Factors affecting the incidence of pneumonia in growing bulls. The occurrence of respiratory disease at two Meat and Livestock Commission bull performance test centres over a period of three years is assessed. During this period a change in the system of testing was introduced so as to allow younger bulls to enter the centre and also to increase their throughput. This resulted in an increase in the incidence of pneumonia of more than five times. The management at one centre was changed to counteract this disease problem and the level of pneumonia was greatly reduced. Most respiratory disease occurred within the first month of entry to the centres. There was more infection during the second half of the year and especially in the October to December quarter. There appeared to be some relationship between the time bulls were weaned prior to entry to the centres and the incidence of pneumonia.


Prevention of traumatic indigestion in cattle. The incidence of traumatic indigestion in an industrialised agricultural country, the economic losses due to the disease, and its prevention by use of a permanent reticular magnet are reviewed.


Intestinal flora studies in rabbit mucoid enteritis. The clinical and bacteriological examination of spontaneous and experimental cases of mucoid enteritis on a large rabbit farm indicated that the mucin accumulations in the colon are a consequence of constipation. This opinion is supported by the results obtained following ligation of the proximal colon. These findings suggest that rabbit mucoid enteritis is not a specific disease entity but a general response to the factors which cause constipation. Studies of the bacterial flora of the gut in spontaneous and experimental cases suggest that while there is a notable increase in the number of coliforms and clostridia over the healthy controls, these organisms only play a secondary role.


[Aneuploidy in focal adenomatosis as a risk factor for the development of breast cancer]. The study of the DNA content in nuclei of the mammary gland epithelium in 18 females with fibroadenomatosis, followed by breast cancer, and in 47 patients showing fibroadenomatosis, but no cancer subsequently, indicated that the presence of aneuploid cells in fibroadenomatous foci may be regarded as one of high risk factors of breast cancer incidence. In these patients the risk for breast cancer is 9 times as that in the remaining subjects with fibroadenomatosis.


[Value of the method of dose fractionation in external irradiation of the lesser pelvis in patients with cancer of the cervix uteri]. Five-year results of treatment in 661 patients with cervical cancer depending on the technic of dose fractionation in external irradiation of the lesser pelvis under static gamma therapy are reported. Two methods of fractionation were employed: small (daily irradiation, the single focal dose of 125--150 rad) and average dose fractionation (irradiation 3 times a week, focal dosage--280--330 rad). In similar initial data (age, stage of the disease, a form of tumor growth and its histological structure) both with the combined and associated radiotherapy the best five-year results were gained with average dose fractionation.


[Glycogen level in endometrial cancer].

[Glycogen level in endometrial cancer]. Studies on glycogen metabolism in tissues of endometrial cancer with various morphological structure have indicated that in most cases irrespective of the level of differentiation endometrial tumors contain no glycogen and show a slight activity of glycogensynthetase, phosphorylase and oxido-reductive enzymes. However, among the tumors under study there may be cases, which are characterized by a high content of glycogen and enzymes related with its metabolism. In these patients endometrial cancer was preceded by persistant disorders in the menstrual cycle. The relation between two types of the glycogen metabolism in endometrial cancer and the state of endogenous hormonal background is discussed.


[Survival of patients with malignant tumors of the ovaries in relation to the stage according to the TNM classification]. To study the survival of patients in different spread of malignant tumors, the data on 419 patients with serous cystadenocarcinomas of the ovaries were analysed. Late results of treatment in these patients classified by 4 stages did not differ from the routinely observed issues. In staging of the tumor process in these patients according to the TNM system four variants in the degree of the process extension corresponded to each stage, which gave a precise idea as to the extent of the process not only judging by the primary focus condition, but also by metastases spread, thus enabling one to have a complete and proper knowledge of the true extension of the disease.


[Activity of hexokinase isoenzymes in the nuclei of cell cultures infected with oncogenic type-12 adenovirus]. The isoenzymic spectrum of a glycolytic enzyme-hexokinase (HK. 2,7.1.1) in the globuline fraction of cell nuclei of rat embryo fibroblasts (REF), infected with human adenovirus of type 12, was studied at 3, 5, 8, 18, 24 days of cultivation. Control studies revealed 3 hexokinase isoenzymes, the third one showing the highest activity and electromobility. In cultures under experiment the first enzyme was found to be lost at 5, 8, 18 days of infection and its activity to be enhanced on the 24th day. The activity of enzymes II and III increased yet on the 3d day of the culture infection. These alterations were especially pronounced to the start of morphological transformation (18th day) and at the 24th day, when the culture was entirely transformed.


[Dynamics of changes in enterochromaffin cells during tumor growth]. A distinct correlation was found between changes in enterochromaffin cells producing highly active chemical substances--melatonin and serotonin, and stages of the neoplastic process. In early stages of tumor development a marked hyperplasia of enterochromaffin cells was noted, that was associated with enhancement of their histochemical properties. In advanced forms of cancer and chronic leucosis the number of cells is markedly reduced with simultaneous diminishing of their staining by specific histochemical methods. Such kinetics of changes of enterochromaffin cells appears to be related with definite antiblastic properties inherent to them and their products (melatonin and serotonin).


[DNA metabolism in the immunocompetent organs of C57BL mice in chemical carcinogenesis]. DNA synthesis was determined in small lymphocytes nuclei in mice C57BL during the process of methylcholanthrene induced carcinogenesis. Both in the pretumor period and in animals with a tumor the DNA synthesis in lymph node lymphocytes nuclei was found to be decreased. Inhibition of the DNA synthesis is greatly pronounced in lymphocytes adjacent to the site of lymph node tumor development.


[Influence of immunodepressants on transplanted ovarian tumors in rats]. Under study was the effect of hydrocortisone injection and x-ray irradiation in a recipient on the development of a transplanted ovarian tumor in rats. The irradiation was shown to have a greater stimulating effect on the neoplastic growth than hydrocortisone.


[Results of epidemiological studies of primary cancer of the liver in the Tiumen district]. The study of the records of Tjumen Province postmortem rooms indicated a relattively high specific weight of primary cancer of the liver. Data on 1225 patients for the period of 1962-1971 are presented. The morbidity per 100 000 of population--12.5. The highest index--in Khanty-Mansy District--20.7, while a standard index--22.08. The zone of the highest incidence of primary cancer of the liver coincides with a relatively high opisthordiasis morbidity. Due to opisthordiasis tumors of the cholangiocellular structure arise in males as frequently as in females.


[Itsenko-Cusing syndrome in hypohyseal adenoma]. A case observed at the Insitute of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Geriatry is reported with Icenko--Cushing syndrome developed in consequence of hypophyseal adenoma. The telegammatherapy (total focal dose 4760 rads) carried out in the course of one year led to a complete regression of the developed alterations-- elimination of the redistribution of fats, restoration of the face normal colour and oval, nails and hair normalization as well as of cortisolemia and decrease in the osteoporosis degree with consolidation of the pathological fractures. Blood pressure (without hypotensive treatment) within normal values--140/90.


Myocardial revascularization in high-risk coronary patients. It is recognized that postoperative mortality, infarction and the need for inotropic support are increased following myocardial revascularization in highrisk patients. Operations were carried out in 57 such patients in whom one or more of the following factors were present: ventricular dysfunction-ejection fraction less than 0.4 (17), unstable (8) or preinfarction angina (29), evolving infarction (8), recent infarction (less than two weeks before) (5) and refractory ventricular tachyarrhythmia (4). Combined risk factors were present in nine patients. The following principles were utilized to minimize ischemic injury: (1) avoidance of prebypass hypertension and hypotension, (2) avoidance of extreme hemodilution, (3) avoidance of ventricular fibrillation, (4) maintenance of beating empty heart, when possible, (5) the limiting of ischemic periods to less than 12 minutes (hypothermia 32 degrees C) and (6) repaying myocardial oxygen debt with total (vented) bypass, when necessary. The following results were obtained: inotropic support was required in five patients (9 percent), "new" postoperative infarction occurred in five patients (9 percent) and one patient died (2 percent). These results are comparable to those reported in good-risk patients, and indicate that optimal myocardial protection will allow safe revascularization in a high-risk patient.


Tattoo removal by split thickness tangential excision. Split thickness tangential excision is a simple means of tattoo removal with very acceptable cosmetic results. The technique has several advantages. (1) The depth of skin removal may accurately be controlled as the tattoo pigment is excised with a dermatome. The major portion, if not all of the remaining pigment, is extruded and sloughs with the crust. (2) Scar formation, if it occurs at all, is negligible. (3) No donor site is created. (4) The procedure may be carried out rapidly without admitting patients to hospital, is inexpensive for patients and conserves time for physicians.


Neurological complications of endocarditis in persons taking drugs intravenously. A study was made of 46 cases of endocarditis in persons known to take drugs intravenously. Findings included significantly lower ages for those patients in whom infections were right-sided. The neurological complication rate was 39 percent overall and 58 percent in the left-sided group. Neurological complications are unusual in right-sided infection. In about a third of those with neurological complications there were sensorial changes without focal signs. Despite a high mortality, neurological complications in Group D streptococcal endocarditis were relatively infrequent. One case is presented in which a foreign body may have contributed to the formation of the embolic material. The clinical and neuropathological features encountered are compared with those reported in persons with endocarditis who were not addicts. The review indicates that neurological complications in nonaddicts and in addicts are similar in type but are more common and severe in addicts.


Preimplantational ectogenesis. Science and speculation concerning in vitro fertilization and related procedures. In recent years, technical advances have made preimplantational ectogenesis (in vitro maturation, fertilization and early embryonic development) more than a theoretical concept. Such procedures hold great promise in medical research. However, despite our newly-acquired skills in tissue culture and microsurgical manipulation, and contrary to many sensational articles in the lay press, it is not likely that preimplantational ectogenesis will soon attain wide clinical use in humans. Adverse societal attitudes, based largely upon moral and ethical dilemmas, will probably combine with still-unresolved technical difficulties to restrict the clinical applications.


[Surveillance of pregnancies with placental dysfunction. IV. Significance of biochemical placental values]. The efficacy of four different methods for detection of placental dysfunction has been compared in 265 risk pregnancies. The test were urinary oestriol, urinary pregnanediol, activity of human placental lactogen and heat-stable alkaline phosphatase in the serum. It was concluded that best results were obtained by simultaneous use of urinary oestriol und human-placental-lactogen activity. Early detection of placental dysfunction by urinary pregnanediol and heat-stable alkaline phophatase in the serum were rather exceptional.


[Surveillance of pregnancies with placental dysfunction. V. Time of the appearance of suspected and pathological values during surveillance methods]. The results of oestriol excretion, HPL activity and fetal heart rate monitoring are presented during the last three weeks before the birth or the intrauterine fetal death. Abnormal results were found in all cases at least two weeks before the intrauterine death. In the same periode, we observed a raise of abnormal values in cases with intrauterine growth-retardation. In cases with normal birth weight, the majority of values were normal and without a significant decrease.


[The pattern of distribution of free amino acids in human amniotic fluid related to the duration of pregnancy. Part I: Changes in concentration in normal pregnancy (author's transl)]. Gas-chromatographic measurement of 18 free amino-acids from about 500 specimens of amniotic fluid between the 10th and 41st week of pregnancy. Statistical methods showed different concentrations of amino-acids in amniotic fluid during pregnancy. Serine, cysteine, methionine and tryptophane show constant concentration. Valine tyrosine and hydroxyproline continuously decrease. The other amino acids tested here show a biphasic course of concentration, falling by about 40-70% between the 10th and the 30th week after which they remain stable. Alanin, threonine, glycine and ornithine show a clear increase of concentration. This diversity of concentration of amino-acids during pregnancy hints at the importance of various factors for the composition of amniotic fluid.


The flow resistance of the maternal placental vascular bed of anesthetized guinea pigs. In anesthetized guinea pigs, the maternal placental vascular bed (the spiral arteries and the trophoblastic lacunae with the draining veins) was perfused with blood via a tube connecting a carotid artery and a spiral artery. The placental blood flow and the blood pressures at the beginning of the perfused spiral artery, in the peripheral part of a nonperfused spiral artery and in the placental vein were measured. From these data the vascular resistance of the maternal vascular bed was calculated to be only 0.8 mm Hg min/ml. A driving pressure of about 10 mm Hg maintains the probably normal placental blood flow. The vascular resistance was found to be independent of the blood pressure and the blood flow.


[The villous trophoblast in placentae of premature births (author's transl)]. Enzyme histochemical behavier (cryostat-and semi-thin slice techniques) of the villous epithelium of 109 "genuine" premature birth permits evaluation of a qualitative disturbance of trophoblasts. It is characterised by an increase of pre-degenerative plasmodium and multilocular emergence of highly differentiated or degenerated Langhans cells which lack the potential for plasmodial transformation and thus for regeneration of trophoblasts. The importance of such changes for metabolic competence and hormone synthesis and the link between prematurity and insuficiency of the placenta are discussed.


[The effect of contrast medium injection into the left ventricle on systolic and diastolic ventricle function]. The influence of contrast medium on systolic and diastolic left ventricular function was studied in eight patients with coronary heart disease and in five dogs during and five minutes after ventriculography. Two biplane ventriculograms were performed in 5-minute intervals, in the dogs an additional one after 10 minutes. 0.66 cc/kg BW of sodium methyl-glucamin-iothalamate were injected during diastole into the left ventricel. 1. During ventriculography there are only slight changes of left ventricular volumes, pressures and diastolic compliance. The first four opacified heart cycles can be evaluated for the analysis of left ventricular function. 2. In patients with coronary heart disease there are much more pronounced alterations of systolic ventricular function 5 minutes after Ventriculography than in the normal dog. The ischemic ventricle has a reduced tolerance for volume load and negative inotropic effect of contrast media. In patients and dogs diastolic compliance is significantly increased 5 minutes after the injection of contrast medium. After 10 minutes however in the dogs compliance is significantly decreased. Analysing left ventricular function by repeated ventriculographies one has to take into account that the function is altered by the first angiogram. The degree of the changes depends on the initial hemodynamic conditions and on the time interval between the ventriculograms.


[Effect of tricyclic antidepressive agents on hemodynamics and plasms norepinephrine level in man during rest and exertion]. The effects of i.v. injected antidepressants Imipramine (Tofranil, Geigy) and Dimetacrine (Istonil, Siegfried) on cardiavascular functions were investigated in 18 patients at diagnostic cardiac catheterization. 4 patients were additionally studied during ergometric exercise before and 45 min. after application of both thymoleptica. Determinations of noradrenaline plasma concentrations were carried out in 8 patients. The results show of 25 mg (= 22,1 mg free base) Imipramine or 33.5 mg (= 21.4 mg free base) Dimetacrine did not induce significant changes in heart rate and cardiac index. 2. Already 15 min. after application of both drugs a clear increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEP) was observed. Maximal increase in LVEP - in mean, 26% after Imipramine (p less than 0.0005) and 40% after Dimetacrine (p less than 0.05) - was reached 30-45 min, after injection. 3. A simultaneous increase in mean systemic arterial pressure was related to a marked increase in noradrenaline plasma concentration in all 8 investigated patients. 4. After application of tricyclic antidepressant a larger increase in pulmonary arterial enddiastolic pressure was observed during ergometric exercise.


[Evaluation of heart function in chronic coronary disease non-invasive methods]. In 58 patients with a clinical diagnosis of ischemic heart disease the value of Ecg, phonocardiogram, systolic time intervals and derived indices, apex-cardiogram (Acg), and kinetocardiogram (Kcg) in assessment of cardiac function was examined. In 52 patients coronary artery lesions were demonstrated on selective coronary angiograms, in 40 patients dyssynergy was seen on ventriculograms, and in 14 patients a left vencribular aneurysm was diagnosed. Ecg criteria indicated a normal ejection fraction with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 84%, an ejection fraction less than or equal to 30% with a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 77%, a localized dyssynergy with a sensitivity and a specificity of 83% respectively, and a ventricular aneurysm with a sensitivity of 86% and a specifity of 92%. In respect to the latter diagnosis Q-wave criteria proved superior to ST- and T-alterations. An atrial gallop bore nor relationship to the parameters of cardiac function. A protodiastolic gallop proved to be a relative specific but insensitive sign of poor ventricular function. In the majority of cases the corrected injection time was diminished in respect to normal values; a moderate correlation was to be calculated between its shortening and the ejection fraction (r = -0.50). The quotient ejection time divided by preejection period allowed the estimation of an ejection fraction below 30% in 64% of cases without false positive results. There was a close correlation between this quotient and the ejection in the pathologic range below 50% (r = -0.69), whereas no correlation was to be found in the normal range of EF. An Acg could be obtained only in 72% of the patients. A moderate correlation was established to the left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (r = 0.42). The diagnostic score was poor in respect to ventricular aneurysms, which could be recognized in 43%, but were falsely assumed in 40%. Kcg records yielded relatively specific but insensitive indications of a normal fraction (specificity 84%, sensitivity 32%) and of an elevated left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (sensitivity 54%, specificity 80%). Large non-contractile ventricular segments and ventricular aneurysms were recognized with a sensitivity of 72% each and a specificity of 62% and 52% respectively. Multiple regression analysis between various non-invasive methods and hemodynamic data resulted in a closer correlation, but nontheless no exact prediction of the "true" values was possible in the single case. It is concluded that the accuracy of the parameters of the non-invasive methods under study in assessing left ventricular performance in coronary heart disease is worse than generally accepted giving reliable information only in patients with very poor and with excellent cardiac function.


[Primary pulmonary hypertension and abnormalities of pulmonary arteries]. Case report of a 5 year old boy with a well diagnosed primary pulmonary hypertension, combined with anomalies of the pulmonary arteries of the left upper lobe of the lungs with angiographically loopy appearance. Congenital heart and vascular disease did not exist; AV-fistulae were not found. There is no proof of a connection between the anomalies of the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary hypertension. There was no similar case in the current literature to be found.


[Removal of catheter fragments from the heart and central venous vascular sections]. The floating catheter technique is much more frequently used than before. So far, relatively rare complications become of practical importance. A report is given on three cases in which catheter fragments were cut off and floated into the right heart or pulmonary artery. In one case, the fragment was removed from the right heart after percutaneous insertion of a specially devised instrument similar to a myocardial bioptome. The question does not seem to be settled as yet, whether or not surgical interventions are indicated, when a fragment cannot be removed by these techniques.


[Aortic abnormalities in Marfan's syndrome]. Three different forms of aortic lesions in Marfan's Syndrome are demonstrated: 1. moderately severe aortic valve insufficiency due to sinus of Valsalva aneurysm; 2. severe aortic valve insufficiency due to aneurysmal widening of the ascending aorta; 3. an unusually wide dissecting aneurysm extending from the aortic root to the aortic bifurcation. A review of the current literature of the changes in Marfan's Syndrome is given. It is obvious that early diagnosis of the cardiovascular changes is important for the patient's prognosis, allowing the optimal time for surgical intervention to be chosen.


[Corrected transposition of great vessels in adult age]. Two adult cases of corrected transposition of the great arteries are presented. One of the two males had associated ventricular septal defect, the other one presented as an isolated anomaly. The characteristic clinical features are: loud second heart sound with audible pulmonic component of the left sternal border in the absence of pulmonary hypertension. Abnormal precordial impulse upon palpation. Chest X-ray shows absence of pulmonic segment and of the aortic knob with the contour of the ascending aorta to the left of the mediastinum. Ecg anomalies may be multiple; typically anomalous septal Q-waves are consistently absent. Corrected transposition is well tolerated even into adulthood. Prognosis is dominated by assiciated anomalies.


The effect of pentoxifylline on central and peripheral haemodynamics--an experimental clinical study. The effect of an i.v. injection of 100 mg pentoxifylline on cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, atrial pressure, pulmonary arterial, pulmonary capillary and aortic pressure in normal myocardial function and in myocardial insufficiency was investigated in 8 patients with peripheral-arterial occlusive disorders. In normal myocardial function there was a brief, statistically significant increase in cardiac output of +9.6% and a simultaneous reduction in total peripheral resistance of -7.6%. No increase in cardiac output was recorded in patients with myocardial insufficiency. None of the other parameters monitored showed any statistically significant change.


Effect of malnutrition on susceptibility of mice to Trypanosoma musculi: vitamin A-deficiency. Vitamin A-deficiency was studied in mice infected with Trypanosoma musculi. Irrespective of diet, trypomastigotes (trypanosomes) appeared in peripheral tail blood of all inoculated mice after 6-day incubation periods. On the average, vitamin A-deficient mice had parasitemias about 10 times greater than animals fed a complete diet and 8 times pair-fed controls. Parasitemias lasted longer in vitamin-deficient hosts, and reached a maximum five days later than those from control hosts.


The fine structure of the endogenous stages of Eimeria labbeana. 3. Feeding Organelles. The fine structure of the feeding organelles of the endogenous developmental stages of Eimeria labbeana from the ileal mucosa of the common Pigeon, Columba livia, is described and compared with similar structures of other species of Eimeria. Intra-cytoplasmic, membrane-bound vesicles of varying shapes and dimensions, and pinocytotic vesicle, were seen in association with cup-shaped or v-shaped invaginations in early schizonts, early macrogamonts, and macrogametes. Deep invaginations, averaging 1.7 x 0.5 mu in size, and found on the surface of early schizonts, early and young macrogamonts, and developing microgamonts, apparently function as organelles of ingestion and breakdown of host-cell cytoplasm. Micropores were rarely seen in schizonts and never in microgametes. The merozoite had one typical micropore (850 x 680 A) and a number of micropore-like invaginations. Micropores of the microgamonts averaged 610 x 580A, and those of macrogamonts and macrogametes averaged 1,220 x 780 A. A typical micropore was observed in an early oocyst. Intravacuolar tubules, each 580 A in diameter and composed of nine microtubule-like subunits, were observed only in about 1 per cent of the more than 4,000 macrogametes studied. This paper establishes that E. labbeana is a species that possesses all the known organelles associated with feeding, expect the intravacuolar folds.


Effects of immune lymphocyte products and serum antibody on the multiplication of Toxoplasma in murine peritoneal macrophages. In vitro studies on cell-mediated immunity against Toxoplasma infection were carried out by estimating the ability of antigenically stimulated lymphocytes. Splenic lymphocytes from normal mice and from hyper-immunized mice were cultured in the presence or absence of Toxoplasma lysate antigen. The cell-free supernatant fluids from the lymphocyte cultures were assassed for their ability to alter the functional capacities of normal macrophages. When glycogen-induced peritoneal macrophages were incubated with the culture supernatant from immune lymphocytes reacting with specific angigen, the intracellular multiplication of the organisms was inhibited remarkably. In contrast, the addition of antitoxoplasma antibody to culture medium had no effect on the enhancement of phagocytic activity of culture macrophages. However, when extra-cellular organisms were exposed to fresh or heat-inactivated immune serum just before infection of the monolayers, the intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasmas was inhibited significantly by either activated or normal macrophages.


Sporozoites of Eimeria acervulina within intestinal macrophages in normal experimental infections: an ultrastructural study. Sporozoites of Eimeria acervulina were observed in macrophages of the intestinal epithelium 5 and 6 days post-infection. These sporozoites lay within a well developed parasitophorous vacuole, were normal in structure and showed no signs of development. Macrophages harbouring sporozoites showed considerable structural changes, most pronounced being an absence of lysosomes, an enlarged nucleolus and extensive proliferation of the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum. Possible mechanisms of survival and transport of sporozoites to preferred sites of development are discussed.


[Capillaria hepatica infection of Mastomys natalensis: on the development, egg production and host reaction (author's transl)]. Studies on the development and egg production of Capillaria hepatica and on the macroscopically visible alterations of the liver and spleen of the host were carried out in experimentally infected Mastomys natalensis. Following the oral administration of infective eggs the first stage larvae hatched in the caecum of fasting and fed animals after about 8 and 15 hours respectively. The prepatency could be found with 20 days. The dynamics and duration of egg production of the parasite proved to be dependent on the infective dose. After the first week of patency increasing numbers of eggs/liver were found with increasing doses of infection up to 800 eggs per animal. This relation could not be observed 76 days post infection. After infections with 50, 300 und 800 eggs per animal maximum egg production was found between 60 and 72, 36 and 48 and about 30 days p.i., respectively. The egg production of the parasites correspondently continued for more than 85 days after infection or had ceased 72 or 48 days p.i. Intraperitoneal administration of infective eggs revealed a lower infection rate, evaluated by the number of eggs per liver, than oral infection.


[The attachment response of the cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni. Influence of natural substrates and temperature (author's transl)]. The behaviour of the cercaria, following contact with different animal and human substrates during swimming, has been studied. Four patterns of behavior related to the intensity of stimulation can be distinguished: 1. backward reaction, 2. stopping, 3. forward reaction, 4. attachment (Figs. 2 and 3). Mechanical stimulation of the cercaria by touching or water turbulence, prior to contact with the substrate has an insignificant effect on attachment. Both attachment and the first step in penetration (crawling over the substrate) are stimulated by a rise in temperature (Figs. 4 and 5) and the chemical properties of the substrate. However, the steps in penetration may possibly be stimulated by chemical components and perceived by receptors different from those involved in attachment.


A technique for in vivo labelling of Fasciola hepatica miracidia with radioselenium. Radioactivity is incorporated in Fasciola hepatica and its eggs when 75Semethionine is administered intraperitoneally in chronically infected mice. Maximum egg-bound radioactivity is achieved 2-3 days after the administration of the labelled aminoacid. Seventy-three per cent of the radioactivity of the egg is recovered in the free-swimming miracidium. There appears to be no altered motility or infectivity to snails of miracidia made radioactive at a level corresponding to 6 pCi per larva. Suggestions are made for the application of labelled larvae in studies on various aspects of the parasite-snail contact.


[Long-term follow-up after arthrodesis of the hip-joint using cross-plates and pelvic osteotomy, particularly late complications. Results of follow-up for 4-8 years (author's transl)]. In two thirds of our patients there were no complications. All fractures could be healed after osteosynthesis or plaster. At least those patients who had tight pseudarthroses were relatively free from pain on weight-bearing. But 34% of our patients showed severe complications - pseudarthroses and post-operative fractures. The argument in favor of early mobilisation, the mainstay for the choice of this technique of arthrodesis, does not - as our long-term follow-up shows - carry conviction.


[The prevention of infection for transplantation of frozen allogeneic joints (author's transl)]. Transplantating 8 hips and three knees the antibiotic prophylaxis was improved. It is demonstrable, that Gentamycin (Refobacin [Merck]), due to its chemical stability and its widespread antibiotic efficiency is the optimal substance if the antibiotical activity in the transplants is induced by an in vivo-treatment of the donor.


[Report on a two-year experience with an ultrasterile operatory (author's transl)]. 2,078 orthopaedic operations were carried out. No infections were observed at 640 hip-joint total endoprosthesis, 26 knee-joint endoprosthesis and 185 osteosynthesis. One primary infection happened in one case only, namely at an elbow-joint endoprosthesis. The compressed air installation, which drives the airturbines, was found to be the reason for the air not being germ-free what caused the infection. It is important that the turbines operate with germ-free air, and that the air recycling equipment is air-tight. The germ-free air of the horizontal displacement flow in an ultra-sterile operatory gives optimum ambient conditions for the operations, particularly when alloplastic interventions with big extraneous objects entail the risk of infections. After also many hours of operation, the air germination was extremely low and practically insignificant and cannot be obtained at such a low degree for conventionally air-conditioned operatories.


[Perthes' disease, caused by initial sybovitis? (author's transl)]. An important factor in Perthes' disease is the primary affection of the nutritient vessels, though the etiology is unknown. The observation of four cases of painful hip disease with clinical symptoms of coxitis, but roentgenological and biopsy proofed evidence of aseptic necrosis of the epiphysis of the hip, gives reason to postulate the concept of initial synovitis as one of the possible causes of Perthes' disease. This concept is linked to Perthes-like pathology in cases of mediteranean fever with synovitis of the hip due to polyserositis. In the initial phase of the disease therapeutic consequences are antiinflammatory medication and early fluid aspiration from the joint to relief the intraarticular pressure.


[A case of fatigue fracture at the border between tibial head and shaft after removal of a small corticocancellous graft (author's transl)]. Report on a case. Causes were: 1. faulty technique of removing graft. 2. Osteoporosis due to immobilisation in plaster after several previous operations. 3. functional overloading with mechanical after-treatment. The need for a proper technique of removing the graft - particularly for the operation after Maquet - is once more emphasized.


[Tuberculous osteitis of the frontal bone (author's transl)]. The frontal bone is only rarely the site of tuberculosis. Most patients come from Eastern countries. Report on 2 own cases. Warning against treatment with cortisone derivatives before diagnosis is made and antituberculous treatment given. To culture and animal tests give the best changes. Special sanatoria are suitable for treatment.


[About the proposition of strength of animal-experimental results with hip endoprosthesis. A comparative analysis of the stress of the upper thigh of man and of four-leg (author's transl)]. Precise knowledge of the biomechanic of the hip of man and of animal is necessary to evaluate the procedures of adaption of the femur after endoprosthesis with animal experiment and the transfer into the endoprosthesis of the human medicine. After functional-morphological and biomechanical researches (Pauwels), the upper femoral end of the man is highly stressed by bending at direct level while lowly stressed at sagittal level. The present own biomechanical analysis of the hip of the dog reveal - under consideration of the gaits "pace", "trot" and "gallop" - that the coxal end of the femur of the four-leg compared with that of man is highly stressed by bending at sagittal level as well as at direct level. The observations are herewith clearly explained that intense reconstructions of the bone at artificial human thighs are found mainly at lateral and medial circumference of the bed of the prosthesis, at animal experiment however at dorsal, ventral as well as medial circumference.


[High tibial osteotomy--fixation by means of external fixation--indication, technique, complications (author's transl)]. High tibial osteotomy has proved its value in the treatment of gonarthrosis with or without axis deformity. The thrust of weight-bearing and other stresses is lessened on the degenerated tibial condyle and transferred to the more normal condyle. The stable fixation by means of external fixation allows early movement of the knee joint.-R-ferences to operative technique, indication, complications and after-treatment.


[Electromyographic study of movements in infants with cerebral palsy (author's transl)]. In 43 infants between 3 and 16 months old electromyographic studies were performed by recording movement patterns. Surface electrodes were fixed to the legs, recording the activities of adductors, small gluteal muscles, M. rectus and hamstrings. The impulses were fed into the computer. Synergistic and antagonistic muscles were compared by correlation analysis. Certain movement patterns were provoked by turning the infants from supine to the sides, pulling up to sitting, tilting sideways, vertical hanging and standing. Synergistic and antagonistic muscle groups were compared by correlation anaysis. Significant differences in motor behavior were shown to exist between spastic and healthy infants: The spastic infants showed widely spread synchronous innervations. Besides, comparison of mean activity values exposed a significant preponderance of mean activity values exposed a significant preponderance of adductor activity to gluteal activity in spastic infants. - In qualitative analysis by a rating system diagnostic differentiation of individual cases was possible. This proved of special value in infants with postural asymmetries or abnormal musculatur tone.


[Electron microscopic examinations on foam cells in pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVS) (author's transl)]. The pathologic and histologic features of 17 cases of pigmented villonodular synovitis and bursitis are described. Similar lesions were induced in rabbit knee joints by injection of hypercholesterolaemic serum. A therory is presented that the inflammatory reaction is induced by release of cholesterol esters and crystals from foam cells in a manner similar to crystal-induced synovitis. It is theorized that a disturbance of cholesterol metabolism is responsible for the development of foam cells.


[Perthe's disease, results of conservative treatment (author's transl)]. After a survey of causation, symptoms and therapy of Perthe's disease, clinical and radiographic findings of 62 children treated conservatively are described. For evaluation the "plumpness quotient" is introduced, in addition to the known radius-, joint-surface- and epiphysus quotients, as a measure of deformity of head and neck of femur. Besides consequential avoidance of weight-bearing, age, length of history and first radiologic findings are of decisive importance. The results of conservative treatment are no worse than those of surgery.


[Spontaneous stiffness of the hip-joint in puberty (author's transl)]. This condition has been described by the author in 1952. Here a further 12 cases are reported. The condition arises as a consequence of increased prepubertal growth and consequent compression between head of femur and acetabulum. Narrowing of the joint space can be treated by decompressing surgery on muscles. The author belives that such treatment of the less affected side as well serves prevention of arthorosis.


[Operative treatment of recurrent dislocation of the patella by Brückner (author's transl)]. It is reported on the experiences of 43 patients, which surgery was performed on because of recurrent dislocation of the patella. In all these cases we applied the restraining operation by Brückner. The advantage of this method is the earlier training without a cast. The operative method and the postoperative training are explained. Until now recidives were not discovered.


[The involvement of the position of the femoral head through intertrochanteric osteotomies (author's transl)]. The definition of capacity and strain of the hip joint has since Pauwels (1965 and 1973) been examined and quantitative and qualitative described by various authors. In the following it is attempted to state the relations between intertrochanter correction and the position of the hip joint, which enable a declaration on the dislocation of the main carrying zone of the head of femur. Factors and methods being complementary and such having an effect of contrary sence are thereat especially described.


[Investigations of polymethylmetacrylate for replacement of small joints (author's transl)]. Swelling, monomer production, polymerization and frictional qualities of test samples of Palocos E, Palacos R and Paladon 65 (Messrs Kulzer & Co, Bad Homburg) have been examined in order to establish which of these plastic substances would be most suitable for replacement of small joints. We found that samples of Palacos E, hardened under pressure of 3.0 kp, had the most favorable qualities.


[The synovial pump of the knee-joint (author's transl)]. Survey of basic principles of movement of the knee-joint and anatomical description of the synovial cavity. Description of active production of synovia. The "synovial pump" of the knee-joint is made possible by the stability of the volume in the joint.


[Derivation and analyses of neuro signals from the periphery nerv system for a multi channelled prothesis (author's transl)]. This publications shows new ways of prosthesis controlled by nerv action potentials. We introduce results of neurophysiological trials on animals which will be the basis for a neuroelectric prosthesis for human beings.


[PR-Toxin-production of Penicillium roqueforti-Strains (author's transl)]. One blue-type cheese starter and 11 isolates of P. roqueforti from different foodstuffs were tested for the production of PR-toxin. 3 strains were able to produce the toxin on rice at 15 degrees C and sometimes at 30 degrees C. The toxin quantities detected were 310-960 ppb. The starter culture didn't produce any PR-toxin. The investigations with P. roqueforti NRRL 849 showed a toxin-production in the temperature range of 15-30 degrees C, with an optimum at 15 degrees C, whereas 25 degrees C was the optimum for growth. PR-toxin was determined by thin-layer-chromatography and in doubtful cases by mass-spectrometry.


L-malate in golden delicious apples as a possible parameter of acceptability. Several batches of Golden Delicious apples from three geographical regions in the Netherlands were stored at 4 degrees C in a controlled atmosphere (CA) of 9% CO2, 12% 02 and under normal atomspheric conditions (Air = A). They were judged with the aid of a palatability test after which it was established that the internal quality of a population of fruits remained satisfactory until they reached a range of L-malate of 0.39-0.45 g per 100 g initial fresh weight.


[Lead content of Hungarian wines (author's transl)]. The authors have investigated the lead content of 560 hungarian wines produced between 1969 and 1973 by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Type of instrument: UNICAM SP 1900). The preparation of samples was made by wet digestion with HNO3-H202. For 94.12% of the investigated wines less than 0.4 ppm lead content was established. The 2.67% of wines contain 0.4-0.6 ppm lead. In case of 18 samples (3.21%) more than 0.6 ppm lead content was found.


[The importance of temperature on storage of ground natural spices (author's transl)]. Several factors influencing the ingredients of volative oils of some ground natural spices have been investigated during storage. The effects on the aroma have been characterized sensorically; relations between the analytical and sensorical results are explained using anise as an example. Of the influencing factors studied such as packaging material, storage temperature and storage duration, the storage temperature must be regarded as the most important.


[Effect of D-penicillamine and 2-mercaptoethanol on human IgM in normal serum]. Serum from healthy blood donors (O Rh+) was fractionated on a Sephadex-G-200 column before and after incubation with equal volumes of either 0.2 m 2-Mercaptoethanol or D-Penicillamine. Immunoelectrophoretic analyses revealed that addition of these two sulphhydryl-containing compounds resulted in disappearance of the typical IgM-precipitate within the first peak. A new precipitate specific for M-chains appeared within the second peak. The data indicate that the smaller subunits with M-chain specificity result from splitting of disulphide bonds of the IgM molecules by the D-Penicillamine and the 2-Mercaptoethanol.


[Acute mediastinitis in rheumatoid arthritis)]. During an exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis in a 54 year old woman, an acute lifethreatening complication developed with pleuro-mediastino-pericarditis presenting as a superior vena cava obstruction-like syndrome. This was later associated with thrombosis of the left external jugular vein and a peripheral Horner's syndrome. She did also develop arterial hypertension with retinopathy and severe cardiac failure. Treatment with antirheumatic drugs and penicillin resulted in gradual improvement over the course of several months. The affected visceral organs were not permanently damaged. Knowledge of the clinical features of this condition is important, since a cure even with conservative treatment is possible.


[Pulmonary manifestations of lupus erythematodes visceralis]. Eight patients with SLE were found on clinical and roentgenological grounds or by respiratory function tests to have evidence of lung involvement. Great discrepancies were noted between clinical findings and the results of the respiratory function tests on the one hand and lacking or discrete radiological changes on the other hand. Four patients with pulmonary fibrosis without auscultatory signs showed decreased compliance values and decreased diffusion and vital capacities were noticed in two. In only 2 out of 4 patients with abnormal clinical signs could fibrotic changes be detected roentgenologically. Corresponding to the general diagnostic experience the measurement of compliance, diffusion capacity and vital capacity are the most appropriate methodes for assessing these visceral manifestations of SLE.


The effect of complete Freund--adjuvant on chronic proliferating inflammation in an experimental granuloma model. Histometric, biochemical, radiochemical and autoradiographic studies were undertaken to investigate the influence of complete Freund-adjuvant (CFA) on a defined chronic proliferating inflammation of a granuloma model in two different experimental situations. Where as the percentage fraction of the fibroblasts, 3H-thymidine marking index of the fibroblasts and the impulse rate of the fibroblasts and endothelial cells do not differ from the values found for the control animals, both the protein and DNA content of the implanted sponges, as well as the DNA content of the individual fibroblasts in the implants increased, independent of the stage of the chronic proliferating inflammation at which the CFA was administered. Surprisingly the quantity of the fibroblast specific synthetic product, collagen, did not increase in proportion to the absolute number of fibroblasts, but remained either constant or even significantly decreased. A possible inhibition of collagen synthesis after CFA administration during chronic proliferating inflammation is discussed.


[Ceruloplasmin and immunoglobulins under controlled D-penicillamine therapy in rheumatoid arthritis]. In a controlled therapeutic trial 17 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (stage II and III) were divided in two randomized groups. One group of 9 patients was treated with 900 mg of D(-)penicillamine (Trolovol) plus 1500 mg of salicylate per day, the other group of 8 patients with 10 mg of prednisolone plus 1500 mg of salicylate daily. Before and after 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 months of treatment IgA, IgG, IgM and caeruloplasmin were estimated with immunodiffusion technique. In both groups the IgA and IgG levels remained unchanged; unter D-penicillamine, on the contrary, a statistically significant and continuous fall of IgM and caeruloplasmin was observed; prednisolone treatment induced only a temporary fall of caeruloplasmin. In the DPA treated patients, a significant correlation of IgM with caeruloplasmin and of caeruloplasmin with ESR was found. In both groups there was no correlation between joint count and caeruloplasmin, joint count and IgM, caeruloplasmin and copper, copper and ESR; in the prednisolone group no correlation between caeruloplasmin, ESR and IgM was observed. The correlations suggest that the remarkable fall of IgM and caeruloplasmin under D(-)penicillamine treatment is caused at least partially by direct interference of DPA with these plasma proteins.


[Deep vein thrombosis in the differential diagnosis of knee-joint capsule changes in rheumatoid arthritis]. The authors describe 5 patients with rheumatoid arthritis; in 3 patients rupture of the synovial membrane and in 2 patients a calf cyst caused symptoms resembling a deep vein thrombosis. Contrast arthrography is of great help in differential diagnosis in conjunction with thorough anamnesis and clinical examination. The joint effusion plays a dominating role in the disease process, and treatment of the effusion is of the greatest importance for both prophylaxis and therapy of membrane rupture and calf cysts.


[Influence of knee synovectomy on the disease course in PCP patients]. 72 patients with rheumatoid arthritis undergoing surgical synovectomy of knee joints (102 times) were followed up for five years at yearly intervals for their clinical condition and laboratory parameters (sed. rate, leukocytes, serum iron, rheumatoid factor and others). Findings were documented by use of a questionary. At the end of the study the result of synovectomy was compared with the preoperative disease state by use of the Steinbrocker-Criteria and laboratory findings; in addition influence of synovectomy on the postoperative course was investigated. The following conclusions were drawn. 1) Preoperatively seronegative patients exhibited better local long term recovery than seropositive patients. 2) In most patients synovectomized in stage I the disease did not progress during the study period. 3) Some of the patients showed retardation of immunoserologic disease activity for 2-3 years after synovectomy.


Social behavior of the conilurine rodents (Muridae) of Australia. This paper describes in detail the elements of social behaviour and social organizations of four closely related rodents (Notomys alexis, Pseudomys albocinereus, P. shortridgei and P. desertor) from diverse habitats, and the social organizations of seven other conilurine rodents are described briefly. Most of the data were determined from quantitative observations of animals caged in twos or in larger groups for at least ten days. Breeding pairs were observed daily throughout pregnancy and parenthood. A dispersed organization and three types of communal organization are described, and evolutionary trends in dispersion and territoriality, cohesion, communication and co-operation are discussed.


[Antibacterial and antiviral activity of beta,beta-dichlorvinylpyrrolidone]. Antiviral and antibacterial activity of chlorine-containing N-vinylpyrrholidon analogue - beta,beta-dichlorvinylpyrrholidon (first synthesized in 1970) was studied on a model of influenza A2 virus. Peculiarities of the influence of beta,beta-dichlorvinylpyrrholidon on the reproduction of microbial and viral agents under conditions of their isolated and combined cultivation were revealed.


[Determination of the sensitivity of head lice to insecticides]. The author recommends a method of determination of sensitivity of head lice which, in difference from the accepted one, is based on the establishment of the time interval between the death of 50-100% of the insects as a result of the contact with the insecticide in definite doses of the active substance. The method permits to assess the rapidity and the extent of the toxic action of various substances on lice; it is simple and convenient for use in practice.


[Evaluation of the epidemiological effectiveness of hospitalization of patients with dysentery]. The authors present materials on the study of epidemiological efficacy of hospitalization of dysentery patients by statistical analysis (calculation of tendencies, rates of increase, etc.) of the indices of focal morbidity per 1000 contacts in the total number of foci characterized by various periods of isolation of the first patient. The work was carried out on materials of two towns considerably differing by the extent of organization of public services and amenities. The results obtained pointed to the relative epidemiological efficacy of hospitalization of dysentery patients particularly marked at the territory with less favourable living conditions.


[Use of erythrocyte diagnostic agents for the determination of integrative association constants]. The authors described a method of determination of integrative association constant differing from intrinsic association constant by the value of the valency of macromolecular antigen. The method is based on the using of erythrocytes on whose surface one of the components is fixed, whereas the other is in free state. Application of equations was demonstratedon a number of examples with determination of integrative association constant. The data obtained permitted to assess qualitative peculiarities of the antigenic and antibody erythrocytic diagnostic agents.


[General regularities of the macrophage reaction in the administration of various antigens and the phagocytosis of microorganisms]. A study of ingestion and elimination of cells of peritoneal exudate (CPE) of mouse labeled antigens of various physico-chemical nature with a simultaneous analysis of their influence on the function of the enzymatic systems of macrophages showed that both the corpuscular (sheep erythrocytes, typhoid vaccine) and the soluble (albumin, endotoxin of S. typhi, tetanus and staphylococcus toxoid) antigens caused a unitypical reaction of the cells of monocytic phagocytic system. Thirty minutes after the administration the principal mass of labeled antigens (albumin, typhoid vaccine, sheep erythrocytes) was phagocytized by macrophages and was revealed chiefly in their phagolysosomal fraction. The greater part of radioactive material was eliminated in the course of the first 24 hours; however, some of it could be found in the macrophages for a long time. During the process of phagocytosis the activity of lysosomal (catepsin, acid phosphatase, desoxyribonuclease, beta-glucoronidase) enzymes in the macrophages decreased and the activity of redox (succinic dehydrogenase, NAD-N2-diaphorase) enzymes became intensified. A fall of catepsin activity in the CPE of mice 30 minutes after the intraperitoneal administration of the antigens was accompanied by its activation in the cells of the spleen.


[Use of the passive hemaglutination reactions for the determination of anti-smallpox antibodies in primary vaccination and revaccination against smallpox]. The authors present the results of studying the PHAT sensitivity in comparison with the neutralization test and the hemagglutination inhibition test in examination of 254 sera of revaccinated and 95 sera of primarily vaccinated children. It appeared that PHAT was characterized by a sufficiently high sensitivity, and reproducibility, in case the same batch of erythrocytic diagnostic agent was used; at the same time the test was simple, accessible, economic, and gave rapid results. This test can be used for assessment of the immunological efficacy of smallpox revaccination.


[Quantitative determination of specific immunoglobulins in the serum of bacterial carriers of abdominal typhus]. As a result of determination of immunoglobulins of class A and M by the method of simple radial immunodiffusion with the use of monospecific antiglobulin sera it appeared that in the sera of carriers immunogolubins M were contained in much lesser quantity than in typhoid patients. The content of immunoglobulins A was somewhat greater in the blood sera of carriers.


[IgM and IgG rosette formation in the primary and secondary immune response in the system of syngeneic transfer of spleen cells]. In the system of syngenous transfer of cells a study was made of the dynamics of IgM- and IgG- of the rosette-froming cells of the spleen in the primary and secondary immune response in mice of the CBA inbred strain immunized with sheep erythrocytes. It was shown that in prolongation of the interval between donor immunization and the transfer of cells to the recipient with his simultaneous immunization for up to 40 days there occurred an increase of the IgG-memory; as to IgM memory-it is expressed with shorter intervals. It is supposed that rosette-forming cells were not bearers of immunological memory.


[Influence of prednisolone on cells erythroid series in the bone marrow of rabbits immunized with diphtheria toxoid]. The bone marrow reaction to prednisolone showed significant changes after the administration of the antigen: there proved to be a significant reduction of the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content and of hematocrite. The mean erythrocyte volume increased. Along with this there was a reduction of the number of basophilic and polychromatophilic erythroblasts and an increase in number of proerythroblasts. The degree of depression of the red series of the bone marrow (induced by prednisolone) was much less in case of combined administration of prednisolone and diphtheria toxoid.


[Use of a computer and mathematical methods in epidemiological work. Report 3. Experience with the operational tracing of infectious morbidity using an automic self-service information unit]. The authors describe their experience in the elaboration and introduction into practice of epidemiological service of the system of operative tracing of infectious morbidity at the level of the central sanitary-epidemiological station under conditions of automatic control system. Data on improvement of information supply and logic analysis of the information with the aid of Minsk-22 computer are presented. Forms of documents are considered. Experience in the use of this system for two years pointed to its expediency.


[Tsutsugamushi fever in the Kuril Islands]. The authors present the results of a 6-year study of tsutsugamushi fever at the Kuril islands. The area of the disease proved to include Southern Kuril islands - Shikotan and Kunashir. The principal natural carriers of tsutsugamushi among the mouse-like rodents and trombiculidae larvae were revealed; highly virulent strains were found to prevail among the tsutsugamushi rickettsia strains. Tsutsugamushi fever in the population is characterized by a benign course, pyrexia, primary affects and lymphadenitis.


[Preservation of the causative agent of tularemia in the external environment in eastern Taimyr]. Strains of the causative agent of tularemia were for the first time isolated by the authors from the objects of the external environment in the tundra zone of Eastern Taimir; this indicates a possibility of preservation of the microbe under conditions of the extreme north.


[Determination of natural foci of tularemia in the Tuva ASSR]. Eleven strains of tularemia causative agents were isolated in 1974 in bacteriological study of ixodes ticks Dermacentor nuttalli (13088 in all) by biotests on albino mice. Tularemia was confirmed retrospectively in two humans who contracted the disease from ondatra cadavers. Skin allergic test with tularin was used to examine 1733 residents of seven populated localities;  a positive result was obtained in 2 persons. Finally, in examination of 240 sera of cattle agglutination reaction proved to be positive in 6 cases in titres of from 1:20 to 1:80. Thus, natural nidality of tularemia in Tuva was established for the first time.


[Use of rooms with laminar air flow].

[Use of rooms with laminar air flow]. The paper deals with the problem of dependency of the reduction of microbial contamination and of dust pollution of the air mediu min the CAMERA-BOXES with a liminary flux on the aeration degree. It was shown that the degree of aeration in the camera-box constituted from 330 to 1060, with the rate of the air flux at the filter exit of from 0.2 to 0.6 m/sec. Vertical laminar flux provided release of the air from the microbes and dust. The use of the camera-box with a laminar flux for work requiring sterile conditions is recommended.


[Neurological sequelae of the generalized forms of meningococcal infection in adults (a catamnestic study of patients who suffered the disease during 1971--1974)]. The authors conducted a follow-up examination of 118 patients who had meningocaccial meningoencephalitis and meningitis in 1971--1974. Besides a neurological examination the authors performed psychological and EEG studies. It was established that the main expressions of the meningococcial infection during the first 2--3 months following the acute period (and in separate cases up to 1 year and more) were: asthenical syndromes of a different degree, diffuse focal symptoms, neuritis of the cranial nerves, distrubed mental activity and changes in the EEG. For these reasons the estimation of the period of restored working capacity after generalized forms of meningococcical infections should always be strictly individual.


[Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with ribonucleotides]. In the treatment of 31 patients with lateral amyotrophical sclerosis the authors used the preparation ENKAD containing a complex of mono- and oligoribonucleotides. In 6 cases there was aggravation of the condition while in 18 of the observed cases--improvement. In 7 patients the condition was not altered. The treatment was convened under biochemical control (the assessment of the uric acid in the blood serum and urine and the excretion of oxypurine in the urine). It was possible to depict definite clinicobiochemical correlations. The conclusion is made that ENKAD can be used in the early stages of the disease and mainly in focal segmentary-nuclear lesions. The preparation is contraindicated in generalization of the process and in impetuous development of the disorder.


[Preconvulsive state and hyperfunction of the striatum (clinico-experimental findings)]. The paper is concerned with a clinico-experimental study of the influence of intesified activity in the neostriatum on the EEG indices which may appear during the introduction of increased doses of corazol. In 10 cases with different forms of parkinsonism there was a much  easier appearance of clinical and EEG manifestations of convulsive activity, than in normals. In experiments on rats preconvulsive effects were exerted by such neuroleptics as haloperidol unlike apomorphine, possessing opposite properties.


[Primary progressive forms of tick-borne encephalitis]. The report contains data concerning examinations of 14 patients with a progressive development of tick-borne encephalitis In all the observed cases an acute period in the development of the disease was not diagnosed. The examined contingent constituted 18% of the number of established chronic forms of tick-borne encephalitis. The states were mostly latent forms of infections which were much more frequent than clinically forms of tick-borne encephalitis.


[Clinico-immunologic features of tick-borne encephalitis in the Tomsk region]. In 243 patients with tick-borne encephalitis 60.9% had an oblivated form, 21.3%--the meningeal, 2.5% encephalitic, 2.9%--polyencephalomyelitic and 12.4%--doublewave development of the disease. In all cases the clinical picture, blood and CSF content of asparite-aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was studied. The study included the level of urine diastase, blood histamine, autoantibodies and indices of destructed blood neutrophils. It was established that tick-borne encephalitis remains one of the most serious diseases of the nervous system which is accompanied by lesions of the internal organs. Changes in the studied indices are in direct correlation with the form and severity of the disease. They do not come to norm even at the moment of hospital discharge which indicates the continuation of the process.


[Clinical variants of epidemic encephalitis in Primor'e]. The authors examined 104 patients with epidemic encephalitis (48 in the acute stage and 56 in chronic). In the acute stage the following forms were distinguished: vestibular, lethargic, hyperkinetic and psychosensory. The chronic stage included postencephalitic parkinsonism, hyperkinetic and lethargic forms. The acute stage had a mild development without lethal outcomes. The specific traits of epidemic encephalitis in this region were the frequency of vestibular forms in the acute stage and hyperkinetic forms in the chronic one.


[Catamnesis of patients sustaining the acute period of epidemic encephalitis in Primor'e]. The authors studied 20 patients (12 males and 8 females) from 5--40 years of age who had acute forms of epidemic encephalitis. Progressive development was marked only in 2 patients (in one case typical parkinsonism, in the other--a hallucinatory-paranoid schizophrenoform syndrome). In the majority of the cases neurological symptoms of the acute period gradually subsided up till a full disappearance (in 8 out of 20 cases). Among the residual of symptoms of contemporary epidemic encephalitis special attention should be drawn to blepharoclonus and blepharospasm, converging both monocular nistagmus and peculiar "psychic equivalents" of parkinsonism in the form of akairia. These symptoms may be used for a retrospective diagnosis of epidemic encephalitis.


[A clinico-electroneurographic study of brachial plexitis in young children]. In order to study the clinico-electroneurographical correlations in early brachial plexitis of the newborn the authors studied 118 children from the moment of birth up to 1.5-4 years. The depicted disorders were divided into 4 groups: the upper form of Duchenne-Erb--48 cases; the lower forms of Dejerine-Klumpke--27 cases; total forms--31 cases and bilateral forms--12 cases. The most favourable development could be marked in the Duchenne-Erb forms while the most severe development was seen in total forms. The authors stress that electroneurographical studies permit to evaluate objectively the severity of affection, the degree of motor function restoration, the effectiveness of treatment and the prognosis of the disease.


[Changes in several hemodynamic indices in cerebral arachnoiditis[]. The author examined 195 patients from 17 to 60 years with cerebral arachnoiditis. The following haemodynamical factors were analyzed: rheoencephalograms, synchronous rigistration of the REG and EEG, peripheral and retinal pressures. The studies showed tow tendencies of the haemodynamic changes: regional hypertonicity and hypotonicity. The specificity of the haemodynamic factors depends on the phase of the hypertensive syndrome and the duration of the disease.


[Cerebrospinal fluid phospholipids and cerebrosides in several demyelinating diseases]. The author reports of the achieved results in a quantitative study of general lipids, phospholipids and cerebrosides in the CSF of 37 patients with demyelinating diseases, of 11 patients with vascular brain pathology and 7 with Van Bogart's panencephalitis. The control group consisted of 14 patients without focal lesions of the nervous system, with normal CSF indices. In demyelinating diseases there was a significant increase in the content of kephalines and cerebrosides. In Van Bogart's panencephalitis there was a much higher increase of kephalines, general lipids and phospholipids. In vascular brain disorders there was a moderate increase of all lipids. The possible pathochemical mechanisms of the depicted changes in the content of the lipids in the CSF are discussed.


[The bioelectrical activity of the brain in Urov (Kashin-Bek) disease]. EEG studies of 112 patients in different stages of the uric (Kashin-Beck) disease revealed pathological shifts in the brain biopotentials, which were beyond the aging changes. Analysis of the EEG tracing demonstrated that the index of alpha-activity along with a progressive severity of the disease, especially in the 2nd and 3d stage, was statistically less, while the per cent of pathological forms of potentials increased. In a rhythmic photostimulation there were disorders in the brain reactivity. These data point to a diffuse lesion of the brain. A correlation between clinical, EEG and other studies permit to consider the uric disease as a chronic disorder leading to an early aging of the organism.


[Penetration of anti-cerebral antibodies through the blood-brain and placental barriers of animals]. The report deals with studies of the penetration of gamma-globulin I131 of rabbit antibrain sera into the different brain areas of intact and sensitized rats and into the placenta of embryo tissues. It was demonstrated that lebeled I131 gamma-globulin containing antibodies to homo- and heterologous brain may in a small amount penetrate from the blood into the CNS of animals. The authors demonstrated as well that labelled antibodies penetrated from the blood of pregnant rats through the placenta and accumulated in the brain and internal organs of the embryo. These facts are significant for development of pathogenesis of an antenatal brain pathology.


[Dreams under normal conditions and in pathology]. Experiments on wakening from "rapid" and "slow" sleep, as well as clinical and epidemiological studies revealed differences in the reports of dreams. These differences were in correlation with the character of cerebral or somatical pathology and with the representativeness of phasic components of "rapid" sleep.


[Clinical findings concerning a comparative study of several structural features of depression]. The author studied 321 patients with depressive states of a different nature (reactive, symptomatical and endogenous). An attempt is made to establish connections between atypical neurotical states and hallucinatory-paranoid symptoms on the one hand and certain depressive emotions on the other. The opinion is expressed that anguish to a greater extent prevents the polymorphism of a depressive affect and the appearance of nonemotional disorders.


[Electrolyte metabolism in alcoholic patients during therapy and prolonged abstinence]. The author studied the dynamics of development of the Na+ and K+ content in the blood plasma, erythrocytes and urine in 82 patients with chronic alcoholism during the period of active antialcohol treatment. It was established that the content of Na in the blood plasma was decreased while its excretion with urine increased. Signs of mineral-corticoid insufficiency remained even 2--3 years following treatment.


[Features of hepatic lesions in patients with chronic alcoholic intoxication]. The authors studied alcoholic hepatosis and hepatic cirrhosis by laboratory, radioisotope and clinical methods. Most of the routine laboratory techniques, excluding hyperurobilinuria were not very informative in alcoholic hepatosis. Much more frequently it was possible to mark disturbances of the bromsulphaleinic and vofaverdine tests. Of special importance in the evaluation of the acuity and depth of the alcohol intoxication was glutamate and sorbitdehydrogenase. The most informative appeared to be radioisotope hepatography in the phase of alcohol hepatosis and scannography in the formation of liver cirrhosis.


[Mental disorder in strangulation asphyxia]. In order to study the mental, neurological and EEG changes due to strangulative asphyxia, the authors studied 163 patients who attempted suicide by selfhanging. In the poststrangulative period there was changed consciousness, disorders of memory, emotions, as well as neurological symptoms which eventually had a reversible course. All these data were confirmed by EEG studies. The convened investigation demonstrated a high therapeutical effect of modern resuscitative measures which can be rendered to this contingent of patients.


[Mental disorders in chronic mercury poisoning]. On the basis of studies performed in a psychoneurological dispensary the author examined 60 patients who worked in noxious conditions of chronic micromercuralism from 1--10 years. A thorough clinical observation permitted to distinguish the following psychopathological syndromes: asthenical (the most frequent initial expression of the disorder), depression, psychopath-like and epileptiform.


[Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the clinical treatment of mental disorders accompanying severe cranio-cerebral trauma]. The author examined 20 patients with severe brain damage. Under the influence of hyperbaric oxygen therapy there was a more rapid restitution of consciousness and a relatively short development of soporous and comatose conditions. Disoders of the Korsakoff syndrome type in such conditions had an abortive development as well (4--7 days). In cases of developing delirious states the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy demonstrated a clearing of consciousness and a disappearance of psychotic disturbances, already following the first session.


[The differential diagnosis of severe poisoning using electroencephalographic findings]. The author conducted a clinical and EEG study of 308 patients with severe acute poisoning (by barbiturates, phosphororganic compounds, ethyl alcohol, noxiron, elenium, narcotics, carbon monoxide, tubazide, ethylenglycole and dichlorethan). It is shown that EEG changes in combination with clinical and toxicological data permit to qualify more precisely the form of poisoning and conduct specific therapy.


[Assessment of the effectiveness of hemodes in the treatment of the febrile variant of delirium tremens]. The authors propose a complex scheme in the treatment of a febrile variant of delirium tremens. The main emphasis is made on the use of hemodez possessing an antitoxic property and normalizing metabolism. The use of the mentioned preparation along with neuroleptics and symptomatical therapy as was tried in 30 patients with delirium tremens, permitted to arrest acute disorders, the hyperthermic syndrome and normalize the vital functions of the organism. These measures excluded unfavourable lethal outcomes even in cases complicated by Gayet-Wernicke encephalopathy.


[The character of the effect of triftazin, carbidine and aminazine on defensive conditioned reflexes]. The author studied in chronical experiment on the rats the influence of triphtazine, karbidine and aminazine on the conditioned reflexes with the irritation of the mesencephalitio part of the reticular formation. The obtained data confirm the inhibitive influence of aminazine on the mesencephalitic part of the reticular formation. Triphtazine and karbidine, alike aminazine, prevent the inhibition of the defensive conditioned reflexes due to the irritation of the mesencephalitis part of the reticular formation testifies to the fact of their inhibitive influence on these structures.


[Comparative findings concerning the effect of elenium and seduxen on the cardiovascular system]. The authors studied the effect of seduxen and elenium on 169 patients, particularly their pulse frequency, arterial pressure, electro- and polycardiogramms in a single administration of the drugs parenterally and in a long-term per os administration. A parenteral introduction of both drugs was accompanied by a slight bradycardial effect. However, high doses of seduxen (0.34--0.5 mg/kg) lead to states of tachycardia. Unlike elenium which did not exert a hypotensive effect, seduxen displayed a mild and in some cases significant hypotensive action.


[The clinical picture of acute epidural hematoma of traumatic origin]. An analysis of 100 observations permitted the authors to conclude that the basis of the clinical picture of acute epidural hematoma was the syndrome of intercranial hypertension manifesting itself in growing disturbances of consciousness, headaches, vomiting, bradycardia. The appearance of local neurological symptoms gives a possibility for a physician to orientate quickly in the pathological process localization. "A lucid period" and the initial syndrome of the acute brain dislocation often revealed in the manifestation of mydriase are typical of the clinical picture of epidural hematoma.


[Peripheral microcirculatory disorders in severe cranio-cerebral injuries]. Photopletizmographical and capillaroscopic studies in 83 patients with severe brain trauma found a definite correlation between the character and localization of the brain lesion and peripheral microcirculation changes. The author considers that the data of the dynamical studies of the mentioned parameters can be significant for a judgement of the prognosis in severe brain traumas.


[Cerebral hemodynamics in the acute and remote periods of closed cranio-cerebral trauma]. By using clinical and zonal REG methods the authors examined 204 patients with brain traumas. Such examinations permitted to detect symptoms of a disturbed cerebral vascular tone. In the acute period of a closed brain trauma changes of cerebral hemodynamics were not stable and were nonhomogenous by direction. A differential qualification of the general and cerebral hemodynamics in the remote period of a closed brain trauma permitted to distinguish 4 types of cerebral vascular disorders. The obtained results facilitate an objective assessment of brain traumas and their pathogenetical treatment.


[Clinico-electroencephalographic characteristics of the condition of brain stem systems following surgical and non-surgical brain injury]. The paper is concerned with a study of the stem structures in 186 patients during and following a removal of brain tumors and in 42 patients with acute brain traumas. A correlation of the EEG, the clinical picture and action of the central adreno- and cholinolytics and adrenomimetics demonstrated that in acute influences on the stem it is always in an irritative state. A significant degree of stem structures irritation during its direct affection is accompanied by an appearance in the EEG of synchronized low forms of fluctuations and clinical symptoms of vegetative hyperergia. In such conditions, besides measures of normalizing the hemodynamics and CSF circulation it is necessary to use preparations of a central adreno- and cholinolytic action.


[Anti-brain antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid following cranio-cerebral trauma]. The author evaluated the precipitating antibrain antibodies by the Hoigne' method in the blood serum of 292 patients and in the CSF of 194 patients with acute brain traumas. Accordingly 52 and 21 patients were studied in the remote period. Antibodies were revealed more frequently and for a longer period of time following severe damages and less frequently in mild forms. They could also be revealed in patients with residual symptoms of brain trauma. Antibodies were revealed in the CSF earlier, more frequently and for a longer period of time than in the blood sera. These data speak in favour of a probable local formation of antibrain antibodies.


[The epidemiology of postconcussional hypotension]. The presentation deals with a study of 942 patients (males and females from 16-68 years of age) with sequelae of brain damage, checked up with the duration of the post-traumatic period from several months to 35 years. The author draws special attention to the influence of sex, age and the duration of the posttraumatical period on the frequency of postconcussional hypotension. The obtained results point to a high frequency of postconcussional hypotension in the different age and sex groups compared to that found in the general population in screening. The prevalence of hypotension among females was higher. With an increase of the postconcussional period in males there was a tendency towards an increase of hypotension.


[An attempt to prognosticate the rehabilitation of patients who have sustained closed brain injury]. The authors studied at the early and remote stages of the disease the adaptational function of analyzers (visual, acoustic, olfactory) and constructive practical actions in 82 patients who had suffered from closed brain traumas in peace-time. The same studies were conducted in 59 patients with remote sequealae of brain injuries during the wartime (barotraumas) for comparison. The authors compared the results of the studies on patients with different outcomes of rehabilitation and different kinds of brain injury and depicted some indices and manifestations unfavourable or relatively favourable for a social and occupational prognosis.


[The role of subcortical structures in the formation of a chronic cortical epileptogenic focus]. The authors studied the significance in the "maturation" of the cortical chronic experimental epileptogenic focus. The studies were conducted in rabbits with the use of registration methods of a summarized bioelectric activity and activation of subcortical formation by electric current. It was established that the activation of inhibitory structures in the preconvulsive period facilitated the inhibition of "maturation" of the initial-cortical epileptogenic focus and an easier development of the convulsive attack in comparison with the control group (without stimulation of subcortical nuclei), while the activation of generalizing formations lead to more severe convulsive attacks.


[Changes in the body's oxygen regime in hypothalamic syndromes under the influence of hypoxic mixtures]. A study of the oxygen regimen in the organism of patients with hypothalamic syndromes (vegetative, vascular and neuroendrocrino-metabolic) according to the Lauer and Kolchinskaya method demonstrated that an inhalation of hypoxic mixture containing 15% of oxygen leads to changes in the respiration indices. Such changes were related to circulation, oxygen parameters and indicated an increase of hypoxemia under the influence of this mixture and of a significant drop in the consumption of oxygen by the tissues. This may also speak in favour of an inhibition of activities in the compensatory and adaptational mechanisms. The most expressed inhibitive activity of such mechansims was seen in patients with hypotonic vetetative-vascular syndromes which is most likely connected with a drop of the tone in the neurohormonal system in this group of patients.


[Speech and perception in acoustic-mnestic aphasia]. In clinical practice of brain lesions one of the frequently encountered disorders is the so-called acoustico-mnestic form of temporal aphasia, which was first described by A.R. Luria. However, its nature and the mechansim of speech disorders in this form of aphasia are still not clear, despite the theortical and practical significance of this problem. The convened experiments have demonstrated that disorders of such forms of speech as nominating, repeating and understanding in acoustico-mnestic aphasia emerges from visual and acoustical perception and its complicated connections with speech. Disorders of nominative functions of speech are related mainly to defects in the visual sphere, disorders of repeating and partially understanding speech - with the narrowing of the volume of acoustical perception. A possible pathophysiological mechanism of such speech disorders may be a decrease in the brain activity which leads to a substitution of simultaneous processes of perception by successional ones.


[The pathogenesis of the opticopyramidal syndrome in carotid artery occlusions]. The paper is concerned with the results of fluorescent angiographies of the eye fundus in 24 patients with occlusions of the carotid arteries verified by angiographic methods. A comparison of clinical data, cerebral and fluorescent angiography of the eye ground revealed in the majority of the patients visual disturbances and a retardation of retinal circulation. It is assumed that the insufficiency of retinal circulation may be one of the pathogenetical mechanisms in the development of the optico-pyramidal syndrome in occulusions of the carotid artery.


[Rheoencephalography in headache paroxysms of vascular origin and several therapeutic problems]. The author conducted a REG study of 68 patients who were referred to hospitals due to paroxysmal headaches of a vascular genesis. Changes characteristic of attacks of headaches with phasic cerebral disturbances were revealed. The results of such studies were used for prescribing rational therapy and for the assessment of the working capacity of these patients.


[The functional state of the sympathetic-adrenal system and blood coagulation in transitory cerebral circulatory disorders]. The authors studied adrenalin and noradrenalin excretion with the diurnal urine and the state of hemocoagulation in 63 patients with transient disturbances of the brain circulation. A reliable increase of adrenalin excretion, a decrease of noradrenalin and an expressed activation of hemocoagulation were established. The extent of the functional state changes of the sympathetico-adrenal system varied according to etiology of brain circulation disturbances. A close relationship between indices of the sympathetico-adrenal system and the hemocoagulation process was found.


[Hallucinosis of advanced age].

[Hallucinosis of advanced age]. The author studied different hallucinosis seen in patients of old age. By the clinical expression these hallucinoses were unlike the known forms of endogenous and exogenous psychoses and had no signs of cerebral organic destructive age changes. It was demonstrated that the different hallucinosis according to the organs of sense have some common signs: the character of correlations between hallucinosis and the petty delusions of persecution and prejudice; the correlation between perceptive illusions and lesions of the peripheral receptor apparatus; the possibility of a transformation of one type of hallucinosis into another; a common character of hereditary loading. The studied hallucinosis were attributed by the author to a group of functional psychoses of old age.


[Suicide attempts in the involutional and aged periods]. The authors studied 76 patients from 51-87 years who attempted to commit suicide. The main diagnostic categories were involutional, senile and reactive psychoses, alcoholism, and schizophrenia. The main syndromes during which such acts were attempted were anxious-depressive, depressive-hypochondriacal and depressive-delusional. The formation of suicidal tendency was precipitated by age involution, somatical disorders, psychogenic traumas. In most of the patients following the suicidal attempt, there were mental disorders, conditioned both by the main psychic disturbance and by the personality reaction to the suicidal act, due to which special psychiatric treatment was necessary.


[Skin temperature topography and the thermoreflex in atherosclerotic psychosis]. The author conducted a dynamic measurement of skin temperature and the neurovascular reflex in 179 patients with atherosclerotic psychoses. It was possible to eliminate a new diagnostical index which was named by the author as an index of skin-temperature asymmetry. It was established that the skin temperature in such mental disorders is 2-3 degrees lower than in normals while the index of skin-temperature asymmetry is 3-4 times more than in normals and the neurovascular reflex is weakened.


[The XYY syndrome (brief clinico-morphologic characteristics)]. The authors conducted a cytogenetical, anthropological and clinical study of 5 patients with aneuromia by Y chromosome. A cytogenetical study of 4 patients revealed Kariotype 47, XYY, in one-mosaicism of the 46, XY/47, XYY type. All the patients had drive pathology, and a retarded intellect compared to normal individuals. According to the morphological signs the patients had the following common traits: an increased variability of the mandibular part of the face, a high nose bridge, acne vulgaris. It was also demonstrated that there was a tendency toward a longer body, length of hands. In 3 tall patients there was eunuchoid body built. In one of the patients the structure of the molars corresponded to such of fossil hominids.


[A clinical, électroéncephalographic and biochemical study of epileptic children and adolescents and their relatives]. The paper deals with the role of hereditary factors in the appearance of epilepsy by the aid of clinical, EEG and biochemical methods. The authors studied 35 children and adolescents with epilepsy and 69 of their relatives. In a EEG study fo the relatives of such patients there were 56% of changed curves, which indicate to an increased readiness of the brain to paroxysmal states. Besides, in the group of relatives where the children had epilepsy of an unknown nature the amount of changed curves was higher than that in the group of relatives where the patients had symptomatical epilepsy (62% and 51%). The biochemical data demonstrated some correlations between the bioelectrical brain activity with an increased amount of isoenzyme and LDH-I in the blood sera of relatives of epileptic patients.


[Clinico-pathophysiologic aspects of a study of the hereditary predisposition of children and adolescents to epilepsy]. In a clinical, genealogical, biochemical, immunological and EEG study of children and adolescents with epilepsy and their closest relatives, it was established that the general activity of lactate dehydrogenase and the % of LDH in the blood sera of probands is higher than in normals. These changes were more expressed in the blood sera of probands and sibs, rather than in parents. The coefficient of inheritance according to both biochemical indices for probands and their relatives was approximately 80-85%. There were no differences in relation to the biological indices between epilepsy of an unknown nature and a symptomatical genesis.


[Deontologic aspects of the problem of rehabilitating patients cured of epilepsy in childhood]. The authors followed-up 720 epileptic children who were previously treated in hospitals. The duration of follow-up was from 5-20 years. It was established that at the moment of the study 43.2% of the observed contingent were practically healthy. Criteria are given which in the opinion of the authors indicate to full recovery. They object to any restrictions in relation to employment and education of fully recovered patients and consider that indications working activity and studies for epileptic patients should be broadened. Special wards, sanatoria and forest schools should be opened for epileptic patients. Great attention should be drawn to the work with the parents of ill children.


[Dynamics of the clinico-pathophysiologic characteristics of psychoses in old age under the influence of azafen]. A study of singular doses and subsequent maintenance therapy by azafen on the higher nervous activity of mental patients in presenile age (67 cases) revealed that its action depends upon the dosage of the preparation and the nosological syndrome. A depressive involutional psychoses can be controlled by azafen in doses up to 75 mg daily. By dosages of 25 mg azafen reduces or cessates completely the syndrome of changed consciousness due to disorders of brain circulation. An arrest of a depressive syndrome in manic-depressive psychosis in old age can be attained by an introduction of 150-200 mg of azafen daily.


[Electrosleep and rhythmotherapeutic sleep]. The paper is a summary of the therapeutical effectiveness of rhythmotherapeutical sleep in some neuropsychic and neurosomatic disorders. During 8 years of approbation of this method 740 patients (adults and children) received such treatment. The positive therapeutical effect seen in more than than 80% of the cases permits to highly estimate this method and the apparatus (LIDA) used for these purposes.


[Correlation between the anticonvulsant and tranquilizing effects of carbamazepine and methindione in experimental temporal epilepsy]. In 16 rabbits with chronic implanted electrodes the authors convened an electrostimulation of the hypocampus, the amygdale body and new cortex which brought to emotional-affective and EEG convulsive reactions. These reactions were inhibited by karbamazepine (150 mg/kg) and methindion (100 and 200 mg/kg) introduced into the gastrum. Karbamazepine possessed most inhibiting effect. The tranquillizing effect of methindion exceedes its anticonvulsive action, due to which it can be used both as an anticonvulsant and tranquilizing preparation. For this reason its combined effect should be most effective in temporal epilepsy.


[An adverse glycemic effect in patients as a result of treatment with neuroleptics]. A study of reasons leading to complications in a combined treatment by insulin and neuroleptocal drugs of schizophrenic patients demonstrated that neuroleptical preparations have certain properties acting in some case on a drop of sugar in the blood. It was depicted as well that neuroleptical drugs have a latent side-effect and affect the sugar metabolism. In a long-term use of these preparations the sugar curves correspond to a latent and clinically expressed diabetes. Cases of diabetes among the mental patients are as a rule a result of a long-term action of neuroleptical drugs.


Decarboxylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in vitamin B6 deficiency in rat liver. The effect of a prolonged diet deficient in B6-vitamin on the activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from rat liver was investigated. In contrast to an earlier report, 12 adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity was not found to be decreased under these restricted nutritional conditions. Moreover, the addition of pyridoxal phosphate into the standard incubation mixture did not stimulate the activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from the livers of the rats fed the B6-vitamin deficient diet. It is suggested that the contradictory results of Sturman and Kremzner12 might be based on an artificial liberation of carbon dioxide from S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the presence of pyridoxal phosphate. The results of this communication do not support the view that pyridoxal phosphate acts as the prosthetic group of rat liver adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.


Thermal properties of systems containing cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. Binary and ternary systems of the three cholesteryl esters, linoleate, oleate, and stearate and the two triglycerides, triolein and tristearin were studied in order to determine the phase transitions and the conditions for the cholesteric and smectic mesophases. Phase transitions were determined using differential thermal analysis, melting point determination, and polarizing microscopy. Of the cholesterol esters the linoleate-oleate system showed complete miscibility in both the liquid and solid phases. The linoleate-stearate and oleate-stearate systems are of the eutectic type with limited solid solubility. The mesophases are monotropic as to the crystalline state and exist over the entire composition interval in all cholesteryl ester systems studied.


Crystal structures of synthetic analgetics. V. Dextromoramide. The molecular and crystal structure of dextromoramide has been determined by X-ray methods. The crystals are orthorhombic, space group P212121 with unit cell dimensions a = 9.720(4) A; b = 12.226(3) A; c = 18.381(3) A. The structure was determined by direct methods and the model refined to an R-value of 0.036 for 1788 observed reflections. The mean e.s.d.'s in bond lengths and angles are 0.004 A and 0.3, respectively. The morpholine moiety is nearly in antiposition relative to the quaternary carbon atom C6, the pertinent angle C6 - C7 - C9 - N2 being - 159.4. This conformation is similar to that previously reported for the bitartrate of the title compound. The pyrrolidine ring has the envelope conformation and the amide group is strictly planar. The conformation of some acyclic analgetics are discussed.


Tensile strengths of twelve types of knot employed in surgery, using different suture materials. When knotted loops of suture material were subjected to increasing tensile stress it was the knot that gave way in 710 of 720 experiments. The knot is thus the weakest point in the loop. A new code for describing knots useful in surgery has been worked out. The tensile strength of 12 different knots using twelve different suture materials with the dimension 3/0 (USP) was examined systematically. It was found that the efficiency of the knots varied depending upon the tensile strength of the material, 5% for the weakest and 99% for the strongest knot-material combination. Monofil and multifil steel threads were superior to other materials examined with regard to the knot strength. Chromic and plain catgut showed at least 50% of the tensile strength of the corresponding thread, irrespective of the type of knot. Silk was among the materials which gave the weakest knots. In principle, the more turns and throws the stronger the knot.