Expression of collagen biosynthetic activities in lymphocytic cells. Immunoglobulin-producing Merwin plasma cells, MPC-11, have been found to contain proplyl hydroxylase (prolyl-glycyl-peptide,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.14.11.2) activity and its crossreacting protein, as well as hydroxyproline and a collagenous protein that could not be classified as type I, II, or III collagen. Friend leukemic cells, on the other hand, contained only prolyl hydroxylase. Thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes and bone-marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes freshly isolated from BALB/c mice expressed low but significant prolyl hydroxylase activity. Upon stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, the enzyme activity in T cells increased 22- to 29-fold. Crossreacting protein was also increased and appeared more stable than the prolyl hydroxylase. The effect of lipopolysaccharide stimulation on B cells uas similar but not as pronounced. Thus, even when not accompanied by other collagen biosynthetic activities, prolyl hydroxylase is present in all cells of hematologic origin.


Amino- and carboxyl-terminal amino acid sequences of proteins coded by gag gene of murine leukemia virus. The amino- and carboxyl-terminal amino acid sequences of proteins (p10, p12, p15, and p30) coded by the gag gene of Rauscher and AKR murine leukemia viruses were determined. Among these proteins, p15 from both viruses appears to have a blocked amino end. Proline was found to be the common NH(2) terminus of both p30s and both p12s, and alanine of both p10s. The amino-terminal sequences of p30s are identical, as are those of p10s, while the p12 sequences are clearly distinctive but also show substantial homology. The carboxyl-terminal amino acids of both viral p30s and p12s are leucine and phenylalanine, respectively. Rauscher leukemia virus p15 has tyrosine as the carboxyl terminus while AKR virus p15 has phenylalanine in this position. The compositional and sequence data provide definite chemical criteria for the identification of analogous gag gene products and for the comparison of viral proteins isolated in different laboratories. On the basis of amino acid sequences and the previously proposed H-p15-p12-p30-p10-COOH peptide sequence in the precursor polyprotein, a model for cleavage sites involved in the post-translational processing of the precursor coded for by the gag gene is proposed.


Human placental cells transformed by tsA mutants of simian virus 40: a model system for the study of placental functions. Human placental cells were transformed with wild-type simian virus 40 (SV40) and temperature-sensitive SV40 mutants of the A and B classes. Four criteria for transformation were used: decreased generation time, increased saturation density, increased efficiency of growth on plastic, and ability to overgrow a nontransformed monolayer. Cell lines transformed by tsA mutants lost the transformed phenotype at the restrictive temperature (40 degrees); therefore, the A function of SV40 is required for the maintenance of the transformed phenotype activity, an inhibition of human chorionic gonadotropin synthesis, and an increase in thymidine kinase activity were seen when human placental cells transformed by wild-type or tsB mutants of SV40 were grown at 33 degrees or 40 degrees and when tsA transformants were grown at 33 degrees. When tsA transformants were grown at 40 degrees, alkaline phosphatase activity and human chorionic gonadotropin synthesis were greatly stimulated and thymidine kinase activity was greatly reduced, approximating their levels in the placenta.


Chromosome mapping of the CYC7 gene determining yeast iso-2-cytochrome c: structural and regulatory regions. The primary structures of iso-1-cytochrome c and iso-2-cytochrome c in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are determined by the genes CYC1 and CYC7, respectively. The CYC1 locus was previously shown to be on the right arm of chromosome X, and the CYC7 locus is shown in this investigation to be on the left arm of chromosome V closely linked to the min1 and mak10 markers. The CYC7 locus appears to be composed of a structural region and a regulatory region. Mutations in the structural region can cause a deficiency or alteration of iso-2-cytochrome c, whereas mutations in the regulatory region can cause increases in the amount of iso-2-cytochrome c. Single-site gene conversion, occurring at a relatively high frequency of approximately 4%, caused intragenic recombination of a mutational site in the structural region and a mutational site in the regulatory region, enabling us to suggest the order of the sites in relationship to other markers on the chromosome.


Transfection of Fv-1 permissive and restrictive mouse cells with integrated DNA of murine leukemia viruses. Whole-cell DNA preparations isolated from SC-1 cells chronically infected with N- or B-tropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLV) were tested for infectious activity in an Fv-1n (NIH-3T3) and two Fv-Ib (C57BL/6 and SV-A31) cell cultures. Efficiency of transfection for all DNAs was better in the NIH-3T3 cells than in C57BL/6 or SV-A31 cells; and an [N-tropic MuLV]SC-1 cell DNA preparation was slightly more infectious than a [B-tropic MuLV]SC-1 cell DNA preparation in all three cell cultures, regardless of their Fv-1 genotypes. Progeny viruses from the transfection showed N- or B-tropism corresponding to that of the parent viruses produced by the infected SC-1 cells that were used for the DNA preparation. DNA dose-response studies in NIH-3T3 cells revealed a one-hit mechanism for both the [B-tropic MuLV]SC-1 cell DNA and the [N-tropic MuLV]SC-1 cell DNA preparation. These results demonstrate that, in contrast to virion infection, transfection of N- and B-tropic MuLV with DNA preparations from chronically infected cells is not affected by the Fv-1 gene.


Association of cyclic GMP with gene expression of polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. The distribution of cyclic nucleotides on polytene chromosomes isolated from Drosophilia melanogaster salivary glands was examined by using an indirect immunofluorescent technique. With a fixative that minimized the loss of chromosomal proteins, cyclic GMP, but not cyclic AMP, was observed distributed along the chromosomes. The subchromosomal distribution of cyclic GMP correlated with genetically active sites on the chromosomes. After heat-shock treatments, the intensity of cyclic GMP fluorescence was markedly enhanced at specific loci on the chromosomes, with locus 93D as the most intensely fluorescent. Autoradiographic analysis with [3H]uridine revealed that 93D was the most transcriptionally active locus within a particular nucleus. These observations suggest that cyclic GMP may participate in processes associated with transcription on polytene chromosomes. The involvement of cyclic GMP in nuclear events associated with gene expression is discussed.


Pseudotypes of feline sarcoma virus contain an 85,000-dalton protein with feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA) activity. Feline sarcoma virus (FeSV) rescued from transformed nonproducer mink or rat cells contains two FeSV-specific antigens (p15 and p12), and the feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA). All three antigens are helper virus-independent and are encoded by the FeSV genome, FOCMA, p15, and p12 antigens cochromatograph as phosphorylated molecules of 85,000 molecular weight (pp85), adsorb to immunoadsorbant columns prepared with antibodies to feline leukemia virus (FeLV), and are precipitated with antisera to FeLV or FOCMA. Antibodies to FOCMA can be adsorbed with fractions containing pp85 but not with FeLV proteins, including p15 and p12. Thus, a virus-coded tumor antigen which immunizes cats against tumors induced by feline type C viruses is packaged in FeSV particles and is linked to viral structural protein.


Repertoire of antiviral antibodies expressed by somatic cell hybrids. Fusion between P3 x 63 Ag8 mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with influenza type A or B or parainfluenza type 1 virus generated reproducibly antiviral antibody-producing somatic cell hybrids (hybridomas). Eleven hybridomas derived from spleen cells of mice immunized with influenza type A virus were directed against the viral hemagglutinin, one reacted with a host component derived from chickens, and one expressed a specificity not further characterized. The hybridoma antibodies tended to be highly specific for the hemagglutinin of the immunizing virus and seemed to express the same repertoire of strain-specific antibody reactivities as splenic precursor B cells, they did not express any of the frequently occurring crossreactive anti-hemagglutinin specificities. Hybridomas producing crossreactive antibodies against hemagglutinin could be obtained if priming and boosting virus were heterologous.


Detection of viral proteins in mouse mammary tumors by immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin sections. An indirect immunoperoxidase method is described, which can readily detect viral antigens in paraffin sections of primary, transplanted, and metastatic mammary tumors of mice. In addition to having the obvious advantage of not being limited to fresh specimens, immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin sections proved to be superior in many respects when compared with immunofluorescence and frozen sections. Immunoperoxidase staining of paraffin sections is permanent and provides the kind of histological detail required for precise cytological identification and localization with light microscopy. All of 25 tumors and 4 metastatic lesions showed evidence of glycoprotein gp52 as well as other mouse mammary tumor viral antigens. The pattern and intensity of the stain were related to the degree of histologic differentiation of the tumor. Wide variations in expression of viral antigens by individual malignant cells were observed within the same tumor.


Detection in human breast carcinomas of an antigen immunologically related to a group-specific antigen of mouse mammary tumor virus. An antigen immunologically related to a group-specific antigen (gp52, a 52,000-dalton glycoprotein) of the mouse mammary tumor virus has been identified in paraffin sections of human breast cancers by means of the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The specificity of the reaction with antibody against mouse mammary tumor virus was examined by absorption of the IgG with the following: (a) purified gp52; (b) a number of virus preparations (mouse mammary tumor virus, Rauscher leukemia virus, simian sarcoma virus, baboon endogenous virus, and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus); (c) normal plasma, leukocytes, breast tissue, milk, actin, collagen, and hyaluronic acid, all of human origin; (d) sheep erythrocytes and mucin. Only mouse mammary tumor virus (from C(3)H or Paris RIII strains and grown in either murine or feline cells) and purified gp52 eliminated the immunohistochemical reaction in the human breast tumors. Positive reactions were seen in 51 of 131 (39%) breast carcinomas of various histologic types, a minimal estimate in view of the limited number of sections from each tumor that could be examined. Negative reactions were obtained in all 119 benign breast lesions (cystic disease, fibroadenoma, papilloma, gynecomastia) and in all 18 normal breast tissues. With one exception, 99 carcinomas from 13 organs other than breast and 8 cystosarcomas were all negative.


Characterization of two types of human papillomaviruses in lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) found in lesions of 11 patients suffering from epidermodysplasia verruciformis were compared to HPV type 1 (HPV-1) and HPV type 2 (HPV-2) previously characterized in plantar and common warts, respectively. Complementary RNAs (cRNAs) to HPV-1, HPV-2, and viruses obtained from two patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (J.D. HPV and J.K. HPV) were used in cRNA.DNA filter hybridization experiments. No sequence homology was detected between HPV-1 or HPV-2 DNAs and DNAs obtained from the 11 epidermodysplasia verruciformis HPV isolates. Furthermore, with J.D. and J.K. HPV cRNAs, epidermodysplasia verruciformis HPV DNAs fell into two groups showing little, if any, sequence homology. A lower extent of annealing was observed for the DNAs of some isolates showing a genetic heterogeneity within each of the two groups. Almost no antigenic crossreaction was detected by immunodiffusion and indirect immunofluorescence tests, either between epidermodysplasia verruciformis HPVs and HPV-1 or HPV-2 or between J.D. and J.K. HPVs. Viruses belonging to the same group have common antigenic properties, but antigenic differences were observed when two of the viruses sharing only partial DNA sequence homology were compared. Viruses related to J.D. HPV were preferentially associated with flat wart-like lesions of epidermodysplasia verruciformis and were further found in the lesions of five patients bearing multiple flat warts. Viruses related to J.K. HPV were found in morphologically distinct lesions (red spots) present in some patients with epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Thus, we propose to distinguish two other types of HPVs designated provisionally as HPV type 3 (HPV-3) and HPV type 4 (HPV-4), with J.D. and J.K. HPVs as prototypes, respectively. Malignant conversion of some epidermodysplasia verruciformis lesions is more frequently associated with HPV-4 than with HPV-3 infection.


Development of a spin assay for reserve bilirubin loading capacity of human serum. The capacity of human serum albumin to bind bilirubin is of paramount importance in the prevention of neurological damage due to hyperbilirubinemia in the neonate. Currently, there is no rapid, reliable method to determine the reserve bilirubin loading capacity of serum albumin. A method using electron spin resonance spectroscopy with a dianionic spin-label molecular probe [1-N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxyl-4-piperidinyl)-5-N-(1-aspartate)-2,4-dinitrobenzene] is presented which yields the reserve binding capacity of the bilirubin high-affinity binding site on human serum albumin and reserve bilirubin loading capacity of serum in mg/dl. Clinical validation of this spin assay may improve the neonatal care of jaundiced newborns.


Morphine sulfate stimulates the adenylate cyclase in mouse caudate nuclei. The effect of several concentrations of morphine on the activity of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing): EC 4.6.1.1.] was measured in homogenates of caudate nuclei of mice. Morphine stimulated the enzyme at 500 micron and inhibited slightly at 5 micron. Morphine stimulation was blocked by naloxone. Depending on its dose, morphine also increased or decreased the stimulating effect of dopamine on the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity of caudate homogenate. Like dopamine, morphine'e effect on the adenylate cyclase activity was increased or decreased, respectively, by pretreating the animals with poly(I).poly(C) or with chloramphenicol. Thus, both dopamine and morphine appear to act on the same receptor. This "new" receptor differs from the one described by Snyder et al. and others, who demonstrated only binding affinity and no enzymatic activity. These data indicate that certain functions of the opiates might be mediated through the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase of the caudate nuclei, which are the dopamine receptors in the brain.


Identification of a polypeptide encoded by the avian sarcoma virus src gene. Two techniques were used to search for the polypeptide encoded by the avian sarcoma virus (ASV) src gene. First, antiserum from rabbits bearing ASV-induced fibrosarcomas was used to immunoprecipitate a transformation-specific antigen from ASV-transformed chick embryo fibroblasts. This antigen has an apparent molecular weight (Mr) of 60,000. Second, the 3' one-third of the ASV genome, selected by oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography and sucrose gradient sedimentation, was translated in a mRNA-dependent reticulocyte cell-free lysate. This RNA species programmed the synthesis of a polypeptide that comigrated with the transformation-specific antigen of Mr 60,000 immunoprecipitated from transformed cells. The methionine-containing tryptic peptides from the polypeptides of Mr 60,000 obtained from translation in vitro and from immunoprecipitation were found to be identical upon two-dimensional fractionation.


Differential effects of perhydrohistrionicotoxin on neurally and iontophoretically evoked endplate currents. Perhydrohistrionicotoxin, at concentrations of 10(-12)-10(-7) M, depressed the current generated by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine to endplate regions of soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats. However, no changes in the amplitude or time course of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials or currents were seen with these concentrations of toxin. Evoked endplate currents were also unaffected by the toxin. Similarly, the responses to iontophoretic acetylcholine were depressed by these concentrations of perhydrohistrionicotoxin in chronically denervated muscles. Depression of responses in both normal and chronically denervated muscles developed gradually, was greater at higher concentrations, and was reversible. The different effects of the toxin on neurally evoked currents and currents produced by iontophoretic application of acetylcholine raise the possibility of the existence of two different population of receptor complexes.


Suckling behavior of the infant rat: modulation by a developing neurotransmitter system. Drugs which alter serotonin receptor activity modified the suckling behavior of 20-day-old rat pups. Suckling could be reinstated in nondeprived pups, which normally do not suckle, by blockade of serotonin receptors with methysergide. Stimulation  of serotonin receptors with quipazine inhibited suckling in deprived pups, and this effect was prevented by methysergide pretreatment. This evidence suggests that suckling in weaning age pups is controlled by a serotonergic inhibitory mechanism.


New indolic cysticidal agents.

New indolic cysticidal agents. From a series of compounds having amino acid esters linked into the 3 position of substituted indole 3-acetic acids only the compounds 2 and 6 have shown promizing biological activity where as compound 2 process excystment property only, compound 6 has shown both excystment and cysticidal properties. All other compounds are inactive.


Detection of phase transitions and cooperative interactions by Avrami analysis of sigmoid biological time curves for muscle, nerve, growth, firefly, and infrared phosphorescence of green leaves, melanin, and cytochrome C. A simple graphical analysis of sigmoid biological time curves for K+ leakage from muscle and nerve, for muscle tension and myosin ATPase, for animal, plant and bacterial growth, for firefly light flash, and for 3 micron infrared phosphorescence from green leaves, melanin, and cytochrome c shows good curve fits to the Avrami equation for phase transition kinetics. The  congruences imply that the analyzed processes are rate-limited by cooperative interactions and phase transitions. That implication is strengthened and its potential usefulness enhanced by the finding that the Avrami exponents of the above biological processes are not randomly distributed but cluster about certain values indicating (in the context of the Avrami theory) whether the spread of the new phase from nuclei within the old phase occurs in one, two, or three dimensions. The implication is further strengthened by the finding that similar types of biological processes show similar values of the Avrami exponent.


Hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. At present the two different mechanisms underlying the hypertriglyceridemia of diabetes are reasonably well defined. The rationale of therapy has grown from this knowledge. One form of hyperlipidemia is due to the hyperinsulinemia which results from the patient's resistance to insulin. The approach to treatment aims to overcome the insulin resistance. In most patients this is done by treating their obesity. The other form of hypertriglyceridemia results from insulin deficiency and is treated by bringing the patient's diabetes under control. There is strongly suggestive evidence that hypertriglyceridemia may be associated with a high risk of atherosclerosis. The reason for treating hypertriglyceridemia in general, and in the diabetic in particular, is to reduce this risk. However, it must be conceded that, at the moment, there is no information about the effect of lower triglyceride levels on the incidence of atherosclerosis. Hence much epidemiologic research is needed before our rationale for treatment can move from the realm of hope to the realm of definite proof. In the mean time an attack on this and the other risk factors is the best way we have to attempt to prevent the major complication of diabetes, atherosclerosis.


Experimental and clinical evidence of the antidepressant effect of a beta-adrenergic stimulant. A group of 49 patients with depressive illness were treated in an uncontrolled study by the intravenous administration of the beta-adrenergic stimulant, salbutamol. The results suggested a rapid antidepressant action in the majority of cases without significant adverse effects.


Model insomnia, noise, and methylphenidate, used for the evaluation of hypnotic drugs. Experimental sleep disturbance (model insomnia) was produced by intermittent white noise and the administration of 10 mg of methylphenidate (MPD). The effects of flurazepam (FZP) 15 mg and triazolam (TZM) 0.25 mg on these models was investigated. All night sleep polygraphy was performed on 8 normal male subjects under each of the following 9 conditions: baseline, TZM 0.25 mg, FZP 15 mg, white noise alone, noise and TZM, noise and FZP, MPD alone, MPD and TZM, and MPD and FZP. A reduction in total sleep time and stage were (S-REM) and an increase in the wakening stage were observed with both noise and MPD. Stage 4 sleep was reduced only by MPD. Administration of TZM or EZP did not cause any significant change in sleep parameters. These drugs in combination with noise or MPD resulted in almost complete recovery of the sleep disturbance induced by noise or MPD, except for a reduction in S-REM. These results indicate that model insomnia, particularly MPD insomnia, will assist in the evaluation of hypnotic drugs.


Changes in leucocyte cytochrome oxidase activity associated with deficiency of copper in laboratory and farm animals. The cytochrome oxidase activity of circulating leucocytes was investigated by means of a semiquantitative method using blood films. A significant decrease in activity was found in male rats, cattle and sheep that had been deprived of copper. During copper depletion, leucocyte cytochrome oxidase activity declined more slowly than did plasma copper concentration and plasma ferroxidase I activity, and so was less sensitive as a guide to the copper status of the animal.


Characteristics of inapparent Aleutian disease virus infection in mink. Inapparent of nonprogressive Aleutian disease virus (ADV) infection is a subclinical but persistent virus infection of mink. Mink with the inapparent type of ADV infection when subjected to stress did not develop the progessive form of the disease. However, when challenged with a large dose of the virus, these mink did develop progressive Aleutian disease indicating that they were not highly resistant to the virus. Sera of mink with either the progressive of the inapparent type of ADV infection did not neutralise the virus. The anti-ADV antibody activity in mink with inapparent type of ADV infection was in the IgG fraction of the serum the same as in mink with progressive Aleutian disease. These data indicate that the resistance of the mink with inapparent infection as compared to mink with progressive Aleutian disease was not due to a difference in the class of immunoglobulin response to the virus. However, mink with progressive Aleutian disease showed a greatly increased immunoglobulin response.


An inactivated parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine: the influence of vaccination regime on the response of calves and their subsequent resistance to challenge. Calves maintained in insolated pens were vaccinated with an inactivated parainfluenza virus type (3) (pi3) vaccine usingparenteral and local route singly and in combination. The calves were subsequently monitored for serum antibody response and challenged intranasally with live virus to assess the protection derived from vaccination. Calves receiving one subcutaneous dose of vaccine in oil adjuvant produced a marked antibody response and were partially protected against challenge. Those receiving two successive subcutaneous doses produced a much greater antiboyd response and were completely protected against challenge. One intranasal dose of aqueous vaccine failed elicit a significant serum antibody response or protection against challenge. However, there was some evidence that intranasal vaccination following a single subcutaneous vaccination produced more effective immunity than one subcutaneous dose alone. Thus a vaccination regime was established which protected calves against experimental challenge and which could thefore be used in the field to assess the role of Pi3 virus in calf respiratory disease.


[Conditions of inactivation of viruses in water with chlorination]. Spread within the environment, especially in water, of enteral pathogens has stimulated the greatest interest and raised many problems that have not yet been fully elucidated. Of particular importance is the possibility of inactivating enteroviruses by chlorinating water. The antiviral disinfection of water by chlorination has proved efficient under the conditions mentioned, lowering the incidence of water-borne viral diseases.


[Asthma and tuberculosis (considerations based on hospital case studies)]. The relationship between bronchic asthma and tuberculosis has stimulated the greatest interest and most controversy. The present paper refers to 55 cases, i.e. 29 males  (52%) and 26 females (48%). Most of the men were over 50 and the women over the age of 40 years. In 50 cases (90%) bronchial asthma developed 6 to 25 years after the tb lesions had become stable. Only 5 cases (10%) presented bronchial asthma with evolutive pulmonary tb. Although tuberculin hyperergy was encountered in 26 cases (47%) in none of the cases could a diagnosis of tuberculin asthma be established. In the group studied, the patients' age, the clinical and evolutive aspect of the bronchial asthma lists in the group of late asthmas. Against the background of the postuberculosis syndrome, the evolution of asthma is as a rule severe. Similarly, asthma accompanied by evolutive pulmonary tb, is in general very severe, hypersecretory and suprainfected with common germs.


[Studies of pulmonary function in the post-virosis period]. The pulmonary function was studied in 21 patients with viral diseases of the lungs 10 to 18 days after the acute episode. In 14 cases all the parameters tested were normal; in 7 cases the alterations found led to a diagnosis of obstructive syndrome of the smaller airways (increased intrapulmonary helium mixture time, increased expired CO2 alveolar slope and residual volume). The alterations were again found on repeating the tests after 6--10 months. The various mechanisms that might cause obstruction are discussed (persistent inflammation, increased tonus of the bronchiolar musculature, hypersecretion in the smaller airways, alteration of the surfactant). In conclusion the authors raise the question of whether the obstructive alterations following pulmonary viral diseases might not be one of the etiopathogenic factors of chronic, obstructive bronchopneumopathy.


[Immediate and late results of the use of "3 + 6" regimens in the routine treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis]. An assessment is carried out of the results obtained in the Constantza County after over 2 years of application of the "3 + 6" regimens (INH + RMP and INH + SM + EMB) in a group of 119 patients with initially bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis. The standard regimens applied were not replaced with other regimens. The dynamics of negativation in cultures confirmed that over 50% of the patients had become negative after the first month of treatment. For practical purposes negativation was completed before 3 months in all the cases. The only two failures were recorded in the first three months after the treatment was ended. No re-positivation was noted in the second year of the follow-up. A stable resolution was achieved in 98% of the patients.


[The effectiveness of some culture media with pyruvic acid bases for the isolation of mycobacteria from sputum]. The authors have studied the value of culture media based on pyruvic acid (the Dixon medium and an original medium called P.T.) in the isolation of mycobacteria from sputum, as compared with the Löwenstein-Jensen medium. The studies were carried out in two groups of patients: 1043 samples were collected from ambulatory patients and 1740 samples were collected from hospitalized patients. The superiority of the Dixon and of the P.T. media was confirmed by the increased percentage of positive cultures (11% and 20% respectively) as compared with the Löwenstein-Jensen medium. With these media it was possible to isolate mycobacteria 7--14 days earlier than with the other media. On the basis of the results obtained the authors recommend the use, in parallel, especially in those cases when the samples contain only a small number of bacteria, of the Löwenstein-Jensen medium and one of the media based on pyruvic acid.


[Dynamics of temporary work incapacity and disability caused by tuberculosis in the Braşov district in the 1971-1976 period]. The paper stresses the fact that a decrease by approximately 50% was obtained, of the severity index due to tuberculosis, and by 63,6% of the incidence of invalidity through tuberculosis as a result of decreased morbidity and of the application of more efficient therapies over a shorter period of time. The prevalence of invalidity through tuberculosis recorded but a slight decrease since those subjects who had sequellae involving irrecoverable cardiorespiratory insufficiency were maintained in this category.


[Risk factors in infection and development of tuberculosis in students]. A study was carried out in 266 571 students, examined during the 1952--1974 interval, on a series of risk factors of infection and morbidity from tuberculosis with regard to certain epidemiological, immunobiologic and peristasis parameters. In the interval studied, morbidity from tuberculosis fell sharply from 923 per 100,000 in 1952 to 83 per 100,000 in 1974. The highest proportion of infection occured in the first three years at the university, particularly among meidcal students. The risk of infection of alergic subjects with an intradermoreaction greater than 15 mm in diameter, was approximately twice that the hypo- or normoergic subjects and the proportion of vaccinates who contracted the disease three times smaller than that of the non-vaccinated subjects.


[Calification of the dental system in dialized patients]. The authors present the case of an eight-years-old child, dialysed since the age of two following a bilateral nephrectomy. The chronological appearance of the teeth was not disturbed. By contrast, there was a delay in mineralisation of the dental organ, and in particular the root. There was lysis of the alveolar bone, resulting in a parodontopathy. The authors distinguish two ages in the effects of dialysis: the first period is that of the construction of the dental system and the second is the adult age at which the dental system is constituted.


Effect of inorganic ions and surface active organic compounds on the adherence of oral streptococci. A reduction in the adherence of oral streptococci was observed after topical application of aluminum ions to standardized dentin test pieces whereas pyrophosphate and tripolyphosphate seemed to inhibit the adherence after incorporation in the incubation solution. A pronounced effect was recorded after topical application of surfactants with the positively charged primary amino group as end group. Hydrofluorides of several such aliphatic amines effectively reduced the number of colony-forming units washed off from the test pieces. Also the free base of hexadecylamine showed a similar effect. Inhibition of adherence was also obtained with long chain esters of lysine, with an optimum at 16 carbon atoms in the alcohol group. These compounds have the advantage of being built up from molecules known to the body.


Hereditary gingival hyperplasia and physical maturation. In a family with eight children, six of the children suffered from gingival hyperplasia. Dental age was determined for five of the affected children. In four it was retarded in relation to chronologic age, but within normal limits. The skeletal age of the same five children was retarded by more than 2 standard deviations. The heights of three of these five children were clearly below the 2.5th percentile height curve. The two most retarded children were examined by pediatricians. No hematologic changes or evidence of malabsorption from the alimentary tract could be found. It is suggested that in this family retardation of physical development may be linked with gingival hyperplasia.


[The treatment of chronic pain with psychotropic drugs]. The results of long experience with psychotropic drugs in the treatment of chronic and severe pain resistant to ordinary therapy are reported. In 103 in-patients with chronic and severe pain caused by neurological conditions and treated with a combination of thymoleptics and neuroleptics, 82% showed a marked improvement. These encouraging results are compared with the results of other studies published in this field. The pharmacological basis of this good action is briefly discussed, together with the advantages of the use of psychotropic drugs and especially the combination of thymoleptics and neuroleptics. A clearcut dosage schedule for in- and out-patients using imipramine (Tofranil) or chlorimipramine (Anafranil) and haloperidol (Haldol) is established.


The essentiality of vitamin D metabolites for embryonic chick development. Laying hens maintained on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as their sole source of vitamin D produce eggs which appear normal but which produce embryos having a defective upper mandible and which die at 18 to 19 days of embryonic life. Hens maintained on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, on the other hand, produce normal embryos. Hens fed a vitamin D deficient diet produce eggs which develop the same embryonic defect. Injection of the affected eggs from the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 fed hens with vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 greatly increases the percentage of normal embryos. It therefore appears that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is not transferred from hen to egg in sufficient amounts to support embryonic development and that vitamin D or its metabolites, or both, are necessary for normal chick embryo development.


Synaptic potentials in sympathetic ganglia: are they mediated by cyclic nucleotides? The hypothesis that cyclic nucleotides are intracellular second messengers mediating the generation of synaptic potentials was studied in the sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog. Synaptic potentials and the effect of administering cyclic nucleotides and agents which affect cyclic nucleotide metabolism were recorded by the sucrose gap technique. The administration of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP), or several of their derivatives produced little or no change in membrane potential. Prostaglandin E1 did not block the generation of postsynaptic potentials. Theophylline produced membrane effects that were different from those associated with postsynaptic potential generation; it also reduced the slow excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and potentiated the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). The administration of papaverine, however, reduced both the slow EPSP and the slow IPSP. Although synaptic stimulation increases both cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP in these neurons, these results raise the possibility that these cyclic nucleotides may have functionla roles other than mediation of synaptic potentials.


Absence of adenosine deaminase activity in a mammalian cell line transformed by Rous sarcoma virus. No detectable adenosine deaminase activity was found in whole cells or 105,000g cytosol preparations of B-mix K-44/6 cells when either [3H]adenosine or [3H]arabinosyladenine was used as substrate. When grown in tissue culture medium supplemented with horse serum these cells provide a deaminase-free system not requiring the use of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor.


Establishment of an epitheloid cell line and a fusiform cell line from a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. An epithelioid cell line and a fusiform cell line were established from a tumor biopsy from a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma which as histologically diagnosed as a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Based on studies of the cell growth pattern, chromosome analysis, heterotransplantation, and electron microscopy, these two cell lines were considered to be squamous carcinoma cells, and the fusiform cells might have originated from the epithelioid cells. There were many round cells on top of the epithelioid and fusiform cell sheets, many of which became continuously detached into the medium. Cultures initiated from these floating round cells grew into their original epithelioid or fusiform forms. No lymphoblastoid cell line could be established after cultivating these two cell lines for more than one year. No EB virus particle or early antigen could be detected in these two cell lines by means of electron microscopic examination and indirect immunofluorescence test.


Reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins with ion-pairing reagents. Reversed-phase, high-pressure liquid chromatography has been successfully applied to the analysis of peptides and proteins by the addition of hydrophilic (for example, phosphoric acid) or hydrophobic (for example, hexanesulfonic acid) ion-pairing reagents, or both, to the mobile phase. Examples described included proteins such as insulin, glucagon, and 1-24 ACTH pentaacetate (ACTH is adrenocorticotrophic hormone).


Adrenocorticotropin in rat brain: immunocytochemical localization in cells and axons. By means of antiserum (purified by affinity chromatography) directed against adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) 11-24, cell bodies and beaded axons were visualized in rat brain. The ACTH-like immunoreactivity (ACTH-LI) was primarily located in the hypothalamus (cells and axons). Fibers were scattered throughout thalamus, amygdala, periaqueductal gray area, and reticular formation. There was no change in the distribution of ACTH-LI in rats that had been subjected to hypophysectomy. This distribution of ACTH-LI parallels that of beta-lipotropin and is altered by specific lesions in a similar fashion. The presence of ACTH-LI in cells and beaded axons in brain raises the possibility that it is a neuroregulator functioning as a neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, or neurohormone.


[Cerebral tomodensitometry (scanner) and accident sequelae: its medico-legal value]. The authors report their experience of one years use of a cerebral scanner in the investigation of the sequelae of head injuries, and the medico-legal interest of this discovery. It permits one to visualise the pathological processes responsible for the symptoms following head injuries and its is thus of major intetrest in legal medicine where the subjective factor in these symptoms is difficult to assess. Increasing considerably the proportion of definite etiologies in this pathology, the authors believe that this new method will become standard in the medico-legal assessment of head injuries.


[Temporal arteritis and rhizomelic pseudo-polyarthritis. Clinical aspects and nosologic problems. Apropos of 48 cases]. The authors report 40 cases of temporal arteritis, of which 16 were associated with pseudo-polyarthritis, and 8 cases of polyarthritis alone. The clinical picture of temporal arteritis in the elderly, includes headaches in 95% of cases, clinical changes in the superficial head arteries in 75% of cases, joint and muscle signs dominated by pseudo-polyarthritis in 40% of cases; general signs were practically constant. A major inflammatory syndrome was also constant. From the histological point of view, there was pan-arteritis with giant cells, and their wide diffusion is shown by the presence of eye signs in 27.5% of cases, brain signs in 10% of cases, and extra-cephalic vascular signs in 10%. The relationship in classification between temporal arteritis and polyarthritis of the roots of the limbs is recalled. The course is long, the duration of corticosteroid therapy should never be less than two years; relapses are common but the mortality appears low.


[Surgical treatment of primary hyperlipoproteinemia]. The authors report 4 cases of hyperlipemia and show the great benefit which results from ileal exclusion when there is an atherogenic risk. The considerable reduction in total lipid, cholesterol, triglycerides, and prebeta-lipoproteins is constant together with clarification of the serum. In one case, angina pectoris regressed considerably, as did arteritis of the lower limbs (unlimited walking became possible, oscillometry in the leg improved from 2 to 7). Surgery is indicated whenever by lack of will power, the diet and medical treatment cannot be followed, when social and economic conditions make proper medical treatment impossible, or when the latter has failed. The existence of arterial lesions, cardiac or cerebral complications makes surgery even more urgent. Gall-stones were observed in gall bladder. The authors raise the problem of oxalate stones. Only type II familial hyperlipemia in homozygotes should be excluded: and end-to-side portacaval anastomosis seems to be preferable.


The changing pattern of liver disease in South African Blacks. Consecutive liver biopsies in a large general hospital for Blacks over the period 1959 - 1960 were compared with those in the 2-year period 1975 - 1976. Changes were noted in the histological appearances of micronodular cirrhosis. With the liberalization of the liquor laws and the granting of access to hard liquor to Blacks, fatty change, alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic hyalin and alcoholic cirrhosis are making their appearance in the micronodular cirrhosis of the South African Blacks, features which were never observed when alcohol consumption was confined to homebrewed beverages containing large quantities of iron derived from the metallic containers in which liquor is brewed. No change in the histological picture or incidence of macronodular cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma was observed.


Hepatoblastoma in a middle-aged White South African Woman. A case report. Hepatoblastoma is a primary embryonic liver tumour usually found in children. It extremely rarely occurs in adults and, when it does, is usually found in men, although it has been postulated that in women it may be associated with use of the oral contraceptive pill. We present a case of a 51-year-old White woman with no history of oral contraception. The features of this tumour are reviewed.


Haematogenous amoebic lung abscess. A case report. Left upper lobe amoebic lung abscess without established hepatic amoebiasis in a young Black man is described and the pathogenesis is briefly discussed.


Prevalence of antibodies to a rotavirus in black and white populations in South Africa. A serological survey of antibodies to a rotavirus in 252 sera from Black and White South Africans was performed by means of an immunofluorescence test using cells infected with simian rotavirus, SA 11, as antigen. The results indicate widespread presence of this agent in South Africa and also that the Black population is exposed to a greater extent than the White population.


alpha 1-antitrypsin in cadmium toxicity: an evaluation of its suggested role. Chowdhury and Louria [1] reported that cadmium could reduce in vitro the concentration and the trypsin inhibitory capacity of plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin. They suggested that this could explain the emphysema observed in some workers exposed to cadmium. Using the same experimental approach as these authors, we could not reproduce their observations. Furthermore, in vivo results obtained on workers excessively exposed to cadmium during more than 20 years and exhibiting obvious signs of chronic cadmium intoxication did not reveal a decrease in the concentration and the activity of plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin.


[Problems of tongue neoplasms in the light of personal observations]. Due to unfavourable local and general conditions, the treatment of carcinoma of the tongue still yields unsatisfactory results. The authors ascertained that 101 patients with carcinoma of the tongue (68 males and 37 females), having an average age of 65.2 years, had been treated at their clinic within a period of 27 years (1948--1974). Only 21% of them survived five years. In this connexion, certain questions, which are essential in the authors' opinion, are discussed. Furthermore, the patients are subdivided with regard to different aspects.


A follow-up program for suicide attempters: evaluation of effectiveness. Suicide attempters are a high-risk group in relation to ultimately completing suicide and are usually "treated and released" with little or no follow-up care. A 4-month follow-up outreach program for suicide attempters seen in the emergency room was developed with an emphasis on continuity and quantity of "treatment" received. Suicide attempters were randomly assigned to the "follow-up outreach" or "normal" treatment programs. Measures for the evaluation of effectiveness were (a) incidence of suicide reattempts and purposive accidents and (b) prevalence of drug misuse and excessive use of alcohol. The experimental group showed a statistically significant reduction in suicide reattempts and excessive use of alcohol, while the reduction of drug abuse, although not statistically significant, did conform to a trend indicating improvement. Purposive accidents occured at a relatively equal rate among both groups.


Electrophoretic isoenzyme patterns of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli. Cultures of 14 stocks of Entamoeba histolytica and one only of Entamoeba coli were compared by electrophoretic patterns of three enzymes: glucose-phosphate isomerase, phosphoglucomutase and L-malate: NADP+ oxidoreductase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating). Easily distinguished patterns divided E. histolytica into three groups, whilst a distinctly different pattern for E. coli was also seen.


[Relationship between the volume and proportions of the organoids and cell volume in yeasts]. Populations of yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis and Candida quilliermondii were divided into cell classes with different volumes. In each class volumes of nuclei, vacuoles and lipid incorporation were measured. With the increase of cell volumes, volumes of organoides increased too, but the relative volume of nucleus decreased, and the relative volumes of vacuoles and of lipid incorporation increased.


[Enzymes of the outer segments of the retinal rods: The problem of localization and coupling with rhodopsin]. The problem of the presence of enzymes in retina rod outer segments is summarized using both literature and the author's own data. Difficulties in the solving of this problem are analyzed. It has been shown that some enzymes involved in the primary mechanisms of the photoreceptor process are localized in the inner segment of the photoreceptor cell at a distance from the photoreceptor membranes. A conclusion is drawn that the enzymes necessary for rhodopsin (or its retinal-part) conversions as well as those ensuring synthesis and decay of cyclic nucleotides are concentrated in the outer segments. These data served as a ground for a conclusion about a strictly "biochemial" specialization of particular parts of the photoreceptor cell in which tightly linked chemical transformations proceed in different compartments. Besides, some unusual properties of the plasma membrane of the photoreceptor cell are noticed, in particular, the absence in part of this membrane of some typical marking enzymes. The interrelations between rhodopsin and enzymes as well as a possible participation of Ca-ions in this process are examined. It is supposed that one part of the rhodopsin molecule may act as a Ca2+ binding protein.


Malignant ovarian neoplasms in childhood. From 1962 to 1976, 15 children up to the age of 15 years with malignant neoplasms of the ovary were observed at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. 13 patients had a germ cell tumor and 2 a stromal tumor. Natural history and treatment results are reported. Out of 7 patients with dysgerminoma, 3 at stage IA, 2 at stage III retroperitoneal and 1 with recurrent disease are alive and disease free 38+, 20+, 36+, 16+, 23+, 156+ months after the histologic diagnosis; the last case with stage III peritoneal disease died 2 months after the diagnosis. Four children had immature malignant teratoma: 2 patients are alive and disease free 19+ and 51+ months, 1 is alive with disease 20+ months and 1 died 16 months after histologic diagnosis. Two patients with extra-embryonal teratoma died 7 and 12 months after diagnosis. One patient, treated by surgery plus chemotherapy for granulosa cell tumor at stage III, is alive 43+ months later. The child with arrhenoblastoma at stage III treated by surgery plus radiochemotherapy died 6 months after diagnosis. Through a close scrutiny of the literature and by drawing on experience gained in the treatment of the same tumors in adults, a rational approach to the diagnosis and treatment of each childhood ovarian tumor histotype is worked out.


The Seventh Frederick H. Verhoeff Lecture. Collagenase and collagenase inhibitors. Besides EDTA and cysteine, cystine and penicillamine are the best collagenase inhibitors. The collagenase is produced by the leucocytes. The action mechanism of the collagenase inhibitors is due to the chelation of Zn ions. The best clinical indications for collagenase inhibitors are punctate epithelial keratitis, chemical burns, recurrent corneal erosions in keratoconus, trophic postinfectious ulcerations of the cornea (metaherpetic ulcers), and descemetoceles.


Congenital herpes simplex virus, type 2, bilateral endophthalmitis. A set of dizygotic twins, both born prematurely, developed herpes simplex encephalitis shortly after birth. The second twin had unilateral keratoconjunctivitis and bilateral endophthalmitis and subsequently died from disseminated herpes infection. Herpes simplex, type 2, was isolated from conjunctiva of both eyes, cerebrospinal fluid, nasopharynx and trachea. Histologic examination of the eyes reveaed bilateral endophthalmitis with a necrotizing retinitis. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were demonstrated by light microscopy in the retina, choroid and iris, and virus particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy in the retina. The other twin recovered from a much milder disseminate herpes simplex infection without apparent ocular involvement. During pregnancy, the mother had vaginitis which was suspected, but not documented, as being herpetic in origin. The father was diagnosed as having a penile infection caused by herpes simplex.


[Use of contrast radiography in acute obstruction of the small intestine]. The authors believe that the contrast radiography of the small intestine in case of its obstruction should be used on strict indications only and only in patients with unclear clinical and roentgenological picture. When following the method strictly, the examination is safe for the patient, it may be stopped at any stage when evident symptoms, both clinical and roentgenological, of the obstruction appear.


[Elimination of testosterone and androstendione in the urine of boars in relation to the incretory function of the testes]. The elimination of testosterone and androstendion in the urine was tested in six sexually mature boars. The administration of chorionic gonadotropin to intact animals resulted in a marked, statistically significant, rise of the amounts of excreted testosterone and, in part of the cases, androstendion. The responses were individual. Bilateral orchidectomy caused a statistically highly significant decrease of the elimination of both steroids under study without pronounced adrenocortical compensation. The administration of the adrenocorticotropic hormone to castrated boars did not exert any significant influence on the excretion of the substances studied. The use of chorionic gonadotropin given to the castrated boars did not produce any significant changes in the elimination of hormones. It has been inferred that testosterone as well as androstendion in the urine of boars are almost exclusively of testicular origin and that the response of the values of both steroids to the administration of chorionic gonadotropin is specific after testicular incretion. The discussion concerns the importance of these findings for the evaluation of the incretion reserve of the testes and for the diagnosis of incretion hypogonadism in boars.


A study of dogs with kennel cough.

A study of dogs with kennel cough. A detailed study of a population of dogs with kennel cough was undertaken. Twenty-seven (77 per cent) of a total of 35 dogs had pathological evidence of respiratory disease in the form of tracheobronchitis with, in some animals, exudative pneumonia. A variety of viral and bacterial agents were isolated from the respiratory tract of diseased dogs but Bordetella bronchiseptica and canine parainfluenza virus SV-5 appeared to be the most significant organisms recovered.


Active immunisation of ducklings against duck virus hepatitis. Egg-attenuated duck hepatitis type (Rispens H55) was exhaustively tested as a potential vaccine under controlled conditions in ducklings fully susceptible to the disease at day 2 after hatching. Data are presented which indicate that this vaccine fulfils essential criteria of efficacy in terms of (a) the optimal age at which successful vaccination is practicable (day 2 or earlier), (b) the rapidity of onset of immunity (in 48 to 72 hours), (c) the high level of immunity induced (88.0 to 94.0 per cent), (d) the persistence of this degree of immunity in the individual bird throughout the period when it would otherwise be at risk (until the end of the fourth week of life) and (e) the consistency of the effects of the vaccine in successive groups of ducklings hatched over a four year period. Employed as a vaccine. H55 was completely innocuous to the vaccinated ducklings under laboratory conditions.


Ultrastructure and morphometry of ACTH-producing cell in the rat anterior pituitary gland stimulated by lysin-vasopressin and prostaglandin E1. The aim of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative changes of ACTH-cells in the rat after application of a specific and a non-specific stimulus. A CRF-analog (lysin-vasopressin) and a prostaglandin (prostaglandin E1) were used. 40 rats were injected lysin-vasopressin or prostaglandin E1, respectively, for 4 weeks. The pituitary glands were investigated by means of light microscopy, electron microscopy and morphometry. Activation of the ACTH-cells could be observed after use of both substances, the effect of lysin-vasopressin being more intense than that of prostaglandin E1. Enlargement of the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the organelles involved in hormone-production and -transport were found and verified by morphometry. Additionally an increase in number of the cells could be demonstrated. Prostaglandin influenced not only ACTH-cells, but also other cells of the anterior pituitary.


[Electron microscopic observations in internal organs in morbus Fabry (author's transl)]. Electron microscopic findings are reported on the localization and fine structure of glycolipid inclusions in different organs (heart, kidney, lymph nodes, arterial blood vessels, pancreas) in Fabry's disease in a female. The intracellular and extracellular inclusions were made up of multilamellar membraneous systems in concentric, excentric, and parallel arrangement. This fine structure is characteristic of liquid-crystalline phases of phospholipid-water systems. The same type of inclusions are found in the internal organs of heterozygotic women as in homozygotic men. The relationship between the glycolipid inclusions and the lysosomes is discussed.


[Operations for rectal and sigmoid cancer in persons younger than 40]. The results of 57 sphincter-preserving operations for cancer of the rectum and sigmoid in persons under 40 years of age are analysed. Of 40 patients, operated upon 5 years ago and longer, 28 patients (70%) are alive. The prognosis for cancer of the sigmoid and rectum in young patients is greatly influenced by the depth of tumor infiltration of the intestinal wall, metastatic involvement of regional lymph nodes and the histological structure of the tumor.


[Clinical and morphological comparative correlations in rectal cancer and their prognostic importance]. Besides generally accepted tests for prognostication of the results of radical surgical treatment for rectal cancer, great practical importance is attached to the complex of accessory tests such as the combined intensity of immune lymphocytic infiltrates, the tumor and adjacent tissues, the amount of pathological mitoses, the degree of vascularization and the absolute number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood. An estimation of different combinations of the tests concerned makes it possible to prognosticate the results of radical treatment for rectal cancer in each particular case.


[Influence of chemical carcinogens on the physiological effects of adrenomimetics]. The experiments on isolated atria of rats and guinea pigs have shown that chemical hepatotropic carcinogens (diethylnitrosoamine and 2-acetyl aminofluorene) modify the physiological effects of adrenomimetics. A correlation between the authors' findings and the literature data on application of adrenergic drugs in carcinogenesis allows a suggestion to be made on the possibility of a principally new aspect in the mechanism of action of chemical carcinogens related to their effect on adrenoreceptors of target-organs.


[Effect of thiophosphamide, its paramagnetic analogs and the iminoxyl radical on the division of tumor cells]. The authors have studied the effect of thiophosphamide its paramagentic analogs and iminoxyl radical on cell reproduction of Ehrlich ascites tumor. It was shown that the effect of paramagnetic analogs is made up of a sum of injuries produced by ethylenimine and iminoxyl portions of molecules. One of the analogs involved proves to be more active than thiophosphamide.


[Effectiveness of radioisotope therapy of inoperable brain tumors according to the results of follow-up studies]. Intra-tissue and intracavitary beta- and gamma-therapy with Au198, P32 and Y90 was used in the system of combined treatment of 139 patients with inoperable tumors of the brain, among whom 40% were children. The results of follow-up periods of 5 to 17 years led to the conclusion that radioisotope treatment is effective in craniopharyngioma, tumors of the cerebral ventricles and inoperable meningioma of the base of the brain.


[A case of granular cell myoblastoma of bronchus with bronchiectasia (author's transl)]. A case of granular cell myoblastoma of a 33 year old man has been presented. The tumor arising from a subsegmental bronchus of the right upper lobe caused bronchial obstruction with a distal localized bronchiectasia, appearing clinically as bronchogenic cyst.


[Regulation of hepatocyte 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in primary cell cultures through low density lipoproteins]. The regulation of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis by low density lipoprotein (LDL) was studied by using a new cell culture method of isolated rat hepatocytes. After two days in culture no supressant effect of LDL on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity (HMG-CoA) was detected. The primary culture of rat hepatocytes lead to the growth of a cell monolayer with stable liver specific properties during 4 days of culture. LDL did suppress HMG-CoA-reductase activity of rat hepatocytes in primary culture 5 days after seeding, when dedifferentiation has started.


Effect of experimentally induced trichinellosis on the infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in rats. Infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in rats infested 20 days earlier with Trichinella spiralis developed more slowly, the clinical and pathoanatomic changes in the joints were expressed to a less extend, and the mortality rate was lower. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the precipitin formation and the phagocytic activity of the macrophages did not considerably change. Experiments carried out to elucidate this fact did not reveal any antigenic or antagonistic relationships between parasite and bacterium nor any protective effect of the host's serum. The inhibitory influence of corticosteroids on the defence forces was not completely manifested in the rats infested. This fact might be explained by interrelations depending both on the cycle of helminth development and on the non-specific immunological reactivity of the organism, the latter being stimulated by the helminth invasion.


Polyphenol oxidase and scleroprotein/melanin pigments of Isoparorchis hypselobagri. The polyphenol oxidase activity of Isoparorchis hypselobagri was estimated biochemically and was believed to be associated with egg-shell formation in the parasite. The eggs gave positive tests to color reaction of scleroprotein/melanin.


[Familical cleft foot--a clinical study over 4 generations (author's transl)]. Within this paper a family is being described in which foot deformities are shown over four generations. During two generations cleft foot is found as well as a syndaktylism. The cases are demonstrated clinically, by photographs and also by X-ray. The question of inheritance is being discussed in comparison with the existing literature, also taking into account the coexistence of cleft foot and syndaktylism.


[Lung metastases of a malignant giant cell tumour simulating an alveolar carcinosis (author's transl)]. A brief report an lung metastases of a malignant giant cell tumour simulating an alveolar cell carcinoma in peripheric regions is given, and a critical classification of alveolar cell carcinoma is supported.


[Epithelial-mesenchymal tumor of the thyreoid associated with a colonic cancer (author's transl)]. A 76 year-old woman suffered from the simultaneous occurrence of a malignant metastazising tumor of the thyreoid and a colonic cancer without metastases. The thyreoid tumor was composed of epithelial and mesenchymal elements, among them a malignant angiosarcoma. Both elements were found not only in the primary tumor but also in the metastases.


[Angiographic features of trophoblastic tumors (author's transl)]. Trophoblastic tumors are characterized by typical angiographic features with marked pathological vascularization, arteriovenous shunts and early filling of veines. If the HCG-titer increases after removing of a hydatidiform mole pelvic angiography is indicated in cases of negative histological finding also. In 3 cases the typical angiographic feature was found. Two times remaining changes of gravidity are histologicaly found on an abrasio. In 1 case with increased HCG-titer and negative histological finding a trophoblastic tumor was ascertained angiographicaly. Diagnostic value of pelvic angiography is demonstrated by above mentioned cases.


[Significance of an oral cytogram for the characterization of synthetic sex steroids]. In this study we have found, that the gingiva epithelium is a sensitive hormonal receptor which may present different histologic and cytologic changes in relation to the hormonal influences acting upon this organ. The oral smears can be used as a reliable test for the evaluation of estrogenic effects in monohormonal conditions.


[Development and variability of the properties of a type of nervous system during ontogenesis]. Age dynamics of development and variability of properties of the nervous system type was studied in the same animals (31 dogs) at the age from one month to ten years. Individual typological differences in the properties of the dogs' nervous processes were clearly manifested at the age of four to seven and a half months. Three phases were singled out in the development and variability of the properties: I--development phase; II--stabilization phase; III--extinction phase. In ontogenesis, the dogs displayed great differences in the degree of manifestation and the beginning of the phases. Relative stabilization of nervous system properties already set in by the beginning of puberty in dogs of the weak type (seven months of postnatal life) and at mature age in dogs of the strong type. Some elements of general behaviour of dogs of different nervous system types and the duration of the animals life, in relation to the nervous system type have been outlined.


[Influence of killed Bordetella pertussis cells on the resistance against infection with Listeria monocytogenes (author's transl)]. The influence of killed Bordetella pertussis cells (B.p.) on the cell-mediated resistance of mice against infection with virulent germs of Listeria monocytogenes has been studied. Resistance of mice was decreased, when 3 X 10(9) B.p. were injected 1 day before, simultaneously with or 1 day after infection, resulting in augmented amounts of viable Listeriae recovered from the spleens 3 days after infection (figure 1). The LD50 was strongly reduced (Table 1). Transfer of immune spleen cells to recipient mice, which had been treated 1 day previously with 3 X 10(9)B.p., did not support resistance definitely (Table 2). Therefore, it can be concluded that probably the macrophage system was impaired just after B.p. injection. When, however, B.p. were given several days before infection, resistance was increased. A maximum of resistance enhancement was seen 7-14 days after B.p. treatment. Thereafter, this beneficial effect gradually decreased but persisted for at least 67 days (figure 1). This resistance enhancing effect of B.p. was surely not due to adjuvant effect of B.p. on the T-lymphocyte-mediated immune reaction to Listeriae, since in B.p.-pretreated mice the development of immunity during the primary infection to a secondary listeric infection has even been lacking (Table 3). It is more likely that the macrophage system was stimulated at this time by B.p. In mice treated 7 days prior to infection the elimination of Listeriae from the spleens was supported from the very beginning of the infection (figure 2).


[Use of the reversed passive hemagglutination in detection of Clostridium botulinum type A, B, and E toxin (author's transl)]. With the reversed passive hemagglutination technique it is possible to detect minimal amounts of botulinum type A, B and E toxins (s. Tab. 3). The antisera are used were prepared by foot--pad injection of rabbits with purified toxoids in Freund's complete adjuvant (s. Tab. 1). Antitoxin globulin were prepared from rabbit antisera with (NH4)2SO4 to 50%. Formalinized and tanned human erythrozytes were sensitized with these specific antitoxin globulins. Only slight cross reactions ere encountered between the type A, B, and E antiglobulin sensitized cells and culture filtrates of C. butyricum, C. sporogenes (type A and B antiglobulin only) and C. perfringens type C (s. Tab. 4).


[Antiviral activity of tyrothricin against Sendai virus in suspension tests (author's transl)]. In suspension tests it could be found, that tyrothricin, isolated from bacteria, possesses an anti-infectious activity against Sendai virus. Concentrations of 10(2) to 10(3) ID50-units of Sendai virus were incubated with 0.5 and/or 1.0 mg tyrothricin per 5 ml for 30 minutes at 37 degrees C (pH 7.5). These mixtures were tested in embryonated eggs and showed a marked decrease of viral infectivity. Tween 80 added after the incubation period leads to an incomplete reactivation of the virus infectivity. According to these results and further preliminary studies on herpes simplex virus we suppose a virustatic effect of tyrothricin also in the case of other lipophilic viruses.


[Functional state of non-specific brain systems in dystonia musculorum deformans]. The paper deals with the results of an electropolygraphical study of night-sleep structure, as well as a clinical and experimental-psychological study of 27 patients with deforming muscular dystony. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of functional shifts in different links of the nonspecific system in the known clinical forms and at different stages of the disease are given. The data were obtained with the aid of correlational statistical methods and were used for a clinico-physiological analysis of the syndrome of deforming muscular dystony. It is demonstrated that changes of a functional state of the nonspecific brain systems correlate with motor, emotional-personal vegetative and electroencephalographical manifestations of deforming muscular dystony.


[Experience using sinakten-retard in the treatment of muscular sclerosis]. The experience of the authors demonstrated that the best results in sinakten-retard treatment were attained in patients with mild and moderate degrees of severity of the disease. However, even in patients with a protracted development, treatment by sinakten-retard increased the muscular strength in the paralyzed extremities, diminished the increased muscular tone and increased the volume of movements. All these facts permit the authors to recommend sinakten-retard for the treatment of disseminated sclerosis.


[Opiate receptors and endogenous morphines: a new approach to the study of the brain]. The paper deals with a range of problems connected with a study of a nature and a function of specific neuronal receptors and endogenous morphines. It is demonstrated that a further development of studies in the given area will be of a principal significance in solving the cardinal problems of psychopharmacology and a search for biological bases of mental diseases. The most perspective ways of studying functional opiate receptors and endogenous morphines in schizophrenia are discussed.


[Jacksonian seizures in the clinical picture of supratentorial brain tumors]. An analysis of the structure and frequency of Jackson's seizures during the illness in 27 patients with brain tumors displayed correlation of these parameters with a histological type of a neoformation and a degree of the involved mediobasal brain structures. In the process of development of the disease the epileptic activity in the EEG was replaced by a slow activity. The displayed peculiarities of the structure and the course of Jackson's seizures taking into account other clinical manifestations can be used in preoperational diagnosis of a histological nature of a tumor.


Regulation of phosphorylase-phosphatase from skeletal muscle by phosphorylation of a regulator protein. The inhibitory effect of a heat-stable regulator protein from skeletal muscle on the activity of phosphorylase-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.17) was studied. The regulator protein was shown to be both phosphorylated and dephosphorylated in vivo as well as in vitro. The incorporation of phosphate into the regulator protein increased, while dephosphorylation decreased the ability of the protein to inhibit phosphatase activity. Our results suggest that the reversible phosphorylation of the regulator protein plays an essential role in the regulation of phosphorylase-phosphatase activity.


Excitatory effects of the electrical activity of muscle on the contiguous nerve. Experiments were performed on frog sciatic-gastrocnemius preparations in order to investigate the different conditions under which the excitation can be transmitted from muscle to nerve. The results demonstrate that, on one hand, the proximal part of the m. gastrocnemius is of greater importance in the transmission of excitation than the distal one and, on the other hand, when the nerve is in contact with more than one muscle, the transmission of excitation is determined by the compound electrical activity of the muscles. These results together with the findings of other authors support the hypothesis that the effect of the electrical muscle activity on the nerve in contact with the muscles could play an additional role in the mechanism of the excitatory processes of both the nerve and muscle.


Plasma glucagon in insulinoma.

Plasma glucagon in insulinoma. Nine patients with insulinoma were studied in order to investigate glucagon levels in the fasting state and the response of plasma glucagon to tolbutamide and arginine. Fasting plasma glucagon levels were within the normal range in all patients except two cases with malignant insulinoma. Although there was no correlation between blood glucose and plasma glucagon, a significant correlation between plasma glucagon and plasma insulin was observed. No detectable changes were found in glucagon levels during tolbutamide injection. In almost all patients except one an exaggerated response of plasma glucagon was demonstrated during arginine infusion test.


Dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum--an ultrastructural study. A case of dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum, a rare disorder with unknown etiology and pathogenesis, was studied ultrastructurally. The intranuclear inclusions identified were not seen to be of viral origin. The ultrastructural characteristics of the abnormal cells support the prevailing theory that these cells represent hypertrophied granular neurons.


Practolol inhibition of some salbutamol-induced metabolic and hormonal responses. The effect of practolol (a selective beta1-adrenergic receptor blocking agent) on increased blood insulin, sugar, lactate and FFA and decreased blood phosphorus and potassium induced by salbutamol (a primarily beta2-adrenergic stimulant) was studied in 6 normal volunteers. Practolol abolished the rise of lactate and glucose, suggesting that changes in these parameters due to salbutamol are mediated by beta1-receptors. The rise of insulin and the fall of potassium were only partially inhibited, and the possible involvement of the beta2-receptors as well in these 2 cases cannot be ruled out. The decrease of phosphorus and the FFA rise were not affected and thus appear to be primarily dependent on beta2-receptors.


Unmyelinated nerve fibres in feline acrylamide neuropathy. Electronmicroscope studies have been performed on the greater splanchnic nerve and the nerve to the medial head of gastrocnemius muscle of control and acrylamide poisoned cats. Degeneration of unmyelinated as well as of myelinated fibres was observed in both nerves. In cats severely poisoned with acrylamide, some very large unmyelinated axons undergoing early degeneration were seen in the splanchnic nerve. In the nerve to medial head of gastrocnemius, there was a decrease in the proportion of large diameter unmyelinated axons.


[Ultrastructural study of meningiothelial meningioma with 'hyaline inclusions' (author's transl)]. One case of meningiothelial meningioma with "hyaline inclusions" (colloid-bodies or pseudopsammomas) as noted by Cushing and Eisenhardt (1938) and by Kepes (1961-1975) is reported by light and electron microscopy. Two types of these structures, either homogeneous or polymorphic, surrounded by microvilli are described and regarded as signs of secretory differentiation of tumor cells. In addition to Kepes' description, the authors show, at high magnification, the polymorphic material including homogeneous component, lamellar structures, microvesicles and dense bodies. The endocellular overproduction of the various types of "hyaline inclusions" and the nature of their material are discussed.


Light and electron microscopic observations on a ganglioneuroma. This report describes some additional morphologic observations on a mediastinal ganglioneuroma. The neoplastic neurons contained argentaffin cytoplasmic granules presumably representing neurosecretory granules. Cytoplasmic inclusions resembling Pick's bodies were frequently observed in the neuronal components of the tumor. These inclusions consisted of neurofilaments mixed with a variable number of microtubules, dense core vesicles and other organelles. These findings expand the range of conditions in which Pick's bodies are found.


Studies on hexachlorophene-induced myelin lesions in the trigeminal root transitional region in developing and adult mice. Hexachlorophene (HCP)-induced intramyelinic vacuolation was studied in the transitional region of the trigeminal root of suckling and adult mice. HCP produced an extensive vacuolation in the central compartment of the region in both suckling and adult mice, while in the peripheral compartment myelin lesions were only seen in mice less than 16 days of age. Gas chromatographic measurements showed that in suckling mice the blood concentration of HCP decreased with age, apparently reflecting a faster elimination of HCP from the blood. By substantially increasing the HCP dose, higher blood concentrations were obtained in adult than less the 16-day-old mice; in spite of this, PNS myelin changes occurred only in the latter. Thus, by observing the HCP effect on the transitional region, where CNS and PNS directly meet, it is concluded that CNS of both suckling and adult mice is more severely effected by HCP than PNS, and that the reaction of the PNS myelin is age-dependent during the period of myelinogenesis; it is particularly vulnerable to a cytotoxic edema inducing substance.


Granulocytic sarcoma of the central nervous system: inital presentation of leukemia. Granulocytic sarcoma as the presenting feature of leukemia is rare. Although it has been reported in various sites such as the retrobulbar area, mastoid region, iliac bone, and breast, this appears to be the first recorded case presenting as an intracranial tumor.


The Poland anomalad: a clinical and cytogenetic study of seven cases. Seven patients with Poland anomalad, 6 males and one female, are reported. Four were affected on the right and 3 on the left side. The clinical, radiological and cytogenetic findings in these cases are discussed. In all the patients the nipples were asymmetric, the one on the affected side was sometimes set higher or lower than the one on the normal side, in relation to the extent of the muscle defect. One patient had coloboma of the iris. There was a greater variability of the defect of the upper extremity and especially of the ipsilateral hand than of the muscle anomaly. The hand seemed almost normal in 3 cases but these cases seem to represent the variability of the malformation. All cases were sporadic. Delivery was complicated in 4/7 and one patient had a twin brother with myelomeningocele.


Congenital and acquired cytomegalovirus infections. Virological and clinical studies on a Swedish infant population. The study included two clinical materials. First, the frequency of cytomegalovirus and its clinical significance were studied among 661 Swedish children under one year of age admitted to a paediatric hospital. Before the age of one week 4/326 (1%) children excreted virus. At one month the frequency had risen to 6/52 (12%) and after this age the frequency was constant around 20--25%. Sixty per cent of infants born to immigrants were infected after one month of age. One of the four congenitally infected children had symptoms at birth followed by neurological sequelae. The majority of the infections acquired at birth or in early infancy seemed to be subclinical and without sequelae. Second, a retrospective investigation of 18 695 children born during a six-year period was performed. Two cases of virologically confirmed congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease was found. Regarding seven microcephalic patients in the retrospective study congenital CMV-infection could be excluded in four cases. In the remaining three cases the data did not permit any conclusions regarding the etiology.


Urinary cyclic AMP in infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. The urinary excretion of cyclic AMP was studied during the first 3 days of life in 46 randomly selected infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. The data were compared with those of normal newborn infants. Urinary cyclic AMP concentrations were significantly correlated with gestational age (all patients), and with birth weight (all patients except infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs)). The urinary cyclic AMP/creatine ratio increased from day 1 to day 3 in normal newborns and in IDMs, and tended to increase also in small-for-gestational age (SGA), low birth weight (LBW), and sick, term infants, although the changes in the latter groups were not statistically significant. Four infants studied with parallel determinations showed increased cyclic AMP/creatinine ratio from day 1 to day 3 both in plasma and urine. All urinary cyclic AMP/creatine ratios were lower than the corresponding ratios found in plasma. In LBW infants, there was an inverse relationship between urinary cyclic AMP and serum calcium. In IDMs a positive correlation was observed between urinary cyclic AMP and blood glucose concentration. In conclusion, the excretion of cyclic AMP in sick newborn infants is influenced by the following factors: gestational age, postnatal age, birth weight, and derangements of serum calcium and blood glucose concentrations.


Tension and cyclic GMP changes in potassium depolarized rabbit colon muscle. Potassium depolarization of rabbit colon muscle elicited a contraction consisting of 2 distinct phases, an initial rapid phasic contraction and a tonic contracture. The tonic contraction was, in contrast to the phasic contraction, dependent on the extracellular calcium for its development. There was a correlation between the tension development and the increase of the cyclic GMP level in the K+-depolarized muscle. Experimental conditions which abolished the tonic contracture, viz glucose omission and treatment with Ca2+-antagonists (verapamil, SKF 525A) also inhibited the cyclic GMP response. The changes of the cyclic GMP levels were Ca2+-dependent. K+-ions also changes the cyclic AMP content an effect which was atropine sensitive. From the experimental data obtained in this investigation we suggest that the co-variation of the tension and the cyclic GMP level in the depolarized colon muscle might depend on oscillations in a common intracellular factor, probably Ca2+.


Fluid transfer from skeletal muscle to blood during hemorrhage. Importance of beta adrenergic vascular mechanisms. Vascular reactions in the cat lower leg in response to short-term (10 min) hemorrhagic hypotension (approximately 80 mmHg) were studied before and after regional blockade of the beta-adrenoceptors. In the muscle region with intact beta-adrenoceptors, hemorrhage raised vascular resistance by about 80% and caused a dilatation of the precapillary sphincters, the latter effect evidenced in terms of a 35% increase of the capillary filtration coefficient. Concomitantly, an absorption of extravascular fluid to the blood stream occurred, a process tending to compensate for the reduction of intravascular fluid volume. After regional beta-blockade there was quite a marked augmentation of the hemorrhage induced increase of vascular resistance whereas the inhibition of precapillary sphincter tone and the transcapillary fluid absorption were almost abolished. These observations indicate that bleeding is associated with a significant beta-adrenergic dilator influence in both the resistance vessels and precapillary sphincters of skeletal muscle and that the beta-dilator mechanism may be essential for the important, compensatory fluid gain from the extravascular to the intravascular space during hemorrhage. The observed beta-adrenergic mediation of the net transcapillary fluid absorption could be ascribed to resetting of the pre-/postcapillary resistance ratio, leading to decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure, and to the dilator influence in the precapillary sphincters, leading to an increased number of the patent capillaries available for the transcapillary fluid exchange.


Vasodilatation and modulation of vasoconstriction in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue caused by activation of beta-adrenoceptors. The present experiments were undertaken to study the balance between vascular alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue during sympathetic nerve stimulation and noradrenaline injections. Propranolol potentiated and prolonged the vasoconstrictor response to close i.a. injections of noradrenaline. The vasoconstriction induced by brief nerve stimulation (0.5 to 8 Hz) was, however, unaltered by the beta-adrenoceptor blockade. During prolonged nerve stimulation the vasoconstrictor response was well maintained at 1.5 Hz but at 4 Hz there was a gradual escape. The escape phenomenon at 4 Hz was diminished by propranolol. The beta1-selective antagonist practolol, like propranolol, potentiated and prolonged the vasoconstriction induced by noradrenaline injections and reduced the vasoconstrictor escape during prolonged nerve stimulation at 4 Hz. Furthermore, the vasodilatation induced by noradrenaline injection or nerve stimulation during alpha-adrenoceptor blockade was diminished by practolol. Practolol also blocked the lipolytic response to noradrenaline and nerve stimulation. The beta2-selective antagonist H35/25 blocked the effects of the beta2-selective agonist salbutamol but failed to alter noradrenaline as well as nerve stimulation induced vascular and lipolytic beta-adrenoceptor responses. The present results provide further support for the hypothesis that vascular beta-adrenoceptors in adipose tissue are humoral (noninnervated), preferentially activated by circulating noradrenaline. Moreover, both vascular and lipolytic beta-adrenoceptors activated by noradrenaline in adipose tissue are best classified as beta1-adrenoceptors.


Central action of catecholamines on the cardiovascular system in rats. Central action of catecholamines on the cardiovascular system in rats. Acta Physiol Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 123--130. It was demonstrated that noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine and isoproterenol as well as normethanephrine administered into the lateral ventricle of the rat brain, under urethane anaesthesia, caused significant changes in arterial blood pressure. This action is due to stimulation of central adrenergic receptors. Arterial blood pressure rise after intraventricular administration of noradrenaline is caused by activation of the renin-angiotensin system in the periphery. The results of these experiments point to a role of central catecholamines in functional regulation ofthe cardiovascular system.


The effects of vitamin D on the rat kidney metabolism under conditions of experimental hypercalcemia. The effects of vitamin D3 on rat kideney metabolism under conditions of experimental hypercalcemia. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2) 153--159. The effect of vitamin D3 on renal gluconeogenesis processes was studied in the rat. The performed estimations of gluconeogenesis rate from malate and lactate demonstrated significant increases of glucose formation rate when kidney cortex slices of the vitamin D3 treated animals were analyzed. Further studies on the mechanism of the observed phenomenon were performed using kidney cell fractionation procedure and fluorometric estimation of the concentration of selected gluconeogenetic metabolites. Significant increases of phosphoenolpyruvate concentration in the cytosol fraction and citrate concentration in the mitochondrial fraction were observed. Comparison of the described action of vitamin D3 on gluconeogenesis and the effect of parathyriod hormone, as known from the literature suggests similar mechanism of both factor actions. A possibility of vitamin D3 action through the increase in intracellular calcium has been discussed.


Progressing stroke. Angiographic aspects. Progressing strokes were noted in 17 of 256 patients who underwent surgery for atheromatous disease involving the internal carotid artery. This disorder was characterized by an active increase in the neurologic deficit during an 18- to 24-hour period. Although angiographic findings were neither specific for this type of cerebrovascular disease nor uniformly present, the angiography did indicate that not only embolization of the cerebral leptomeningeal conducting vessels but also collaterization through them was a pertinent mechanism.


Isotopic and angiographic determination of cerebral blood flow. A correlation in patients with cerebral death. Total cerebral angiography has been performed on five patients who were demonstrated to have a cerebral circulatory deficit by the bedside isotope flow determination. In all five instances cerebral angiography confirmed the results of the isotope examination.


Ischemic chiasmal syndrome.

Ischemic chiasmal syndrome. Twenty-two patients with ischemic chiasmal syndrome (ICS) have been examined by means of magnification angiography and polytomographic encephalography. The causes of ICS may be divided into 5 categories: (1) mechanical compression of the chiasm by ectatic redundant anterior cerebral arteries, (2) atherosclerotic vascular occlusions, (3) optochiasmal arachnoidal fibrosis, (4) various forms of arteritis especially giant cell (cranial) arteritis, and (5) post-partum pituitary necrosis associated with ICS. The most common cause of ICS appears to be optochiasmal arachnoiditis which occasionally developed some time after a craniotomy and radiation therapy for pituitary or other juxta-sellar tumors; similar fibrotic change may develop following steroid treatment of granulomatous lesions.


Effect of cardiac arrest on cerebral circulation. An experimental investigation. The effect of 2 to 15 min of cardiac arrest on cerebral circulation was investigated in dogs and Rhesus monkeys. When circulatory arrest lasted longer than 5 minutes, angiographic changes of the no-reflow phenomenon were observed between 3 and 4 h after resuscitation in dogs but not in monkeys. These findings were (1) marked prolongation of the arterial phase in both intracranial and extracranial arteries; followed by (2) occasional evidence of dilatation of the proximal intracranial arteries with non-filling of the distal intracranial arteries; and (3) faint demonstration of the venous phase. Carbon black perfusion results were (1) diffuse lack of perfusion at the arteriolar-capillary level and (2) multifocal areas of filling defects. Regional cortical blood flow measurement in monkeys disclosed a significant decrease in flow starting from 3 h after re-establishment of circulation for those in which longer than 5 min of arrest was induced.


Angiographic findings in intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn infants. The present investigation indicates that early filling of deep veins is common in newborn infants on angiography. The characteristic findings of the intraventricular hemorrhage in newborn infants are (1) hydrocephalus and (2) prolonged stasis of contrast medium in choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles.


[Embolization by femoral catheterization of tumors supplied by the external carotid artery. 40 cases]. Experiences from therapeutic embolization by way of superselective catheterization of the external carotid artery, in 40 cases of cranio-cerebral, maxillo-facial and cervical tumours are reported. Using Spongel, embolization offered definite advantages compared to simple arterial ligation: it is easily performed as a supplementary procedure to diagnostic superselective angiography; a meticulous technique will provide superselective arterial occlusion with obstruction of vessels down to the precapillary size (diameter 150 to 200 mu). Embolization is advocated as a preoperative measure in meningeomas (particularly at the skull base), naso-pharyngeal angiofibromas, intracranial and cervical chemodectomas, in which cases profound bleeding during surgery may be expected and as a palliative measure in cases where surgery and radiation therapy fail to control recurrence of a tumour.


Carotid angiography in cerebral metastases. Carotid angiography was performed in 138 cases of brain metastases. No pathologic vascularity was found in 55 per cent, pathologic arterial phase in 10 per cent, capillary phase in 14 per cent and pathologic venous phase in 12 per cent. In six cases, pathologic vascularity was found in all three phases; five of these were hypernephromas.


Medullary arteries in cerebral neoplasms. In cerebral neoplasms, the visibility of long segments of the medullary arteries indicates white matter involvement by infiltrative or compressive disturbances. Relating the mass effect to the position of the medullary arteries should allow for differentiating a primary from a secondary avascular neoplasm. When the neoplasm is vascular, the presence of neovascularity with the medullary arteries is likely to signify a high degree of anaplasia.


Neuroparallelogram. A cerebral angiographic system allowing for isocentric magnification. The Neuroparallelogram, a radiographic system with an opposing tube-serial film changer provides for isoentric 2:1 magnification, stero radiography, a.p. or p.a. projections, more accurately positioned bi-plane angiography and the capacity for angiotomography. Angiographic examinations are expedited not only by the ease of set-up for different projections, but also by the capacity to accommodate for head rotation without repositioning the patient. The tube and film changer can be uncoupled so that routine films may be obtained. The improved detail of magnification radiography and the simplicity of positioning can also be used to perform routine skull radiography.


Non-filling of the subependymal veins of the lateral ventricles. Four cases of non-filling of the subependymal veins of the lateral ventricles and internal cerebral vein at carotid angiography are reported. The patients were all children ranging in age from 4 months to 2 years and had a variety of neurologic conditions. Several hypotheses are suggested as to the possible pathogenesis of these findings.


Etiology of moya moya disease acquired or congenital. Nine cases of Moya Moya disease collected since 1968 are presented. The absence of inflammatory signs and the high percentage of congenital malformations is emphasized. However, despite the post-mortem findings in one of the cases, no etiologic factor has been conclusively demonstrated.


Arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen. Vein of Galen aneurysm may be caused by a spectrum of abnormal arteriovenous connections ranging from extensive malformations involving the tentorial dura and upper brain stem vessels to the rarer condition of a simple end to end fistulous connection. The diagnosis of the latter condition of a simple arteriovenous fistula is important because it may be effectively managed by surgical interruption of the feeding fistulous vessels. Two cases with the direct fistulous connections are presented.


Application of the 105 mm camera in cerebral angiography. The 105 mm film camera is being increasingly used with the newer high resolution dual mode image intensifier in various radiologic procedures. Its use in various intracranial and extracranial neurovascular procedures has been evaluated. An attempt is made to compare these results with those obtained with conventional film changers. Also considered are the saving in both time and radiation to both the patient and radiologist.


Regional blood flow measurement in extra-intracranial anastomoses for cerebral ischemia. Methodologic aspects. The value of regional cerebral blood flow measurement for the microneurosurgical treatment of cerebral ischemia is outlined. Preoperatively, this method is of great value for the selection of suitable candidates for this operation. Postoperatively, the effect of the extraintracranial arterial bypass on the ischemic brain may be quantitatively assessed. The practical management of flow measurements in these patients is discussed.


Abnormal cerebral vasomotor response in patients with brain tumors. In 37 patients with intracranial tumros, regional cerebral blood flow was measured. The typical abnormalities are described and an attempt is made to correlate the blood flow with the histologic type of tumor. Moreover, the deranged cerebral vasomotor responses are demonstrated when the flow is measured during functional tests. The practical value of the method in patients with brain tumors is discussed.


Post mortem investigation of the vertebrabasilar system. The shape, origin, termination and number of the main arteries of the vertebrobasilar system have been analysed in 30 anatomic specimens by dissection of the injected vessels and by radiography. Five projections are described for identifying the different regions of the brain stem and cerebellum through the appearance of the arteries. A technique is proposed for obtaining a 'true' a.p. view of the vessels in vertebral angiography in patients.


Lysis of thrombus in internal carotid artery in the neck. Report of a case. A case report is presented demonstrating spontaneous lysis of clot in the internal carotid artery in the neck with surgical and angiographic documentation. The possible factors promoting thrombus formation and lysis are discussed. Spontaneous lysis of a carotid thrombus occurred in 72 hours.


Orbital phlebography and cavernography in intra-cranial lesions. Orbital phlebography has gained increasing importance in the evaluation of otologic and intracranial pathology. The practical use of this method in vascular and neoplastic lesions in the middle cranial fossa, as well as its probable value in cerebello-pontine angle tumours is reported.


Capillary phase in angiography.

Capillary phase in angiography. The capillary phase is discussed on the basis of primary serial magnification and subtraction. It is suggested that the term 'intermediate phase' better expresses the angiographic appearance in between the arterial and venous phases than the term 'capillary phase'. The intermediate phase is further divided into the precapillary, capillary and postcapillary subphases and anatomic correlations are discussed. Some physiologic and pathologic aspects of the intermediate phase are considered.


Serial magnification angiography under hypocapnia and hypertension. Serial magnification angiography under hypocapnia and hypertension was performed in 200 cases of cerebral tumours and cerebrovascular lesions. The advantages over conventional angiography are evident; the extent of a tumour is easier to determine as well as in most cases the nature of the mass lesion.