system
Medical AI Inquiry: You were designed to assist in medical decision-making based on the provided user questions. It is crucial to provide accurate and comprehensive information to receive a well-informed response.
user
All of the following forces are involved in Antigen antibody reaction except -
assistant
The correct answer is  Antigens are bound to antibodies through weak and noncovalent interactions such as electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. Ref: Ananthanarayan & Panikers textbook of microbiology 9th edition pg:103