifts. It was demonstrated that motor, emotional-vegetative, somnic and electroencephalographic manifestations in parkinsonism correlated with the character and degree of the pathological changes in the non-specific, mainly activating brain systems.


[The clinical picture and pathogenesis of "nocturnal" cerebral strokes]. The authors studied 274 patients with ischemic and hemmorrhagical accidents which developed at night during sleep and awakening. A hypersensitivity of the carotid sinus was much more frequently seen in patients with ischemic accidents and was encountered not only in an extrasinus (massage), but in an intrasinus irritation (Walsalwa test) as well. The study also demonstrated significant cardio-inhibitive and vaso-depressive reactions, with an expressed asystolia and a drop in the arterial pressure. The authors express their opinion regarding the role of a developing bradycardia, asystolia, hypertension and a decrease in the postural tone in the genesis of ischemic accidents which may be due to a compression of the hypertensive carotid sinus. It is stressed that such accidents usually develop during parodoxal sleep. It is also assumed that there may be an embolization as a result of a compression of arteriosclerotically changed vessels in the area of the carotid sinus.


[Changes in the mitochondria of human cerebral cortex nerve cells as the result of strokes]. The paper demonstrates that mitochondrias of human brain cortex neurons take an active part in the vital processes of the cells, acutely react to brain circulation disturbances revealing various destructive and compensatory-restorative reactions. The observed forms of the mitochondrias damages are described. The compensatory-restorative reactions of the mitochondrias consisted in an increase of their number, size and the surface of the inner membranes. The authors make attempts to display correlations between the found changes of the mitochondrias and the clinical picture of the stroke.


[Clinical characteristics of circulatory disorders in the vertebro-basilar system]. Among 216 examined patients 96 demonstrated clinical symptoms which neither fitted into the classical alternating syndromes nor into the syndrome of Foit-Gilleman. It should be held in mind that the magistral vessels (vertebral arteries) and the minor vessels of the stem are involved in the pathogenesis of "nondifferentiated" "multiple level" syndromes. Their anatomo-physiological condition determines the final realization of the pathological process, its anatomical localization and extensiveness.


[Clinico-pathogenetic features of cerebral cysticercosis accompanied by mental disorders]. On the basis of a study of 32 cases of brain cysticerrcosis with mental disturbances the author proposes a classification of these disorders. The classification provides an assessment of the stages in the development of the disease, the localization of the morbid process, the type ot development and the symptomatology of the disease. The authors distinguish the following stages of the morbid process: the penetration of the parasite (lasting 3-4 months); an exotoxicosis (excretion into the brain products of metabolism, lasting for 5-10 years); an exotoxicosis (excretion into the brain products of desintegration of the dying parasite, ensues after 5-10 years); residual. The clinical types of development according to the author are the following: primary-hypertoxic rapidly leading to a lethal outcome; progressive-remittent; chronic-progressive. The highest lethality falls on the 1st decade of the diseases.