[Single coronary artery originating from the left pulmonary artery of a "truncus arteriosus communis" in a living 39 year-old-patient (author's transl)]. Observation of a single coronary artery with origin from left pulmonary artery in a 39 year-old man who was brought to the operating table for correction of a persistent truncus arteriosus is discussed. The anomaly is expectional and has never been described intra vitam. The authors explain the possible formal genesis on the basis of the most accepted embriogenetic theories and they analyze the special physiopathological behaviour which allowed the long survival and the good physical state of the patient which is still only slightly reduced. In this case a precedent cerebral abscess and frequent hemophtysis indicated the surgical treatment of the truncus arteriosus which was nor performed because of the finding of the coronary anomaly not previously seen with angiography. The authors emphasize the necessity of an accurate pre-operative study of the coronary tree in all patients with persistent truncus arteriosus, to avoid the possibility that anomalies of the origin and course of the coronary arteries can make radical surgical treatment difficult or impossible.


[The significance of hemogasanalysis in acute myocardial infarction: hemodynamic and respiratory correlations (author's transl)]. Hemodynamic and hemogasanalytic comparative study was performed in 46 patients admitted to our Coronary Care Unit because of myocardial infarction. The values of pH; PO2; PCO2; HbaO2; HbvO2; SBP; CVP; PAP; WP; Q; and CI were recorded simultaneously in every patient one or more times during the first 72 hours of the disease. The patients were divided into four classes according to the severity of hemodynamic impairment. Statistical analysis of the obtained results was then performed. In all patients more or less severe hypoxemia was found, but it was not statistically related to the severity of hemodynamic impairment. Instead, the values of PvO2 and HbvO2 showed a very significant correlation with Q and CI. Moreover, in 11 patients the venous admixture (QVA/Q) was measured several times in order to study the cause of the arterial hypoxemia thoroughly. It showed a very significant direct correlation with Q and CI. The interpretation of this phenomenon is then discussed and it is suggested that, in such patients, an increase of cardiac output causes an increased flow through poorly ventilated areas.


[Congenital coronary fistulas: report of six operated cases (author's transl)]. The authors report of their own experience of 6 patients suffering from congenital coronary fistula. In 3 cases the fistula originated from the right coronary artery and in the other 3, from the branches of the left coronary artery. In 2 cases the fistula ended in the right atrium and in 4 cases in the right ventricle. Three patients were asymptomatic, 2 with cardiac insufficiency and 1 suffering from angor. We normally recommend surgical operation for the symptomatic patients, and for the asymptomatic, whenever there is a considerable shunt sin/dx and/or for important electrocardiogram alteration. All of the patients was operated on, 4 of them by means of extracorporeal circulation. In 3 of them a straight ligation of the fistula was carried out: in one, ligation of the fistula associated with the removal of a myocardial aneurysm, in one the suture of the intima of the fistula after arteriotomy, and in one the suture after right atriotomy. There were no complications immediately after the surgical operation. Five of our patients were checked from 3 to 7 years after the operation. All of them showed a normal radiological picture and disappearance of electrocardiogram evidence of pre-existing myocardial ischemia.


[Precordial mapping and enzymatic analysis for estimating infarct size in man. A comparative study (author's transl)]. To investigate the relationships between electrocardiographic and enzymatic indexes of infarct size (I.S.), a group of 19 patients with anterior infarction was studied by serial precordial mapping and CPK curves analysis. The time course of ST and QRS changes was examined and a sharp, spontaneous fall of sigmaST was shown to occur within 10-12 hours after onset of symptoms, followed by a gradual rise. sigmaST on admission appears to be a poor predictor of subsequent enzymatic I.S. (r=0.49). Good correlations with I.S. were observed, for sigmaST at 48-96 hours (r=0.82) and, especially, for the percent decrease of sigmaR, with respect to the initial values (deltaR%), (r=0.94).


[Primitive cardiomyopathies: dynamic geometry of left ventricular contraction]. 51 patients with primitive cardiomyopathy were studied and classified (5 groups) on the basis of hemodynamic parametres and the modalities of left ventricular contraction: the first group was made up of patients with "frontal sector" hyperkinesia, normal ejection fraction and without any dynamic obstruction of the ventricular flow; the second, of patients with hyperkinesia "frontal and rear sector" raised ejection fraction and with dynamic obstruction; the third group was composed of patients with "frontal sector" hyperkinesia, reduced motility of the mitralic valvular level with appearance of insufficiency (maintained in the subsequent groups) and depression of the ejection fraction; dynamic obstruction was present. Groups IV and V included patients with progressive extension of hypokinesia to all marginal regions, up to the contraction pattern characterized by "serious and diffused hypokinesia". To conclude, a correlation of the contraction patterns is made, characterizing the various groups with a pathophysiological interpretation.


[Cardiac fibroma: a successfully operated case and a review of the literature (author's transl)]. A case of cardiac fibroma in a three years old child successfully operated on is presented. The tumor was localized on the interventricular septum and was provoking an obstacle in the outflow of the right ventricle. The preoperative diagnosis was formulated by angiocardiography. A year after the operation, the hemodynamic control showed that he interventricular pressures were normal. The problems and the importance of an early diagnosis are emphasized in patients affected by cardiac fibroma. Surgical indication, technical aspects related to the operation, the immediate and more long-term results from surgical operation of this kind of pathology, with reference to the data taken from the literature, are discussed.


[Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia with retrograde Wenckebach block and reciprocal beats (author's transl)]. A case of recurrent paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia with retrograde Wenckebach block and reciprocal beats was studied with His bundle electrogram and right ventricular stimulation. Reentry was reproduced whenever retrograde ventriculo-atrial conduction time reached a critical value. Concealed reentry was also demonstrated and shown to be responsible for the dropped beats of the Wenckebach sequence.


[Effect of diazoxide on blood pressure, PRA and plasma aldosterone in hypertensive patients (author's transl)]. Intravenous diazoxide (300 mg) was administered to 29 hypertensive patients previously classified in subgroups according to their plasma renin and urinary aldosterone levels. The blood pressure was measured before and periodically after injection and plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone before and after 2 hours. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell notably from 193/118 to 155 93 mmHg; whereas PRA increased from 7.51 to 13.21 ng/ml/3 hrs and plasma aldosterone did not change significantly (71.3 and 102.8 ng%). Examining the individual sub-groups, a significant decrease in blood pressure was observed in 15 patients with low, posture unresponsive PRA, both in subjects with normal urinary aldosterone and those with surgically proven primary aldosteronism. In the former only the mean PRA showed a slight but sigificant increase, while in the latter the changes for both PRA and aldosterone were not significant. In the subgroups of patients with normal renin and urinary aldosterone the arterial pressure also significantly and promptly decreased. However, in this group the mean PRA substantially increased whereas the plasma aldosterone levels remained constant. The same blood pressure decline was observed in those patients with high PRA and aldosterone, including 1 case of pheocromocytoma. The mean PRA showed a further modest increase while the plasma aldosterone did not change significantly. These results indicate that the antihypertensive action of diazoxide is similar in the different types of hypertension (volume, vasoconstrictor or mixed form according to Laragh's classification), being independent of the basal plasma renin and aldosterone levels. Furthermore, the response of the blood pressure to diazoxide is not related in any way to the induced changes in PRA and plasma aldosterone values.


[Modifications and control of the myocardial threshold with the Vario pacemaker EM 169 (author's transl)]. Measurements of threshold of electrical stimulation were performed in thirty patients with A-V block, at the time of implantation of the pacemaker, after 10 days, 1-2 months and 1 year. The Vario-pacemaker was used for the measurements. An increase in the stimulation threshold of about 260% was noted after 10 days and 1-2 months. One year after the implantation of the pacemaker, the myocardial threshold was about 200% of the initial value. The method is easy to perform. It is very useful to follow the myocardial threshold changes for a long period after the implantation.


[Action of dopamine on blood flow of the limbs and on blood viscosity (author's transl)]. The observation of several cases of gangrene in the lower limbs of subjects treated with an infusion of dopamine has encouraged the authors to study the action of the drug, in a dose capable of increasing the arterial pressure, on the blood flow in the lower limbs and on the viscosity of the blood in a group of normal middle aged subjects. A significant reduction in the values of the blood flow with a simultaneous increase in the blood viscosity was observed. There results confirm the ischemic action of the drug with the doses used at the muscular and cutaneous level in the lower limbs.


[The mitral prolapse syndrome. Observation of 100 cases (author's transl)]. 100 patients with mitral prolapse syndrome (MPS) were studied with electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, thorax radiography and echocardiogram. In 44 of the patients, the effort test and dynamic electrocardiogram were performed; 25 underwent hemodynamic examination, and 10 underwent selective coronarography. The most frequent symptomatologies were palpitations and vertigo; the most-registered electrocardiographic alterations were ventricular extrasystoles and altered electrical repolarization in the inferior seat. The symptomatic patients with rhythm disturbances showed reduced work capacity (RWC) with aggravation of the effort arrhythmias. The phonocardiogram showed variability of the phonoauscultatory reports, not only from patient to patient, but also in the same patient. The apicocardiogram presented a characteristic systolic re-entry which coincided with the non-ejective click. In all cases, the echocardiogram demonstrated a systolic movement backwards from the mitralic strips with different aspects. The endocavitary pressures in the studied cases were normal or only slightly altered. The left ventriculography frequently demonstrated assynergic areas, and constantly, eversion of the posterior  mitralic strips in the left atrium. In most of the cases, the selective coronarography showed the absence of the ventricular atrial tract of the circumflex. The sustained role of the mixomatous degeneration in the pathogenetic mechanism of the MPS must be emphasized. The beta-blockers were the most effective drugs against arrhythmias, which in some cases showed themselves impervious to any medicinal treatment. MPS is considered a very diffuse disease which can run its course without detection or which can be accompanied by serious rhythm disturbances that can threaten the patient's life. The importance of echocardiography in the diagnosis of MPS is emphasized. The SPM patient showed undergo a series of wave tests which reveal malignant potentialities, so that the best therapeutic principles, both for the treatment and prevention of the arrhythmias, can be applied.


[Spontaneous return of sinus rhythm in mitralic fibrillation of long duration (author's transl)]. A case of mitral valvular disease in which spontaneous return of sinus rhythm occurred after 12 years of atrial fibrillation is reported. The course of the disease, complicated by A.V. and intraventricular conduction disturbances which made the insertion of a pacemaker necessary, suggests that return to sinus rhythm should not be considered necessarily an improvement in the clinical picture and in the prognosis in such patients.


[Reopening of ventricular septal defect after surgical repair: experience with 7 reoperated patients (author's transl)]. Reopening of ventricular septal defect after surgical repair was investigated -- from six months to five years after operation -- on 75 patients who had undergone closure of ventricular septal defect and on 65 patients who had undergone complete correction of tetralogy of Fallot. The complication appeared in 3 patients (4%) of the first group and in 4 (6%) of the second group, always early after the operation (from 24 hours to 2 months). All patients underwent reoperation - operative mortality rate was 66% in the first group and 25% in the second one. Operative mortality was higher in patients with cardiac and/or tricuspidal failure, also after prolonged preoperative medical treatment.


[A correlative study of the evolution of myocardial infarction using 131Cs scintigraphy and ecocardiography (author's transl)]. 21 patients with acute myocardial infarction (A.M.I.) were studied by echocardiography (Echo) and 131CS myocardial scintigraphy (M.S.). Some months after discharge from Hospital (mean value = 10 months), the echocardiograms and myocardial scintigrams were taken again. M.S. resulted modified in 13 patients (62%); in 7 of these there was a reduction of the "cold" area due to M.I.; in 6 an extension with scintigraphic pattern of left ventricular aneurysm was shown. Echo showed in the first group of 7, with normal ventricular cavity (L.V.C.), dimension and good movement of the walls affected by A.M.I. In the second group of 6, L.V.C. dilatation (mean value = 5,6 cm) and reduction of L.V. walls movements gave noticeable results. In the patients (8 = 38%) with unchanged M.S., Echo showed an L.V.C. dimensions increase and L.V. wall movement reduction. The most important results of the present study is the sensitivity of the M.S. and Echo to picking up left ventricular aneurysm by means of non-invasive techniques. The Authors emphasize the availability of Echo and M.S. in the follow up of M.I.


[The congestive cardiomiopathy. A clinical study of the hypotrophic-hypokinetic forms (congestive) (author's transl)]. Based on classifications proposed by Anglosaxon and French authors who were the first to become interested in the so-called cardiomyopathies of unknown origins, 41 cases clinically classified as hypotrophic-hypokinetic (congestive) cardiomyopathies are presented. After a period of clinical observation, 21 cases were studied hemodynamically, with ventriculography and coronaryarteriography, with phonocardiography (35 cases) and follow-up from some months to 6 years. Post mortem studies were performed in 6 patients, five of whom died of congestive heart failure or thromboembolism and one of sudden death. It was concluded that these entities are hypotrophic-hypokinetic cardiomyopathies with a clinical pattern of congestive heart failure and with unknown aethiologic factors. Treatment as far as indications and efficacy are discussed.


[Mitral valve prolapse and the ventricular pre-excitation syndrome (author's transl)]. One of the most important clinical aspects of the mitral valve prolapse syndrome is the high incidence of arrhythmias. Some recent reports on the association of mitral valve prolapse with ventricular pre-excitation may be relevant to the understanding of such arrhythmias. In order to evaluate the clinical relevance of this association, all patients with proven idiopathic mitral valve prolapse who came under our observation during the last twelve months, were submitted to careful electrocardiographic examination with the aim of detecting even subtle degrees of pre-excitation. His bundle recording and programmed atrial stimulation were performed if there was any suspicion of a delta wave. The association with ventricular pre-excitation was proved in 6 out of 41 examined cases. The main clinical, phonocardiographic, echocardiographic, angiographic and electrophysiologic data, as well as the familial study of these cases, are presented. The need for electrophysiologic study in some cases with doubtful electrocardiographic pattern is pointed out. While previous reports only described cases with left-sided accessory pathways, examples of right-sided pathways are presented in our series. The high incidence of mitral valve prolapse, and especially of pre-excitation syndrome and arrhythmias in the familial study, suggests that the association is not an occasional one. The detection of ventricular pre-excitation in cases of mitral valve prolapse complicated by recurrent tachy-arrhythmias may be of practical importance for an appropriate therapeutic approach.


[A study of the mechanism of the action of Bunaphtine recording the myocardial monophasic action potentials in man. Conclusive report (author's transl)]. In this paper the authors conclude their study of the mechanism of the action of Bunaphtine. Both atrial and ventricular MAP were recorded by a suction electrode in 13 patients before and after Bunaphtine (1.5-2 and 2.5 mg/Kg i.v.). With the lower dosages, the drug acts specifically on repolarization: it greatly increases the duration of MAP, together with a proportional ERP prolongation; the ERP/MAP ratio is not changed. With the higher dosages, there is a greater effect on the depolarization velocity (decrease of the O dv/dt phase of MAP) and on the conduction, this last being less evident. At the atrial level there is a conspicous ERP prolongation, with a remarkable increase of ERP/MAP ratio. There is full agreement between these results and those obtained experimentally on the dog and in vitro. Bunaphtine has therefore unquestionable antiarrhythmic properties and it can have a double action mechanism; with higher dosages its action-quinidine-like-is predominant at the atrial level.


[Malfunction of the Smeloff-Cutter mitral prosthesis: echo-phonocardiographic diagnosis in two successfully re-operated cases (author's transl)]. Five cases of Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis implanted in the mitral position nine years ago were investigated with combined echocardiographic and phonocardiographic recordings. In two cases a malfunction was demonstrated and a surgical confirmation was obtained at the reoperation. Normal and abnormal echocardiographic patterns of the Smeloff-Cutter prosthesis are reported and discussed. The Authors stress the importance of combined echo-phono recordings when malfunction of the mobile element of a mechanical prosthesis is suspected.


[The values and limitations of recovery time in sick sinus syndrome (author's transl)]. 143 patients were examined for SNRT and thus divided: 1st group: 39 patients with indisputable clinical signs of MNS (bradycardia-tachycardia, synocopes); 2nd group: 18 patients with constant sinusal bradycardia, but without arrhythmias; 3rd group: 86 patients without any clinical signs of sisusal automatism deficit. The average SNRT results were: 2346 plus or minus 1404 msec in the 1st group; 1337 plus or minus 181 msec in the 2nd group and 1021 plus or minus 216  msec in the 3rd. Corrected SNRT gave an average result of 1315 plus or minus 1300 msec in the 1st group; 329 plus or minus 229 msec in the 2nd and 234 plus or minus 133msec in the 3rd group. The values between the average and standard deviation...


[The vectorcardiogram of the normal child, 2-12 years of age (author's transl)]. Morphological aspects and the most important vectorial parameters of the VCG (Frank method) of normal children, aged 2 to 12 years, were analyzed. The total group consisted of 110 subjects (10 for each )ear) subdivided into three subgroups of progressive age. Semeiologic evaluation of the QRS in the frontal and sagittal planes was not significant because of the stereotypes of the figures. In the horizontal plane the majority of cases showed typical triphasic development of the vectorial groups, while biphasic morphology was found in the minority. The triphasic loop presented 1) a balance between anterior and posterior forces which was more frequent in the youngest children, 2) a posterior orientation which was more frequent in the oldest children or 3) an anterior orientation which was infrequent. Since the anterior orientation of triphasic QRS was not related to the age -- it may also be seen in normal adults -- it was attributed to a variation of ventricular activation. The biphasic loop was attributed to immaturity of ventricular conduction. The evaluation of quantitative parameters was in agreement with the results of other studies. The changes of initial and intermediate vectors were probably due to the more important development of the left ventricle. The QRS duration increased with age. The T loop was posterior in the majority of the youngest children and progressively advanced with age, although it remained posterior in an important number of cases of children aged twelve.


[The Holt-Oram syndrome: report of a case (author's transl)]. A case of the Holt-Oram syndrome is described, that is, the association of a skeletal anomaly of the superior limbs, with a constant involvment of the thumbs, and an ostium secundum defect with a prolonged P-R interval. The case presented has the peculiarity of being sporadic, while from the literature a familiarity is almost constant via an autosomic dominant hereditary transmission. The more common syndromes were an alteration of the superior limbs is associated with a congenital cardiopathy are schematically underlined. Finally, the embriological reasons of this not rare association are briefly discussed.


A new method for evaluation of karyometrical measurements. From karyometrical measurements performed by us and from investigations of other authors it results that the obtained values of nuclear volumes are smaller than real ones. This is caused by different sectioning planes of measured nuclei. Previously published corrections seem not to reflect the real error as they are based on the analysis of the circle, and not of the sphere. In the presented paper a method is given, which may be applicated to interpretation of the results of morphometrical measurements. The proposed method is based on the well known in statistical analysis 3o rule. The obtained results were applicated to a practical example.


The analysis of distribution of karyometric measurements. The aim of the work was the analysis of distribution of karyometric measurements for semi- and ultrathin sections. The investigation was performed using spheres (diameter 16.2 mm), which were randomly cut using a microtome knife. The diameters of sections were measured with ocular with accuracy 0.1 mm. It has been shown, that the mean value of the measurements does not correspond to the real value of the spheres' diameter, and it is distinctly lower. The theoretical analysis explaining this fenomenon was performed. The obtained results allow for estimation of real diameter of spherical nuclei of the some size.


[Craniometric studies on the functional morphology of the atlanto-occipital joint in man. Part II. Data and correlations]. Metric and statistical methods were used on a series of skulls (n = 100) to examine the relationship of size and shape parameters of the occipital condyles with other skull variables, which might contribute to an understanding of the morphological variability of occipital condyles and the functional importance of the cranio-vertebral joint (occipital-atlantal-joint) in man. A total of 67 metric variables were included which could be classified into three groups: a) linear measurements, indices and angles of the size and position of the condyles (length, breadth, height and size of the condyles surfaces; length-breadth, length-height and breadth-height indices of the condyles; distance measurements and inclination angles of condyles in the horizontal frontal planes). The size of the condylar surfaces was determined using the printing method of Stofft and Müller. b) Length and breadth measurements and angles of the occipital bone on which the condyles are situated; c) Size circumference, weight and volume measurements of the cranium. The variables of groups b) and c) were mostly taken according to the metrical scheme of Martin. Statistical analysis of the material includes measures of frequency distributions (means, variances, skewness and kurtorsis) and intercorrelations of the variables. Most of the metrical characters of the condyles show high intercorrelations. Similarily, to a large extent highly significant correlations were found between variables of the condyles and length and breadth measurements of pars basilaris and lateralis of the occiput, while little or no statistical association was observed with the size variables of squama occipitalis. The same is true of the correlations between metrical characteristics of the condyles and most of the measurements of the cranium. Likewise cranial capacity and weight of the cranium show little correlation with condylar measurements. Therefore the present study does not support the existence of a relationship between cranial weight or the pressure on the cranio-vertebral joint, and the size and position of occipital condyles as supposed by zoologists on the basis of research work on different species of mammals. However the size and distance measures of the condyles show significant correlations with skull height (basi-bregmatic height) and the length of the skull base (basi-nasal length). The highest correlation coefficient values (r = 0.5) were observed between skull height and the size of the surface of the condyles and the length of the condyles. Somewhat smaller but statistically significant r values were found between basi-bregmatic height of skull and the distance measurement between the condyles. The correlation coefficients demonstrate that skull of greater height possess the condyles which are not only larger and longer but show increased distance between the condyles as well, resulting in a larger supporting area for the skull...


[Altitude adaptation. Part III. Altitude acclimatization as a problem of human biology (II. Morphology, physiology, biochemistry)]. The physiological mechanisms of adaptation will be reported. In a primary step of adaptation, the body reacts with immediate response, which already leads to a first classification: whether or not altitude will be tolerated by an individual. More steady biological processes follow with the same intention of balancing oxygen deficiency. They may be successful and acclimatization is possible, or they do not achieve the necessary level, i.e. that consequently developing pathological conditions of different severity lead to a next assortation of individuals with insufficient adaptability. The first state of lability can be compensated, or the intolerance will make a further stay in high altitudes impossible. No parameters exist which could allow a prognosis as to what kind of individuals will tolerate altitude or not. A different pattern of biological reaction is seen in permanent inhabitants of high altitudes who have been residing there for generations and haven't experienced conditions other than those of their special altitude in their individual lives. While ascending to higher altitudes, permanent residents also have to undergo new adaptation, as well as when descending to lower altitudes. Returning to their native environment requires reacclimatization. The mechanisms of adaptation on the organ level will be reviewed, as well as on the fluid and cellular level. All those functional and morphological mechanisms of adaptation to oxygen deficiency in high altitudes tend to maintain optimal equilibrium. Maladaptation may result. Expected genetically determined physiological alterations of adaptational value in permanent residents, which could have manifested themselves by way of "soft" selection and change of gene frequency in those high altitude populations, will be discussed. Genetical determination in such physiological parameters does not seem probable, although some pecularities such as the "blunted response" ventilation, the higher Bohr-Effect in Quenchua etc. might be interpreted in this direction.


Comparative study of morpho-histology of gonads of three teleost fishes. 1. In the present paper comparative study of morphohistology of gonads of 3 teleost fishes has been made. 2. The gonads are unpaired in Notopterus notopterus and paired in Nandus nandus and Colisa fasciatus. 3. The testis in Notopterus notopterus is flat structure and is situated ventrolaterally. In Nandus nandus the testes are paired elongated and slightly flattened structures while they are paired threadlike structures in Colisa fasciatus. 4. Histologically the testis consists of lobules filled with various stages of germ cells, such as primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and sperms. 5. The testis can be differentiated into anterior and middle functional regions and the posterior non=functional region in the case of Notopterus notopterus while in Nandus nandus and Colisa fasciatus no such differentiation could be found. 6. The ovary is somewhat oval unpaired structure in Notopterus notopterus. In Nandus nandus ovaries are paired, elongated organ taper anteriorly while the ovaries are paired and triangular in Colisa fasciatus. 7. The histological structure of the ovary in all the 3 fishes represents the generalised teleostean structure. 8. The cystovarian condition of gonads are present in all the 3 fishes, Notoperus notopterus, Colisa fasciatus and Nandus nandus.


[Origin and ultrastruct of peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes]. For the obtainment of reactive peritoneal macrophages was used an original technique by which small oval x-ray plates, wrapped up in viteline membrane were grafted into the abdominal cavity of white rats. As a result of the inflammatory reaction reactive cells were adhering to the membrane and among them macrophages of various stages of development as well. The membranes with the reactive cells which have been removed out at different periods of time (6, 12, and 24 h, 3, 5, and 7 d) were embedded in durcupan for electronmicroscopic examination. The ultrastructural organization of the macrophages having different stages of differentiation has been demonstrated by means of this technique. The problem concerning the origin of macrophages coming chiefly of the monocyte migration from blood circulation and passing through various transient forms was discussed as well as their ability to be transformed into giant cells, fibroblasts, mast cells, plasmocytes etc. in the course of the inflammatory reaction.


Acrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of human serum alkaline phosphatase activity-- a population study in the eastern India. Akaline phosphatase activity following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of human sera obtained from normal populations in the Eastern India shows a correlation between the presence of p++ phenotypes with the B and O blood groups only in females. The incidence of additional bands in the beta-lipoprotein zone is much higher in female samples than in males. The frequencies of both p++ and p+ henotypes within the different endogamous communities and castes are rather variable. Electorphoresis following heat treatment of sera obtained from pregnant females shows the complete absence of p++ and p+, as also of bands at the beta-lipoprotein zones in them.


[Orthology of the adrenal cortex of the swine under defined stress-free conditions]. The adrenal cortex from the pig, which was hold on defined conditions without stress, was investigated with histological and histochemical methods. With regard to the classical distribution of the adrenal cortex in the zona glomerulosa s. arcuata, the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis, has been given a description of the cells on the several zones.


Studies on the morphology and histology of the digestive tract of Bagarius bagarius (Ham). 1. The alimentary tract of Bagarius bagarius is long in accordance with its omnivorous nature and consists of buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophogus, stomach, intestine, and rectum. 2. The month is terminal and bounded by upper and lower lips, which are provided with many villiform teeth. 3. The buccal cavity and pharynx are dorso-ventrally flattened with smooth lining in the former and folded in the latter. Taste buds and mucous cells are present in these parts which help in selection of food and inlubricating the prey respectively. 4. The oesophagus is small but wide and produced into longitudinal folds. Histologically it is composed of the usual 4 layers viz. serosa, muscularis, submucosa and mucosa. The mucosa is stratified and bears mucous cells. 5. The stomach is large, sac-like and divided into a large cardiac and a small pyloric portion. In the submucosa of the cardiac part, gastric glands are present into the cryps of mucosa. 6. The intestine is distinguished into duodenum, ileum and rectum on the basis of folds. These folds are of honey comb type in duodenum, longitudinal in the ileum, and anatamosing in the rectum to form a honey comb. The muscularis of the duodenum is better developed than that of the ileum and is best formed in the rectum, where the mucosa contains abundant mucous cells. 7. The liver consists of 2 lobes and is formed of polygonal cells. Blood capillaries and hepatic ductules are present in it. The gall bladder lies in between the right lobe of liver and duodenum. It consists of connective tissues lined with columnar cells on inner side and serosa on the outer side. 8. The pancreas is diffused and lies concentrated between the liver, stomach and the coils of intestine. It is composed of polyhedral cells, which are aggregated to form acini. The pancreatic tissue is supplied with the pancreatic ductules and blood capillaries.


[Morphometric-ultrastructural studies on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system before and after milking in the cow]. By use of morphological-electronmicroscopical methods, the Nucleus supraopticus and Nucleus paraventricularis of an unmilked cow as well as the neruohypophysis' main-area of the Zona terminalis and Zona centralis of unmilked and milked cows were investigated. The elementary granules were classified on the basis of idfferent density of its fine-granular content, which covers more or less the also present microvesicles, in various significantly distinguished categories of granules: elementary granules with extremely osmiophilic content, elementary granules with microvesicles without osmiophilic content and elementary granules with osmiophilic centre. This elementary granules were formed in the Golgi complex of the neurons. The observed changes in the ultrastructure of the cows' neurohypophysis after the milk-stimulus - i.e. the decrease of the number of elementary granules, the loss of the electrodense content, its significant increase, and the heaving in sight of the microvesicles in this, and the increase of the number and also the size of the so-called "synaptic vesicles" - were interpreted as a morphological equivalent of the hormone(oxytocin)releasing connected with the stimulus. A hormone releasing by exocytosis has not been seen. The kind of the hormone releasing is discussed, also the origin of the so-called "synaptic vesicles" and the possible participation of the Golgi complex in the preparation of hormone-releasing substances.


[An ALGOL program for correlation and concordance analysis]. An ALGOL-program ready for use for correlation analysis and rank correlation methods is presented with a description of the program and explanations on choice of program parameters and concerning the input data arrangement. For all pair combinations of variables one can calculate BRAVAIS correlation coefficient, the Z-transformation and a test statistic, the ranks will be determined, for all combinations the SPEARMANS rank correlation coefficient can be evaluated, and a analysis of concordance can be performed. Every of these statistical procedures is explained. The general biometric task in connection with morphometric research leading to an analysis of concordance resp. correlation is briefly discussed.


[Altitude adaptation. IV. Fertility and reproduction at high altitudes]. High altitude populations have been reproducing for thousands of years. The mean total fertility is comparable to the respective mean values of the whole populations or is even higher. On the other hand, newcomers from sea level seem to have difficulties reproducing in high altitude, especially if they are caucasian. Cattle and other animals fail to reproduce to some extent (due to degeneration of the testes, asoospermia, abortation etc.), which can only be avoided after crossbreeding with aclimatized strains in several generations. But successful gestation in altitudes above 3000 metres is different from sea level gestation in several aspects, which may be important for the survival of mother and child, thus leaving open the question of selective pressure. The mean birth weight of man and animals is reduced, while the mean palcental weight is greater (relatively and absolutely) due to enlargement of the capillary volume. Placenta proves to be on higher risk for developing infarcts (the more in number and extetion, the greater the caucasian admixture). Due to the tendency to a greater extention of the surface, the rate of placenta praevia is extremely high (27%). The lower birth weight corresponds to a higher neonatal mortality, progressing with increasing altitude. Additional to the high altitude stress including the factors to which the newborn are exposed, such as cold, nuturtional deficiencies etc., particular socio-economic conditions influence the differential mortality. In the Bolivian mining-areas, mortality during the first year of life rises to 50%. Only high fertility rates compensate this loss so that high altitude population growth rates do not vary with the altitude.


The peculiar structure of the dorsal aorta of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). The Authors describe the moniliform structure of dorsal aorta of the Cyprinus carpio L., which has successive swellings and constrictions, strictly corresponding to each vertebra. They discuss the possible physiological significance of the unusual structure of the dorsal aorta.


[Psychosomatic pain in the field of gynecology. Stages of the formation of psychosomatic reactions and symptoms with examples of cases (author's transl)]. 1. Understanding disease in the context of a hermeneutic of the ill person's life history forces us to abandon the old understanding of causality which is represented by the model of body-soul polarity. The real onset of an illness has a biographic pre-history. Long latent periods may occur before and between "functio laesa" and actual damage to the involved organ. On the basis of psychosomatic case histories, we can conclude that the future-orientation of an individual's life, that for which man must make decisions, is also that which causes the crises situation for those who are suffering. 2. Psychosomatic medicine cannot simply be included in an already existing medical discipline such as, for example, perinatology can be included in gynecology or pediatrics. It implies a whole new understanding of illness and, above all, it requires a new attitude on the part of the physician. The patient must be allowed to cooperate in his self-realization; the physician himself becomes the medicine. 3. An attempt was made to illustrate the concept of "organ language" on the basis of 6 brief examples from psychosomatic gynecology. Here only the most important information was presented. According to the concept of "organ language", the soma and psyche of the suffering person can represent and interpret each other reciprocally. It also becomes obvious that conflicts at various strata of being can use one and the same physical symptom if a common denominator is present (e.g., defence overagainst a danger, a disease or a role). This type of teleological nosology implies a new dimension for the consideration a disease, namely, the question of the meaning of suffering. 4. The examples cited are almost exclusively found in the understanding of sexuality in the broadest sense of the word. The threat of individuation as the final personality organization resulting from inadequate realization of the individual's own sex determination (Friedrichs) is present. 5. The sixth example clearly illustrates that sexuality is not what it is commonly considered to be. Rather, it permeates all state of personality and extends beyond them into areas of cultural and intellectual life. Whether or not a woman engages in sexual activity is not important (as had originally been thought). What is important is her attitude toward her own sex, toware her sexual activity and, therefore, also toward her partner and the environment. True sexual activity means infinitely more than just the automatic physiological act. In total self-abandonment to the "Thou", perfect sexual love becomes a knowing penetration of being. Genesis 4:1 states: "Now Adam knew Eve his wife...". The Hebrew word for "know" (yada') means both to know and to beget. Through the mystery of this word, something of the perfection, of the "participation mystique" in the work of creation becomes transparent in the perfect sexual union of two human beings!


[Microcalcifications on the mammaogram, surgical clarification and histologic findings. Concerning the problem of the diagnosis of occult carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)]. Microcalcifications on the mammogram could be an important indication for an occult carcinoma. Up until 31 December 1976, we intentionally removed such grouped microcalcifications 218 times in a group of 17,523 examined females (32,245 mammographs). The selection was confirmed radiologically. The acquired material was then examined histologically via an complicated technique. We found 35 carcinomas and 89 proliferating mastopathies of which 34 required at least strict supervision and sometimes additional treatment. - With strict indications, one-third of the previously clarified cases revealed disorders requiring treatment. In over one-half of the cases, the films indicated nothing of a serious nature. It must, however, be noted that an existing cancer is not always discovered in spite of the intentional excision of microcalcifications. This only serves as an indirect indication.


[Genital malformations in thalidomide-damaged girls (author's transl)]. Due to the close morphological relationships and the dependence of the genital system on inductive impulses from the uropoietic system, the possibility of an increased incidence of malformations in the area of the female genitals for thalidomide-damaged children is to be expected. This suspicion is supported by the accumulation of reports of genital malformations in deceased children from mothers who took thalidomide-containing medicaments during the early weeks of pregnancy. - A 14-year-old patient with malformations of both upper extremities whose mother had taken thalidomide during the 6th to the 9th week of pregnancy presented at our hospital with complaints of cyclic pain in the lower abdomen. Although the ovaries and fallopian tubes were normally developed, the uterus and the vagina were absent in this patient. After this manuscript had been completed, we heard of 3 additional cases of genital malformation with a known thalidomide anamnesis.


[Stenoses of the small and large bowel following radiotherapy of female genital cancer (author's transl)]. Stenoses of the lower intestinal tract following radiotherapy of female genital cancer occur at a frequency of 2-5%; the terminal ileum as well as the sigma are often involved. From 1966-1976 110 patients were treated at the Department of Surgery of the University Hospital of Hamburg. 43 patients required surgical treatment; stenosis of the sigma was the most frequent indication followed by ileus of the small intestines, haemorrhagic proctitis, ulcer of the anterior rectal wall and vesico-recto-vaginal fistula. The following operations were performed: Resection of the small intestines or enterolysis (n = 11), resection of the descending colon (n = 8), abdominal perineal excision of the rectum (n = 4), transversostomy (n = 14) and fistula plastics. - From our experience, intestinal reactions after radiation must be suspected when 1. the total irradiation dose is over 6000 R, 2. radium implants are used, 3. previous operations and abdominal inflammatory lesions restrict the movement of the intestines.


[Sexual behavior during pregnancy (author's transl)]. In a sample of 239 women in the immediate post-partum period a detailed interview concerning their sexual behavior during pregnancy was conducted. It was found, that the sexual activity declines constantly during the pregnancy-period. Women, who reported a high sexual activity before pregnancy tended to be more active throughout pregnancy. Rate of sexual activity was negatively influenced by a poor relationship to the male partner. This impairment seems to be more essential than the influence of physical symptoms. Women with a positive attitude towards pregnancy also showed a higher rate of sexual activities. It was shown, that relaxed behavior during birth is positive correlated with a high coital frequency before and during pregnancy. There was no relationship between coitus in late pregnancy and complications during birth.


[Antenatal diagnosis of fetal sex by detection of Y-chromatin containing cells in maternal blood (author's transl)]. The blood of 100 pregnant women was screened to detect Y-chromatin containing cells of the fetus for prenatal sex-determination. Obtaining 15% false predictions the previous rate of wrong diagnoses could not be reduced significantly. Studying the frequency of fetal leukocytes in the maternal circulation, a significant increase during the pregnancy could not be found. In early pregnancy lymphoid cells containing Y-chromatin can be found first in the 7th week and granulocytes in the 10th week. The prenatal fetal sex-determination from 13 pregnant women was done by chromosome studies, too. Their rate of false diagnoses was 0%. Screening the Y-chromatin containing cells of 13 women, who had given birth to a male child within the last 5 years, we were able to establish a survival of fetal lymphocytes in the maternal circulation within 25 months. An increase in fetal cells according to the length of time the cells were cultured, could not be detected.


[Acute occlusion of the arterial blood supply of the right arm in a newborn following entanglement of the umbilical cord (author's transl)]. Report on the rare event of a complete ischemia of the right arm immediately postpartum. The infant was delivered by Caesarean Section because of cervical dystocia and fetal distress. The umbilical cord was twice around the neck and the ischemia of the right arm appeared to be due to spasm of the axillary artery. Treatment for shock and infusion of vasodilating drugs (Complamin) relieved the arterial spasm.


Genetics of cortisone-induced cleft palate in the mouse-embryonic and maternal effects. Differences between mouse strains in frequency of embryonic, cortisone-induced cleft palate were examined. Probit analysis demonstrated a family of linear and parallel dose-response curves for different inbred and hybrid embryos. Since the differences between genotypes were not in the slopes of the response curves but rather in their location, it is proposed that the median effective dose (ED50) of cortisone required to induce cleft palate (or the tolerance) provides a more appropriate definition of the response trait and its difference that a frequency statement. The tolerance of C57BL/6J is dominant to that of A/J. A maternal effect of A/J relative to C57BL/6J dams caused a two-fold reduction in the embryonic tolerance of cortisone. Cortisone-induced cleft palate and mortality were separate response traits. In these and previous studies on cortisone- and other glucocorticoid-induced cleft palate in the mouse, the nature of the cleft-palate-response curve appeared to be the same for all glucocorticoids, and within-strain differences in tolerance could be used as measures of potency or bioassays for a particular effect of the glucocorticoids.


The frequency and allelism of lethal chromosomes in isolated desert populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Second-chromosome lethals were extracted from four populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura in Southern California. Two of the populations were from desert oases and two from the classic habitat on Mt. San Jacinto, previously studied by Dobzhansky. Allelism tests were made on the lethals within and between all locations. The frequency of lethal second-chromosomes in each location was 0.18, and this was not different from the results of other workers for samples throughout the species range. Interpopulational allelism rates were about 0.005, and not different from earlier results of Dobzhansky. Intrapopulational rates in this study were, with one exception, the same as the interpopulational rates, and significantly lower than Dobzhansky found using the third chromosome. This may be due to lethals being linked with heterotic third-chromosome inversions. The allelism rate of the exceptional population (about 0.03 and equal to Dobzhansky's intrapopulational results) may be due to heterotic lethals, or a founder effect. Two lethals were found in three populations each, possibly due to migration among these populations, which are up to 334 km apart.


Gene differences between third-chromosome inversions of Drosophila pseudobscura. Associations of alleles of the acid phosphatase-3 locus with the different third-chromosome inversions from different populations of D. pseudoobscura are described. We observe only the allele AP-3(1.0) in the Standard and Arrowhead inversions and the allele AP-3.98 in the Santa Cruz, Treeline, Cuernavaca and the Pikes Peak arrangements. The Chiricahua gene arrangement is polymorphic.


The organization of genetic diversity in the parthenogenetic lizard Cnemidophorus tesselatus. The parthogenetic lizard species Cnemidophorus tesselatus is composed of diploid populations formed by hybridization of the bisexual species C. tigris and C. septemvittatus, and of triploid populations derived from a cross between diploid tesselatus and a third bisexual species, C. sexlineatus. An analysis of allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 21 loci revealed that, primarily because of hybrid origin, individual heterozygosity in tesselatus is much higher (0.560 in diploids and 0.714 in triploids) than in the parental bisexual species (mean, 0.059). All triploid individuals apparently represent a single clone, but 12 diploid clones were identified on the basis of genotypic diversity occurring at six loci. From one to four clones were recorded in each population sampled. Three possible sources of clonal diversity in the diploid parthenogens were identified: mutation at three loci has produced three clones, each confined to a single locality; genotypic diversity at two loci apparently caused by multiple hybridization of the bisexual species accounts for four clones; and the remaining five clones apparently have arisen through recombination at three loci. The relatively limited clonal diversity of tesselatus suggests a recent origin. The evolutionary potential of tesselatus and of parthenogenetic forms in general may be less severely limited than has generally been supposed.


[Genetico-statistical analysis of multiple birth factors in man. III. Component analysis of multiple birth factors]. Based on the component analysis of correlation matrices for five indicies (parents' age by the moment of twin birth, the number of proband's pregnancy, the beginning of mother's coitus and menarche) characterizing four specified family groups (MZ and DZ load multiple birth and MZ and DZ sporadic multiple birth) at least 6 independent trends of multiple birth factors influence have been revealed. Gases of burdened and sporadic multiple birth turned out to differ in some of the specific trends. At the same time while cases of MZ and DZ load multiple birth differ in some of the trends, they appear to be much more similar to one another than those of MZ and DZ sporadic multiple birth. The data obtained make it possible to assert that first, according to the mechanism of the appearance, there exist at least four main multiple birth groups, specified above, and second, there are multiple birth factors being both common to all groups and specific to each of them separately. At this some of the defined factors influence mainly as implementing hereditary determined trend to multiple burth, while the others in the absence of predisposing genotype perform apparently as casual. The present study data confirm the concept, formed on the basis of genealogical analysis, that genetical factors involved in the determination of MZ and DZ multiple birth are of definitely common character. In addition to that the results of the study make it possible to conclude that multiple aproach in the statistical analysis of quantitative characteristics (multiple birth factors in the present case) is extremely sensitive and results in non-routine conclusions the effects of which can be directly changed.


[Individual variation in the frequency of chromosome aberrations under the influence of chemical mutagens. I. Inter-cultural and inter-individual variations in the effect of mutagens on human lymphocytes]. The study of the distribution law of human peripheral blood cultures for the sensitivity to thiophosphamide was performed. In the first experiment the blood from one person was used, in the second one the blood was used from different persons. "The percent of aberrant cells" and "the number of chromosome breaks per 100 cells" were scored. The distribution law of the cultures in all the experiments was found to be normal. Analysis of the variances on the percent of aberrant cells showed that the distribution law of the cultures received from one donor corresponded to the binomial one, and that of the cultures received from different donors--to the Poisson's one.


[Cytogenetic effect of cyclophosphamide in a culture of human lymphocytes following its activation in the bodies of mice]. Cytogenetic effect of cyclophosphamide in cultured human lymphocytes after its activation in C57BL/6 mice in vivo was investigated. Cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally in mice for 30 min. at doses of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg. Blood serum with activated metabolites of cyclophosphamide was added to human lymphocyte culture. The dependence of the part of aberrant metaphases on the concentration of cyclophosphamide after the activation can be presented as equation rho==1-e-(KC+alpha)2 and the total number of breaks as X=e(KC+alpha)2-1, where rho is a part of aberrant metaphases, X is a number of breaks of chromosomes per cell, C is the concentration, K and alpha are coefficients. The part of chromatid breaks from the total number of chromosome damages is constant for all concentrations and the comprises on the average 79,11%. Only the chromatid type of exchanges are observed. Distribution of chromosome breaks in cells corresponds to geometrical, but not to Poisson's distribution. Cyclophosphamide belongs to the group of one-sited mutagens in its cytogenetic chatacteristics. The alkylating activity of cyclophosphamide metabolites, estimated by means of NBP test, increases up to the dose 400 mg/kg and then remains constant for the strain of mice studied, cytogenetic activity increasing. Cyclophosphamide does not produce cytogenetic activity without activation. To test chemical substances for mutagenic activity, it is suggested to activate them in the mouse organism with the following administrating blood serum of these animals with the metabolites of tested (or with primary) substances in the study of their mutagenic activity on human lymphocyte culture.


[Effect of nitrosomethylurea and 1,4-bis-diazoacetylbutane on alkaline ribonuclease activity]. It was shown that at 37 degrees C nitrosomethylurea causes an 8-fold increase (as compared to the normal) of the activity of alkaline ribonuclease. 1,4-Bis-diazoacetylbutane also activated alkaline ribonuclease at 37 degrees C. A dependence of the effect of chemical mutagens studied on the activity of alkaline ribonuclease on their concentration was observed. The activation of ribonuclease by NMU and DAB affords a possibility to understand the molecular mechanisms of the action of chemical mutagens on the metabolism.


[Chromosomal polymorphism in 2 synanthropous populations of the gray rat (Rattus norwegicus Berk.)]. Chromosome sets of 155 Norway rats from Ufa and 86 from Sverdlovsk are studied. The polymorphism for 3rd and 12th chromosomes is observed in both populations. Frequencies of different morphological forms of the 3rd chromosome are practically the same for Ufa and Sverdlovsk (over 90% of animals are homozygous for the telocentric, about 4-6% are heterozygous, homozygous for the subtelocentric rats are absent). The frequency of the telocentric form of the 12th chromosome in the Sverdlovsk population is significantly higher than in the Ufa one: there are 94,8% homozygous for the subtelocentric rats in Ufa, while in Sverdlovsk 83,7; 5,2 and 15,1% of the animals respectively are heterozygous; no homozygous for the telocentric rats were discovered in Ufa, and in Sverdlovsk they comprised 1,2%. The average size of litter of heterozygous for 3rd or 12th autosome females is by 30% lower than that of homozygous for the telocentric chromosome 3 and the subtelocentric chromosome 12 females. It may be suggested that the telocentric form of the 3rd chromosome supplants its subtelocentric form in populations investigated.


[Variability and inheritance of behavior in fine-wool sheep. II. Character of inheritance of domesticated behavior and correlation of behavior with productivity traits in fine-wool sheep]. The results of an experimental study of the inheritance of individual behaviour in various types of crosses are presented; the phenotypic and genetic correlations between the behavior and producutivity characters in sheep and the possibility of applying behaviour characteristics to the selection process of fine-wool sheep are analysed. It is shown that the progeny from crosses between parents with the same type of behaviour inherits mainly the type of behaviour of their parents and that, in general, the inheritance has a polygenic character. A genetic relation between the type of domestic behaviour and the productive characters of fine-wool sheep is established. The genetic correlation coefficient between the behaviour and the wool productivity is 0,57, and that between the behaviour and the live weight is 0,53. It is concluded that the inheritance component contributes to the formation of the type of domestic behaviour of fine-wool sheep. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between the type of behaviour and the main productivity characters are discussed. The posibility of using behaviour characteristics as a character under selection is considered.


[Expression of homologous genes in interspecies arctic fox x silver fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus X Vulpes vulpes). III. Mechanisms of expression of alleles of locus GPD, located on the X-chromosome]. The electrophoretic pattern of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was studied in 60 intergeneric fox hybrids (Alopex lagopus X Vulpes vulpes), 33 females and 27 males. It is shown that the structural gene for G-6-PD, designated as Gpd, is located on the X-chromosome in both Arctic and silver foxes. Analysis of G-6-PD in the erythrocytes of hybrid females demonstrated that the phenotypic expression of parental alleles at the locus Gpd varied considerably: from 1:1 to the hemizygous manisfestation of an allele of either the Arctic or silver fox. It is suggested that the variable quantitative expression of the alleles at the locus Gpd in hybrid females is related to the presence of two cell populations having in an active state either the X-chromosome of the Artic or silver fox. It is also assumed that the size of two cell populations is significantly influenced by the different relations in the group of initiator (stem) cells, which possess different X-chromosomes in an active state, which has been established in early embryogenesis. In the case of erythrocytes, it is found that the number of initiator (stem) cells for erythrocytes comprises 5-6.


[Genetic linkage of blood group, egg and serum protein and plumage color loci in chickens]. Genetic relationship of six blood group (A, B, C, D, E, x5), three egg (G2, G3, Ov) and one serum (Alb) protein loci and two plumage colour (I-dominant white, E-extended black) loci were investigated. 3250 gametes have been analysed for 21 loci combinations, 11 from them have never been studied on linkage. Blood group loci A, B, C, D, E, x5 segregated independently on egg protein loci G2, G3, and Ov, serum protein locus Alb and plumage colour locus E. No linkage was observed between blood group locus B and dominant white locus I. Close linkage for two egg protein loci G3 and Ov is confirmed. Independent segregation of investigated blood group, egg and serum protein loci suggests their localization on different autosomes in the chicken genome. The recent literature and the authors' data on genetic relationship between blood group, polymorphic protein loci and morphological traits are reviewed.


[Nature of matroclinous individuals in remote fish hybridization]. In cases of hybridization of different Cyprinidae subfamilies, among numerous hybrids there occure extremely rarely matroclinous individuals. Investigation of the specific features of the embryonal-larval development, of the morphology of juvenile fishes at the age of 2-3 months, as well as the accomplishment of biochemical, cytomeric and karyological investigations in a number of crosses variants permitted to reveal different ways of the origin of matroclinous individuals. Some of them are diploid gynogenetic forms. The origin of another fishes with mixed hybrid and gynogenetic characters have not been established.


[Mutagenic effect of radiation on mice, subjected to gamma-irradiation during the embryonic period. III. Frequency of coat color mosaics among mice, heterozygous for recessive mutations, subjected to irradiation during the early periods of embryogenesis]. The frequency of coat colour and coat length mosaics was investigated among heterozygous for 7 or 6 recessive mutations mice, that were gamma-irradiated at doses of 100 or 200 r at different stages of embryogenesis. Only 4 mosaics with gray coat spots were found among 1399 animals that developed from embryos irradiated at doses of 100--200 r within 4,5--13,5 days of embryogenesis. 3 of these mosaics were found among 756 animals irradiated at the dose of 100 r at the 10,5 day of embryogenesis (0,35%). This frequency is considerably lower that the frequency of coat colour mosaics obtained by other authors in similar experiments.


[New lambdoid Escherichia coli phages. I. Isolation, group immunity and recombination with lambda phage]. 550 bacterial strains were isolated from sewage. 69 of them were lysogenic by phages active on Escherichia coli. The phages were divided into two groups on the basis of UV-inducibility, the ability to form plaques on Rep-E. coli mutants and particle morphology: lambdoid (23 phages) and related to P2 (46 phages). Hybrid phages isolated from the crosses of lambdoid phages with phage lambda harboured the region imm lambda and the gene of adsorption specificity from other parent. Ten groups of heteroimmune phages were found in the collection of new temperate phages are homoimmune with known phages: lambda, phi 80, phi 81, 434. Another 7 phages involved in 6 groups of immunity which were heteroimmune to known phages. Diversity of lambdoid phage genes determining the structure of repressor is discussed.


[New lambdoid phages of Escherichia coli. II. Comparison of several genetic characteristics with lambda phages]. Functions of some newly isolated lambdoid phages and phage lambda genes were compared by their ability to interact with unrelated phages and the product of the bacterial gene gro P. 19 of 23 lambdoid phages studied interfere with prophage P2, that points out the presence of functionally active genes, essential for spi+ phenotype in their genomes. The development of 4 lambdoid phages with spi- phenotype is independent on the prophage P2 presence. Most of lambdoid phages show the reduced growth ability on the C600 groP- bacterial lawn. This indicates that they have a function similar to the gene P of phage lambda. The development of phage phi M417 in  bacterial mutants groP- is not disturbed, which indicates that the gene P of phage phi M417 is different from that of the phage lambda. Newly isolated phages, that are homoimmune to phage lambda, restrict the development of T4 rII phage. The rest lambdoid phages have no rex function. The growth efficiency of lampodid phages on E. coli C cells, carrying Eco R1 plasmid, varies from 10(-6) to 10(-8) that presumbaly indicates on different amounts of restionci strites in DNA of these phages.


[Genetic-statistical analysis of multiple births in humans. I. Genetic analysis of predisposition to multiple birth]. Genetico-statistical analysis was made to check various hypotheses of the tendency to multiple birth inheritance. The material involved was comprised of 115 MZ and 228 DZ twin families burdened by recurrent cases of multiple births in their genealogy. Test data included 516 single birth probands, 5 from which had twins among sibs; this results in p = 0,97% for the evaluation of population frequency of the "affected" couples having twins). Vienberg proband method was applied to check monogenous-autosomal model and Edward & Smith approximating formulae to check additive-polygenous model with liminal results (manifestation). It is shown: 1) that the degree of genetical determination of MZ and DZ twinning is approximately the same for both multiple birth types; H-61 and 53% respectively; 2) in MZ twinning both mother's and father's genotypes perform as multiple birth factors; H-76% for the group of mother's sisters and 64% for that of father's brothers; 3) in case of DZ twinning mother's genotype is much more valid as a multiple birth factor as compared to the father's one; H-68% for the group of mother's sisters and H-25% for father's brothers; 4) at least some genetical factors, involved in multiple birth determination, are common for MZ and DZ twins; the rate of DZ twinning (of different sexes) among sibs of parents of MZ twins is reliable and more than 5-fold increases that in common population. It is suggested that the contradiction of literary data on multiple birth genetics is due to unadequate methods in many early investigations: calculations have been carried out on the basis of twin birth rate, and not on the rate of "affected" (couples having twins); differential Veinberg's method has been used, which is adequate in populational analysis and is unsuitable for genealogical studies for the estimation of MZ and DZ twinning frequency; cases of "sporadic" multiple birth have not been excluded from summary family material. On the basis of the authors' and literary data it is suggested also that the number of main genetic factors determining the tendency to multiple births is more than 2 (probably 3) and does not exceed 5, and their interaction approximated by oligenic-complementary model, which does not exclude the presence of genocopying loci in a total system.


Distribution of hereditary variants of haptoglobin and transferrin in several human populations in Siberia. Haptoglobins and transferrins have been studied in nganasans from Taymir peninsula, in chelkantsi and kumandintsi from Altai and in 500 Russian inhabitants of Novosibirsk. Frequencies of Hp2 and TfB0-1 alleles in nganasams have been found to be the highest in the region. Transferrin polymorphism in the sample from Novosibirsk population seems to be maintained at the expense of four common alleles (C;B2;B0-1; DChi), in nganasans -- tow alleles (C and B0-1). No polymorphism has been observed in chelkantsi and kumandintsi. No rare transferrin variant has been found in the samples studied except homozygous B0-1 B0-1 in a child from nganasan family.


[Serum alkaline phosphatase polymorphism among Chukchis]. In the course of studies on the polymorphism of the serum alkaline phosphatase among chickens three variants of this enzyme were revealed instead of two usually encountered among other groups of population. An extraordinary high frequency of the Pp 2 type of alkaline phosphatase was recorded as compared to other groups of population studied. Frequencies of Pp 2 and Pp 3 types increase considerably with increasing age of the people in the groups studied, while the frequency of the Pp 1 type decreases in older age groups at the expense of its decrease in combination with the B and O blood groups, whereas when it is combined with the A blood group its frequency remains unchanged. It is assumed that the variants Pp 2 and Pp 3 of serum alkaline phosphatase are of adaptive significance under the given ecological condtions. The variant Pp 1 in combination with the A blood group probably form an adaptive complex.


[Mutagenic effect of radiation on mice subjected to gamma irradiation during the embryonic period. I. Frequency of reciprocal translocations in the spermatocytes of mice subjected to gamma-irradiation at different stages of embryogenesis]. The frequency of reciprocal translocations was investigated in spermatocytes of mice gamma-irradiated at doses of 100 or 200 r at 4,5; 8,5; 10,5; 11,5 and 13,5 days of embryonic development, and in spermatocytes of adult males whose spermatogonia were irradiated. The cytological analysis of 41 males that were irradiated at a dose of 200 r at 4,5 days of embryogenesis showed that 2 males had a high frequency of reciprocal translocations in both testes (on the average 20,6 and 28,8%). In the testes of other males of this group translocations were not detected. It is highly probably that the testes of these 2 males were heterozygous for reciprocal translocations. The yield of reciprocal translocations in spermatocytes of males irradiated at 8,5--13,5 days of embryogenesis was very low, and was only 0,67 +/- 0,2 x 10(-5) on the average per 1 r per cell, whereas for adult mice it was 12,5 +/- 3,0 x 10(5) per 1 r per cell.


The effect of testosterone on skeletal muscle development and protein synthesis in rabbits. The effect of testosterone administration on muscle development and protein synthesis was studied with intact male rabbits. Rabbits were randomized into three experimental groups; day 0 control (G-1), day 15 control (G-2) and day 15 testosterone (G-3). Testosterone (delta4-Androsten-17beta-ol-3-one in silastic tubing) was surgically implanted into the G-3 rabbits. On day (G-1) and day 15 (G-2 and 3) of the experiment all rabbits were injected IP with 50 mu Ci-3H-leucine. Rabbits were sacrificed at intervals after the 3H-leucine injection. Right and left semitendinosus muscles, pituitary and adrenal glands, testicles and blood samples were obtained for analysis. Testosterone improved (P less than .01) gain and feed efficiency, depressed testicle weight (P less than .01), increased serum testosterone and insulin (P less than 0.01) but did not affect adrenal and pituitary weights. Muscle moisture, fat and total protein, myofibrillar, sarcoplasmic and stromal protein fractions and RNA and DNA content were not significantly affected by testosterone although G-3 semitendinosus muscle had the highest total and myofibrillar protein, RNA, and DNA content. The testosterone treated rabbits (G-3) had higher (P less than 0.05) 3H-leucine incorporation into myofibrillar protein and lower 3H-leucine incorporation into sarcoplasmic protein than the day 0 and day 15 controls.


Body composition of the reference fetus. Published data from chemical analyses of human fetuses have been utilized to construct a reference fetus of representative body composition. For gestational ages 24 through 40 weeks, body composition of the reference fetus is presented, including water, lipid, protein and major minerals. Concentrations of water, sodium, and chloride per unit of body weight decrease with increasing gestational age, whereas those of protein, lipid, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium increase. From the estimates of body composition at each age and from the gain in body weight, composition of gain and daily increments of body components have been calculated.


A phenomenological approach to the growth of the winter stonefly, Taeniopteryx nivalis (Fitch) (Plecoptera:Taeniopterygidae). The growth and respiration of a univoltine winter stonefly, Taeniopteryx nivalis (Fitch) was evaluated over a period which encompassed both the nymphal and adult life stages. A simple allometry did not describe the relation found between weight and respiration during the evaluated growth period. The relation between growth and respiration of T. nivalis was described by an extension of the stochastic growth model of Zotina and Zotin, which enables one to determine the biological age of an organism by utilizing only weight and respiration. From a comparison of the general Bertalanffy growth model with the extended stochastic model, the growth of T. nivalis up to the last instar could be ascribed entirely to anabolic processes; differentiation probably accounts for the observed relation between weight and respiration during the last nymphal instar.


Selected lipogenic enzyme activities of swine adipose tissue as influenced by genetic phenotype, age, feeding frequency and dietary energy source. The effects of genetic phenotype (lean or obese), age, feeding frequency (ad-libitum or meal-fed) and dietary energy source (starch or lard) on selected enzymatic indices of lipogenesis in swine adipose tissue were investigated. The obese line maintained greater specific activities for citrate cleavage enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6 phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme compared to the lean line regardless of dietary factors. Dietary lard depressed lipogenic enzyme activity, except that of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, of adipose tissue homogenates in a similar manner in both genetic phenotypes. The enzymatic indices did not indicate that meal-feeding induced hyperlipogenesis can be produced in swine. The genetic phenotype of swine is the preponderant factor regulating lipogenic enzyme activities compared to dietary manipulations.


Some aspects of the growth of rats.

Some aspects of the growth of rats. The first quantitatively significant phase of growth for the rats under investigation was finished at body weights of 260 g in females and 410 g in males. During this phase only growth will influence the energy requirements of the rat. The sex-dependent difference in size will be discussed; it is probably caused by the fact that the period of marked cell division activity lasts slightly more than one week longer in male than in female rats.


Analysis by computer-controlled cell sorter of Friend virus-transformed cells in different stages of differentiation. In most systems involving cellular differentiation and cellular transformation the biological process is non-synchronous and the sample heterogeneous. In order to answer some of the basic questions about the control mechanisms of cellular changes and the order in which they proceed one must have access to homogeneous classes of cells. Friend virus transformed erythroid cells which are stably maintained in tissue culture can be chemically induced to differentiate and are thus very advantageous for in vitro studies (1-3). With such a system the questions which we pose are a) the reversibility of the differentiation process; b) the order of steps in the production of specialized messenger RNA; c) the time of shut-off of undifferentiated messenger production; d) the relationship of viral RNA production to the differentiation process; e) the onset and extent of specific protein synthesis; f) the correlation of DNA metabolism with the timing or course of events. By using a computer-controlled cell separator we can select live cells on the basis of their macromolecular content, membrane properties (using a new parameter, fluorescence emission anisotropy), and size (4, 5, 34). Thus with proper probes as described here, we are able to select cells at different stages in their differentiation and can begin to attack the questions posed above.


Infection of developing mouse embryos with murine leukemia virus: tissue specificity and genetic transmission of the virus. The tissue specificity of Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV) was studied by infecting mice at two different stages of development. Either newborn mice which can be considered as essentially fully differentiated animals were infected with M-MuLV or preimplantation mouse embryos were infected in vitro at the 4-8 cell stage, a stage of development before any differentiation has taken place. After surgical transfer to the uteri of pseudopregnant surrogate mothers, the latter developed to term and adult mice. In both cases, animals were obtained that had developed an M-MuLV induced leukemia. Molecular hybridization tests for the presence of M-MuLV-specific sequences were conducted on DNA extracted from different tissues of leukemic animals to determine which tissues were successfully infected by the virus. Mice which were infected as newborns carried M-MuLV-specific DNA sequences in "target tissues" only, i. e., thymus, spleen, lymph nodes or in organs infiltrated by tumor cells, whereas "non-target tissues" did not carry virus-specific sequences. In contrast, when leukemic animals derived from M-MuLV-infected preimplantation embryos were analyzed, virus-specific sequences were detected in target tissues as well as in non-target tissues, such as liver, kidney, brain, testes and the germ line. To study the expression of the viral DNA integrated in target and non-target organs, RNA was extracted from different tissues of an animal infected at the preimplantation stage. Fifty to 100 times more M-MuLV-specific RNA was detected in tumor tissues than was found in non-target organs. Since all organs contained the same amount of virus-specific DNA, these results indicate that the integrated virus genome can be differentially expressed in different tissues. The organ-tropism of RNA tumor viruses is discussed in view of these findings. Mice that were infected at the preimplantation stage were found to have M-MuLV integrated into their germ line. Virus transmission from the father to the offspring occurred according to simple Mendelian expectations. Molecular hybridization tests revealed that in the animals studied, the virus was integrated into the germ line at only one out of two or three possible integration sites. During the development of leukemia amplification of this virus copy was observed in the target tissues only, but not in the non-target tissues.


Influence of some cytostatics on leucocyte function. Phagocytic activity, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and candidacidal capacity have been studied in a group of normal persons and in three patients with acute leukaemia. The studies were performed in vitro in whole blood to which either a solvent only, or daunorubicin or vincristine had been added. The nuclei of all kinds of leucocytes showed characteristic changes in daunorubicin samples, resembling a beginning necrobiosis. In spite of this, these cells had an unchanged or even an increased phagocyting capacity. Vincristine reduced the phagocyting activity in most cases. The NBT test showed no significant change. Killing function of leucocytes, represented by their candidacidal capacity, was not affected by the cytostatics.


Malignant blast cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. In the cerebrospinal fluid of 45 patients, 240 cytological examinations has been performed. Sixteen patients were investigated serially in the course of intrathecal methotrexate treatment. The different mechanisms of nuclear fragmentation, various types of cytoplasmic vacuoles and the features of the reticulo-histiocytic reactions due to methotrexate has been analyzed. The morphological changes caused by methotrexate are attributed to depend on the cell type and on its response to therapy.


On two acanthostomatid trematodes, Acanthostomum spiniceps (Looss, 1896) and A. absconditum (Looss, 1901), from African bagrid fishes. Two species of acanthostomatid digeneans, Acanthostomum spiniceps (Looss, 1896) and A. absconditum (Looss, 1901) are redescribed on specimens obtained from Bagrus bayad and B. docmac from Egypt. Both trematode species distinctly differ from one another in the number of peribuccal spines (27--32 in A. spiniceps and 18--23 in A. absconditum) and shape and size of eggs. Therefore they cannot be considered to be conspecific. The author concludes that A. spiniceps and A. absconditum are not synonyms of A. imbutiforme (Molin, 1859), but two independent species differing both in morphology and ecology.


Trematodes of domestic ruminants of Afghanistan and their role in pathology. Seven trematode species were found in the bile ducts and rumen of domestic ruminants: Fasciola gigantica, F. hepatica, Gigantocotyle explanatum, G. siemense, Paramphistomum epiclitum, Fischoederius cobboldi and Gastrothylax cruminifer. The parasites caused marked pathological changes in the liver and rumen.


First record of Strobilocercus fasciolaris (Taenidae-larvae) in man. A sperical cyst containing a coiled cestode larva was found in the liver of a 77-year-old man at post-mortem examination. The parasite was determined as Strobilocercus fasciolaris, i.e., the larval stage of Hydatigera taeniaeformis. This is the first record of a larvocyst of this species in man. Characteristics of the morphology and measurements are given. Records of adult forms in definitive hosts and of larvocysts in intermediate hosts are discussed.


Studies on the stomach flukes of buffalo in Egypt (Trematoda: Paramphistomata). Three amphistomous species, Paramphistomum gotio Fukui, 1922; Paramphistomum microbothrium Fischoeder, 1901 and Carmyerius gregarius (Looss, 1896) have been found as a result of the investigation of stomach flukes of buffalo in Egypt. Specific status of Paramphistomum gotoi, variability of Paramphistomum microbothrium collected in different Egyptian domestic ruminants and histological structure of the muscular organs of Carmyerius gregarius have been examined.


Dynamics of the natural focus of Tahyna virus in southern Moravia and species succession of its vectors, the mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. The paper deals with the occurrence of Aedes mosquitoes in southern Moravia and with Tahyna virus infection rates for them in 1972; a comparison of the data from previous years reveals the dynamics of the natural focus under long-term study. A total of 13,204 mosquitoes of the genus Aedes was processed in 122 tests, resulting in 17 Tahyna virus strains isolates. As concerns the valence of the natural focus, the most important was the inundated forest in the Drnholec locality. Infection rates for the mosquitoes were also determined in various microbiotopes of the said locality. A. cinereus, from which Tahyna virus was first isolated in the summer of 1972, was much more numerous than in the preceding seasons studied, indicating its important role as vector of Tahyna virus. The cell line of Aedes albopictus was demonstrated to be susceptible enough for virus detection from mosquitoes collected in the field.


Serologic examination of birds from the area of southern Moravia for the presence of antibodies against arboviruses of the groups Alfa, Flavo, Uukuniemi, Turlock and Bunyamwera supergroup. II. Wild living birds. 280 specimens of 29 species of wild living birds from 11 families captured in the endemic area of the virus Lednice in Southern Moravia (CSSR) were investigated by haemagglutination-inhibition test (HIT) on presence of antibodies against 12 arbovirus antigens of the groups Alfa-virus (Western and Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis, Semliki, Sindbis, Chikungunya), Flavovirus (Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Dengue, West Nile), the Uukuniemi group (Poteplí), the Turlock group (Lednice) and the Bunyamwera supergroup (Tahyna, Calovo). Antibodies were found only against the virus Lednice, merely in water birds--i.e. in Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)--31.9%, in Grey Lag-Goose (Anser anser)--17.2%, and in one of three Mute Swans (Cygnus olor). In relation to these findings the question of ornithophilia of mosquitoes of Culex modestus species, which are the only probable vectors of Lednice virus as yet, is discussed.


Incidence of toxoplasmosis in domestic animals in Afghanistan. The authors investigated a total of 435 domestic animals in Afghanistan by micromodification of indirect hemagglutination test. Camels showed the highest incidence of infection (73.7%). Of 9 zebu 3 were positive. The incidence of infection in goats was 31.6%, in sheep 20.4%, in buffaloes 20.4%. The lowest percentages of positive titres was detected in cattle (15.7).


Argas (Argas) vulgaris Filippova, 1961, a new member of Czechoslovak tick fauna. In the eastern part of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic the occurrence of the soft tick Argas (A.) vulgaris Fil., 1961 was established in four localities. All findings were made in synanthropic nesting sites of Columbia livia Gm. and Corvus frugilegus L. in the belfries and lofts of churches.


Locomotion and posture of the Malayan siamang and implications for hominoid evolution. Wild, adult siamang were observed for over 800 h in lowland dipterocarp forest in the Krau Game Reserve, Pahang, West Malaysia. Siamang use four patterns of locomotion: brachiation, climbing, bipedalism and leaping. The pattern of locomotion used by the siamang varies with the size of arboreal supports and with major behavioral activity. Travel is primarily by brachiation along large boughs. Locomotion during feeding is primarily climbing among small branches. In feeding, siamang use suspensory postures among small supports and seated postures on large supports. Comparison of siamang locomotion and posture with that of other apes suggest that quadramanous climbing during feeding is the basic hominoid locomotor adaptation.


Environment and behaviour in husbandry.

Environment and behaviour in husbandry. The changes seen in animal behaviour are a measure of the reaction of the animal to a given environment: examples of them are found in husbandry, in connection with both social and physical factors of the environment. Disorders of behavior occurring in intensive farms pose still unresolved theoretical problems, especially in the realm of possible analogies with displacement activities. The control of behaviour reactions is possible by manipulating the environment, or the animals themselves, by genetic selection or by means of tranquillizers. A better knowledge of the effects of management methods on the behaviour of livestock is needed, however, especially if precise recommendations relating to animal welfare are to be formulated.


Biochemical studies on equine infectious anaemia. A description is given of an outbreak of equine infectious anaemia (E.I.A.) in Campania [at Naples and Aversa (Caserta)]; it was diagnosed by clinical, pathological and serological examinations (Coggins test). Using the serum of 45 horses with E.I.A. and 11 healthy horses (controls), numerous investigations were carried out on: enzymes, intrinsic coagulation factors, lipids and other substances. The results obtained were very interesting and show that in this disease there are significant increases in many enzymes (LDH, LAP, gamma-GT, CPK, PK and ALD) and copper. Insignificant increases were found in other enzymes (SDH, GLDH, MDH, ICDH, AIP, lysozyme, cholinesterase, GOT and GPT) and also intrinsic coagulation factors, lipid substances (total cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, triglycerides) and glucose. LDH-1-isoenzyme remains unchanged, whilst AcP decreases slightly.


Plasma and buffy coat vitamin C concentrations in the dog. In dogs, the mean plasma vitamin C concentration was found to be 0.88 mg/100 ml plasma while the mean buffy coat concentration of simultaneous blood aliquots was 42.98 mg/10(8) cells. A significant day-to-day variation was recorded for both parameters.


A guide to laboratory techniques used in the study and diagnosis of avian coccidiosis. A procedure and simple key is given to enable a provisional identification of five species of Eimeria: colour illustrations of gross lesions will aid the identification. Laboratory methods are described for the isolation and specific identification of species of Eimeria. Factors affecting the development of Eimeria in chickens are discussed and procedures for experimental infections given.


[10 years teaching general practice for medical students]. Nowadays practice, theory and research in General Medicine can no longer be separated. Besides the definition of the branch of study "medical practioner", standards of achievement and methods of teaching are described. Shortage of medical practioners today results from deficient development and consequences by nonsufficient studies and further education yesterday. Lack in education today is based on non-sufficient research yesterday. Whoever accepts responsibility for the future today has to make the basis by research and education that an optimum care for our population by general practioners will be possible during the coming years.


The clinical picture of diabetic retinopathy in the dog. After an extensive review of the literature showing how the existence of diabetic retinopathy in the dog had been confirmed by various research workers and in particular by histological studies, a clinical picture of this retinopathy is given, together with a description of tis individual features based on opthalmoscopic examinations carried out on 13 dogs with diabetes and illustrated with the photographs taken with the KOWA retinograph.


[Mass screening for glaucoma].

[Mass screening for glaucoma]. Mass-screening of the population over 40 years by tonometry is not recommended for developed countries. However, tonometry of each patient attending the ophthalmologist, is absolutely necessary. Omitting tonometry is only justified, if special reasons prevent it, for example inflammations. If reading-glasses are always prescribed by the ophthalmologist and tonometry is done on each such patient, then this is the adequate and sufficient protection of the population against glaucoma blindness. Preventive examinations of the group in the highest danger to become blind from glaucoma, i.e. persons of 55-65 years of age, might perhaps be useful, if the tonometric limit is set high (30 mmHg) and if a check of the visual field by the Friedman-Analyzer is combined with tonometry. The aim of such examinations would not be the detection of suspicious or very early forms (tonometric glaucoma), but to screen for definite glaucoma cases with field-defects, which undetected would become blind. It seems, however, questionable, if the motivation of this age group will be sufficient. This should be found out by pilot-tests. In developing countries the question of mass-screening is entirely different. There glaucoma patients must be filtered out, in whom surgery is less risky than waiting without treatment. This can only be done by mass-screening including tonometry by the borderline-tonometer glaucotest, perimetry by the Friedman-Analyzer and estimation of the cup/disc-ratio.


[The importance of lactate acidosis as a side effect of biguanide therapy]. A survey of the literature leads to the conclusion that lactic acidosis should be considered as a side effect of therapy with biguanides. Essential for the development of lactic acidosis seems to be the preexistence or the acute development of renal insufficiency. However, the over-dosage (for instance in the case of attempted suicide) causes acidosis (lactic acidosis) in healthy persons also. Using the experimental animal lactic acidosis is demonstrated following biguanide application. Diagnosis of lactic acidosis is substantiated by acidosis with lactic acid concentrations higher than 8-10 meq/l (= 72-90mg/100 ml) and with considerably increased lactate/pyruvate ratios (50-150). Generally a non ketotic acidosis of diabetic patients (especially under biguanide-therapy) should be considered to be a lactic acidosis. On the other hand the existence of lactic acid concentrations higher than 8-10 meq/l ist characteristic for a lactic acidosis. The prognosis of lactic acidosis induced by biguanides is not too good. Therapy of the acidosis using bicarbonate is not sufficient in most cases. The intravenous application of glucose (or glucose substitutes), perhaps with additional insulin, might be indicated by hypoglycemia. However, this therapy might cause an additional increase in lactic acid concentration. Treatment of choice might be dialysis, effecting the elimination of the biguanides. If peritoneal dialysis is performed acetate containing solutions should be used. Biguanide induced lactic acidosis is prevented by a very cautious selection of patients suited for biguanide therapy. The performance of renal function tests is absolutely necessary if therapy with biguanides is intended. Additionally, periodical control of renal function is required in patients treated with biguanides (at least twice a year). Biguanide therapy should be performed only with extreme caution, because decrease in renal function is very common in older patients.


[Diabetic retinopathy. Analysis of progressive attacks, prophylaxis and therapy with light coagulation]. If one follows the course of diabetic retinopathy on the basis of retinal fluorescence angiography one can distinguish two main courses: Cases displaying an evolution mainly characterized by an increase of capillary hyperpermeability, and others in which the capillary occlusive processes outweigh hyperpermeability. Fluorescence angiography in addition provides paramount clues in regard to initiation of photocoagulation as well as its mode and extent of application and will furthermore render an adequate documentation of successful treatment.


[The value and limits of cerebrospinal fluid cytology]. Based on the results of about 10,000 cytological evaluations of the cerebrospinal fluid using two different technical methods clinical value concerning diagnosis is discussed. Three cytological syndromes are described: the inflammatory syndrome can be differentiated in an aucte and chronical form. Functional dynamic aspects are affirmed to be by far more effective in diagnosis as well as therapy than etiological conclusions. The irritation syndrome is non-specific with the very important exception of hemorrhages in the subarachnoidal space, which are detectable even months later. Tumor cells can be found in a higher percentage when neoplasms are secondary, while primary brain tumours show less typical cell patterns allowing certain differentiation.


[Cerebrospinal fluid changes in severe craniocerebral injury and their therapy]. The sign of a traumatically caused alveolar hyperventilation in severe cranio-cerebral injury is a respiratory alcalosis as well as hypoxia and hypoxemia in the arterial as well in the cerebral veneous blood. The combination of decreased oxygen tension or saturation and hypocapnia can exist for several days and in a lethal course transform into a combined metabolic respiratory acidosis with increasing carbonic acid tension and so initiate the prefinal state. The extremely pathological blood gases are usually the first sign of shock-specific changes of the lung. The most impressing changes of the cerebrospinal fluid are the metabolic acidosis in combination with a diminished oxygen tension and tissue hypoxia of the brain. The acidosis of cerebrospinal fluid in severe brain injury is not only of prognostic but also of therapeutical importance. The treatment of the acidosis of cerebrospinal fluid by intrathecal administration of buffering substances in severe brain injuries and its sequelae can have a favourable influence on the cerebral circulation and brain metabolism.


[Folic acid substitution in hemodialyzed patients. Folic acid levels in plasma and erythrocytes]. Investigations of folic acid levels in plasma and erythrocytes. In 20 patients on hemodialysis with and without folic acid substitution the concentration of folic acid in plasma and in red cells was estimated by radioassay. In patients, who were substituted with folic acid concomitantly with elevated folic acid concentrations hematocrit values were higher than those of patients who were not substituted. Folic acid concentrations in patients not substituted. Folic acid concentrations in patients not substituted were subnormal and further decreased on dialysis. Results of folic acid determinations in plasma were paralleled by concentrations in erythrocytes. It is concluded, that folic acid substitution is necessary in patients on hemodialysis.


[Intraoperating measuring of tissue oxygen pressure on the surface of the gastric mucosa. A new method for the control of complete vagotomy of the stomach]. A new method for the control of complete gastric vagotomy. Anew method is presented to control the completeness of gastric vagotomy. The procedure is based on measuring of gastric mucosa tissue oxygen pressure as an equivalent for the diminished perfusion of gastric mucosa after vagotomy. The results up to now proved the method reliable. Since we practice this method in quite a number of vagotomies primarily not severed vagal branches could be found and cut later.