The Mughal Empire had emperors.
Abu ' l Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad ( 3 November 1618 -- 3 March 1707 ) , commonly known as Aurangzeb or by his regnal title Alamgir ( `` He who seizes the universe '' ) , was the sixth , and widely considered the last effective Mughal Emperor . Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad ( 6 March 1508 -- 27 January 1556 ) better known by his regnal name , Humayun , was the second emperor of the Mughal Empire , who ruled over territory in what is now Afghanistan , Pakistan , and parts of northern India from 1531 -- 1540 and again from 1555 -- 1556 . Mughal Empire . During the reign of Humayun , the successor of Babur , the empire was briefly interrupted by the Sur Empire .