L’impact des capacités d'inhibition et de flexibilité cognitive sur le taux de réussite d'une thérapie cognitivo-comportementale pour les tics chroniques
Tics are involuntary motor movements or vocalizations which are sudden, rapid, stereotyped, non-rhythmic and repetitive (Bloch & Leckman, 2009). According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5), Tourette’s Disorder (TD) includes multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic that can be observed multiple times every day for more than a year (APA, 2013). When at least one motor or vocal tic can be observed for at least a year, Chronic Tic Disorder (CTD) is diagnosed instead.  Multiple studies show similarities between TD and CTD for comorbidities as well as associated neuropsychological and psychosocial variables (Spencer & al., 1995; Shapiro & Shapiro, 1982). Many authors suggest that CTD is actually a milder form of TD (Jedynak, 2004). The harmful effects of chronic tics on social, academic or professional life are extensively documented in the scientific literature (Cavanna, Servo, Monaco & Robertson, 2009; Robertson, 2006; Thibert, Day & Sandor, 1995). Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) represent an alternative to medications whose side effects can sometimes be incapacitating. However, their success rate is highly variable, from 30% to 67% depending on the study (Verdellen, Van de Griendt, Hartmann & Murphy, 2011; Piacentini & al., 2010; O’Connor et al., 2015, 2008, 2005a, 2005b, 2001, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c). For this reason, many authors tried to predict the therapeutic success rate by using a series of neuropsychological factors in order to explain these variations. The general consensus is that the success rate of a CBT depends on executive functioning, notably on inhibition and cognitive flexibility.  Participants in this study are adults aged 18 to 50 suffering from TD or CTD (n = 92) who are compared to participants without a diagnosed psychiatric or neurological disorder (n = 56). The data was collected at the Centre d’Étude sur les Troubles Obsessionnels-Compulsifs et les Tics (CÉTOCT) between 2003 and 2013. The objective of the first part of this study was to compare the inhibition and cognitive flexibility of a group of participants with chronic tics and a group of neurotypical participants (control group). On the other hand, the aim of the second component was to measure inhibition and cognitive flexibility in two subgroups of participants : a subgroup that strongly succeeded in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for chronic tics and another with weak success. The results showed that participants with chronic tics had significantly lower inhibition and cognitive flexibility than a control group. However, only cognitive flexibility can significantly predict the therapeutic success rate associated with CBT for chronic tics.
Inhibition Tourette’s Disorder Chronic Tic Disorder Cognitive flexibility Neuropsychology Psychology Cognitive-behavioral therapy