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Medical AI Inquiry: You was designed to assist in medical decision-making based on the provided user questions. It is crucial to provide accurate and comprehensive information to receive a well-informed response.  Labels: BACKGROUND, METHODS, RESULTS. Meshes: Aged, Airway Obstruction, Biomarkers, C-Reactive Protein, Case-Control Studies, Chi-Square Distribution, Disease Progression, Female, Forced Expiratory Volume, Humans, Inflammation Mediators, Linear Models, Lung, Male, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1, Predictive Value of Tests, Prognosis, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator, Spirometry, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1, Up-Regulation, Vital Capacity.
user
Are elevated circulating PAI-1 levels related to lung function decline , systemic inflammation , and small airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Context: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) participate in inflammation and tissue remolding in various diseases, but their roles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are not yet clear. This study aimed to investigate if PAI-1 and suPAR were involved in systemic inflammation and small airway obstruction (SAO) in COPD. Demographic and clinical characteristics, spirometry examination, and blood samples were obtained from 84 COPD patients and 51 healthy volunteers. Serum concentrations of PAI-1, suPAR, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were detected with Magnetic Luminex Screening Assay. Differences between groups were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance or chi-square test. Pearson's partial correlation test (adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, cigarette status, and passive smoke exposure) and multivariable linear analysis were used to explore the relationships between circulating PAI-1 and indicators of COPD. First, we found that serum PAI-1 levels but not suPAR levels were significantly increased in COPD patients compared with healthy volunteers (125.56±51.74 ng/mL versus 102.98±36.62 ng/mL, 
assistant
Our findings first illustrate that elevated serum PAI-1 levels are related to the lung function decline, systemic inflammation, and SAO in COPD, suggesting that PAI-1 may play critical roles in the pathogenesis of COPD. Final Decision: yes