Éco-épidémiologie de la maladie de Lyme dans le Sud-Ouest du Québec : étude des facteurs environnementaux associés à son établissement
Since the 90s in Canada, studies have identified new endemic areas for the agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi and the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. These newly endemic areas for complex I. scapularis - B. burgdorferi are prime areas to study the transmission cycle in its environmental context. The main objective of this project is to study the spirochete-tick-host relationships and environmental factors involved in the transmission cycle from the data of the vector and the pathogen collected in southwestern Quebec, 2007 to 2008. First, a description of the seasonality of ticks and associations between the vector and captured rodent hosts was performed. The identification of specific seasonality at each stage of the tick I. scapularis establishes months conducive to make the future collections of ticks. Synchronous seasonality of questing immature ticks may also be an indicator of the nature or strain of B. burgdorferi found. In addition, the association of immature ticks in different species or different classes of hosts (i.e. age, sex, reproductive status) was explored. The Peromyscus mice and adult males in particular contributed significantly to the survival and development of complex I. scapularis-B. burgdorferi. Chipmunks and squirrels also contributed to the survival and development of I. scapularis populations. Second, the associations between vector and examined deer was described taking into account the environmental factors associated with the level of infestation and the use of deer as sentinels for the vector and the pathogen was evaluated. According to our results, the deer are effective sentinels to detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum, but seem ineffective or imprecise to detect endemic areas for complex I. scapularis-B. burgdorferi. Finally, an analysis of the impact of the host diversity and habitat on the abundance of I. scapularis and prevalence of B. burgdorferi considering other environmental factors was performed. These analyzes were used to determine the critical factors in the establishment of complex I. scapularis-B. burgorferi and explore the relative contribution of various host species. According to our studies, the diversity of the host community and habitat influences the complex I. scapularis-B. burgdorferi. On the other hand, the climate (temperature and precipitation) plays a significant role in the establishment, survival and development of the I. scapularis populations. This study allowed us to explore and identify various biotic and abiotic environmental factors influencing the establishment of complex I. scapularis-B. burgdorferi in southwestern Quebec. These environmental factors could be used as environmental indicators of the risk of Lyme disease in Quebec and possibly elsewhere in Canada.
borrelia burgdorferi anaplasma phagocytophilum Lyme disease eco-epidemiology environmental factors rodents deer Quebec ixodes scapularis