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Medical AI Inquiry: You was designed to assist in medical decision-making based on the provided user questions. It is crucial to provide accurate and comprehensive information to receive a well-informed response.  Labels: BACKGROUND, METHODS, RESULTS. Meshes: Adult, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Cambodia, Cytokines, Fatigue, Female, Humans, Interferon-gamma, Interleukin-4, Male, Military Personnel, Netherlands, Persian Gulf Syndrome, Reference Values, Surveys and Questionnaires, Th2 Cells, United Nations.
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Are persistent symptoms in former UNTAC soldiers associated with shifted cytokine balance? Context: The pathogenesis of post-combat syndromes, such as Gulf War syndrome, is poorly understood. Recently, it has been postulated that the symptoms of veterans with such syndromes are due to a disturbed cytokine balance shifted towards a T-helper (Th) 2 profile. We investigated this hypothesis in 21 symptomatic former UNTAC soldiers and compared their results with those obtained in 21 healthy former UNTAC soldiers matched for age, sex and military force. The numbers of intracellular interleukin 4 (IL-4) and interferon gamma- (IFN-gamma) producing CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes (CD3+) were determined after in vitro stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and calcium ionophore in the presence of brefeldin to block secretion of induced cytokines. Circulating concentrations and lipopolysaccharide- (LPS) or phytohaemagglutinin- (PHA) stimulated whole-blood production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-1ra, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-10 and IFN-gamma were measured. The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes positive for IL-4 or IFN-gamma production were not significantly different in patients and control subjects. After stimulation with LPS or PHA, the in vivo circulating concentration and concentration of IL-10 and IFN-gamma were also similar.
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The present study demonstrates that there is no shift in cytokine balance towards a Th2 profile in former UNTAC soldiers with symptoms similar to those of the Gulf War syndrome. Final Decision: no