[Kinetic dimensions of cells and crypts in irradiated intestinal epithelium of mice]. The average value of axial cryptal section area and cell section area on it were studied during 8 days after total X-ray irradiation of male mice (400 rad). A small reducing of cryptal area (20%) during destructive period (1-2 days) is followed by a big overshoot (60%) during regenerative time (3-7 days). The cryptal sizes in regenerative period deviate from a steady state more than during destructive time. There are two high waves of abnormal growth of cell sizes above the steady level: the first one during destructive time and the second one during regeneration. This level seems to be near to minimal sizes of cryptal proliferative cells which are necessary for proliferation. It means that normal intestinal epithelium is a very economical and stabilized system. It is possible to evaluate quantitatively the associated with proliferation flow of substance per crypt cell for normal and irradiated intestine by means of index Iv where I is mitotical index and v - the cell volume. Cell hypertrophy at the time of regeneration on the 4th-7th days and later after irradiation (130-160%), was revealed. The crypt cell hypertrophy is the factor of destabilization of irradiated intestinal epithelium.


[Study of the soluble proteins of the skin of young cattle in the presence of ultraviolet irradiation in vivo and in vitro]. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the quantity of soluble proteins in skin and content of SH-groups in them, immunoelectrophoretic, electrophoretic properties and amino acid composition of soluble skin proteins was studied under ultraviolet irradiation of calfs and solutions of those proteins in vitro. Ultraviolet rays are established to affect the total content of soluble proteins and SH-groups under ultraviolet irradiation of the animals and these proteins solutions in vitro, but the character of the obtained changes is different in both cases. The quantity of soluble proteins in the animal skin depends on the irradiation frequency. In the composition of the calf skin soluble proteins 14 proteins were found immunologically similar to the blood serum proteins of these animals. Ultraviolet irradiation of the soluble skin proteins in vivo and in vitro does not affect their amino acid composition.


[Effect of vegetable polyphenols on the level of glycogen in the tissues and glucose in the blood of starving rabbits]. The paper deals with the effect of galascorbin and polyphenol preparations obtained from oats and birch buds on the content of glycogen in the tissues and that of glucose in the blood of fasting rabbits. It is shown that introduction of P-vitamin preparations under study into the organism of fasting animals favours the preservation of glycogen content in the liver, skeletal and heart muscles. The level of glucose preserved in blood with administration of galascorbin and polyphenol preparations from oats and birch buds was 27, 36 and 34% of the control, respectively.


[Influence of galascorbin on the levels of potassium and sodium in the organs and tissues of guinea pigs in burn disease]. The burn disease is accompanied by considerable disturbances in mineral metabolism, which is manifested in retention of sodium and loss of potassium in tissues and in disturbances in distribution of these ions between cells and intercellular space. This results in an increase in the proportion intracellular sodium/extracellular sodium and a decrease in the proportion intracellular potassium/extracellular potassium. Application of galascorbic acid prevents from both the increase in the total sodium quantity and its intracellular fraction and eliminates such a considerable loss of potassium by tissues.


[Influence of denervation of the liver on its level of nucleic acids and free adenine nucleotides]. It is established that liver denervation is accompanied with a significant increase of DNA content on the 10, 20 and 30th day after operation: 19, 22 and 25%, respectively. The 12% rise on the average in RNA content is observed on the 10th day. This level is preserved during the following days after denervation. The changes in the content of free adenine nucleotides are contrary. The decrease in ATP quantity, which is insignificant on the 10th day, makes progress and reaches 20% on the 20th day. The decrease in ADP is 13%, the content of AMP remains practically unchanged. The obtained data evidence for the participation of the nervous system in maintaining the normal level of poly- and mononucleotides, specific for the liver.


[Metabolizability of RNA in the liver mitochondia of rats under the influence of hydrocortisone and sodium ribonucleinate]. Sodium ribonucleate and hydrocortizone-acetate (5 mg/100 g) separately and in combination were injected to the intact albino rats daily for 14 days. The multiple injections of hydrocortizone cause in the liver mitochondria a change in the ratio of RNA (17 S and 13 S) and tRNA (4 S), as well as a decrease in the intensity of the radioactive predecessors (orthophosphate-P32 orotate-C14 and uridine-H3) incorporation into tRNA and tRNA of the liver mitochondria, decay inhibition of mitochondrial tRNA and to a less extent - of rRNA. The multiple injections of ribonucleate evoke intensification of the labelled predecessors incorporation into tRNA and rRNA of the liver mitochondria. With injections of ribonucleinate in combination with hydrocortizone the negative effect of hydrocortizone surplus on incorporation of the labelled predecessors into mitochondrial RNA and on the ratio of rRNA and tRNA in the mitochondria is related by a positive effect of ribonucleinate.


[Comparative study of the influence of yeast mannans on the rate of catalase synthesis in the liver of rats]. The effect of polysaccharides from Rh. rubra and Rh. mucilaginosa was studied as applied to the rate of catalase synthesis in rat liver. The constants were calculated for the rates of catalase synthesis and destruction. Yeast's mannan from Rh. mucilaginosa does not practically affect the rate of catalase synthesis. The mannan from Rh. rubra produces an almost three-fold inhibition on the catalase synthesis and the degree of the enzyme synthesis recovery lowers by 20% as compared the control value. Possible mechanisms of the effect of the yeast's mannans on the rat catalase are discussed.


[Lipid levels in rabbit sarcolemma normally and during experimental muscular dystrophy]. The cholesterin content, total content and phsopholipid composition were studied in sarcolemma of normal rabbits and those with experimental muscular dystrophy. The total content of phospholipids in the sarcolemma of young normal rabbits is 4.8 mg of phosphorus per 1 mg of protein which is higher than that in the sarcolemma of adult rabbits 33%. With experimental muscular dystrophy the content of cholesterin is 2.7 as high as its content in the sarcolemma of the normal rabbits. It is established that the content of phosphatidilserine in the sarcolemma of young normal rabbits is by 61% higher than that in adult animals. The content of phosphatidilserine of lysophosphatidilcholine decreases by 40 and 39%, respectively, with dystrophy. The content of phosphatidilcholine increases by 16% as compared with sarcolemma extracted from the muscles of the young normal rabbits. Molar ratio of phospholipid/cholesterine in the sarcolemma of normal rabbits is 1.8 and decreases with the experimental muscular dystrophy to 0.75.


[Study of the regulation of the synthesis and activity of IMP-dehydrogenase in the yeast Pichia guilliermondii]. Activity of IMP-dehydrogenase was studied in the cells of P. guilliermondii ATCC 9058 from different growth phase; the yeast was cultivated in iron-rich and iron-deficient media. The highest activity of the enzyme was found in the iron-rich cells from the logarithmic growth phase. In the iron-deficient cells synthetizing great amounts of riboflavin the IMP-dehydrogenase activity was somewhat higher in negative growth acceleration phase than that of iron-rich cells from the same stage. Guanine considerably represses synthesis of IMP-dehydrogenase in the cells of the mutant P. guilliermondii Y-2031 with the blocked GMP-synthetase. In the iron-deficient cells no changes in the character of IMP-dehydrogenase synthesis regulation were found in comparison with the iron-rich cells. 5'-GMP, 5'-GDP and 5'-GTP considerably inhibit IMP-dehydrogenase activity of the cell-free preparations of the yeast P. guilliermondii. 5'-AMP, 5'UMP and 5'-CMP slightly affect the enzyme activity. Guanine inhibits LMP-dehydrogenase activity in experimeents in vivo with the guanine- and arginine-requiring "Y" 2031/arg. Thus, synthesis of guanylic acid in the yeast P. guilliermondii is regulated by means of two mechanisms repression of IMP dehydrogenase synthesis and inhibition of the activity of this enzyme by guanyl compounds.


[Dynamics of changes in the level of GABA in various sections of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of dogs during postnatal ontogenesis]. The content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in different sections of dog cerebral cortex and cerebellum suffers considerable changes in the postnatal ontogenesis. In the optic area (field 17) of the cerebral cortex GABA content significantly increases from the birthday till six-month age and then it decreases and remains in puberal animals (the 365th day) at the level of three-month ones. In the parietal and motor sections of the cortex and cerebellum the content of GABA increases intensively during the first fortnight of the postnatal development, decreases sharply during the third week of the development, remains at the reached level till the 90th day and then it increases till the six-month age, reaching maximum levels which are 1.6, 1.8 and 2.3 times as high as the GABA content in these areas, respectively. In puberal (the 365th day) animals GABA content in these sections of the cortex and cerebellum considerably decreases in comparison with 6-month animals. In the parietal and motor sections of the cortex it reaches approximately the level of that in newborn ones and in the optic area of the cortex and cerebellum it is 1.7 and 1.8 respectively, as high as this level. In all the studied sections of the brain cortex and in the cerebellum the content of GABA changes most intensively (2.7 muM per 100 g of fresh tissue a day) during the first three weeks of postnatal development. Some of the investigated sections of the brain cortex and cerebellum differ in GABA content mainly at the early stages of the postnatal ontogenesis (till the 21st day after birth).


[Specific substances of the thymus reacting with thymus-dependant antigens]. A fraction was isolated from the sulphate extract of rats and calfs thymus. This fraction reacts with sheep erythrocytes and rabbits IgG in the agglutination test. An identical fraction from the rats spleen and liver is not active in the same concentration. Active substance was purified by affinity chromatography on IgG cellulose column. The absorption spectrum of the purified substance in 220-300 nm region was studied at pH 7. This substance has not the absorption maxima in 280 nm. The sedimentation constant of the crude preparation is approximately 1.7 s. It supposed, that this substance is a specifical receptor of thymic cells.


[Study of the amino acid composition of albumin fractions obtained from human serum albumin]. Six fractions were isolated from the commercial lyophised albumin preparation by the method of deposition in the medium of 3M KCl. The fractions were purified by means of preparative disc electrophoresis from globulins and polymers, and their amino acid composition was studied on the analyser KLA-3B. The significant differences (p=0.001) are found by lysine, ammonia, histidine, arginine, threonine, glutaminic acid, and phenyl alanine. The greatest differences are found by lysine, ammonia, glutaminic acid and phenylalanine. The fraction was also found being 9% of the initial albumin and sharply differing from the rest of the fractions in amino acid composition but identical immunologically. It is supposed that albumin heterogeneity is connected both with the presence of molecular forms differing in the primary structure and with different degree of amidation of glutaminic and aspartyl residues.


[Influence of nicotinic acid on the methylation of phospholipids in various tissues of rats]. The content and methylation of total phospholipids in the brain, liver and muscles and some of their fractions obtained by the method of thin-layer chromatography on silicic acid were studied as affected by nicotinic acid. It is established that nicotinic acid in a dose of 20 mg/kg 4 hrs after subcutaneous injection evokes an increase in the content of phosphatidyl ethanol amine in the liver and sphyngomyelin in the muscles. The intensity of methylation of choline-containing phospholipids under the effect of nicotinic acid lowers in all the tissues under study.


[Carbohydrate metabolism regulation in early embryogenesis]. The data obtained by the collaborators of the department concerning regulation of the activities of some enzymes of glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt and gluconeogenesis in the unfertilized eggs and embryos of the loach are under discussion. It was determined that the incubation of eggs and embryos in glucose, lactate or fumarate solutions and in the media with added insulin causes significant changes in the activities of several enzymes, the character of these changes corresponding mainly to those in differentiated tissues. Nevertheless there were observed definite peculiarities in the reaction of the enzyme activities to the intake of utilized substances by the embryo's cells as well.


[Modification of fibrin assembly as a method for studying the mechanism of this process]. A study of monomeric fibrin assembly--the process at which the ordered fibres are formed and at the definite moment there arises an elastic three-dimension net (coagulation occurs) made it possible to establish the following. Fibrinogen and high-molecular fragment D formed in fibrinogen enzymatic hydrolysis inhibit the assembly and prevent from creating the regular morphological structure of the fibres. This effect is determined by the presence in fibrinogen and fragment D. of a part of those specific binding centres by means of which the fibrin molecules recognize each other and realize the assemply. The early but not late stages of the assembly are sensitive to fibrinogen and fragment D. This fact evidences for difference in the mechanisms acting at these stages of the process. A moderate increase in the ionic strength prolongs sharply the clotting time of fibrin monomer, that is connected with both retardation in the assembly and prolongation of the pathway in the transformation itself. Transition from the high ionic strength to the low one produces the opposite effect--acceleration in the assembly and shortening of the pathway. For the subsequently appearing intermediate products of the assembly there exists a threshold at which a slow stage of growth and ordering is replaced by the fast terminal reaction of fibre formation. The threshold height is not constant, it depends on the conditions under which the assembly proceeds. The hypothetic explanations of the obtained results are advanced.


[Effect of combined application of carboxylin and sodium citrate on the restoration of blood proteins under conditions of experimental anemia]. Under the effect of combined application of "carboxylin"--the preparation stimulating the processes of CO2 fixation in the tissues and sodium citrate--one of the most important intermediates of the cycle of citric acid, the processes of the erythrocytic and protein composition restoration in the peripheral blood were studied under conditions of posthemorrhagic anemia in rats. It is established that under the effect of combined application of "carboxylin" with sodium citrate there is observed rapid normalization of peripheral blood indexes--erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit number, total proteins, albumin and globulins of blood serum. All mentioned evidences for a stimulating effect of the given preparations on the biosynthetic processes in the organism and for possibility of blood regeneration acceleration under conditions of posthemorrhagic anemia.


[Comparative characteristics of hydrophobic nature of certain proteins by their interaction with 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulfonates]. The hydrophobic nature of proteins is characterized by a degree of 2-p-toluidinonaphthalene-6-sulphonate (TNS) affinity to them and is pronounced quantitatively in the semi-saturated (C1/2) concentrations. This index correlates directly with the position of TNS emission maximum after the binding with proteins and reversely with the yield of fluorescence. The preparations of phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, xantinoxidase, glyceratekinase, lysozyme, RNase during the long (1-2 h) contact with TNS change the values C1/2, that evidences for interaction with the hydrophobic indicator of new structures of protein molecule or for a change in the nature of its linkage itself. An attempt is made to characterize the accessible for TNS hydrophobic nature of individual proteins by a coefficient of molar hydrophobic nature which unites three mentioned characteristics. Serum albumin, insulin, glucogon, alpha chemotrypsin, DNase are most hydrophobic, pyruvate kinase, aldolase, urease, RNase--least hydrophobic, Glycerate kinase, pyruvate decarboxylase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, xanthinoxidase, trypsin, lysozyme are in intermediate position.


[A comparative study of activity of nucleic acid metabolism in human embryonic liver]. In nuclei of hepatocytes of human embryos from the 18th to 40th week of antenatal development the activity of synthesis enzymes lowers: thymidine kinase is 7 times at low, uridine kinase - 11 times as low. In parallel during the same period a decrease in the activity of nucleases drops: DNase - by 15 times, RNase - by 11 times. The activity of these enzymes in the liver of adult persons (22-35 years old) is similar to their activity in the liver of human embryo to the moment of birth.


[The distribution of cholinesterase charged phosphorganic inhibitors and their uncharged analogues in tissues]. The article deals with the hydrophobic character (distribution coefficient in the systems hexane - water and chloroform - water) and certain peculiarities of distributing three cation-containing phosphoroganic inhibitors of cholinesterase and their uncharged analogues in the organisms. The distribution coefficients in the charged and uncharged compounds in the system hexane - water differ inconsiderably, whereas in the system chloroform-water by the thousands and millions times. In rabbits with intravenous administration the content of all inhibitors in blood decreases rapidly, the uncharged compounds accumulate selectively in the lungs and the charged ones are distributed evenly in the tissues.


[Effect of nicotinic acid and prozerin on choline metabolism]. The content and specific activity of labelled methyl groups of choline and phosphorylcholine in the brain, liver and skeletal muscles of rats was studied as affected by nicotinic acid and prozerin, injected subcutaneously 4h before decapitation. It was found that under the effect of prozerin the specific activity of choline lowers only in the muscles and nicotinic acid evokes its decrease in the liver and muscles. The specific activity of phosphorylcholine lowers in the brain and liver with introduction of prozerin and nicotinic acid. The intensity of phosphorylcholine phosphate renewal increases in the liver and skeletal muscles after introduction of both prozerin and nicotinic acid. The activity of choline dehydrogenase in the liver homogenates lowers only with injection of nicotinic acid.


[Effects of different regimes of freezing and thawing on chemiluminescence of rat liver mitochondria]. The rate of Fe2+ activated lipid peroxidation was studied as affected by the different freezing-thawing regime. The level of peroxidation was judged by kinetics and superfeeble luminiscence intensity of mitochondria. It was shown that freezing up to -196 degrees C and subsequent thawing of the mitochondria suspended in a salty medium (KCl) results in an increase in the rate of lipid peroxidation. A more distinct response to the introduction of peroxidation activator (Fe2SO4) is observed in mitochondria, especially in the first 1-2 minutes after ion introduction - in the phase of "slow flash". Besides, there is an increase in the level of stationary luminescence (2-10, 12-22 min) of the frozen-thawed mitochondria in comparison with the control. Slow thawing of quickly or slowly frozen mitochondria results in a more considerable increase in the luminescence light sum, than in the case of rapid thawing. The least-luminescence intensity after freezing and thawing of mitochondria suspension was observed after the rapid freezing and rapid thawing. In case of slow thawing the rate of mitochondria freezing does not considerably affect the degree of chemiluminescence.


[Lysosome enzymes of brain in hyperoxia and under the effect of urea]. For studying the mechanism of hyperoxia toxic effect on metabolism in the rat brain localization of lysosomes enzymes - acid phosphatase, DNase II and acid peptid-hydrolases were investigated in the brain subcellular fractions under different phases of oxygen poisoning and in the in vitro experiments. Under hyperoxia redistribution of the lysosome enzymes is found between the fraction enriched with lysosomes and the soluble one. The character of redistribution evidences for disturbance of permeability in the brain lysosome membranes under hyperoxia. Urea possessing a protective effect under these conditions prevents from labilization of lysosome enzymes which is evoked by the effect of oxygen hyperoxia. When studying manifestation of the effect of lysosome hydrolases release on the substrate level there were found constancy of DNA content in the brain under hyperoxia and a decrease in polymeric property of the brain DNA an hour after the beginning of the terminal phase of oxygen poisoning.


[Sterol composition of sarcolemma in normal rabbits and in experimental muscular dystrophy]. In the rabbit sarcolemma both in norm and under experimental muscular dystrophy besides cholesterol there are found squalene and lanosterol - predecessors of its synthesis as well as a series of other sterols which are not yet identified. The cholesterol fraction of sarcolemma of the rabbits in norm and under muscular dystrophy contain so-called rapid sterols. Under experimental muscular dystrophy in the rabbit sarcolemma side by side with an increase in the content of cholesterol content the concentration of rapid sterols increases. It is also found that under mentioned pathology desmosterol arises in the rabbit sarcolemma.


[Hyperlipemia in birds induced by estrogens]. Long-term administration of diethyl stilboestrol propionate to 1-1.5 and 7-8 months old clocks induced hyperlipemia and hyperbetalipoproteidemia, a decrease in the lipolytic activity and lipoproteidlipase activity in blood. In the liver a decrease in the lipolytic activity was observed against the background of lipids accumulation. It is found that these changes do not depend on the avian age.


Methylene blue in renal calculi. Results of five-year study. Methylene blue in a dose of 65 mg. three times a day has been reported to be useful in the management of chronic renal calculous disease. Sixty-eight patients with renal calculi, in whom there was no biochemical abnormality, were started on this drug five or more years ago. Forty-six per cent of formers of calcium oxalate stone have passed no further stones, and 20 per cent have been improved. Initial studies had reported success in the management of infected stones. However, only 27 per cent obtained any benefit in this study. Methylene blue is useful in the management of patients who form multiple small calculi that contain calcium oxalate dihydrate and may be useful in the prevention of new stone formation.


Chemolysis of residual stone fragments after extensive surgery for staghorn calculi. Chemical dissolution of residual stone fragments was attempted in twelve instances via nephrostomy tube irrigation. Appropriate solutions containing either hemiacidrin or sodium bicarbonate were used for struvite and uric acid stones, respectively. Precautions were taken to prevent and recognize outflow obstruction and urinary infection. Seventy-five per cent of the stones so treated were completely dissolved, and there were no major complications. The incidence of retained stones, natural history, and indications for chemical dissolution are reviewed.


[Metabolism of uridine triphosphate in rat liver]. Thiamin - a predecessor of transketolase coenzyme is shown to cause an increase in the intensity of labelled 14C orotic acid incorporation into UDP and UTP of the rat liver though the time of UTP exchange remains unchanged. Taking into account the data obtained, an assumption is advanced that the biosynthesis of pentoses in the pentosophosphate way of carbohydrates transformation in the rat liver proceeds in its non-oxidative branch with transketolase and transaldolase participating in the process.


Urologic complications of appendicitis.

Urologic complications of appendicitis. Three patients with appendicitis were seen with bladder tumor, hematuria, and pelvic mass with ureteral obstruction, respectively. These cases represent a spectrum of difficult diagnostic problems and illustrate that appendiceal abscess involving the urinary tract may present as urologic disease. Thus, it is important to consider appendicitis in the differential diagnosis.


[Quantitative determination of N-terminal amino acids in fibrin by the Edman degradation method using thin-layer chromatography]. Separation and identification of phenylthiohydantoin derivatives (PTH) of 19 amino acids usually found in proteins was performed by thin-layer chromatography of "silufol" plates. Conditions of PTH quantitation were found at which a 90% extraction of PTH from silicagel was attained. A N-terminal analytical procedure for fibrin is elaborated, by which a high yield of N-terminal amino acids is obtained.


Effect of hormone therapy on immune response in patients with prostatic cancer. Thirty-one patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate had laboratory studies done for total proteins, serum immunoglobulins, white blood cell counts, lymphocyte blastogenesis, skin tests, acid phosphatase, and CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen). The 16 patients receiving no hormones had depressed total proteins, lymphocyte and monocyte counts, skin tests, and CEA compared with the 15 patients receiving hromones who had depressed serum immunoglobulins, white blood cell counts, lymphocyte blastogenesis, and acid phosphatase.


Bacteria in enucleated prostate.

Bacteria in enucleated prostate. The controversial nature of prostatitis is compounded by questions concerning the incidence and significance of bacteria within the prostate. Criticism of bacteriologic studies of expressed prostatic secretion, ejaculate, needle biopsy, and transurethral chips led us to culture the core of enucleated prostates. Of 65 prostates, 26 (40 per cent) were positive: 15 pathogens (23 per cent) and 11 nonpathogens (17 per cent). This was correlated with preoperative urinary infections, anterior urethral infection, and postoperative infectious complications. Prostatic pathogens were usually found when the urine and anterior urethra were infected.


Topical testosterone therapy for penile growth. Three prepubertal males were treated with daily applications to the penis of 5 per cen topical testosterone cream. Penile growth occurred in all 3 patients. Serum testosterone values rose dramatically in 2 of the patients. Topical testosterone probably causes penile growth via its systemic action, not merely through its local effect.


Surgical treatment of utricular cyst in male child. A simple technique for management of utricular cyst is presented. Essentially the technique consists of putting a Fogarty balloon catheter in the cyst through a perineal urethrostomy  and inflating the balloon to fill the cyst completely. Using a miniature resectoscope, the septum between the cyst wall and prostatic urethra is resected widely until the Fogarty Balloon is completely visualized  in the prostatic urethra.


Anterior urethral valves.

Anterior urethral valves. Two cases of anterior urethral valves are reported, one occuring in a child with renal osteodystrophy and the second being the first recorded case of anterior urethral valves in an adult. These 2 cases represent the thirteenth and fourteenth cases of anterior urethral valves reported in the literature.


Bilateral complete renal duplication with total obstruction of both lower pole collecting systems. Sepsis and a flank mass developed in a twenty-two-year-old primagravida two days after a normal delivery. Urography showed normal upper pole collecting structures bilaterally. A spherical mass containing curvilinear calcification occupied the left lower pole, and a large inflammatory mass filled the right inferior renal fossa. Angiography and retrograde pyelography demonstrated marked bilateral lower pole hydronephrosis with complete obstruction of the water to each inferior duplicated collecting system.


Use of levarterenol bitartrate in massive hemorrhage after retropubic prostatectomy. A case of massive hemorrhage following retropubic prostatectomy is presented. There was a dramatic decrease in bleeding with the use of levarterenol bitartrate in the irrigation solution. The implications of this finding are discussed.


Reanastomosis of completely transected penis in canine. Review of current concepts. The multiple problems associated with the amputated penis are challenging and often difficult. Our experience with reanastomosis of a completely transected canine penis and a brief review of current concepts of the literature are described.


Suppression of bacterial growth and ammonia formation by citrate buffer in urine collected in ileal loop receptacles. Bacterial growth in urine collected in ileal loop receptacles is greatly suppressed by the presence of 5 to 10 ml. 1-M. citrate buffer, pH 4. The suppression of bacterial growth by the citrate buffer prevents the formation of ammonia and perhaps other noxious metabolites whic are believed responsible for the irritation and inflammation of the skin exposed to infected urine. The citrate buffer is placed in the ileal loop receptacle at the beginning of each urine collection period.


Management of extensive leukoplakia of bladder. A case of extensive leukoplakia of the bladder is presented. The occurrence is unusual and the management controversial. Cystectomy should be considered in men with extensive vesical leukoplakia.


Angiographic features of benign renal adenoma. Five cases of beign renal adenoma were studied angiographically. The findings are presented along with a review of the literature. There were 4 males and 1 female ranging in age from forty-two to sixty-three years. Each presented with a mass on excretory urography, and 1 contained calcification. The largest two lesions showed circumferentially distributed vascular supply. Two lesions showed a faint homogenous blush on the nephrogram phase of the angiogram, and the firth lesion, which arose in the wall of a cyst, was angiographically silent.


Renal angiomyolipoma: two varieties.

Renal angiomyolipoma: two varieties. Two cases of symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma are presented, and their distinctive clinical, radiologic, and histologic features are discussed. In the first case the scout film demonstrated radiolucency of the tumor which helped to distinguish it from carcinoma. In the second case, which was associated with tuberous sclerosis, the renal lesion was large and unifocal, and the local lymph nodal involvement with tumor raised the possibility of malignant transformation.


Transitional cell carcinoma and renal cell adenocarcinoma in single kidney. A case is presented of synchronous occurrence of renal adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis in the same kidney. Review of the English literature revealed this to be a unique coincidence.


Synchronous cystosphincterometry in patients with spinal cord injury. Studies with continuous bladder and urethral infusions and physical factors influencing interpretation. A technique of synchronous study for monitoring the bladder activity and simultaneous urethral sphincteric responses is described. This study was made possible by using a 12 F trilumen catheter with which intravesical infusion and independent bladder pressure recording were conducted. Constant urethral infusion with intrasphincteric pressure recording was arranged through the third lumen of the trilumen catheter. This radiologic aided study was used for functional evaluation of the bladder and its outlet. The bulit-in artefacts of the technique were assessed. The physical factors, such as urethral infusion flow rate and the compliance of infusion catheter hydraulic system governing interpretation of the study during nonvoiding states, are described. With an experience of 100 studies on 75 patients with spinal cord injury and 5 normal subjects, this method has been found to be a useful clinical urodynamic technique well suited even to a nonambulatory patients with spinal cord injury.


Encouraging preservation of sexual function postprostatectomy. Sexual function after prostatectomy, particularly perirenal, has been reviewed in 128 patients treated in private practice for the past twenty years by one urologist with an avowed bias to encouraging postoperative sexual function. Surgical procedures for benign and neoplastic lesions of the prostate usually do not impair sexual potency when a patient is interested in coitus, has an available partner, and is encouraged by his physician. Review of the literature justifies encouraging preservation of sexual function postprostatectomy.


In-vivo diagnosis of right renal aplasia in a pekingese bitch. The physical, haematological, urinary and radiographic findings in a female pekingese dog with right renal aplasia are described. The right ureter was present and structurally normal. The left kidney was hypertrophied. The ovaries and uterus were normal.


An investigation into dystocia in a south country Cheviot flock. An abnormally high incidence of dystocia was encountered in the south country Cheviot flock at the Hill Farming Research Organisation's research station at Sourhope, Yetholm, Roxburghshire over the past four years, 1970 to 1973. Lambing records were only available for 1972 and 1973 for Sourhope ewes and gimmers of all breeds and showed the following: (see article) This meant that in terms of attention and vigilance, a high shepherding input was necessary with the South Country Cheviot flock. Intensive observation and measurements of some relevant parameters were therefore made in the gimmer age group of this flock, numbering 126, during the lambing season of 1974; 39-7 per cent required assitance. This paper describes the behavioural pattern in lambing and demonstrates differences between those animals which were assisted and those which were not. The features of the dystocias and their possible cause are discussed.


Liver fluke in Great Britain: a survey of affected livers. Over a period of 15 months data were collected from abattoirs in Great Britain on 213,082 cattle and 362,838 sheep livers to determine the distribution and prevalence of damage by Fasciola hepatica. The stock came from 8239 farms, and from livestock markets in 81 counties. 53 per cent of the farms had sent affected stock, with significant percentages in eastern as well as the western counties of England and Scotland. 21 per cent of all cattle and 7 per cent of all sheep livers examined were affected. In both species, the percentage of adult stock affected was more than double that of young stock. The condemnation rate in cattle was relatively constant throughout the year. The effects of infestation are more widely distributed than has been generally recognised. Greater emphasis should be placed on the control of chronic fascioliasis in cattle.


[Methodology of surgical intervention for meningiomas of the medial portions of the wings of the sphenoid bone]. A procedure employed in removing meningiomas of the ala parva and of meningiomas affecting simultaneously ala parva and ala magna is described. Materials derived from operative interventions in 78 patients are studied. The application of the microsurgical technique in separating meningiomas from basilar arteries made it possible to improve the effectiveness of operative interventions. The overall post operative lethality comprised 24.3 per cent.


[Autoimmune shifts in the dynamics of experimental spinal cord injury]. Results of a study on the content of circulating autoantibodies and on the activity of sensitized leucocytes in 60 albino rats with an experimentally severed half of the spinal cord are reported. An investigation carried our in dynamics of the process (up to 60 days) after injury demonstrated the development of autosensitization during the first 2 weeks and a substantial progressive intensification of it in the course of the following 1 1/2 months. A parallelism between the appearance of specific autoantibodies and the alteration of leucocytes in response to homoantigen from the tissues of the spinal cord, brain, peripheral nerves and muscles as noted. The pathogenetic significance of specific autosensitization in experimental injuries of the spinal cord should be subject to further studies.


[Several problems in the rehabilitation of patients with injuries to the lumbosacral portion of the spine and spinal cord]. Observation over clinical features distinguishing the course of traumas involving the sacro-lumbar vertebral column and spinal cord in 251 patients permitted it to recognize a number of points determining the orientation of a complex restorative treatment. Thanks to the use of a set of medico-rehabilitating measures it was possible to achieve positive results in the treatment of 222 (89 per cent) of the patients and 178 (75 per cent) of them could move without any outside help.


Hyperoncotic albumin infusion in experimental glomerulonephritis in rats: A micropuncture study. The effect of infusion of hyperonciotic (25 g% salt-poor bovine plasma albumin) (0.06 g% of body weight) has been studied using clearance and micropuncture techniques in animals with two forms of immunologically induced experimental glomerulonephritis and in age-matched control rats. In control rats the significant natriuresis and diuresis after hyperoncotic albumin were associated with decreased fractional and absolute proximal reabsorption, decreased calculated efferent oncotic pressure, and a transitory rise in efferent arteriolar hydrostatic pressure. These findings, however, do not necessarily indicate a predominant role for peritubular "physical factors" in the control of proximal reabsorption. In glomerulonephritic rats a smaller diuresis and an insignificant natriuresis were found after hyperoncotic albumin, especially in anti-GBM nephritis, when no change in SNGFR or proximal absolute reabsorption occurred. In AICN there was a rise in SNGFR and a fall in absolute reabsorptive rate, especially in those nephrons with high filtration rates. There was no evidence that any alteration in efferent arteriolar hydrostatic pressure of calculated efferent oncotic pressure had occurred.


Effect of lithium on water and electrolyte metabolism. Studies were performed in the rat to determine the effect of lithium on electrolyte transport in distal portions of the nephron since steep corticomedullary gradient for lithium has been demonstrated and ionic competition and/or substitution of lithium for sodium and potassium may play a role in inhibition of vasopressin-induced water transport. During the intravenous infusion of LiC1, in the absence of volume expansion and at plasma levels of 2-5 mequiv/liter of Li, maximum urine con-entration was inhibitied. Under the same conditions lithium administration impaired potassium secretion and urinary acidification and resulted in a natriuresis. These results indicate that lithium affects electrolyte transport in the same nephron segments in which the action of vasopressin is inhibitied. In addition, evidence is provided that suggests that during the chronic administration of LiC1, the sustained increase in oral intake of water and urinary flow rate results from an increase in thirst as well as reduced renal concentrating ability.


Some reflections on the mechanism of renal tubular potassium transport. Analysis of the driving forces acting on the movement of potassium across individual membranes of tubule cells shows that both active and passive components play an important role in the regulation of potassium transport. Distal and cortical collecting tubule and papillary collecting duct elements are the key nephron sites participating in a complex fashion to translate a wide variety of metabolic challenges into the appropriate excretory response. The latter involves both secretory and reabsorptive activity. The analysis of the factors modulating tubular potassium transfer has shown that the potassium concentration in the cells of the distal nephron is a dey factactors involved in setting the cellular potassium concentration are active potassium uptake at the peritubular and luminal membrane of the cells as well as electrogenic solium extrusion across the peritubular boundary of the cells. Additional factors regulating potassium transport involve the electrical potential difference, sensitive to changes in the sodium concentration in the lumen, the flow rate past the late distal tubular site of potassium secretion, and the activity of a reabsorptive potassium pump in the luminal membranes of the cells. In the cortical collecting tubule, active potassium secretion is also present at the luminal membrane of the cell, but the role of such an additional secretory mechanism in the late distal tubule is presently unknown. Most of these individual transport mechanisms exist along the whole distal nephron, but their relative prominence varies among the late distal tubule, the cortical collecting tubule, and the papilary collecting duct.


Evidence against bicarbonate reabsorption in the ascending limb, particularly as disclosed by free-water clearance studies. Bicarbonate reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop was examined by studies of free-water clearance (CH2O) and free-water reabsorption (TcH2O). During maximal water diuresis in the dog, CH2O/GFR was taken as an indes of sodium reabsorption in, and urine flow (V/GFR) as an index of delivery of filtrate to, this scarbonate, infusion of a nonreabsorbable solute (hypotonic mannitol) and administration of an inhibitor of bicarbonate reabsorption (acetaent, but less than that achieved with hypotonic saline infusion. This suggests that sodium that sodium bicarbonate is not reabsorbed in the ascending limb. Rather, it is the sodium chloride, swept out of the proximal tubule by osmotic diuresis due to nonreabsorbed mannitol or sodium bicarbonate, that is reabsorbed in the ascending limb thereby increasing CH2O, whereas the nonreabsorption of mannitol and sodium bicarbonate results in a depressed CH20 per unit V when compared with hypotonic saline. V/GFR is not a satisfactory index of delivery to the ascending limb during osmotic diuresis, since it includes water obligated by nonreabsorbable solutes. When a better index of delivery, the sum of the clearances of chloride (CC1) and free-water (CH2O) is used, hypotonic bicarbonate infusion, hypotonic mannitol infusion and acetazolamide administration increase CH2O/GFR per unit delivery to the same extent as odes hypotonic saline infusion. Studies in dogs and rats on TcH2O also indicate that sodium bicarbonate is an impermeant solute in the ascending limb. Osmotic diuresis due to sodium bicarbonate diuresis, produced either by inhibition of sodium bicarbonate reabsorption (acetazolamide, L-lysine mono-hydrochloride) or infusion of sodium bicarbonate, or mannitol diuresis both produced marked chloruresis and increased TcH2O to the same extent as did hypertonic saline infusion. If chloride excretion was almost eliminated by hemodialysis against a chloride-free dialysate (dogs) or prolonged feeding of a salt-free diet (rats), TcH2O formation was unimpaired if hypertonic saline was infused but virtually obliterated during mannitol or sodium bicarbonate diuresis. Sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb, therefore, appears to be dependent upon chloride as the accompanying anion. At any given rate of bicarbonate excretion, more cloride is delivered out of the proximal tubule (as estimated from CC1 + CH2O) with hypotonic sodium bicarbonate infusion than with acetazolamide administration. This suggests that magnitude of the chlorutesis accompanying bicarbonate diuresis depends, not only on osmotic diuresis due to nonreabsorbed sodium bicarbonate, but also on the extent to which concomitant changes in effective extracellular volume influence overall sodium chloride reabsorption.


[Possibilities of a routine prevention of arrhythmia in the early phase of acute myocardial infarct]. The frequency of the electric heart death in the early phase of the acute myocardial infarction demands a prophylactic use of antiarrhythmic remedies. In a guarded ward for coronary diseases since 1972 all patients with a fresh myocardial infarction or suspicion of infarction were treated with a continuous intravenous lidocain drip in a dosage of 100 mg/per hour for 48 hours. In 266 patients in a certain examination period ventricular fibrillation was observed only once and ventricular tachycardias twice. In accordance with literary data the prophylatic medication of lidocain gives an effective defence against threatening disturbances of the ventricular rhythm. The indications for a passagere electrostimulation in bradycardiac disturbances of rhythm associated with acute myocardial infarction are demonstrated.


[Spontaneous pneumothorax as an urgent internal problem]. 92 cases of pneumothorax of the clinic for lung diseases Lostau and 35 cases from 9 county hospitals of the district Magdeburg were analysed. In the two groups a vast correspondence of the following data was found: average age of the patients (40.0 or 46.2 years), duration of stay in the ward (25.3/23.5 days), as urgent cases 11 or 8 patients, respectively, were hospitalised. Only in 5% of all cases a treatment on the conditions of an intensive therapy unit was necessary. Apart from the clinical and radiological basal diagnostics a measurement of the interpleural pressure by means of the pneumothorax apparatus is demanded. These values form the basis for a differentiated therapy of the pneumothorax: conservative attitude with sedation of cough of the patient in minimal pneumothoraces; withdrawal by means of the pneumothorax apparatus in more severe lung collapse, appearances of tension, lacking tendency to re-expansion of the lung after 3 days' conservative-medicamentous therapy; rubber-tube drainage when the withdrawal by means of the pneumothorax apparatus was ineffective for three times; surgical therapy when a 7 to 10 days' rubber-tube drainage was without success.


[Diagnosis of acute myocardial infarct in corrected orthogonal electrocardiogram]. In 450 patients of a guarded ward for coronary diseases apart from the 15 conventional ECG-leads three corrected orthogonal leads after Frank were registered. In 141 cases an infarction could be confirmed. Using an observation of the course a recognition of the infarctions was always possible in the conventional as well as the corrected orthogonal ECG. In not penetrating infarctions a very careful analysis of the electrocardiograms and of the controls of the course is necessary, since the changes of the final ventricular deflection in the corrected orthogonal deviation system are less expressed than in the conventional leads. Thus, the corrected orthogonal electrocardiogram seems to be suitable for screening investigations concerning the recognition of a myocardial infarction.


[Clinical experiences with the miniature-electrocardioscope MC-3 in cardiological emergencies]. Using the thoraxic putting up electrodes the cardioscope MC-3 (Medicor Budapest) principally satisfies the demands made on an emergency cardioscope. Usually derived with electrode cable, the derivation programme comprises 12 possibilities. The apparatus is distinguished by an easy service, slight susceptibility to disturbances and great security. It can be used in cardiological emergency situations in in-patient and out-patient departments and for supervision of infarction rehabilitands.


[Premonitory sign of myocardial rupture]. It is reported on 14 cases in which a rupture of the myocardium occurred following a myocardial infarction. The moment of the appearance as well as anamnestic and clinical peculiarities are examined. As the only usable symptom of the rupture the symptomatology of the electromechanic dissociation must be taken into consideration. Finally it is referred to the on principle possible operative consequences of the rupture of the myocardium (oversewing or infarctetomy).


[Scientifically proved emergency examinations in clinical laboratory]. The most clinical laboratories may guarantee the laboratory diagnostic service out of regular laboratory hours only in a limited extent. In order to guarantee the short-term performance of emergency examinations with a security of the results which is to be compared with the daily routine, therefore, a selection of parameters must be carried out, which satisfies the demand of the clarification of suddenly occurred life-threatening conditions and possibly also of their control of therapy. It is presented a maximum program of parameters, which must be on principle, at the disposal of the suitable medical care of men in acute emergency situations within a territorial organisation.


[Peptic ulcer - etiology and pathogenesis]. On account of its frequency, its severe sequelae for individual and society and an account of the hitherto insufficient possibilities for prevention and cure the peptic ulcer of the stomach and the duodenum is a severe problem in health policy. To the conditions of development known from epidemiology belong genetic as well as environmental factors. For the participation of genetic predispositions plead among others the familial accumulation and the connection with ABO-blood-groups. Environmental factors are evidently more important. Conspicuous are geographic differences and temporary trends of the frequency of ulcer. Psychosocial factors is attributed an important role among the developmental conditions. Ventricular ulcer and duodenal ulcer differ epidemiologically and pathophysiologically. In the ventricular ulcer the question is apparantly the local expression of a diffuse lesion of the mucous membrane. Due to a lesion of the barrier of the mucous membrane the increased rediffusion of hydrogen ions is the cause. Reflux of the duodenal juice, drugs and disturbances of circulation participate in this. In the duodenal ulcer the mucous membrane is healthy, but is not able to resist the increased and prolonged exposition to hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Disturbances of the nervous and humoral regulation of the production of acid and its inhibition are apparantly the cause.


[Tests of gastric secretion in diagnosis and therapy of peptic ulcer]. A survey of the modern importance of the secretion test of the stomach for diagnostics and differential diagnostics of the gastroduodenal ulcer, for an individualising surgery of the stomach and for the testing of the success in vagotomy is given. In the epoch of the fibre endoscopy the secretion test can scarcely still contribute to the diagnostics of ulcer, but it is now as ever important as screening method for the differentiation of the Zollinger-Ellison-syndrome. The decision on the size of an individual surgical intervention for the treatment of the peptic ulcer should also be based on the result of the secretion test. The usual control of the success of vagotomy by means of the insulin test has its problems.


[Radiography and endoscopy in the diagnosis of the gastroduodenal ulcer]. In the clarification of circumscribed processes in stomach and duodenal bulb radiodiagnostics and endoscopy supplement themselves in an ideal way. The endoscopy seems to have advantages in recognition and explanation of findings on the cardial and subcardial parts of the stomach as well as on the operated stomach. Deformation of the duodenal bulb and changes of the post-stenotic parts can be better judged radiologically. The complete healing of an ulcer is exactly recognisable only by means of endoscopy. Linear ulcers are often not to be seen in radiodiagnostics. With the help of the aimed biopsy the decision on benignity or malignity of the ulcerating process has become easier. Every radiologically not certainly explainable findings and every discrepancy between X-ray picture and complaints of the patients should bring about an endoscopic examination.


[Stomach ulcer and stomach cancer].

[Stomach ulcer and stomach cancer]. About 5--10% of the gastric carcinomas develop from a gastric ulcer (ulcerocancer). This process, however, is, referred to gastric ulcers, too rare to indicate a prophylactic resection of the stomach on account of the danger of the development of cancer. Careful diagnostics and following control with X-ray examination and gastroscopy are, however, necessary in every gastric ulcer. The retrogression of the complaints neither proves healing of the ulcer nor benignity of the ulcer. Compared with the ulcerocarcinoma the differential diagnosis of the gastric ulcer is easy when locally advanced, patelliform carcinomas are in question. It is difficult in small carcinomas and especially in the carcinoma of the mucous membrane of type III. Individual radiologic and endoscopic signs and especially their combination are useful for the differentiation, but they may be misleading. A carcinomatous ulcer may radiologically and endoscopically look like a peptic ulcer and may apparently also fully heal. Therefore, a certain differential diagnosis is only possible with the help of an aimed biopsy of the stomach or the cytodiagnostics. The two methods serve further propagation. They should be used in every case, when an apparantly benign ulcer does not reveal a clear retrogression under effective treatment with carbenoxolone within four weeks. The examination of the gastric juice may be used for the differential diagnosis.


[Peptic ulcer and the liver].

[Peptic ulcer and the liver]. The interorganic relations between liver and stomach are explained from the point of view of the primary diseases of each organ and the higher mechanism is also discussed. The at present well-known and partly hypothetic pathophysiological mechanisms are treated within the subject. On own combined histologo-biochemical examinations of the liver punctate is generally explained the too little regarded role of the peptic ulcer for the induction of so-called latent hepatopathies. In this respect in operations of the stomach the vagotomy as the method of choice serves the preference compared with resections of the stomach.


[Diet therapy of ulcer disease].

[Diet therapy of ulcer disease]. After a time of overstated diet prescriptions nowadays the individual nutrition of the patient with ulcer with a diet of high quality is striven for. Such a diet must guarantee the intake of an adequate quantity of calories, with regard to the main nutrient media protein, fats and carbohydrates it must be well composed and must meet the requirements of minerals, vitamins and fluid. The diet shall be varied, and more frequent smaller meals are to be recommended.


[Drug therapy of peptic ulcer].

[Drug therapy of peptic ulcer]. Though the proper genesis of peptic ulcer is still unknown, one can proceed from the fact that the cause of the development of the defect is a disturbance of the equilibrium between aggressive and defensive factors on the surface of the stomach. It is taken the view that an uncomplicated ulcus duodeni and ulcus ventriculi should be treated in the outpatient department. Strong diet prescriptions are certainly not necessary, reduction of the consumption of nicotine and avoidance of nutrients increasing secretion and individually incompatible is, however, necessary. In duodenal ulcer anticholinergic remedies and antacids are the basis of the therapy as before; other principles of treatment are only of subordinated significance. In ulcus ventriculi a reduction of quality and quantity of the gastric mucus play, perhaps, an etiologic role. Since, apart from this, a reflux of bile takes place, the derivations of the Succus liquiritiae which further the formation of mucus and the Cerucal furthering the peristalsis are to be regarded as most essential therapeutic remedies. But principle of the therapy of ulcer must always be not only to treat the diseased organ, but to try to influence therapeutically on the whole man with his conflicts which are sometimes difficult  to be solved and which manifest themselves only in the gastro-intestinal tract.


[Individual selection for operation in the surgery of ulcer]. In 918 operations of gastroduodenal ulcer the operation was individually chosen. The critically indicated selective oral vagotomy with or without drainage operation yielded comparatively good results, it is a valuable supplementation of the previously only performed resection treatment. Ulcus duodenum and ulcus pepticum jejuni post-operativum are the domain of vagotomy, whereas in ulcus ventriculi in most cases is resected according to Billroth I. In old patients or severe concomitant diseases vagotomies--even in hypochlorhydria--yield as satisfying results as excision of ulcer and segment resections. Bleeding or perforated parapyloric ulcers were in selected cases also treated by vagotomies. On account of good early and late results the 2/3 resektion after Billroth I or II is never defective and it is more favourable for the patient than a wrongly indicated and technically insufficiency performed vagotomy. Operative techniques should be used which are mastered methodically. The vagotomy demands a critical indication and cautions technique, in the hand of an experienced operator it anticipates the removal of peptic ulcer. A final judgment is allowed only after an interval of 1 to 2 decenniums.


[Herpes zoster as cause of an epidemic spread of varicella and zoster in a children's hospital]. During infancy zoster is not so rare as generally stated. In this age group the infection seems often to be unrecognised, because commonly it produces little or atypical body reactions. In children the infectivity of zoster is more serious than in adults, but in the absence of antibodies, varicella develops. Therefore zoster has been considered as an immunologically modified form of varicella. In my own experience, one case of zoster caused epidemics of varicella and zoster in a paediatric hospital. The pathogenesis and epidemiology of the two diseases have been discussed.


Rapid lactate determination with an electrochemical enzymatic sensor: clinical usability and comparative measurements. Lactate measurements can be performed within 2-3 minutes after blood withdrawal from the patients by using an electrochemical enzymatic sensor for lactate. The values obtained reflect the actual state of the patient which is not the case with the slow classical method using lactate dehydrogenase and NAD. The sensor is reproducible and the influence of the main reducing substances found in the blood is small enough to be of no clinical significance. Drugs commonly used in intensive care stations have no influence on the sensor. In vitro lactate production of the blood cells has been studied under various conditions. 66 pairs of comparative measurements between the classical method and the lactate sensor resulted in a good correlation coefficient.


[A micromethod for the determination of glucose in 20 microliter samples with the autoanalyzer (author's transl)]. A continuous flow method is described for the determination of glucose in haemolysates and other materials with hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase as reagents. It is a micro-method (20 microliter) which can be used with the 2. generation auto-analyzer. The new method was compared with a hexokinase manual method.


[A simple extraction chamber for the analysis of gases by gas chromatography in small blood samples (50 microliters) (author's transl)]. A sample extraction chamber for the determination of O2- CO2- and N2O-concentrations in 50 microliters blood samples by gas chromatography is described. These blood samples can be transferred anaerobically from the ear lobe of a patient or other donor by a doctor or medical auxillary. It is shown that N2O, O2 and CO2 are completely extracted from blood, red cell suspension and HCO3-solutions respectively. When the concentrations of the same sample was repeatedly measured the coefficient of variation was 1.3% for O2 and N2O and 1.2% for CO2.


Automated analysis of total urinary hydroxyproline based on resin-catalysed hydrolysis. An automated method for the analysis of total urinary hydroxyproline using strong cation resin tablets of Hypronosticon is described for use in a clinical laboratory and the results are compared with those obtained by other methods. Even though good recoveries are obtained using the technique described in the present work by adding the internal standards either before or after hydrolysis of urine, the present method gave consistently lower values of urinary hydroxyproline compared with a manual and an automated method.


[Investigation on the synthesis of 125I labelled triiodothyronine and thyroxine of high specific radioactivity (author's transl)]. The reaction conditions of the monoiodination of L-diiodothyronine and L-triiodothyronine by nonradioactive iodide have been investigated by separation of the reaction mixture on sephadex G-25 with sodium hydroxide 10 mmol/l as eluent and quantitative iodine estimation in the eluate. When labelling with 125I was performed under optimal conditions, a good yield of chromatographically pure L-triiodothyronine or L-thyroxine was obtained with a specific radioactivity between 2 and 3 Ci/mg. The synthesized labelled hormones were tested by radioimmunoassay. They enable a detection of less than 2 pg T3 and less than 5 pg T4.


Radioimmunoassay of 3,3',-'-triiodo-L-thyronine (reverse T3) in human serum and its application in different thyroid states. A radioimmunoassay for the measurement of 3.3',5'-triiodo-L-thyromine (reverse T3, rT3) has been developed. The known limitations of this technique have been overcome by the use of the biologically relevant L-compound for the production of highly specific antisera and for preparing the standard curve. The high sensitivity of the assay (lower limit of detection 20 ng/l serum) was obtained by using 125I-labelled rT3 of maximum specific radioactivity. Mean serum rT3 concentrations for various thyroid states were as follows: Normal subjects: 0.182 mug/l (0,280 nmol/l), hypothyroidism: 0.038 mug/l (0.058 nmol/l), hyperthyroidism: 0.522 mug/l (0.802 nmol/l), pregnants: 0.200 mug/l (0.307 nmol/l), newborn (cord serum): 2.11 mug/l (3.24 nmol/l). The method described should provide additional information with regard to the clarification of thyroxine metabolism.


[The content of free serotonin in urine after resection of part of the gastro-intestinal-tract (author's transl)]. The elimination of free serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in 24 h urine, from patients with gastric carcinoma before operation and from patients following 2/3 gastrectomy (Billroth II), intestinal- or colon-rectum-resection, was measured using direct quantitative thin-layer chromatographic-fluorometry. By comparison with a heterogeneous control group a lowered elimination of free serotonin was observed in patients with gastric carcinoma and following colon-rectum-resection. The remaining groups showed no significant difference with the control group.


[Nomenclature of angles in the lumbo-sacral region (author's transl)]. Lack of an universally accepted nomenclature of lumbo-sacral angles often leads to misunderstanding. As a basis for a future agreed nomenclature the descriptions of these angles are put in order, wherever possible without introducing new names. Only in one instance - for the differentiation between an anterior and posterior lumbo-sacral angle - was a new name essential. The series of angles also contains a point - the promontory - and a distance - the height of the promontory - which is the second new name.


[Anatomy of the lateral malleolar sulcus - a contribution to the causation of displacement of peroneal tendons (author's transl)]. On 100 specimens of the fibula repeatable parameters were developed so as to measure the bony bed of the peroneal tendons and to evaluate the results statistically. The specimens were investigated frontally and in profile. And the sulcus was measured with a special tool. By determining height, width and slope of the walls of the groove absolute values were found which permitted differentiation between the various types of salcus.


[Anatomy of the sulcus of the extensor carpi radialis tendon (author's transl)]. The anatomy of the sulcus of the extensor carpi radialis tendon was analyzed in order to establish the importance of anatomic variation of the bony bed for the development of habitual dislocation of the tendon. Length, width and slope of the lateral walls were measured. Additional morphologic description permitted to distinguish 4 different types of sulcus. The results mean that the anatomy of the sulcus has only an indirect connection with dislocation, via laxity of the retinacula.


[Dyschondroplasia (Ollier) (author's transl)]. Over 20 years 5 patients with dyschondroplasia (Ollier) have been seen in the department for Orthopedics and Traumatology at Cluj-Napoca (Romania). Three were male, two female. 4 came from large families. First signs appeared gradually in 3, in 2 spontaneous fractures drew the attention to the disease. Radiographycally there were the typical chondromas with a strong tendency towards ossification in the adult. Shortening and deformity is proportional to the growth of the chondromas. The cause is unknown. In one case a chondroma became sarcomatous. One arm had to be exarticulated. This patient had no recurrence after 14 years.


[Progress of untreated scoliosis following poliomyelitis up to the end of the growth-period (author's transl)]. Further to an earlier paper on progression of untreated idiopathic scoliosis 37 patients with scoliosis following poliomyelitis are reported on. 16 of them could be observed for 2 years or more having had no treatment. Their progression is clearly more extensive than that of idiopathic scoliosis. But like them it is at a peak during the prepubertal spurt of growth. It also is more obvious the earlier it is recognized. The prognosis of post-poliomyelitic scoliosis is particularly bad when it starts shortly after onset of the paralysis.


[Transversal loading system in addition to the Harrington instruments (author's transl)]. With the transversal loading system, constructed by Cotrel, a new possibility for operative spine correction is given to the surgeon.


[Microradiography and macroradiography with an industrial X-ray inspection-apparatus (author's transl)]. Bone specimens of different thickness from 100 mum ground sections to whole bones can be examined with an industrial X-ray inspection-apparatus, which is versatile, easy to operate and less expensive equipment especially made for microradiography.


[Early and late results after Colonna arthroplasties of the hip-joint (author's transl)]. In 10 years the authors have carried out 107 Colonna arthroplasties of the hip-joint. Results could be followed up in 98 patients, of whom 56 were - at the time of operation-less than 5-year-old, 42 holder. Among the early operations results were good and satisfactory in 60 per cent, in the late operations 50 per cent. They found that the quality of the result depended largely on the age of the patient, pre-operative traction and additional osteotomy. They recommend this operation for patients with neglected CDH or for those in whom closed reduction did not succeed and operations after Pemberton or Salter cannot be carried out any more.


[The B.S.R. after total hip-replacement (author's transl)]. Out of 327 patients followed up for at least 2 years the changes in the B.S.R. of 260 patients with an uncomplicated postoperative course, of 10 patients with early and 11 with late infection were analyzed. Where there were no complications the BSR falls quickly and reaches its lowest level after 6 months. In early and, surprisingly, also in late infection the BSR is high and does not show any tendency to return to normal.


[Incomplete spinal cord syndrome in Paget's disease of the spine (author's transl)]. Report on a case, wrongly interpreted for a long time. The diagnostic difficulties in a slowly developing spinal cord syndrome in Paget's disease are discussed. The cord may be damaged in this disease in various ways. Here it was increasing mechanical compression by bone bulging into the spinal canal. Decompression laminectomy gives usually good results provided it is done early enough.


[The consideration of footforms for a better judgement and explanation of footcomplains (author's transl)]. Differentiating individual foot types has decisive advantages in diagnosing and treating fallen arches and splayfoot. The basic methods of classifying different foot types are discussed and the necessity of such classifying is shown. Seemingly different interpretations of foot malformations are thereby explicable. Reference is made to the problem of therapeutic failures resulting from non-observance of the interaction between the arch-support and the shoes worn. The positive effects of indicated alterations in heel height are demonstrated.


[Measuring of the human body with the "Differentiometer" (author's transl)]. The "Differentiometer" is a handy instrument suitable for many measurements of the human body. Many important parts of the human body in their length, in their geometrical position and in their relation to each other can be measured on the lying as well as on the standing patient. Some of these measurements could not be done clinically until now. With these measurements investigation by X-ray sometimes can be spared.


[Results in forearm prostheses (author's transl)]. A survey is given on 60 cases of forearm-amputationes, the properties of different prostheses are discussed. Based on questioning and experiences in changes of artificial limbs general conditions for limb fitting are worked out. Beside the function special attention was payed to the cosmetic results.


[Development of biologic report systems for prostheses and ortheses (author's transl)]. By linkage with the physiologic sensory nervous system we have tried to open up information channels for reporting back states of prostheses and ortheses. Wired surface- and subcutaneous electrodes are used. Stable and conductive contact has been observed up to 1 1/2 years. Detachment is secured but quantitative allocation to certain sensory processes is not yet possible. Future work with improved technical means and using correlation analysis is required.


[Loosening of the acetabular implant after replacement of the hip-joint due to age-related loss of bone structure (author's transl)]. Radiographs of the pelvis of 17 patients who after replacement of the hip joint showed loosening of the acetabular component have been examined as to the degree of osteoporosis by the method of Singh et al. Comparing aseptic and infective loosening showed that in aseptic cases age-related loss of bone-substance was on average more pronounced than in loosening due to infection. Since we have stopped opening the cancellous space in patients with advanced osteoporosis but only fill anchorholes or ridges with cement, we have not seen any more aseptic loosening.


[Ball and socket ankle joint and tarsal synostosis (author's transl)]. Ball and socket ankle joints in 4 patients with "tarsal coalition" have first been described by Lamb and later by others. This report deals with a further case. The boy with a congenitally short left leg and absence of the lateral two toes was seen at the age of 4 months. He was again seen at 11 years of age after a sprain of the right ankle. Roentgen-examination showed calcaneotarsal synostosis and a ball and socket ankle joint with a fatigue fracture of the lateral metatarsal. The shape of the ankle joint appears to be part of a non-inheritable congenital defect with early embryonal disturbance of cleft formation in the tarsus.


[Radiologic diagnosis and surgical treatment of closed injuries to the distal biceps tendon (author's transl)]. A technique for the recognition of closed injuries of the distal biceps tendon by introducing CO2 gas contrast into the soft tissues has been devised. The gas is injected into the fascial cover of biceps with a special apparatus. This produces direct and indirect signs of rupture of the tendon in radiographs. The repair of the distal biceps tendon is achieved by an original method using a homoplastic sling around the radius. Good results were obtained in 13 patients.


Pseudoaneurysm following axillo-femoral by-pass: unusual presentation. An unusual presentation of a false aneurysm following axillo-femoral by-pass is reported. The leak at the femoral anastomosis dissected the fibrous tissue along the Dacron tube, causing the peculiar appearance of this case. A brief review of recent literature regarding the etiology of this complication is included.


Carotid sinus syndrome: new surgical considerations. 1. Direct surgical denervation of the carotid sinus would appear to offer the best long-term results for carotid sinus syncope. 2. Carotid sinus denervation should be done under temporary cardiac pacing for safety and for completeness of denervation. 3. Arteriography is indicated to eliminate those cases of cerebral vascular insufficiency that might mimic carotid sinus syndrome. Credit must be given to Dr. R. Hughes, Clearfield, Pa., who recognized this diagnosis and referred the patient for therapy.


Long-term evaluation of venous tissue in the construction of cardiac valves. We present the evolution of venous tissue, used as a mitral or tricuspid prosthesis or in the reconstruction of the right ventricular outlet tract, for periods of up to 18 months. A histological and hydrodynamic study is made of the valves after sacrificing the animals. The venous tissue showed fibrosis, structural disorganization, elastosis, elastorexis and, above all, intense calcification in heavy deposits. Since the venous tissue evolved toward fibrosis and calcification, its use is considered contraindicated.


Open heart surgery during pregnancy--case report. A case of a 32-year-old woman in her 7th month of pregnancy presented with intractable pulmonary edema due to mitral restenosis is reported. Open-heart mitral commissurotomy was done as an emergency procedure. She continued pregnancy to term after the operation and delivered a healthy female baby. The literature related to "the closed" and "open" heart surgery during pregnancy has been reviewed.


[Reflection of the process of conditioned reflex formation in shifts of the steady potential level]. In chronic experiments on rabbits with non-polarizable electrodes shifts of steady potential level (SPL) are recorded from the brain surface during extinction of the orienting reaction and formation of a conditioned defensive reflex. During each of these processes they have their typical parameters and are respectively denoted by the author as: orienting (appearing in response to a new stimulus), conditioned (to a signal atimulus), unconditioned (to an electro-cutaneous stimulus) and trace SPL shifts (developing after stimuli pairing). Trace shifts are the earliest SPL shifts originating as a result of pairing. They are manifested more regularly, than conditioned ones, considerably exceed them in amplitude, may differ from them in their sign and reach maximum values in a few seconds after the pairing. It has been assumed that formation of conditioned temporal connections depends above all on the appearance of a new kind of activity, resulting from pairings and reflected in the SPL trace shifts. This activity possibly constitutes the neurodynamic and metabolic processes underlying memory consolidation.


[The effect of direct stimulation of the dog lateral hypothalamus on transformation of a passive-defensive situational reflex into an alimentary one]. The behavioral effect of electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus with a current of equal parameters in chronic experiments on dogs depended on the signal significance of the surroundings. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus against the background of a defensive situational reflex in dogs which were in an experimental situation for the first time, far from evoking orientation to food and the act of feeding, enhanced the background fear reaction. After transformation of the defensive signal significance of the situation into an alimentary one, stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus began to activate the alimentary instrumental reflex and the act of feeding. However, at first the former was manifested irregularly. Combinations of stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and achievement of the alimentary instrumental reflex with subsequent reinforcement stabilized and enhanced the alimentary instrumental reflex to the stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus.


[The behavior of rats with different regimes of cerebral self stimulation]. The behaviour of rats was studied during electrical self-stimulation (SS) of the brain in a chamber with a pedal: with a fixed duration of stimuli trains (fixed SS regime), and in a self-controlled regime, where the duration of trains was set by the rat itself. As the current intensity or the duration of the trains continues to increases, the SS frequency in the fixed regime rises no longer. The duration of pressing becomes shorter than that of the trains, and the number of short pauses drops down to 50% of its total number of pauses, if at the same current intensity the duration of the train is the same or greater than that set by the rats in the self-controlled SS regime. With weak current intensities, the rats could fail to press the pedal if they received 0.1 sec. trains. But at the same current intensities the rats began SS, if they received for pressing the pedal a succession of trains of 0.1 sec. each with intervals of 0.1 divided by 0.2 sec. SS discontinued if the interval in the trains succession increased up to 0.4 sec.


[Electrical activity of the caudate body during the orienting reaction in dogs]. It has been shown that during an orienting reaction a delta-rhythm sets in in the dog EEG of the caudate nucleus head, which coincides with facilitation of the recruited rhythm in the auditory cortex EEG and inhibition of the motor activity. It has been assumed that the caudate nucleus head is involved in the processes of limitation of non-selective movements during orienting reactions.


[Analysis of the formation of systems of conditioned reflexes to time in rabbits]. Experiments on rabbits carried out by the food-procuring conditioned reflex method have shown that conditioned reflex systems to "pure" time can be elaborated, provided that conditioned stimulus is presented at regular, though different time intervals, following one another in a fixed sequence. The complexity of elaborating such systems to time is determined by the number of signal time intervals in the system, their different length, and their sequence. The formation of conditioned reflex systems to time is characterized by definite stages.


[The role of the orbital cortex in feeding behavior]. It has been found that extirpation of the orbital zones of the cerebral cortex in dogs in which the structures of the limbic and striate levels of nervous integration were previously ablated, produced more profound disturbances of the higher nervous activity than the previous operations. Not only conditioned positive and inhibitory reactions were affected, but unconditioned alimentary reflexes as well, while food motivation sharply decreased. Further experiments on the operated animals and could go on, only when alimentary excitability was enhanced. A conclusion has been drawn that the orbital zones of the cerebral cortex are directly related to the achievement of an integrated alimentary behavioral reaction.


[The effect of phenamine and caffeine on the ability to extrapolate in rats]. Solution of an extrapolation problem was studied on 28 albino rats (Way strain and laboratory population) and 68 hybrids (the first generation) of wild and laboratory rats in experiments with a screen--the search of food after the disappearance of the food stimulus from the animal's sight. Administration of caffeine (20 mg/kg) and d,l-amphetamine (0.1 mg/kg), though not changing the share of correct solutions, diminishes the number of "refusals" to solve it. Increased motor activity and diminished emotionality of the rats due to administration of the drugs, recorded in an open field test, are likely to cause a decrease in the number of refusals. Administration of d,l-amphetamine facilitates the process of conditioning which contributes to the greater number of positive solutions of the repeatedly presented task.


[The effect of phenamine on the avoidance reaction in intact and striatectomized rats]. Various characteristics of a conditioned avoidance reaction were recorded in rats in a Y-maze. Small doses of d,l-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) facilitated avoidance response while large ones (5 mg/kg) worsened it. After ablation of the rostral part of the striatum, small doses of the drug had the same effect as before, but no deteriorating action of large doses was observed. The behaviour disturbance is related to the capacity of d,l-amphetamine for activating the nigro-striatal dopaminergic transmission.


[The effect of mixtures of caffeine, glucose and ascorbic acid on conditioned reflex activity in dogs during the postanesthetic period]. It was shown in experiments on four dogs by the conditioned method that the period of recovery of conditioned activity after one hour ether anaesthesia tested 7 to 7.5 days. Premedication with a mixture of caffeine, glucose and ascorbic acid reduced the recovery time to four or five days. After the administration of the complex in the postanaesthetic period (in 2.5 hours after anaesthesia) the stabilizing effect was still more pronounced. Thus, the recovery time of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes and differentiation was reduced to three or four days.


[Perceptual-motor activity in children with focal lesions of the brain]. The pathology of the motor analyser, originating in connection with local lesions of the brain may be studied by means of sensorimotor tracing method. By this parameter, localizations of the lesion produce dissimilar disturbances of the percentive-motor activity. Disorders in movement control were revealed in the case of disturbance of interhemispheric relations resulting from a lesion of the dominant hemisphere; as a result of disfunction of the frontal lobes, which led to disturbance of prognostication; due to disturbance of the "body scheme" and proprioreception disturbances.


[Correlation between different forms of trace phenomena in the activity of rabbit visual cortex neurons]. Plastic changes in the components of the unit responses in the rabbit visual cortex (VC) in the course of electrical stimulation (with different parameters) of the lateral geniculate body (LGB) were compared with the capacity of the same units for trace driving to the LGB preceding stimulation. Potentiation of inhibition (inhibitory pauses) in reponse to electrical LGB stimulation is the main plastic phenomenon in the activity of VC units. Trace driving is characteristic predominantly of units with enhanced plasticity of the excitatory sign, a tendency toward epileptiform activity after LGB tetanization. In most cases inhibitory reaction is expressed in weakening of the periodic component of neuronal activity corresponding to the frequency of stimulation. The level of trace suppression of periodicity positively correlates with potentiation of the inhibitory pause during prolonged LGB stimulation.


[Cortico-subcortical interrelationships in the visual analyzer system at various stages of ontogenesis]. The influence of a corticofugal volley produced by single electrical stimulation of the visual projection cortical zone on the neuronal activity of LGB was studied in non-anaesthetized rabbits aged from three to thirty-five days. A coincidence was found between the time of appearance of nonspecific inhibitory corticofugal influences on the spontaneous activity of LGB neurons and the emergence of the first phasic-specific responses of the neurones of this level to a visual stimulus. It has been shown that the sensory flow at the LGB level can be controlled by non-specific inhibitory corticofugal influences at early periods of postnatal development. The appearance from the 15th day of life of specific responses to a corticofugal volley, including activation phases, leads to a greater complexity of the regulating Cortical influences on conduction of the afferent signal at the thalamic level. The data obtained are considered from the standpoint of integration of various levels of the visual analyser at different stages of ontogenesis.


[Thalamocortical relationships during spontaneous and evoked rhythmic activity of the brain]. A study was made in lightly nembutalized and unanaesthetized immunobilized cats of the interrelations between rhythmic afterdischarge evoked in the auditory cortex by a click, and a spontaneous spindle burst under different states of intact animals. The experiments showed: 1) Rhythmic afterdischarge represents a stimulus induced spindle burst, 2) local spindle burst (spontaneous or evoked by peripheral and central stimulations) in the auditory cortex does not change considerably either by stimulation or by lesion of thalamic nonspecific, as well as other specific structures; 3) An afterdischarge in the medial geniculate body (evoked by a click) remains unchanged after cooling or extirpation of the whole auditory cortex. All this suggests a generation of both spontaneous and evoked local rhythmic activity of the auditory thalamo-cortical system, independent of other such systems.


[Spatial synchronization of rabbit brain biopotentials upon repeated electrical stimulation of the cortex]. A study was made on 23 rabbits of the degree of spatial synchronization in response to repeated electrical stimulations of one or simultaneously two cortical areas: the sensorimotor or visual, or simultaneously the sensorimotor and visual, or sensorimotor and precentral respectively. Enhancement of the synchronization induced by the stimulation, globally spread over the entire cortex and was followed by its decrease. However, in the two directly stimulated areas of the cortex, the similarity of bioelectrical oscillations persisted for a long time, which testifies to the establishment of selective relations between them.


[Modulation of the neuronal activity and evoked potentials of the cerebral cortex by stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus]. In experiments on alert rabbits high frequency stimulation of the CA1 field of the dorsal hippocampus reduced the peak latency of the main negative component of the evoked potential (EP) to a light flash in the sensorimotor and occipital tests areas of the cerebral cortex. A single stimulation of the same part of the hippocampus resulted in a gradually developing facilitation of secondary negativity of the EP 5th component, predominantly in the sensorimotor cortex. Investigation of neuronal responses in the same cortical areas to a stimulation of the CA1 field with different parameters has shown that the effects of EP modulation are due to dynamic reorganizations of cortical neuronal activity.


[Participation of the neocortical and reticulo-hypothalamic apparatuses in the regulation of recurrent inhibition in the thalamic relay nucleus]. In acute experiments on cats a study was made into the development of the field potential of the recurrent inhibition wave (P-wave) in VPL in response to the stimulation of the somatosensory cortex. It has been found that high-frequency stimulation of the posterior medial hypothalamus results in the reduction of the thalamic P-wave brought about antidromically and in a decrease of the number of waves in the series. The effect of stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus on the processes of recurrent inhibition in the relay thalamus is to a great extent mediated through mechanisms of the branstem reticular formation. It has been shown that the dynamics of amplitude characteristics of primary sensory responses in the VPL depends on the phases of development of P-wave in the nucleus. Functional switching off of the cortex by means of loci toxic action reduces the amplitude of P-wave produced by stimulation of a point of the poisoned cortex. Spatial non-coincidence between the topography of foci of maximal activity of primary thalamo-cortical responses and the foci of maximal influences of the stimulated cortex on recurrent inhibition in VPL points to the likely involvement of the neocortical apparatus proper in recurrent thalamic inhibition.


[The effect of illumination on involuntary eye saccades]. A study was made of the influence of sudden illumination micromovements of the eyes. Sudden contour illumination of the eye by a 15 degrees field with a crossing in the centre and a brightness of 100 nit reduced the amplitude of involuntary saccades and their frequency. The effect was particularly distinct with preliminary recording of the eye micromovement in complete darkness without a fixation point. In the case of fixation of a stationary point with one eye and of illumination of the other, the effect was also manifest, but it was less pronounced. During illumination of the eye with diffused light (through spectacles with frosted glasses) the effect of diminution of the saccade amplitude was smaller, though the brightness remained unchanged. A decrease in the saccade amplitude was practically not observed when the point was fixed at diffuse illumination. It has also been shown that with greater brightness of the fixation point (0.3; 25; 92 and 1000 nit), the amplitude and frequency of involuntary saccades diminish. The results attest that in choosing the conditions of work of the saccadic system two factors should be taken into consideration: the presence of the contours of the visible object and its brightness, the latter by itself having a lesser effect than the former.


A method for the identification and quantitative investigation of denatured proteins in mixtures based on computer comparison of amino-acid patterns. A procedure is described in which stepwise regression is adapted to permit comparison of the amino-acid pattern from a composite sample with those of simple substances arranged in an easily accessible data bank. The computer program automatically selects from the bank those proteins whose amino-acid patterns best correspond to that of the sample, and calculates the proportion of the proteins contained in the mixture. The procedure is applicable to food analytical problems that involve the identification and determination of proteins in mixtures, and also to situations in which the properties of the proteins have been altered by denaturation or enzymatic degradation. The determination is limited to 3-4 proteins in the mixture.


[Electrophoretical differentiation and classification of proteins. VI. Disc-electrophoresis and isoelectrical focossing of proteins and enzymes from tomatoes, cucumber, sugar-maize and onions (author's transl)]. Acetone-dry powders which are excellently suited for the enrichment of proteins and partially also for enzymes, have been extracted with buffers. Separation was accomplished using disc-electrophoresis and isoelectrical focusing. The protein distribution patterns of fleshy tomatoe varieties largly correspond to each other. In the protein distribution patterns of cucumbers, sugar-maize and onions, the protein pherograms indicate sort-dependency. The zymograms partially differ very much. This can not entirely be attributed to differences of the sorts.


[The phenolics of fruits. VI. The phenolics of currants, gooseberries and blueberries. Changes in phenolic acids and catechins during development of black currants (author's transl)]. Black, red, and white currants, gooseberries and cultivated blueberries contained only small amounts of catechins (total up to 30 mg per kg). Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, especially of caffeic and p-coumaric acid, occured mostly in higher concentrations. Furthermore, 4-hydroxygenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid and gallic acid were found after hydrolysis in currants and only protocatechuic acid in gooseberries in different levels. Salicyclic and gentisic acid were found in traces up to 2 mg per kg, occassionally vanillic acid, syringic acid or isoferulic acid. The concentrations of the examined phenolic acids in black currants related to the whole fruit (mg per fruit) increased, and related to fresh weight (mg per 1000 g) decreased during the growth of the fruits with the exception of protocatechuic acid, which appeared mostly in a last stage of the fruit.


[Caffeine determination by gelchromatography (author's transl)]. Caffeine in beverages was determined by gel chromatography after extraction with chloroform from an alkalized sample. For extract from coffee, tea and matè a very good agreement was observed between the chromatographic method used and the method of Navellier et al. Major departures were observed for decaffeinized coffee and some beverages of the cola type, where gel chromatography was more selective and caffeine separated from impurities stripped into the extract. The reproducibility of determination corresponded to the standard method (standard deviation 4.2%).


[Quantitative determination of supplemental vitamin C in mineral salt mixtures (author's transl)]. Supplemental vitamin C in mineral salt mixtures is extracted without destruction by diluted ethanol under the reducing and stabilizing protection of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol-(1) (BAL). After removal of heavy metal ions in form of mercaptides and by means of cation exchange BAL is extracted and vitamin C (ascorbic plus dehydroascorbic acid) titrated with dichlorophenolindophenol. Recovery 98-100%.


[About mass-spectroscopy of aflatoxines (author's transl)]. The mass-spectroscopical identification of aflatoxines in the eluant after thin-layer-chromatographical seperation represents a problem at amounts of less than 50 ng normally found in foods. Therefore it was necessary to investigate the factors influencing the identification. Among others, influences of plate material and the eluant were found. Based on the results with pure aflatoxines ideas were developed on their possible reactions.


[LDH- and MDH-isoenzymes in the costo-chondral junction in experimental lathyrismus and under additional medication with 6-methyl-prednisolone and O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides]. Several classic studies suggest that experimental lathyrism is not only based on an extracellular distrubance of collagen fibre maturation but on a disturbed cellular energy metabolism. To exemplity this in assessment of skeletal damage the isoenzymes of LDH and MDH on the bone metabolism have been determined. Thus in experimental lathyrism the capacity for glycolysis and for oxidative energy production are significantly diminished in the rib bones and rib cartilage. The resulting reduction of glycoseaminoglycans in the ground substance, thus disturbing the function of the matrix in the formation of collagen fibres. In the bone the lack of mature collagen fibres leads to a mineralisation disturbance because of impaired nucleation function. Thus experimental lathyrism cannot be regarded as a disturbed extracellular collagen metabolism. "Venoruton" could not correct the lathyrogenic disturbance of energy metabolism, but after 3 weeks 6-methyl-prednisolone caused a normalisation of the state of energy metabolism.


[Short-term memory of the mouse-eared bat, Myotis myotis, and its biological value]. Myotis myotis can precisely locate and memorize sounds made by insects moving on the ground. Its competent approach even after an interval indicates an accurate short-term memory, important in catching prey and greatly influencing its distribution and abundance.


[Secretion of catecholamines during pregnancy]. The excretion of total catecholamines in the urine of 18 females being in various stages of gestation was examined. These women did not take during their pregnancy any drug affecting the synthesis, storage, release, reuptake or metabolism of catecholamines. From the assessment of total catecholamines of 24 hours no statistically significant difference was observed as to the excretion of catecholamines as compared to the amount excreted by non-pregnant normal females.


[Problem of causative relation between pregnancy interruption and following premature termination of pregnancy]. On the basis of the case material of the Universitäts-Frauenklinik Jena, in a prospective investigation 524 women with an interruption in 1972 are investigated for subsequent premature births and abortions. In a second study we retrospectively analyzed the anamnestic data of 133 females whose pregnancies in 1974 ended with a premature birth. The results presented in tables are compared with suggestions from literature.


[Case of old uterine perforation after abortus mens II/III]. We can point out a rare case of an old, covered perforation of the uterus after abortus mens II-III and report the method of treatment carried out.


[Results of delivery in umbilical cord prolapse at the University-Gynecological Clinic Rostock in the years 1958 to 1973]. Basing on a 16-year-analysis recommendations are given for the definitive management of delivery in cases of umbilical cord prolapsus in dependence of the cervical dilatation and the position of the fetus. The indication for cesarean section is to pronounce generously and inhibition of labour by tocolytical drugs is to demand.


[Conglutinatio orificii uteri externi as indication for cesarean section]. A case of conglutinatio orificii uteri externi is reported. Aetiology and pathogenesis of this rare complication of birth are discussed.