[The fluoride content of teeth in the canton of Vaud 5 years after the introduction of salt fluoridation]. Fluroide concentrations in teeth from the canton of Vaud were about at the same level reported from regions with 1,0 ppm F in the drinking water and from children receiving fluoride tablets during tooth formation age.


[Blood pressure and smoking habits of 14-16-year-old students in Basel]. In a representative sample of Basle eight grade students (14-16 years) blood pressure measurements were correlated with smoking habits. Mean pressure was 122 68 mm Hg for 358 boys and 118/68 mm Hg for 387 girls (p 0,005). 40 of the boys (11%) and 56 of the girls (14%) reported themselves as smoking one or more cigarettes daily. They were found to have lower systolic and diastolic pressure values than non-smokers. These results confirm findings in adults, where smoking was reported to have an inhibiting effect on blood pressure rise in the case of weight gain.


[Regional variation in mortality from ischemic heart disease in Switzerland]. Age standardized mortality from coronary heart disease was found to be higher in the German speaking parts of Switzerland than in the French speaking parts. Mortality from other diseases of the heart does not show a contrary gradient. The same pattern was confirmed among a cohort of Swiss physicians, observed over a 18-year period. Differences in smoking habits cannot explain the differential mortality rates.


[Preventive medical services of city-canton: the city of Basel as an example]. An analysis of all preventive services provided by practicing physicians and various agencies is presented. Costs for these services amount to 1,4% of the cantonal outlays for health.


[Gynecologic disorders in the prevention of juvenile diabetes]. Repeated gynecological affections have been detected in 26 out of 30 diabetic children. Therefore, it is important to do gynecological examinations in diabetic children. In addition, during a systematic check out, an impaired glucose tolerance has been found in 7 out of 18 children who presented inflammatory and itching gynecological affections. These findings emphasize the importance of systematical gynecological examination in childhood and adolescence in preventive medicine.


[Public screening for hypertension and problems of long-term follow-up]. Four months following public screening 34% of a random sample of 302 hypertensives still were under care: 50% of the 113 previously known and only 10% of the 189 preunaware. Such campaigns provide health education and reenforce the compliance of already known hypertensives. However, public screening yields poor individual follow up of newly identified hypertensives.


[House calls in medical practice].

[House calls in medical practice]. The frequency of daily home visits by practicing physicians has been investigated. A multiple regression analysis indicates that the number of daily home visits is reduced linearly with decreasing age and with increasing specialization of the doctor. With these variables taken into account, urban-rural differences cannot be demonstrated.


[Cooperation between school physicians and teachers]. Out of a comprehensive study of school health service in the German speaking region of the Canton of Berne, details are given concerning the cooperation between school doctors and teachers. Considerable gaps were detected and possible ways for improvement are proposed.


[Illness behavior: preliminary results of an empirical study in Basel]. Preliminary data of inquiry on illness behavior are presented. 94% of the subjects (N =472 people working in administrative and industrial firms) reported at least one symptom within 1 month. Their consecutive activities are described.


[Alcohol and liver cirrhosis in Switzerland]. The question wheter in Switzerland, too, there exists an association between alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver was examind by the use of Federal Statistics. E.M. Jellinek devised an internationally applicable formula which shows a linear relationship between these two conditions. Three hypotheses were tested to validate the assumption that there are no alternate causes of cirrhosis of the liver. The results show: a) that in Switzerland as elsewhere, a direct relationship exists only between alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver; b) that, in consequence, other causes of the condition have only small significance; c) that mortality from cirrhosis shows a distinct sex difference, with a surprisingly great increase amongst women in recent years.


[First tobacco consumption in children]. From 1436 pupils in North-Switzerland 9% of the boys and 3% of the girls smoked their first cigarette within or before the age of six years. 32% of these first cigarettes were smoked in woods or parks. 37% on streets, 31% on other places. 25% of the first cigarettes were stolen, not bought. 50% of all these children remembered to have a headache, vomitying or a stomach-ache after smoking the first cigarette. The boys began to smoke daily at the age of 13, the girls at the age of 14.


[A nutritional survey of 38 single elderly persons with free choice of food]. The nutritional habits of 38 randomly selected single aged people with free choice of food have been investigated by the precise weighing method. Blood serum levels of the vitamins A, C, and E and of beta-carotene and biotin were analyzed, and the nutritional status with respect to the vitamins B1, B2, and B6 was examined by the transketolase-test, the glutathione-reductase-test, and the glutamic-acid-oxalo-acetic-transaminase-test. In relation to the desirable daily supply of nutrients and other dietary components the food was deficient in the vitamins B1, and B6 and in magnesium. For women an additional calcium-deficiency was demonstrated. The dietary fat content, however, was found to be high (44% of total calorie intake). The results of the blood analyses suggest an insufficient dietary supply of vitamin B1, partly also of the vitamins B6 and C. The total caloric intake was found to be rather low with respect to the age.


[Current standards for body height and weight of Swiss children and adolescents 4 to 19 1/2 years old (Geneva 1972)]. New tables have recently been published containing (1) the usual percentiles of body weight and stature in each of the successive 6 months age groups, (2) two different age independent estimates of weight percentiles related to height, and (3) 50%, 80%, and 95% contours for the bivariate joint distribution of height and weight in each age group. All of the tables and charts are given for boys and girls separately. In view of the randomness of the sampling and the characteristic heterogeneity of the population concerned, these new normal limits may be declared valid not only for the entire Swiss area, but even for adjacent regions.


[Effects of the trip to work on health, especially on blood pressure]. The goal of this study is to demonstrate relationships between journey to work and health status. 546 employees of industrial plants in northeastern Switzerland have been examined. We have demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between the length of journey to work and arterial blood pressure. Furthermore some dependences on the kind of transport hard to explain are demonstrated, but most of them aren't statistically significant.


[Age at onset of obesity in children].

[Age at onset of obesity in children]. The majority of the obese children among 965 ten-year olds were overweight already at 7 yrs, but had not gained weight excessively during the first year of life. The most critical period therefore is the age between 1 and 7 yrs.


[The problem of obesity in children from the mountains and the city]. The problem of obesity has been investigated on 547 children from the mountains and the city by a questionary and by measuring skinfolds and body weight. The ratio of obesity is very high specially in children of the city and in parents of both groups. Obesity of parents, small sportif activity and nearly daily watching television was found to favour obesity of the children. Factors against obesity are the hard work of children in the mountains and large sportif activity. The mean values of body weight and skinfolds partially differ very much from the median values and cannot be used as norm.


[Disease, physician-patient contacts and work disability in a general practice]. The frequency of Coronary Heart Disease symptoms (questionnaire from G. Rose) and some risk factors were recorded for 314 men in a general practice as part of a preventive screening programme. Simultaneously the number of physician-patient contacts and the total days of work disability were registered. The patients were divided into four social classes. There was a significant increase of symptoms of autonomic nervous disorder and hyperuricemia (p less than 0,025) as well as the number of smokers (p less than 0,001) with descending social class. The same trend was found with the frequency of physician-patient contacts and the total days of work disability (p less than 0,1). Patients with vegetative symptoms showed a mean of 7,2 physician-patient contacts and a work disability of 37,4 days per year. For patients with abnormal ECG findings the rates were 5,6 contacts and 33,4 days of disability per year. There was a significant difference in these rates compared to a control group.


[Stability of answers to questions about eating habits]. Different indices are used to evaluate the stability of answers referring to eating habits, collected in an interval of 6 months. The stability is comparable to answers to questions referring to participation in various groups. Both are strongly dependent on the frequency of the characteristic measured.


[Personality and scholastic achievement]. Based on the data of the "Basle Adolescents Study" 7 scales of the MMPI and the IQ according to Raven were compared with the average of grades. Teachers confirmed socially desirable personality traits with good grades and gave lower grades to pupils with a less desirable personality.


[Height, weight and personality].

[Height, weight and personality]. In a representative sample of Basle 8th grade students (165 boys and 237 girls) born in 1960, 23 MMPI scales were compared to height and triceps skinfold thikness. No correlation was found among boys; in girls height showed a positive, skinfold thickness a negative correlation with the social rating of a number of scales.


[An improved method for the detection of haptoglobin types from blood stains (author's transl)]. This paper describes a simple technique for the elimination of excess hemoglobin from blood stain extracts by means of P-cellulose column chromatography, which is applicable to the haptoglobin typing from blood stains.


[Studies on investigation of primary pathologic deterioration of the lower limbs. (author's transl)]. Veins of the limbs of 193 sudden deaths are examined under aspects of frequency, extent and localisation of sclerosis. Macroscopic process of preparation has approved. Correlations to several factors, especially age and affections of heart and arteries, are represented and discussed.


[A micro copper analysis with dithiooxamide as the basis of a new method of the determination of gunshot firing distances (author's transl)]. The determination of gunshot firing distances up to 160 cm is possible by means of a simple micro copper analysis. From a comparison of accurately known standards with the results from spot analysis by dithiooxamide it is possible to make, without additional instrumentation, a semiquantitative estimation of the copper content. The copper powder from bullet reaching the target is a function of muzzle to target distance. The experiments where analysed by flying spot densitometrie with a TLD 100 and the scatter of the data was determined statistically. This enables the method to a applicable in a very accurate way. The limitations of the method and possible perturbations are discussed and the results from this work are compared with the data obtained by other authors and by different methods.


[Smoking and medical specialty].

[Smoking and medical specialty]. Smoking habits and smoking advisory practices of male practicing physicians in Switzerland were analyzed by medical specialty. After correction for age differences, pneumologists, ear, nose and throat specialists, pediatricians and internists smoke significantly less than the total group of physicians; on the other hand, psychiatrists have quit smoking less often than the medical profession as a whole. Giving advice on smoking to male patients follows a similar pattern. Gynaecologists give less regularly advice on smoking to pregnant women than do internists and general practitioners. The implications of these findings are discussed.


[On the problem of capability to act during mechanical suffocation (author's transl)]. On a case of mechanical suffocation the problem of persistent "capability to act" during continuing insufficient blood perfusion of the brain is discussed. This means a form of manifestation exhibiting a certain aim, but which cannot be related to voluntary human behaviour. As an explanation reflex-like stimulus-reaction connexions often repeated during life-time are suggested. Similarly, verbal expressions not compatible with the actual situation at the point of death after severe injuries of the frontal lobe cannot be explained conclusively. Those manifestations can probably be attributed to engram-like or life-style forming impressions.


[What is the value of health education by newspapers?]. One week after the publication of a series of articles on myocardial infarction and its prevention in a newspaper, an inquiry was performed to find out the effect of such publication. The results are discussed. They show that such publications are noticed by the population.


[The determination of time of death utilizing a considerable difference between urine-and blood alcohol (author's transl)]. Examining a case of death due to a subarachnoidal hemorraghe of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm the approximate time of death could only be determined by a considerable difference between alcohol contents of urine and blood. Since the urinary bladder was filled and a continuous diuresis until the moment of death could be assumed it was possible to calculate the average period of time during which the stated concentration of urine alcohol was formed, and to estimate the survival time.


[An attempt at drug education in the secondary schools of Geneva]. This compulsory information is given to students of 12th grade (14-15 years). A film is shown which is followed by a discussion between the students of each class and a doctor of the Health Department who is specialized in drug prevention. Teachers and parents are also informed in the same way. The efficiency of this method will have to be proved in the future.


[Preventive behavior: the role of the environment and the capacity to adapt]. Preventive behavior attempts to maintain an optimal general state. When the degree of psychological and social constraints exceed the adaptational capacities of a subject one discovers in that individual a negative global perception, essentially with regards to the environment that can instigate diverse problems and accidents.


[Forensic, clinical, toxicological and legal aspects in a case of survived criminal poisoning with E 605 forte (author's transl)]. A sixty-years-old man survived by intensive clinical treatment a criminal poisoning with E 605 forte by his wife. Several aspects of the case are discussed.


[Knowledge about "alcohol and traffic" in a younger population]. By means of a standardized multiple-choice-questionnaire, the knowledge concerning "alcohol and traffic" of 251 students attending military courses or mainly courses of further education was examined. A critical attitude but also some lacks of knowledge could be observed. More discussions on this subject especially amongst future and younger drivers have to be recommended.


[Experimental determination of blood-alcohol metabolism with dogs in haemorrhagic shock (author's transl)]. Ethanol at a dosage of 3 g/kg reduced body weight was injected i.v. into mongrel dogs resulting in a blood alcohol concentration of approximately 2.9 mg/ml. One hour after injection the dogs were anaesthetized with halothane-N20/02 and blood was withdrawn until the blood pressure was reduced to 40 mmHg. This usually required removal of about 30 - 40% of the total blood volume. The resulting haemorrhagic shock was ascertained by monitoring blood pH, pCO2, pO2, lactate, pyruvate and blood electrolytes. A blood specimen for enzymatic alcohol determination (ADH) was obtained every 30 min over a period of 3 hours. Compared with equally dosed controls the dogs in haemorrhagic shock showed a significant (p = 0.005) reduction of the blood alcohol decay rate (beta) which is explained by 1) the diminished blood flow through the liver and 2) the hypoxaemic metabolic situation in shock.


[Behavior of the human skin under the influence of electromagnetic radiation in the visible and near infrared region (author's transl)]. In legal medicine and also in other fields of medicine a unique characterization of the optical parameters of biological objects is often necessary. In this paper a method for the description of such probes is presented. The range of wavelength considered is the 400 nm... 1100 nm part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The method is based on the determination of reflection-, transmission and extinction-coefficients. The importance of scattering in the case of nonhomogenous, anisotropic biological matter is stressed.


[The problems of deaths by bolus aspiration ("cafe-coronary") (author's transl)]. Twentyseven fatal cases of suffocation by swallowing a bolus were analysed under different aspects. An attempt is made to interpret the functional disturbances which precede death, the causes for disturbance of swallowing and subsequent fatal reflex effects. The problems of judging the situation by the medical expert is discussed. Finally recommended therapeutic measures are critically evaluated to answer the question whether timely and adequate remedies truly exist.


[The legal basis of organ transplantation (author's transl)]. Report on the legal basis of organ transplantation in Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland and Finland. Reference is made to the legal uncertainty in the Federal Republic of Western Germany. The Federation probably has no legislative competence for an adequate transplantation law. Amendments of the xi 168 StGB suggested by individual Federal States are discussed. The synopsis of the existing legal rules in the above mentioned countries suggests the proposal of general legal principles which should guarantee 1. the best medical care in transplantation medicine especially in renal explantates 2. a legal protection for the physician 3. a protection for personal rights of the donor. The author feels that the rights of those persons who provide for the corpses should be superceded by these considerations.


[Program for the computation of plausibilities of paternity by means of serological findings. I. Description of program (author's transl)]. A computer program for the computation of the plausibility of paternity is presented. This program gives detailed information on the genotypical possibilities for a given phenotypical constellation.


[Pathological findings in organs after diagnostic and therapeutic procedures (author's transl)]. An account is given of lesions in organs caused by diagnostic and/or therapeutic operations.  First possible damages during reanimation in acute life threatenig diseases are described.  Secondly indirect damages resulting from resuscitation are discussed, especially reanimation-caused encephalopathies.  The predominantly quantitative variations of primary diseases and secondary diseases which can arise during intensivetherapy and during so called vita reducta, as well as damages caused by necessary and, as a rule, frequently repeated medical actions are mentioned...


[Program for the computation of plausibilities of paternity by means of serological findings. II. Demonstration of examples (author's transl)]. By demonstrating three actual cases of disputed paternity the validity of the computer program described in the first part of this paper is shown, namely: the information with respect to possible unrecognized exclusions pointing to chances of extended family studies; the standard deviation and distribution curve giving an actual survey of statistical parameters of a given case of disputed paternity.


[Experimental coronary thrombosis in dogs. Morphologic investigations (author's transl)]. By means of electric induction without opening the chest in 23 dogs coronary thromboses were produced with the aid of a standardized method based on a test model of Salazar (1961). The morphological results are reported. 13 of the dogs showed coronary thromboses. At the same time in 12 animals a myocardial infarction could be registered. Altogether, we observed 17 myocardial infarctions. The electric field led to differently severe lesions in the walls of the coronary arteries. The significance of this test model is discussed.


[Morphologic investigations on experimental coronary thromboses in pigs (author's transl)]. With the aid of a standardized method basing on a report of Salazar (1961) coronary thromboses in pigs were produced by means of electric induction without opening the chest. 12 of 13 pigs showed thromboses in coronary arteries, in 8 animals with embolization of the thrombotic material. At the sametime in 8 pigs a myocardial infarction could be registered. The significance of these experiments discussed.


[Membranous glomerulonephritis and renal vein thrombosis (author's transl)]. A report on 3 autopsy cases is given, in 2 of them a combination of membranous glomerulonephritis (mGn) and bilateral renal vein thrombosis was detected, while the third case showed a combination of mGn and large pulmonary thrombembolism being in organisation. In semithin sections characteristic spikes were seen on the external surface of the glomerular basement membrane. An immunecomplex nephritis (type:transmembranous glomerulopathy) was observed in both kidneys examined by immunofluorescence technique. The pathogenetic correlations between mGn and renal vein thrombosis are unclear so far; the two main conceptions found in the literature are discussed. The knowledge of a combination between mGn and renal vein thrombosis has practical value. The findings of mGn in a renal biopsy specimen should the clinican cause to think of the possibility of renal vein thrombosis. On the other hand a renal vein thrombosis is an indication for the renal biopsy. A mGn can only be excluded by applying modern morphological methods, i.e. semithin section technique, immunohistology and/or electron microscopy.


[Coronary atherosclerosis, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction in autopsy cases (author's transl)]. The autopsy reports of the Pathological Institute Erfurt of the period from 1.1 1951 until 31.12. 1969 were scored for cases of coronary sclerosis which were analysed concerning frequency and distribution of age and sex, resp. In 52.26 percent of all autopsies (55.77 percent of men, 48.06 percent of women) a coronary sclerosis was present. Weak or moderately severe coronary sclerosis appeared more frequent (34.47 percent) than severe forms (17.80 percent of all autopsies). The difference in the relative frequency of coronary sclerosis between our material and the data of other authors we explain by subjective factors in the interpretation of the morphological changes of the coronary vessels. Males suffered significantly more frequent from all forms of coronary sclerosis. During the period of nineteen years a significant increase of the coronary sclerosis was observed. It is due to the more frequent occurrence of weak to moderately severe coronary sclerosis in both sexes, and of severe forms in men. The increase of the frequency of the coronary sclerosis particularly concerns the younger age groups.


[Use of Nessler's reagent for recognition of lysine, ornithine, and arginine decomposition by gramnegative fermentative bacteria (author's transl)]. The reactions of lysine, ornithine and arginine decomposition are often difficult to read in Falkow's medium because either the decolorization of the indicator or the lack of sharp colour differences between positive and negative reactions. In such cases Nessler's reagent may be a useful aid. A volume of about 0.2 ml is added to the cultures after 4 days incubation through the mineral oil layer by means of a pipette. A positive reaction is indicated by an immediate white precipitation in case of lysine and ornithine decarboxylation, and a white or brownish precipitate which indicates arginine decomposition. A delayed opacity should be regarded as a negative reaction. Only unequivocal reactions should be considered. The specificity of the reactions was tested with pure substances of compounds which are formed by the decomposition of lysine, ornithine and arginine. Further studies of bacterial cultures in Falkow's medium and in a synthetic, amino acid containing medium without peptone gave identical results and showed that peptone derivates do not cause a false positive reaction with Nessler's reagent (Table 1). Comparative studies on 605 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrio in Falkow's medium with and without added Nessler's reagent gave corresponding results except some strains of Escherichia coli and Citrobacter freundii with different arginine reactions (Table 2). Strains of these species mostly decolorized the indicator thereby hindering the recognition of either a true positive or a true negative reaction. In these cases, however, the results obtained after addition of Nessler's reagent corresponded closely to the percentage of positive reactions cited in the literature.


Activity of various compounds against a pathogenic strain of Treponema hyodysenteriae. A test method for in vitro investigations of chemotherapeutics against a pathogenic strain of Treponema hyodysenteriae is described. The sensitivity of this organism against various compounds especially against the pleuromutilin derivative 81723 hfu, a new antibiotic, was evaluated.


[The action of detergents upon microbes (author's transl)]. The effect of sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate in the concentration range of 0.125%-1.0% upon gas formation by Klebsiella and Escherichia was studied. The experiments were performed in Szántha's gas tubes on synthetic culture media containing glycerol; gas formation was measured volumetrically. Concentrations below 1.0% were found to promote gas formation when compared with the control tubes. In accordance with previous papers published, enteric and chromogenic bacteria also multiplied well in the presence of 1.0% DBS-Na. It is shown by the results at hand that additional studies of the influence of detergents upon processes of self-purification in surface waters should be performed.


[Report about two cases of gastroenteritis caused by Plesiomonas shigelloides (author's transl)]. Plesiomonas shigelloides was isolated out of the feces from two patients. In one case the patient (she just arrived back from Kenia) had cholera-like symptoms. In the other case the nonspecific symptoms led to an appendectomy. In this case the association of the clinical symptoms with the bacteriological results is doubtful. Plesiomonas shigelloides belongs to the genus III. (Plesiomonas) of the family II. (Vibrionaceae) Part 8. (gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods). Some of Plesiomonas shigelloides strains share a common O antigen with Sh. sonnei. Literature about infectious gastroenteritis in humans due to Plesiomonas shigelloides is very spare. This is the reason why the pathogenicity of this bacterium on humans is not comonly known. After on year of stool-research, with a relative small number of specimens, we found Plesiomonas shigelloides twice. This is the reason why we could assume that this bacterium is more often in feces than we thought till now.


[Enterobacteria of reptiles (author's transl)]. The aerobic gram-negative faecal flora of 78 reptiles consisting of 46 species (39 lizards of 23 species, 15 tortoises of 9 species, 24 snakes of 14 species) was studied. Salmonella was found to be present in 50% of lizards, in 16% of tortoises and in 16% of snakes. There were all together 15 different serotypes. Edwardsiella tarda was isolated in 20% of tortoises, in 12% of snakes but only in 3% of lizards. Tortoises represent therefore the possible normal habitat of Edwardsiella tarda. We isolated Arizona specially from snakes as was described by many authors. A new serotype (Arizona 26a, 26b:27 - 21 = S. arizonae 61:Z10:Z35) was found in a rattlesnake. There were found also much amounts of Citrobacter (52%), E. coli (50%), Proteus mirabilis (49%), Proteus morganii (18%), Proteus rettgeri (26%), Proteus vulgaris (32%). Klebsiella and Enterobacter seem to prefere the lizards. The overwhelming majority of the studied bacteria were lactose-negative, corresponding to the inability of reptiles producing lactose. The normal habitat of Salmonellae in reptiles and the high phylogenetic age of reptiles allows the hypothesis that salmonellae could have a similar old age as their host animals, because the ecological niche, i.e. the bowel of reptiles, has no changed for some hundred million years.


[Taxonomic importance of fermentation balances of Enterobacteriaceae (author's transl)]. Fermentation balances have been studied on 66 strains from 9 taxa of Enterobacteriaceae. In addition, 6 strains of Aeromonas have been investigated. Among these fermentation balances, 7 types could be distinguished. It was shown, that the taxa of Enterobacteriaceae differed with respect to the balance types involved. This is true especially for VP-positive taxa. For example, Hafnia, the Klebsiella-Enterobacter-Serratia group, Enterobacter cloacae and Erwinia are to some extend characterized by different balance types. The groups of Enterobacteriaceae with plain acid fermentation are apperently more homogenous with respect to fermentation balances. Balances are, however, not suited for classification, because no balance type turned out to be absolutely group specific. The fermentation balances of our strains of Aeromonas are closely related to the acid-type balances of Enterobacteriaceae. A numerical classification of the data showed, that this method is most potent in sorting multivariate data. A basic agreement of both techniques, the subjective and the numerical subdivision, was found. The first one, however, tends to overemphasize differences among the types. A comparison between the quantitative data of fermentation balances and the corresponding diagnostic tests (MR, VP, Gas) gives information on the reliabiity of the latter.


[Three new serotypes of Salmonella subgenus I and four serological variants (author's transl)]. The Salmonella strains described in this paper were isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Togo (West Africa). All strains belong to subgenus I of the genus Salmonella. 1. Salmonella kodjovi 47:c:-, Supplement No. XVII (1974), isolated from stool specimen 2. Salmonella dadzie 51:1, v:e, n, x, Supplement No. XVII (1974), isolated from stool specimen 3. Salmonella mono 4, 12:1, w:1, 5, Supplement No. XVII (1975), isolated from pig droppings 4. Salmonella chincol var. s-, monophas. 6, 8:g, m:-, Supplement No. XVIII (1975), isolated from lizard intestines 5. Salmonella chicago var. i+, 28:r, i:1,5, Supplement No. XVIII (1975), isolated from stool specimen 6. Salmonella havana var. s+, 36+, 13,23:f,g,s:-, Supplement No. XVIII (1974), isolated from stool specimen 7. Salmonella elisabethville var. 15+, 3,15:r:1,7, isolated from lizard intestines.


Epidemiological studies on Salmonella in a certain area. ("Walcheren project"). II. Salmonella in the mesenteric lymph nodes and rectal contents of normal pigs. All pigs slaughtered on the former island of Walcheren were examined over a one-year period for the presence of Salmonella in the mesenteric lymph nodes and rectal contents. Salmonella was demonstrated in 22.3% of the 7756 animals examined. 50 different serotypes were isolated, two of which (S. menhaden and S. mikawasima) being isolated in The Netherlands for the first time. Particulars of the farms were collected, a distinction being made between different types of farm (breeding, breeding-fattening and fattening farm), kinds of feed (pellets, pellets + meal, and meal) and numbers of fattening pigs per farm. The results show that there is a small difference in proportion of positive pigs between pellet and meal feeding in favour of pellet feeding: 20.9% against 23.7%. It is remarkable that on smaller farms (up to 100 pigs), this difference is considerably greater in favour of pellet feeding: 12 9% against 21.0%. It was also found that on farms with pellet feeding fewer serotypes were isolated on average than on farms with meal feeding.


[Behaviour of the lung as an organ of absorption and reaction when air-borne contaminants are inhaled (author's transl)]. The pulmonary resorption of air pollutants constitute a significant factor for the whole body burden of men, as can be shown for lead, SO2 and CO. Particle size as well as water and lipid solubility of the noxious agents are important variables for the extent of the interaction with the pulmonary surface. Main objects for the inhalative pollutants are the bronchioli terminales and the respiratory epithel. The electronmicroscopic investigations point out a specific irritability of these structures as far as lead, oxydants and fibers are concerned. Comparatively low concentrations of the agents produce, in chronic exposure, changes in the caliber of the small airways and widening of the ductus alveolares and the alveoli. In addition to the reduction of the inner lungsurface one observes a thickening of the diffusion barrier in loco through some harmful substances. A number of pollutants influence a primary cytotoxic effect on alveolar macrophages. Thereby the bacterial infection resistance of the lung is reduced; moreover the phagozytes play an important part for the detoxification of carcinogenic carbohydrates. Hence the lung functions as a resorptionorgan, as a protectionorgan and as an object of damage for various air pollutants.


[On the mechanism of the biological persistence of halogenated and sulfonated aromatic hydrocarbons (author's transl)]. Aromatic compounds with unphysiological substituents like halogen or SO2H-groups are mainly degraded by cometabolism. Investigations with model compounds show, that the negative inductive effect (-I-effect) of the halogen substituents impede the electrophilic attack of the oxygenases, particularly the pyrocatechases. Although the "affinity" of the enzyme for the substrate increases with the number of halogen substituents, the rate of ring cleavage decreases by the presence of halogen substituents. Benzoate oxygenation shows that in certain positions of substitution the -I-effect can be weakened by the + M-effect of the halogen. As soon as aromaticity is lost by the action of dioxygenases, halide can be eliminated with greater ease and total mineralization is possible. When naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid is degraded by a naphthalene utilizing Pseudomonas strain the sulfonic acid group appears to be eliminated oxygenolytically and the carbon skeleton is channelled into the naphthalene pathway.


[Hydrolysis of methoxysubstituted phenylureas, acylanilides and phenylcarbamates by a microbial aryl acylamidase (author's transl)]. The phenylurea herbicide linuron is hydrolyzed by Bacillus sphaericus ATCC 12123 quantitatively forming 3,4-dichloroaniline, CO2, and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine. The inducible enzyme responsible for this hydrolysis was purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its molecular weight was 75 000 +/- 10%. Studies on its substrate specificity showed that either whole cells as the linuron-induced enzyme hydrolyze a large number of herbicidal and fungicidal acylanilides, the methoxysubstituted phenylureas and the phenylcarbamate propham at the carbonyl-aniline bond. This would classify the enzyme as an aryl acylamidase (E.C. 3.5.1). Hydrolysis of phenylamides by whole cells and by the enzyme is inhibited by different methylcarbamate and organophosphorus insecticides. Inhibition of hydrolysis of linuron by the aryl acylamidase by methylcarbamates is a competitive one.


[Breakdown of the herbicide pyramin by micro-organisms of the soil (author's transl)]. The herbicide Pyramin, which is employed in the cultivation of beets to combat broad-leaf weeds, contains the herbicidal substance 5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3 (2H) pyridazinone, abbreviated pyrazone. The breakdown of pyrazone in the soil was investigated and it was found that this substance disappears relatively quickly and that the dephenylated heterocycle of pyrazone 5-amino-4-chloro-3 (2H) pyridazinone is obtained as transformation product. It was possible to isolate bacteria, which grow on pyrazone as the only carbon source, from soil samples originating from different parts of the world. Four compounds are excreted during the cultivation of pyrazone-degrading bacteria in a pyrazone mineral salt medium. With the aid of the structure of these metabolites and enzymatic tests, a scheme for the bacterial breakdown of pyrazone is proposed.


[Microbial breakdown of acid anilide fungicides (author's transl)]. o-Toluylanilide, 2.5-dimethylfuran-3-carboxanilide, 5.6-dihydro-2-methyl-1.4-oxathiine-3-carboxanilide and other acid anilides are systemic fungicides which act selectively on rusts and smuts. From garden soil a Nocardia sp. was isolated which can grow with acid anilide fungicides as the only source of carbon. From this Nocardia sp. it was possible to produce mutants which are blocked genetically at various steps of the breakdown pathway of these acid anilide fungicides. It was possible to follow the breakdown pathway with the aid of accumulates of the rough I strain and of the mutants as well as by growth and enzyme tests. Breakdown starts with hydrolytic splitting of the acid amide bond by an acylamidase. The acid components of the fungicides are accumulated in the medium; they do not affect the growth. The aniline component is oxidized to pyrocatechol by a dioxygenase. Methyl and chloro-derivatives of aniline which are formed in the soil due to the hydrolysis of herbicides and fungicides, are also converted into the respective pyrocatechol derivatives. By orthocleavage cis-cis muconic acid forms from pyrocatechol. This compound is metabolized into succinate and acetyl CoA via the beta ketoadipate pathway.


Initial reactions in the bacterial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Bacteria incorporate two atoms of molecular oxygen into aromatic hydrocarbons with the formation of cis dihydrodiols. The production of cis dihydrodiols has been demonstrated for substrates that range in size from benzene to benzo[a]pyrene. These results are in direct contrast to the mechanisms utilized by mammals, and possibly all eucaryotic organisms, for the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, mammals incorporate one atom of molecular oxygen into these substrates to form arene oxides. Hydration of the latter compounds produces dihydrodiols that have a trans stereochemistry.


[Primary oxidation mechanisms in degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons by bacterial enzyme systems (author's transl)]. The bacterial dissimilation of aliphatic hydrocarbons is catalysed by a monooxygenase mechanism with incorporation of molecular oxygen. Numerous publications have shown the cytochrome P 450-dependent hydroxylation of hydrocarbons, but there is considerably less information of hemo-protein-independent hydroxylations by alkanhydroxylases. In a marine Pseudomonad we found a system sensitive to cyanide: The oxygenase could be divided into three protein fractions. A cytochrome P 450 type spectrum was not detected. The NADH-dependent hydroxylation of n-decane can be activated by Mg2+ and Fe2+ ions. A noncompetitive product inhibition occurs which deserves special attention. An alcohol-dehydrogenase is closely associated with the oxygenase system by a kind of multienzyme-complex. Studies on kinetics and substrate specificity of this enzyme show an inhibition by excess substrate increasing with the chain length of the alcohols. The whole complex (alkanhydroxylase, alcoholdehydrogenase and aldehyddehydrogenase) is induceable by bacterial growth on alkanes, primary alcohols and fatty acids as sole carbon source.


[An animal experimental study on the retention rate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the lung and in the subcutaneous tissue (author's transl)]. The retention rate of five polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(ah)anthracene, chrysene, pyrene, benz(a) anthracene) was studied after intratracheal instillation into syrian hamsters and subcutanous injection into mice. For subcutanous injection the PAH were solved in 0.5 ml tricaprylin, for intratracheal instillation a suspension in NaCl was used. The results were the following: 1. With respect to the retention rate of the five PAH the largest difference was found comparing the application modes. The ratio of the averaged half-time-values for the intratracheal test to the subcutanous test is about 1:35. 2. The retention rates for each polycyclic hydrocarbon differs significantly. An interrelation of PAH after application of a PAH-mixture was not detectable. 3. The retention rates determined in the lung and in the subcutanous tissue do not give a constant ratio concerning each PAH. Thus DBahA is retained in the lung as well as in the subcutanous tissue definitely longer than BaP. Chrysene and benz(a)anthracene behave - respecting the retention rate - in the subcutanous test like BaP. In lung tissue, however, the different behaviour becomes obvious: while benz(a)anthracene is eliminated most rapidly, chrysene can be detected for a relative long time.


[Microbial breakdown of caffeine (author's transl)]. A bacterium, capable of growing aerobically with caffeine as its sole source of carbon and nitrogen, was isolated from soil and identified as Pseudomonas putida sp. The breakdown of caffeine begins with stepwise demethylation, which leads via various N-methyl-purines to xanthine each step yielding formaldehyde. Xanthine is then broken down via uric acid, allantoin, allantoic acid and further intermediates to urea and glyoxylic acid, which serves as the actual source of carbon.


[Degradation of (-)-ephedrine by Arthrobacter globiformis (author's transl)]. A bacterium which grows on and completely degrades ephedrine as the only source of carbon was isolated from soil. This bacterium was identified as Arthrobacter globiformis. From the culture medium the following metabolites were isolated: 1-hydroxy-1-phenyl acetone, benzoic acid, pyrocatechol, cis-cis-muconic acid and methylamine. The mechanism of metabolism is discussed and compared with that in mammals.


[Effects produced by insecticides on micro-organisms growing on harvest crops (vegetable foodstuff) (author's transl)]. Micro-organisms were isolated from several harvest crops and identified. Their capacity of breaking down pesticides frequently applied over large areas was investigated. It was found that some types of molds regularly found on untreated foodstuffs of vegetable origin have changed in composition and germ density during the last 5 to 10 years and that they are capable of more or less breaking down pesticides only to a limited extent. The particularly great increase of F. oxysporum in maize (corn) and corn flour can, accordingly, be caused by the application of herbicides.


[Heavy metal content in sediment samples taken from drinking-water reservoir (author's transl)]. Sediment samples were taken from the small preliminary catchment basin of the Wahnbachtal reservoir at Siegburg, extracted under mild conditions with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and analysed for their content of heavy metals. The sediment sample of the most recent date showed the highest concentrations of metal, that of older date revealed lower values, but by far the lowest metal content was found in the clay of the former valley. The high metal contents in the sediment are not only to be attributed to human influence but are primarily caused by the lead and zinc ores in the catchment area. The hygienic significance of these results is to be seen in the remobilization processes which could lead to an undesirable increase of metal concentrations in the raw water fed to the drinking water treatment plant.


[Staphylogenic food poisoning in a children's home (author's transl)]. Disease affected a group of 56 children in a children's convalescent home. In the samples taken from the stomach as well as in the samples of the vomit brought up by the affected children, in which the remains of porridge oats were recognizable, cluster cocci were identified in the microscopic preparations. The latter were classified by culture growing and lysotypy into various staphylococcal phagotypes. These staphylococci were identified as enterotoxin A and enterotoxin C2 formers. Stains of staphylococci isolated from swabs taken from the throat, nose and hands of the persons engaged in the preparation of the porridge oats were of the same staphylococcal phage groups. Consequently it would appear that these persons contaminated the oats. The oats had been left overnight at about 2.5 centigrade and were served to 58 children at 7.45 in the morning. Around 9.30 the first cases presented. By about 12.00 their number had risen to 56. However, 24 hours later 41 children were again free from complaints despite the initial shock-like nature of the life-endangering conditions (vomiting, diarrhoea, circulatory disorders).


[Results of hygienic investigations in hospitals and their consequences (author's transl)]. In all parts of the hospitals examined results were found, which demonstrated, in part considerable, gaps in the hygienic systems. Therefore the enforcement of the following measures must be emphatically postulated: - Development of hospital hygiene plans by competent experts in cooperation with the doctors and nurses in charge. - Foundation of commissions for hygiene, who are responsible for preventive measures and for the establishment of a survey of hospital infections. - Delegation of the internal control of hospital hygiene to a person experienced in that field without other functions. - Renovation of supplementation of the technical hygienical facilities especially in old hospitals.


[Microbial breakdown of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (author's transl)]. Using the conventional enrichment technique various bacteria were isolated capable of degrading simple aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene, phenanthrene, and anthracene. One isolate had the capacity to co-oxidize fluorene, fluoranthene, and pyrene; the higher condensed aromatics, however, were not attacked. Ecological studies in soil percolators revealed that a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including benzo(a)-pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene were degraded by microbial activities.


[On the effect of odourants in laboratory and field tests (author's transl)]. Odour nuisance reactions are of considerable importance in environmental hygiene. Their scientific analysis calls for a high degree of flexibility in the selection of adequate "access routes". The present paper deals with results of laboratory and field investigations in conjunction with the problem of odour pollution. In a laboratory test 50 test subjects were exposed for 2 1/2 hours either to H2S stimuli at a level of about 2.5 ppm or to pure air. The following effects were investigated: perception and evaluation of stimuli, subjective feeling as well as ability to concentrate. As expected, perceived intensity and intolerance of the stimulus decreased linearly with the duration of exposure; the subjective feeling and concentration were not significantly affected by smell as was demonstrated by comparative checks. By contrast, field investigations of differently exposed groups of population clearly demonstrated negative effects of odour pollution. 704 inhabitants of the city of Düsseldorf, residing in control and exposed areas, were given standardised questionnaires by interviewers to obtain information on reactions to offensive smell. The multivariate data analysis produced a 3-factor reaction pattern, with factor I (general reaction to offensive smell on a sensory basis) being particularly discriminatory. Moreover, it was found that, under identical exposure conditions, persons with a low adaptive tolerance professed themselves to be much more disturbed by the smell than did others with a higher degree of adaptive tolerance to the nuisance. A comparison of the laboratory findings with the field values suggests that the scientific analysis of reactions to the smell pollution presupposes an existential engagement of the examinee which requires that the disturbing stimulus be "embedded" in the pattern of the daily reality of life. This, of course, can hardly be realized in the laboratory.


[On the problem of passive smoking (author's transl)]. There is no evidence to date that passive smoking leads in the long run to typical smokers' diseases or to an increased health risk in an average healthy person. There are no plausible reasons to justify the assumption that such disturbances develop in passive smokers in the short term. Exposure to tobacco smoke can, under unfavourable conditions, lead to temporary irritation and impair the feeling of well-being which some persons may experience as a considerable nuisance. There are groups of persons of increased sensitivity and predisposition towards health risks, such as asthmatics and small children. These persons should not be exposed to tobacco smoke. There is the problem of individually determined smell interference by tobacco smoke. Admittedly, numerous questions await still an answer, but there is enough time to clarify them at leisure since passive smoking entails no acute danger of poisoning (cf. Lit. No. 15). In this field the most important task is to study in detail the problem of nuisance caused by smoking, with regard to both the prevailing law and to the demands of air hygiene. A detailed comment on the verdict passed by the Administrative Court of Schleswig closes with the phrase: "The prevention of the detrimental effects to health caused by tobacco smoke constitutes a preeminent task for the public health service and health policy".


[The importance of lead pollution for pregnant women and the newborn in the Ruhr area. II. Communication (author's transl)]. Systematic measurements of blood lead levels in 315 mature and immature neonates and 198 mothers show that at least 40% of statistical variance in blood lead levels depends on lead immission at the mother's place of residence. Almost identical blood lead levels are found in identical and non-identical twins. These investigations demonstrate the value of a biological lead monitoring system. On this basis blood lead levels in areas not covered by the present study can be prognosticated.


[Problems of perinatal neurology].

[Problems of perinatal neurology]. An analysis of more than 1000 cases of early organic brain lesions has demonstrated that in 54% of them the etiology of neurological disturbances was an antenatal pathology, in 38%-intranatal and in 8%-postnatal. The prevention of perinatal disorders of the nervous system is considered as a complex problem including measures of health prevention for the future mothers, control over the development of pregnancy, perfection of obstetric aid, effective measures for the prevention of tissue hypoxia and its sequalae, elaboration of methods of rehabilitative therapy, work with personnel.


[Early differential diagnosis of congenital and birth injuries of the brain]. The presented paper is a comparative study of clinico-immunological data with neuro-roentgen contrast methods (pneumoencephalography) in 156 newborns. The obtained data with a highly significant result permit to claim that the neuroimmune reactions up to the 7th day of life and even later, may reflect pathological changes of the brain in the newborn. Quite possibly they may be actively involved in the pathological process not only in the prenatal, but also in some cases in the postnatal ontogenesis.


[Early neurologic manifestations of minimal brain dysfunction in children]. The authors studied 207 children with minimal cerebral dysfunctions. Among this contingent 132 were followed-up from the moment of birth and subsequently during 8-10 years. It was demonstrated that already at the early stages of development certain neurological signs can be detected: somato-vegetative disorders, changes of the muscular tone, a hypertensive syndrome. In some of the children there was a retardation of psychomotor functions and prespeech development. One of the important goals at the present time is the elaboration of preventive measures of minimal cerebral dysfunctions in children with perinatal brain lesions.


[Neurologic pathology in children born using vacuum extraction]. In a vacuum extraction 36.2% of the children were born in asphyxia, in 20.9%-with symptoms of disturbed cerebral circulation. In children from the age of 1-7 years-16.3% of them demonstrated pathological signs of the different parts of the nervous system. In this connection the authors suggest a screening by the neurologists during the first days of life of all children born by vacuum extraction.


[Neurophysiologic study of sleep in infants with cerebral palsy]. With the aid of a polygraphical study of day sleep in infants with cerebral palsy it was possible to demonstrate in many cases changes of qualitative characteristics of the stages of sleep with disorders of normal dynamics in the EEG, motor and vegetative signs. The authors detected a certain correlation between the degree of such changes and the severity of the clinical symptomatology, as well as a possibility of changes in expression of the pathology of sleep at different stages of the disease, sometimes with an increase of this pathology.


[Electromyography in children with obstetrical paralysis]. The author for the first time conducted a EMG study of 75 children with obstetrical paralysis of the hands during the neonatal period and in children of an older age. In the majority of the cases there were certain changes of the EMG, characteristic of lesions of the spinal segmentary structures and not of the plexi as it was considered previously. During treatment directed to the area of intumescence, there was not only a clinical, but a EMG improvement as well.


[Reye's syndrome in children with acute respiratory diseases]. The authors report a clinico-morphological traits in Ray's syndrome which occurred in 10 children with acute respiratory disorders. The prevalent symptoms were encephalopathy with fatty dystrophy of the internal organs and mainly of the liver. Literature data concerning the clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment of this disorder are discussed.


[Clinical course of supratentorial brain tumors in children and adolescents]. The classical concept concerning the character of development of the blastomatose process in the brain is frequently altered when applied to children and adolescents with supratentorial newgrowths. An analysis of 102 cases with verified newgrowths of a different histological nature and localization in the supratentorial space permitted to distinquish 4 types of a clinical development of this kind of pathology: (1) with an acute onset and short-term development of the tumor process; 2) with a gradual, progressive increase of symptoms, but with expressed and long-term remissions; 3) with a slowly progressive development of the disease and a sudden severe syndrome of decompensation or terminal state; 4) with acute clinical signs of a newgrowth and a replacement by a subsequent progressive remittent development.


[Comparative clinico-pathophysiologic analysis of the characteristics of juvenile and late epilepsy]. Having in view the evolutional and ontogenetical traits of the bioelectrical brain activity and age types of the nervous system reactivity to endogenous and exagenous epileptic noxious factors, the authors compared the clinical and pathogenetical characteristics of an epileptic process in children and adults. Although there were several similar signs in children and late epilepsy, the authors opposed these forms on the basis of a different character in the type of development of the disease and changes in the cerebral electrogenesis, at the basis of which there lies the metabolic characteristics of a maturating and involutional brain. These regularities permitted to establish the diagnostical and prognostical criteria in respect to each separate form of the disease.


[Clinical picture, pathogenesis and treatment of convulsive seizures in young children]. The author presents some literature which considers epilepsy as a chronic disorder. The disease is a dependent epileptization of secondary foci from the primary ones and related to this phenomena, there is a stage development of the epileptic disease. The report contains results of clinical, EEG, PEG and morphological studies in 617 children which were made during more than 10 years. Clinico-anatomical correlations permitted to detect a relation between the severity of seizures and the degree of the natal brain lesion. An original graphical representation of the initial forms and development of seizures in the newborn and infants is given. The author attempts to give a hypothetical explanation of the acute stage of the pathogenetical process of convulsive disease, based on some laws of electrodynamics.


[Effect of muscular dysfunction on the development of shoulder joint in children with Erb's paralysis]. In order to evaluate the disturbances of development of the shoulder joint in children with Erb's paralysis the authors conducted an X-ray examination of the shoulder girdle and the shoulder in the anterior-posterior projection. The assessment of the functional state of the muscles of the shoulder girdle was made with the aid of clinical EMG. It was established that there was a retardation of growth and ossification of the radial head of the humerus on the affected side, a decrease in the longitudinal and cross-sectional sizes of the humerus, a retardation in the development of the joint scopular cavity, disorders in spacial interrelationship in the components of the shoulder joint and internal rotation of the shoulder joint. The structural and anatomical changes in the components of the shoulder joint are associated with disorders of the neurotrophic processes in the bone tissue and the muscular dysbalance.


[Clinical features of the defect in children with malignant schizophrenia]. On the basis of a study of the remote period in 38 patients with early child schizophrenia who were observed during 10 years, the author describes the clinical traits of the defect. The intellectual deterioration is connected with the age of the onset and degree of development of the process. The study displayed the correlation between the clinical picture with a schizophrenic defect proper and a mental underdevelopment resembling oligophrenia ("pseudooligophrenic" defect). In 26 cases the clinical picture was characterized by symptoms of a crude schizophrenic defect, in 12 -- symptoms of mental underdevelopment. Patients of the second group displayed a better adaptation to the environment.


[Variants of psychopath-like pictures in adolescents with schizophrenia]. The author studied 100 adolescent boys from 12-18 years of age with schizophrenia in whom either in the onset, remission or during the entire extent of the disease there was a psychopath-like syndrome. Three variants of such conditions are described, they resemble schizoid, unstable and epileptoid psychopathy. The report contains differential diagnostical criteria of these states. Some common symptoms for all variants of psychopath-like pictures are given: ambivalency, unmotivated cruelty or seemingly crude demonstrativeness in suicidal activity, unmotivated wandering instead of goal-directed escapes, abuse of alcohol or narcotics as doping, etc.


[Pathologic manifestations in children whose parents are ill with schizophrenia]. The author analyzed the mental development of 252 children born by schizophrenic patients. The detected anomalies were considered from the point of view of sex, age of the onset of psychosis and the type of the process in the ill parents. The found personality changes in these children were compared to the premorbid traits of children and adolescents of another group (128 cases) of schizophrenic patients having identical hereditary loading. This gives the bases to conclude that the personality changes in children of schizophrenic parents carry certain prognostical information.


[Systematics and differentiation of personality disorders in children and adolescents with behavioral disorders]. The author discusses some problems of systematization and differential diagnoses of personality disorders which are accompanied by disturbances of behaviour in children and adolescents. An original classification of personality disorders and transient personality reactions in childhood and adolescence is proposed. Special attention is paid to the criteria of delineating pathological and nonpathological forms of personality disorders and personality reactions in this group of children as well as to the differential diagnosis of constitutional and organic psychopathy. On the other hand residual-organic psychopath-like conditions and psychogenic pathocharacterological personality development are analyzed.


[Pathologic personality formation of the inhibited type in children and adolescents with disabling urologic diseases]. The study deals with an observation of 70 children and adolescents (boys) from 12-16 years who displayed pathological personality formation of an asthenical, anxious-dubious and pseudoschizoid type. The clinical traits of neurotical characterological disturbances depended upon the age of the onset of the urological disease, rate of its development, the attitude of the patients to his somatical disorder, rearing and the factor of deprivation. In order to prevent the appearance of deformed personality in such cases of wide and long-term use of group and individual psychotherapy is recommended.


[Dynamics of neurotic stuttering in preschool age]. The report deals with the clinical picture and dynamics of neurotical stuttering in children of preschool age. The authors studied 65 such patients aged from 3-6 years. Two forms of the disease development were distinguished: benign and unfavourable or protracted. It was possible to detect a connection between speech and neurotic disorders. Factors influencing the unfavourable development of neurotic stuttering were the following: hereditary loading of speech pathology, unfavourable microsocial environment, somatic weakness, expressiveness and stability of neurotic symptoms.


[Functional speech system disorder in stuttering]. The author studied the EMG or orbicular muscles of the mouth, respiration, pulse frequency, SGR, EEG registration during the pronunciation of words out loud and to onself, during the orientation reflex to sound and verbal stimuli. These indices were mainly studied during autogenic training in patients with neurotic stuttering (the 1st group) and in patients with organic lesions of the CNS and stuttering (the 2nd group). The first group of patients demonstrated formed motor verbal sterotypes. A disturbance of the correct programme of action in the functional speech system is due to an increase of the activity in the limbico-reticular system. The 2nd group exhibits the absence of the correct programme of action in the accomplishment of motor speech stereotypes. The abnormal programme of the activity is formed from the beginning of the speech activity and is fixed in the ontogenetical memory.


[Pathogenesis of central mechanisms of speech function disorders in children with alalia]. A study of special synchronization of brain biopotentials in EEG registrations by a correlational analysis permitted to establish that in children with alalia there was a complex defect in intercentral relations of the associative infraparietal areas with auditory, visual and motor analyzers in the left hemisphere. In children with alalia the intercentral correlations of biopotentials of the parieto-temporal areas were 10 times less, in the parieto-occipital ares 3 times less and almost twice less in the parieto-motor areas in the left hemisphere in comparison with norman children. Consequently disturbed speech development in children with alalia is connected with a defect in the functions of the higher sensory analysis and synthesis in the associative infraparietal areas with disturbed activity in the synchronizing, activating brain systems with disorders in the organization of spacial-time relations in different cortical areas.


[Clinical features of one of the syndromes associated with oligophrenia--the so-called "elf face"]. The authors give a clinical description of 19 patients from 2 years and 10 months-18 years with "elf face" syndrome. The most prominent traits of the disease were a specific look of the face, congenital heart insufficiency, muscular hypotonia, inguinal hernia. The mental state was characterized by an expressed mental retardation with some special traits: relatively well developed speech, talkativeness, good-naturedness, an euphoric mood, inactivity and poor motor functioning. In 3 patients who were older a psychopath-like syndrome was found. A study of the kariotype in 5 cases depicted hetermorphism of homologues in some pairs of chromosomes in more than 10% of the cells as well as an increased amount of structural reconstructions. Indirect calculation have shown that the incidence of the syndrome is approximately equal to 1:25000 births which is significantly more than cited in literature.


Influence of x-rays on the rate of accumulation of 131I in the thyroid of guinea pigs in the initial stage of radiation disease. The influence of single, total body X-ray irradiation with 500 and 1500 R on 131 uptake in the thyroids of guinea pigs in the initial stage of radiation disease was studied. Radioactivity of the thyroid was measured 1, 3, 6, 24 and 48 h after i.p. injection of 131I, I.E. 69, 71, 74, 92 and 116 H after the and of X-ray irradiation. Sixty-nine and 71 h after the and of X-irradiation, accumulation of 131I was higher in the thyroids of  male and female irradiated guinea pigs in comparison with controls. At 75 h after X-irradiation i.e 6 h after administration of 131I, a drop in the iodine content of the thyroid occurred, which lasted up to 48 h. The drop in 131I uptake by the thyroid was particularly significant at 92 h after irradiation of male and female guinea pigs i.e. at 24 h after introduction of the isotope, in comparison with the controls.


The effect of perphenazine treatment during the organogenesis in rats. The teratogenic effect of perphenazine was studied in closed-bred Wistar rats. Rats were given the substance orally continuously on days 7 to 14 of pregnancy, or as a single dose on one of days 9-15. The doses were considerably higher than the specific neuroleptic doses of perphenazine (20-150 mg/kg). The fetal mortality and malformation rates were significantly higher in the perphenazine-treated groups than in the controls. The results were compared with the earlier results of methophenazine treatment. Perphenazine was found to be more toxic for rat embryos than methophenazine.


Are mast cells involved in adjuvant action? A variety of adjuvant substances have been found to reduce the absolute and relative number of peritoneal mast cells in mice. This observation is discussed in the light of literary data suggesting a potential role of mast cells in the regulation (modification) of the immune response.


Substrate-stat: a method for characterization of enzymes in concentrated solutions at low substrate concentrations. A method is proposed, which is suitable for kinetic studies with concentrated enzyme preparations, and its principal features are described. The method makes it possible to keep constant the concentration of substrate(s) or product(s) during the observation time. For this purpose, the increase or decrease of an indicator extinction signal, dependent on enzyme velocity, is monitored and automatic titration is performed using a suitable titer solution. This latter contains equimolar amounts of indicator and substrate(s). The whole system operates in a similar manner as in pH-stat devices. The technical set-up, model reaction systems and practical applications are shown. Operation problems and possible sources of error are examined. Finally, the main limitations as well as possible improvements are discussed.


[In vitro incorporation of (33P)orthophosphate into the erythrocyte membrane phospholipids of newborn and adult domestic pigs]. Phosphate turnover of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, judged by [33P] incorporation, was investigated with phosphatidylethanolamine, lecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid in newborn and adult domestic pigs. A new micromethod is described in detail using between 10(9) to 10(10) cells, both for quantitative determination of phospholipids and tracer incorporation studies in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids. Erythrocyte phospholipid values are given for pigs of varous age groups, showing essentially no difference, and are compared with the respective data for human erythrocytes. Thrombocytes and leukocytes were removed and separation of the red cells into reticulocytes and normocytes was done. This proved a higher level of phospholipid phosphate metabolic activity in neonatal pig erythrocytes--comparable to that in human red blood cells--according to their well known higher glucose permeability and glycolytic rate. Further evidence is accumulated by the results presented that the metabolic differences in neonatal pig red cells are due to a distinct neonatal erythrocyte population and not to the increased number of immature cells present in the circulation.


[Changes in the lipid concentration in serum, liver and adipose tissue in alimentary obesity in Wistar rats]. In colony-bred Wistar rats maintained for several weeks on a high-percent fatty food (fat content 50%) compared with controls (3% fat in food) the concentrations of the following lipids were determined quantitatively: In serum lipid phosphorus (Lip. P.), free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TG), free cholesterole (FC) and cholesteryl ester (CE), in liver Lip. P,TG, FC and CE, in epididymal adipose tissue Lip. P. FFS and TG. With increasing weight differences between the two animals groups, in the phase of steady weight growth (,,dynamic phase", age of investigation 9 weeks, after 4 weeks on fatty food) a significant rise in serum FFS over the controls is observed with increases in TG and CE concentrations in the liver. After about 20 weeks of life the weight growth slows down; in this subsequent "static phase" the TG and CE accumulation in the liver further increases. Investigation of the epididymal adipose tissue suggests hypertrophy of the adipose cells. The results obtained with both phases are discussed with regard to possible metabolic alterations.


[Animal experimental studies on the thrombolytic effect of streptokinase]. The thrombolytic action of the streptokinase preparation Awelysin was investigated in animal experiments. After evaluation of the optimum fibrinolytically effective streptokinase dose and the changes in the clotting system induced by intravenous application of streptokinase experimentally produced deposition thrombi and clotting thrombi were lysed intravascularly in dogs, rabbits and rats. The success of the therapy was confirmed angiographically or rheographically.


Changes in labeling of soluble and solubilized hippocampus proteins after a learning experiment in rats. At various intervals after acquisition of a brightness discrimination in rats labeled leucine was intraventricularly applied. Hippocampus tissue was fractionated in soluble and solubilized insoluble protein fractions. Protein content and labeling of several electrophoretically resolved bands showed a biphasic time course: a first increase was observed 20 minutes after training including preferably soluble proteins, whereas a second increase (about eight hours after training) was mainly related to solubilized insoluble proteins.


[Effect of a conditioned emotional state on the discharging behavior of single neurons of the rat dorsal lateral geniculate body]. 1. The spike activity of 155 cells of the dorsal geniculate body of rats was recorded under the influence of flash and the combination of flash with a tone. For test animals the tone has an emotional relevance (ERT), because they had been trained to learn a conditioned emotional reaction with the tone as conditioned stimulus. Controls had been sham trained, i.e. the tone was never reinforced and therefore without emotional relevance (EIT). 2. In the controls there was no difference in the quantity of facilitatory and inhibitory responses to the tone, whereas under ERT there were more often facilitations than inhibitions. 3. The tone changed the reaction to flash. This variation depends on the emotional relevance of the acoustic stimulus. The ERT evoked a stronger increase in the number of excitations than the EIT. The number of inhibitions decreased equally under both conditions. Also, the ERT changed the strength of the flash response more often than the EIT did. An increasing trend of excitation was found especially in primary positive cells, an increasing trend of inhibition especially in primary negative ones. The time course of responses shows these differences to occur in the primary positive cells essentially later than 200 mse cafter the stimulus, in the primary negative cells, however, within this interval.


Some behavioural changes induced by amantadine (adamantine). In experiments carried out in mice, it was shown that amantadine (adamantine) (50, 75, 100 and 200 mg/kg i.p.) reduced the exploratory activity. This phenomenon was due not to reduction of the locomotion and of the muscular force. Amantadine in large doses had a slight convulsant action; at the same dose (100 mg/kg i.p.) it greatly potentiated the convulsant effects of pentetrazol. On Haffner's test amantadine had no analgesic activity.


[Quantitative morphologic studies on hypoxically cultured rat myocardial cells]. Ventricle cells from neonatal rats were cultured in a medium preventing  cell proliferation on a modified Roller apparatus with a defined pericellular oxygen partial pressure (pO2) of 38 or 0.6 mm Hg for about one week. The cells were harvested after the second and eighth day of culture (corresponding to one or seven days of culture under a defined pO2) and prepared for electron microscopy. Electron micrographs of this material were examined by stereologic techniques. The obtained results showed some deviations of mitochondrial fine structure of heart muscle cells depending on oxygen supply. During cultivation with a pO2 of 0.6 mm Hg (hypoxic conditions) we observed a proportional increase in mitochondria without cristae and an increase in size accompanied by a more irregular shape. On the contrary, the mitochondria of cells cultured with a pericellular pO2 of 28 mm Hg, which we consider to be a normoxic condition, did not show any deviation of inner membrane arrangement, but an increase in number and a decrease of size during cultivation was apparent. The mitochondria-myofibrils ratio decreased during cultivation in both conditions of oxygen supply. The ratio between sarcoplasmatic reticulum and myofibrils decreased markedly at a pO2 of 0.6 mm Hg.


Attempts at saving severely ischaemic limbs. A distally produced arteriovenous fistula had a beneficial effect on the success of restorative arterial surgery in animal experiments. In two patients restorative vascular operation was supplemented with a distal arteriovenous shunt. In both cases, extremital function was preserved. In one patient the creation of a reversed venous circulation ensured a temporary result. Creation of an arteriovenous anastomosis, as an intervention improving the flow, and reversed venous circulation are recommended prior to amputation of otherwise incurable limbs. The progress in vascular surgery has resulted in a temporary or long-term preservation of more and more limbs which up to recent times had been condemned to amputation. The results are still unsatisfactory, as in a certain percentage of cases the success is only temporary.


[Changes in blood sugar and ammonium levels after ligation of the afferent hepatic vessels]. Blood sugar and ammonia levels were studied after ligation of the afferent vessels of the liver. Isolated liver anoxia and isolated splanchnic stagnation were produced by means of a side-to-side porto-caval anastomosis in dogs. Isolated liver ischaemia for 45 minutes did not lead to a typical change in blood sugar and ammonia levels. In splanchnic stagnation with intact hepatic circulation, hyperglycaemia and a high blood ammonia level appeared in the portal venous blood. Thus, in the first 45 minutes afferent hepatic vessels are primarily due to splanchnic stagnation and not to hepatic ischaemia. When splanchnic stagnation and hepatic ischaemia occur simulatneously, the enhanced production of metabolites and the lack of compensation lead to a rapid lethal outcome.


[Parasternal mediastinotomy].

[Parasternal mediastinotomy]. The technique of parasternal mediastinotomy as a routine operation is describeds Indications and advantages of the intervention over other diagnostic and surgical method. are discussed and demonstrated on some characteristic cases.


[Electron microscopic changes of the intestinal mucosa following truncal vagotomy]. Ultrastructural changes on the mucosa of the jejunum and ileum after truncal vagotomy were studied in the dog. Tests performed 2, 3, 7 and 10 days, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 weeks as well as 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12 months after vagotomy showed no significant changes in the epithelial cells. The microvilli, smooth and rough surface endoplasmic reticulum, the free iebosomes and the terminal web area were completely intact. In some cells a swelling of the mitochondria was observed. It is concluded that vagotomy causes no such morphological changes of the intestinal mucosa which could explain postvagotomic diarrhoea.


Analysis of reflex changes in hepatic tissue blood flow elicited from the intestinal mucosa. The reflex changes of local hepatic blood flow (HBF) were studied in anaesthetized dogs. An increase of HBF following the acidification of duodenal mucosa and the injection of glucose solution into the intestinal lumen was demonstrated. An attempt was made to cast light on the underlying mechanism which may govern the above mentioned local circulatory reflexes in the liver, by investigating the effect of bilateral vagotomy and of the local anaesthesia of duodenal mucosa. The importance of these hepatic circulatory reflexes from the point of view of surgical indications and the clinical treatment is discussed.


[Treatment of cirrhotic ascites by means of venous concentrated reinjected of the peritoneal fluid]. Thanks to diuretics, adequate diet, and other measures, the treatment of cirrhotic ascites in recent years has brought better results. Nonetheless, a certain number of patients do not respond to the above mentioned treatment. Such patients are afflicted with so called Refractory Ascites on which diuretics have no effect. In recent years the concentrated continuous reinjection methods has been accepted. During a nine month period, we have treated and analyzed thirty patients with severe Hepatic Ascitogenic Cirrhosis. The results have shown: 8 patients with satisfactory improvement with one reinjection, in 2 patients Ascites did not reoccur; 6 patients died; 6 patients failed to return for a control reexamination; in 2 patients, ascites persisted even after repeated reinjections. The patients were given diuretics the third week following the reinjection, and were put on a low salt diet. Ascites reoccurred, and to a greater degree during the second third, and fourth month. A reduced sodium level was corrected by the reinjection and by the administration of NaCl during the reinjection. K and Cl levels did not change significantly. Urea levels, which were elevated in many cases were normalized. Ammoniums and Phenols also tended to normalize following reinjection. Bilirubin values were highly variable especially in two patients. One of whom had a severely damaged liver (direct bilirubin), the other of whom had bleeding varicoses of the esophagus (indirect bilirubin). Both of these patients died. In such cases reinjection should not be performed until the bilirubin values fall below 5 mgr %. Of the six patients who died, four died of unforeseen esophageal hemorrhaging. A larger number of patients grew more tolerant of diuretics. Preparation for a Portocaval Shunt with the reinjection method is of a special advantage because of an overall improvement in condition, making surgery possible. Complications resulting from reinjection were insignificant and transitory. As a whole, our results (sixteen patients in satisfactory condition), showed that Continuous Venous Reinjection of peritoneal fluid, even though a palliative method, represents a significant step forward in the treatment of Ascites in the severely ill.


[Inguinal hernia in childhood. Analysis of late results of surgery using Ferguson's method]. In the surgical treatment of hernias in children, many differences of opinion still exist, especially in the selection of the type of procedure to be used. The authors have applied the Ferguson Method in the repair of Inguinal hernias as a method of choice. Along with a high resection of Processus Vaginalis of the peritoneum, the anterior wall of Canalis Inguinalis is reinforced without transposing the Funiculus Spermaticus. To evaluate the success of this method, the authors made a late postoperative analysis. Examinations were made on 106 children of various ages who had unilateral inguinal hernia repairs one to two years prior. The unoperated contralateral inguinal canal served as a control by which eventual changes of testis could be evaluated. Clinical examinations involved determination of whether or not a recidive hernia exits, as well as the condition, size and consistency of the testis. Accordingly, poor postoperative results using the Ferguson method were less than one percent.


[Injuries of the thigh bone with a destruction of the neuro-vascular bundle]. From 1969 to 1971 the authors treated 1360 injured patients, eight of which suffered serious injuries of the thigh; fractured femur complicated by a severed Femoral Popliteal Artery, and lesions of the Sciatic Nerve. Six patients were injured at work, one in an automobile accident, and one was a gunshot victim. In approximately 1000 fractures one is complicated by an injured neurovascular bundle. The clinical picture of such a case is characteristic. The arteriograph is used only to locate the lesion. Reconstruction of the artery must be accomplished some eight to twelve hours following the injury. In all of the authors' cases, this was done one to eight hours following the trauma. After twelve hours, ischemic necrosis of the soft tissue (musculature) sets in requiring amputation. The remaining segment of the damaged artery is usually resected. In one case, a segment 8 cm. long was removed. Following the termino-terminal anastomosis, the injured extremity was placed in a flexed position whlich alleviated the tension on the sutures. The result of vein autographs are worse than those of the termino-terminal anastomoses. Thrombosis later begins to restrict blood flow through the reconstructed artery, but by this time, adequate collateral circulation has been established. The limb has thus been saved. Heparin is administrated immediately before and during the operation in a dosage of 5000 units per 500 ml. of physiological solution. Postoperatively, it is not used as it acts on the fibrin thrombi, and not on the thrombocyte thrombi which are formed postoperatively in the areas where the tunica intima has been damaged. Heparin is indicated in the prophylaxis of venous thrombosis. In these cases in which the femur was fractured, the question asked is whether to perform the osteosynthesis and anastomosis simultaneously, or to perform the former at a later time. The authors chose both methods for various reasons. Only a few cases permitted the authors to decide which approach would be better. Usually they performed a temporary fixation of the bone with Rusch's Pin, and sutured the artery. Four months later, a compressive osteosynthesis using an L-plate, was performed. In four cases, the Sciatic Nerve was injured, which, according to the circumstances was sutured either immediately, or 3 to 4 weeks later. In 3 patients, good functional results were obtained. Three cases resulted in a contracture of the knee, two of which also had residual Sciatic Paresis. One case resulted in permanent venous stasis (edema of the legs, and two cases results in amputation.


[Aneurysm of the ulnar artery in the hypothenar region]. This is a discussion of a rare causative aneurism of the Ulnar Artery in the Hypothenar region. Such aneurisms, according to medical literature are very rare: Smith (1963) collected 35 such cases. According to Smith, Ulnar Aneurism can be of the true or false type. The latter occur following penetrating wounds which damage the arterial wall, and consist of extravasated blood contained in a fibrous capsule. Such aneurism can be micotic, or idiopathic in genesis as well. With chronic trauma, a true aneurism with a fusiform expansion of the arterial wall may be formed. Located within  the aneurismatic dilatation are flaky thrombi which could totally occlude the lumen. The author discusses his case of a fifty two year-old chemical worker who sustained trauma eight months prior to the hospitalization. Following the injury, the patient felt pain, and a prickly sensation in the fourth and fifth fingers of his right hand. These symptoms become more pronounced and, with the time the third, fourth, and fifth fingers acquired a pale color. The pain radiated up to the axillary region. A small mass was detected in the hypothenar region immediately distal to the wrist joint. Tinnel's sign was positive. Sensitivity of the palmer aspect of the hypothenar region as well as in the ulnar aspect of the fourth and all of the fifth fingers was impaired. The motor funkcion of the above affected areas remained normal. During the operation, an aneurism of the Ulnar Artery was found in the Canal of Guyon which extended to Arcus Palmaris Superficialis. The aneurism was ligated and resected. The histological finding showed that this was a true aneurysm with a progressive organization of thrombi in one part of its wall. The postoperative course was free of complications. Five months following the operation, the patient felt no pain or prickly sensation. The temperature and color of the area under question had returned to normal.


[Cytophotometric studies of DNA contents in peripheral blood leukocytes in patients with infectious mononucleosis]. Cytophotometric determinations of DNA were carried out with a pulse cytophotometer in peripheral blood leucocytes in 25 patients with infectious mononucleosis and 30 patients with other infectious diseases. DNA cytograms of patients with mononucleosis showed presence of a high percent of cells in phase S and G2+M of the cell cycle. This is an evidence of active proliferation of these cells persisting for about 6--8 weeks. The authors believe that pulse cytophotometry may be used for detection and investigation of states with lymphocytes stimulation in vivo, e.g. in certain infectious diseases, during immunotherapy of neoplasms, rejection reaction etc.


[Reduction of impulse duration for saving energy in pacemaker therapy]. The application of pacemakers with a impulse duration of 0.5 msec depends on the knowledge of the upper limit of the threshold, expressed in terms of current (rheobase). Follow-up studies in patients, where the implantation of the system was performed in two sessions, revealed a rheobase of 3.6 mA as the upper limit with the specified electrode system. Pacemakers with a impulse duration of 0.5 msec primarily offer themselves for the first implantation in connection with low surface electrodes, or for pacemaker replacement.


[Detection of defects in components of antigen I and its significance in transfusiology]. The authors present the results of family investigations carried out in a healthy man whose serum contained anti-IDBH alloantibodies. In the erythrocytes of the propositus and one of his brothers defects in ID and IS components were found. At the same time increased expression of IT component was observed in both these men and in their brother. In the erythrocytes of the remaining family members no abnormalities in the components of I complex was found. The authors stress the importance of detection of these defects in the practice of transfusiology in patients with autoimmunohaemolytic anaemia.


[Hereditary spherocytosis. Studies of erythrocyte enzymes and fetal hemoglobin before and after splenectomy]. A case of a hereditary sphaerocytosis with complete controlment is reported. After splenectomy the red blood cell enzymes as well as fetal haemoglobin only slowly normalized. The other parameters rapidly returned to normal.


[The use of an artificial kidney in edema therapy]. An artificial kidney (HFAK 5) was evaluated as an ultrafiltration device and was found to efficiently remove water from fluid-overloaded patients. The fluid removal rate was quantitated on a chronically hemodialyzed patient and an example of clinical application on a patient without renal insufficiency, is reported. It is suggested that ultrafiltration is a helpful method for treating refractory edematous states.


[Isolation and some properties of factor VIII (antihemophilic factor)]. A method for isolation of factor VIII from cryoprecipitate fraction of human plasma has been elaborated. The isolation procedure involves precipitation with dextran, removal of fibrinogen by means of defibrase, precipitation with ammonium sulfate, polyethylene glycol fractionation, and Sepharose 6B gel filtration step. Factor VIII has been purified 7000- to 13,000 -- fold.. The preparation is homogenous by ultracentrifugal examination and it has an S20,w value of 19.4. It also shows a single precipitin line when subjected to immunoelectrophoresis employing rabbit antibodies against factor VIII. The preparation did not enter a 7.5% polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate even in the presence of 8 M urea. After reduction of the protein with 2-mercaptoethanol, subunits were formed which migrated as one band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.


[Prolonged storage of erythrocytes].

[Prolonged storage of erythrocytes]. The authors report the results of biochemical investigations of erythrocytes stored for 70 days at 4 degrees C. For regeneration of phosphate substances in the erythrocytes they were subjected to 2-hour incubation at 37 degrees C parellelly in 3 types of rejuvenating fluids (PIGP, PIGPA, PIGPAd). Regeneration was done on the 28th, 42nd, 56th and 70th days and its results were assessed on the basis of determinations of ATP, 2,3-DPG, erythrocyte osmotic resistance index, percent of their recovery and contents of free haemoglobin. These investigations were carried out immediately after incubation and after 48 hours. The best regenerative properties among these fluids had PIGPAd fluid which raised the levels of ATP and 2,3-DPG in erytrocytes up to the 70th day of storage. In the light of these results it seems that the time of erythrocyte storage can be prolonged o 70 days despite ever increasing erythrocyte loss with prolonging storage.


Haemodynamic effects of massive doses of hydrocortisone and the interaction with phenoxybenzamine in controlled haemorrhagic shock in the dog. Haemorrhagic shock was produced in anaesthetized dogs by bleeding into a blood reservoir system. The blood level of the reservoir was adjusted at a level above the heart, corresponding to a mean arterial blood pressure of 6.7 kPa (50 mm Hg). The dogs were treated with hydrocortisone and the adrenergic alpha-receptor blocking agent phenoxybenzamine during the hypotension period. Hydrocortisone (80-160 mg kg-1) was found to induce vasodilation, which, however, was of a very small magnitude and was of short duration. Phenoxybenzamine given after hydrocortisone caused very pronounced vasodilation. Hydrocortisone (80 mg kg-1) given after phenoxybenzamine also showed a vasodilator activity, which seemed to be greater than that of the same dose of hydrocortisone given alone. Thus, the vasodilator action of hydrocortisone does not seem to be due to an alpha-receptor blockade of the drug. The vasodilator action of phenoxybenzamine given after hydrocortisone was greater than that of even higher doses of the drug given alone. From the present findings and the fact that corticosteroids are known to potentiate the sympathomimetic action of catecholamines, it is suggested that the hydrocortisone-induced potentiation of the vasodilation action of phenoxybenzamine found is related to an increased vascular adrenergic beta-receptor tone.


[Tardyferon-depot in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia]. Tardyferon was administered to 51 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. The drug was very well tolerated and even after administration to fasting patients it was tolerated well by 92% of patients. The iron absorption curve was on the average twice as high after 1 hour and increased up to 3 hours. A significant therapeutic effect with raised haemoglobin level by 10--27% was obtained after 4--6 weeks of treatment in 44 patients (86%). In the remaining cases the improvement was less pronounced.


Arrhythmias during halothane anesthesia I: The influence of atropine during induction with intubation. The changes in cardiac rhythm which occurred during induction of halothane-N2O/O2 anesthesia with thiopenthal and one single dose of suxamethonium for intubation were studied in two groups of patients, one (at random) of which was given atropine intravenously 0.1 mg/10 kg 2 min before induction.


The flow requirement in a non-polluting Mapleson C circuit. Capnography and measurement of the respiratory minute volume were carried out on normal, conscious subjects during breathing of pure O2 via a Mapleson C modification of a Magill attachment, with and without continuous gas evacuation. The measurements were performed in two series, with intermittent discharge and with continuous evacuation. Rebreathing was calculated in relation to the test subject's basal respiratory minute volume, measured at the commencement of the test. The measurements indicated CO2 accumulation at a flow below 200% of the respiratory minute volume. There was no significant difference between the systems with and without evacuation.


[Cytochemical studies of primary granules in rat neutrophils: an electron microscope study]. Cytochemical investigations were carried out on primary granules in neutrophils in rats. For this purpose reaction for acid phosphatase and then using the same preparations of bone marrow peroxidase activity was determined. Peroxidase activity was demonstrated in all granules of first order (primary), but only in a part of them the activity of acid phosphatase was present. These granules are, most probably, lysosomes containing peroxidases apart from hydrolases.


Left ventricular ejection and the Heather Index measured by non-invasive methods during postural changes in man. Differences have been found, which are usually 1% or less, between the left ventricular ejection time measured from the external carotid pulse tracing, and from the rate of change of thoracic impedance (dZ/dt) waveform, using either the second heart sound or the X-point of the dZ/dt tracing as the end-point. The Heather Index obtained from the ECG and dZ/dt tracings has been correlated with other indices of cardiac performance. The changes observed in the physiological variables during head-up and head-down tilting were in the expected directions.


Pressure and volume changes in tracheal tube cuffs during anaesthesia. Recently, it has been observed that, when a patient is breathing a nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture and the cuff of the tracheal tube is filled with air, nitrous oxide may diffuse into the cuff and thereby cause an increase in volume and pressure. In the present investigation, different gas mixtures were used to fill the cuff, and repeated measurements of pressure, and occasionally of volume, were made during anaesthesia. Both large-volume and small-volume cuffs were studied. A considerable increase in volume and pressure took place in both types of cuffs. The changes were directly proportional to time for the first few hours. If the cuff was inflated with nitrous oxide-oxygen, no pressure increase occurred, and this was also true for the air-filled cuff if halothane anaesthesia was given.


Effects of halothane on the metabolism of human adipose tissue. The metabolism of specimens of human adipose tissue exposed to different concentrations of halothane was studied. Halothane was added to the incubation medium directly or via the gas phase above the medium. The basal lipolysis was significantly increased by low concentrations of halothane. Higher concentrations clearly diminished the lipolysis, but here, in spite of the inhibitory effect on the basal lipolysis, the lipolytic effect of noradrenaline expressed as percent increment was increased. The rate of lipid synthesis from glucose was reduced when halothane was present in the gas phase. The effect of insulin on glucose metabolism was not affected by the presence of halothane, while the antilipolytic action was abolished by high concentrations of halothane. The results show that halothane may exert dual effects on the mobilization of lipids from human adipose tissue; at low concentrations halothane enhances the basal lipolysis, while at higher concentrations it exerts inhibitory effects.