Characteristics of the internalization and intracellular survival of Campylobacter jejuni in human epithelial cell cultures. The characteristics associated with the internalization and intracellular behavior of Campylobacter jejuni during short-term and long-term cultivation with INT 407 cells were examined. The internalization of C. jejuni by INT 407 cells was inhibited by cytochalasin dansylcadaverine, chemicals that disrupt microfilament formation and inhibit receptor cycling, respectively. Ammonium chloride and methylamine, two chemicals that inhibit endosomal acidification, did not affect C. jejuni internalization. Once internalized, C. jejuni were found exclusively with membrane-bound vacuoles. With regard to intracellular survival, a decline in the number of viable intracellular bacteria, as determined by protection from gentamicin, occurred during the initial phase of infection and when a low level of the antibiotic was maintained in the culture medium. However, the number of intracellular C. jejuni increased markedly after the removal of the antibiotic. In the absence of antibiotic, the infection led to the deterioration of the cell monolayers, indicating that C. jejuni is able to survive within epithelial cells and elicit a cytotoxic effect. The ability of C. jejuni to enter and exert deleterious effects on cells may reflect a pathogenic mechanism associated with enteritis caused by this organism.


Roles of different putative colonization factor antigens in colonization of human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in rabbits. The role of some well-characterized putative colonization factors (PCFs) in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), i.e. PCFO159, PCFO166, CS7, CS17 and CFA/III, for colonization of the bacteria in the intestine was studied in a non-ligated rabbit intestine model (RITARD). Intestinal administration of 10(11) organisms of the various strains only resulted in very mild symptoms with loose stools during a few days in most of the animals. Strains expressing PCFO159, CS7, CS17 and CFA/III were shed in the stool for a significantly longer period than PCF/CS-negative ETEC. However, the mean time of shedding PCFO166 positive organisms did not significantly exceed that of non-fimbriated E. coli. All strains that colonized rabbit intestine, as assessed by prolonged fecal excretion, also gave rise to high serum antibody responses against the homologous fimbriae whereas non-colonizing strains failed to induce such responses. This study strongly suggests that several of the recently described PCFs, e.g. PCFO159, CS7, CS17 and CFA/III are colonizing factors and strong immunogens.


Infection of Macaca radiata with viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis group. Our studies confirmed the susceptibility of Macaca radiata (bonnet macaques) to Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) and enabled us to demonstrate KFD virus-specific gastrointestinal and lymphoid lesions. Significant histopathological changes occurred in the small and large intestine, spleen and lymph nodes; and viral antigens were found in these same organs by immunohistochemistry. Viral antigen-positive cells were always associated with histological evidence of necrosis, which suggests that cell death occurred directly from viral replication or secondarily from attack by immune mechanisms. In contrast, M. radiata infected with Omsk virus did not show any signs of clinical disease, and no virus could be isolated from tissues or blood at the end of the experiment. However, M. radiata infected with Russian spring-summer encephalitis (RSSE) developed clinical signs in the central nervous system; and, in one monkey, RSSE virus was isolated from the brain, and viral antigen was localized in neurons. Our data indicate that M. radiata is an excellent model to study human disease caused by KFD virus and could serve as a model for human disease caused by other, related strains of this group of viruses.


Introduction of Francisella tularensis at skin sites induces resistance to infection and generation of protective immunity. Mice are susceptible to systemic infection with Francisella tularensis strain LVS; thus, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) lethal dose at 50% (LD50) in C3H/HeN and C57BI/6J mice is only a single bacterium, while the intradermal (i.d.) LD50 is more than 10(4). Here we show that the LD50 when LVS is introduced via the skin, either i.d. or subcutaneously (s.c.), ranges from 7 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(6). Sublethal i.d. or s.c. infection (priming) invariably leads to the generation of systemic and specific protective immunity: primed mice survive lethal i.p., intravenous (i.v.), or i.d. challenges of LVS but not Salmonella typhimurium W118 or Escherichia coli 018:K1:H7 strain BORT.


[Incidence and evolution of retinopathy of prematurity. A six year experience in a neonatal intensive care unit]. The incidence and the evolution of ROP in 324 infants with birthweight < or = 2500 g is report. The highest incidence was among the 750 and 1250 g birthweight infants. 5 infants < 750 g survived without signs of ROP. When present the ROP was within the 3rd stage and had a favourable outcome: spontaneous resolution without cicatricial lesions.


[Suicidal behavior among adolescents].

[Suicidal behavior among adolescents]. Some data from the literature on adolescent suicidal behaviour are reported: incidence, employed methods, warning signs, risk factors, some psychodynamic aspects. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the study on this matter by a research on 33 adolescents (12 males, 21 females: mean age 14 years, range 11.2-17 years) examined because of suicidal behaviour. The study method includes: anamnesis, psychodiagnostic inquiry, family and environmental investigation, psychiatric evaluation. Suicidal behaviour is characterized by low levels of determined self-elimination intent ("suicidal gestures") in 36% of cases (1 male, 11 females). Relapses are found in 35% of cases, with death in 1 case. The most frequently used methods is drug poisoning (65%). Most common place where suicidal behaviour takes place is at home (82%). Most show warning signs especially verbal threats. Some problem in the family situation (conflicts in the parental couple or between parents and children, psychopathologic disturbances in the parents) and frequent difficulties in school and social adjustment are evident. In 45% a depressed state was noted, in the other cases several psychopathologic disturbances have been found: hysteric neurosis, borderline personality, psychosis. In 30% of cases symptoms coexist with a self-injuring meanings (nervous anorexia, pseudo-epileptic seizures). Prevalent psychodynamic characteristics are: vulnerability in facing frustrating situations and research of support from inadequate parental figures: displacement from hetero-direct aggressive drives to an expiratory or revengeful self wounding behaviour. Some criteria for an emergency care and for a middle to long term treatment are mentioned, and the opportunity for collaboration between pediatricians and psychotherapists is suggested.


[Vitamin D prophylaxis in childhood].

[Vitamin D prophylaxis in childhood]. The past 10 years have seen a return of rickets. Clinical and/or biochemical signs of vitamin D deficiency are still found in some children and adolescents, mainly during the winter. Sunlight exposure is able to prevent vitamin D deficiency and rickets but the dramatic influence of changes in solar ultraviolet-B radiation on cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis, related to latitude and season effects, suggest that a vitamin D supplementation may be advisable. Moreover, human milk and common foods contain low quantities of vitamin D. So, we recommend routinely 400 IU of supplementary vitamin D per day in all infants. The vitamin D requirements in low-birth-weight infants are higher than at term infants; it is recommended the use of 1000-1600 IU per day in the first months of life. Intermittent high-dose of vitamin D and vitamin D metabolites are not advisable for prophylaxis of rickets.


[A new device for phototherapy of neonatal jaundice]. The effectiveness of a new device for phototherapy in the treatment of nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia (Wallaby Phototherapy System) was evaluated. 46 healthy term infants, appropriate for gestational age and with serum bilirubin > 12 mg/dl in the first 3 days of life or > 15 mg/dl after 3rd day were randomly assigned to a treatment group (24 hours of light exposure with Wallaby Phototherapy System) and to a control group (any treatment for hyperbilirubinemia). Body temperature, weight, feeding and hydration were recorded during the study period. Serum bilirubin and haematocrit were done every 12 hours in all babies. In the treated group we found a decrease of 5.1% and of 7.8% at 12 and 24 hours, while an increase of 3.37% and of 2.9% at 12 and 24 hours was found in the control group. After 24 hours the serum bilirubin level was significantly lower in the treated group than in the control group (p < 0.05). No newborn of the treated group needed conventional phototherapy versus 4 control infants (17.4%). The conclusion of our study is that the Wallaby System is useful in the treatment of neonatal nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia even if its effectiveness for higher bilirubin levels has still to be tested.


[Bullous mastocytosis. Two clinical cases]. Two cases of bullous mastocytosis in children are described. This form must be differentiated from the more common mastocytosis with bullae: in the latter form, blisters occur on previously existing papillar or nodular lesions, whereas in bullous mastocytosis the blisters occur on apparently normal skin.


[Schoenlein-Henoch syndrome and salmonella infection: a new association?]. Schoenlein-Henoch's disease has a immunological pathogenesis (mediated by immunocomplexes), is characterised by a number of differently associated signs and symptoms, and leads to the possible involvement of the cutis, joints, abdomen and kidneys. Two cases of Schoenlein-Henoch's disease associated with acute salmonella enterocolitis were recently brought to our attention. In two girls, aged 2 years and 8 months and 13 months respectively, the onset of diarrheic alvus was followed, after an interval of 4-5 days, by the sudden appearance of pompho-erythemato-hemorrhagic and petechial cutaneous lesions localised symmetrically on the extensor surfaces of the lower limbs and buttocks, and accompanied in the first case by intense abdominal pain and in the second by diffuse arthralgia, with predominant involvement of the tibio-tarsal joints. Laboratory tests showed slight alterations of phlogosis indexes and high levels of serum IgA (182 and 204 mg/dl respectively). The examination of feces showed the presence of occult blood and salmonella (belonging to C and D groups respectively) were isolated in the coproculture. Other culture and serological tests carried out while in hospital were negative. The clinical manifestations gradually resolved within the space of two weeks following the normalisation of the alvus obtained after a few days using dietary regulation. After two months the girls were found negative on clinical examination; in the second case described there was a positive response to Widal's reaction with high antibody titres against both O and H antigens, whereas the coproculture continued to be positive for Salmonella.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


[A case of multiple deformities: upper harelip, tubercles of the auricle, anus in vulva]. The case presented of a newborn with multiple deformities: preauricular tubercles, left auricular roof deformity, labicachisis of the right upper lip, dermoid-type swelling on the left eye, deep labial fold at the left commissure and "forked" anus in vulva. Though the combination does not exactly match any syndrome, it has various points in common with Goldenhar's syndrome, of which it might be a phenotype variant. The single cause of the malformations might be an early (microvascular) disturbance of the primary segments in growth areas surrounding the cephalic and caudal segments, first of the medullary plate and subsequently of the primary medullary canal.


[Neonatal hemorrhagic syndrome with unfavorable prognosis]. The Authors describe a case of neonatal hemorrhagic syndrome associated with a large hemangioma on the left lower limb with an unfavourable prognosis. The clinical, biohumoral and anatomicopathological characteristics indicate a Kasabach-Merrit syndrome (SKM) with massive platelet sequestration in the large hemangioma. The pathogenetical mechanisms of SKM and the medical surgical and radiant therapy are mentioned. The Authors also discuss the various diagnostic problems imposed by the presence of serious hemorrhagic pathology at neonatal age.


Calcium accumulation in synapses of the rat hippocampus after cerebral ischemia. The ultrastructural localization of calcium deposits in the synapses of rat hippocampus after 10 min global cerebral ischemia was evaluated. Oxalate-pyroantimonate technique was applied. After 24 hours of postischemic recirculation enhancement of intracellular (pre- and postsynaptic parts) and extracellular (synaptic clefts) calcium deposits was found in great proportion of synapses in CA1 sector. Abundant Ca-precipitates appeared specially in synaptic clefts and in the postsynaptic parts near synaptic densities. Increased calcium deposits in some changed mitochondria were also observed. The results presented in this paper suggest synaptic modulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, disturbed after ischemic incident. Presence of Ca-precipitates in synaptic clefts and postsynaptic parts seems to be a sensitive indicator of increased calcium influx from the extracellular to the intracellular compartments.


Changes in endogenous prostacyclin in the rat brain during clinical death and after resuscitation. By means of the radioimmunologic method changes of concentration of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (PGF1 alpha)--the stable metabolite of prostacyclin in the rat brain have been evaluated during 5-min clinical death and up to 2 hrs after resuscitation. Ischemia did not produce significant changes of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha concentration in the brain. In the early postresuscitation period the concentration of 6-keto-PGF1 in the and 7-fold control values. Later the concentration of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in the brain decreased reaching in 30 min a 3-fold the control level, and in 60 and 120 min after resuscitation control values. The reasons of unsuccessful therapy of ischemic stroke with prostacyclin are discussed.


Neuropathological changes in resected temporal lobe of patients with cryptogenic epilepsy. The study was performed on cerebral tissue resected during temporal lobectomy in 16 patients whose long-standing cryptogenic epilepsy did not submit to anticonvulsive drugs. Cases presenting definite etiological factors such as CNS trauma, infection or neoplasm were excluded. Neuropathological investigations disclosed microangiomas and focal vascular malformations in the meninges and tissue in 7 patients. Neuronal heterotopias in the white matter and of the white matter in the cortex were observed in 3 cases. Main cortical changes were: neuronal loss, chronic neuronal degeneration, perineuronal satellitosis, and GFAP-positive submeningeal gliosis, especially at the bottom of sulci, perivascular gliosis and laminar or diffuse gliosis. The changes in the hippocampus were most enhanced in the end-plate and in the sector H3 of the pyramidal layer. Astrocytic gliosis in the white matter presented distinct GFAP and S-100 immunostaining; the latter involved in some cases a wider area than the GFAP reaction. The above named changes are analysed with regard to the presumed epileptogenic factors and to the postepileptic damage.


Influence of aging on the protein profile of myelin isolated from human brain white matter. Myelin proteins composition was examined in material of 20 autoptic cases at ages from 20 to 97 years. The technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isotachophoresis was applied. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a progressive increase starting at the age of 60 years of Wolfgram protein at the expense of Folch-Lees proteolipid protein and DM-20 protein was observed. The myelin-associated protein started to increase in the 4th and 5th decade of life, returning thereafter to values observed in younger cases. The isotachophoretic technique did not differentiate the changes observed in myelin protein in the course of aging.


Cerebral ganglioglioma with long history and unusual prominence of the mesenchymal elements. Case report. A case of cerebral ganglioglioma, a relatively rare and controversial tumor of the central nervous system, is reported. The histological pattern of the tumor consisted of differentiated neuronal cells and glial elements displaying a various extent of cytologic abnormalities. Beside these two typical components for ganglioglioma, an abundance of collagen fibrils and numerous blood vessels were encountered. The long clinical course manifested by temporal epilepsy preceding clinical diagnosis of brain tumor and peculiar histological appearance seem to be of considerable interest.


Comparative anatomy of the arterial vascularization of the hippocampus in man and in experimental animals (cat, rabbit and sheep). The studies were performed by the authors' injection method on 30 human brains and 80 animal ones. The cerebral arteries were injected with synthetic coloured latex and then prepared in an operating microscope. It was found that the main source of arterial supply of both the human and animal hippocampus is the posterior cerebral artery. However, this artery has different origins in the arterial circle of the brain in man, cat, rabbit and sheep. Comparative investigations have also proved that the hippocampal vascular system in man and animals is very similar. It is formed by branches of the posterior cerebral artery and of the anterior choroidal artery, called the hippocampal arteries, and by numerous internal hippocampal arterioles arising from them at right angle. The regional distribution of these arterioles is impossible to describe because of their variable course in the hippocampal cortex and of the similar vascularization of different cortical areas of the hippocampus. The studies have also shown that the hippocampal arterial system is very well developed and makes collateral circulation possible. Extracerebral segments of the hippocampal arterioles in human senile brains, and chiefly in brains with atherosclerosis, showed different deformations in the form of siphon-like structures, knot-loops and vascular glomeruli.


Perinatal damage of brain stem depending on the maturity of its structures. The aim of this study was to discuss the interaction between the maturation of the brain stem and its susceptibility to perinatal lesion. Many observations indicate that the last months of pregnancy and the perinatal period are the time of intensive maturation of these structures. Lesions of the brain stem were many times found after acute anoxia as well as after chronic asphyxia during this period. This indicates the importance of prevention of the pathology of pregnancy. Occurring in the last trimester of gestation it can induce damage of brain stem centers important for the fetus to survive the stress of birth and adaptation for individual life.


Lectin histochemistry and alkaline phosphatase activity in the pia mater vessels of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Some lectins were used to study the localization of sugar residues on the endothelial cell surface in the pia mater blood vessels of control (WKY) and hypertensive rats (SHR). The lectins tested recognized the following residues: beta-D-galactosyl (Ricinus communis agglutinin 120, RCA-1), alpha-L-fucosyl (Ulex europaeus agglutinin, UEA-1), N-acetylglucosaminyl and sialyl (Wheat germ agglutinin, WGA), N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid (Limax flavus agglutinin, LFA), and N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl (Helix pomatia agglutinin, HPA). Several differences were revealed in the presence of sugar receptors on the surface of endothelial cells between the control and the hypertensive rats. Our studies showed also differences in the localization of the tested glycoconjugates between pial capillaries, small, medium-size and large pial arteries. The histochemical evaluation of alkaline phosphatase revealed an increased activity of the enzyme in the pial vessels of SHRs as compared with control rats with a similar localization of the enzyme activity. Some differences in the distribution of lectin binding sites and alkaline phosphatase activity could be associated with the different functions of particular segments of the pial vascular network.


The health and mental health of New Zealand Vietnam war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. To examine the extent of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of New Zealand Vietnam veterans and to compare the pattern of health and mental health between veterans classified as posttraumatic stress disorder cases and non-cases. Five hundred and seventy-three randomly selected male Vietnam veterans participated in a mailed survey. The questionnaire assessed several mental health dimensions and a number of components of physical health. Demographic and military service details were also gathered. The study classified 12% of the sample of veterans as suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder. The posttraumatic stress disorder group differed from the non-posttraumatic stress disorder group on all measures of physical and mental health. They reported higher symptom scores, more disability days, lower self rated health and made more frequent contacts with health care providers. They also experienced greater anxiety, depression and loss of control, and lower wellbeing. Significant differences on some demographic and military service measures were also found between the groups. A number of New Zealand Vietnam veterans may be classified as exhibiting the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, with the proportion being comparable to rates found in US studies. Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder experience significantly poorer physical and mental health. Combat experience in Vietnam appears to contribute to posttraumatic stress disorder level. It is suggested that posttraumatic stress disorder may be under-utilised as a diagnostic category because it may coexist with depression or anxiety states and that physicians should be attentive to military service as an indicator of posttraumatic stress disorder.


A comparison of elderly patients with proximal femoral fractures and a normal elderly population: a case control study. To assess the importance of bone density and other risk factors in elderly subjects with hip fractures. Thirty-six subjects with femoral neck fracture were compared with 72 community controls in this case control study. Variables compared included: history of falls, previous fracture, body mass index, hand grip strength, blood pressure, medication use, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, visual acuity, age at menopause, mental status quotient, mobility index and mid thigh circumference. Bone mineral density was measured at the hip (DPA absorptiometer) in the 36 subjects with hip fracture and 36 community controls. Fracture patients had significantly (p < 0.01) reduced bone mineral density at femoral neck (0.64 vs 0.74 g/cm2) and trochanteric regions (0.55 vs 0.66 g/cm2). They also had significantly (p < 0.05) lower body mass index, weaker hand grip strength, smaller mid thigh circumference, reduced mobility and more previous fractures. After controlling for age and sex stepwise logistic regression identified handgrip strength, mobility status and falls in that ranking as risk factors for fracture. Bone mineral density was correlated with mobility status and grip strength. Patients with hip fracture have lower bone mineral density than controls. Mobility, grip strength and muscle bulk appear to be important in fracture aetiology and could operate either through bone density or risk of falling.


Melanoma incidence and trends in the Nelson-Marlborough area of New Zealand. To determine the recent incidence of melanoma in the Nelson-Marlborough area of New Zealand and to compare this with a formerly determined incidence from the same area and with published incidences and trends elsewhere in New Zealand and Queensland. All histopathology reports for the region were examined retrospectively each four weeks and relevant information extracted. In cases of doubt, pathologists were consulted and cases reviewed. Population, demographic and weather information was obtained from statistical records. These showed a doubling of the incidence since the previous survey with a reduction in female incidence. There was marked reduction in the incidence in the age groups 20-39 with an increase in those over 60 years. The number of superficial more easily cured lesions were almost doubled with marked reduction in the more sinister thicker and nodular lesions. The incidence of melanoma in the region is increasing at a rate comparable with other areas but with significant reductions in the incidence of thicker and more advanced melanoma as well as a decreased incidence in those under 40 years of age. The incidence in Nelson-Marlborough still remains very high but is slightly less than that shown for the Tauranga district over a similar period.


Cervical screening: what do Auckland general practitioners do? To assess the frequency of cervical screening; average age of screened women and adequacy of decontamination practices of vaginal specula by Auckland general practitioners. A random sample of 96 Auckland general practitioners completed a questionnaire at the time of consultation describing the screening history and decontamination practices for vaginal specula from five consecutive patients having a cervical smear test. Of the 96 doctors 68 completed the questionnaire for the five consecutive patients. The majority of women were aged below 50 years and the median time since the last smear for women with a previously normal smear was 18 months. Although the majority of doctors adhered to Health Department guidelines for decontamination, deviations occurred by: reusing plastic specula; using only disinfection as a means of decontamination and not boiling specula for 30 minutes. The majority of women being screened are young and there is a high level of very frequent screening in women with previously normal smears. Closer adherence to the 1991 cervical screening recommendations and Health Department guidelines for decontamination of vaginal specula is required for some Auckland general practitioners.


A comparison of efficacy and tolerance of the short acting sedatives midazolam and zopiclone. To compare the efficacy and tolerance of midazolam, 15 mg and zopiclone 7.5 mg once daily for seven days in a prospective, double blind trial of 88 patients, aged 18 or over, with sleep disorders in general practice. Efficacy was evaluated using the Leeds sleep evaluation questionnaire (LSEQ). Adverse reactions were recorded as volunteered. fifty-one patients completed all aspects of the trial without violation of the protocol. Patients taking zopiclone improved in all aspects of the Leeds questionnaire (p < 0.01). Patients taking midazolam improved in six out of 10 items (p < 0.01). Rebound insomnia was evident in the zopiclone group in five out of 10 items of the LSEQ. Rebound was not evident in the midazolam group. There were no significant differences between midazolam 15 mg, and zopiclone 7.5 mg, in comparison between groups. Thirty-eight patients suffered 49 adverse drug reactions and there were no differences between the groups. Zopiclone 7.5 mg daily improved more items on the LSEQ than midazolam 15 mg daily but was associated with significant rebound insomnia. Adverse reactions were frequent with both drugs.


Analysis of injury and death from burning upholstered furniture. Upholstered furniture is considered by governments in the United Kingdom, United States of America, Canada and New Zealand to be a potentially hazardous product. Use of polyurethane foam in upholstered furniture in the United Kingdom was banned in 1989 so as to reduce the risk of injuries and deaths from fire. This study assessed the situation in New Zealand. Burn related deaths (1977-86) and injuries (1986) from the Health Statistics Services hospitalisation records were examined to identify cases in which upholstered furniture and bedding were implicated and analysed to describe the situation. Coroners files where relevant were examined. Detail on all fires and domestic fires for 1987 obtained from the New Zealand Fire Service were also examined. Characteristics of upholstered furniture available in New Zealand during the 1987 production year were identified through responses to a questionnaire sent to manufacturers, wholesalers and importers of this type of furniture. Examination of burn related deaths in which upholstered furniture and bedding were implicated (28.3% of all burn related deaths) showed the average annual death rate was at least 0.16 per 100,000 population and that the change in rate over ten years was not significant. Bedding and mattresses appeared to be the first textile items to ignite in 25.1% of those deaths occurring in the bedroom and furniture in 7.2% of those in the lounge. At risk groups were males (1.9 per 100,000 compared with 1.3 per 100,000 for females), those over 55 years (males 5.3, females 4.8 per 100,000) and those who may live alone (separated 4.5, single 5.4, divorced 11.4, widowed 13.4 per 100,000). The mix of alcohol consumption, smoking, then falling asleep created a situation of risk. Sufficient information was not always available to identify with certainty that upholstered furniture and/or bedding was the item to first ignite those fires which subsequently caused burn related injuries and deaths. Manufacturers, wholesalers and importers of upholstered furniture in New Zealand reported that of the total units, at least 38.5% had covers of wool/wool rich or leather and other materials which generally do not ignite readily. Polyurethane and polyester hollow-fill were commonly used as fillings. The death rate attributable to burning of upholstered furniture and bedding was not found to be especially high. Bedding, mattresses and bedroom furniture were reported more frequently than upholstered furniture.


The leucocytozoidae of South African birds: Caprimulgidae, Columbidae, Gruidae and Spheniscidae. Four species of Leucocytozoon, L. caprimulgi of the Caprimulgidae (nightjars), L. marchouxi of the Columbidae (pigeons and doves), L. grusi of the Gruidae (cranes) and L. tawaki of the Spheniscidae (penguins) are re-described. Leucocytozoon turtur is declared a synonym of L. marchouxi.


The Leucocytozoidae of South African birds: Passeriformes. The leucocytozoids of ten families of Passeriformes--Estrildidae, Fringillidae, Laniidae, Nectariniidae, Passeridae, Ploceidae, Promeropidae, Pycnonotidae, Sturnidae and Zosteropidae--are reviewed. Leucocytozoon roubaudi from the Estrildidae, L. fringillinarum from the Fringillidae, L. balmorali from the Laniidae, L. gentili from the Passeridae, L. bouffardi from the Ploceidae, L. brimonti from the Pycnonotidae and L. zosteropis from the Zosteropidae are re-described. Leucocytozoon dutoiti, L. nectariniae, L. deswardti, L. pycnonoti and L. sturni are new species described from the Fringillidae (Carduelinae), Nectariniidae, Promeropidae, Pycnonotidae and Sturnidae respectively while L. monardi is considered to be a synonym of L. gentili and L. molpastis is considered to be a synonym of L. brimonti.


A light microscopical study of the intestinal tract of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus, Laurenti 1768). Although the histology of the intestinal tract of Crocodylus niloticus is touched on in overall studies on reptilian intestinal tract, a more comprehensive light microscopical study on this area is lacking. Specimens for histological examination were taken from the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum and the rectum. The data obtained revealed that the mucosa is thrown into folds and simple, slightly branched tubular intestinal glands. The mucosal folds diminished in height and eventually disappeared upon reaching the ileorectal junction. The epithelium covering the folds and crypts was of the simple columnar type. Clear marginal cells, goblet cells and argentaffin cells were observed throughout the intestinal tract. No Paneth cells were seen in this study. The lamina propria was rich in lymphocytic infiltrations while the muscularis mucosa consisted mainly of an outer longitudinal layer, the inner circular layer being rudimentary or absent. The submucosa was extremely narrow, and the circular and longitudinal layers of the tunica muscularis contained distinct layers of dense fibrous connective tissue. The histology of the intestinal tract of C. niloticus is shown to be in line with the situation in crocodilians and also exhibits a resemblance to that of carnivorous mammals.


Arthropod parasites of springbok, gemsbok, kudus, giraffes and Burchell's and Hartmann's zebras in the Etosha and Hardap Nature Reserves, Namibia. A total of 48 springbok, 48 gemsbok, 23 kudus and 6 giraffes were examined for ticks and lice, while 9 Burchell's zebras and 6 Hartmann's mountain zebras were examined only for ticks. Springbok and gemsbok were shot in both the Etosha National Park in the north and the Hardap Nature Reserve in the south of Namibia. All the other animals were shot in the Etosha National Park. A total of 7 ixodid tick species and 8 lice species were recovered. The springbok carried few ticks. The adults of a Rhipicephalus sp. (near R. oculatus) were most numerous on the gemsbok, especially during November. The kudus were the only animals harbouring Rhipicephalus zambeziensis. Adult Hyalomma truncatum, followed by adult Hyalomma marginatum rufipes, were most abundant on the giraffes and adult Rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus were commonest on the zebras.


Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXX. Ectoparasites of kudus in the eastern Transvaal Lowveld and the eastern Cape Province. Sets of four kudus were shot and examined for arthropod parasites at approximately monthly intervals from April 1981 to March 1983 in the southern part of the Kruger National Park, eastern Transvaal Lowveld. These animals harboured 10 ixodid tick species of which Boophilus decoloratus followed by Amblyomma hebraeum were the most abundant. The seasonal abundances of these ticks and of Amblyomma marmoreum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis were determined. The kudus were also infested with 3 lice and 1 louse fly species, as well as the nymphs of a pentastomid. Sixteen kudus were shot in the Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve, eastern Cape Province and 9 on an adjacent farm. These animals were infested with 12 tick species. A. hebraeum followed by Rhipicephalus glabroscutatum were the most abundant on kudus in the reserve and R. glabroscutatum followed by Haemaphysalis silacea on the animals on the farm. The seasonal abundances of A. hebraeum, A. marmoreum, H. silacea, R. appendiculatus, R. glabroscutatum and a Rhipicephalus sp. (near R. oculatus) were determined on the kudus in the reserve. The kudus were also infested with 3 lice and 1 louse fly species. Two kudus examined in the Addo Elephant National Park were infested with 6 tick, 1 louse and 1 louse fly species.


Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXXI. Adult ixodid ticks on sheep in the Cape Province and in the Orange Free State. Four to 10 Dorper sheep on each of 12 farms in the Cape Province and 3 farms in the Orange Free State were examined for adult ixodid ticks at approximately 2- to 4-weekly intervals over periods varying from 4 to 18 months, commencing during January, February or April 1989. The farms in the Cape Province were located in the north-west, south-west and south of the province. Those in the Orange Free State were situated in the north-east and in the south. The sheep in the Cape Province harboured 10 species of ixodid ticks and the seasonal abundances of Ixodes rubicundus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus gertrudae and Hyalomma truncatum were determined. The animals in the Orange Free State were infested with 7 tick species and the seasonal abundances of I. rubicundus, R. evertsi and Hyalomma marginatum rufipes were determined.


The effect of veld-burning on the seasonal abundance of free-living ixodid ticks as determined by drag-sampling. A supervised veld-burn in the Sclerocarya caffra/Acacia nigrescens Savanna landscape zone in the south-eastern region of the Kruger National Park was carried out during September 1988. The effect of the fire on the free-living tick population was determined by comparing the numbers of ticks collected by monthly drag-sampling in the burnt zone with those collected in an adjacent unburnt zone over a 2-year period. A total of 13 ixodid tick species were involved. Tick numbers were reduced after the burn but rose again after varying periods of time. The length of these periods depended upon a number of variables. These included tick species, patterns of seasonal abundance, and host preferences. The original reduction in numbers seemed to result in subsequent cyclical population fluctuations and in some instances overcompensation was noted. Veld-burning as a control technique may be effective with tenuously adapted tick species or reduced populations and may be enhanced by the exclusion of major hosts for a critical period after the fire.


A new species of Lipoptena (Diptera:Hippoboscidae) from southern Africa. A new species of Lipoptena Nitzsch, 1818 was found on springbok Antidorcas marsupialis Zimmerman, 1780 in the Cape Province and the Orange Free State, South Africa. The flies, for which the name Lipoptena annalizeae is proposed, can be differentiated from the closely related Lipoptena sepiacea Speiser, 1905 on size, palps, chaetotaxy, pulvilli, and the shape of the posterior genital plates of the males. The morphology of the puparium of the new species is also described and compared with that of the puparia of Lipoptena paradoxa Newstead, 1907 and Lipoptena binocula (Speiser, 1908). A revised key to the southern African species and a summary of host records and distributional information is also presented.


The louse fly Lipoptena paradoxa Newstead, 1907 (Diptera:Hippoboscidae): description of its adult and puparium and biology in South Africa. Lipoptena paradoxa Newstead, 1907 is re-described using scanning electron microscopy and its puparium is described for the first time. The distribution of the fly is restricted to the eastern half of South Africa, generally at altitudes below 600 m. Its preferred hosts are all browsing antelope namely, bushbuck, nyalas, kudus and common duikers. The largest numbers of flies were present on kudus in the Kruger National Park from July or August to January and large numbers were recovered from these animals' tails from November to January. Considerably more female than male flies were collected.


Galenia africana L. poisoning in sheep and goats: hepatic and cardiac changes. Lesions in 4 field cases (3 sheep and 1 goat) of 'waterpens' or water belly, caused by the plant Galenia africana, are described. The clinical pathological and pathological findings in 7 sheep which were drenched with toxic plant material are also reported. Inappetence, ruminal stasis and apathy as well as tachycardia were noticed in some of the sheep towards the end of the dosing period. The most prominent clinical pathological change in the experimental animals was an increase in the activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase which in some animals occurred within days after commencement of dosing. This indicates liver involvement in the early stages of the intoxication, and at this stage no heart abnormalities were detected clinically, clinical pathologically or with cardiac function tests. Decrease in cardiac function were recorded in 2 sheep towards the end of the dosing period. Liver and heart lesions were present in all the animals. In some cases hepatic changes were mild and characterized by dilation of central veins and sinusoids and, less commonly, centrilobular fibrosis. More advanced lesions included centrilobular fibrosis and bridging between neighbouring lobules with adjacent areas of coagulative necrosis, lysis and ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes. Myocardial changes occurred in the free ventricular walls and interventricular septum and comprised hypertrophy of myocytes with consequent degeneration and necrosis and fibrosis. In cases of longer duration myocytes were diffusely atrophic with scattered groups of remaining hypertrophic fibres. The clinical pathological and pathological features suggest that G. africana is primarily hepatotoxic with myocardial involvement occurring only in the terminal stages of the intoxication.


An orf-like condition caused by trombiculid mites on sheep in South Africa. Some flocks of sheep in the Amersfoort district of Transvaal Province developed orf-like lesions, commencing between December and April. The causative agent was identified as a new species of mite belonging to the genus Guntheria of the family Trombiculidae.


Flow cytometric analysis of T cell response in mice infected with Cowdria ruminantium. A 3-fold increase in the numbers of Lyt-2+ T cells in the circulating blood of mice infected and re-infected with the Welgevonden stock of Cowdria ruminantium, as determined by flow cytometry, is supportive evidence that immunity in heartwater is cell-mediated. The rise in Lyt-2+ cells only after re-infection of the mice is further evidence that the development of immunity in heartwater is dependent on the unhindered and adequate replication of C. ruminantium.


[The origin of heteroxeny in Sporozoa].

[The origin of heteroxeny in Sporozoa]. Hypothesis on the origin of Sporozoa from Spiromonadida ancestors is discussed on the basis of the data on their ultrastructure. The phylum Sporozoa comprises three large distinct groups of organisms as follows: Perkinsemorpha, Gregarinomorpha and Coccidiomorpha. Advanced Coccidiomorpha have not descended directly from Gregarinomorpha. Gregarinomorpha and Coccidiomorpha have common ancestors, Protospiromonadida. Heteroxeny is quite common among Coccidiomorpha. The formation of heteroxeny in Coccidiomorpha proceeded in different ways and at different time in different groups. Cystoisospora, Toxoplasma, Aggregata, Atoxoplasma, Schellackia have primary definitive hosts while Sarcocystis, Karyolysus, Haemogregarina, Hepatozoon, Plasmodium, Haemaproteus, Leucocytozoon, Akiba, Babesiosoma, Theileria, Babesia have primary intermediate hosts.


[The morphological variability of a population of Proteocephalus percae (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea) in Lake Rindozero]. The morphology of the cestode Proteocephalus percae, a typical parasite of Perca fluviatilis, from Lake Rindozero has been studied. The variability of 8 age groupings has been revealed and the connection of their morphological parameters with the specificity of host-parasite relationships at different developmental stages of the population has been shown.


[The ultrafine structure of the body wall of sexually mature thorny-headed worms Echinorhynchus gadi (Acanthocephala)]. Studies of the fine structure of the adult acanthocephalan Echinorhynchus gadi have given a new information on the structure and organization of the body wall of these parasitic helminths. Their body surface is covered by glycocalyx of mucopolysaccharide nature. Just under it there is the surface membrane which has numerous invaginations forming a network of branching canals from which membrane vesicles are isolating. In their turn these canals pass through "the cytoplasmic canals" of the cortical matrix. Between the surface membrane and cortical matrix there is the base plate. These three structures form the striped layer underlain by the felt layer. It is formed by three layers of fibrous strands (one circular and two longitudinal), which are parallel to the body surface. These strands consist of loosely laid fibrils. The lowest layer is a radial one which occupies 2/3 of the body wall. It consists of the radial strands beginning from the cortical matrix and ending at the basement membrane. Numerous lipid droplets and glycogen granules are formed here. Two types of fibrils with 0.26 and 0.05 diameter have been detected for the first time. The radial layer in the cytoplasm was found to have crystalline structures and polymembrane bodies, numerous nuclei with light karyoplasm and distinct nucleoli. The location of the nuclei is of two types: either in the cytoplasm or in the "lacunae". We have shown that the "lacunae" are specialized sites of the cytoplasm whose boundaries are marked by the fibres of two types. Besides, this type of the acanthocephalan was found to have two "giant lacunae" extending along the body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


[A new species of flea in the genus Ctenophthalmus (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae)]. A new species, Ctenophthalmus (Euctenophthalmus) parthicus sp. n., is described from social vole (Microtus socialis Pallas) from four localities of the West Kopetdag Mountains of Turkmenia. The new species is close to C.(E.) secundus Wagner and C.(E.) congener nadimi Farhang-Azad. It differs from males of the other known species by the following characters. The movable process has an infra-acetabular process whose length is the same as the height of its supra-acetabular portion. The movable process has the straight front margin, right anterior apical angle. The anterior part of the dorsal margin of the movable process is elevated, the hind part is slightly concave. The posterior apical angle of the movable process is cut. The hind margin of the movable process is convex. The apex of the distal arm of sternum IX is straight, not oblique. The female differs by the following peculiarities. Sternum VII has a well developed dorsal lobe below which there is a smaller rounded lobe and a distinct small ventral process. Unciform sclerotization of tergum VIII (or the place of connection between tergum VIII and its internal lobe) resembles an arc. The front margin of the internal lobe of tergum VIII is not sclerotized. The bursa copulatrix is as long as the dorsal spines of pronotum.


[Experimental interspecific hybridization in fleas of the genus Nosopsyllus (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae)]. Experimental interspecific hybridization between males and females of Nosopsyllus fasciatus and N. mokrzeckyi was carried out. Most abundant progeny was obtained after hybridization between N. fasciatus females and N. mokrzeckyi males. Hybrid descendants inherited, in general, the characters of the maternal species and in less number the paternal characters and those of both parents. The fecundity of hybrid progeny of N. fasciatus females and N. mokrzeckyi males in two generations was studied. A conclusion is made concerning close affinity of the species and their relative evolutionary youth.


[An analysis of the morphometric traits of the pupae of 3 populations of Testisimulium kondici (Diptera: Simuliidae)]. In the pupae of three populations of Testisimulium kondici (Bar.) the variations of nine quantitative characters are determined. The discrepancies between these populations are analyzed. With the help of statistical indices the specific distinctions of one of the studied populations from two others, which are not essentially different, is established. Earlier (Kachvorian, 1989; Kachvorian and Tonoian, 1990) karyological and phenotypical differences between the larvae of these populations were found. Considering that the isolated population develops under anthropogenic influence a link between the above discrepancies and this influence is assumed to exist.


Lateral masking as a determinant of global dominance. The term compound letter refers to a large (global) letter made up of small (local) letters. Reaction time to identify local letters is longer when local and global letters are different than when they are the same (the global dominance effect). The possible contribution of lateral masking to this effect was investigated. Lateral masking denotes reduced probability of identifying a stimulus when it is closely surrounded by other stimuli (as is the case for the local items in a compound stimulus). Three experiments were conducted in which the dependent measure was percentage of correct responses, rather than reaction time. In experiment 1 compound letters were used; accuracy of performance yielded evidence of global dominance such as obtained with reaction time measures. In experiments 2 and 3 the strength of lateral masking in geometrical forms was varied by varying the density of their component items. In agreement with earlier suggestions based on indirect evidence, the results directly implicated lateral masking as an important determinant of global dominance. However, lateral masking could not account fully for the experimental outcome. Factors beyond lateral masking, such as global precedence in the processing sequence or inhibitory interactions among low and high spatial-frequency components of the compound images are required in order to provide a comprehensive account of global dominance effects.


[The absolute number of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) in the buildings of dairy farms]. In order to estimate the absolute number of Stomoxys calcitrans subpopulation in housings of a dairy farm the capture-mark-recapture method has been used. It has been established that the absolute number of S. calcitrans subpopulation can be as high as 100,000 specimens per a farmyard. The possibilities of using indices of the relative number of flies (caught on fly-paper) for estimation of the absolute number of these insects in the housings of farms have been found out.


Colour inputs to random-dot stereopsis.

Colour inputs to random-dot stereopsis. Recently it has been claimed by Livingstone and Hubel that, of three anatomically and functionally distinct visual channels (the magnocellular, parvocellular interblob, and blob channels), only the magnocellular channel is involved in the processing of stereoscopic depth. Since the magnocellular system shows little overt colour opponency, the reported loss of the ability to resolve random-dot stereograms defined only by colour contrast seems consistent with this view. However, Julesz observed that reversed-contrast stereograms could be fused if correlated colour information was added. In the present study, 'noise' (non-corresponding) pixels were injected into random-dot stereograms in order to increase fusion time. All six subjects tested were able to achieve stereopsis in less than three minutes when there was only correspondence in colour and not in luminance, and three when luminance contrast was completely reversed. This ability depends on information about the direction of colour contrast, not just the presence of chromatic borders. When luminance and chromatic contrast are defined in terms of signal-to-noise ratios at the photoreceptor mosaic, chromatic information plays at least as important a role in stereopsis as does luminance information, suggesting that the magnocellular channel is not uniquely involved.


[The finding of the eggs of the nematode Eustrongylides excisus in true sturgeons of the Caspian Sea]. The finding of eggs of the nematode Eustrongylides excisus has been reported from true sturgeons of the Caspian Sea. The nematode is in the capsule with an opening into the cavity of the alimentary canal. In addition to birds, true sturgeons are expected to be under certain conditions definitive hosts of this nematode.


Resolving ambiguities in orientation, motion, and depth domains. Three different perceptual systems--orientation, motion, and depth--can recover a global perceptual organization from spatially correlated random multielement patterns. In all three cases the global structure composed of random elements is evaluated by mechanisms performing measurements in the energy domain within appropriately defined local space-time areas. The selective increase in energy of one fraction of the elements may dramatically change the whole perceptual organization of the stimulus. In specially devised patterns one and the same element can belong to two or more separate perceptual organizations, the perceptual salience of one of which can be reinforced by a luminance increment of the elements comprising it. If a stimulus provides two different perceptual organizations to which each element could potentially belong, one of four possible solutions of the existing ambiguity will occur: suppression, rivalry, mixture, or parity. Two superimposed global orientation patterns either suppress or dominate over each other but cannot be seen simultaneously or in a mixed form. Characteristic of the depth system is that it allows multiple binocular matchings and parity of possible perceptual solutions. Finally, if a stimulus provides two or more paths along which each element may appear to move, the perceived global motion direction is determined by a mixture of directions of these competing motion paths. Dissimilarities in these ways of resolving ambiguities may be based on different principles defining regularity and coherence of an object in the orientation, motion, and depth domains.


[The cultivation of Blastocystis (Rhizopoda: Lobosea) from hens and ducks]. The method of cultivation of Blastocystis galli from hens and Blastocystis sp. from ducks was worked out. Blastocystis grow on nutrient medium at pH 7.0 to 7.2 in a wide range of temperatures from 30 to 45 C. Optimum temperatures for cultivation are 41 to 42 C. The growth of cultures was obtained on biphase egg medium. Solid phase of the medium presents coagulated contents of the hen's egg. Liquid phase can be made of Henk's solution with the addition of 30% of fresh or lyophilizinic hen serum or horse serum. Henk's solution can be replaced by medium 199 (we observed the growth of culture on medium 199 without addition of blood serum). In all variants of medium we added antibiotics on a per--1 ml of medium basis: ampicillini--4 thousand units, streptomycini--1 thousand units. After 2 to 3 passages antibiotics can be excluded from the medium. Optimum medium is that with the addition of 30% of fresh hen serum. Passages go well at the transfer of 15-20% culture after 72 to 96 hours. The size of cultural stages varied within the limits of 2.5-56.2 x 2.5-56.2 microns and 2.5-110 x 2.5-110 microns for Blastocystis sp. and B. galli, respectively, the number of nuclei in one individual varied from 1 to 64, seldom over 100.


Depth perception of interfering periodic patterns: a possible contribution to disorientation on escalators. Incongruous and illusory depth cues, arising from 'interference patterns' produced by overlapping linear grids at the edges of escalator treads, may contribute to the disorientation experienced by some escalator users, which in turn may contribute to the causes of some of the many escalator accidents which occur. The apparent depth of the interference pattern from the viewer is analysed in terms of the cues deriving from size and viewer motion. Both of these cues support the depth of the target being infinite. Preliminary observations are reported which confirm this analysis. Remedies for the problem are suggested. The possible contribution of this illusion to disorientation on escalators, due to misjudgment of depth, is compared with another recently reported factor which is due to stereoscopic miscorrespondence of periodic targets.


Contrast sensitivity during horizontal visual pursuit: dynamic sensitivity functions. The contrast sensitivity functions of college students for grating targets presented at angular velocities of 0, 30, 60, and 90 deg s-1 were determined for target durations of 200 and 600 ms. The most pronounced effects of target movement were evident at the mid to high spatial frequencies in which sensitivity was markedly reduced as velocity increased. These adverse effects were greatest in the 200 ms condition, in which performance was largely limited to the saccadic eye movement system. In the 600 ms condition, in which both saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements were possible, contrast sensitivity for the low-frequency target actually improved significantly for the 30 and 60 deg s-1 targets, whereas only adverse effects of target motion were found for targets of mid and high spatial frequencies. The results are discussed in terms of the limitations of traditional visual assessment procedures and the practical and theoretical benefits of conceptualizing the joint effects of target composition and target movement.


Visual search: detection, identification, and localization. In two studies, observers searched for a single oblique target in a field of vertical distractors. In one experiment, target detection and identification (left versus right tilt) were compared. In another experiment, detection and localization were compared for the left versus the right half of the display. Performance on all three tasks was virtually identical: if a target could be detected, it could also be identified and localized. A review of previous studies generally supports the conclusion that performance on the three tasks is similar. This argues against current search theories, which rest heavily on data showing differences in identification and localization.


Grouping based on phenomenal similarity of achromatic color. It is widely acknowledged that a precondition for the perception of the world of objects and events is an early process of organization, and it has generally been assumed that such organization is based on the Gestalt laws of grouping. However, the stage at which such grouping occurs, whether early or late, is an empirical question. It is demonstrated in two experiments that grouping by similarity of neutral color is based not on similarity of absolute luminance at the level of the proximal stimulus, but on phenomenal similarity of lightness resulting from the achievement of lightness constancy. An alternative explanation of such grouping based on the equivalence of luminance ratios between elements and background is ruled out by appropriate control conditions.


Visible persistence is reduced by fixed-trajectory motion but not by random motion. Despite the sluggish temporal response of the human visual system, moving objects appear clear and without blur, which suggests that visible persistence is reduced when objects move. It has been argued that spatiotemporal proximity alone can account for this modulation of visible persistence and that activation of a motion mechanism per se is not necessary. Experiments are reported which demonstrate that there is a motion-specific influence on visible persistence. Specifically, points moving in constant directions, or fixed trajectories, show less persistence than points moving with the same spatial and temporal displacements but taking random walks, randomly changing direction each frame. Subjects estimated the number of points present in the display for these two types of motion conditions. Under conditions chosen to produce 'good' apparent motion, ie small temporal and spatial increments, the apparent number of points for the fixed-trajectory condition was significantly lower than the apparent number in the random-walk condition. The traditional explanation of the suppression of persistence based on the spatiotemporal proximity of objects cannot account for these results. The enhanced suppression of persistence observed for a target moving in a consistent direction depends upon the activation of a directionally tuned motion mechanism extended over space and time.


Spatial orientation in weightless environments. Illusions of body inversion and of vehicle inversion can be evoked by exposure to weightlessness in the microgravity conditions of orbital and parabolic flight. Such illusions can involve all possible combinations of self-inversion and vehicle inversion. In the absence of any patterns of external stimulation, individuals may lose all sense of body orientation to their surroundings while retaining a sense of their overall body configuration and cognitive awareness of their actual position. Touch and pressure cues provide a perceptual 'down' in the absence of visual input. When vision is allowed, apparent orientation is influenced by a variety of factors including the direction of gaze, the architectural layout of the vehicle, and sight of the body. The relative importance of the various factors affecting orientation changes with repeated exposure. The virtual absence of sensations of falling during exposure to free-fall emphasizes the role of cognitive factors in experienced orientation.


Mobility of normal observers under conditions of reduced visual input. The importance in mobility performance of the rate of presentation of visual information, binocular versus monocular vision, the use of multiple rather than single reference points, and local motion parallax was investigated in two experiments. In each experiment ten subjects walked a triangular mobility course in a totally darkened room; the only visible targets were light emitting diodes (LEDs), mounted on poles, at the apices of the triangle. The LEDs were mounted so that one or two could be used in a trial; if two were used the distance between them was varied horizontally (in experiment 1) and vertically (in experiment 2). The subjects walked around the course under a range of conditions, including two 'optimal trials' in full light. The LEDs were flashed for 1 ms at frequencies of 0.5, 1 and 5 Hz in experiment 1 and at 1 and 5 Hz in experiment 2. Mobility was measured with the use of an ultrasonic locator system which measured the subject's position on the course 10 times per second. The mean velocity of the subject in traversing the course was significantly reduced when the flash rate was slower, when the subject had one eye occluded, or when there was only one LED on the pole; when the spacing between the LEDs was varied, either vertically or horizontally performance was unaffected. These results imply that the frequency of updating of visual information is important in determining mobility performance, as are binocular cues, but that local motion parallax is not important. The number of LEDs on each pole had a significant effect on mobility performance an 'object' (two lights) gave more information than a point reference.


Calcium ion homeostasis in smooth muscle. Ca2+ plays an important role in the regulation of smooth-muscle contraction. In this review, we will focus on the various Ca(2+)-transport processes that contribute to the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Mainly the functional aspects will be covered. The smooth-muscle inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor and ryanodine receptor will be extensively discussed. Smooth-muscle contraction also depends on extracellular Ca2+ and both voltage- and Ca(2+)-release-activated plasma-membrane Ca2+ channels will be reviewed. We will finally discuss some functional properties of the Ca2+ pumps that remove Ca2+ from the cytoplasm and of the Ca2+ regulation of the nucleus.


Strategies for identification of peptide growth factors. Numerous peptides are known that have specific functions as growth factors in different tissues. These bioactive peptides are characterized by their ability to bind to high-affinity receptors, by their classification into superfamilies that share homology and function and by their synthesis as large precursor molecules that are processed to active forms. In some cases the precursors themselves also have biological activity. Modulation of growth factor activity at the level of the receptor or effector molecules has great therapeutic potential. This article will outline some of the strategies that have been successful in detecting and identifying growth factors and demonstrating their biological activity.


Laminin in neural development.

Laminin in neural development. This short and selective review of the role of laminin in neural development discusses emerging concepts about the way that elements of the extracellular matrix control the differentiation of embryonic neurons. New laminin isoforms have recently been discovered, discoveries which now reveal the very great heterology of basement membranes in different regions of the nervous system, at different stages of development. The problems of identifying true, neuronal-specific laminin receptors are also discussed, particularly with reference to neuronal pathway formation.


[Studies of neurophysiological reactivity and level of activation of the central nervous system in endogenous depression and circulatory system disturbances]. The aim of the study was to assess the neurophysiological factors of simple and complex reactivity of central nervous system in a group of 30 patients treated with endogenous depression and showing circulatory system disturbances, and in a group of 30 patients showing no such somatic problems. The findings showed that the simple and complex reactivity testing can be considered an important and sensitive indicator of the endogenous depression intensity, characteristic of additional circulatory system disturbances and "organic" basis of depression. Any improvement in the circulatory system disturbances and anti-atherosclerotic effect in elderly people should be taken into account.


[Psychopathologic picture of patients displaying resignation reactions during repeated dialysis treatment]. A group of 64 patients dialyzed because of a chronic insufficiency of kidneys was examined. Among 57.8% of patients various resignation reactions were noticed. In most cases these reactions were accompanied by depressive syndrome. The occurrence of the syndrome had some influence on the length of the patients' lives.


[Further development of a computer program for supporting psychiatric diagnosis and choice of therapy]. The algorithm grouping the patients into natural subsets, according to their psychopathological features or results of laboratory examinations, was extended by a software enabling the allowance of a new patient to the nearest subset taking into account any features describing the representative set. Apart from that the system was extended by a software of multi-criterion assessment of drug usability in empirical subsets of patients. It was found out that the developed information system makes it possible to assess such relations between the features of the examined phenomenon that would not be noticeable without using the system.


[Psychopathologic picture of depression and the conduct of some hormone tests and the therapeutic response to thymoleptics]. Psychopathological picture of depression and the conduct of some hormone tests vs the therapeutic response to thymoleptics were examined. On the grounds of some diagnostic criteria, 84 patients with affective psychosis were divided into three diagnostic groups: unipolar (DJ, n = 54) and bipolar (DD, n = 20) endogenous depressions and non-endogenous depression (DN, n = 10). The control group (GK, n = 25) consisted of mentally healthy people. Hormone tests TRH and ITT were performed before and after the treatment. The hormones: TSH, T4, T3, PRL, GH, and CORT were marked by RIA methods. The findings of the examination, after being statistically described and thoroughly discussed, show that they could be useful in differential diagnosis of affective illnesses and in prognosis of therapeutic response.


[Salivation test in patients with affective disorders treated with amitriptyline, mianserin and electroconvulsive therapy]. The aim of this work was assessment of the peripheral anticholinergic effects by use of a salivary test in patients with depression on the background of affective disease, treated over four weeks in a psychiatric department by one of three methods: amitriptyline, mianserin or nondominant unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (NDULECT). There were 22 patients treated with amitriptyline, 26 mianserin and 20 by NDULECT. The degree of depression was assessed by Hamilton's scale of depression and was similar in the groups of patients compared. Also the amount of saliva excreted was similar in the material examined before treatment. Among the methods of treatment the most severe inhibition of salivation was noted in the group treated with amitriptyline, the least--after NDULECT. Mianserin reduced salivation to a small degree--taking up a middle position in the comparison of methods of treatment. Practically speaking there is a conclusion: in patients whose somatic condition contraindicates, during treatment of endogenous depression, unwanted symptoms occurring after inhibition of the cholinergic receptor, the most acceptable of the three methods would be the use of mianserin or NDULECT.


[Biochemical evaluation of atherosclerotic changes in the course of depressive syndromes in patients with cardiovascular disturbances]. The paper analyses correlation between depressive syndromes and lipid metabolism and circulatory system disturbances. Two groups of patients with depression were compared. The first of them consisted of patients with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, in the other group there were patients with normal risk of atherosclerosis. It was found out that the most frequent parameter of lipid metabolism disturbances is cholesterol HDL fraction. Lipid metabolism disturbances in depression are larger in patients suffering from circulatory system disorders. The authors recommended to combine the treatment of depression with applying medicines counteracting lipid metabolism disturbances in patients having greater risk of atherosclerosis.


[Weight gain during antidepressant therapy]. Changes of weight were assessed within a population of 329 patients with major depressive disorders and neurotic states, treated with amitriptyline, doxepin, insidone and imipramine. It has been found that the most important increase of body weight occurred in the groups of patients treated with amitriptyline and doxepin. In the group of insidone the increase of weight was not so high as in the previous groups. The patients treated with imipramine lost weight in the first three weeks of the treatment. No relationship between the increase of body weight and diagnosis, doses of antidepressants, age, sex and education has been observed.


[Quantitative evaluation of motor activity of children with hyperkinetic syndrome]. Quantitative assessment of children's motor activity is necessary to objective classification of children according to their motor activity. The authors of the study made a quantitative assessment of motor activity of 55 boys in the age from 8-12, with normal IQ, using motor-scopic-motor-metric method. Global motor activity was assessed together with the activity of the head, trunk, and limbs, in such testing situations as sitting, standing, lying, and reading. It was found out that quiet children make 6.4 movements per minute, and hyperkinetic children make 21.4 movements per minute. Assessment of motor activity of upper limbs (arms, hands, fingers) is a sufficient factor to assess motor activity of children and verify their hyperkinetic syndrome. In such conditions 3.1 movements per minute is a borderline for quiet children and 6.4 movements per minute for hyperkinetic children. It was found out that the growing-up process leads to lessening of motor activity, especially in hyperexcitable children.


[Depressive syndromes in patients dependent on alcohol with regard to mental disorders in the family]. We looked for the present and past history of functional disorders, especially mood disorders among 215 inpatients with diagnosis of alcohol dependence using Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia--Life-time Version (SADS-L). This same was determined in their first degree relatives using Family History--Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH--RDC). The incidence of mood disorders among probands was rather low--9.8% (bipolar--0.9%, recurrent depression--2.8%, minor depression--6.0%), the occurrence of other functional disorders was much more rare: 2 patients--panic disorder, 2--general anxiety disorders. Among first degree relatives only two had history of depression. The incidence of alcoholism was rather high, especially in men.


[Usefulness of Widlöcher scale in assessment of psychomotor activity disorders in endogenous depression]. A group of 50 patients with a diagnosis of affective disease was examined. Dependence between the intensification of depression psychomotor activity measured according to Widlöcher scale was established. Neurophysiological factors (such as thinking productivity, letter drafting, tapping test, simple reaction time) correlated with the intensification of psychomotor activation disorders.


[Personality features of spouses married to depressive partners]. 30 married couples in which one spouse was hospitalized with a diagnosis of depressive syndrome testified by psychological tests (ACL, MPI, STAI, Self-perception Sheet, Zung SRDS) were examined. Taking into account the literature concerned with the role of improperly functioning couples, the author of the study tried to determine the influence of the healthy spouse's personal character and his/her patterns of behavior on their ill partners. It was found out that the mechanism of the relationship is different depending whether the patient is a wife or a husband. The healthy spouse's mental balance had a positive influence on the patients, independently of sex. A higher level of symptoms and depressive behavior of men was connected with good functioning and adaptation of their wives. On the other hand, the women were having more depressive symptoms if their husbands were submissive and emotionally unstable. It might be connected with the ill spouse's feeling of failing as a wife or husband. The findings may be important for the family therapy of depressed people.


[Siblings of children with a serious mental handicap (psychologic-psychiatric evaluation)]. A group of 150 siblings of children with serious mental handicap was examined. It was established, that frequency of occurrence of psychiatric disorders in this group was no more often than in general population.


[Depressive disorders with psychomotor activity in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome]. In a group of 85 men with alcohol dependence syndrome occurrence of depressive symptoms was examined and the intensification of psychomotor activation disorders was assessed. 60% of patients showed symptoms of depression during alcohol intoxication. Relationship between the intensification of depressive symptoms and psychomotor activity disorders was testified.


[Influence of family factors in the first occurrence of psychiatric hospitalization of patients suffering from schizophrenia]. The paper is an empirical verification of a thesis according to which inter-family factors decide, to a large extent, about the psychiatric hospitalization of patients suffering from schizophrenia. On examining a population of 48 patients hospitalized for the first time because of schizophrenia and their families, it turned out that the family slowness in reacting to psychosis (defining the changes in the patient's behavior as morbid, and looking for a medical assistance occurred too late) is connected with a particular constellation of the family factors "Sluggish" families are mainly those with a lack of feelings, or families "fighting by the child". Initiative of seeking the help was triggered by the patient's behaviour that, from sociological point of view, could be characterized as rebellion and alienation.


[Some intellectual factors and the clinical picture during the first hospitalization of schizophrenic patients]. A group of 62 patients treated with schizophrenia for the first time was examined. Connection between the IQ, the type or interests, Bleulers' primary symptoms and Schneider's criteria was analyzed. A number of dependence factors were discovered, what allowed to draw conclusions about the role of intelligence and interest in patients' first manifestation of schizophrenia.


[Social functioning of patients with schizophrenia who are employed and unemployed]. A group of 130 patients having been treated with schizophrenia for at least 5 years was examined. The patients were trying to get a job after at least one year leave. All subjects were examined twice: at the time of looking for a job and two years later. Adaptability level and the course of employment during the period of two years were assessed. It was found out that 40% of patients continued work after two years but majority of those were working in firm for disabled people. Professional work positively influenced the patients' self-dependence. It was proposed to motivate all patients treated with schizophrenia to start professional work.


[Clinical state of patients with schizophrenia who are employed and unemployed]. A group of 130 patients having been treated with schizophrenia for at least 5 years was examined. The patients were trying to get a job after at least one year leave. All subjects were examined twice: at the time of looking for a job and two years later. Mental state, the course of the disease, and the employment during the period of two years were assessed. It was found out that 40% of patients continued work after two years but majority of those were working in firm for disabled people. Professional work positively influenced the patients' mental state, namely the psychopathological symptoms occurred less often in patients working professionally. No differences were spotted in the number and the general length of hospitalization during two years of catamnesis between the working and unemployed groups. It was proposed to motivate all patients treated with schizophrenia to start professional work.


[Utilization by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens of a siderophore from Pseudomonas fluorescens strain PAB]. Pseudomonas fluorescens PAB strain produced pyoverdine in a synthetic medium. Pigment was purified by solvent extraction and ion exchange, and sterilized and used as siderophore for E. coli, P. fluorescens, ATCC 13.525, ATCC 17.400, W and PAB strains. Bacteria were grown in iron-free medium and medium with iron. Free--pyoverdine and pyoverdine bound to Fe+3 were added in different concentrations. P. fluorescens PAB siderophore did not stimulate E. coli growth while it was selective for other P. fluorescens strains. Paper disks impregnated with pyoverdine did not inhibit E. coli growth.


Characterization of Bacillus larvae White, the causative agent of American foulbrood of honey-bees. First record of its occurrence in Argentina. American foulbrood caused by Bacillus larvae White is recorded for the first time on brood combs of Argentinian hives. The identification of the causative agent was based on disease symptomatology, morphological characters, pathogenicity tests and physiological and biochemical reactions. Studies by scanning electron microscopy showed the occurrence of large flagellar bundles of Bacillus larvae strains growing in biphasic BL medium. An electron microscope survey of the surface configuration of bacterial spores was also made.


[Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis in dairies of the city of San Luis]. In order to detect subclinical mastitis by means of California Mastitis Test and recounting of somatic cells, 163 cows from the dairies of San Luis city, Argentina, were examined. Seventy six individuals (46.6%) exhibited an inflammatory response ranging > or = 2+ grade and a cellular recounting value of > or = 5 x 10(5), data compatible with those of subclinical mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 39 (51.3%) cultures as estimated by the sum of the two last values listed in Table 1. Organisms were isolated by plating on brain heart infusion agar with 5% of sheep blood and on Baird-Parker media. One hundred and three S. aureus isolates recovered from 51 of 63 cows were characterized by coagulase activity by the tube method using human and bovine plasma; clumping factor; glucose and mannitol fermentation; thermonuclease (TNase), pigment, gelatinase, fibrinolysin, acetoin, hemolysin production; egg yolk, tellurite and catalase reaction and crystal violet types. All isolates were susceptible to cephalothin, clindamycin, methicillin, gentamycin and vancomycin; 94.1% were susceptible to chloramphenicol and 53.8% to G penicillin. Sixty three isolates (61.1%) were classified according to Hájek and Marsálek scheme as biotype C (bovine and ovine ecovar), 33 isolates (32.0%) were classified as biotype B (swine and poultry ecovar); 1 isolated (0.9%) as intermediate between B and D; 5 isolates (4.8%) as biotype A (human ecovar) and 1 isolated (0.9%) as biotype D (ecovar silvestres spp) (Table 2). Production of enterotoxins A to E and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) was determined by the optimal susceptibility plate method on 27 isolates (26.2%) which were coagulase 3+ to 4+ and TNase highly positive. None of them produced enterotoxins including TSST-1. The subclinical mastitis data and the prevalence of S. aureus coincide with those of other authors, both from Argentina and from other countries.


[Epidemiology of the main respiratory viruses in small ruminants in Mali]. From 1986 to 1988 a sero-epidemiological survey was carried out in Mali by ILCA to identify the small ruminant main respiratory viruses. The results of this investigation shows an endemic condition. Regardless of the virus species involved, neutralizing antibodies were detected in adults as well as in young stocks. New researches are necessary to set forth a consistent and effective policy of prophylaxis or treatment according to the case concerned.


Trypanosoma cruzi: incorporation of macromolecule precursors during the morphogenic process. During the morphogenic process from epimastigote to metacyclic trypomastigote stage changes at molecular levels are produced. In the present work the incorporation of macromolecule precursors L [3H]-leucine, [3H]-thymidine and [3H]-uridine was used to monitor the differences between parasites growing with and without specific stimulation for morphogenesis (SEpi and NEpi, respectively). The peak of maximum [3H]-uridine incorporation was earlier in the SEpi than in NEpi (3 vs 4 days, respectively) reaching 129% higher values. Even at day 2, SEpi already showed values of [3H]-uridine incorporation slightly higher (29%) than the maximum reached by NEpi. One the other hand the peak of L-[3H]-leucine incorporation was 48 h delayed comparing SEpi vs NEpi with quantitatively similar patterns, while no differences were registered for [3H]-thymidine incorporation. Therefore the [3H]-uridine incorporation may constitute an earlier marker of morphogenesis since the process was optically detected starting day at 6.


[Production of xanthan gum in immobilized cultures of Xanthomonas campestris]. The efficiency of xanthan production through surface processes was evaluated. The best porous material was selected first. Thereafter, a comparative study was performed using submerged agitated process vs other without agitation but containing the selected porous material. The culture medium used was white potatoes infusion, buffered with K2HPO4 and supplemented with glucose in diverse concentrations. Besides, to evaluate a different type of surface process, three vegetables were valued: Ipomaea batatus, Solanum tuberosum and Daucus carota, with an without glucose supplement. Larger xanthan production was achieved with immobilization of X. campestris vs the conventional method, when the liquid culture medium was used. The highest yield was obtained when the white potatoes infusion was supplemented with glucose 2.5%, yielding a conversion of this saccharide to xanthan up to 58%. When X. campestris was cultured on fragmented vegetables, the highest xanthan gum yield (5.6g) was obtained with Solanum tuberosum supplemented with glucose. This yield indicators that X. campestris used the glucose added as well as the constitutive polysaccharide of this vegetable.


Detection of adenovirus precipitating antibodies in the sera of Polo horses in Nigeria. Serum samples obtained from 107 Polo horses showing clinical signs of viral respiratory disease were tested for precipitating antibodies to adenovirus by agar gel precipitation test and counter-immunoelectrophoresis method. The results obtained demonstrate serological evidence of adenovirus infection in Polo horses in Nigeria. The counter-immunoelectrophoresis method was observed to be about 3 times more sensitive than the agar gel precipitation test with 19.3 vs 64.5%. It could thus be used to screen a large number of serum samples within a short period.


Genital lesions and histopathology of male guinea-pigs infected with trypanosomes. Sixty adult male guinea-pigs were used to study the effect of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma congolense infections on genitalia, testicles and reproductive capacity. Both infections showed acute to chronic courses. T. b. brucei appeared more virulent than T. congolense. In both cases the infection periods significantly (P < 0.01) influenced resultant decrease in body and gonadal weight, testicular mass index and extent of lesion formation. Histopathological lesions included mononuclear infiltration, distortion of seminiferous tubules and degeneration of germ cells. Both trypanosomes impaired reproductive capacity through impaired hormone biosynthesis, sperm production and reserves. Use of guinea-pigs as a laboratory model for the study of trypanosomosis in domestic animals is discussed.


[Molecular analysis of the principal neutralization epitope (V3 loop) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Argentina]. The main goal of the present paper was to analyze the molecular diversity of the principal neutralizing domain (V3 loop) of the HIV 1 gp120 in samples from patients of Argentina. The study was carried out on a total of 30 HIV 1 positive blood samples, obtained during 1991-1992, belonging to 15 intravenous drug users (group A), 5 homosexual men (group B), 8 children born to HIV 1 positive mothers (group C) and 2 AIDS patients (group D). By using extracted DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes and from infected cells of the viral isolates in the case of the 2 AIDS patients, the V3 loop region was amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction. Direct sequencing by Sanger methodology was then performed on DNA fragments and nucleotide sequences obtained were translated into the correspondent amino acids. Consensus sequences for each group and a general consensus sequence were established (Table 1). Its alignment with V3 loop amino acid sequences of the major HIV 1 strains isolated worldwide is showed in table 2. Homology analysis between each sequence of the study population and sequence of different HIV 1 isolates showed that most of these samples share high homology with SF2 and BH10 strains. In contrast a low homology was found with JH3 and MN isolated (table 3). The presence of highly conserved amino acid residues as substitutions and insertions was determined in the Argentinian V3 loop sequences giving them a local pattern. The present paper is of great importance for our country, considering that the V3 loop is the main neutralizing domain becoming a major target in the development of HIV 1 vaccine. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the sequencing of the principal neutralizing domain of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 in Latin America.


[Determination of the protease activity in a Cuban strain of Babesia bovis]. The attenuation of a Babesia bovis strain depends on its protease content. The present work evaluates this parameter on a virulent strain, before and after attenuation by quick passages on splenectomized calves. The protease activity at different pH values was determined in protein fractions from the blood of calves. The enzymatic test showed marked differences between the protease content of both substrains.


[Attempt to attract Amblyomma variegatum (Acarina:Ixodina) on cattle previously treated with aggregation-fixation pheromones and a pyrethrinoid acaricide]. The application of synthetic pheromonal aggregation-attachment compounds or male tick extracts on certain sites of the body of bull calves reared on infested pastures did not induce any attraction of free adults on these sites. Previously attached males were more attractive than synthetic pheromones or natural extracts. Very small amounts of flumethrin poured directly on testicles or on the dewalp induced a large decrease in the infestation of these sites.


Ivomec, a treatment against rabbit mange. The trial with Ivomec as a treatment against sarcoptic mange in rabbits gave very encouraging results. There was 100% clinical recovery in 31 rabbits that were treated with no cases of reinfestation. Even though there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in weight gain between the treated and untreated groups, the efficacy of Ivomec was visually appreciated. Pruritus ceased one week post-treatment while total hair regrowth occurred after 6 weeks.


[Current status of bovine haemoparasitic diseases in Martinique (French West Indies)]. A serological survey using indirect immunofluorescence (IFAT) for bovine babesiosis (Babesia bovis and B. bigemina) and card test for anaplasmosis, indicates that these haemoparasites are widespread in Martinique. The high prevalences (62% for B. bovis, 52% for B. bigemina and 43% for Anaplasma marginale) lead to the hypothesis of an unstable epizootic situation for these three haemoparasitic diseases. However, the number of smears examined was too low to evaluate their clinical incidence. Both the American and Cuban card tests gave similar results in the detection of antibodies to A. marginale. Theileria mutans is described for the first time in Martinique. Trypanosomosis (Trypanosoma vivax) has disappeared from Martinique, on clinical and serological evidence.


Characterization of high molecular weights of complexes and polymers of cytoplasmic proteins in Escherichia coli. To search for filamentous polymers of cytoplasmic proteins of Escherichia coli, high molecular weights (> 670 kDa) of protein complexes of cell extracts were fractionated by gel filtration and ion-exchange column chromatography. Proteins of 100, 77 and 52 kDa were co-purified. The 100- and 52-kDa proteins were identified to be pyruvate dehydrogenase and lipoamide dehydrogenase, respectively, by determining the N-terminal amino acid sequences. Experimental results indicate that the 77-kDa protein is identical to dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase. The 100-kDa protein was found to be identical to the 100-kDa protein described by Tomioka (1991), and was related to the formation of filaments and sheets in the presence of 100 mM KCl. However, neither long filaments nor sheets were observed in our sample containing these enzymes, which was not consistent with Tomioka's conclusion. Another 100-kDa protein which forms spirosome-like particles was purified and identified to be alcohol dehydrogenase based on the N-terminal sequence.


DNA fingerprinting of Chlamydia trachomatis by use of ribosomal RNA, oligonucleotide and randomly cloned DNA probes. DNA fingerprinting of 15 reference strains and 24 clinical isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis, 2 strains of C. psittaci and one strain of C. pneumoniae was studied by use of universal 16 + 23S RNA from Escherichia coli, 16S rDNA-directed oligonucleotide and randomly cloned chlamydial DNA probes. The rRNA-gene restriction patterns (ribotypes) enabled the differentiation of chlamydial species. Following DNA cleavage by restriction endonuclease PvuII, lymphogranuloma venereum and trachoma biovars of C. trachomatis could be differentiated. An oligonucleotide, designed to hybridize the C. trachomatis 16S rDNA, also allowed for both species-specific identification and biovar typing of C. trachomatis human strains. Molecular typing system using 3 lambda clones containing C. trachomatis serotype E random DNA inserts, combined to ribotyping, revealed 12 groups of variable banding patterns within C. trachomatis, and could provide an alternative epidemiological tool.


Pyrazinamidase activity in Enterobacteriaceae. Pyrazinamidase activity was tested in 1,033 strains of 15 different genera of Enterobacteriaceae. The test was performed by a simple method which reveals the production of pyrazionic acid by a heavy bacterial suspension in 0.2 ml of a 0.5% pyrazinecarboxamide solution in Tris-maleate (0.2 M, pH 6) buffer after incubation for 18 h at 37 degrees C. Positivity was revealed by the development of a pink to red color after addition of 2 drops of 1% extemporaneously prepared ferrous ammonium sulphate aqueous solution. Pyrazinamidase activity proved to be a useful characteristic for the differentiation of some species from other enterobacteria devoid of this property. Because of its simplicity, this test is suitable for its introduction into the miniaturized diagnostic kits for the identification of enterobacteria.


Direction of hyphal growth: a relevant parameter in the development of filamentous fungi. Macroscopic and microscopic measurements of the growth of Trichoderma viride and Rhizopus oligosporus were compared at different values of water activity of the solid medium. The relationship between radial extension rate and hyphal growth rate was found to be dependent on water activity. The observed difference between these two parameters was explained by the distribution of apical directions. The validity of the radial extension rate as a growth criterion could be discussed. The angular distribution of apical axes of growth in the front of the colony was observed at different water activity levels of the solid medium, and a model which links radial growth rate to hyphal growth rate and direction of apex growth was proposed and experimentally validated.


A one-step microbial DNA extraction method using "Chelex 100" suitable for gene amplification. "Chelex 100" chelating resin has been previously proposed for the rapid extraction of human DNA for polymerase chain reaction. Protocols are given for the rapid extraction of bacterial and viral DNA from cultures or clinical samples. The DNA samples obtained were suitable for use in polymerase chain reaction.


[Determination of an ELISA test on tissues of grapevine affected by yellow disease]. We report here results concerning the best part of the grapevine to section, the best sampling period and an important adaptation of the extraction media for the diagnosis of a grapevine yellow disease by ELISA. The addition of Triton-X100, or better of Chaps enabled us to get clear results for the sensitive Vitis vinifera scion varieties. Until now, results have not been obtained for the symptomless root stock varieties. However, antigen concentration by molecular filtration may be a way to solve the problem of assaying root stocks.


[Ambulatory heart catheterization. Initial experience]. Development of cardiovascular surgical techniques and more recently, balloon angioplasty, has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of cardiac catheterizations performed. Previously, the usual policy was to admit the patient to the hospital for several days. Various series of patients submitted to ambulatory cardiac catheterizations have revealed that this procedure con be performed safely, with a potential reduction in hospital and patients costs, better utilization of medical beds and good image quality. In this study we present our initial experience in this kind of outpatient procedure.


Hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy. A retrospective analysis of 40 cases in The Netherlands. The Dutch Ménétrier Study Group. Hypertrophic protein-losing gastropathy is a rare clinical entity of unknown etiology. Seventeen of 50 GI Units in The Netherlands, surveying their patient material, documented at least 1 positive case. Altogether, 40 patients (25 male and 15 female; mean age, 44.3 years) fulfilled the usually accepted criteria. Main complaints were epigastric pain (65%), asthenia (60%), anorexia (45%), weight loss 45%, edema (37.5%), and vomiting (37.5%). Hypoalbuminemia of < 35 g/l was found in 81%, and an abnormal enteric protein loss (51CrCl3) in 22 of 26 tested patients (85%). The mean basal acid output was 0.99 mmolH+/h. Stomach radiology in 35 patients showed giant folds mainly of the corpus mucosa; endoscopy confirmed the hypertrophy of the folds in all cases (in four confirmed by endosonography) and the presence of adherent mucus. Occasionally a concomitant gastric ulcer was found. Endoscopic biopsies were usually of limited value for the histologic diagnosis, mainly suggesting the possibility of hypertrophic gastropathy, excluding gastric cancer or lymphoma. In the follow-up 80% was treated with antacids, H2-receptor antagonists, mucosa-protectives, omeprazole, or combinations. No single agent appeared of major value. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori occasionally reduced symptoms. Twenty-two patients (55%) improved with or without medical therapy, during a mean follow-up of 7.6 years. Five patients (12.5%) underwent gastric surgery; four improved. In total, 26 patients (65%) improved, with partial or total regression of hypoalbuminemia. Eight patients died, three of gastric cancer, and five of cancers localized elsewhere.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


[Cardiorespiratory arrest as a reason for admission to the ICU: clinical course and prognostic factors]. The cardiac arrest is a situation associated with a abrupt and unexpected interruption of the spontaneous breath and circulation. It's a frequent cause to admit people in hospital. There the patients are admitted to the intensive care unit in order to care for them after cardiac arrest. We have studied 68 cases about cardiac arrest, their evolution, death rate and many factors usually described by another authors as prognostic of these patients. We encountered a higher mortality the longer the time of arrest, the higher the score on the Apache scale, on the lower the score on the Glasgow coma scale. Another point is if we aren't sure about the cause of the cardiac arrest or it's cerebrovascular accidents or upper airway failure, the prognostic is worse. Finally, if the ECG at the moment of the admission is asystole the death rate is 100%.