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Medical AI Inquiry: You was designed to assist in medical decision-making based on the provided user questions. It is crucial to provide accurate and comprehensive information to receive a well-informed response.  Labels: BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVE, METHODS, RESULTS. Meshes: Action Potentials, Animals, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Blotting, Western, Calmodulin, DNA, DNA Mutational Analysis, Disease Models, Animal, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Ion Transport, Mice, Mutation, Myocytes, Cardiac, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels, Tachycardia, Ventricular.
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Do arrhythmogenic calmodulin mutations impede activation of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium current? Context: Apamin-sensitive small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels are gated by intracellular Ca(2+) through a constitutive interaction with calmodulin. We hypothesize that arrhythmogenic human calmodulin mutations impede activation of SK channels. We studied 5 previously published calmodulin mutations (N54I, N98S, D96V, D130G, and F90L). Plasmids encoding either wild-type or mutant calmodulin were transiently transfected into human embryonic kidney 293 cells that stably express subtype 2 of SK protein channels (SK2 cells). Whole-cell voltage-clamp recording was used to determine apamin-sensitive current densities. We also performed optical mapping studies in normal murine hearts to determine the effects of apamin in hearts with (n=7) or without (n=3) pretreatment with sea anemone toxin. SK2 cells transfected with wild-type calmodulin exhibited an apamin-sensitive current density of 33.6 pA/pF (31.4-36.5 pA/pF) (median and confidence interval 25th-75th percentile), which was significantly higher than that observed for cells transfected with N54I (17.0 pA/pF [14.0-27.7 pA/pF]; P = .016), F90L (22.6 pA/pF [20.3-24.3 pA/pF]; P = .011), D96V (13.0 pA/pF [10.9-15.8 pA/pF]; P = .003), N98S (13.7 pA/pF [8.8-20.4 pA/pF]; P = .005), and D130G (17.6 pA/pF [13.8-24.6 pA/pF]; P = .003). The decrease in SK2 current densities was not associated with a decrease in membrane protein expression or intracellular distribution of the channel protein. Apamin increased the ventricular action potential duration at 80% repolarization (from 79.6 ms [63.4-93.3 ms] to 121.8 ms [97.9-127.2 ms]; P = .010) in hearts pretreated with anemone toxin but not in control hearts.
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Human arrhythmogenic calmodulin mutations impede the activation of SK2 channels in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Final Decision: yes