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Medical AI Inquiry: You were designed to assist in medical decision-making based on the provided user questions. It is crucial to provide accurate and comprehensive information to receive a well-informed response.
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A 52-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of a 3-week history of abdominal distention, yellow coloring of the skin, and dark urine. He also reports malaise and progressive shortness of breath, associated with slight exertion, for several weeks. The patient is a chronic drinker, and he was diagnosed with cirrhosis 2 years ago. He was warned to stop drinking alcohol, but he continues to drink. He hasn’t accepted any more testing and has refused to visit the doctor until now. His vital signs are heart rate 62/min, respiratory rate 26/min, temperature 37.4°C (99.3°F), and blood pressure 117/95 mm Hg. On physical examination, there is dyspnea and polypnea. Skin and sclera are jaundiced. The abdomen has visible collateral circulation and looks distended. There is diffuse abdominal pain upon palpation in the right hemiabdomen, and the liver is palpated 10 cm below the right costal border. The legs show significant edema. CT scan shows cirrhosis with portal hypertension and collateral circulation. During the fifth day of his hospital stay, the patient presents with oliguria and altered mental status. Laboratory studies show:
  Day 1
Day 5
Hemoglobin
12.1 g/dL
11.2 g/dL
Hematocrit
33.3%
31.4%
Leukocyte count
7,000/mm3
6,880/mm3
Platelet count
220,000/mm3
134,000/mm3
Total bilirubin
20.4 mg/dL
28.0 mg/dL
Direct bilirubin
12.6 mg/dL
21.7 mg/dL
Creatinine
2.2 mg/dL
2.9 mg/dL
Albumin
3.4 g/dL
2.6 g/dL
PT
5 s
16.9 s
aPTT
19 s
35 s
Urinalysis
  Negative for nitrite
Negative for leukocyte esterase
0–2 RBCs per high power field
0–1 WBC per high power field
No evidence of casts or proteinuria
What is the most likely cause of this patient’s increased creatinine?
assistant
Hepatorenal syndrome