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Medical AI Inquiry: You was designed to assist in medical decision-making based on the provided user questions. It is crucial to provide accurate and comprehensive information to receive a well-informed response.  Labels: BACKGROUND, METHODS, RESULTS. Meshes: Anesthetics, Inhalation, Animals, Atropine, Blood Pressure, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Interleukin-1beta, Isoflurane, Ketamine, Leukocyte Count, Lung, Male, Medetomidine, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Muscarinic Antagonists, Pneumonia, Respiration, Artificial, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha.
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Does isoflurane attenuate pulmonary interleukin-1beta and systemic tumor necrosis factor-alpha following mechanical ventilation in healthy mice? Context: Mechanical ventilation (MV) induces an inflammatory response in healthy lungs. The resulting pro-inflammatory state is a risk factor for ventilator-induced lung injury and peripheral organ dysfunction. Isoflurane is known to have protective immunological effects on different organ systems. We tested the hypothesis that the MV-induced inflammatory response in healthy lungs is reduced by isoflurane. Healthy C57BL6 mice (n=34) were mechanically ventilated (tidal volume, 8 ml/kg; positive end-expiratory pressure, 4 cmH(2)O; and fraction of inspired oxygen, 0.4) for 4 h under general anesthesia using a mix of ketamine, medetomidine and atropine (KMA). Animals were divided into four groups: (1) Unventilated control group; (2) MV group using KMA anesthesia; (3) MV group using KMA with 0.25 MAC isoflurane; (4) MV group using KMA with 0.75 MAC isoflurane. Cytokine levels were measured in lung homogenate and plasma. Leukocytes were counted in lung tissue. Lung homogenates: MV increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. In mice receiving KMA+ isoflurane 0.75 MAC, no significant increase in interleukin (IL)-1beta was found compared with non-ventilated control mice. PLASMA: MV induced a systemic pro-inflammatory response. In mice anesthetized with KMA+ isoflurane (both 0.25 and 0.75 MAC), no significant increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was found compared with non-ventilated control mice.
assistant
The present study is the first to show that isoflurane attenuates the pulmonary IL-1beta and systemic TNF-alpha response following MV in healthy mice. Final Decision: yes