Exostoses of the external auditory canal. Exostosis of the external ear canal is a disease unique to man. It has been identified in prehistoric man, affecting the aborigines of the North American continent. Aural exostoses are typically firm, sessile, multinodular bony masses which arise from the tympanic ring of the bony portion of the external auditory canal. These growths develop subsequent to prolonged irritation of the canal. The large, primitive jaw of prehistoric man placed great mechanical stress on the tympanic ring. Chronic aural suppuration seen in the preantibiotic era was soon followed by exostoses. Today, prolonged contact of the external ear canal with cold sea water is the most prevalent cause (aquatic theory). As a result the disease is now essentially limited to coastal regions. In this way we have seen exostoses appear in different stages of the evolution of man as a result of mechanical, chemical and now thermal irritation. The author is an otolaryngologist in a coastal region. In examining 11,000 patients during a ten-year period, 70 cases of symptomatic exostoses of the external auditory canal were identified. The incidence of exostoses was found to be 6.36 per 1,000 patients examined for otolaryngologic disease. It is a predominantly male disease. The development of these "irritation nodules" is painless until the tenth year of aquatic exposure to irritation, when symptoms of obstruction occur. The hearing loss associated with exostoses is usually a conductive type, secondary to occlusion of the canal by impacted cerumen or acute external otitis. The results of studying the thermal characteristics of the body of water used for such aquatic activities is presented.


Frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in severe protein calorie malnutrition. Nine children with severe protein calorie malnutrition were studied regarding the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE's) in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the number of SCE's in the malnourished children as compared to an adequate control group. An interesting finding was that the proportion of 3rd or subsequent division metaphases found in the malnourished children, was higher and significantly different from that seen in the control group.


Nerve fiber synapses on spiral ganglion cells in the human cochlea. Nerve fiber synapses were observed on the small myelinated and unmyelinated spiral ganglion cells of the human cochlea. The nerve fibers penetrated the junctions of the ensheathing satellite cells and myelin lamellae, and partly invaginated into the perikarya to establish axosomatic synapses. One small myelinated neuron with a nerve fiber synapse demonstrated multipolar cell processes. However, most small neurons with identical ultrastructural characteristics did not show these synapses. Axodendritic synapses were also seen on the dendritic processes of the small neurons and between varicose nerves and unmyelinated nerve fibers some distance from the small neurons. While these observations conform in some aspects with the concept of parasympathetic nerve fibers and neurons in the cochlea, they are also compatible with the idea that the small neurons may have an auditory function influenced by the synaptic contacts of efferent fibers from the olivocochlear bundle.


A study on the pathogenesis of recurrent parotitis in childhood. Roentgenologic, histopathologic, electron microscopic, virologic and immunologic studies were performed to investigate the etiologic features of recurrent parotitis in children. When examined sialographically and histopathologically, it was considered that pathologic changes in the parotid gland had developed as latent chronic inflammation with mild glandular destruction long before the disease became manifest clinically with acute exacerbation. Proliferation of the duct epithelium in the regenerative process and increase of intraductal pressure due to obstruction of the salivary outflow were assumed to be the causative factors of dilative changes of the peripheral ductal system. Investigation of complement fixation antibody, hemoagglutination inhibition antibody and neutralization antibody responses to mumps virus showed that onset of the disease was unrelated to mumps infection in the majority of cases. Increase of complement fixation antibody titer to various viruses was observed in many cases during acute exacerbation, and were considered to have brought about secondary ascending bacterial infection of the parotid gland by lowering of the systemic resistance. Comparison of serums IgA, IgG, IgM and salivary IgA in these patients with those of control children did not reveal participation of immunodeficiency in the development of this disease. But judging from the results of the long-term clinical follow-up study it was difficult to disregard the possibility that physiological immaturity of the immune response in young children may play some role in onset and recurrent exacerbation of the disease.


A scanning electron microscopic study of the normal human stapes. The structure of the normal human stapes was studied with the scanning electron microscope. Specimens were obtained 48 hours after death from adult human temporal bones free from obvious inflammatory disease. The specimens were fixed, dissected, critical-point dried and coated with gold. In this scanning electron microscopic study an attempt has been made to systematically demonstrate the average scanning electron microscopic features of various areas of the normal human stapes. An emphasis has been placed upon demonstrating as clearly as possible the details previously unclear or unrecognized and duplication of many excellent earlier light and electron microscopic studies has been attempted. The typical appearance of the stapes head, neck, arch, crura and footplate has been presented. It is apparent that there exists a high degree of structural specialization particularly in the stapes arch and footplate area.


[Eugregarines from Caraboidea Coleoptera. New data and species. (author's transl)]. In this work, we describe some new species of Eugregarines parasites from Caraboidea: Ramicephalus nebriae and Ramicephalus rostratus from Nebria lafresnayei Serville; Ramicephalus cecheni from Cechenus (Iniopachys) pyrenaeus Serville; Ancyrophora penetreti from Penetretus rufipennis Dejean; Ancryophora hispani from Chrysocarabus (Chrysotribax) hispanus Fabr.; Gregarina peloris from Pelor (Iberozabrus) obesus Serville; Gregarina dichirotrichi from Dichirotrichus pallidus Dejean. We complete the life-cycle of Gregarina ophoni Tuz. Arm., 1951 and confirm his classification in the genus Gregarina. We have found this parasite in a new host, Ophonus similis Dejean.


Eating epilepsy associated with a deep forebrain glioma. Seizures associated with deglutition are rare, and previously reported cases of so-called eating epilepsy have not identified specific electrophysiological or anatomical foci. We evaluated a 14-year-old with a deep hemispheric astrocytoma in whom focal seizures were consistently triggered by eating. Electroencephalograms were consistent with a deeply located seizure focus. Eating epilepsy should be grouped with reflex epilepsies that may originate with the diencephalon.


Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 34 antimicrobial agents for control strains Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The use of control strains of bacteria is important to monitor the accuracy and precision of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Knowledge of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of commonly used organisms would be useful to achieve a degree of inter- as well as intra-laboratory reproducibility. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of 34 antimicrobial agents for control strains Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, as determined by a microdilution method in cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth, are reported.


[Intranuclear structures of monkey kidney cells recognised by immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopy using anti-ribonucleoprotein antibodies (author's transl)]. Autoantibodies which react with a ribonucleoprotein material present in the saline extract of nuclei have been found in the sera of patients with Sharp's syndrome and in some cases of systemic lupus erythematosus and of systemic sclerosis. Such antibodies give a granular or reticulated immunofluorescence staining of the nuclei of mouse peripheral blood leukocytes. When cultures of monkey kidney cells (Macacus cynomolgus) were examined by immunofluorescence using such antibodies, it was found that the staining pattern depended on the state of the cell cultures. Nuclei of cells in stationary cultures showed the presence of perinucleolar granules of RNP whereas, within a few hours after subculture, the nuclei contained widely dispersed specks of antigen. In mitotic cells the antigen appears to be evenly dispersed throughout the cell volume with the exception of the chromosomes. Immuno-electron microscopy of cells treated 24 hours after subculture indicates that the specks correspond to aggregates of 200--250 A granules, probably interchromatin granules.


Studies on the genetic control of murine humoral response to immunization with a peptidoglycan-containing fraction extracted from Brucella melitensis. A peptidoglycan containing fraction (fraction "5") extracted from Brucella melitensis has been injected in low infra-vaccinating doses into inbred mice. The genetic control of the resulting anti-Brucella humoral response has been studied in the C57BL/6 "good responder" X DBA2 "low responder" model. The results observed in F1, F2 and reciprocal backcrosses show that the "good responder" character, although transmitted as a dominant trait, is under polygenic control and independent of H2 haplotype, Ig allotype, sexual chromosoms or the "d" coat color gene. On the other hand, the phenotypic expression of at least one of the genes involved is sex-limited and influenced by hormonal environmental factors. Moreover the expression in females of one of these sex-dependent genes is associated with the "b" coat color gene. These results are discussed in terms of their possible relevance in spontaneous or vaccinal resistance to experimental brucellosis, of the relative role of the peptidoglycan and lipoprotein moieties in fraction "5" and of the possible importance of sex-dependent and chromosome 4-linked genetic factors for B-cell functions.


Agar disk diffusion susceptibility characteristics of azlocillin, carbenicillin, mezlocillin, piperacillin, and ticarcillin. The agar disk diffusion susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae to mezlocillin and piperacillin was correlated with agar minimal inhibitory concentrations and compared with the susceptibility to carbenicillin. The agar disk susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to azlocillin, mezlocillin, and piperacillin was correlated with agar minimal inhibitory concentrations and compared with the susceptibility to carbenicillin and ticarcillin. Criteria are offered for the zones of inhibition to provide information about resistant and susceptible isolates that correlate with known serum levels.


High-level, plasmid-borne resistance to gentamicin in Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes. Each of three isolates of Streptococcus faecalis subsp. zymogenes harbored three R plasmids and a hemolysin-bacteriocin plasmid. The plasmids carried by one of these strains were physically characterized after their conjugative transfer. In each strain one of the plasmids carried genetic markers for resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, sisomicin, netilmicin, and tobramycin.


Sublethal stress in Escherichia coli: a function of salinity. Sublethal stress in Escherichia coli was detected in various test media after exposure (in vitro) to seawater of various salinites. Stress was measured with an electrochemical detection technique and a beta-galactosidase assay. Test media included EC medium, medium A-1, and tryptic soy broth modified to contain lactose for beta-galactosidase assay experiments. Stress was defined as the difference between a predicted electrochemical response time calculated for unstarved cells from a standard curve and the observed electrochemical response time for cells starved in seawater. The higher the salinity, the greater the stress for all test media examined. Stress was most pronounced in EC and was attributed primarily to initial die-off of starved cells exposed to the test medium at the elevated temperature of 44.5 degrees C. Lag time and growth rates in test media were not significantly affected by salinity. beta-Galactosidase specific activity, assayed in starved cells after transfer to an induction medium at 44.5 degrees C for 150 min, was inversely related to the salinity of the starved cell suspension. The consequences of these observations with respect to coliform enumeration methods are discussed.


Ultrastructural aspects of normolipidemic xanthomatosis. Electron microscopic aspects in ten cases of normolipidemic cutaneous xanthomatosis have been investigated. Two additional types IV and V hyperlipoproteinaemic xanthomatosis have also been included. Ultrastructural findings in all cases were similar. Abundant histiocytic cells with numerous intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles, lysosomes, and myelin-figures, were the striking features. Moreover, in older lesions microfilaments and lipid vacuoles were found in some fibroblastic cells, as well as long space collagen around them. In some specimens we observed: giant multinucleated histiocytic cells, crystalline cleft-like spaces in histiocytes and some mastocytes with lipidic crystals in the extracellular space, as well as lipid vacuoles in Schwann cells, endothelial cells and pericytes. Rod-shaped tubulated bodies were found in some endothelial cells, with multiple basal vascular laminae. In xantelasma palpebrarum and in disseminate plane xanthoma the histiocytary foamy cells adopted a perivascular arrangement, as in hyperlipoproteinemic xanthomatosis. We concluded that ultrastructural aspects of different xanthomatosis are fairly similar as a consequence of the large amount of intracytoplasmic lipids accumulated in xanthomatosus cells. In xanthelasma palpebrarum and in disseminated plane xanthoma this cell phase is reached by similar pathways to those for hyperlipoproteinemic xanthomatosis, whilst in xanthoma disseminatum and juvenile xanthogranuloma the pathways seem to be different. A classification of normolipidemic xanthomatosis is also provided.


Mammalian histidine decarboxylase. Stability studies with special reference to the effect of salts. Histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22) prepared from a murine mastocytoma is activated up to six-fold when the concentration of phosphate in the assay medium is increased from 1 mM to 150 mM. Chloride and sulfate, on the other hand, are inhibitory and appear to interfere with the binding of pyridoxal phosphate to the enzyme. The inhibition by chloride is relatively less pronounced at high than at low concentrations of phosphate. The enzyme is inhibited by heavy metal ions and to some extent by alkylation and oxidation, but also by strong reduction. The histidine decarboxylase activity is stablized by 150 mM potassium phosphate, 1 mM dithiothreitol and 10 micrometers pyridoxal phosphate when stored at 6--8 degrees C. This holds true for both crude extract enzyme and enzyme purified by molecular sieving and hydrophobic interaction chromatography.


The neuropharmacology of a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid analog, kojic amine. Kojic amine (KA; 2-aminomethyl-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one), a compound which shares some structural features with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and muscimol, has been examined in a variety of test systems for GABAmimetic activity. In several in vitro central nervous system receptor binding assays employing rat brain membrane preparations, KA exhibited selective activity to displace 3H-muscimol but with a relatively high IC50 of 4.4 muM. KA did not alter the binding of 3H-diazepam. Iontophoretically applied KA exerted a pronounced (comparable to GABA on the basis of ejection currents)i inhibition of the firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells and spontaneously active or glutamate-activated neurons in the cerebral cortex. The inhibitory effects of KA, which were longer lasting than those of GABA, were antagonized by bicuculline and enhanced in the presence of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. On the isolated amphibian (Bufo marinus) spinal cord, KA was less than 1/3 as potent as GABA in depolarizing primary afferent terminals. In this preparation KA caused a marked decrease in the dorsal and ventral root potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of an adjacent or corresponding dorsal root. KA is a poor substrate for GABA uptake systems into rat brain synaptosomes, has no effect on GABA release in vitro, and does not inhibit GABA transaminase activity. Altogether, these data suggest that KA does have some GABAmimetic actions (which are perhaps restricted to hyperpolarizing post-synaptic GABA receptors) but also exerts other pharmacological effects as well.


[Treatment of inappropriate ADH secretion syndrome with demethylchlortetracycline]. A sixteen month girl with inappropriate ADH secretion was treated with demethylchlortetracycline. On a dose of 20 mgs/kg/day the disorder resolved completely. Treatment was continued with a maintenance dose of 15 mgs/kg/day. No side effects were observed.


Clinical features of 22 cases with "inter-sterno-costo-clavicular ossification". A new rheumatic syndrome. We present 22 cases with inter-sterno-costoclavicular ossification. Clinical and pathological findings show that abnormal ossification observed in this situation is due to non-suppurative chronic inflammation of the soft tissues around the sterno-costo-clavicular region such as the costo-clavicular ligament. We have classified X-ray findings into three stages according to the extent of the ossification; localized, generalized, and hyperostotic, and show that the disease progressed in this sequence. A considerable number of the patients showed abnormal X-ray findings in the spine or the sacro-iliac joint. Frequent association of pustulosis palmaris et plantaris was noted in this disease. Most of the cases were treated effectively with anti-inflammatory drugs, but a few cases required surgical resection of the ossified mass with the clavicle or the first rib in order to relieve the severe pain.


The release of gentamycin into the wound secretions from polymethylmethacrylate beads. A study with reference to the animal experiment. Following implantation of Gentamycin PMMA beads, the concentration of antibiotics in the wound secretion was investigated in an animal experiment which corresponded to the clinically applied procedure. The measured concentrations of active substance over a period of 6 days were on an average 8 times higher than the maximum serum titers obtainable with systemic application of antibiotics, and consequently they exceeded by several dilution stages the minimum bactericidal concentrations of most of those bacteria which are responsible for infections of wounds and bones. The kinetics of release of Gentamycin out of the PMMA beads are presented, and compared with that of bone cement which contains antibiotics and which is used in endoprostheses. From the results, conclusions about the intraoperative techniques which should be realised have been drawn, conditions which are of decisive importance for the success of this new treatment for infections of the bone and soft tissue.


Profile of 24-hour plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Their variation with two methods of total parenteral nutrition administration. The concentration of glucose and insulin in the plasma during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was measured every 20 minutes during a 24-hour period in three subjects with granulomatous enterocolitis. During a gravity drip, parallel variations in rate of flow and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were seen, and both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia occurred. During a constant (pumped) infusion, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were stable and normal. Glucose excretion in the urine was negligible and adequate gains in weight occurred, suggesting utilization of the administered nutrients. Hypertonic solutions for TPN should be infused at a constant rate either by careful attention to the flow rate during changes of intravenous bottles and tubing or by using a constant-infusion pump. Infusion of TPN solutions at a constant rate minimizes the risk of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia.


Role of endothelial injury and platelets in atherogenesis. Endothelial cell injury is usually followed by the adherence and activation of platelets to exposed subendothelial surfaces. This is then followed by intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation and formation of connective tissue matrix by the smooth muscle cells through synthesis and secretion of collagen, elastic fiber proteins, and proteoglycans, and intracellular and extracellular lipid accumulation. Platelet activation is associated with morphological transformations which lead eventually to the "release reaction". A mitogenic factor has been recently recognized among the substances released from platelets and it may play a crucial role in promoting the intimal proliferation of smooth muscle cells which characterize atherosclerotic plaques.


Oxygen levels safe for continued reproduction of Drosophila in normal and hypobaric atmospheres. Reproduction of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster was examined in various combinations of oxygen concentration and total atmospheric pressure in an effort to establish extremes within which continued reproduction can take place. The effects of temperature were also examined. At 760 torr total pressure, it was found that reproduction could take place between 10% oxygen, PO2 = 76 torr, and 38% oxygen, PO2 = 288 torr, at a temperature of 26 degrees C. At 18 degrees C, the lower limit remained the same but the upper limit rose to 60% oxygen, PO2 = 456 torr. In hypobaric atmospheres totalling 250 torr, the low extreme was 30% oxygen, PO2 = 75 torr, and the upper level was 80% oxygen, PO2 = 200 torr. Because closed ecology life support systems proposed for future space programs will include similar small organisms with short life cycles, the author encourages similar reproductive studies with species most likely to accompany humans into space.


Specific interaction of human Tamm-Horsfall gylcoprotein with leucoagglutinin, a lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris (red kidney bean). Human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein inhibits lymphocyte transformation induced by leucoagglutinin and haemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris (red kidney bean). The glycoprotein interacts with the two lectins, giving insoluble precipitates. The interaction with leucoagglutinin is highly specific, and the shape of the precipitin curve is that of an antigen-antibody reaction; precipitation is specifically inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Results are discussed, and it is suggested that inhibition of lymphocyte transformation is due to competition between human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and carbohydrate receptors on lymphocytes for the two lectins. The interaction between human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and Phaseolus vulgaris lectins has been used to develop a one-step procedure for the separation of the two lectins by affinity chromatography on (human Tamm-Horsfall-glycoprotein)-Sepharose.


Density comparisons of heavy chains of membrane and secreted immunoglobulins of mouse. In order to explore structural differences between membrane and secreted immunoglobulins the buoyant densities of mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chains were compared by isopycnic centrifugation in CsCl containing guanidine hydrochloride. The buoyant densities, under denaturing conditions, of mouse myeloma protein MOPC 21 IgG, MOPC 315 IgA and MOPC 104E IgM H chains were consistent with their carbohydrate contents. Mouse membrane IgM and MOPC 104E-secreted IgM H chains were of equal density. The buoyant densities of MOPC 104E-secreted IgM and spleen-cell-secreted IgM H chains were indistinguishable. The IgD-like membrane H chain was denser than membrane IgM H chain, and its carbohydrate content was calculated to be 15.5%. The resolution of the technique was sufficient to conclude that the apparent 1500 mol.wt. difference, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, between membrane and secreted IgM H chains was due to peptide rather than to carbohydrate. The results also imply that intact membrane IgM and IgD bind detergent and are thus integral membrane proteins.


Serotyping of Pasteurella multocida isolants from poultry. A total of 607 Pasteurella multocida strains were isolated in Israel from turkeys, geese, and chickens. Serotyping was carried out by the gel-diffusion precipitin test. The antigens were heat-stable saline extracts of the organisms, and the diagnostic sera were produced in chickens using formalinized bacterins. Among 31 serotypes containing one to five antigenic factors, serotypes 1 and 3 accounted for 58.1%, 80.8%, and 88.9% isolants from turkeys, geese, and chickens, respectively. On the basis of the incidence of these serotypes in the flocks examined, serotype 1 was predominant. The variety of antigenic components was greatest for strains from turkeys, with some untypable. The record of isolants from various flocks indicated the wide distribution of many of the strains. Attention was drawn to strains with multiple antigenic factors and the possible implication of their presence in the preparation and use of vaccines.


Occurrence and operation of the glycollate--glyoxylate shuttle in mitochondria of Euglena gracilis Z. Both glyoxylate reductase (NADP+) and glycollate dehydrogenase were located exclusively in mitochondria in Euglena gracilis and constitute the glycollate--glyoxylate shuttle, whose existence in higher plants was thought doubtful, owing to different subcellular locations of the two enzymes. Disrupted Euglena mitochondria showed a glycollate-dependent NADPH oxidation, indicating actual operation of the shuttle in this protozoon.


The effects of food deprivation and re-feeding on bovine adipose-tissue glycogen synthase. Bovine adipose-tissue glycogen metabolism was studied during food deprivation and re-feeding. Changes in the specific activity of adipose-tissue glycogen synthase paralleled changes in tissue glycogen content: both parameters increased during food deprivation and remained so during the first 10 days of re-feeding. The values for the A0.5 (activation constant) for glucose 6-phosphate of the freshly isolated enzyme from adipose tissue from fed and starved steers were 2.9 +/- 0.1 mM and 0.90 +/- 0.05 mM respectively. Additionally, whereas incubation of adipose-tissue extracts from fed steers did not activate endogenous glycogen synthase (through a presumed phosphoprotein phosphatase mechanism), the enzyme from starved or re-fed (up to 3 days re-feeding) steers was reversibly activated as measured by changes in the value for the A0.5 for glucose 6-phosphate. Thus activation of bovine adipose-tissue glycogen synthase during food deprivation appears to be related to expression of glycogen synthase phosphatase activity. These effects of food deprivation on bovine glycogen metabolism contrast markedly with the effects observed in rat adipose tissue.


[Action of TRH on gastrointestinal motility in vitro (author's transl)]. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was studied for its effects on some strips of the gastrointestinal tract in vitro. TRH showed to possess a certain stimulatory activity on proximal segments of the g.i. tract being approximately as effective as histamine. This motor activity of TRH is discussed taking into account a possible physiological role outside the brain.


A long-term study of labetalol in general practice. 1 Forty-one patients with mild to moderate hypertension have been treated with labetalol for up to 5 years. 2 Mean BP before treatment was 180/107 mm Hg, after 2--3 yr treatment was 136/81 mmHg and after 5 yr was 136/74 mmHg. 3 One patient developed a licheniform rash and two patients have died of myocardial infarction. No other side-effects, not already observed in a previously reported double-blind trial, have emerged.


Cell surface heterogeneity of human blood neutrophils and monocytes. Until recently, human blood neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes have been considered to be homogeneous cell populations. However, much evidence has accumulated on their functional heterogeneity. This functional heterogeneity suggests the existence of different subsets of myeloid cells analogous to T and B subsets of lymphoid cells. The goal of this study was to investigate this question of myeloid subsets by examining myeloid cells for cell surface reactivity for IgG and complement (C). Normal PMN and monocytes were examined from 60 subjects for the presence of two types of IgG-Fc receptors and two activated C components, C3b and C3d. Most PMN and monocytes showed Fc receptor activity for rabbit IgG (Fc-R). In addition, the majority of monocytes but very few PMN reacted with human IgG (anti-Rh0) coated Rh-positive erythrocytes (Fc-H). Most PMN and monocytes showed C receptor reactivity for C3b, but only a minor subpopulation of both myeloid cells had C3d receptors. These data provide evidence that human blood myeloid cells may be composed of subsets with different membrane marker reactivities.


Changes in fat, fat-free mass and body water in human normal pregnancy. Measurements of body weight, total body water and total body potassium (40K) were made serially on three occasions during pregnancy and once post partum in 27 normal pregnant women. Skinfold thickness and fat cell diameter were also measured. A model of body composition was formulated to permit the estimation of changes in fat, lean tissue and water content of the maternal body. Total maternal body fat increased during pregnancy, reaching a peak towards the end of the second trimester before diminishing. Serial measurements of fat cell diameter showed poor correlation, whilst total body fat calculated from skinfold thickness correlated well with our estimated values for total body fat in pregnancy.


Relationship between the "phospholipid effect" and calcium in the thyroid. I. - Effects of calcium ions, E.G.T.A., ionophore A 23187, verapamil and chlorpromazine on resting and stimulate thyroid slices. The "phospholipid effect" which is the enhanced turnover of the phosphorylinositol group of phosphatidylinositol (PI) occurs in the thyroid of response to thyreostimulin (TSH). The possibility that Ca2+ ions are involved in this stimulation has been investigated with pig thyroid slices. Experiments performed in media without Ca2+ or containing E.G.T.A. (2 mM), indicate that it is not the extracellular Ca2+ which is implied, but rather the intracellular Ca2+. The ionophore A23187 (6.10(-6) M) increases the specific radioactivity of the acid soluble precursors, but has also a specific effect on the PI turnover, which is additive with the effect of a high concentration of TSH (50 mU/ml). Washing and loading of slices with various Ca2+ concentrations show that 0.9 mM restores the TSH phospholipid effect. Verapamil (10(-3) M) and Chlorpromazine (10(-3) M) redirect glycerolipid metabolism by increasing PI and phosphatidic acid (PA) synthesis at the expense of other glycerolipids, as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). These results suggest that the "phospholipid effect" is not a result of Ca2+ entry into the thyroid cells. On the contrary, it seems that this increased turnover of PI in "long term" incubations (3 hr). An additive and acute effect of TSH effect is more pronounced when Ca2+ movements


Immunodiagnosis of hydatidosis using monospecific immune serum anti Ag5. Microdouble diffusion technique using whole hydatid antigen and monospecific antiserum against Echinococcus genus-specific antigen 5 was applied to the diagnosis of human hydatid disease. The use of this simple and economical method may be extended to the specific diagnosis of parasitic diseases.


Is ECG monitoring in the operating room cost effective? ECG monitoring during anesthesia detects many arrhythmias, even in healthy patients. The clinical significance of these arrhythmias is uncertain. However, a conservative analysis of the cost of ECG monitoring in the USA reveals that the prevention of cardiac arrests occurring in 1 of 3,500 cases is quite cost effective. Routine ECG monitoring for all anesthetics in the USA is recommended.


Effect of ionophore RO 2-2985 on the contractile response of canine coronary, renal and femoral arteries. The effects of the ionophore, RO 2-2985 (X537A, RO) were studied on isolated coronary, renal and femoral arteries in two types of experiments: (1) the effect of RO as a modulator of various contractile effects of KCl and phenylephrine (PE), and (2) the effect of RO itself as a contractile agonist. The effect of the ionophore A23187 was observed in similar experiments to help determine the nature of the RO response. In the first type of experiment, RO was found to have a differential effect upon the arteries contracted with KCl. The coronary arteries relaxed upon addition of the ionophore, whereas, the femoral and renal arteries did not. A23187 had only a transient effect on KCl-contracted coronary arteries. RO relaxed femoral and renal arteries contracted with PE, and A23187 had only a transient effect. RO attenuated ED50 values and maximum tension developments to both KCl and PE, and A23187 had no effect on these parameters. In the second type of experiment, RO (only at 10-5 M) was found to contract femoral and coronary arteries, but had no effect on renal arteries. Experiments with alpha-blocking agents and calculations using association constants of RO for catecholamines suggest that RO is not acting via catecholamine chelation. The dissimilarity between the effects of RO and A23187 suggest that RO may not be working through a specific effect on Ca++. These differential responses to RO suggest variations in intervessel regulation of PE- AND KCl-induced contradictions and can explain, in part, the in vivo effects of RO on regional blood flow.


Tuberculosis: genitourinary tuberculosis. Genitourinary tuberculosis should be managed on an outpatient basis, patients being seen once a week. The treatment of choice is a short-course regimen comprising 2 months of either three or fours drugs - streptomycin, rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide - followed by isoniazid and rifampicin three times a week for either 2 or 4 months, depending on the severity of the lesion. Patients should be followed-up, normally for one year, and be told to report to their doctors if they have any recurrence of urinary symptoms. However, if they have renal calcification they should be followed-up as for any other case of calcification and seen annually for at least 10 years. Surgery still has an important part to play in the present management. Radical surgery, nearly always nephrectomy or epididymectomy, should be carried out when there are destructive lesions. Reconstructive surgery, mainly the the repair of strictures at the lower end of the ureter and bladder augmentation for a small fibrotic bladder, is frequently required. Both radical and reconstructive surgery should be carried out in the first 2 months of intensive chemotherapy. There is no reason now why all patients should not be able to return to a normal efficient life - free from all association with the disease - not later than 4 months after the start of treatment.


Reverse passive haemagglutination test for the rapid identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and detection of penicillinase production. In a comparison of the reverse passive haemagglutination test (RPHA) with the direct immunofluorescent and rapid carbohydrate utilisation tests for the identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from clinical specimens, 315 isolates of oxidase-positive Gram-negative diplococci were tested as pure 24-hour-old subcultures and samples from 108 similar organisms were taken directly from primary isolation plates. A similar test system was used to detect penicillinase production. Results showed agreement in 97.8% of organisms tested with the RPHA and conventional methods for identification of N. gonorrhoeae; similarly there was good agreement with conventional methods for detection of penicillinase production. The test was reliable and could be read within four hours; a result was therefore available on the same day the clinical specimen was received. The time and work involved in identifying N. gonorrhoeae using the RPHA was less than with conventional methods, but differentiation between N. gonorrhoeae and other Neisseria species from throat swabs proved difficult.


Variations in the fissural pattern of the cerebral neocortex of the spider monkey (Ateles). Data are reported on the range and variety of fissural patterning in 40 cerebral hemispheres from 22 specimens of spider monkeys (Ateles). The hemispheres are categorized according to a number of criteria, including proximity of the central sulcus to neighboring sulci, whether certain other sulci are joined or separated from each other, and the presence and location of idiosyncratic fissures. Interhemispheric variability was found to be as pronounced within as between specimens. The study revealed a wide variability in fissural patterns of primate brain specimens and a topological significance of many sulci in that they demarcate functional subdivisions of either somatosensory or somatomotor cortex.


Evaluation of bactericidal assay in serotyping Neisseria meningitidis group A. Seventeen of 22 group A meningococcal strains were separated into four serotypes by a microbactericidal assay using group A antisera. In addition, 6 of 19 of these strains were killed by a group B antiserum and similar cidal patterns were obtained with a group C antiserum. There was little correlation between type and case or carrier isolates, or between types and geographical location.


Suppression of PHA-stimulated lymphocyte transformation in cynomolgus monkeys following infection with Coxiella burnetii. Phytohemagglutin (PHA) induced blastogenesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes from cynomolgus monkeys infected with C. burnetii was suppressed between 14 and 28 days after infection. Lymphocytes became responsive to PHA again on day 35 with an increase in stimulation index when cultured with specific antigens. In contrast, production of specific humoral antibodies was not diminished during the acute and early convalescent stages of infection.


Antineoplastic effect of orally administered 1-alkyl carbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil on sc implanted Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma. The antitumor activity of 1-alkyl carbamoyl derivatives of 5-fluorouracil against Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma by long-term oral administration was examined. The 1-hexyl and 1-phenethyl carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil derviatives were markedly active against early Lewis lung carcinoma among the derivatives tested. These compounds were not markedly active against advanced Lewis lung carcinoma but did show acceptable activity. Increases in lifespan in mice with early Lewis lung carcinoma at optimal doses of 1-hexyl and 1-phenethyl carbamoxyl-5-fluorouracil were 98% and 78% respectively. In advanced Lewis lung carcinoma, the 1-hexyl derivative was active by either intermittent or daily administration, but the 1-phenethyl derivative was active only by daily administration. Lung metastases were not inhibited by optimal doses of the 1-hexyl derivative but were completely inhibited by the 1-phenethyl derivative. The 1-hexyl derivative was also active against B16 melanoma and the increase in lifespan at optimal doses was 27%. As a result, 1-hexyl carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil was found to be the most active derivative against early Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma. However, 1-phenethyl carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil was the most active derivative against advanced Lewis lung carcinoma by daily administration and this compound completely inhibited lung metastases, while 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide did not inhibit lung metastases.


Pharmacokinetic model for 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole in mouse, dog, and monkey. A mathematic model has been developed to describe the time course of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole and its metabolites in the serum and tissues of mice, dogs, and monkeys. A flow-limited physiologic model has been used. The rate of metabolism in mice is described as a linear process; metabolism in dogs and monkeys is kinetically saturable. The urinary excretion in mice, dogs, and monkeys is described as a linear process; however, the kidney clearance in monkeys may decrease at high plasma concentrations. The model predictions are compared with published data. The kidney clearances of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole and its metabolites exhibit approximately a 0.7-power dependence on body weight when the mouse is compared with the larger species.


Development of the structural components of the brush border in absorptive cells of the chick intestine. The spatial and temporal relationships between cytoplasmic filaments and the morphogenesis of the intestinal brush border were examined by transmission electron microscopy of normally developing tissue and of tissue exposed to a variety of experimental conditions in organ culture. Distinct stages in the development of the brush border were identified: (1) Irregular projections of the apical plasma membrane that contain a network of microfilaments are converted to uniform projections filled with a core bundle of straight microfilaments (7-11d of incubation). (2) Rootlets form by an elongation or aggregation of filaments (11-15d). (3) The terminal web forms first as a network of short filaments just below the apical plasma membrane, then secondarily stratifies into two layers (19d of incubation to 3d posthatching). (4) Core filaments elongate as microvilli achieve their maturity (21d of incubation to 5d posthatching). Microvillus formation was not perturbed by culturing 9d tissue in high concentrations of Ca++ or Mg++, either with or without the ionophore, A23187. Rootlet formation was stimulated by high Mg++, with or without A23187, and, for reasons unknown, by ethanol. Terminal web formation was not stimulated by Mg++ or Ca++, but the integrity of the terminal web was lost when 21d embryonic tissue was cultured with EGTA or cytochalasin B. After stratification, the terminal web could not be disrupted by EGTA, but instead was aggregated to the center of the apical end of the cell.


Subsequent cancer in patients with Ewing's sarcoma. Among 31 long-term survivors of Ewing's sarcoma, two patients developed second primary cancers, compared to an expected number of 0.03 (relative risk = 72; 95% confidence limit = 8-259). One patient had renal medullary neuroblastoma, which is not known to be related to Ewing's tumor or its therapy. The second patient had a bone fibrosarcoma, arising at the primary tumor site, which was thought to be radiation-induced. The risk of radiation-induced bone sarcomas was lower, although not significantly so, than in a recently reported series of Ewing's tumor. These two reports suggest that patients with Ewing's sarcoma have a tendency to develop radiogenic sarcomas following primary megavoltage radiation therapy. The lowest radiation dose consistent with local tumor eradication should be employed to minimize the risk of subsequent radiogenic cancer.


Phase II study of hexamethylmelamine alone and in combination with mitomycin C and vincristine in advanced breast carcinoma. Fifty-three patients with metastatic breast carcinoma were randomized to treatment with hexamethylmelamine (HMM) as a single agent versus a three-drug reimen of HMM, vincristine, and mitomycin C (HOM). All patients had received prior treatment with 5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide with or without methotrexate. HMM alone was used in a dose of 300 mg/m2/day x 14 days every 21 days. In the HOM regimen, the HMM dose was 200 mg/m2/day x 21 days, the vincristine dose was 1.5 mg on Days 1, 8, and 15, and the mitomycin C dose was 12 mg/m2 once every 6 weeks. No objective responses were observed with HMM in 15 evaluable patients. The HOM regimen resulted in five partial responses among the 27 evaluable patients. Gastrointestinal toxicity was the limiting toxicity of HMM, and thrombocytopenia was the major toxicity of the HOM regimen.


Costs and benefits of measles and mumps immunization in Austria. The usefulness of an immunization programme can be evaluated by comparing either risks and benefits or costs and benefits. By means of special formulae, the benefit-cost ratio and the benefit-cost difference can be calculated for monovalent and bivalent vaccines. An analysis of combined measles-mumps immunization in Austria showed that this measure is highly profitable economically. Since employed mothers are allowed one week's vacation each year to nurse a sick child, this affects the calculations. Including the cost of the "nursing vacation" among the benefits that would be realized following an immunization programme, the estimated benefit-cost ratio is 4.48; if the cost of the "nursing vacation" is omitted the ratio is 2.65. The estimated annual benefit-cost differences are AS 1681.90 and AS 672.85, respectively, per child. Twelve years after the beginning of a programme to immunize 100 000 1-year-old children per year (corresponding roughly to the birth rate in Austria) an amount of AS 528 million would be saved if the "nursing vacation" is included in the calculations and an amount of AS 63 million if it is not.


Immunoglobulin M and G responses measured by immunofluorescence in patients with Lassa or Marburg virus infections. Immunoglobulin M antibodies can be measured by indirect immunofluorescence in sera of patients suffering from Lassa fever or Marburg virus disease 4-7 days after onset of illness. Titres reach a peak 1-2 weeks later. These antibodies disappear, or titres decrease considerably, 1-2 months after onset of illness. Antiviral IgG antibodies can be detected at the same time as, or a little later than, IgM antibodies, but they persist much longer. None of the three patients discussed in this paper who died of Lassa fever developed IgG antibodies and only one developed IgM antibodies.


[Expression of a bacterial gene, cloned in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae]. Vectors allowing cloning of foreign D.N.A. in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been recently described. We have introduced in this yeast the lac Z gene of the bacteria Escherichia coli. An active beta-galactosidase, which is absent in the recipient strain, has been detected in transformed yeast. We thus conclude that the bacterial lac Z gene is expressed in yeast. We further showed that the enzyme found in the transformed yeast is identical to the bacterial enzyme with respect to size and immunological criteria.


[Hemolytic disease of African newborn. Results of a survey conducted at Brazzaville (Congo)]. The authors report one study on the haemolytic disease of african newborn made in Brazzaville (Congo). As in the most of the african countries this disease is not very frequent and it is not very severe. Two cases have been found in two twins, born after the nineth pregnancy. These twins were premature and that can explain the severity of the disease. One of these twins because of his weight which was not impotent died. The immunization in the african wife seems to occur very late, after the fifth pregnancy at least.


[Demonstration of "hydroxylase" and "epoxide hydrase" activities in preparations of nucleoli isolated from rat liver]. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity and epoxyde hydrase (EH) activity have been found in Rat liver nucleoli obtained from untreated (C) and methylcholanthrene (MC) pretreated Rats. Electron microscopic observations of nucleolar preparations did not reveal significant contamination either by intact nuclei or by nuclear membranes. Very low but detectable activity of NADPH cytochrome C reductase was found in the nucleoli. Nucleolar preparations revealed little AHH activity (12-18 pmoles/min/mg). AHH was inducible by MC in nuclei but not in nucleoli. The presence of EH in nucleoli was demonstrated with phenanthrene 9,10-oxide (550-620 pmoles/min/mg) and benzopyrene 4,5-oxide (92-116 pmoles/min/mg). These values were lower than those obtained using intact nuclei. The addition of TCPO (10(-4) M) inhibited EH activity.


[Involution of genital function with age studied as an index aging in Drosophila melanogaster]. Reproductive system in Drosophila estimated by fertility in female and fertilizing power in male gradually decreased with age. Physiological changes as a function of age occur slowly in virgin females and their ageing seems really slower than those observed in inseminated ones. On the other hand, genital function involution is the same in virgin and mated males and seems independent of aging.


[Frequency of locus E1 variants of plasma butyrylcholinesterase in a French population]. Human plasma cholinesterase (E.C.3.1.1.8) from 1,594 blood donors was phenotyped on the basis of dibucaïne, fluoride, chloride and succinylcholine differential inhibitions according to the criteria of Brown et coll. The observed gene frequencies are: E1u = 0.970,8, E1a = 0.188,0, E1f = 0.103,0.


[Effect of cell proliferation on the condensation of X chromosomes in the form of Barr-bodies, in human 46 XX fibroblast cultures with different serum concentrations]. The frequency of Barr-bodies in cultivated 46 XX human fibroblasts considerably increases when in confluent monolayer cultures the cells no longer divide. Or, independently of cell contact, when the cells are grown in medium with low serum content, which will slow down or entirely arrest further growth. The frequency of Barr-bodies again diminishes when after the administration of culture medium with sufficient serum concentration, the cells start growing again, indicating that the condensation of the X chromosome is reversible under control of the cell proliferation.


[Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for Simulium larvae, vectors of onchocerciasis]. On field trials in infested streams, the primary powder R 153-78 made of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis with a potency of 3,000 I.T.U. Aedes aegypti/milligramme is very toxic for Blackfly larvae, especially for Simulium damnosum s.l. larvae. The lethal concentration 100, in 24 h. is 0.2 X 10(-6) for a 10 min. treatment. This high toxicity, specific for Diptera larvae such as Mosquitoes and Blackflies, is related to the special characteristic of the bacterial crystal protein which has a clear serological and chemical individuality compared to the crystal proteins of the other B. thuringiensis serotypes essentially pathogenic for Lepidoptera larvae. These preliminary results are very promising and could lead, on further research, to the utilization of B. thuringiensis var. israelensis on large scale for onchoceriasis vector control in Africa.


[Ultradian (between 5 and 70 minutes) respiratory (VO2, VCO2) rhythms of 4 small vertebrates used in biomedical research]. Four laboratory Vertebrate species with a predominant activity, either diurnal (Coturnix coturnix japonica), nocturnal (Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus), or equivocal (Cavia porcellus), present, in usual housing conditions (temperature 20 degrees C, hygrometry 60-70%, acoustical background 70 dB, LD12:12 lighting L = 150 lx), food and water ad libitum, ultradian respiratory (VO2, VCO2) rhythms of short periods. The frequencies of these rhythms are independent of food intake and activity variations correlated to the lighting phase and regimen (LD, LL). The period (tau) of these ultradian respiratory rhythms is in isolated animals, between 5 and 70 min., according to the species studied. Grouping of several individuals of a same species, in a ventilated chamber, modifies the statistical distribution of the periods of the ultradian rhythms, but does not change the interspecies differences.


[Role of lysosomes, microtubules and microfilaments in the mechanism of the lactogenic action of prolactin in the rabbit mammary gland]. The lysosomotropic agents, ammonium chloride and chloroquine, added to the culture medium of pseudopregnant Rabbit mammary gland, did not inhibit the initiation of casein synthesis by prolactin. By contrast, they considerably reduced the down-regulation of prolacting receptors. Converse-y, colchicine totally blocked the lactogenic action of prolactin without altering the down-regulation of the receptor. Cytochalasin B inhibited only partly the lactogenic action of prolactin while it has no effect on the down-regulation of the receptor. These data suggest that the degradation of the prolactin-receptor complex in lysosome is not a compulsory step in the mechanism of prolactin action. The integrity of microtubules but not of microfilaments is required for prolactin to initiate casein synthesis. These elements of the cytoskeleton are not strictly involved in the down-regulation of the receptor.


[Interaction between the vestibulo-ocular and the oculomotor systems]. Optomotor nystagmic activity has been elicited in the "encéphale isolé" cat during repetitive electric stimulation of selective oculomotor regions of the frontal cortex and superior colliculus. These regions were nystagmogenic only when facilitated by a cortical arousal or a vestibular activation.


[The value of good Biozzi antibody-producing strains of mice for the production of monoclonal antibodies]. We report here that using Biozzi's high and low responder strains of Mice in the preparation of monoclonal antibodies against human T lymphocytes, we observed with the high responder strain 1) a higher number of hybrids; 2) a huge increase in the proportion of hybrids secreting on antibody directed against human lymphocytes.


[Production of monoclonal anti-Schistosoma mansoni antibodies. Preliminary study of their biological activities]. Monoclonal antibodies against Schistosoma mansoni have been produced by fusion of splenic lymphocytes from S. mansoni infected Rats and P3-X63-Ag8 BALB/c cells. In vitro and in vivo studies of the biological activities of these antibodies have led to the identification of IgE antibodies with a high reaginic activity and antibodies which in a complement dependent or eosinophil dependent system were shown to have a marked cytotoxicity for schistosomula in vitro. This methodology seems to open new perspectives for the study of antibody function in immunity against parasites as well as for the isolation of the corresponding target antigens.


[Existence of several non-specific recognition systems in macrophages]. Rat peritoneal cells were made to bind five particle species: immunoglobulin-coated Sheep red cells, glutaraldehyde-treated Sheep red cells, latex beads, leishmania and tumor cells. The dependence of binding on various physico-chemical parameters was studied. The binding of latex beads or Leishmania was not inhibited by cold (4 degrees C), sodium azide, cytochalasin B and ethyleneglycol or dimethylsulphoxide. The binding of immunoglobulin-coated Sheep red cells was unaffected by cold and azide, but it was inhibited by cytochalasin B, ethyleneglycol and dimethylsulphoxide. The binding of glutaraldehyde-treated Sheep red cells was inhibited by cold, azide and ethyleneglycol, but it resisted cytochalasin B and dimethylsulphoxide. The binding of tumor cells was inhibited by azide, cytochalasin B, ethyleneglycol and dimethylsulphoxide. It is concluded that: (a) macrophages are endowed several sets of non-specific binding structures that are differently affected by physico-chemical parameters, which provides a simple way of characterizing them; (b) the expression of a given binding structure on the macrophage membrane is modulated by metabolic inhibitors; (c) some lymphocytes were able to bind tumor cells or Leishmania. Thus, lymphocytes and macrophages might share some non-specific adhesive structures.


[Change in the envelope of a murine retrovirus produced in the presence of toyocamycin]. Toyocamycin (TMC), an adenosine analog, impairs qualitatively and quantitatively virus production in a cellular system chronically infected by Friend Virus. Viral particles released by cell cultures treated with 0.2 microgram/ml of the drug have lost most of their glycoprotein (gp 70) content. This phenomenon is likely to modify the viral envelope and could explain the loss of infectivity of the virus.


[Modifications by Nematoda of the sensitivity of mice to Salmonella abortus ovis administered orally or subcutaneously]. Mice inoculated 6 to 9 days previously with Heligmosomoides polygyrus (=Nematospiroides dubius) become more frequently infected than controls after an oral challenge with a constant dose of Salmonella abortus ovis. But parasitism increases the LD 50 when the subcutaneous route of infection is used, probably by stimulating the immune system of the host.


Immunobiology and therapeutic manipulation of heterotransplanted Nb rat prostatic adenocarcinoma. Chemotherapy of autonomous tumor, 102 Pr, heterotransplanted into congenitally athymic (nude) mice and syngeneic Nb rats. Nb rat prostatic adenocarcinomas, previously induced by the administration of testosterone and estrogen, have been serially studied as heterotransplants into congenitally athymic (nude) mice and into groups of Nb rats. This animal system has been used to evaluate the chemotherapeutic efficacy of 5-fluorouracil and Ftorafur. The use of both species was to determine if there would be any significant difference in relative tumor growth in nude mice which lack functional T cells as opposed to intact Nb rats. The autonomous tumor, 102 Pr, is the subject of the thesis presented herein. One donor Nb rat bearing 102 Pr prostatic adenocarcinoma served as the donor for this experiment. The nude mice and Nb rats received the transplant on the same date and were subjected to the chemotherapies outlined above and were treated after there was sufficient increase in tumor volume from the 2 mm3 wedge to assure growth and neovascularity (greater than 60 mm3). Statistically significant data was presented revealing 5-fluorouracil to be efficacious in the treatment of these tumors. Also presented is data revealing differences in growth versus time in the respective recipient animal hosts. It is suggested herein that this combination animal model system could be used for screening potential cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.


An enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum. An enzyme-linked sandwich immunoassay using silicone rods coated with rabbit (anti-human thyroglobulin) immunoglobulin G and rabbit (anti-human thyroglobulin) monovalent fragment of immunoglobulin F (Fab') conjugated with beta-D-galactosidase was developed for the measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum. The volume of serum needed for the assay was as little as 2 microliters. The sensitivity of the assay was 3.5 ng/ml, which is equal to or rather higher than that of radioimmunoassay. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by the following observations: (1) The absence of crossreaction of thyroxine and triiodothyronine, (2) non-detectability of thyroglobulin in the sera of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy, (3) parallelism of the standard curve with dilutions of reference serum. The precision of the assay was proven by the demonstration of the sufficient recovery of human thyroglobulin added to sera (92--99%) and coefficients of variance in within and between assays were 6.2--9.3 and 2.5--5.3%, respectively. Furthermore, a highly significant correlation was observed between thyroglobulin concentrations measured by our enzyme immunoassay and those by radioimmunoassay (r = 0.99, p less than 0.001, n = 63). Human thyroglobulin in serum was detectable in 90% of 146 normal subjects, the concentration (mean +/- S.D.) being 13.3 +/- 10.3 ng/ml.


Blindness and modification of association cortex by early binocular deprivation in monkeys. Cells in the parietal association area of stumptail monkeys did not respond to visual stimuli after binocular early deprivation. Although the monkeys responded to stimuli in the visual cortex, behaviourally they were blind. The importance of encouraging babies and infants to use all residual vision is stressed, so that the representation of visual input in the brain does not become permanently overtaken by other modalities.


The progressive appearance of multiple urinary Bence-Jones proteins and serum paraproteins in a child with immune deficiency. Multiple urinary Bence-Jones proteins and serum paraproteins were found in a child with type I dysgammaglobulinaemia (Seligmann et al., 1968). These showed a continually evolving pattern over a period of 4 months in relation to systemic infections and with no evidence of underlying malignancy.


Cellular immunity in patients with meningococcal disease and in vaccinated subjects. Cell-mediated immunity was studied in patients with group A meningococcal meningitis and in normal subjects given group A meningococcal vaccine. Lymphocytes responsiveness to phytohaemagglutinin and to meningococcal antigens was markedly depressed in patients with acute meningococcal infection. This defect was present when lymphocytes were cultured in autologous or foetal calf serum. Patients also showed a transient increase in the degree of inhibition produced by whole group A meningococci in leucocyte migration assays. Meningococci of other groups produced a similar degree of inhibition. Vaccination with group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine had no effect on lymphocytes responsiveness to meningococcal antigens or on the inhibitory effect of group A meningococci on leucocyte migration.


Monomeric (7S) IgM in chronic liver disease. Monomeric (7S) IgM was detected by polyacrylamide/agarose gell immunodiffusion and Sephadex G200 gel filtration in 33% of sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 5% of patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active liver disease (CALD). It was not found in the sera of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), HBsAg-positive CALD and normal control subjects. In the PBC group the presence of 7S IgM was associated with significantly higher IgM concentrations and Clq binding activity (P less than 0.001; P less than 0.01 respectively). The antibody specificity of the 7S IgM is unknown. Its presence in patients with high serum IgM concentrations probably reflects failure of complete polymerisation of 7S IgM because of an increased rate of synthesis of the protein. The association of the presence of 7S IgM and high total IgM with immune complexes suggests that the increased rate of synthesis of IgM and formation of immune complexes probably are a result of the same antigenic (or mitogenic) stimulus.


Serum thymic hormone activity in protein-energy malnutrition. To characterize the underlying mechanisms of impaired cell-mediated immunity in protein-energy malnutrition, thymic hormone activity was measured in the serum samples of undernourished children and was found to be reduced in the majority. This indicates that the cellular immunological deficit in nutritional deficiency may be due to reduced thymic inductive activity.


Conglutinin binding polyethylene glycol precipitation assay for immune complexes. An assay for circulating immune complexes is described which uses radiolabelled bovine conglutinin as ligand and polyethylene glycol precipitation as the technique for separating bound ligands. The technique is simple to perform and gives good sensitivity detecting artificial immune complexes. Its use in detecting complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus and Burkitt's lymphoma is described and it is compared with the Clq binding assay also performed with polyethylene glycol. It is suggested that the simultaneous performance of polyethylene glycol assays using radiolabelled Clq and radiolabelled conglutinin may be an advantageous method for screening sera for the presence of immune complexes.


Binding of serum amyloid P-component (SAP) by amyloid fibrils. Serum amyloid P-component (protein SAP) was found to bind in vitro to isolated amyloid fibrils of both primary and secondary types. The binding was strictly calcium-dependent, optimal uptake requiring at least 0.5 mM calcium ion. Using normal human serum as the source of protein SAP different fibril preparations became saturated with between 5--20 micrograms of SAP per mg dry weight of fibril. Isolated pure protein SAP bound in greater amounts. In control experiments SAP did not bind significantly to collagen fibrils, sheep erythrocytes, plastic shavings, or the following immobilized proteins: human kappa or lambda Bence-Jones proteins; human; rabbit or mouse IgG; human serum albumin. C-reactive protein, which resembles protein SAP structurally but has calcium-dependent specificity for different ligands, bound significantly to only one of five different amyloid fibril preparations.


In vitro cellular immunity in Chagas' disease. In vitro delayed hypersensitivity was studied in patients with either the chronic or the indeterminate phase of Chagas' disease. Normal healthy individuals were used as controls. The leucocyte migration inhibition test was applied using an antigen an extract of culture forms of T. cruzi or an extract of normal rat heart. The results showed that patients with the chronic phase of the disease reacted significantly with both antigens, whereas most patients with the indeterminate phase did not react with heart antigen and only five out of fourteen (35%) reacted with T. cruzi antigen. It is suggested that these individuals may represent patients about to develop the chronic phase of the disease. The relevance of these findings to the immune mechanism influencing the onset of the chronic phase of Chagas' disease is discussed.


Antibodies against nickel-albumin in rabbits and man. Five albino rabbits were immunized every 2 weeks by intradermal injections of a nickel rabbit-albumin complex and during alternate weeks by occluded cutaneous applications of 5% nickel sulphate in petrolatum. After 6 weeks of immunization, passive immunodiffusion disclosed precipitating antibodies against the nickel-albumin complex in the serum of the rabbits. The specificity of these antibodies was substantiated by the precipitation of anti-albumin antibodies with rabbit albumin prior to immunodiffusion. Passive immunodiffusion was used to examine serum from 14 nickel-sensitive patients for precipitating antibodies against nickel human-albumin complex. Five of the patients had widespread erythematous, non-eczematous reactions following oral challenge with 2.5 mg nickel as nickel sulphate, while five others suffered an aggravation of their nickel dermatitis. Precipitating antibodies were found in three patients, all of whom had experienced rapid-onset erythema after oral challenge. A weak precipitate was seen in one of nine controls. The specificity of the precipitates was substantiated by reproducibility and by negative immunodiffusion after precipitation in the positive sera with the antigen.


Toxicologic studies with sheep fed colored magazines and newsprint. Paper containing colored inks from magazines and newspapers was fed as 23% of their ration to sheep for 175 days. A similar ration containing oat hulls in place of the paper was fed to control animals. The paper-fed animals consumed 29% more feed than the controls but the feed efficiency (kg animal weight gained/kg ration consumed) of the two rations was approximately equivalent. Lead contained in the paper accumulated in animal tissues. Hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activity was several fold higher in the paper-fed animals than the controls. Histopathologic examination of liver and kidney using light and electron microscopy revealed no lesions attributable to diet.


[Oscillations in the energy metabolism of the host and symbiont of a cicada. I. Analysis of possible metabolic and physiologic correlations of both systems]. The insect group which includes cicadas harbours intracellular bacterial symbionts which are passed on from generation to generation in the form of a 'symbiont ball' inserted between the egg membrane and the rear pole of the egg cell. Bioluminiscence methods can be used to measure the oscillations in ATP, ADP and AMP levels in egg systems which have been separated into a host and a symbiont part (Euscelidius variegatus, Euscelis incisus), and which are exposed to constant light or light-dark variations under otherwise constant conditions (26 degrees C, 70% relative humidity, 7000 lux). The energy charge can be calculated from the ATP, ADP and AMP concentrations. Comparisons of such curves suggest an 'antagonistic' relationship in the energy metabolism of the host and symbiont parts of the egg. The minima of oscilaltions in the host's energy metabolism generally occur at the same time as the maxima in the endocytobionts energy metabolism. Antagonistic correlations between the nucleus/cytoplasm and mitochondria/plastids were also observed in the eucyte system. Analogies between the two systems can be explained satisfactorily by the endosymbiont theory of the origin of eucytes. It follows that insect endocytobioses can serve as an experimental model for the biochemical analysis of the eucyte system.


The functional roles of cytochrome P-450 mediated systems: present knowledge and future areas of investigations. Research in recent years has considerably enhanced our understanding of the membrane-bound cytochrome P-450-catalyzed biotransformations in organisms. A remarkable similarity has become apparent between diversified animal groups with respect to the components and functional roles of the cytochrome P-450 systems. For example, the steroidal hormone metabolism role for this cytochrome in mammals was recently extended to insect species. In addition, this cytochrome functions importantly in mammalian species for the metabolism of a variety of other endogenous substrates such as bile acids, anthranilic acid, fatty acids, bilirubin and heme, indoles, amines, and purines. Regarding the exogenous role, the system has been known to convert toxic lipophilic substances such as drugs and insecticides to more hydrophilic metabolites which can be easily eliminated by the water-based excretory system in organisms. This detoxication ability apparently arose in organisms, particularly the herbivores, in response to the need to detoxify plant-defensive toxins such as tannins, phenols, quinones, alkaloids, steroids, lecithins, and lignins. The interface between plants and insects is enormous, and therefore it appears probable that cytochrome P-450 will one day be shown to be important in the conversion/utilization of other plant secondary substances, e.g., synthesis of cholesterol from phytosterols, and sex pheromones from olefins, terpenes, and alkaloids.


Behavioral methods for the assessment of alcohol tolerance and dependence. The effect of ethanol (ALC) on human and animal behavior is readily apparent, but careful use of behavioral measures can provide sensitive and precise descriptions of the actions of ALC and the development of tolerance and dependence. Many of the most useful behavioral methods are reviewed in this report, as well as data from studies that used self-administration (SA) techniques. Intragastric SA experiments with monkeys illustrate the establishment of a durable animal model that exhibits many similarities to human drinking patterns. Recent intravenous SA experiments demonstrated that an opiate antagonist, naltrexone HCl, produces significant decreases in the intravenous SA of ALC, a finding that implicates central opiate systems in the reinforcing effects of ALC.


Effects of induction of cytochrome P-450 enzymes on the concentration of foreign compounds and their metabolites and on the toxicological effects of these compounds. Most foreign compounds, including nonnutrients in foods and vapors in air, undergo extensive metabolism before they are eliminated from the body. Included in this paper are discussions of the urinary clearance of various kinds of foreign compounds, the nonspecific enzymes that catalyze the formation of many metabolites of foreign compounds, the mechanisms by which the activities of these enzymes are altered, and the pharmacokinetics of the accumulation and elimination of the metabolites after single dose administration and during constant exposure of animals to foreign compounds. The formation of toxic reactive metabolites of foreign compounds and their role in toxic reactions are discussed.


Psychomotor development during treatment of severely marasmic infants. Previous studies of amlnourished infants have shown that their psychomotor development improves parallel to their nutritional rehabilitation. The present study showed that our patients recovered weight-for-age faster than height-for-age, becoming 42% obese at the end of the treatment. The psychomotor development was also significantly improved, but mainly in social, language and fine coordination areas. The gross motor behaviour did not show any improvement during 5 months of treatment. These results are interpreted in terms of the syndrome of dissociation of maturation.


[The resting EEG in relation to neurovegetative status and spatial perception in normal young adults (author's transl)]. The relationship between measurable EEG-parameters and an index of irritability of the autonomous system was examined. The data consisted of the resting EEGs of 488 adult students, 290 male and 198 female. Time-domain analysis was used for computerized evaluation. Females showed a significantly higher average autonomous irritability index than males. Moreover, positive correlations were found between this index and the number of occipital beta-waves; the correlation with number of alpha-waves was negative. Amplitudes tend to be correlated negatively with the index; most correlations are stronger in females than in males. In 73 proband, 35 male and 43 female,--carriers of various inherited EEG-variants and age- and sex-matched controls,--spatial perception was examined by the WU-subtest of the "Intelligenzstrukturtest" (Amthauer). Males showed significantly higher average test values than females, and in women, a significant relationship between occipital EEG and space perception was found. There appears to be a positive association between space perception and amplitude of occipital alpha- and beta-waves. On the other hand, however, carriers of the typical low-voltage EEG show very good space perception despite their low amplitudes of occipital alpha- and beta-waves.


[The propagation of acetylcholine-induced seizures (author's transl)]. Acetylcholine (ACh) injected into the cortex induces epileptic seizures which spread very slowly, with a propagation speed of some millimeters per minute over the cortex. To study this propagation mechanism the ECoG recorded with two rows of equally spaced electrodes, one row on the homolateral the other on the contralateral hemisphere, was analysed using correlation techniques and spectral analytical methods. Rabbits were used as experimental animals. If a cortical area is involved in the seizure of rhythmic fast and low activity of about 30 Hz is observed. The frequency decreases discontinuously and simultaneously the amplitudes increase. After one or more seconds the activity seems to stabilize showing a tonic pattern of about 9 Hz but a few seconds later this tonic pattern is replaced by an irregular seizure activity. This mechanism was found for the spreading of the primary focus as well as for the spreading of the mirror focus on the contralateral hemisphere which occurs about 2 hours after the injection of ACh. The analysis of the approximately 9 Hz tonic period yielded the following results: at the beginning, the 9 Hz activity of the cortical area already involved leads the activity of the adjacent area which is going to be involved. High coherences were found between both areas during this state. Then the coherence decrease, indicating an uncoupling of the two areas. The subsequent increase of coherence indicates a renewed coupling, but now the newly involved area is leading. This was found by correlation and phase analysis. From these results it can be concluded that the propagation of such seizures is based on a stepwise propagation of an active focus and that the propagation is strongly correlated with certain graphoelements and rhythms.


[The effects of ordinary provocation on the power density spectrum. A clinical electroencephalographic study (author's transl)]. In the search for methods which might increase the discrimination of the EEG, the power density spectra of a random sample of patients during different conditions were analysed. Power density spectra were made during eyes closed, eyes open, after hyperventilation, during photic stimulation, and during auditory stimulation. It proved that the spectra may change under different provocation tests, sometimes in a rather peculiar way. The conclusion was, that these analyses improve explicit the EEG diagnosis, a problem however is the time required for spectra interpretation.


[Electromyographic differential diagnosis in cases of abducens nerve paresis with nuclear or distal neurogenic sive myogenic origine (author's transl)]. Abducens nerve paresis may be of nuclear, of peripheral distal neurogenic origine, or is simulated by a myogenic weakness of abduction. Polygraphic emg analysis of the oculoauricularphenomenon (oap) permits a differentiation. In the emg, the oap proved to be a physiologic and constant automatic and always bilateral interaction between the hemolateral abducens nerve and both Nn. faciales with corresponding and obligatory coinnervation of the Mm. retroauricularis of the external ear. In case of medullary, nuclear or internuclear lesions, the oap is disturbed, instable, diminished or abolished, whereas in distal neurogenic or myogenic paresis, even in complete paralysis the oap is bilaterally well preserved.


[Electroneurographic proof of the anterior interosseous nerve syndrome (author's transl)]. A 52 year old female with an anterior interosseous nerve syndrome is reported, which probably was caused by an unusual mechanical stress--transport of a case with the left hand for a prolonged period. With insertion of pronator quadratus muscle by a needle electrode as far as radial and distal as possible we received a distinctly prolonged latency of 9.8 ms on the afflicted side by stimulation of median nerve in the bend of elbow; the corresponding value on the healthy side was 5.9 ms. The described technic seems recommendable for proofing of diagnosis and controlling the course of this illness in cases without complete denervation of the muscles innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve.


[Alpha activity and spindles in comatose patients after brain damage in reference to CT-results (author's transl)]. We observed seven comatose patients after various brain injuries who showed an alpha- or spindle-activity in the EEG. All patients were systematically examined by EEG and Computer-Tomography (CT). In all these cases a brain stem lesion was visible in CT. Three times the CT-findings could be verified by autopsy. The CT-findings agree with the well known localization of the lesion in the phono-mesencephalic region in these patients.


[Electro-neurological correlations in early stages of posttraumatic comatose states. I. The EEG at different stages of acute traumatic secondary midbrain and bulbar brain syndrome (author's transl)]. 165 EEG were analysed from 140 patients in posttraumatic coma with secondary traumatic midbrain and bulbar brain syndrome. The EEG-pattern was related to the stage of midbrain or bulbar brain syndrome caused by supratentorial brain shift. There was a close relation between EEG-pattern and the grade of rostro-caudal deterioration. A decrease in the number of different EEG-patterns was associated with increasing intracranial pressure. An unfavourable state of coma was indicated by the disappearance of sleep or sleep-like activities, alternating pattern and loss of reactivity. In deep stages of midbrain syndrome the neurological examination reveals no lateralizing signs at all. The EEG gives the only hint to a local cerebral lesion. EEG abnormalities due to the herniation itself interferred with the EEG-changes due to secondary circulatory, respiratory and metabolic encephalopathies. In such cases the above mentioned regularities were slurred.


[Influence of diphenylhydantoine on delta sharp-waves in coma. A clinical contribution (author's transl)]. A patient with severe drug intoxication developed the well known EEG stages, starting with burst suppression activity until the pattern with delta waves and sharp waves was reached. At this stage it was treated with diphenylhydantoine intravenously. During injection the sharp elements disappeared and the pattern of faster waves was established. Thus it may be concluded that the sharp wave delta pattern indicates activity similar to that seen in epilepsy and that such a pattern needs anticonvulsant therapy.


[The value of EEG and computertomography in ischemic stroke (author's transl)]. 35 patients with ischaemic cerebrovascular disease were investigated using EEG and computertomography on the same day and the results from both investigations were compared. The EEG was pathological in 27 cases of which 26 showed focal changes and one case generalised changes. In 8 patients the EEG was normal. The CT-results showed a hypodense lesion in 17 patients and multiple hypodense lesions in 3 patients. 13 cases had atrophy and a normal CT was present in 2 cases. In 26 patients the EEG and CT results were both pathological and in one case both normal. In the diagnosis of ischaemic cerebrovascular disease both of these noninvasive investigative techniques complement each other; CT demonstrating the morphology of a lesion whilst EEG shows more functional changes in the brain.


Comparison of the effects of deafferentation and ablation of medial basal hypothalamus on thyrotropin and prolactin secretion. To further delineate the interrelationships of neural control of TSH and prolactin secretion, medial basal hypothalamic deafferentation (MBHD) or medial basal hypothalamic ablation (MBHA) were performed in euthyroid or hypothyroid male rats. MBHD produced a prompt and significant fall in plasma TSH but no change in plasma prolactin. MBHA produced a more marked fall in plasma TSH and a 6-fold rise in plasma prolactin within 3 days postoperatively. Plasma TSH remained at a low level postoperatively, but plasma prolactin gradually declined from its peak 3-5 days postoperatively to approximately the initial basal levels 2 weeks postoperatively. MBHA did not appreciably impair the ability of TRH to stimulate TSH secretion or of perphenazine to stimulate prolactin secretion. Where the same experiments were performed in both euthyroid and hypothyroid rats, there was no qualitative difference between the two, although basal plasma TSH was higher and prolactin lower in the hypothyroid than in the euthyroid animals. Our data support the concept that the medial basal hypothalamus is important in stimulating TSH and inhibiting prolactin secretion. Dormant inhibitory influences on prolactin secretion, but not stimulatory influences on TSH secretion, may be aroused after hypothalamic ablation.


Chloroplast elongation factors are synthesized in the chloroplast. The elongation factor G (EF-Gchl) and elongation factor Tu (EF-Tuchl) present in spinach chloroplasts become labelled when isolated chloroplasts are incubated in the light with radioactive methionine. EF-Gchl and EF-Tuchl account for approximately 0.04% and 0.2% respectively of the total radioactivity incorporated by isolated organelles.


Characterization of preribosomal ribonucleoprotein particles from Tetrahymena pyriformis. Ribonucleoprotein particles present in extracts of nuclei prepared from Tetrahymena pyriformis labelled for 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 min with [3H]uridine during exponential growth were analysed by sedimentation through linear 10--30% sucrose gradients. After 1 min of labelling, the early ribosomal RNA precursor (36-S) is found to be associated with slowly sedimenting particles which form a broad peak centred at approximately 50 S. Other kinds of particles sedimenting at 80 S, 66 S, 60 S and 44 S are observed when labelling is carried out for longer periods (2.5, 5 and 10 min). The 80-S particle contains 29-S and 18-S RNA species together with traces of 36-S RNA; the 60-S and 44-S particles contain 26-S and 17-S RNAs respectively. Similar results were obtained when [Me-3H]methionine was used for labelling in place of [3H]uridine. Methylation of the RNA present in slowly sedimenting nuclear components (30-70-S) is rapid, reaching a plateau at 5 min while that of the faster sedimenting (70--90-S) components is still increasing after 10 min. Only three types of ribonucleoprotein particles (80-S, 66-S, and 44-S) were observed when the cells were labelled after prolonged starvation. A scheme of ribosome biogenesis based on these results is presented.


Cyanine dye as monitor of membrane potentials in Escherichia coli cells and membrane vesicles. The fluorescence response of a positively charged cyanine dye: 3,3'-dimethylindodicarbocyanine iodide can be specifically related to the generation in Escherichia coli cells and E. coli membrane vesicles of an electrical membrane potential induced either by substrate oxidation or by an artificially imposed potassium diffusion gradient. The energy-dependent quenching of the dye fluorescence correlates well with the known effect on delta phi of: oxidation of various energy sources, external pH and solute accumulation. Thus, in the vesicles, the fluorescence quenching of the dye increases from succinate to D-lactate, to ascorbate/phenazine methosulfate and parallels the increasing ability of these electron donors to generate a delta phi. In the vesicles, delta phi is only weakly dependent on external pH, whereas in the cells, delta phi increases with increasing external pH. Lactose accumulation in the vesicles results in the partial utilization of delta phi. A calibration of the dye fluorescence in terms of delta phi has been determined using valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion potential.


Secondary structure of the 5' end of bacteriophage MS2 RNA Methoxyamine and kethoxal modification. To refine the secondary structure model of the 5' end of the bacteriophage MS2 genome, 32P-labeled MS2 RNA was partially digested with T1 RNase or with Cm-RNase and the 5'-end fragment was isolated, renatured and submitted to treatment with methoxyamine or kethoxal. The resulting modified RNA was digested with T1 RNase and the products were separated by minifingerprinting. Methoxyamine-induced modification of exposed cytidines was detected by differential mobility of modified oligonucleotides, while kethoxal-induced alteration of exposed guanosines was monitored by resistance to T1 ribonuclease digestion. The positions of the modified residues are discussed in terms of an improved secondary structure model proposed for the 5' end of the viral RNA. The structure itself is discussed in relation to sequence conservation and biological function.


Aminopyrine: metabolism and effects in the rat after administration of inhibitors of hepatic monooxygenases. The administration to the rat of the inhibitors of microsomal mixed function oxidase, SKF 525A and Oxine-5-sulphonic acid (OSA) caused a significant decrease of the hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, as well as an increase in the plasma levels and antipyretic activity of orally administered aminopyrine. The plasma concentrations of the aminopyrine metabolite 4-aminoantipyrine were reduced in SKF 525-A treated animals while they were slightly increased in those pretreated with OSA. These findings suggest that the in vivo changes of aminopyrine disposition and activity brought about by SKF 525-A were the result of an inhibited hepatic drug metabolism, while the effects produced by OSA were due to a more rapid intestinal absorption of aminopyrine.


Hepatic necrosis in the pig produced by transient arterial occlusion. The effects of transient liver ischaemia were studied in young pigs. At operation, a specially designed ligature sling was placed around the hepatic artery and brought out through the abdominal wall so that it could be later tightened. All other routes of arterial supply to the liver were divided. The arterial supply was occluded for 1, 2, 4 or 12 h on the 1st and 3rd postoperative days. Ischaemic damage was assessed histologically and by serum ASAT and acid hydrolase levels. Liver necrosis developed after 1--2 h of occlusion and increased after 4 and 12 h of occlusion. Ischaemic liver damage was reduced when the operation and occlusion were separated by 72 hr.


Inherited chi chain polymorphism in mouse antibodies to phenyloxazolone. Mice of several but not all strains produce antibodies of restricted heterogeneity (public idiotype) against hapten 2-phenyl-oxazolone (phOx). This public idiotype is controlled by an allotype-linked gene in crosses between BALB/c and C57BL mice. RF mice do not produce the idiotype although allotype c strain, DBA/2, does. We studied whether the RF strain is negative for the idiotype because of an unsuitable H chain repertoire or an unsuitable L chain repertoire. Our breeding experiments indicate that the H chain repertoire of RF mice can support synthesis of the public idiotype but the L chain repertoire cannot.


Studies on a new acute phase protein. III. A thermostable granulocyte antigen in the rat. Antisera against polymorphonuclear leukocytes of the rat and against an extract of these cells heated at 100 degrees C for 1 hr were produced in rabbits. By use of indirect fluorescent antibody technique both immune sera stained neutrophils of the rat. In double diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis the antisera reacted with the heated extract of granulocytes. The antisera exhibited a cross-reactivity with granulocytes of other species. The results indicate that the neutrophils of the rat contain a thermostable antigen. Using immunodiffusion the antigen is demonstrable in sera of rats with inflammatory diseases.


In vitro antimycoplasmal activity of mepartricin. The in vitro antimycoplasmal activity of mepartricin was evaluated on several mycoplasma strains. The results demonstrate that this polyene antibiotic possesses a high efficacy against these microorganisms.


[Effect of a dinitro-o-cresol-containing herbicide (Hedolit) on human reproduction]. After epicutaneous application of Hedolit to guinea pigs the above mentioned substance was found less concentrated in the semen and in the testis than in the serum. Hedolit concentrations, as they were found in the serum, lead already to motility limitations of human sperma and cause a small mutageneous effect in drosophila melanogaster. The chosen epicutaneous modus of application did not lead to such traceable concentrations of Hedolit in the semen and in the testis.


Cigarette smoking, chronic peptic ulceration, and pepsin 1 secretion. The relationship between the secretion of pepsin 1 (the most electronegative of the pepsins), and the smoking habits of 219 patients has been investigated. Significantly more cigarette smokers with peptic ulceration (72.5%) secreted pepsin 1 in greater than trace amounts after pentagastrin or histamine than did non-smokers with ulceration (51.2%). Differences of a similar order were found for men with duodenal ulcer, women with duodenal ulcer, and all patients with gastric ulcer, but the difference was statistically significant only for men with duodenal ulcer. Significantly more patients with peptic ulcer smoking six to 15 cigarettes/day secreted moderate or high concentrations of pepsin 1 than did heavier smokers or non-smokers. There was no significant association between cigarette smoking and pepsin 1 secretion among 74 patients without ulceration. Maximal acid output was not significantly related to smoking in any group studied. The findings add to the increasing body of evidence linking pepsins and pepsin 1 with the pathogenesis of peptic ulceration.


The lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio in Macaca arctoides. The amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio) of stumptail macaque monkeys (Macaca arctoides) was investigated by means of serial amniocenteses during the second half of pregnancy. Ten dated pregnancies were studied in 9 individual monkeys. The mean number of successful amniocenteses per pregnancy was 4. A rapid increase in the L/S ratio suggesting maturation of lung surfactant synthesis occurred as early as 130--140 days of pregnancy in some animals, and as late as 150--160 days in others. The earliest and latest times at which the L/S ratio first exceeded 2.0 were 135 and 164 days, respectively. These observations indicate that the L/S ratio of M. arctoides follows a course similar to that observed in human pregnancy, with a rise at 0.7--0.8 of term gestation. M. arctoides thus appears to be a useful model for the study of factors affecting fetal lung maturity, on the basis of the amniotic fluid L/S ratio. In particular, a rapid rise in L/S ratio before 130 days of pregnancy would be highly suggestive of accelerated maturation of pulmonary surfactant production.


Exoprotease production by sporogenous and asporogenous mycobacillin non-producer mutants of Bacillus subtilis. Mycobacillin non-producers, whether sporogenous or asporogenous, possess less exoprotease, but effective exoprotease producers are not always good mycobacillin yielders. There might exist a minimum level of exoprotease formation for elaboration of mycobacillin.


The use of time and space by the Panamanian tamarin, Saguinus oedipus. Tamarin activity patterns and habitat utilization strategies in the Tropical Dry Forest of the Panama Canal Zone were monitored quantitatively using radio-location telemetry. The daily tamarin activity pattern differed from that of other Neotropical primates in that early morning and late afternoon activity normally did not occur. Total daily activity time averaged 676 +/- 62 min. Sleeping trees, and behaviors associated with their use, were documented. Daily path length averaged 2,061 +/- 402 m. Mean travel distance was 468 +/- 66 m. Approximately one-third of the home range was utilized on a given day. Wet season home ranges for two social groups were 26 and 32 ha in area. Areas of low brush, forest edge, and vine-entangled second growth were heavily used by foraging tamarins. Large shade trees, particularly evergreens, were important as refuges from solar radiation. Open-canopy forest types and areas of grass were avoided. Social groups on resource-stable lowland sites defended territories; those on unstable upland sites used a system of time-space segregation. Upland groups became seminomadic during the dry season. Suitability of home range site may affect social group stability, natality, and infant survivorship.


Chromosomal polymorphism and somatic segregation in Saimiri sciureus. Quinacrine (Q) and Giemsa (G) banding, and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) studies have been carried out in Saimiri sciureus. In one male and one female studied, the diploid number was 2n = 44 and the karyotype corresponded to that described for the geographical region of Georgetown, Guyana. In the second male three different cell lines were observed, one corresponding to the geographical region of Leticia (Colombia), another to the geographical location of Iquitos (Peru) and a third line with 46 chromosomes. In the three lines, pair A2 was heterozygous, with nucleolar organizers of different size, and pari B6 was also heterozygous, with different amounts of heterochromatin in the short arms. The presence of three different cell lines in this male may be due to a mechanism of somatic segregation. The chromosomal changes involved in the intraspecific polymorphism found in Saimiri have been reinterpreted.


Mangabey(Cercocebus albigena). Social organization and population density in relation to food use and availability. Data are presented on the feeding behavior and activities of mangabeys (Cercocebus albigena) in the Ngogo study area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabeys spend 47% of activity observations feeding, 27% moving, and the remainder of the activity observations is accounted for by grooming, playing, vocalizing, copulating, etc. Feeding on fruit constitutes 58% of feeding records, arthropods 25%, young leaves and flowers 10%, cambium 5% and rare and unidentified items 2%. 29 tree species are used as sources of vegetable food and 31 tree species are used as substrate for arthropod search. Mangabeys move an average distance of 1,299 m per day, and use an average of 28,50 X 50 m quadrats per day. The activity patterns, the types and number of food species, the daily distances traveled, and the number of quadrats used per day, are not significantly different from those found in the literature for mangabeys in the Kanyawara research area, Kibale Forest, Uganda. Mangabey population density in Ngogo is approximately 1.46 times that of the Kanyawara mangabeys. The difference in density is associated with Ngogo exhibiting a greater mangabey food tree density than is found at Kanyawara. The higher mangabey density in Ngogo is associated with an average group size similar to that at Kanyawara, and an increase in the number of groups per unit area. The greater number of groups is accommodated by the mangabey having smaller home ranges, and less home range overlap than do the Kanyawara mangabeys. I suggest that these results are compatible with an interpretation based on disease control via regulation of group size, and social and spatial isolation between groups. The role of food availability in regulation of group size, or determining land tenure systems remains uncertain.


Description and analysis of the arch display in the golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia. Three different arch displays are described in captive lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) at the National Zoological Park. Analysis of social behaviours including huddling, sexual activity, territorial encounters and arch displays suggests that arch displaying is motivated by conflicting tendencies of a nonaggressive nature and may function as a regulator of social contact, thus maintaining homeostasis within and between a social group.