Julius Caesar held office.
Dictator perpetuo ( English : `` dictator in perpetuity '' ) , also called dictator in perpetuum , was the office held by Julius Caesar from 26 January or 15 February of the year 44 BCE until his death on 15 March . The First Triumvirate is a term historians use for an informal political alliance between three prominent men of the late Roman Republic : Julius Caesar , Pompey the Great , and Marcus Licinius Crassus . Gaius Julius Caesar ( [ ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.li.ʊs ˈkae̯.sar ] ; 13 July 100 BC -- 15 March 44 BC ) , known as Julius Caesar , was a Roman politician , general , and notable author of Latin prose . After assuming control of government , Caesar began a programme of social and governmental reforms , including the creation of the Julian calendar . He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed `` dictator in perpetuity '' , giving him additional authority .