[Single and complex effect of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the air on small laboratory animals (rats) under various environmental conditions 2. Effect of hydrogen sulfide alone and hydrogen sulfide with ammonia and dust]. The maximum tolerable concentrations per animal position of hydrogen sulphide alone (5 ppm) and with ammonia (5 ppm H2S; 30 ppm NH3) were established by model experiments under defined environmental conditions. The normal values of the contaminant gas combination were found to be acceptable even with additional dust load on the experimental animals. TGL 29084 should stipulate 5 ppm hydrogen sulphide as the new maximum concentration per animal position.


[Quantitative determinations of plasma protein fractions in pregnant dairy cows during a 24-hour period using micro-agargel electrophoresis]. Total protein and the socalled classical blood plasma fractions were examined in hourly intervals over 24 hours in ten clinically intact pregnant Jersey cows. The average total protein values recorded from the plasma samples were 6.9 per cent and thus physiologically normal. The arithmetic mean values within one circadian rhythm did not differ markedly within each of the following fractions:albumin (38.7 +/- 5.08) alpha1-globulin (11.22 +/- 2.22),alpha2-globulin (14.25 +/- 1.95), and beta-globulins (12.56 +/- 0.91). Moderate rises were established only for the gamma-globulins at 1 a.m., 7 a.m., and 7 p.m. The protein fractions of blood plasma, consequently, are not subject to any circadian rhythm, and the time of blood sampling, therefore, has no bearings on laboratory diagnosis.


[Studies on serum Mg and Ca levels in cattle with grass tetany on hypocalcemia before and following infusion with high Mg and medium or high Ca concentrations]. Behaviour of Mg and Ca content in the blood serum of 28 cattle with grass tetany and hypocalcaemia was evaluated at short time intervals after infusion of 500 ml of a solution A (containing 12 g Mg-adipat and 5 g Ca-gluconate/100 ml aqua dest.) and a solution B (containing 12 g Mg-adipate and 12 g Ca-gluconate/100 ml) respectively. After treatment with the last-named solutions there was evident a considerable increase of Mg-values in the blood serum for a longer period (up to 6 h), also in the case of distinct hypomagnesaemia while Ca-values of the circulating blood declined more quickly. Efficacy of treatment was the better the earlier infusion was performed after occurence of clinical signs. Application of solution B for treatment of grass tetany and paresis with tetany like symptoms is recommended for several reasons. Necessity of assurance the Mg and Ca supply after infusion is emphasized.


[Studies on the activity, properties and isoenzymes of acid phosphatase in the erythrocytes of swine, horse, dog, cat, duck and chicken]. Acid phosphatase of erythrocytes of several species was investigated, with three isozymes having been recorded from swine (three types), three (two types) from horse, four (one type) from dog, two (two types) from cat, two (three types) from duck, and two (one type) from fowl. The Michaelis constant of the enzyme varied between 3.5 and 5 X 10(-4) M for the species involved. The species, however, differed slightly for the optimum pH of the enzyme. The average enzymatic activities were (5.68 +/- 0.42 for dog, 4.46 +/- 1.0 for horse, 3.8 +/- 0.24 for swine, 3.72 for cat, 2.5 +/- 0.62 for duck, and 1.9 +/- 0.8 for fowl. All values are units per gram haemoglobin. Even relatively low concentrations (0.2 or 1 mM) of copper, mercury, and cadmium ions were found to be strong inhibitors of the acid erythrocyte phosphatase.


[Studies on the endocrine and spermatogenetic testicular function 6. In-vitro biosynthesis of testosterone in fractions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum from the rat's testis in relationship to age and quality of dietary proteins]. The metabolic activity of testosterone biosynthesis in fractions of the unstriated endoplasmatic reticulum of testicular tissue in animals in puberty living on corn gluten was about 20 per cent below that in animals that were fed corn gluten plus supplemented amino acids. Such lowered metabolic activity was recordable even from adult animals for another 30 days despite change of feed to high-quality proteins. The conversion rate of progesterone in testostrone still was lowered by some ten per cent. If change of enzyme activity in testosterone biosynthesis was caused by feeding different protein qualities, such variation could not be normalised within short time. Testosterone biosynthesis during postnatal development of rat was of two-phase nature even in the presence of temporary deficit due to low-quality feed protein. A regulation mechanism is assumed to exist and to enable completion of sexual maturity even on the basis of low-quality feed proteins. The metabolic activity at the time of qualitative transformation of the A/T ratio was significantly reduced, and this resulted in delayed occurrence of spermatogenesis as well as in retardation of body and testicular weight development.


[Prenatal diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities. Three years of experience]. Six hundred and eighty one diagnoses were established by means of cell culture and chromosome analysis on amniotic fluid obtained either by late amniocentesis or at the time of therapeutic abortion. Each prenatal diagnosis involved: 1. Genetic consultation. 2. Supervision of the pregnancy before amniocentesis. 3. Amniocentesis in the obstetric department. 4. Confirmation of the diagnosis when an abnormality of the foetus was discolvered. 5. Supervision of the pregnancy following the anmiocentesis and examination of the infant at birth and during the first year of life. The indications for chromosome studies and the results are discussed.


[Treatment of Wilson's disease in children. Five case reports]. Reporting 5 cases of Wilson' disease occuring in children and expressed by a major liver involvement, the practical aspects of therapy are discussed. In 4 cases, follow-up exceeded 3 years. 1. D-Penicillillamine, a chelating agent, is administered for the purpose of inverting the cupric balance. Cupruria has, therefore, no absolute value and must be interpreted according to multiple factors. 2. The effects of D-penicillamine on the liver, as assessed by clinical, biological and histological data, appears encouraging. Laparoscopic examinations, so as to appreciate the evolution of the cirrhosis are still lacking. 3. The decrease in spleen size and signs of hypersplenism probably illustrate the reversibility of the portal hypertension. In Wilson's disease, portal hypertension requires special measures which exclude surgical portal diversion.


Smooth pursuit eye movements, attention, and schizophrenia. In previous studies, smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) have been shown to be disordered in about 70% of schizophrenics and about 45% of their first-degree relatives. In this report, the role of attention in these eye movements is addressed in three experiments (using as subjects schizophrenics, their first-degree relatives, and normals administered chloral hydrate) that recruit focused attention to the task. These studies show that voluntary attention in the form of inattention, "heedless negligence," or failure to cooperate, is not the specific attentional quality that is disordered in SPEM of schizophrenics and their relatives. Rather, the data both indicate that nonvoluntary attending is specifically disordered in these persons, and implicate a neurophysiological substrate that can be described as a failure of inhibitory, synchronizing integrating systems which may be located in the brain stem.


Drug refusal in schizophrenia and the wish to be crazy. The extremes of drug compliance were studied in two groups of schizophrenics: 29 habitual drug-refusers who invariably discontinued medication only to be readmitted several months later, and 30 drug-complier patients who habitually came in for their refills or injections of antipsychotic medication. The drug-refusers experienced the resurgence of an ego-syntonic grandiose psychosis after they discontinued medication. The habitual compliers, in contrast, developed decompensations characterized by such dysphoric affects as depression, anxiety, virtual absence of grandiosity, and some awareness of illness. The refusal of these chronic schizophrenics to take their medication could not be attributed to social isolation, paranoid diagnosis, or secondary gain. A discriminant function analysis showed grandiosity to be the most powerful discriminating variable between the two groups. We interpret these findings to mean that some schizophrenics may prefer an ego-syntonic grandiose psychosis to a relative drug-induced normality.


Total and free plasma tryptophan levels in patients with affective disorders: effects of a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor. Previous reports of decreased cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan levels and decreased free plasma tryptophan levels, as well as a reduction in the volume of distribution of tryptophan, suggest that alterations in the disposition of plasma tryptophan may occur in depressives. We examined the disposition of plasma tryptophan in ten normal controls and ten depressed patients. These measures were made on two drug-free baseline days and on two days when the subjects had been receiving the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa, which inhibits tryptophan metabolism via extracerebral indoleamine pathways.


Reduced growth hormone responses to amphetamine in "endogenous" depressive patients: studies in normal, "reactive" and "endogenous" depressive, schizophrenic, and chronic alcoholic subjects. Several pharmacological stimulation tests of the pituitary-hypothalamic system have been used to investigate psychiatric disorders. This study introduces amphetamine sulfate as a stimulus for human growth hormone (HGH) release in various psychiatric patients. Peak HGH release after a single intravenous administration of amphetamine sulfate, 0.1 mg/kg, was significantly lower in nine "endogenous" depressives (P = .01) and significantly higher in seven "reactive" depressives (P less than .05) as compared to normal subjects, whereas peak HGH release in eight schizophrenics and six chronic alcoholics did not differ significantly from that in normal subjects.


Blackouts: relationship with memory capacity and alcoholism history. Male alcoholic inpatients with a high incidence of memory blackouts did not differ on several memory measures from subjects with a low incidence of blackouts. Alcoholism chronicity also did not differentiate between subjects on the Wechsler Memory Scale, tests of storage and decay of a memory trace, and maintenance of a concept along a temporal continuum. A history of blackouts was, however, related to drinking pattern. High-incidence subjects reported a significantly greater frequency of drinking to intoxication or until falling asleep, craving a drink, and increased tolerance to alcohol.


Psychopathology and mood during heroin use: acute vs chronic effects. In the context of evaluating the effects of a narcotic antagonist on opiate acquisition, 14 detoxified addicts self-administered increasing doses of unblocked heroin intravenously over a ten-day period. Early in the addiction cycle, subjects experienced tension relief and euphoria but this was followed shortly by a shift in the direction of increasing dysphoria and psychopathology. Nonetheless, individual injections of the drug continued to induce brief episodes of positive mood, an effect enhanced by frequent injection. Heroin self-administration was sharply reduced when subjects were blocked with naltrexone, a narcotic antagonist, and the negative effects observed during unblocked drug use were not observed.


[Neonatal jaundice occurring during infection with a Coxsackie B4 virus]. An infant, born at term, presented at the 3rd day of life an hepatitis with hepatospleomegaly, intense icterus and abnormal activities on the coagulation test. Coxsackie B 4 virus could be isolated from the urine, and later on the infant developed specific antibodies of increasing titers. The child recovered and encephalitic or myocardial involvements were not observed. The literature is reviewed and the authors underline the relative rarity but also the severity of Coxsackie B 4 infection in the neonatal period.


[Experimental study on cancerogenic activity of asbestos filters (author's transl)]. Wistar rats evolved many malignant tumors of different localisation. The tumors grew in the time of 8-14 months after oral application of asbestos filters which contained 53% Chrysotile asbestos. The number of tumors was statistically significant different not only in comparison to a control group which got talc only, but also to an untreated control group. The localisation of the tumors varied and so conclusions about organ specifity can not be drawn, when asbestos is applicated orally.


[Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in children]. Antibiotics plasma levels and pharmacokinetics are sometime different in adults and newborns. A study of absorption, plasma levels, half lives, protein binding and extravascular diffusion of antibiotic groups give a survey of the kinetic differences according to the ages.


[Investigation of electrophoretical enzyme phänotypes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, red cell acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase and adenosine deaminase of permanent human cell lines (author's transl)]. Isoenzymes of 11 cell lines were investigated by electrophoretical separation. All lines have been cultivated from tissues of white persons, all but one (Leuc. Th. B.) were phosphoglucomutase 1 and all were adenosine deaminase 1. Three out of 11 cell lines did show glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) type B as expected. Two out of 8 cell lines with G6PD A were distinguishable by their specific type of "red cell" acid phosphatase (SEP). We conclude that in vitro the electrophoretical G6PD phänotyp B changed to phänotype A. Further 4 lines had other peculiarities which are indicative to their originality, though they were G6PD A. Our investigations did show that G6PD may become type A if a cell line changes to permanent growth capacity in vitro. The enzyme marker G6PD A alone may not be valuated as an absolute evidence for contamination or mix up with He-La Cells.


[A modified screening model for potential cancerostatics by i.v. application of L 1210 ascites cells (author's transl)]. Intravenous application of L 1210 ascites cells failed to produce generalized leukemias. The treated animals died after 6-7 days within a short interval time, revealing the picture of massive tumor cell infiltrations in liver and spleen. Using histological and autoradiographical methods it has been established that the primary processes of ascites cell proliferations occur in liver and spleen. The tested reference substances, cytosine arabinoside and cyclophosphamide, showed in this modified model the same effects as after intraperitoneal application. The extremely short death interval of the control animals makes possible a more precise distinction between the death curves of control and test groups.


Combination of ametopterine (MTX) and cyclophosphamide (CPM) based on the principle of partial synchronization of cell proliferation in lung cancer. Phase II study. Twenty-three patients with histologically proven bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung were treated with regimen consisting of 3 intravenous doses of 0.4 mg/kg of MTX and intravenous infusion of 30-50 mg/kg body weight of CPM. Interval between 1st and 2nd dose of MTX, which served as synchronizing agent in phase G1/S, was 12 hrs, and interval between 2nd and 3rd dose -- 6 hrs. Infusion of CPM, which was considered to be a preferably S-phase killer was started simultaneously with administration of 3rd dose of MTX. Such courses were repeated every 21-30 days. Objective responses were noted in 10 of 19 adequately treated patients. MTX-CPM favourably influenced survival of the responders. The therapy was, however associated with a number of adverse reactions, from which neutropenia and complicating bacterial infections were particularly dangerous.


[About occupational rehabilitation of stomach cancer patients after radical operation (author's transl)]. Questions of occupational rehabilitation after radical surgery of patients suffering from cancer reach more and more consideration all over the world. To feel as a usefull member of human society is a very important fact for patients operated radically. Stomach cancer is one of the most frequent localisations in the USSR. Respecting the frequency of invalidity this cancer pretends the second place among these diseases. The report is based on a total 249 cases. The total was divided in three groups: in the first were 113 patients working physically, in the second were 64 brainworkers and in the third 72 people, working not in time before operation. Results are showing, that in average three years are necessary for the rehabilitation of physical workers: 26.3% were working at the same place as before, 19% have gotten an easier workingplace and 54.7% were not a work, but 14.7% of them had an old-age pension. These proportions were the same later og at the same place as before. This leads to the recommendation to perform rehabilitation very individually in physical workers, but brainworkers should start working in the first year after operation without restriction.


[Bronchial cancer in Berlin, capital of the G.D.R. 2. communication. lung cancer detection between 1955 and 1973 (author's transl)]. In Berlin, capital of the G.D.R., more than 8,600 cases of bronchial cancer were observed in the period 1955 to 1969 and in 1973/4. Number of cases has increased from one 5-years period to the following period. Incidence of lung cancer in men increased especially in higher age groups whereas in female a rising incidence can be seen in all age groups. Duration of history is no good measure of health behaviour and of diagnostic quality. Distribution of clinical stages gives reliable information on the situation of detection. With rising age, the proportion of advanced stages increases. Stage distribution has not changed during the observation period and no measurable progress towards earlier detection of lung cancer has been achieved. In the same time, proportion of elderly lung cancer patients rose considerably and the chances of radical surgical treatment grew worse. Nevertheless the resection rate has increased. It seems that the quality of specialized surgical care has made some progress. Some conclusions can be drawn for cancer control: Prophylactic examinations are to be concentrated on high risk groups. Patients with suspicion of lung cancer shall be admitted to the specialist without delay. Development of nonsurgical methods of therapy for cancer of the lung is an important goal.


[Testing of chemical substances, especially drugs, for carcinogenic activity in mammals (author's transl)]. Basing on recommandations given by international institutions and by individual experts and on our own experiences, general recommandations are submitted for the testing of substances for carcinogenic activity with particular respect to drugs and some problems related to the interpretation of the results are discussed.


The influence of trazodone on the circulatory system in patients with endogenous depression. I. Basic circulatory parameters. In patients with endogenous depression in remission, decline of systolic blood pressure and a statistically significant shortening of pulse time were found.


The influence of trazodone on the circulatory system in patients with endogenous depression. II. Influence on vascular reflexes. In patients suffering from endogenous depression, Trazodone caused a tendency to normalization of results of Schellong's orthostatic test, the cold pressor test, and tests of thermoregulation.


The influence of some antidepressant drugs on cardiac function. III. Influence on the isolated heart and isolated coronary blood vessels. Imipramine, nortriptyline and amitriptyline reduced coronary flow in experiments on the isolated heart muscle and raised the tone of isolated coronary blood vessels.


The influence of some antidepressant drugs on cardiac function. IV. Influence of blood supply of the heart in situ. In in situ experiments with cats, impiramine, nortriptyline and amitriptyline depressed arterial blood pressure, diminished coroncary flow and amplitude of the heart's contraction, and slowed cardiac action.


Anticholinergic action of tricyclic antidepressant drugs on the circulatory system. The action of some antidepressant drugs on the circulatory system was found to have an anticholinergic component.


The influence of premedication with 6-OH-dopamine and long-term administration of thymoanaleptics on development of experimental arterial hypertension. Administration of 6-OH-DA into the lateral cerebral ventricle did not prevent development of hypertension or influence the effects of administration of tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TA). Injection os 6-OH-DA intraperitoneally prevented development of hypertension, and TA apparently protected against the consequences of administration of 6-OH-DA.


The influence of kinins on the action of circulatory drugs. I. The influence of kinins on hypertensive and hypotensive effects of selected drugs. The influence of bradykinin and kallikrein on the action of norepinephrine, epinephrine, isoprenaline, phentolamine, propranolol, aminophylline and theophylline on blood pressure was studied. The kinins potentiated the hypertensive action of norepinephrine and epinephrine, weakened the hypotensive action of isoprenaline, potentiated the hypotensive action of propranolol, and had no effect on the action of phentolamine, aminophylline and theophylline.


The influence of kinins on the action of circulatory drugs. II. The influence of bradylinin on the action of selected drugs on the isolated rat heart. The influence of bradykinin and bradykinin in conjunction with norepinephrine, epinephrine, isoprenaline, phentolamine and propranolol on the work of the isolated rat heart was studied. Amplitude of cardiac contractions, their frequency, and coronary flow were recorded. The kinin had no influence on the work of the isolated rat heart, inhibited the stimulating action of norepinephrine, epinephrine and isoprenaline on the heart muscle, and had no effect on the action of phentolamine and propranolol.


The influence of albumin degradation products on central effect of thiopental. The influence of trypsin- and leukocyte-induced degradation products of albumin on the potency of thiopental action was studied. Degradation products of albumin increased the potency of this drug as evaluated by Lat's test, prolonged the duration of thiopental sleep and potentiated the hypothermic effects of thiopental. Thiopental action under the influence of albumin degradation products did not depend on the changes to accumunlation of this drug in the brain tissue.


The influence of albumin degradation products on central action of amphetamine and pentetrazol. Trypsin degradation products of albumin given intraperitoneally and into the brain ventricle decrease psychostimulatory effects of amphetamine as evaluated by Lat's test and stereotypy. Albumin degradation products obtained by trypsin and leukocyte digestion increased the convulsant effects of pentetrazol. These effects are possibly connected with a neurohormonal background in the central nervous system.


The influence of ATP and AMP injected into the lateral ventricles of the brain on behavior in rats. The influence of ATP and AMP injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle in doses of 50, 100 and 200 mug on behavior in rats was studied. ATP in the doses administered had no effect on behavior of rats. AMP in these doses enhanced motor activity of the rats. Chemical sympathectomy by intracerebral injection of 6-hydroxy-dopamine did not affect the action of either of the compounds on behavior of rats. AMP potentiated the action of intracerbrally administered noradrenaline on behavior of the animals.


The influence of trypsin and neuraminidase on content of serotonin in rat blood platelets. Trypsin produced phasic changes (increase or decrease) in the serotonin levels in blood platelets depending on the initial concentration of serotonin in the platelets. The lowest concentration of trypsin that was used raised the content of serotonin in unloaded platelets, while all tested concentrations of trypsin lowered content of serotonin when the platelets were loaded with serotonin. Prolongation of time of incubation from 6 to 12 minutes revealed an action of some of the concentrations of trypsin that were previously inactive. Neuraminidase lowered serotonin levels in rat platelets. The effect of the highest concentration of neuraminidase was enhanced in presence of some of the concentrations of trypsin.


The antiviral activity of isatin beta-thiosemicarbazone derivatives on vaccinia virus infection in mice. Newly synthetized compounds of Mannich bases isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone derivatives: N,N'-bis-(beta-thiosemicarbazone-isatinmethyl)-2-methylpiperazine (TSKI-VI); N,N'-bis (beta-thiosemicarbazoneisatinmethyl)-cis-2,5-dimethylpiperazine (TSKI-VII) and N,N'-bis (beta-thiosemicarbazoneisatinmethyl)-trans-2,5-dimethylpiperazine (TSKI-VII), showed protective effect on mice infected i.c. with neurovaccinia virus. Antiviral activity was shown already at doses of 1-25 mg/kg increased with the concentrations of the administratered compounds. TSKI-VI given prophylactically also showed protective effect, similar to metisazone in mice later infected i.c. with vaccinia virus.


New derivatives of 2-chromanone-4 as potential antiinflammatory drugs. II. 2-Carboxymethyl-3,6-diacetoxybenzo-(b)-furan and its amido derivatives. The action of acetyl chloride on 2-carboxy-7-hydroxychromanone-4 (I) gives rise to a compound with structure 2-chlorocarbonylmethane-3,6-diacetoxybenzo-(b)-furan (II). Chloride (II) was used to obtain amides IV--XI. Pharmacologic screening of chromanone derivatives showed strongest anti-inflammatory activity of 2-(2,4-dichloroanilido)- and 2-cyclohexylamido-3,6-diacetoxybenzo-(b)-furan (compounds 9 and 10), and much weaker anti-inflammatory activity of the remaining compounds.


The effect of uropolinum, a diatrizoate contrast medium, on erythrocyte metabolism. In the presence of Uropolinum (sodium and N-methylglucamine diatrizoate) the lactate production of erythrocytes was decreased in half of the cases studied. The addition of albumin showed a protective effect on glycolysis of red blood cells. A decrease in glutathione reductase and increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was observed in all cases. Acethylcholinesterase activity was unaffected by Uropolinum. The activities of phosphohexose isomerase, phosphofructokinase. aldolase and ATP-ase were decreased in some subjects and increased in the others. It may be attributed to individual sensitivity of some subjects to diatrizoates and is consistent with clinical observations.


Botulinum antitoxins and antibacterial IgM and IgG antibodies in sera of persons immunized with botulinum polytoxoid combined with cholera vaccine. II. Response to cholera vaccine. The response of humans to cholera vaccine was very heterogeneous. The proportion of IgG vibriocidal antibodies was high in persons having previous natural or artificial contact with V. cholerae antigens. Predominance of IgM antibody response was seen in persons vaccinated for the first time. This type of response was sometimes evoked by unspecific stimuli such as botulinum polytoxoid without cholera vaccine. Antibodies passively protecting mice were found both in IgM and IgG globulins but the activity of these antibodies was higher in IgG than in IgM globulins.


The influence of lymphocytes on blood proteins in vitro. Autologous IgG, IgM and IgA globulins were assayed quantitatively by the immunodiffusion method in cultures of white blood cells from 14 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In cases in which levels of IgG in the patient's blood were lower than 1,000 mg/100 ml, the IgG globulin was statistically significantly deficient in the cultures. Moreover, concentrations of IgG in the culture supernatant and absolute lymphocytosis were moderately strongly correlated. These observations indicate that the white blood cells of leukemia patients combine with IgG in their environment, and that this may be one of the mechanisms leading to hypogammaglobulinemia.


Influence of serum protein and medium composition on the dynamic adhesiveness of lymphocytes and erythrocytes. The dynamic adhesiveness of lymphocytes and erythrocytes to glass was studied in two media differing in concentration of serum protein and bivalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+). The serum protein reduced adhesion of both kinds of cells, the effect being much greater with erythrocytes. Different adhesive properties of lymphocytes and erythrocytes under dynamic conditions were also observed in the protein-free media. Erythrocytes appear to be more sensitive to the influence of serum proteins as well as to the medium composition (in the absence of serum). Some influence of the ionic strength of the medium on erythrocyte adhesion is suggested. No effect of bivalent cations on lymphocyte adhesiveness with and without protein was observed.


Transplantation of Peyer's patches under the kidney capsule in syngeneic mice. I. Morphological studies. The morphology of Peyer's patches transplanted under the kidney capsule in syngeneic mice was studied up to 30 days after transplantation. Changes undergoing in transplants were arbitrarily divided into three stages: the initial stage of necrosis, then from the third day on -- clearing of dead tissues, and finally, from the fifth day -- lymphoid regeneration. Starting from the ninth day on, the lymphoid structure of the transplants was quite distinct. Transplants appeared to be similar to Peyer's patches in situ. Reconstituted transplants contained a huge number of blood vessels located with lymphocytes. The epithelial cysts were found in all the transplants. They were formed by remnants of persisted intestinal epithelium covering Peyer's patches in situ. The possibility of epithelial influence on lymphoid regeneration of the transplants is discussed.


A modified method for isolating alpha-amylase from rabbit skeletal muscle. A modified method for purifying alpha-amylase from rabbit skeletal muscle is described, which in comparison with the previously published method gives better results of isolation and is economical, less time-consuming, and require less material. The former method gave 1,340-fold purification of the enzyme with a yield of 0-6%, and the new method 2,014-fold purification and 7-6% yield. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel showed absence of a strictly defined zone of enzyme activity and presence of inactive proteins.


Partial purification of nucleopeptides from rabbit skeletal muscle by the tannin-caffeine procedure. After precipitation of acid-soluble proteins from sulfosalicylic acid extracts of rabbit skeletal muscles with tannin at neutral pH, the remaining material still formed insoluble complexes with tannin. After removing tannin with caffeine complexes subjected to column chromatography on Dowex 1 x 8 gave four fractions containing both amino acids and nucleotides. It was concluded that the isolated material contains nucleopeptides, besides nucleotides.


Binding of 2,4,6,-triiodobenzoic derivatives with blood cells. I. Binding of 125I-labeled uropolin with lymphocytes and erythrocytes during separation of blood in uropolin-dextran gradient. 125I-labeled Uropolin (syn. Uropolinum, Uromiro, Urografin) is bound to lymphocytes and erythrocytes if used to isolate lymphocytes in uropolin-dextran gradient. After 24-hr storage of 4 degrees C lymphocytes retained 60% of their radioactivity, and erythrocytes 87% under the same conditions.


Functional evaluation of normal and pathologic knees during gait. The functional performance of the knee joints of 29 normal volunteers, 65 patients with degenerative joint disease and 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was studied according to clinical (historical, physical and roentgenographic) and biomechanical gait parameters. Temporal and distance gait factors (velocity, cadence and stride length) were significantly reduced in patients with diseased knees. Sagittal plane knee motion was markedly reduced, as was stance phase flexion, indicating poor tolerance of loading the flexed knee in the patient groups. There was no correlation between passive motion of the diseased knee and the amount of motion used during gait. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis generally showed more compromise of knee joint function than did patients with degenerative joint disease. Statistically, significant correlations between various clinical and biomechanical gait parameters suggest that the techniques used are an objective measurement of knee joint function and may be employed as a means of evaluating various treatment modalities for the diseased knee.


Interstimulus interval effects on habituation of flexor withdrawal activity mediated by the functionally transected human spinal cord. The habituation of flexor withdrawal activity mediated by the functionally transected human spinal cord was investigated as a function of a wide range of different temporal intervals among the repetitive cutaneous stimuli. Nine patients with a chronic, transverse lesion of the cervical spinal cord were submitted to four daily habituation training series involving interstimulus intervals of either 1, 5, 25, or 125 seconds. The stimulus consisted of a 40-msec pulse train applied through surface electrodes to a midplantar site, and the response was expressed in terms of the goniometrically recorded dorsiflexion of the ankle. A reliable degree of habituation was found for the series involving the 1- and 5-second intervals. However, holding constant the number of stimuli involved in the comparisons, no habituation was found for the series involving intervals of 25 and 125 seconds.


Lateralization in stroke syndromes as a factor in ambulation. Lateralization should not be ignored in any rehabilitation program for patients with stroke syndromes. Despite the known differences resulting from the localization in the dominant versus the nondominant hemisphere (spatial perception, speech, etc.), practical application of this knowledge in gait training is sparse. The authors looked into different stages of ambulation and the time sequence between these stages and the onset of disease. Standing and walking in parallel bars and outside, as well as elevation activities were given numerical values in an effort to assess abilities quantitatively. The assessment of each patient was recorded graphically (stage of gait against time) and then the different graphs were summated in order to form a common right hemiparetic versus left hemiparetic curve. This study of 236 out of 298 patients (129 left hemiparetics and 107 right ones) showed the following: (1) The right hemiparetics progressed more rapidly in all stages of ambulation, statistically significant figures being obtained for the first two stages; (2) a greater percentage of right versus left hemiparetics reached the assigned levels of ambulation: and (3) 89% out of the 236 patients included in our study were able to ambulate in parallel bars, 81% outside the bars and 38.5% were proficient in stair climbing. Out of the original total number of patients (298), 64% were able able to ambulate outside the bars.


Myofeedback for muscle retraining in hemiplegic patients. The use of audiovisual displays of myoelectric potentials (myofeedback) has been suggested for retraining and strengthening of paretic muscles in patients with hemiplegia from stroke. This controlled study examines the specificity and efficiency of myofeedback in the strengthening of paretic muscles in hemiplegic patients. Eighteen patients with trace to fair-minus grade of deltoid muscle power resulting from strokes that had occurred at least six weeks earlier were randomly assigned to the six possible orders of accurate (true), positive noncontingent (placebo) and no feedback conditions. On three successive days, each patient received one session of each feedback condition, consisting of 20 isometric contractions of five seconds each with ten seconds of intervening rests. In addition, each patient's motivational level was rated. Averaged myoelectric potentials were quantified for each contraction for analysis. When the data were analyzed without grouping, no statistical differences among the three feedback conditions were noted. However, when the subjects were grouped according to age and motivational level, during true and no feedback sessions, the older and the poorly motivated groups were found to show progressive increment of myoelectric output, whereas the younger and the better motivated showed the opposite results. With placebo feedback, both groups showed progressive decrement of myoelectric output. It is concluded that the effect of myofeedback is nonspecific at least in its short-term application for the retraining of hemiplegically paretic muscles.


[On the evolution of voice (author's transl)]. The paper gives a short survey of the phylogenetic development of the laryngeal and supralaryngeal apparatus from amphibians to man. The increasing differentiation of vocal behaviour, paralleling the differentiation of the vocal apparatus, is outlined and special reference is made to the non-verbal component in human language. It is stressed that animal vocal repertoires can be extremely rich, but in contrast to human verbal behaviour they are generated almost exclusively by laryngeal modulations and only to a minimal degree by supralaryngeal activity (i.e. articulation). A phylogenetic development can also be seen in the cerebral organization of vocal behaviour. In amphibians, reptiles and lower mammals, the dorsal midbrain-pons transitional zone seems to be the only area responsible for the production of vocal utterances. This area probably serves in integrating vocal fold movements, expiration, intra- and extra-oral muscle activity into species-specific vocal patterns; its destruction results in mutism. In higher mammals, including man, this area does not lose its original function but is brought under the control of the cortex around the anterior sulcus cinguli (supplementary motor area and anterior cingulate gyrus). The latter seems to play an essential role in the initiation of vocal utterances in situations which do not have a rigid stimulus-response characteristic, i.e. in voluntary vocal behaviour. The highest level of voice production, finally is represented by the cortical face area, the destruction of which is without consequence to the innate vocal behaviour of animals but produces dysarthria in man. This area (together with its associated structures, such as the cortex-pontine nuclei-cerebellum-thalamus-cortex circuit) seems to be essential for the production of verbal or, more generally, learned vocal behaviour.


[A short questionnaire for problem drinkers. An empirical analysis (author's transl)]. This short questionnaire for alcoholics (KFA) has so far been used as an aid for the clinical diagnosis of alcoholism. In the presented empirical study the KFA was tested on its efficiency as an independent diagnostic instrument for the identification of alcoholics. The questionnaire was given to 120 male alcoholics and 80 male controls (nonalcoholic inpatients). Its validity (correlation of test scores by independent criterion) of r = 0.81 with a reliability of r = 0.94 is fairly high, considering the nature of our control group being inpatients in contrast to the normally used healthy controls. A further improvement of discrimination could be achieved in weighting certain items. On this basis given a cutting score of 6 points the misclassifications in both alcoholics and controls could be reduced to 4%. Allowing this error rate the KFA can be considered a suitable test for the identification of alcoholics.


[The selective examination of the neck arteries by directional Doppler sonography (author's transl)]. The Doppler examination of the neck arteries of 300 subjects showed, that the common, internal and external carotid arteries and the vertebral artery can reliably be distinguished on the basis of their different pulse-curve characteristics. In addition, the compression of branches of the external carotid artery can identify these vessels in particular in pathologic cases. The details of the normal flow profiles and their changes by the compression tests are described. Compression of the vessels leads to a rise in flow resistance. The effect of such a rise in resistance is demonstrated using the A. radialis as a model. The identification of the neck arteries provides the basis for diagnostic examination and localization of their stenoses and occlusions.


[The diagnosis of stenoses and occlusions of the carotid arteries by means of directional Dopplersonography (author's transl)]. The Doppler examination of the carotid arteries in the neck was compared with the results of the examination of the supratrochlear artery and of the angiographic controls in 76 patients. The results of this study indicate that the insonation of the carotid arteries considerably improves the diagnostic possibilities offered by the examination of the supratrochlear artery alone. There are three main advantages: 1. The reliability of the Doppler examination is improved. The insonation of the carotid arteries of the 76 angiographically controlled patients including stenoses from 50% onward gave only one false-positive and one false-negative result. The percentage of correct diagnoses thereby attained was 97%. 2. The insonation of the carotid arteries permits reliable differentiation between stenoses and occlusions. This is not possible by the insonation of the supratrochlear artery alone. There was only one case in which the distinction was wrong. 3. The localization of the pathologic process was possible in all cases. These conclusions are only valid for the detection of occlusions and stenoses of more than 50%. Low degree stenoses cannot be detected by this method.


[The diagnosis of obstructions of the vertebral and subclavian arteries by means of directional Doppler sonography (author's transl)]. The Doppler examination of the vertebral and subclavian arteries was compared with the angiographic findings in 40 cases. The vertebral flow was recorded at its atlas slope, the subclavian artery at the supraclavicular fossa. Twenty-seven normal Doppler results were confirmed by angiography in 26 cases. In one case there was a 70% stenosis at the origin of the vertebral artery. Occlusions, stenoses, and severe hypoplasia of the vertebral artery can be detected, but not distinguished from each other by the Doppler examination. Diagnostically relevant findings are either nondetectable flow above the vertebral artery or only minor pulsations with amplitudes less than 25% of the normal side. Eleven cases showed a flow reversal in a vertebral artery. Five of them were angiographically controlled and all showed a typical subclavian steal syndrome. Although the precision of the results of the examination of the vertebral artery is not as good as for the carotid arteries, it is a rough, suitable atraumatic screening method particularly for the subclavian steal syndrome.


Temperature and endocrine activity during sleep in man. Activation of cortisol and thyroid-stimulating hormone, inhibition of human growth hormone secretion by raised or decreased ambient and body temperatures. 1. Polygraphic night sleep recordings in eight healthy male volunteers with simultaneous measurement of rectal temperature, plasma growth hormone (HGH), cortisol, and TSH concentrations were performed during normal, raised, and lowered ambient and body temperature. 2. There was a statistically significant increase in plasma cortisol and TSH levels during cold nights with a smaller rise during high temperatures. 3. Growth hormone levels, measured as the mean highest plasma concentration in the first two NREM-REM sleep cycles, were slightly lower during hot and cold nights than corresponding baseline values. It is suggested that there may be an inverse relation between ACTH and HGH secretion by the anterior pituitary gland. 4. During the nights of high ambient temperature, decreased total duration of sleep and particularly low values of paradoxical sleep were observed. Night sleep in low ambient temperature with a significant decrease of body temperature is not different from baseline conditions. 5. The results suggest that a pronounced increase in stress hormone secretion may occur without changes in polygraphic EEG criteria.


[Drug abuse and schizophrenia (author's transl)]. In a series of 103 psychotic patients with evidence of drug abuse, the following facts came to light. 1. A definitive diagnosis was made in 94%. In 6% of these cases the diagnosis remained unclear even after having been admitted for a second time. 2. Seventy-four percent (72 of 97) of the patients, who abused various drugs, usually in combination had organic psychoses, and 26% (25 of 97) were diagnosed as schizophrenics. 3. Of 36 patients, who suffered psychotic episodes due to the abuse of cannabis, or LSD, or heroin, 21 (= 58%) were schizophrenics. 4. In those cases showing organic psychoses, thought insertion, thought withdrawal, and thought broadcasting were not found. However all other first- (and second-) rank symptoms (Kurt Schneider) of schizophrenia were found. Perhaps this might be of help as a differential criterion. 5. The fact of drug abuse at the outset of a schizophrenia is dependent on the schizophrenic symptomatology. The use of and attitude to the drug as well as the experiencing of the drug's effects changes in the further course of the psychosis. This last point might also be of value in the differential diagnosis.


[The effect of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol in mania (author's transl)]. Six patients with the diagnosis of acute mania were treated with high doses of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol. One of these patients was treated during two manic phases. Psychopathologic change during treatment was rated daily by a psychiatrist not informed on the patients medication. The IMPS (Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale) was used. Three cases were placebo-controlled under double blind conditions. Four times we had a second medication period, twice with propranolol and once with oxprenolol and dexpropranolol respectively. Propranolol was administered every 4 h (six times per day), starting with single doses of 20-40 mg. Doses were increased individually under control of pulse rate, blood pressure, and ECG. Augmentation of doses was continued until an effect on manic symptomatology was undoubtedly seen or until therapy had to be discontinued because of side-effects. In four patients definite improvement of manic symptomatology could be achieved during altogether five manic phases within usually two treatment periods of 5-15 days. Manic behavior disappeared completely in two of these patients. The effective dosage of propranolol varied between 280 and 2320 mg per day. All of the improved patients relapsed after discontinuation of the drug. In the only case on dexpropranolol (5 days up to 900 mg daily) the effect was questionable. No extrapyramidal side-effects were observed. In one patient treatment was discontinued because of lack of cooperation, in another because of extrasystoles. Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in the patient who received dexpropranolol. This complication was possibly due to other medication. Other side-effects were insomnia, hypertension, precordial pain, abdominal pain as well as the expected hypotension and bradycardia. The significance of these results regarding the catecholamine hypothesis of manic-depressive illness is discussed.


[Training and dominance in human voluntary movements. Right-left-comparisons of putting and throwing programs (author's transl)]. 1. Muscle action potentials and efficiency were measured during shot putting and ball throwing in right and left handed normals. The dominant and the nondominant side were compared in trained and untrained persons in order to investigate motor learning effects. 2. Trained shot putters show a coordinated sequence of activation of trunk, leg and arm muscles of both sides which precedes the final arm extension. After turning the body from an initially inclined and twisted position the final arm extension transfers the force of the accelerated body mass to the shot. 3. When shot putting or throwing is performed by the nondominant arm in subjects trained for the dominant arm the coordination of the contralateral dominant arm is lacking, in contrast to the performance by the trained arm. 4. In untrained persons the shot putting is effected mainly by arm extension on either side. The preceding trunk and leg action is very incomplete and without coordination of the contralateral arm, whereas the shot putting arm shows stronger triceps brachii innervation. The distances achieved by untrained shot putters reach only one-fifth or one-third of those of highly trained persons. 5. In ball throwing the throwing arm shows final coactivation of the biceps and triceps muscles coordinated with trunk and contralateral arm movements. The distances reached by throwing with the untrained arm are about half of those of the trained dominant arm. 6. Trained sportsmen put the shot with the untrained nondominant arm to 73% of the distance achieved by the trained arm. Untrained persons, however, show an approximately equal, smaller range of shot with the dominant and nondominant arm (8% side difference). 7. A biomechanical factor causing different performances of trained and untrained persons in shot putting is the different force of the energy transferring mass: the untrained person thrusts mainly with the arm which has barely 1/20 of the mass of the whole body, used by the trained shot putter. 8. That bilateral training and not hemispheric dominance is the decisive factor producing the improved efficiency is demonstrated by three observations: a) the maximal efficiency and bilateral coordination of shot putting in trained persons, b) the lack of contralateral activation of the dominant arm in shot putting and throwing by the nondominant arm, and c) the minimal left and right side differences in performance of untrained persons.


Anal lesions complicating Crohn disease. Of 503 patients with Crohn disease seen at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, 138 (28%) developed an anorectal abscess, anal fissure, or anal fistula during the course of their disease. In 9.3% of patients the anal lesion preceded the onset of intestinal symptoms by two weeks to 12 years. Patients in our series with large bowel disease were twice as likely to develop an anal lesion as were patients with small bowel disease. Likewise, patients with large bowel disease were twice as likely to have had an anal lesion as a presenting symptom. A patient with an anal lesion, however, was more apt to develop small bowel disease simply because the small bowel was a far commoner site of Crohn disease in this series. The cause of the anal lesions is still not clear. Specific evidence of Crohn disease was not found in histological examination of material from any of the patients.


Surgical treatment of hydatid disease of the liver. This report reviews 21 capsulorrhaphies for for hydatid disease of the liver. At operation, the cysts were intact, with clear fluid, and there was no gross bile oozing in the residual hepatic cavity. The largest amount of normal saline solution that filled a cavity in the right lobe was 650 ml. Only one patient (5%) underwent a second operation 16 days after the first one for infection that developed in a right lobe cavity after capsulorrhaphy. Insertion of a drain secured the recovery in three weeks. In retrospect, retention of a daughter cyst that was recovered at the second operation could account for this complication. The postoperative hospitalization period was eight to ten days for these patients. One can conclude from this experience that capsulorrhaphy has solved the problem of residual cavity provided that the technical points are observed.


The axillo-axillary bypass graft: further experience. The recent utilization of the axillo-axillary bypass graft for revascularization of proximal subclavian or innominate artery occlusions has proved to be a successful operation, technically simple with a low operative morbidity. We have reviewed the reported experience to date and have added our experience of nine additional cases. The procedure has produced excellent results in all patients, with no evidence of postoperative "steal" from the donor limb. Preoperative hemodynamic defects were corrected. Our experience has led us to the conclusion that this simpler and safer extrathoracic approach should be considered as the procedure of choice when arterial lesions allow for its selection and use.


Reversibility of hepatic failure following jejunoileal bypass. Jejunoileal bypass was performed in 50 morbidly obeses patients. The morbidity encountered compared favorably with that of other series. All patients manifesting hepatic failure demonstrated hyperbilirubinemia within the first three months postoperatively. Hyperbilirubinemia, if uncorrected, resulted in a mortality of 75%. Augmentation jejunal interposition was performed in three patients who demonstrated hepatic decompensation or severe electrolyte imbalance or both. This resulted in rapid correction of electrolyte disturbances, liver function measurements, and patient symptoms without significant postoperative weight gain. Persistent hyperbilirubinemia or recalcitrant electrolyte problems or both are indications for augmentation jejunal interposition.


Laboratory experience with a new autotransfusion device. A new device for collecting and administering blood by intraoperative autotransfusion consists of several novel features: a collection bag that is kept expanded by a vacuum and into which the blood is drawn by suction of a lesser degree than the outside vacuum, a crease in the collection bag that decreases turbulence and foaming, and separation of the infusion element from the retrieval system by a valve that allows pressure infusion and suction continously. The apparatus is inexpensive, quickly assembled, operated by wall suction or suction pump. We have had favorable experience with its use in animals.


Effect of glucagon on hepatic circulation in the pig. The effect of intravenous injection of 50 mug/kg of glucagon on the hepatic circulation of the pig was studied in 12 animals. Glucagon caused an arterial pressure reduction of 11 mm Hg after two minutes and 7 mm Hg after ten minutes. The portal pressure and blood flow were not altered. The superior mesenteric arterial flow decreased by 12%. The hepatic arterial blood flow increased by 80% after two minutes and by 58% after ten minutes. There was no difference in response when anesthesia was achieved with small intravenous doses of thiopental (Pentothal) sodium or 70% nitrous oxide in oxygen and tubocurarine chloride.


Dilation of intraheptic bile ducts in choledochal cyst: case report with follow-up review of the literature. Fifty-five cases of intrahepatic dilation of the bile ducts associated with choledochal cyst have been found in the literature, mostly reported over the past five years. Obstructive jaundice is often not present at an early stage in this group of patients, but dissociation of the serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels could be an early manifestation of this condition. Recent advances in diagnosis and new concepts of the cause and surgical management are reviewed. A case is reported where choledochocystojejunostomy was performed using automatic stapling instruments. Disappearance of symptoms, normalization of liver functions, and reduction in size of the cysts were observed during the two-year postoperative period.


Total pancreatectomy for recurrent medullary fat necrosis. A patient had subcutaneous and medullary bone fat necrosis associated with chronic, recurrent pancreatitis. In the case, recurrent symptoms of pancreatitis as well as progressive bone destruction were correlated with an increase in serum lipase levels. Total pancreatectomy was followed by relief of all symptoms and healing of destroyed bone. Medullary fat necrosis may be associated with pancreatitis, pancreatic trauma, or cancer of the pancreas. Pancreatectomy may be useful if conservative treatment does not lead to healing of severe medullary fat necrosis associated with recurrent pancreatitis.


Hepatic adenoma associated with oral contraceptive use: an unusual clinical presentation. A young woman who had taken contraceptive steroids for many years had the acute onset of abdominal pain because of central necrosis and hemorrhage into a hepatic adenoma. She had multiple lesions confined to one lobe of the liver. Persistent pyrexia and leukocytosis were also prominent clinical findings. She has had no evidence of recurrence of this problem during the seven years following right hepatic lobectomy. A review of the anabolic and contraceptive steroid-associated hepatic neoplasms is presented with comments directed toward the recognition of the critical clinical sequelae that can befall the patient with hepatic adenoma. Although all the patients in the steroid-treated group have tumors with benign and striking histologic similarity, microscopic evidence of malignant invasion of surrounding tissue is occassionally noted.


Catheter duodenostomy for perforated duodenal ulcer. A new technique of catheter duodenostomy is described as treatment for a large perforated duodenal ulcer in a patient who came to the hospital seven days after the perforation. The problem of gastric stasis due to pyloric obstruction was tackled by gastrostomy. Nutritional needs of the patient were met by feeding through the duodenostomy catheter.


[Determination of data of protein metabolism kinetics from studies with 15N labeled feed]. The protein metabolism of normal growing rats was investigated in studies with 15N labelled feeding-stuffs (spring barley and feed yeast) which were based on a model developed by CZARNETZKI and coworkers (1969). Data on the kinetics of protein metabolism were calculated from the balances between the quantities of nitrogen and 15N ingested and those excreted with the faeces and urine. The rate of synthesis for the body proteins of growing rats (100 g liveweight) was found to be dependent upon the protein intake. 0.84 g of body protein were synthesized per day when 100 mg N were ingested. This rate increased to 1.8 g per day when the intake was 400 mg N. The rate of protein decomposition was also shown to be dependent on the level of protein consumption. The mean period of nitrogen retention in body proteins was shown to be about 30 days, the nitrogen pool was determined to be 0.30 g N.


[Nitrogen metabolism in the broiler chicken determined by means of 15N labeled wheat]. Studies were made on the N and 15N excretion of 4-weeks-old male broilers fed 15N labelled wheat. The broilers excreted an average of 1143 mg N per bird per day. This would correspond to a level of N retention of 1105 mg N per day (49% of N intake) for birds consuming 2248 mg N daily. 53.9 mg of the 148 mg of 15N ingested on the first day of tracer administration (=36% of the amount administered) were excreted on the same day. Separation of the excreta by chemical means was not found to be a suitable method for the subsequent 15N isotope analysis of faecal and urinary N. Only colostomated birds can be used if the degree of labelling of faecal and urinary N has to be determined.


[Studies of the methods used for the determination of the digestibility of crude fats in calves]. An investigation was made of methods used for the exact determination of the crude content and crude extract of faeces. The following methods were examined: (1) Following treatment with hydrochloric acid a 1:1 mixture of ether and petroleum ether was used. (2) Following hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid extraction with ether was carried out immediately from the aqueous phases. (3) The analysis was carried out with Folch's solvent. A 1:1 mixture of methanol and chloroform was used. (4) The faeces were dried with infrared lamps and crude fat extraction was carried out with Folch's solvent. A 1:1 mixture of methanol and chloroform was used. (5) The faeces were dried with infrared lamps and extraction with ether was done in a Soxhlet apparatus. Nearly identical results were obtained with methods 1 and 2 or 3 and 4 in determining the content of crude extract, the acid number and the percentage proportion of fatty acids. Essential differences were found between methods 1 and 2 and methods 3 and 4. The most reliable results were obtained by using method (2). Method (5) was found to be most suitable for large-scale testing. Values for the content of crude extract in the faeces were somewhat lower (0.78%-1.2%) when determined by method (5). These variations were not significant statistically. (P greater than 5%). No significant differences were observed between methods (2) and (5). It was thus established that method (5) is best suited for estimating the crude extract of the faces. The faeces of calves were found to contain a high proportion of unsaponifiable matter. This proportion was subtracted from the percentage of crude extract and the amount of faecal crude fat was thus estimated. Very small but statistically significant differences were found by converting digestibility data of crude extract into those of crude fat. Hence, for future work the most appropriate method appears to be the estimation of the crude extract in feedingstuffs.


The substitution of protein feed by lysine-supplemented protein-rich wheat during the raisung and laying periods in hens. 6. Report. The effect of graded lysine supplemented on the crude nutritional content of the carcas of laying hens. In the present work 8 hens taken from each of the 16 experimental groups (90 birds per group) were killed at the end of the trial period (52 weeks). The weight of the organs was determined and bones, the utilizable parts and the residual carcass were analyzed for their crude nutrient content. The experimental birds received rations containing a large proportion of high-protein wheat supplemented with varying levels of lysine. Variations in the lysine supply did not affect the mass of blood, feathers, bones, liver, stomach, heart and ovaries, including ovarian follicles. An analysis of the utilizable parts (flesh, stomach, heart, liver, follicles, fat) for crude nutrients showed that the heavier birds receiving adequate amounts of lysine contained less crude protein and more crude fat than the smaller birds. A positive correlation was found to exist between the crude ash content of these samples (expressed as %) and the levels of lysine supplied during the laying period. All the birds receiving the lysine-deficient ration during the time of rearing or during the laying period contained significantly less crude ash in their bones. Alongside with the crude ash content the phosphorus content of the bones decreased when the birds where fed the diet for laying hens.


[The replacement of skim milk in the diet of young pigs with an extremely short suckling period. 2. Report. Replacement of skim milk by fish meal and wheat in various ways and use of wheat in crude or boiled form in a liquid feed]. 15 trials were carried out with 600 young pigs receiving a type of liquid skim milk diet from the 12th to the 28th day of age. 0% to 75% of the proportion of dietary milk were replaced by wheat and fish meal. The experimental rations used in the trial exhibited a high digestibility of crude nutrients. No transitional feeding period was necessary between the feeding of the milk diet and that of the substituted ration. Whole meal from crude wheat was found to be equivalent in quality to whole meal made from cooked wheat. A liquid feed in which about 50% of the dietary milk is replaced by wheat and fish meal is well suited for being fed to young pigs when these are between 13 and 28 days of age.


Temperature-sensitive virion transcriptase activity in mutants of WSN influenza virus. Temperature-sensitive mutants of WSN influenza virus (10, 11, 12) were tested in vitro for activity of the virion RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase at various temperatures. Temperature-sensitivity was found for virion transcriptase activity of mutants belonging to complementation/recombination group I, but not groups II, IV and V. It was not possible on the basis of the results to specify the precise biochemical lesion of mutants from group III.


Isolation of Reovirus type 2 from respiratory tract of sheep. A virus isolated from a nasal swab taken from a healthy lamb was identified as a reovirus on the basis of morphology and physicochemical characteristics. This virus agglutinated human 0 erythrocytes and was shown by haemagglutination tests to be a type 2 reovirus. Serological evidence indicated infection of other healthy lambs in the same group.


Phospholipid and cholesterol composition of rubella virus and its host cell BHK 21 grown in suspension cultures. Analysis of total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol distribution has been conducted in parallel on BHK 21/13S cells grown in suspension cultures, on purified Rubella virus and on cells infected by the virus. Extracellular virus was purified by use of a previously described procedure (3,4). A higher content of lipid and phospholipid was found in infected cells (versus control cells) which were characterized by the presence of an unidentified nonphosphorylated lipid fraction that was detected neither in the control cells nor in the purified virus. The level and the nature of phospholipids and cholesterol of BHK 21/13S cells (infected or not) were compared to those of various clones of BHK 21cells. The same phospholipids were detected in the virus and in the cells but phosphatidyl choline level was much higher than in the control cells and lower than in the infected cells, while phosphatidyl ethanolamine content was lower than in the cells (infected or not). The presence of cardiolipin (4.4 per cent), the amount of sphingomyelin (6.9 per cent) and the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids (0.26) in varions seem to favor a rubella virus maturation site in the cells.


Rotavirus infection in lambs: studies on passive protection. Gnotobiotic lambs were protected against rotavirus infection by the presence in the gut at the time of infection of colostrum or serum containing antibodies to rotavirus. This protection was observed even when passively-acquired antibody was not present in the serum of the infected lamb. Infection under these conditions may have conferred immunity to subsequent challenge.


Feline calicivirus carrier state. A study of the host/virus relationship. The inter-epidemic phase of feline calicivirus was studied in a number of cats. During this period animals asymptomatically shed infective virus which was monitored at a number of sites and during different environmental conditions. Analysis of the amounts of virus shed by different cats showed that excretion occurred almost exclusively from the oropharynx, fluctuated with time, but was not influenced by periods of natural or artificial stress. Viral excretion from one individual cat was fairly constant although it appears that cats might be divided into high, medium or low level excretors. This variation in levels of excretion appears to have epidemiological importance in that high-level excretors more easily infect susceptible individuals.


Increased detection and yield of adenovirus in caffeine-stabilised KB cell monolayers. Viable monolayers of KB cells were maintained without passage for up to one year by adding 2 X 10(-3) M caffeine to the medium, while untreated monolayers degenerated after 2 weeks. When adenoviruses type 2 and 17 were titrated on caffeine-stabilised KB cells, the late breakthrough of cytopathic effect at terminal dilutions (up to 40 days after inoculation) resulted in titre determinations up to 100-fold higher than those measured before spontaneous degeneration in untreated cells. Yields of adenovirus type 2 in caffeine-treated KB cultures infected at different multiplicities and harvested at different intervals were equal to, or up to 100-fold higher than those obtained in untreated cultures.


[Cerebrospinal fluid bearing channels of the pia meter]. The pia mater of the human brain hemispheres has liquor canals which form a continuous network communicating with the cisterns of the brain base. The wall of the liquor canals is formed by a fibro-collagenous framework covered from two sides with the arachnoidendothelium. In the canal walls there are openings, through which the lumens of the canals communicate with the lumens of alveoli. The liquor canals are divided into the circulatory and excretory ones. The circulatory canals are disposed in the depth of the cerebral sulci, the secretory canals--on the surface of the convolutions. The liquor moves along the circulatory canals from the cisterns of the brain base onto the surface of cerebral hemispheres. Excretory canals adjoin the arachnoid membrane which is part of its wall (the "roof"). In the "roof" of the liquor canals the fibrocollagenous basis and the number of layers of the arachnoid--endothelium are reduced, the intercellular spaces between the cells of the arachnoidendothelium are dilated. Through the roofs of the liquor canals the liquor is excreted from the subarachnoid space into the subdural space. Inside the liquor canals there are arteries of the pia mater hung up to the canal walls by trabeculae (cords) of a dense connective tissue.


[Teratogenic and embryotoxic activity of several 2,4-diaminopyrimidine derivatives]. The degree of teratogenic and embryotoxic effects is dependent not only on the period of gestation and the agent dosage but also on the chemical structure of its molecule. In the series of derivatives of 2,4-diamino-5-phenylpyrimidine with different length of the alkul radical in the 6 position the preparation with ethyl group has the greatest injuring effect. Thus, the structural distinctions in the molecules of pharmacological agents are responsible for the selective toxicity of drugs in relation to mammalian embryos.


[Histophysiologic characteristics of the effector innervation of the arteries of the base of the brain during rat ontogenesis]. The development of adren- and cholinergic nervous plexuses in the brain base arteries was studied by histochemical methods of Falck and Kelle in animals and fetuses of 10-22 days, newborn rats, animals of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 120 days of life and 1 and 2 years old rats. The cholinergic nerve fibres were first found in the basilar, vertebral and internal carotid arteries on the 15th and 16th days of ontogenesis. Specific fluorescence of adrenergic conductors on the same arteries is revealed somewhat later--from the 17th and 18th days of the intrauterine development. Further formation of the cholin- and adrenergic innervation of the arteries of the Willis' circle goes on synchronously. The number of nerve fibres increases with the growth of the artery diameter. The concentration of catecholamines and the activity of AChE in them gradually increases. The greatest density of nerve fibres per 1 mm2 is determined in 20-day-old rats. The number of cholinergic nerve fibres on the arteries of the brain base is equal to that of adrenergic fibres during the whole period of postnatal ontogenesis. By the 30th day the effector nervous apparatus has a definite structure. In old rats the activity of AChE and the content of catecholamines drop, the amount and concentration of nerve fibres decrease.


[Relief of the endothelial surface of human arteries according to scanning electron microscope findings]. The work presents data on the relief of the endothelial surface of initial portions of the common carotid artery and the common iliac artery of adult man obtained by the method of scanning electron microscopy. In middle-aged humans this relief has all the characteristic features which were noted in studying the aorta. Considerable changes of the endothelial surface relief were shown in elderly and old people in connection with the development of atherosclerosis. Postmortem alterations can result in sharp distortion of the endothelial surface relief.


[Moprphometric indices of human cardiac neurons during postnatal ontogenesis]. Certain regularities in changes of the cytoplasm volumes of the cardiac neurocytes, their nuclei, nucleoli as well as nuclear-nucleolar relations were determined in humans (from nerborns to 90 years of age) in developmental aspects by the morphometrical analysis. All the neuron structural components under study have been shown to increase with age. This increase is satisfactorily expressed by a cubic parabola. A periodical increase in the intensity of gorwth of these characteristics has been shown in certain developmental periods according to physiological peculiarities of the organism and the cardio-vascular system which take place in postnatal ontogenesis. The established morphological data show specific features of differentiation, maturation and aging of cardiac neurocytes in humans.


[Changes in the nervous elements of the skin in paronychia]. Biopsies taken from 132 patients during operations were studied histologically. The control material was taken from 54 corpses. The age of the patients and controls ranged from 5 to 68 years. Under investigation were pieces of tissue (0,5X0,2 cm) fixed in 12% neutral formalin. The nerve elements in the serous stage of all forms of panaritium had reactive changes, those in the purulent stage had destructive changes as well. The degree of the changes grown with age, from the serous stage to the purulent one, from unguinal panaritium to osteal panaritium. The least alterations were observed in the serous stage of unguinal panaritium and subcutaneous whitlow in patients from 15 to 25 years of age with the term of the disease 1-2 days. The greatest changes were found in severe forms of panaritium in people older than 50 years with the term of the disease 3-8 days.


[Structure of the sensory nerve apparatus of the branchial arteries of several representatives of bony fishes]. The innervation of bony arteries was studied in 19 fishes (6 perches, 11 breams and 2 pikes) by the silver impregnation method after Kajal--Faworski and Bielschowski--Gross. In the first branchial arc as well as in others the receptors of two kinds were revealed: those having the main type of branching and diffuse arborescent vessels. In rare cases granular terminations were revealed. The number of terminations found in the first branchial arc was twice as great as that in each of the rest arcs. A characteristic feature of the sensory nerve terminations of the branchial apparatus in fishes is their arborescent structure, a diffuse disposition of terminal branches and absence of special cells from the receptor. The structure of the receptory terminations in the first branchial arc of fishes is morphologically similar to the de Castro Ist type sensory terminations which he has found in the carotid sinus wall of mammals.


[Use of radiologic methods in the study of pancreatic arteries]. The intraorganic connections between separate arteries of the pancreas were studied in 26 dogs by methods of radioindication and radioisotope scanning. The results of measurings and the scannograms have shown the distribution of iodine-131 injected into the cranial pancreoduodenal artery to occur strictly within the limits of the head and the body of the pancreas. The radioactivity of tissues in the other parts of the pancreas was absent. The distribution of the isotope injected into the caudal pancreatic artery and into the pancreatic branches of the splenic artery was observed only in the uncinate process and in the caudal part of the gland. The data obtained show that in dogs the arteries of different parts of the pancreas are disconnected inside the organ.


[Architectonics of the superficial lymphatic net of the lungs of humans and several representatives of artiodactyl animals]. The superficial lymphatic vessels of the lungs were studied in man and some artiodactyl animals by the method of interstitial injection followed by dissection and clearing of the preparations. The superficial lymphatic network of the lungs was established to reside under the visceral pleura and to consist of one layer of capillaries. The lymphatic network consisting of large loops was found in sites with the increased respiratory function and with large pulmonary lobules i.e. on the costal and diaphragm surface of the lungs. In the sites of connection of lymph capillaries there are dilatations--lacunas.


Hartnup disease. Clinical, pathological, and biochemical observations. Hartnup disease is a rare genetic disorder of amino acid transport associated with variable and intermittent clinical abnormalities. A family is described in which three siblings had an intermittently progressive neurological disease and two of the affected siblings had the Hartnup-pattern aminoaciduria. Neuropathological examination of one case showed severe diffuse atrophy, generalized neuronal loss in the cortex, and Purkinje cell loss in the cerebellum. In vivo and in vitro studies of intestinal amino acid transport in the surviving sibling indicated a partial defect in the transport of several neutral amino acids (tryptophan, alanine, serine, and methionine) with normal transport of other neutral amino acids (threonine, phenylalanine, histidine, tyrosine, and isoleucine). Transport of glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and the basic amino acids appeared normal.


HLA haplotypes in families with high frequency of multiple sclerosis. Eight families from southern Sweden having two or more members with multiple sclerosis (MS) were typed for various alleles of the HLA system. The MS patients within each family shared one major histocompatibility system (MHS) haplotype, which was identical to the hitherto-described MS-associated haplotype A3B7Dw2 only in two of the families. Healthy relatives of MS patients were often found to carry the same haplotype as the affected members, which makes an estimate of the degree of penetrance of disease in individuals carrying the MS-predisposing MHS-linked gene possible.


Cortical neuronal function during ischemia. Effects of occlusion of one middle cerebral artery on single-unit activity in cats. To assess the effects of ischemia on neuronal function, the action potentials of 261 individual cortical neurons were recorded extracellulary and related to regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured by hydrogen clearance in 19 cats, seven of which had the left middle cerebral artery occluded during a recording. The onset of ischemia could be associated with transient increases of activity, including "seizure discharges," as well as cessation of activity. No activity was noted at CBF less than 0.18 ml/gm/min; at higher (but ischemic) values for CBF, abnormal patterns of activity frequently were recorded. One neuron recovered function after cessation in association with an increase of CBF, indicating a potential for the restoration of function of ischemic neurons by effective therapeutic measures.


Status epilepticus in immature rats. Protective effects of glucose on survival and brain development. The role of glucose metabolism in alleviating the complications of status epilepticus (SE) was investigated in developing rats. Pretreatment with glucose reduced mortality from SE by 90% in rats under 1 week of age, 80% in 10-day-old rats, 50% in 15- to 20-day-olds, and not at all in adults. In 4-day-old animals, brain DNA synthesis during seizures, and in survivors, brain weight, DNA, RNA, protein, and cholesterol contents at 7 days of age were reduced less in glucose-treated than in saline-treated littermates. In the saline group, seizures caused a progressive fall in brain glucose level but no fall in blood glucose level, suggesting that glucose transport from blood to brain could not keep pace with glycolytic demands. In glucose-treated rats, blood and brain glucose concentrations remained elevated throughout the convulsive period. There was no reduction of brain adenosine triphosphate levels in either group. Thus, the protection by glucose appears to be related to its roles as a carbon source rather than an energy source. It is concluded that in immature animals, depletion of brain glucose can occur in the absence of hypoglycemia, and may be an important and potentially treatable complication of status epilepticus.


Electrophysiological study of anomalous innervation of intrinsic hand muscles. The collision technique was used to study the incidence of anastomosis between median and ulnar nerves in the forearm (Martin-Gruber anastomosis). A motor anastomosis from median to ulnar nerve was found in 57 (17%) of 328 unselected subjects. The anomaly was bilateral in 39 subjects (68%) and unilateral in 18, nine on the right and nine on the left. Both hypothenar and thenar muscles were tested in 77 of 96 hands with the anastomosis (right and left sides combined). Both muscle groups were innervated by the communicating fibers in 63 hands (82%). Anomalous innervation was limited to hypothenar muscles in 13 and to thenar muscles in one hand. In contrast to the high incidence of the anastomosis from median to ulnar nerve, crossover from ulnar to median nerve in the forearm was found in none of 303 subjects tested.


Response to topical epinephrine. A practical prognostic test in patients with ocular hypertension. Eighty patients with ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure greater than 20 mm Hg) and GG-response to topical corticosteroids (over 31 mm Hg after six weeks of topical dexamethasome 0.1% four times a day) were tested for ocular hypotensive response to topical epinephrine. Of 80 patients observed for five to ten years, 20 (25%) developed gluacomatous visual field defects, and 34 (43%) were "responders" to topical epinephrine (IOP reduction of greater than 5 mm Hg). Of 20 patients who developed glaucomatous visual field defects, 17 (85%) had responded to topical epinephrine, but only 28% of those who did not have visual field defects showed this type of epinephrine response. Of 34 epinephrine responders, 17 (50%) developed glaucomatous visual field defects as compared to three of 46 (6.5%) nonresponders. The initial applanation IOP level proved less valuable as a prognostic indicator.


Long-term epinephrine therapy of ocular hypertension. Nineteen patients with symmetrical ocular hypertension and symmetrical cupping of the optic nerves were made asymmetric with respect to intraocular pressure for one to five years by unilateral topical treatment with epinephrine hydrochloride. Development of glaucomatous visual field defects was observed in 32% of the untreated eyes and in none of the treated eyes (P less than .05). Progressive cupping of the optic nerve was noted in 53% of the untreated eyes and in 11% of the treated eyes (P less than .025). Evidence of glaucomatous damage was observed more frequently in subjects maintained on this regimen for longer periods and in subjects with initial horizontal cup/disc ratios greater than 0.4 (P less than .05). None of the eyes, either treated or untreated, with mean intraocular pressures less than 24 mm Hg developed glaucomatous damage during the period of this study.


Fundus flavimaculatus. A clinical classification. Various stages of fundus flavimaculatus seen ophthalmoscopically were correlated with findings on electrophysiologic and psychophysical tests. A new classification of fundus flavimaculatus into stages recognizes the nuances in genetic expression and their correlation with findings on retinal function testing.


Lacrimal trephine.

Lacrimal trephine. This article introduces a surgical instrument that facilitates treatment of obstructions of the common canaliculus or the internal canalicular punctum and which can be used with failure of dacryocystorhinostomy secondary to a membrane formation in the area of nasolacrimal anastomosis.


Subjective and objective visual acuity testing techniques. The Catford apparatus for determining the objective visual acuity was elevated with 20 normal (20 eyes) and 40 abnormal (75 diseased eyes) patients. The vision of the normal individuals was fogged with neutral-density filters and convex lenses. Eyes with normal or near normal vision showed good correlation between optokinetic response and visual acuity, but no correlation was observed in eyes with poor vision. These findings, which vary from those of Catford, indicate that objective methods of visual acuity testing using a nystagmoid response do not appear useful for general clinical purposes.


Ridge at internal edge of cataract incision. A white ridge that resembled an inverted snowbank and protruded into the anterior chamber from the region of the internal lips of the cataract incision was visualized gonioscopically during and after cataract operation. Its clinical apearance and course are delineated and documented, and its importance in relation to the formation of postoperative peripheral anterior synechiae, vitreous adhesions, and hyphemas is discussed.


Active giant cell arteritis with cerebral involvement. Findings following four years of corticosteroid therapy. A patient had continued active giant cell arteritis proved on biopsy four years after the initial diagnosis of temporal arteritis. The patient had had erythrocyte sedimentation rates within the normal range and had been receiving corticosteroids without interruption for four years. Central nervous system symptoms occurred three and four years after the initial diagnosis.


Adenocarcinoma of eccrine sweat glands.

Adenocarcinoma of eccrine sweat glands. A man developed left-sided proptosis and orbital edema that progressed during a three-week period. Ten years ago he had a skin lesion of the left lower lid excised and the histopathologic diagnosis then was granular cell myoblastoma. In 1972, the tumor recurred; a biopsy was again performed, but no definite diagnosis was made despite multiple consultations from general and ophthalmic pathologists. Biopsy specimens of the orbit, lids, and preauricular lymph node taken in 1974 showed a poorly differentiated mucus-secreting adenocarcinoma. A comparison of the three biopsy specimens showed cells with similar characteristics. Medical evaluation failed to reveal a primary tumor elsewhere in the body. The tumor most likely arose locally from an eccrine sweat gland. This is the second reported case of an adenocarcinoma of an eccrine sweat gland invading the orbit. The tumor, usually considered radioresistant, was successfully treated with radiotherapy, and the patient has remained free of tumor for 18 months.


Rheumatoid nodules of the upper lid. Report of a case. Severe rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid nodules on the left upper lid occurred in a 72-year-old woman. Rheumatoid nodules may break down either spontaneously or secondary to trauma. When breakdown occurs, debridement and closure are recommeneded.


Skip areas in temporal arteritis.

Skip areas in temporal arteritis. Segments of temporal arteries removed from patients with the characteristic systemic findings of temporal arteritis were studied to determine whether they showed "skip areas" lacking evidence of granulomatous inflammation, as has been frequently described in this disease, or showed diagnostic evidence of inflammation throughout the entire length of the artery. Eleven temporal artery specimens from ten patients were included in this study. Sections from areas of each specimen had previously been found to contain typical granulomatous inflammation. Nine of these biopsy specimens contained granulomatous inflammation throughout their entire length. Two specimens each had two discrete areas of granulomatous inflammation adjoining segments that lacked evidence of epithelioid or giant cells. These "skip areas" showed diffuse round-cell infiltration of the adventia or lacked evidence of inflammation entirely. This series suggests that "skip areas" in temporal arteritis do occur.


Planning for state health in Australia. Part 2: Health services organization--overseas experience. Although the majority of articles which are published in Australian Family Physician emphasize the clinical dimension of medical practice, it should be remembered that the policy of the journal is to report on a wide spectrum of topics which have a bearing on patient care. Because of this, and also in response to those readers who have requested information on state health services, we are publishing a series of three articles by Roderick McEwin and Paul Gross in consecutive issues of the journal. This paper is the second of the series.


A survey of doctors' attitudes to breast cancer and self-detection methods. Any public education campaign about cancer needs as much support from GPs as possible, for it is the GP to whom the patients at risk are first directed. A survey (sponsered by the Australian Cancer Society) of the attitudes of Sydney GPs towards breast cancer, self-detection procedures (breast self-examination), cancer education and related matters was conducted early in 1975. It is intended to utilize the findings of this survey in planning a large-scale field trial of public education about breast cancer which the Society hopes to undertake if funds can be obtained.


Sulphonylureas--action and uses.

Sulphonylureas--action and uses. Although sulphonylureas have been of great value in the treatment of diabetics for the last 20 years, there has been some suggestion that when used in treating the maturity onset diabetic, they would be responsible for an increased death rate from cardiovascular disease. This article discusses the factors involved in the use of sulphonylureas with regard to indications, mode of action and side effects.


Travelling - medical problems of the overland route from India or South Africa to Europe. An attempt has been made to outline briefly the medical problems of the overland route between India or Africa and Europe. Numbers of young people make these journeys, and this paper has been written in an endeavour to help the family doctor in advising the traveller.


Immunization in New South Wales.

Immunization in New South Wales. Immunization is the most important single public health measure available to control many important infectious diseases. The childhood schedule of immunization consists of five injections of TA/CDT, five doses of Sabin vaccine, one injection of measles vaccine, and one injection of rubella vaccine. Even if TA/CDT and Sabin are given at the same time, this still means seven decisions to be made by the mother to take her child for immunization. Unless there is an effective health education programme, combined with cheap convenient effective immunization facilities, the herd immunity might drop to a level at which epidemics could occur. This article deals with the deterrents to immunization and suggests means of overcoming them.


Over-immunization-an ever present problem. The development of purified vaccines for the control of common infectious diseases may lead to a sense of false security and a tendency to over-immunize. Repeated antigenic challenge may cause hypersensitivity reactions which could harm the individual. For each vaccine there is an opitmum time and age for dosing; for those vaccines requiring a course of doses, there is a minimum but no maximum time interval between the doses. In Australia, active immunization is conducted on a regular basis against seven preventable infectious diseases. In this article, the vaccine control of each disease is discussed briefly and suggestions made to avoid hyperimmunization. The need to appreciate the dangers inherent in all immunization procedures in general, and in certain vaccines in particular, is emphasized. Indescriminate immunization cannot be condoned.


Anxiety in early adulthood.

Anxiety in early adulthood. There is no doubt that the relatively recent changes in our society must have effects on the development of the early adult. These include changes in society's attitudes, permissiveness, changing roles, equal employment and wage opportunities, women's liberation, the 'single mother by desire', changing divorce laws, integrated university colleges of residence, to mention but a few factors. The effects of drugs, illegal and legal, alcohol, the motor vehicle, pollution and environmental change must also be remembered as possible sources of anxiety in early adulthood.


Acceptance by patients of the student in general practice. A survey was done of the attitude of 4,852 patients to the presence of students in general practitioners' consulting rooms during the 5th year general practice apprenticeship in Queensland. Overall acceptance was 94 per cent. This was remarkably consistent with the results of a similar study in Aberdeen in 1970. Students were more welcome in country practices than in practices in provincial cities and Brisbane, and were also more welcome in solo than in group practices. A plea is made for general practitioners to cooperate, not only as preceptors in the apprenticeship scheme, but also to take part in the collection of basic data for research projects initiated by the sub-Department of Community Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine.


Personality screening in medical practice. The PSI will be useful to health and social welfare professionals involved in making a choice between referring an individual to a formal mental health agency, or retaining him for counselling, or rejecting him as not likely to benefit from either service. In addition, the PSI will serve the needs of research and evaluation in, for example, appraising the effects of treatment or social intervention, and in community mental health research. A variety of other applications will be apparent to innovative professionals. In fact, there are several reports currently available which are available on request to ETASA.


Estimating the impact of health services in a community. The advantages of clinical and mechanical combination of observations for prediction are mutually reinforced by an application of Bayesian statistics. The technique is shown to be particularly advantageous in a situation which is characterized by a paucity of observations available to suppliment a prior expert judgment. The approach also presents a basis for evaluating relative expertise and tracing the learning experience of experts. Taking the community as the organizational level of analysis, data on the classification of aged persons in Durham County, North Carolina, and data on the changes in classification of these individuals within the population over time are gathered and studied. These data are combined with clinical judgments of changes as a demonstration of the merits of the technique developed in this paper.


A neural systems theory of schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia. Some systems ideas applied to individual persons are used to try to explain symptoms of schizophrenia and a syndrome of uncontrolled fragments of movement which sometimes occurs as a side effect of chronic, antipsychotic drug therapy. The behavior of normal organisms may be conceptualized in three echelons of control, with each successively higher echelon organizing, by selective disinhibition, semiautonomous, spontaneous fragments of activity which comprise the next lower echelon. It is hypothesized that schizophrenia involves a deficiency of inhibition by the frontal cortex, first echelon, on the corpus striatum, second echelon. This results first in insufficiently integrated fragments of behavior, and second in premature associative linkages among active elements. First echelon control develops as a normal person matures and gradually loses some of the playful activities of childhood. It is hypothesized that by disrupting certain aspects of activity in the corpus striatum, neuroleptic drugs reduce schizophrenic symptoms but also reduce the capacity of the second echelon to inhibit and integrate the smaller behavioral fragments wired into lower parts of the brain, third echelon. This results in uncontrolled movements. Though many researchers already favor the hypothesis that neuroleptic drugs act on the corpus striatum, the broader theory presented here is new and depends in large part on general living systems considerations. Emphasis is on conceptual decomposition of the integrated behavior of a whole organism into less complex subsystems. Individually, these have neither too much nor too little complexity to yield a plausible model. Some experimental predictions and predictions about possible therapies are made from the theory.


[Radiographic pattern of iodine contrasted arteriosclerotic vascular changes. Analysis and documentation (author's transl)]. Vessels as well as soft tissues can be contrasted in a solution of 10 percent formaldehyde and sodium iodate so that structural details can easily be identified by X-ray. Atheromatous plaques, ulcers and calcifications are demonstrable by comparing X-ray films of contrasted and uncontrasted vessels. This methods allow a quick investigation of vascular walls and of other tissues.