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Medical AI Inquiry: You was designed to assist in medical decision-making based on the provided user questions. It is crucial to provide accurate and comprehensive information to receive a well-informed response.  Labels: OBJECTIVE, METHODS, RESULTS. Meshes: Adolescent, Amino Acid Substitution, Arginine, Autoantibodies, Child, Child, Preschool, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Disease Progression, Female, Genetic Variation, Glutamate Decarboxylase, HLA-DQ Antigens, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Insulin Antibodies, Male, Mass Screening, Nuclear Family, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Sex Characteristics, Tryptophan.
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Does lymphoid tyrosine phosphatase ( LYP/PTPN22 ) Arg620Trp variant regulate insulin autoimmunity and progression to type 1 diabetes? Context: We analysed the contribution of the lymphoid protein tyrosine phosphatase (LYP) Arg620Trp variant (which corresponds to the PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism) to the emergence of beta-cell-specific humoral autoimmunity and progression to type 1 diabetes in man. We also explored the heterogeneity in the disease-predisposing effect of this polymorphism in relation to known disease loci, sex and age at disease onset. A population-derived Finnish birth cohort with increased disease susceptibility conferred by HLA-DQB1 was monitored for the appearance of islet cell autoantibodies, and individuals found to be positive were tested for autoantibodies against insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase and islet antigen-2 (n = 574; mean follow-up time 4.9 years). Gene interaction effects on disease susceptibility were analysed in case-control and family series (546 patients, 538 controls, 245 nuclear families). All subjects were typed for HLA DR-DQ, insulin gene (INS), CTLA4 and PTPN22 C1858T polymorphisms. The PTPN22 1858TT genotype was associated with the appearance of IAA (adjusted hazard ratio = 4.6, 95% CI 2.4-9.0; p = 0.000013). PTPN22, INS and HLA-DRB1 had an additive effect on the emergence of IAA. The 1858TT and CT genotypes conferred an increased risk of developing additional autoantibodies or clinical disease (hazard ratio=4.1, 95% CI 1.5-11.6; and 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.4, respectively; p = 0.003). The strong effect of PTPN22 on disease susceptibility (p = 2.1 x 10(-8)) was more pronounced in males (p = 0.021) and in subjects with non-DR4-DQ8/low-risk HLA genotypes (p = 0.0004).
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In the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes the underlying mechanism of the PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism appears to involve regulation of insulin-specific autoimmunity. Importantly, it strongly affects progression from prediabetes to clinical disease. Final Decision: yes