A dyadic perspective on genito-pelvic pain : trauma antecedents and treatment effectiveness
Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD), a chronic, recurrent pain elicited via pressure to the vulvar vestibule or attempted vaginal penetration, is the most common form of pain during intercourse (genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder), and the most frequent cause of vulvar pain in pre-menopausal women. Because of its deleterious impact on sexuality, it carries a heavy psychosexual burden for afflicted women, who report impoverished sexual function, decreased sexual frequency and pleasure, and more negative attitudes about sex. Research among couples with PVD has demonstrated the prominent role of partner variables in the modulation of PVD-associated consequences for women, and the negative sexual and psychological consequences experienced by partners. Yet, a dyadic analysis has not been applied to the most robust etiological risk factor for adult-onset PVD, childhood trauma or maltreatment. Furthermore, despite repeated recommendations to include the partner in psychological treatment of PVD, no study to date has examined the effectiveness of a treatment that systematically includes the partner and targets the couple. The overarching goal of this thesis was to use a dyadic perspective in examining trauma antecedents of PVD and treatment effectiveness of an intervention designed to improve outcomes for couples with PVD.  The first article aimed to examine associations between childhood maltreatment of both women with PVD and their partners and their sexual functioning, psychological adjustment and couple satisfaction, as well as women’s reported pain during sexual intercourse. Forty-nine couples with PVD completed self-report questionnaires. Women’s childhood maltreatment was associated with lower sexual functioning for women and men, increased anxiety for women only, and increased affective pain during sexual intercourse. Male partners’ childhood maltreatment was associated with lower sexual functioning, decreased couple satisfaction and increased anxiety for women and men, and higher affective pain reported by women during sexual intercourse.  Drawing from the recommendations in the empirical literature, a Cognitive-Behavioural Couple Therapy (CBCT) for PVD was developed. The second article presents the results from its pilot testing for potential effectiveness, reliability and feasibility. Nine couples completed pre- and post-treatment self-report measures following the 12-session, manualized intervention. Women reported significant improvements in pain, sexual function and satisfaction, and partners reported significant improvements in sexual satisfaction. Exploratory analyses revealed improvements in anxiety, depression and pain-related cognitions, such as pain catastrophizing, for both women and partners. Couples reported high rates of treatment satisfaction and therapists reported good treatment reliability. The third article, building on the promising pilot study results, describes the research protocol for a randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of CBCT compared to a first-line medical intervention, topical lidocaine, for the treatment of PVD. In this ongoing trial, couples with PVD are randomized to one of the two treatment options. The clinical and theoretical implications of the thesis are discussed.
Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder dyspareunia vulvodynia provoked vestibulodynia couple therapy cognitive-behavioural therapy sexual function sexual satisfaction childhood maltreatment dyspareunie vulvodynie