[Structure of the attachment of the vocal ligament to the perichondrium of the thyroid cartilage]. The ventral attachement of the ligamentum vocale of eleven larynges (new-born and adults has been studied in sagittal, frontal and horizontal sections. 1. Supplementary to the known structure of the ventral attachement of the ligamentum vocale we have noticed collagen fibers which ascend in the inner angle of the thyroid cartilage and which partly cross to the other side. Sometimes a few fibers which are running downward have been observed. This structure of the attachement must be more firm than the known structure. 2. Moreover it has been observed that a lot of the angles of the crossing collagen fibers in the cartilage of the lamina mediana (near the attachement of the ligamentum vocale) are right-angled, whereas the angles of the fibers which lie in the laminae laterales in their majority are acute-angled. This phenomenon also is interpreted as a structure which makes the lamina mediana firmer. The fact, that this structure is not so evident in the specimens of the new-born as in those of the adults indicates that there are postnatal changes in the structure of the lamina mediana.


Aplasia of the trachea in a malformed human foetus with single umbilical artery. Aplasia of the trachea associated with multiple congenital anomalies is described in a stillborn male foetus with single umbilical artery. The tracheal anomaly conformed to the usual anatomic pattern consisting of absence of the trachea from the cricoid to slightly above the main stem bronchi where lay a fistula with the oesophagus. The larynx was normal externally but had a deformed cricoid and a narrow, blind lumen. The single umbilical artery was possibly responsible for causing the cardiovascular and tracheo-oesophageal anomalies by disturbing the haemodynamics, and the remaining caudal defects of the body by replacing the abdominal aorta below the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery.


[Musculature of the pelvic limb of the American weasel (Mustela nigripes, Audubon and Bachman)]. The origins and insertions of the muscles of the pelvic limb of the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) are illustrated and described. The results based on the dissection of two adult specimens are compared with those of other investigations on the myology of the Mustelids. The musculature of the pelvic limb of Mustela nigripes is substantially similar to that of other Mustelids investigated except for slight differences of individual muscles. The most obvious differences involve the tendons of the mm. fibularis longus, fibularis brevis and extensor digitalis lateralis. The tendon of the m. fibularis longus contains a small sesamoid bone.


Connections of the sympathetic trunk and spinal cord with the pelvic plexus in the sheep. On 16 specimens of sheep of either sex the connections of the lumbo-sacral portion of the synpathetic trunk and of the spinal cord with the pelvic plexus were investigated bilaterally. On the basis of the studies it was found that the sympathetic branches proceed from the ganglia L3-L7 and S1-S4 of the sympathetic trunk, including in the lumbar portion 62.5% from L3-L6, 18.7% from L3-L5, 12.5% from L4-L6 and 6.2% from L4-L7, while in the sacral portion 56.2% from S1-S4, 31.2% from S2-S4 and 12.5% from S1S2S4. The parasympathetic branches proceed from the abdominal branches of the sacral spinal nerves (n. pudendus et n. haemorrhoidalis, fig. 3) at the height of S2-S4, including 75% from S3-S4 and 25% from S2S3S4.


[3 anatomical observations of a right subclavian artery originating from the aortic arch (arteria lusoria)]. 1. The dissection of 223 subjects has revealed 3 cases of A. lusoria (1.06%). In all these cases, the A. lusoria was the last branch of the aortic arch. 2. X-ray pictures were taken after injection of radio-opaque substance to elicit the topographical relations of A. lusoria with esophagus. 3. There were only small variations in the calibre and in the way of its branches. Right common carotid artery directly arose from the aortic arch. 4. The three Aa. lusoriae crossed the dorsal face of esophagus between the 4th and 2nd cervical vertebrae where they provoked at neat natch. 5. In one case, there was a marked narrowing at the origin of the artery. In another case, there was an initial widening of the artery. 6. Histological examination of the arterial wall from the portion between oesophagus and vertebral column demonstrated a decrease in number of elastic fibres towards the column. 7. In all cases, there was around A. lusoria a normal Ansa subclavia from the sympathetic trunk. 8. In one case, recurrent nervus were topographically normal on both sides. In both other cases, the right recurrent nerve did not pass under the right subclavian artery but went directly to the larynx without touching the right inferior thyroid artery and its branches.


[The structure of meningeal granules based on light- and scanning electron microscopic studies]. The granula meningica of man (medium and advanced age) were investigated by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. We established the following: 1. The endothel of the sinus durae matris of man only seldom shows the blind tubes of endothel which were described by Andres (1967)1 after investigations made in cats and dogs. 2. a) There are no tube systems lined with mesothelial cells in the tissue of the granula meningica. Usually the cellcords and cellclusters are solid. Only in exceptional cases do they have a cavity. b) There are wide spaces between the collagen fibrebundles. These spaces are filled with a thinly liquid amorphous ground substance. We observed many free cells there (especially macrophages). 3. The construction of the connective tissue of the granula meningea lead us to conclude, that they are capable of changing their volume and shape considerably. The possible functional consequences of these results were discussed.


Morphological differences in longissimus dorsi muscle of pig, buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry. With a view to establish morphological differences between the muscles of pig, buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry, longissimus dorsi were examined. The average fibre cross-sectional area, average fibre diameter, number of fibres per unit area, fascicle size and number of fascicles per unit area have been studied. The size of the muscle fibres showed a decrease in the following order: pig, buffalo, sheep, goat and poultry. In poultry the muscle fibres were thinner and the fibre density values were greater in comparison to other species. The fibres were the coarsest in the pig. A slight difference in the fascicle size between the different species could be appreciated, the pig fascicles being generally large.


The ultrastructure of the rabbit submandibular gland. The secretory granules of the terminal and pre-terminal tracts of the rabbit submandibular gland display distinct features, while the cell morphology is quite similar. Among these cells, some smaller ones presenting an highly dilated endoplasmic reticulum have been identified in the pre-terminal tracts. Some hypothesis have been formulated concerning the function of these cells.


Histomorphological and histochemical studies on systemic and pulmonary arteries of goat with advancing age. III. Calcium deposition in different arteries of ageing goat. Thirty three goats, ranging from twenty days to over five years, were included in present investigation which revealed calcification of the different layers of seventeen different collateral arterial branches as well as various aortic segments. The initial appearance of calcium deposition and its progression with advancing age in goats was noted. The calcium deposition in the elastic elements, smooth muscle cells of tunica media, and constituents of tunica adventitia was observed and discussed in light of the available literature in domestic animals.


[Karyometric studies on primary optic and hypothalamic nuclear regions in unilaterally blinded rats]. Six days after bilateral experimental ablation of the rat retina the nuclear diameter of the suprachiasmatic neurons decreased by 10.3% (Wenisch und Hartwig 1973). From these results it has been postulated that a direct retinohypothalamic connection exists between the eye and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. When unilateral retinal ablation was performed, a decrease in nuclear diameter was only observed in the contralateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (11.3% decrease, similar to that in bilaterally blinded rats). In the ipsilateral nucleus, as was the case in the sham-operated animals, no change in nuclear diameter occured. The nuclear diameter of the supraoptic nucleus, the medial geniculate nucleus and the ipsilateral geniculate nucleus 6 days after unilateral retinal ablation did not show any change, as was the case for these same nuclei in the sham-operated rats. However in the contralateral lateral geniculate nucleus an increase of 10.9% in nuclear diameter was observed. This apparent difference in the observed response of the lateral geniculate nucleus, as compared to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, could possibly be related to the greater distance of this area from the retina; the degeneration of the suprachiasmatic nucleus having been initiated earlier. From the silver-impregnation methods of Nauta-Fink-Heimer and Bodian-Ziemer applied to demonstrate degenerating nerve fibers and terminals 10 days after unilateral and bilateral ablation of the retina no definite conclusions could be drawn for the existence of a direct retinohypothalamic pathway.


Contractile endothelial cells in terminal segments of certain hypophyseal anterior lobe veins. A dual system of hypophyseal anterior lobe veins is suggested for bovine. One system is associated with the gland at large and utilizes the capsular plexus of veins, while the other, not utilizing the capsular plexus, is associated with the sinusoids of the hypophyseal portal veins. As they reach the capsule of the gland, those veins not utilizing the capsular plexus, are lined, at their terminal segment by endothelial cells with contractile and secretory elements. The contractile endothelial cells subserve a valve-like action on demand of glandular function.


Bipedal posture in rats and its effect on litter size. Sixty female rats were divided into three groups: twenth were converted to bipeds, twenty to asymmetrics and twenty were raised as a control group. Results of this study show reduction in litter size in the amputated groups, with greater reduction of offspring among the biped group, than in the asymmetric group. The cause of this phenomenon is not clear, but the erect posture and its higher pressure imposed on uterus, and stressed coitus, are the main factors suggested for these disorders.


Aberrant retropharyngeal lymph nodes of a horse (Equus caballus). The occurrence of aberrant lymph nodes, on both sides of the head of a horse, belonging to the retropharyngeal lymphocenter has been reported.


Anatomical and neurohistological observations on the heart of the rose ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri. Anatomy, histology and innervation of the heart of the rose ringed parakeet, Psittacula krameri have been studied in the present investigation. The sinuatrial node is found to be well-developed. It is located towards the right side of the cephalic end of the interatrial septum and composed of a few nucleated cells and a large fibrous mass. The atrioventricular node is poorly defined, present at the caudal end of the interatrial septum. The node is somewhat triangular in shape and is composed of elongated and multinucleated specialized fibres. The node is not covered by any connective tissue sheath. The poor development of the atrio ventricular node and the absence of any sheath around it may be correlated with the fast rate of the heart beat. The atrioventricular bundle is observed at the cephalic end of the interventricular septum. A branch from the right limb of the atrioventricular bundle is noted to pass directly into the right atrioventricular valve. The heart is richly innervated. Ganglion cells along with nerve fibres have been observed at the sulcus terminalis and the atrioventricular junction. A direct nervous connection could be observed between the sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes. It is argued that the impulse which originates in the sinuatrial node would reach the atrioventricular node through the unspecialized muscle fibres and nerve fibres of the interatrial septum. Nerve cells could not be traced in the substance of the sinuatrial node, atrioventricular node and atrioventricular bundle.


Morphometric studies on the relationship between myelin sheath and axon area in the sciatic nerve of adult rats. The myelin sheath and axon areas in the sciatic nerve of 20 adult rats were studied using the video-point-counting method (Quantimet). This automatic measurement procedure allows an exact and rapid determination of the above mentioned areas as a result of the differing intensities of the structures. The electron-microscopic pictures are projected at a magnification of 3500 onto the monitor through a lens system from a Vidikon-TV-tube, objective 32 mm. The areas of single nerve cross-sections, myelin sheath areas and total area are then measured. These area values are stated in picture points which can be calculated to absolute values. The statistical evaluation of both parameters shows a linear regression with a correlation coefficient of 0.94. These values are compared with the results obtained using the conventional manual methods of other authors, e.g. determination of lamellae number or myelin sheath thickness as well as axon circumference or axon diameter. The special advantages of this procedure are thereby pointed out.


Anatomical studies on the prediaphragmatic portion of systema nervosum pars sympathica of the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The gross disposition of the prediaphragmatic portion of systema nervosum pars sympathica was studied in six male buffalo calves after careful dissection. The cranial cervical ganglion, the cervicothoracic ganglion and the ansa subclavia were present bilaterally. Rarely a middle cervical ganglion was also encountered. The vertebral ganglia were present in most of the animals. The cranial cervical sympathetic trunk joined the N. Vagus at the level of atlas and the caudal cervical sympathetic trunk separated from the N. vagus at the sixth cervical vertebral level. The ansa subclavia joined the vertebral and the cervicothoracic ganglia. The myelinated fibres in the sympathetic trunk showed a fascicular arrangement. They were mostly of 2 to 4 mum in external diameter. The number (mean value) of myelinated fibres in the cranial cervical trunk was 8,981 +/- 2,016 and their density was 3,379/mm2. In the caudal cervical trunk, there was 10,345 +/- 3,424 myelinated fibres with a density of 3,679/mm2. In the ansa subclavia, the corresponding values were 3,301 +/- 421 and 2,456/mm2 respectively. The interganglionic trunk between the vertebral and the cervicothoracic ganglia revealed 9,843 +/- 4,602 myelinated fibres and their density was 3,698/mm2. In the interganglionic trunks between the third and the fourth and the fourth and fifth thoracic ganglia, the total number of myelinated nerve fibres was 10,540 +/- 4,127 and 9,217 +/- 1,367 respectively and their density values were 2,750/mm2 and 2,808/mm2 respectively. The corresponding values for the N. transversarius were 26,140 +/- 3,807 and 2,433/mm2 respectively. Ganglion cells were found along the caudal cervical sympathetic trunk and the thoracic sympathetic trunk. A fascicle of umnyelinated fibres was also found in the cervical sympathetic trunks.


Anatomical and neurohistological observations on the tongue of 60 mm embryo of opossum, Didetphis marsupialis. The anatomy, histology and innervation of the tongue of 60 mm embryo of opossum, Didelphis marsupialis have been described. The tongue measures 13 mm in length and 4.5 mm in breadth. The tip of the tongue is somewhat pointed and bordered by soft fringe of simple filiform papillae which are probably tactile in function. The fungiform papillae are small rounded bead-like structures scattered over the dorsum. The circumvallate papillae are three in number and arranged in an inverted V-shape. Taste buds are developed over the dorsum of fungiform papillae. The foliate papillae are concealed. The filiform papillae in various stages of development are seen over the entire dorsum. The circumvallate papillae are not fully developed. Mucous glands and their ducts are well-developed. The innervation of the tongue of 60 mm embryo of opossum is almost similar to that of other mammals. The dorsal side of the tongue is covered with thick squamous epithelium and is innervated by thick nerve fibres. The ventral surface is thin and comparatively poor in nerve supply. The skeletal muscles and connective tissue are richly innervated by thick and thin nerve fibres. A large number of ganglion cells lie singly or in irregular groups in the plexuses of the intermingling nerve fibres. The filiform papillae are heavily innervated by thick nerve fibres. Nerve elements could not be observed in the circumvallate papillae. Fungiform papillae are also provided with fine nerve fibres. A few nerve fibres and nerve bundles are seen in the gullet region.


The retinal morphology and retinal histochemistry of a twilight fish Corydoras paleatus (J.). 1. The retinas of Corydoras paleatus were studied by histology (HE) and histochemistry (PAS and Nucleic acid). 2. Three types of visual cells were observed, namely rod, single cone and twin cone. All of them are PAS positive. 3. The histochemical PAS pattern of these visual cells differs from those species which are not of a twilight habitat. 4. Significant amount of RNA were not detected in the inner segments of visual cells in this species indicating a possible slow renewal of outer segments.


A photometric method for quantitative estimation of the area of irregular microscopic objects. The area of small irregular microscopic objects can be estimated by projecting the image of the objects on to tracing paper, making a tracing using a fibre tipped sketch pen, eluting the ink from the paper, and estimating the colour photometrically. Similarly treated spots of known area are used as standards. The method can also be used to measure the lengths of lines that are too complicated to be measured by other means.


Morphostructure and topography of the pelvic plexus in the sheep, with particular consideration of the hypogastric nerve. The anatomical structure and topography of the pelvic plexus were studied in 16 bodies of sheep of both sexes (9 males and 7 females). The studies showed that this plexus originates from sympathetic fibres running from the L3-L7 and S1-S4 ganglia of the lumbosacral section of the sympathetic trunk and parasympathetic fibres (S2-S4) given off by the abdominal branches of the sacral spinal nerves. Distinct individual differences were found in its structure and topography, especially as regards the vegetative ganglia, which are not a constant element of the plexus and show variations. This has provided a basis for the differentiation of two anatomical types of plexus: I, the ganglionic, appearing in 68.7% of specimens and II, the non-ganglionic, present in only 31.2% of specimens.


An analysis of muscle weight variations in the wing and leg of Sturnus vulgaris. Dry weights of 18 wing and 23 leg muscles from both sides of 15 adult male starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were determined. By means of factor analysis it is calculated which part of the variance in a muscle's weight can be accounted for by common factors and which part by the characteristics of the muscle itself (residual variance). Wing and leg muscles are analysed separately. From the wing muscle analysis one can draw the following inferences: 1. Three hierarchically ordered factors represent 66%, 8% and 6% of the total variance in the wing muscles. The first common factor will most likely reflect the size variation of the starlings. 2. It appeared advisable to perform rotation of the original factor solution because the second and third factor are bipolar. 3. The three rotated factors can not be interpreted as embryological sources of weight variations and are not related to the segmental or peripheral innervation of the muscles, but generally correspond with three groups of actions that the wing muscles perform. 4. Muscles correlated with the first rotated factor generally move the humerus, while muscles that move the forearm and (parts of) the hand are correlated with the third and second rotated factor, respectively. From the leg muscle analysis it follows that: 1. Five hierarchically ordered factors represent 57%, 13%, 7%, 6% and 4% of the total variance in the leg muscles. Body size (factor 1) plays a more important role in the wing than it does in the leg. 2. It was advisable to rotate the original factor solution since four bipolar factors are present. 3. As in the wing, residual variance shows no particular relation with the mean weight of a muscle. 4. As in the wing, the five rotated factors can only be related to five groups of muscle actions. 5. Muscles correlated with the five rotated factor cause protraction, adduction or inward rotation of the leg or combinations of these movements, whereas muscles correlated with the fourth rotated factor can perform the antagonistic actions. Muscles related to the third rotated factor flex the tarsometatarsus of flex more digits simultaneously, while muscles related to the second rotated factor flex a single digit or extend the tarsometatarus. The fifth rotated factor is a peculiar one since only the mm. peronei are correlated with it. The possibility to apply factor analysis also to experimental stimulated hypertrophy studies and to interspecific muscle weight analyses is discussed.


Simultaneous changes of the perivascular contact area and HIMOT activity in the pineal organ after bilateral adrenalectomy in the rat. In the pineal organ of the female rat, proportional changes in the area of contact of pinealocyte processes and glial processes with the perivascular space were found after bilateral adrenalectomy. The contact area was evaluated by measuring the length of pinealocyte and glial cell membranes directly abutting on the basal lamina. In the normal female rat, 40% of the contact area is occupied by pinealocyte and 60% by glial cell processes. Fourteen days after bilateral adrenalectomy, this proportion is reversed. In addition, cell counts demonstrate that more pinealocytes gain access to the pericapillary space due to the experimental conditions. In order to prove whether or not these results indicate an increase of pineal endocrine activity, the melatonin-forming enzyme hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT, E.C. 2.1.1.4) was assayed. After bilateral adrenalectomy the HIOMT activity was found to significantly increase.


Studies on intra-arterial cushions. II. Distribution of horseradish peroxidase in cushions at the origins of intercostal arteries in mice. The distribution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in intraarterial cushions at the origins of intercostal arteries was studied in mice 30 min after intravenous injection of the tracer. HRP is found to be evenly distributed in the extracellular space of the entire arterial wall. Basal lamina material is penetrated by the tracer protein. This is not the case with collagenic fibrils, elastic material and intercellular granular deposits which occur regularly in cushions of adult mice but not in those of newborn animals (granules 300 to 800 A in diameter, probably cell debris). However, the elastic sheets do not act as diffusion barriers. HRP is not phagocytized in significant amounts by ramified smooth muscle cells within the time intervals tested. It is therefore assumed that granular deposits are also not phagocytized by smooth muscle cells.


The ultrastructure of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve (somatic efferent portion) of the cat. The ultrastructure of the somatic efferent portion of the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve was studied in four adult cats. The neuronal population is composed of neurons of variable size. A continuous pattern of morphological aspects is evident between the large neurons, which show abundant cytoplasm with well developed organelles, and the small neurons which have a reduced amount of cytoplasm. The dendrites are generally smooth, with few short spines. Axo-dendritic synapses are numerous. Synaptic boutons are also present on the axon hillock. The neuropil is characterized by the occurrence of small groups of dendrites which may be in direct touch with their membranes. Direct membrane appositions may also occur between neighbouring neurons and between the cell somata and tangentially running dendrites. Generally beneath the site of apposition there is accumulation of mitochondria, multivesicular bodies, coated vesicles and moderately dense amorphous material. The morphological features suggest the possibility of cellular interchanges at the sites of direct membrane apposition. Five types of synaptic boutons were recognized on the basis of their vesicular content, the presence of abundant filaments in the pre-synaptic bag, the occurrence of post-synaptic specializations. The different synaptic types and their distribution are similar to those reported in the spinal motor nuclei. Many of the synapses make synaptic contacts with two or more post-synaptic elements. Axo-axonic synapses were also observed.


Zonulae occludentes of the rat nephron under conditions of experimental expansion of blood and/or fluid volume. The zonula occludens (Z.O.) has been implicated as a major pathway for passive fluid movement from lateral intercellular spaces to lumen in response to an expansion of blood or fluid volume. The present study examines to Z.O. of adult rat nephrons in control and Ringer-Locke or while blood infused animals to determine whether varying the conditions of passive fluid movement would influence the structure of the Z.O. Rats were infused over 20 minutes with Ringer-Locke (7% body weight) or while blood (2.3% body weight). In the controls, 92%-94% of all Z.O. observed in proximal tubules and 100% of Z.O. from distal tubules and collecting ducts had fused outer leaflets. The approximate linear extent of the Z.O. was 140 A for proximal tubules, 2,500 A for distal tubules and 3,000 A for collecting ducts. There was no significant difference in any of these values following the infusion with either Ringer-Locke or whole blood. We conclude that expansion of blood or fluid volume causes no detectable alteration in the fine structure of Z.O. under the conditions used in the present study.


The hematopoietic microenvironment of the bone marrow: an ultrastructural study of the stroma in rats. The bone marrow contains branching vascular sinuses lying in a fibroblastic stroma which supports hematopoiesis. This paper describes the stroma and vascular sinuses by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and in freeze-fracture etch replicas in normal fat femoral marrow and in rats made eosinophilic by larvae of trichinella spiralis. The stroma consists primarily of reticular cells which ensheath sinuses as adventitial cells and branch into the surrounding hematopoietic space. They form a spongework on which hematopoietic cells are arranged. Erythroblasts, clustered into islets, and megakaryocytes lie just outside sinuses. Granulocytes, until the metamyelocyte stage, lie in the midst of the hematopoietic cords. Lymphocytes, monocytes and likely stem cells, are clustered about arterial vessels. Macrophages occur throughout the marrow. Fat cells occur adventitial to vascular sinuses and appear to be reticular cells which accumulate fat. Processes of reticular cells closely envelope hematopoietic cells or protrude into them. Reticular cells contain rough ER and are likely fibroblastic. The argyrophilic reticular fibers of the marrow are, however, slender and scanty. Reticular cells are rich in filaments and they may contain many microtubules. They are not phagocytic and possess few lysosomes. The reticular cell cover of a vascular sinus is lifted away as maturing hematopoietic cells approach the sinus, preparatory to crossing the endothelium and entering the circulation. Maturing granulocytes often show microvilli on reaching the basal endothelial surface. The level of eosinophils in the marrow may increase from approximately four to more than 20% after injection of trichinella larvae. Close distinctive association of reticular cells and eosinophils are marked. Reticular cells provide a physical spongwork on which hematopoietic cells are supported. But I postulate that they also trap and induce differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, and sort the differentiating hematopoietic cells into characteristic locations in their spongework.


Monosodium glutamate induced lesions of the arcuate nucleus. I. Endocrine deficiency and ultrastructure of the median eminence. Monosodium glutamate was administered daily on days 5 through 10 postnatally at a dose of 2.5 mg/gm body weight. Counts of remaining perikarya in the arcuate nucleus of adult mice indicated approximately an 80% decrease in the number of perikarya. The arcuate lesion resulted in endocrine deficits; reporductive capacity was reduced, animals were smaller in stature and obese, and the weights of the anterior pituitary, ovaries and testes were significantly decreased while adrenals were unaffected. Light microscopic studies revealed no significant changes in thickness or general histological appearance of the median eminence. At the electron microscope level, there were no alterations in the number of nerve terminals or dense core vesicles per unit area in the contact zone. These observations suggest that afferents to the median eminence from the arcuate nucleus may form a relatively small portion of its total nerve terminal population.


Monosodium glutamate induced lesions of the arcurate nucleus. II. Fluorescence histochemistry of catecholamines. The effect of the monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced lesion of the arcuate nucleus on catecholamines in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence of the mouse hypothalamus was determined using the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence technique. The number of fluorescent perikarya in the arcuate nucleus of treated animals was decreased approximately 60%; the fluorescence intensity of surviving neurons was notably reduced. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in the intensity of fluorescence in the median eminence. Pretreatment of control and MSG-lesioned animals with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (pargyline) greatly increased fluroescence in the median eminence and arcuate nucleus of both groups. However, the number of fluorescing perikarya of the arcuate nucleus of the normal pargyline treated group far exceeded that of the pargyline MSG animals. It is concluded that neonatally administered MSG caused destruction of a large number of dopaminergic arcuate perikarya.


Analysis of the geographical distribution of anesthesia manpower in the United States. The 1970 geographical distributions of total anesthesia manpower, anesthesiologists, and nurse anesthetists by state were analyzed by multiple regression to account for their unevenness. Independent variables included factors relating to prior professional contact in the state, professional satisfaction, practice income, demand for services, and environment. The distribution of training programs accounted for 41 per cent of the variance in the distribution of total manpower, but 55 per cent was explained by the number of operations, location of nurse anesthesia schools, and proportion of total state employment in service occupations (a proxy for the availability of consumer services). Location of training programs and the absence of the other type of personnel were good predictors for the manpower subgroups. The distribution of nurse anesthesia schools, anesthesiologists, number of surgical operations, and the relative value schedule conversion factor together accounted for 60 per cent of the variance in the nurses' distribution. The location of residency programs (or positions) was a better predictor for the anesthesiologists' location than medical schools or factors characterizing the demand for services. The distribution of nurse anesthetists, hospital cost per day (considered a proxy for a satisfying professional life and for regionalization of services), and residency programs explained 81 per cent of the variance in the anesthesiologists' distribution. Although the regression predicts that increasing the number of residency programs in an underserved state should be associated with an increase the number of anesthesiologists, such a policy may be infeasible dur to pending federal health manpower legislation unless matched by decreasing a greater number of programs in relatively oversupplied states.


Alterations of normal left ventricular performance by general anesthesia. Serial invasive and noninvasive (systolic time interval) measurements of left ventricular performance were obtained in six healthy volunteers during general anesthesia employing the following sequence: thiopental induction, succinylcholine (prior to endotracheal intubation), and halothane--100 per cent oxygen at 1.25 and 1.75 MAC. Heart rate (HR), mean pulmonary arterial "wedge" pressure (PAW) and mean systemic arterial pressure (MAP) were measured continuously; cardiac index and systolic time intervals (STI's) were measured during each intervention. At both levels of halothane, MAP and stroke work index decreased (both P less than 0.02), while HR and systemic vascular resistance did not change. At 1.25 MAC halothane PAW was unchanged, but at 1.75 MAC PAW increased from 8 +/- 4 (SD) to 11 +/- 5 torr (P less than 0.02). Preload was altered at 1.25 MAC by administration of 600-1,000 ml lactated Ringer's solution; PAW increased from 9 +/- 4 to 17 +/- 3 torr (P less than 0.01). At 1.75 MAC halothane, volume expansion increased PAW in a similar manner, but the resultant ventricular function curve was depressed compared with 1.25 MAC halothane. In additon, at each level of halothane anesthesia, the ventricular function curve was depressed compared with results obtained in awake normal subjects. Afterload was altered at 1.25 MAC halothane by infusion of phenylephrine sufficient to raise MAP by 30 per cent. This intervention resulted in a greater depression of cardiac performance than that observed at 1.75 MAC halothane alone. Although alterations in STI's were directionally similar to changes observed in invasive hemodynamic measurements, STI's were sensitive to acute alternations in loading conditions. It is concluded that the levels of halothane commonly employed for general anesthesia significantly depress left ventricular performance in normal subjects, as evidenced by abnormal responses to alterations in preload and afterload, and that STI's should not be employed for routine measurement of left ventricular performance during anesthesia unless both the afterload and the preload on the myocardium are known.


An animal model of hepatotoxicity associated with halothane anesthesia. Hepatic necrosis was induced in rats by a single exposure to 1 per cent halothane in oxygen following pretreatment with a single dose of Aroclor 1254, a polychlorinated biphenyl. The hepatic lesion was centrilobular and multifocal, and morphologically similar to that reported to occur in man. In-vitro incubation with 14C-halothane indicated an enhanced covalent binding of halothane metabolites to hepatic microsomal macromolecules, particularly lipids, following Aroclor 1254 pretreatment. Lipoperoxidation of microsomal unsaturated fatty acids was not observed with these animals.


Prolongation of anesthetic action by BNPP (bis-[p-nitrophenyl] phosphate). Bis-[p-nitrophenyl] phosphate, BNPP, an enzyme inhibitor of the organophosphate class, has been used to inhibit the enzyme, carboxylic ester hydrolase EC 3.1.1.1. Esterases play a major role in the rapid metabolism of propanidid in vivo; in fact, the short duration of action of this intravenous anesthetic agent is due to this rapid hydrolysis. The duration of anesthesia with propanidid alone in healthy mongrel dogs was 10.1 +/- 2.1 (SEM) minutes. When the dogs were pretreated with BNPP, propanidid anesthesia time was prolonged to 38.2 +/- 7.9 (SEM) minutes. Measurements of serum propanidid concentration demonstrated that prolonged high levels of propanidid were associated with the extended anesthesia time. Therefore, BNPP can significantly alter the anesthetic action of propanidid by inhibition of the enzyme system responsible for the rapid hydrolysis of the agent. The experimental model used in the present study provides a means for investigation of effects of certain drugs when their metabolism is impaired.


Binding of thiopental to plasma proteins: effects on distribution in the brain and heart. Thiopental-14C (30 mg and 10 muCi/kg) was injected intravenously into rats 36-48 hours following bilateral nephrectomy and one minute after pretreatment with sulfadimethoxine (30 mg/kg, iv). Control groups of normal and sham-operated animals were used. The distributions of radioactivity in plasma, brain, and heart 1, 5, and 30 minutes after injection were examined. Uremic and sulfonamide-pretreated rats showed significantly higher levels of 14C in brain and heart and more free thiopental in plasma at each time than did control animals. There was a significant correlation between the free thiopental in plasma and total drug concentrations in the brain and heart. Uremic rats bound less thiopental in plasma compared with controls in spite of normal total plasma protein and albumin concentrations. It is concluded that reduced protein binding of thiopental leads to accelerated distribution and increased drug concentrations in the brain and and heart.


Gas chromatographic assay of volatile anesthetics: some problems and a solution. A modification of the gas chromatographic procedure of Fink and Morikawa (ANESTHESIOLOGY 32:451-455, 1970) for measuring inhalation anesthetics is presented. Emphasis is placed on separating vehicular gas from anesthetic vapor by using appropriate column packing material and assay conditions.


Gas chromatographic assay for free and total plasma levels of thiopental. A rapid gas chromatographic assay for the determination of free and total plasma thiopental is described. Free thiopental was obtained by ultrafiltration through Amicon Centroflo membrane cones. Gas chromatographic assay utilized secobarbital as an internal standard and employed on-column methylation of the barbiturates to improve peak resolution. In 73 blood samples from 22 patients total thiopental concentrations ranged from 4.2 to 134 mug/ml plasma, with a mean of 28 mug/ml. Free thiopental values ranged from 8.6 to 22.7 per cent of total, with a mean of 13.7 per cent free thiopental and a standard deviation of 3.2 per cent. At a total thiopental level of 10 mug/ml, unbound thiopental averaged 10.7 per cent with ultrafiltration, compared with 11.5 per cent with equilibrium dialysis. Assays of thiopental by gas chromatography and 14C scintillation counting gave similar results. There were progressive increases in the percentages of thiopental that were unbound when thiopental was added to plasma, purified crystalline albumin (4.5 g/l), and normal serum albumin (5 g/l), and a solution of purified protein fractions (5 g/l). Differences in protein binding determined by this method and previously reported methods are discussed.


Failure of enflurane and halothane anesthesia to inhibit lymphocyte transformation in volunteers. Changes in the peripheral blood leukocyte count and in the ability of lymphocytes to transform in response to phytohemagglutinin were studied in healthy volunteers undergoing prolonged enflurane or halothane anesthesia without coincident surgical operation. Anesthesia was associated with a modest leukocytosis that persisted into the first post-anesthesic day, primarily due to an influx of neutrophils into the circulation. There was no significant alteration, either during or following anesthesia, in the ability of the volunteers' lymphocytes to transform in response to phytohemagglutinin when compared with either preanesthetic values or unanesthetized controls. Depression of lymphocyte transformation does not appear to follow prolonged enflurane or halothane anesthesia in the absence of a surgical procedure.


[Intradermal toxoplasmin tests in Nigeria]. The occurrence of the positivity of an intracutaneous test with Toxoplasmin was followed among a normal urban population of Kaduna (men and women being included). The positivity of males showed a higher frequency in comparison with that of females. The positivity of males however did not increase so fast with the increasing age, as that of females, where the difference between the last two age groups was found to be statistically significant.


[Pests at Baltic Sea coast. II. Summary of most important groups on insects besides Coleoptera and Diptera]. In the special holiday situations at the Baltic coast of GDR, species of very different insect groups may become annoying to man. Own experiences in this field are reported (excepting Coleoptera and Diptera). The earwig, Forficula auricularia, has many varying aspects of a health pest (also in the respect of social hygiene). This species, too, may pinch painfully with his pincers. The lice species Pediculus capitis and Pthirus pubis are met with sometimes. Limothrips cerealium may be annoying not only when swarming in mass, but also individual specimens (crawling on the skin or piercing it). Ants may be a pest in varying manners. A special example of this is if they invade sand castles [sun bathing places on the beaches surrounded by sand walls]. Wasps are attracted by different ways to childrens' holiday camps. In 1973, they were even aggressive on the beach of Hiddensee. Caterpillars of Thaumatopaea pinivora may become a serious health pest in individual cases. The real cause is not always detected by laymen. Fleas occur more or less regularly. Sometimes they are incorrectly diagnosed or reported.


[A complex large scale cockroach control model. I. Organization]. The modern human living conditions are said to prospect to new ways of spreading cockroaches. Thus, the control measures applied nowadays are practically ineffective. Accordingly, the following control strategy is recommended, consisting in of: 1. The time range needed for performing the control procedures is to be determined; 2. The competent leading organs of the Civil Service and those of the national economy responsible for a correct performance of control procedures should be determined; 3. The involvement in the control procedures of people working in establishments harbouring cockroaches should be guaranteed; 4. It regulates the introduction of control measures and procedures. Such a control system based on an experience gained in the district of Potsdam (GDR) will be proposed as a "complex largespace control of cockroaches". The conception of a pattern of the modern control methods of cockroaches is based on principles of the scientific labour organization.


Migration, extinction, and alary morphism in water-striders (Gerris Fabr.). A migration-extinction model has been developed for the analysis of alary polymorphism and its adaptive significance in univoltine populations of water-striders (Gerris). It is assumed that all actual and potential population sites are identical with respect to all relevant variables, i.e. that populations do not live in a 'harlequin' environment. The model can be applied to other groups with alary polymorphism. The effects of isolation, environmental stability, and environmental productivity are discussed, with numerical examples. Isolation and stability enhance the optimality of short-wingedness, while temporariness of population sites selects for long-wingedness. Optima cannot always be realized. The models reveal several critical variables which are of interest in the ecological genetics of Gerris and which should be measured in natural populations: (a) extinction probabilities (a distinction being drawn between extinction due to drying up of the population site and extinction due to other causes), (b) extent of passive dispersal, and (c) the proportion of colonized population sites in a large geographical region.


Etiologic factors in infantile asthma.

Etiologic factors in infantile asthma. In a group of 83 infants with asthma the major etiologic factors were found to be foods, environmental inhalants and respiratory infections. Airborne pollens and molds were found to be important in a small number of patients during the latter part of infancy. IgA deficiency and general anesthesia under the age of two years played a less well defined role in the pathogenesis of infantile asthma.


Relative value of peripheral blood, secretion and tissue eosinophilia in the diagnosis of different patterns of allergic rhinitis. Eosinophil count in peripheral blood, nasal secretion and nasal mucosa were studied in 20 controls and 38 patients with different patterns of allergic rhinits. Secretion and tissue eosinophilia were pathologically high in a greater number of patients than peripheral blood eosinophilia. This trend was seen in all patterns of allergic rhinitis but was more evident in seasonal allergic rhinitis. The conclusion was reached that examination of local site and local secretions for eosinophilia is helpful in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of allergic rhinitis.


[Immunosuppressive activity of halothane. A study using the lymphoblastic transformation test (LTT)]. Halothane in concentration of 1p. 100 or 2p. 100 blocked DNA synthesis in lymphocytes cultured with 0.4 mg of PHA in seven subjects out of nine. Although statistically insufficient, these results confirm those of BRUCE, CULLEN and co workers, and thus demonstrate the immunodepressant properties of this saturated halogenated hydrocarbon.


[Effect of general anesthesia on complement. Effect of the atmosphere in the operating room on the immune response of anesthesiologists]. Variations in the C3 and C4 fractions of complement were studied in 15 patients who underwent surgery with either spinal anesthesia (5 cases) or general anesthesia using nitruos oxyde and a halogen compound (10 cases). Little peroperative variation was observed. An increase in C4 was observed in all cases postoperatively. Only a slight increase in C3 was observed after spinal anesthesia. The immune response of anesthetists exposed to halothane was investigated using PHA-induced lymphocyte stimulation (normal in males, elevated in females) and lymphocyte transformation to halothane and its metabolites (no evidence of allergy was observed).


[Relevance of clinical signs of hypersensitivity in cases of halothane hepatitis]. 142 patients with postoperative jaundice following anaesthesia with halothane were divided into two groups:-group A (76 cases) in which halothane appeared to be the sole responsible agent for jaundice, and- group B (66 cases) in which other causes were detected. The incidence of clinical signs considered to be specific for halothane-induced hepatitis (skin rash, arthralgia, bronchospasm, fever of unexplained origin, leukocytosis) was the same in both groups. Only a high eosinophil count was more common in group A. The author found a clear-cut relationship between the frequency of exposure and the onset of hepatitis as well as a shortening of the latent period with increasing numbers of exposures.


[Biotransformation of halogen anesthetics and liver toxicity]. The authors attempt to explain halothane-induced hepatitis by a mechanism involving direct toxicity of a metabolite of this halogen compound. This implies a genetically determined metabolic disturbance or an increase in metabolic rate through previous enzyme induction (repeated anesthesia with halogen compounds).


[Treatment of septicemia and severe infections with a cefradine-tobramycin combination]. The cefradine-tobramycine association was used in 11 cases of septicaemia and in 10 cases of non-septicaemic severe poly-infections. In 15 cases, the treatment was undertaken because of the serious state of the patients before the bacteriologic results were known. This association is characterized by its great effectiveness and its very good tolerance, mainly from the renal point of view. The results shown here corroborate those two elements.


[Role of drug combinations in the facilitation of or protection against allergic complications caused by drugs used in anesthesiology]. The author first reviews the types of interaction between medications and their possible influence upon the chemical intermediaries of the allergic reaction, which leads to a study of these interactions in terms of their mode of action on the allergic reaction. Finally, attention is directed towards general problem posed by the relationship between biotransformation and sensitisation, with particular reference to allergic complications occurring in patients recieving several medications simultaneously.


[Hemostatic disorders in septicemia. Apropos of 65 cases]. In the course of a restrospective study, some hemostatic parameters were studied in connection with 65 cases of septicaemia. From this study, it follows that coagulation troubles are more frequent in septicaemiae induced by negative Gram germs, but that this frequency is actually linked with circulatory troubles. Besides, as for the biological diagnosis of the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome in this instance, it is not possible to take strictly into account the fibrinogen values or the rate of thrombocytes.


[Clinical and anatomopathologic effect of Bisolvon in respiratory resuscitation]. N cyclohexyl-N-methyl-2 amino -3.5 dibromobenzyl, amine hydrochloride or Bisolvon is an alkaloid derived from vasicine whose fluidizing effects on bronchial secretions are well-known. This study which consisted in a randomization involved 40 patients that were being submitted to a respiratory reanimation, half of whom received Bisolvon intravenously. The patients were improved by the treatment with Bisolvon as can be seen from the following: - fewer bronchial aspirations; - less fluid secretions; - a decrease in alveolar cells; - an increase in bronchial cells; - a reduced increase in total mucus. These results evidence an original action ascribable to Bisolvon on the bronchial cell.


[Analysis of in vivo and in vitro radioisotopic tests for studying hypothyroidism. Statistical study of parameters coming from routine investigations in normal subjects and hypothyroid patients]. This report analyses quantitative data collected during spontaneous examination in normal subjects and in hypothyroid subjects, attempting to determine what figures obtained in this way can provide in the diagnosis of this disease. 125I tests in vitro today play a very important role and suffice der detection provided radio-immunoassay is carried out, whether the latter concerns iodine hormones or the thyreotropic pituitary hormone and provided the diagnosis is not confirmed by one single examination. The 131I kinetic test helps in classification of the hypothyroidism. Naturally, only further tests will permit us to determine certain causes (thyroid scan, Querido's test, TRF test, anionic competition, immunological study, etc.). Chemical estimations of stable iodine (127I) no longer have any place in this routine assessment, except that the total iodine is essential to interpret the kinetics in vivo.


[Radioimmunoassay of thyroid stimulating hormone by sequential saturation]. The practice of sequential incubation in radio-immunoassay of TSH improves the sensitivity and precision without affecting the specificity compared with the method using simultaneous incubation of the constituents of the radio-immunological reaction. The determination of basic levels of TSH is more sensitive and more precise.


[Automation of urine hydroxyproline assay after isolation hydrolysis of hypropeptides on ion exchange resin]. Urinary hydroxyproline is mainly in the form of oligopeptide and polypeptide, with a low proportion of free amino acid. Overall or partial estimation of hydroxyprolinuria may be carried out after isolation and hydrolysis of the peptides on ion exchange resin, by an automatic, continuous flow technique. This method presents a certain number of advantages, such as, selectivity, sensitivity and practicability, compared with that which we proposed in 1968. Determination of the criteria of quality of the method shows that it is suitable for exploration of variations in hydroxyprolinuria in diseases of bone and collagen. The reference values in relation to age and sex are also reported.


[Estimation of the activity of an antiseptic agent on skin microbial flora under various conditions]. The bacterial flora of the skin of the fore-arm was studied in fifteen normal subjects by a modified Williamson and Kligman technique. The quantitative results were in agreement with those found in other laboratories which indicates the reproducibility of the method. The action of an antiseptic containing 0.5 p. cent of benzalkonium chloride was studied under three conditions or single application of the antiseptic for five consecutive days and for 24 hours after the application of an occlusive dressing. The bacterial flora of the skin showed marked quantitative variations from one subject to another and, in the same subject, from one time to another. Evaluation of the activity of an antiseptic should take into consideration these physiological variations and also various conditions of use in practice. Are discussed also the factors leading to standardisation of the methods and the criteria of evaluation of the activity of antiseptics on the skin.


[Automatic assay of plasma and urinary calcium, inorganic phosphate, creatinine and uric acid. Comparison between continuous flow analysis on a single microsample and low speed centrifugation]. A device is described allowing the association on a single microsample of assay by means of continuous flow analysis. The preparation of standards, the evaluation citeria of the method are presented. The preparation of standards, the evaluation criteria of the method are presented. The results are compared to those obtained by low speed centrifugation, i.e. by means of quite different analytical prinicples -- both dynamics and chemicals. These results are discussed : they allow to observe, as a whole, an excellent concordance.


Studies of mechanisms of action of secretin and pancreozymin on rumen motility. Rapid intravenous administration of a single bolus of secretin caused a marked decrease in both amplitude and frequency of rumen contractions, whereas pancreozymin administration caused a decrease in frequency but an increase in amplitude of rumen contractions. Alpha receptor blockade with phenoxybenzamine or beta receptor blockade with propranolol did not alter secretin or pancreozymin effects on rumen motility. Blockade of histamine receptor sites with tripelennamine did not prevent the secretin-induced decrease of rumen motility. A marked similarity in the decreased rumen motility pattern was observed when secretin effects were compared to aminophylline effects.


Oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium of normal and glutathione-deficient sheep. The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen did not differ significantly between normal and glutathione-deficient sheep. Although phlebotomy in sheep of both types did not significantly alter the partial pressure values at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen, it did increase significantly the erythrocyte glutathione and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (GSH) and (DPG) concentrations. Because DPG does not bind to sheep hemoglobin, its increase in hypoxic sheep must mean DPG is metabolically controlled in the absence of physiologic effect.


Effect of fetal thymectomy on IgG, IgM, and IgA concentrations in sheep. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulins (Ig) IgG, IgG, IgM, and IgA were compared for normal and thymectomized lambs. Fetal thymectomies were performed in utero from 55 to 67 days of gestation. High serum IgG, IgM, and IgA concentrations occurred in all lambs after they ingested colostrum; however, the concentration of these Ig, as measured by single radial immunodiffusion, decreased exponentially during the first 16 days after birth. The half-life values for IgG, IgM, and IgA during this period in both normal and thymectomized lambs were about 25, 6, and 2 days, respectively. Increasing amounts of IgG were not detected in the serums of either group until 1 month of age. At 64 to 128 days, significantly smaller quantities of IgG and IgG were found in thymectomized lambs, whereas concentrations of IgA and IgM were similar in both groups. The results indicate that the thymus may regulate production of IgG in sheep.


Influence of dietary protein on the effect of coumaphos and triflupromazine interaction in sheep. Coumaphos (8 or 15 mg/kg of body weight), triflupromazine HCl (1.1 mg/kg of body weight), or isotonic saline solution were given to 8 groups of sheep (5 per group) fed a low-or normal-dietary protein ration. One set of clinical signs, mortality rate, mean survival time, necropsy lesions, and plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase (ChE) activity were monitored for each group. Observations suggested potentiation effect between the administered compounds. Inhibition of ChE activity was enhanced in groups given both drugs. Feeding of low-dietary protein ration adversely affected the development of clinical signs, mortality rate, mean survival time, and ChE activity. Recovery of ChE activity of triflupromazine HCl-treated animals was faster than in their respective controls, and sheep fed normal-dietary protein ration had faster ChE recovery than those fed the low-dietary protein ration. Inhibition of erythrocyte ChE found was a better index of organophosphorus toxicosis than that of plasma ChE.


Enzyme polymorphism in Fasciola hepatica L.: esterases. Homogenates of individual adult Fasciola hepatica, collected from bile ducts of sheep, were subjected to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide flat-bed gels after which zymograms were made by enzymatic and staining reactions. Seven identifiable isozymes that hydrolyzed alpha-naphthyl acetate were found. These 7 isozymes were identified by their isoelectric points as 5.10, 5.15, 5.25, 5.40, 5.55, 5.65, and 5.75. None of these isozymes was common to all F hepatica examined. Combinations of these isozymes in individual flukes revealed 7 distinct phenotypes, the frequency of which varied between local populations, i.e., populations of flukes obtained from individual sheep of different origin. In addition to these 7 isozymes, there were weak staining bands of enzyme activity, between pH 5.8 and the cathode end of the gels, which could not be accurately identified. The method of isoelectric focusing and zymogram preparation used in the present study did not reveal cholinesterase activity, even though the presence of activity in homogenates was demonstrated by polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis. Strong activity of acid phosphatase between pH 5 and 6 was found, but poor resolution prevented obtaining accurate identification of isozymes. Weak activity with poor resolution of isozymes of alkaline phosphatase was observed between pH 4.4 and 5.75.


Pharmacology of procaine in the horse: procaine esterase properties of equine plasma and synovial fluid. Procaine added to whole equine blood or diluted plasma was hydrolyzed with half times of approximately 9 and 12 minutes, respectively, at 37 C. This hydrolytic activity was sensitive to heating and physostigmine, but did not affect procainamide. At pharmacologic concentrations of procaine, the rate of the hydrolytic reaction depended directly on the concentrations of plasma or procaine in the system and was less in whole blood than in plasma. These properties are consistent with hydrolysis being due to plasma esterases operating at less than saturating procaine concentrations. These esterases were also inhibited cooling, sodium fluoride, or arsenite. Synovial fluid had approximately 20% of the procaine esterase activity of plasma. Comparison of hydrolytic activities of plasmas from Thoroughbred, Standardbred, and other breeds of horses showed statistically significant differences in the rates at which individual plasmas hydrolyzed procaine. A frequency distribution of these rates showed unimodal distribution, indicating that all horses tested may be regarded as members of a single population.


Digital vascular responses and permeability in equine alimentary laminitis. Digital vascular pressures, blood flow, and vascular resistances were measured in 11 control ponies and in 8 animals (7 ponies and 1 horse) affected with laminitis created by feeding a high starch ration. Animals with laminitis had increased digital blood flow, increased arterial, small vein, and large vein pressures, and decreased vascular resistances. Comparison of digital lymph flow rates and protein concentrations in animals with laminitis and control animals revealed no differences. Digital vascular responses of the 2 groups to acetylcholine, epinephrine, histamine, or serotonin also did not differ. Thus, the increased digital blood flow observed in animals with laminitis could not be attributed to altered responsivenss to the previously mentioned vasoactive agents. The studies also provided no evidence for increased capillary permeability in digits of animals affected with laminitis.


Acute hemodynamic effects of furosemide administered intravenously in the horse. Intravenous administration of furosemide in the horse resulted in an immediate and significant decrease in right atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, cardiac output, and stroke volume (P less than 0.05). There was a significant increase in total systemic vascular resistance and heart rate (P less than 0.05). There were no significant alterations in mean arterial pressure. Coincidental with these hemodynamic changes were increased urine production and associated increase in packed cell volume and total serum protein. All variables except cardiac output, stroke volume, packed cell volume, and total solids returned to base line levels within 105 minutes after furosemide was injected. It is suggested that the effects of intravnously administered furosemide in the horse are transitory and dependent upon the decrease in plasma volume from diuresis.


Abomasal displacement in cattle: influence of concentrates in the ration on fatty acid concentrations in ruminal, abomasal, and duodenal contents. The primary causative factor in abomasal displacement appears to be atony or hypotony of the abomasum. Seemingly, high-concentrate feeding inhibits abomasal motility by increasing the amount of fatty acids which enter the abomasum. In the present study, cows with ruminal, abomasal, and duodenal fistulas were fed a hay ad libitum ration or a hay and concentration ration and were compared. It was shown that a considerable increase in ruminal volatile free fatty acid (VFFA) concentrations was not followed by a subsequent increase in abomasal VFFA concentrations. Differences in abomasal VFFA levels between the 2 rations could not be found. There was a slight, but insignificant, increase in duodenal VFFA concentrations after cows were fed the hay ration. One cow given the hay and concentrate diet had a small, but significant, increase in duodenal VFFA concentrations during the first 2 hours after feeding. The VFFA concentrations in duodenal fluid were too low to support the hypothesis that changes in duodenal VFFA concentrations could be responsible for abomasal hypotony.


Blood leukocytes, neutrophil phagocytosis, and plasma corticosteroids in colostrum-fed and colostrum-deprived calves. Blood leukocyte patterns, neutrophil phagocytosis of killed Escherichia coli in vitro, and plasma corticosteroids were studied in colostrum-fed (CF) and colostrum-deprived (CD) calves during the 1st 144 hours after birth. There was a marked increase in neutrophil numbers between 6 and 12 hours in CF but not CD calves, apparently as a result of colostrum ingestion. Phagocytosis was inactive at birth but increased quickly thereafter. Phagocytosis was more efficient in CF than in CD calves. Plasma corticosteroid concentrations were high at birth and decreased quickly thereafter in both groups of calves.


Effects of parturition and lactation on blood and milk cell concentrations, corticosteroids, and neutrophil phagocytosis in the cow. Blood differential leukocytes, erythrocytes, milk somatic cells, and neutrophil phagocytosis in 14 Holstein-Friesian cows were measured at 2-day intervals for 2 weeks before parturition, on the day of parturition, on postpartum days 1,2,5,10,15, and 30, and at monthly intervals throughout lactation. Circulating corticosteroids were measured in 6 cows on days -6, -4, -2, on the day of parturition, and on days +1, +2, +5, +10, +15, +30, and +60. Circulating neutrophils on day -2 on the day of parturition, on days 2, 10, and 15 averaged 3,363, 5,889, 3,085, 4,116, and 3,558/mm, respectively. The increase in neutrophils at parturition was accompanined by an increase in corticosteroids (2.7, 9.0, 11.1, 6.1, and 5.4 ng/ml of blood plasma on days -4 and -2, on the day of parturition, and on days +1 and +2, respectively). The phagocytic ability of circulating neutrophils was determined by incubating yeast cells with whole blood (30 minutes, 37 C) and microscopically counting yeast cells per neutrophil. Mean yeast cells per neutrophil decreased (P less than 0.01) during the 2nd week after parturition (7.4, 6.5, 6.6, and 7.2 on days +2, +10, +15, and +30, respectively). But this decrease was compensated for by an increase in circulating neutrophils during the same period.


Preliminary characterization and pathogenicity studies of a virus isolated from ticks (Ornithodoros coriaceus) and from tick-exposed cattle. Several viral isolates from ticks (Ornithodoros coriaceus) and from the blood of cattle which aborted after exposure to these ticks were found to be identical by reciprocal cross serum-neutralization tests. Characterization studies indicate that the virus is a member of the Togaviridae family, although specific identification is still incomplete. Whether its natural host is the tick or bovine animals is also unknown. Pregnant cows inoculated with the agent by all conventional parenteral routes, including intrafetal, delivered healthy calves at term. It was concluded, therefore, that it was not a bovine pathogen and that the abortions which occurred after tick-exposure were due to a 2nd agent in O coriaceus ticks which also harbor the virus. While several ciruses believed to be tick-borne have been isolated from cattle in various parts of the world, it is believed that the present report describes the first isolation in the Western Hemisphere for a viral agent from Argasid ticks which has been demonstrated to replicate in cattle.


Efficacy of oxibendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. In 3 separate studies, oxibendazole in drench and premix formulation was shown efficacious against larvae and adults of the genera Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Strongyloides, Nematodirus, Cooperia, Bunostomum, Capillaria, Oesophagostomum, and Trichuris. In the first study, artificially infected calves were cleared of virtually all histotrophic larvae and adult parasites after medication with oxibendazole drench at a dose level of 10 mg/kg of body weight. Smaller doses (7.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) expelled 84 to 100% of the parasites. Oxibendazole at a dose level of 15 mg/kg in premix form was given to artificially infected calves 3, 7, or 42 days after infection in a 2nd study. Third stage and 4th stage Cooperia oncophora larvae were, respectively, 92 and 98% susceptible to the drug at day 3 and day 7 after infection; neither larval stages of Ostertagia ostertagi and of Oesophagostomum radiatum were susceptible. Premix given on day 42 after infection removed 83 to 100% of adult O ostertagi, Nematodirus spp, C oncophora, O radiatum, and Trichuris spp. In a 3rd study, calves harboring a mixture of parasitic stages from artificial and pasture-acquired infections were medicated with oxibendazole at a dose of 15 mg/kg in premix form. The burdens of larvae from the abomasum and small intestines were reduced 93 to 95%, respectively; the burdens of adults of 11 species of worms were reduced 87 to 100%.


Cell-mediated immune response in anaplasmosis as measured by a micro cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay and leukocyte migration-inhibition test. Two in vitro assay systems to measure cell-mediated immunity in experimentally induced anaplasmosis in splenectomized and intact calves were compared. In intact calves, the cell-mediated cytotoxic assay detected a cell-mediated immunity response early, which subsequently decreased during the recovery phase of the disease, whereas the leukocyte migration-inhibition test was negative initially and became positive during the recovery phase of the disease. In splenectomized calves, the 2 test results were not as conclusive. Positive values with the cell-mediated cytotoxic assay were noticed later in the experimental period, but higher and persistent values were observed. The leukocyte migration-inhibition test was positive at various times during the experimental period. The 2 assay systems did not correlate.


Evaluation of the efficacy of fospirate-treated collars against the brown dog tick. Experimental tick infestations on dogs were done to determine the initial kill and residual effectiveness of a 15% fospirate-treated plastic colar against the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille). The mean initial kill, determined 4 days after collar application (day 4), was 56.4%. The mean residual effectiveness of fospirate collars on test days 18, 33, 45, 61, 74, 88, and 112  was 89.1, 77.4, 89.5, 78.6, 73.2, 69.0, and 55.0% control, respectively.


Experimental acute aflatoxicosis in mink (Mustela vison). Susceptibility of mink to intoxication by aflatoxins was studied by giving mink single doses (300, 600, and 900 mug of aflatoxins B1 and G1 (40:60)/kg of body weight) and observing them for 8 weeks. One, 2, and 4 of 5 mink in each group died within 4 days after ingesting the small, medium, and large doses, respectively. Enlarged liver with pale yellow to yellowish pink spots was the most consistent lesion observed in mink that died of acute aflatoxicosis. Some lobules of liver also appeared hemorrhagic and fragile, whereas others showed fatty metamorphosis. Histopathologic examination of the liver showed different degrees of fat infiltration, bile duct proliferation, and necrosis of liver cells. Hematologically, mink that survived were not appreciably different from control mink in terms of hemoglobin content, packed cell volume, and white blood cell count. Liver specimen from aflatoxin-treated mink contained more fat, was larger, and contained less protein, RNA and DNA than did liver from control mink. Aflatoxin residue (only B1 ) was recovered from liver of 6 mink and were between 0.1 and 7.6 mug of the original dose.


Mortality and some biochemical changes in mink (Mustela vison) given sublethal doses of aflatoxin each day. Two feeding trials were done to study the susceptibility of mink (Mustela vison) to multiple sublethal doses of aflatoxins. In the 1st trial, twenty 3-month-old male mink were divided equally among groups. Each mink in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was given a meatball daily that contained 15, 30, 45, or 0 mug of aflatoxins (B1:G1, 40:60), respectively. All mink in group 3 died between the 25th and the 30th days of the feeding trial. Each mink had ingested 1,035 to 1,480 mug of aflatoxins. Four of the mink in group 2 died almost as soon as did mink in group 3. Four mink in group 1 died between 40 and 59 days after the start of the feeding trial. Generally, a marked increase in plasma cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase activity appeared before mink died. The liver from animals that died of aflatoxicosis showed prominent pathologic changes which included hemorrhages and appearance of pink yellow spots. Histopathologic examination of liver from dead mink revealed fatty infiltration, bile duct proliferation, bile stasis, pseudotubular  formation, congestion, and fibrosis. The feeding trial was repeated with 20 mink (8 males and 12 females) that were 1.5 to 2 years old. In this instance, 0, 20, 40, and 60 mug of aflatoxins were administered each day. All treated animals, except 1, were dead within 37 days after the experiment started. The survivor was given the lowest dosage of toxins and died after 52 days by which time 960 mug of aflatoxins were consumed. Plasma cholesterol content and alkaline phosphatase activity generally were similar to those observed in younger mink of the 1st feeding trial.


Electrophoretic separation of serum proteins from gray squirrels. Serum proteins of gray squirrels were electrophoretically separated into 7 fractions as compared with the 5 fractions obtained from human serum. The mobility of the albumin fraction was approximately the same for both human and squirrel serums. The prealbumin fraction did not vary significantly in the percentage for squirrels bled at different times of the year. Immunoelectrophoresis patterns showed squirrel serum had a small number of fractions with the same antigenic characteristics as human serum.


Force plate studies of equine biomechanics. The force plate can measure a wide range of effects in the horse. The same instrument can record forces from more than a ton in the galloping animal to 25 g associated with the action of the heart. In all probability, the force plate will develop into a valuable clinical instrument.


Use of bumetanide, a potent diuretic, to obtain urinary samples for dope testing in horses. Use of the potent, high-ceiling diuretic bumetanide made it possible to obtain urinary samples for dope testing of trotters within the 1st hour after the race. The drug was injected intravenously at a dose level of 10 mug/kg during the cold season of the year, but on warm days, a dose of 20 mug/kg was more reliable. These doses did not produce any side-effects and did not interfere with the detection of doping drugs, since bumetanide is not metabolized to a detectable degree and the unchanged drug appears only in extracts from acidic urine. By enhancing the clearance of drugs used for doping, bumetanide even provides favorable conditions for detection of such drugs.


Regional coronary blood flow in ponies.

Regional coronary blood flow in ponies. Regional coronary blood flow was measured by injecting radioactive microspheres (15 mum +/- 5 in diameter) into the left atrium of anesthetized ponies with surgically prepared open thorax before and during occlusion of the coronary arteries. The normal blood flow to the myocardium of the interventricular septum and the left ventricular wall were highest, followed in decreasing order by the right ventricular wall, the interatrial septum, the atrial walls, and the valves. Measurement of transmural blood flow in the normal left ventricle yielded a mean endocardial/epicardial flow ratio of 1.36 in the free wall. The left ventricular flow ratio was 1.33 in the septal wall. The percentage of the left ventricular myocardium made ischemic during occlusion of the right coronary artery or of the left coronary artery (cranial descending and circumflex arteries) was approximately equal. Blood flow to the ischemic areas of the left ventricle after occlusion of coronary arteries ranged from 3.8 to 20.6% of the normal flow. A disproportionate decrease in flow to the endocardial regions of the left ventricle was also observed in ischemic areas (mean inner/outer left ventricular wall flow ratio was 68.89% of the normal flow ratio).


Nonlactating-cow therapy with a formulation of penicillin and novobiocin: therapeutic and prophylactic effects. An experimental product incorporating 500,000 IU of procaine penicillin G and 600 mg of sodium novobiocin in 2% aluminum monostearate-peanut oil gel (10-ml dose) was used to treat all quarters of 56 cows which were infected in at least 1 quarter at time of final mild-out at end of lactation. Treatment was withheld from 89 cows uninfected in all quarters. Quarter infection was determined by bacteriologic culturing of milk samples collected at the last regular milking, at intervals up to final milk-out (7 or 12 days later), at calving, and 1 week later. Clearance rates against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococci other than Streptococcus agalactiae, and coliform bacteria in treated quarters were 83, 94, 88, and 71%, respectively. Subtraction of the spontaneous clearance rate of about 50% in untreated quarters resulted in values of 35 to 45% for drug efficacy against existing staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. Prophylactic efficacy was examined. In cows entering the true nonlactating period with 1 or more quarters infected, new infection rates across the period aming quarters uninfected at the beginning were 36.0% among untreated cows and 6.3% among treated cows (P less than 0.005). The comparable rates for cows entering the nonlactating period uninfected in all quarters were 5.7 and 0%. Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci, which comprised 38.5% of new period infections among untreated cows, were completely lacking among treated cows (P less than 0.025). Within the treated group of cows, 83.1% of infected quarters were cleared, and new infection rate in the non-lactating period was 50% less than the rate among untreated cows. Because the frequency of intramammary infection in this herd was quite low at "drying-off" (10.5% of quarters), the net effect on herd health of selective therapy of cows infected at end of lactation was a reduction in total quarter infection from 19.8 to 13.6%.


Nonlactating-cow therapy with a formulation of penicillin and novobiocin: mammary irritation and residues. An experimental product incorporating 500,000 IU of procaine penicillin G and 600 mg of sodium novobiocin in 2% aluminum monostearate-peanut oil gel (10-ml dose) was infused after the final milk-out at end of lactation into all 4 mammary quarters of 56 cows that were infected in at least 1 quarter. The therapeutic and prophylactic efficacies were published in the companion report. Infusion of the product in all quarters of 5 lactating cows resulted in only slight irritation. Penicillin was eliminated by the 11th milking and novobiocin by the 5th. After infusion in the dry udder, the antibiotics were no longer detectable in serous secretion after 14 days and failed to appear in urine at the earliest (7-day) sampling after administration. Neither antibiotic was detectable in the 1st postpartum milking after nonlactating periods as short as 3 weeks.


Efficacy of oxibendazole against adult and larval nematodes of cattle. Calves which were artificially infected with Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, and Oesophagostomum but which were also carrying natural infections of Nematodirus and Trichuris were treated with 15.0 mg of oxibendazole (methyl-5-n-propoxy-2-benzimidazole-carbamate)/kg of body weight at 3 days, 7 days, and 42 days after exposure to the infective trichostrongylid and strongylid larvae. Efficacies against adult populations of these genera treated on day 42, except Trichostrongylus, exceeded 98%. The chemical was highly effective against immature nematodes of the genera, except Oesophagostomum (0%). Data were not obtained on Trichostrongylus. The oxibendazole premix was palatable, and toxicosis due to the chemical was not seen in these calves.


Metabolic disposition of radioactive phenothiazine in calves: a balance study. Three Charolais calves were treated orally with [14C] phenothiazine. The amount of radioactivity excreted in the urine and feces was measured. The average quantity of the excreted dose recovered was divided equally between the urine and the feces. The radioactivity found in the feces and gastrointestinal tract was variable between the animals, but the urinary radioactivity was constant. Only a small amount of the administered dose was retained by selected organs, with the liver and kidneys accounting for most of that amount. These organs also had tissue-to-blood ratios of radioactivity greater than unity, whereas the other tissues had ratios close to unity. Essentially complete recovery of the administered radioactive dose was achieved.


Effects of vaccination with a Moraxella bovis bacterin on the subsequent development of signs of corneal disease and infection with M bovis in calves under natural environmental conditions. A vaccination study was conducted for infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in 440 purebred Hereford cattle (cows and their newborn calves) of the USDA Meat Animal Research Center cattle herd at Clay Center, Ne. The cattle were allotted to 4 groups: 60 calves were vaccinated with an autogenous Moraxella bovis bacterin (group 1); 60 calves that were matched with group 1 calves were designated nonvaccinated matched controls (group 2); 99 calves were peer group nonvaccinated controls (group 3); and 219 cows, the dams of the calves, were nonvaccinated consorts (group 4). The infection rates in cattle groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 during the summer were 96.6, 98.3, 100, and 79.1%, respectively, and the disease rates were 90, 93, 85, and 20%. The infection and the disease rates were significantly (P less than 0.01) different between claves and cows. The disease rate was also significantly different between older and younger cows. A larger percentage of the affected calves and cows had mild or moderate (61%) signs of IBK rather than severe (39%) signs. The rate of body weight gain was reduced in calves with severe signs of IBK. The results seemed to indicate that little would be gained by vaccinating cattle against IBK under the conditions of study.


Multiplication of Staphylococci in vitro in normal and mastitic milk from vaccinated and nonvaccinated cows. Mastitis was induced by injection of cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus into the mammary glands of normal cows and of cows which had been vaccinated parenterally with a staphylococcal bacterin in adjuvant. Multiplication of S aureus in normal milk and in mastitic milk from vaccinated and nonvaccinated cows was determined in constant volume cultures. Growth was significantly inhibited during the 1st 6 hours of incubation, regardless of the nature of the milk or the vaccination status of the cows. Growth was inhibited for 24 hours in normal milk, and the organisms grew exponentially in mastitic milk regardless of the vaccination status of the cows.


Sensitivity of swine buffy coat culture to infection with hog cholera virus. The susceptibility of swine buffy coat (BC) cultures inoculated with hog cholera (HC) virus in the presence of homologous antiserum was greater than that of a pig kidney (PK-15) cell line similarly inoculated. The virus was isolated from BC cultures grown in the presence of 0.1% hyperimmune serum, whereas it could not be consistently recovered from the PK-15 cell line in which hyperimmune serum concentrations exceeded 0.025%. Maximal viral titers in BC culture were reached between postinoculation days 4 and 8. Peak titers were not influenced by the age of cells at infection or dose of virus. Data were present in support of the hypothesis that the decrease of HC viral isolations in BC cultures from HC epizootics was related to lessened use of attenuated vaccines.


Anthelmintic activity of diuredosan in dogs experimentally infected with Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis. The efficacy of diuredosan was determined in dogs experimentally infected with Ancylostoma caninum and Trichuris vulpis. Diuredosan at dosages of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg was 99% effective against A caninum. Efficacies against T vulpis were 88, 85, and 94% at dosages of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively.


Growth of mink (Mustela vison) kits when nursing dams given aflatoxin G1. During lactation, 5 female mink (Mustela vison) were given 50 mug of aflatoxin B1 orally twice, 2 weeks apart. Another group of 5 lactating mink were used as controls, Milk was collected 24 hours after each treatment with toxin. Aflatoxin B1 and M1 could not be detected in the milk. There was no appreciable difference in body weight among kits that nursed treated mink and those that nursed untreated mink.


Dexamethasone treatment during hemorrhagic shock: changes in extracellular fluid volume and cell membrane transport. Changes in extracellular fluid volume and cell membrane transport during hemorrhagic shock and the effects of dexamethasone treatment on these changes were measured. It is well known that prolonged hemorrhagic shock leads to irreversible changes and a progressive decrease in blood pressure despite reinfusion for lost blood. Pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids provide some protection against these changes. Therefore, one purpose in the present study was to identify possible sites of glucocorticoid action whicy may prevent the irreversible changes from occurring. The extracellular fluid volume in normal control, nontreated dogs in shock, and dexamethasone-treated dogs in shock were measured by a dilution technique, using [35S] sodium sulfate. Cell membrane cation transport capabilities were measured in liver slices, diaphragm slices, and red blood cells taken from normal control, nontreated rats in shock, and dexamethasone-treated rats in shock. The accumulation of radioactivity by the tissues incubated with 22Na served as an indicator of cell membrane ion transport capabilities. The results indicate that in animals subjected to prolonged hemorrhagic shock, there is a fluid shift from the extracellular space into intracellular spaces, reducing blood volume. Cell membranes are damaged and transport mechanisms are altered; therefore, the cells are unable to extrude ions along with water. Dexamethasone treatment was shown to prevent extracellular fluid volumes from decreasing below that amount due to the plasma lost during hemorrhage. Also, it prevented some cell membrane damage and maintained membrane transport mechanisms near normal. In addition, at the onset of dexamethasone injection, blood pressure increased, and urine output was restored.


Influence of pentobarbital sodium anesthesia on hematologic values in the dog. The effects of intravenously administered commercial pentobarbital sodium, pentobarbital sodium in saline solution, 40% propylene glycol in saline solution, 10% ethanol in saline solution, and saline solution on erythrocyte fragility and blood coagulation variables were studied in the dog. The pentobarbital solution and the 40% propylene glycol caused erythrocyte lysis and obvious hemoglobin release into the plasma. They also caused a shortening of the whole blood clotting time and partial thromboplastin time tests, evidence of increased procoagulant activity involving the intrinsic coagulation system. Alterations in these variables were not noticed after pentobarbital sodium in saline solution, 10% ethanol in saline solution, and saline solution injections. Changes were not noticed in the extrinsic coagulation system or in platelet function.


Normal canine lipid profiles and effects of experimentally induced pancreatitis and hepatic necrosis on lipids. Normal lipid profiles (total lipids, total cholesterol, phospholipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and lipoproteins) were determined in 23 clinic-reared dogs and 26 client-owned dogs. A significantly higher concentration of cholesterol was found in client-owned dogs as compared with clinic-reared dogs. Hepatic necorosis, induced by CCl4, resulted only in a significant decrease in triglycerides. Acute pancreatitis, induced by major and minor pancreatic duct ligations, resulted in a significant increase in free fatty acids and low-density lipoprotein with a decrease in high-density lipoprotein-2.


Activated coagulation time (ACT) of whole blood in normal dogs. The activated coagulation time (ACT) test is technically simple, inexpensive, and commercially available and provides a rapid, accurate assessment of canine whole blood clotting time. The medium ACT for 72 normal dogs ranging in age from 6 monhts to 11 years was 75 seconds, with a range of from less than 60 seconds to 125 seconds and a mean of 77.5 seconds. Significant difference in the ACT due to sex or age of the animals tested was not found.


Mucosal morphologic alterations in Thiry-Vella fistulas. Three Thiry-Vella fistulas were surgically placed in each of 9 dogs to study the effects of x-irradiation on isolated loops of small intestine. Mucosal biopsy samples were removed from the fistulas for 5 days at 24-hour intervals after surgical operation to assess the morphologic alterations that occurred in the fistula mucosa following surgical isolation. There was a reduction of villus height during the 1st day, reduction of crypt depth on days 2 and 3, and stabilization of villus height and crypt depth during days 3 to 5 after surgical operation. The surgical technique and morphologic alterations observed in the mucosa of the fistulas during the 5 days after surgery are described.


A new self-retaining vascular indwelling catheter. Specifications are presented for design and construction of a chronically indwelling vascular catheter. Implantation and use in fetal, neonatal, and adult sheep are described. A special feature of the catheter was the tissue-retaining lugs that ensured a high degree of stability in situ. The system was exceedingly reliable in limiting infection and thrombus formation.


Smoking and cough frequency.

Smoking and cough frequency. The number of coughs occurring in small groups of subjects was noted by observers who also noted the time of lighting a cigarette by each member of the group. Those who smoked during the periods of observation coughed twice as often as those who did not; men coughed twice as often as did women.


Hemodynamic and alveolar protein studies in noncardiac pulmonary edema. Hemodynamic data were obtained within 15 hours of admission in 11 previously healthy patients (20 to 51 years of age, 7 men and 4 women) who had developed transient, reversible pulmonary edema without cardiac dilation in association with near-death from freshwater drowning (2 cases), pentobarbital overdose, heroin overdose (2 cases), smoke inhalation, chest trauma, sepsis (2 cases), pancreatitis, or prolonged abdominal surgery with suspected sepsis. Using a balloon-tipped flow-directed catheter, the pulmonary artery systolic/diastolic pressures (in mm Hg) were 25/12, 22/9, 31/11, 26/15, 20/10, 35/15, 40/15, 32/18, 20/10, 24/10, and 20/7; the corresponding pulmonary capillary wedge pressures (in mm Hg) were 8, 9, 6, 14, 6, 6, 15, 15, 10, 10, and 5, respectively. Plasma colloidal osmotic pressures measured in the latter 5 cases were 26, 18, 18, 18, and 15 mm Hg, respectively. In addition, the protein content of the alveolar fluid was 5.1, 3.4, 4.0, and 7.1 g per 100 ml in 4 patients. The concentration and distribution of the protein in plasma and alveolar fluid were very similar. These findings provide strong efidence that altered capillary permeability is responsible for the pulmonary edema.


Mucous blanket of rat bronchus: an ultrastructural study. The tracheobronchial tree of rats was fixed by fixative vapor "from the front", thus preserving the mucous blanket for morphologic study. Electron microscopic examination of bronchi revealed the existence of osmiophilic myelin-figured lamellae in the lower zone of the mucous blanket. The meaning of this finding is discussed in terms of a 2-layer model of the mucous blanket.


Isolation and characterization of a unique glycoprotein from lavage of chicken lungs and lamellar organelles. A major glycoprotein with an estimated molecular weight by sodium dodecylsulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of 36,000 daltons has been found in lavage material of normal chicken lung. Amino acid and carbohydrate analyses of this glycoprotein indicated the presence of hydroxyproline, a high percentage of glycine, sialic acid, mannose, galactose, fucose, and glucosamine. Threonine is the NH2-terminal residue of the glycoprotein. A similar glycoprotein of the same molecular weight, NH2-terminus, amino acid, and carbohydrate composition has been found in lamellar organelles isolated from normal chicken lung. The data indicate that this unique collagen-like glycoprotein, which is similar to a major alveolar glycoprotein found in mammals, including patients with alveolar proteinosis, is also a major protein of avian airways. Because avian airways contain no Clara, ciliated, or goblet cells but do contain type II cells as the only secretory airway cells with lamellar organelles, it is likely that in birds this glycoprotein may be a product of type II cells.


The influence of clinical factors on site of airway obstruction in asthma. The effect of breathing a gas mixture less dense than room air (80% helium, 20% 02) on the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve was used to determine the influence of clinical factors on the site and nature of the airway obstruction in asthmatics. If an asthmatic did not smoke or have chronic bronchitis or recurrent respiratory infections, the site of obstruction was in more central airways than it was in the presence of these factors, when the main site was more likely to be in more peripheral airways. Both the peripheral and the central airway obstruction were at least in part due to bronchoconstriction and could be reversed with bronchodilators. Comparison of maximal expiratory flow-volume curves when the subject was breathing air and when he or she was breathing a less dense gas mixture may indicate change in the mechanical properties of the lung after the use of bronchodilators that are not apparent breathing air alone. In some instances, bronchodilators produced no change in the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve when the subject was breathing air, but there were substantial changes when he or she was breathing a mixture of helium and O2.


Site of action of inhaled 6 per cent carbon dioxide in the lungs of asthmatic subjects before and after exercise. We studied 10 nonsmoking young adults before and after inducing asthmatic attacks by treadmill exercise. We used body plethysmography, flow-volume curves with air and a mixture of 80% helium and 20% oxygen, pressure-volume diagrams, and arterial blood gas analyses to characterize the effects of exercise and acute inhalation of 6% CO2. Even when exercise produced no change in arterial CO2 tension, inhalation of 6% CO2 relieved obstruction to airflow. It also altered the volume-pressure ralationship of the lungs so that total lung capacity was reduced within minutes, and elastic recoil was increased at fixed lung volume. A large increase in density dependence of airflow was seen in some cases, suggesting relief of obstruction in peripheral airways. Atropine sulfate did not prevent obstruction after exercise and did not prevent relief during CO2 inhalation. We concluded that CO2 inhalation can relax both central and peripheral airways in young asthmatic adults, both at rest and after exercise, and that both total lung capacity and density dependence of airflow can change acutely in these subjects.


Aerosol deposition and airway obstruction. Intrapulmonary deposition of 1-mum-diameter particles of dioctyl sebacate was studied in 58 working coalminers. Total deposition  was found to be significantly correlated with lung function measurements characterizing airway obstruction. The closest relationship was between deposition and the mean maximal flow rate in the third quarter of a forced expiration. The shape of the exhaled aerosol recovery curve was also found to be related to the degree of airway obstruction; 3 basic types are described. The concave type was more common in smokers, in whom deposition was significantly greater. The presence of simple pneumoconiosis was not associated with the degree of aerosol deposition. The significance of the findings of aerosol deposition and its recovery pattern are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of lung disease.


Properties of aerosols produced with three nebulizers. Investigations on the physical factors influencing the efficiency of 3 kinds of nebulizers (Wiesbadener Doppelinhalator, Heyer jet nebulizer, and Monaghan ultrasonic nebulizer) used to administer pharmaceutical agents are described. The airflow, the waterflow, and the concentration of the nebulized pharmaceutical agents in the air were determined. It was found that, for the jet nebulizers, the concentration of nebulized pharmaceuticals decreased considerably during the vaporization. The particle size distribution was measured with spiral centrifuge. The mass median diameter of the unevaporated aerosols was 3.4 mum for the Wiesbadener, 7.4 mum for the Heyer, and 5.2 mum for the Monaghan. The deposition of an aerosol produced with the Wiesbadener was measured in a glass model of the upper airways (mouth, trachea, and bifurcation). An estimate of the fraction of the aerosol that can pass the bifurcation was made. A correction for the change in the aerosol particle diameter due to the high humidity in the human lung was introduced. It was found that 35 per cent of the mass of the aerosol produced with this nebulizer can pass the human bifurcation (tidal volume, 500 ml; inhalation frequency, 12 per min).


The mechanism of rapid, shallow breathing after inhaling histamine aerosol in exercising dogs. In 4 unsedated, exercising dogs, we studied the effects of inhaled histamine aerosol on minute volume of ventilation, respiratory frequency, tidal volume, total pulmonary resistance, and dynamic pulmonary compliance. Inhalation (5 breaths) of 1 to 2 per cent histamine aerosols increased minute ventilation (mean, 50 per cent; p less than 0.001) by increasing respiratory frequency (mean, 166 percent; P less than 0.001), despite decreasing tidal volume (mean, 42 percent; P less than 0.0001). Total pulmonary resistance increased (mean, 200 per cent; P less than 0.001.) Breathing supplemental O2 did not affect the ventilatory response to histamine. Adding external resistive loads to a dog's airway did not simulate the pattern of rapid, shallow breathing produced by histamine. Inhalation of terbutaline prevented the changes in total pulmonary resistance and dynamic pulmonary compliance but did not alter the ventilatory response to histamine. When conduction in the cervical vagus nerves (which were implanted chronically in skin loops) was blocked by cooling, the ventilatory response to histamine was abolished. We concluded that histamine stimulates breathing by stimulation of receptors whose afferent pathways are in the vagus nerves; the effective stimulus is not bronchoconstriction but is presumably due to direct stimulation of airway receptors.