Procéduralisme épistémique et légitimité démocratique : une défense de l'égalité politique
This study explores the relationship between democracy and political legitimacy in an epistemic perspective. Democracy, in its most general sense, gives everyone the possibility to defend its interests, especially during an election. This decision-making process that is the vote devotes somehow freedom and equality enjoyed by all citizens, and confers legitimacy in decision making. That beeing said, if the vote is not framed by epistemic considerations, there is no guarantee that the political outcome will be desirable for the community: it is quite possible to imagine that discriminatory, economically harmful or ineffective policies may emerge from such decision-making process, and take effect at the expense of all.  In order to adress this problem, various democratic theories have emerged and have succeeded in an attempt to further link the democratic process to achieve political objectives beneficial to the community. In many of them, deliberative democracy has proposed to substitute the sole confrontation of interests of the aggregative democracy by a collective search for the common good, channeled around deliberative procedures referred to legitimize on more solid foundations democratic exercise. In the same vein, epistemic democracy was inspired by the deliberative bodies by putting more emphasis on the quality of the results than on the procedures themselves.  Ultimately, the same dilemma haunts every time the different theories: is it better to build decision-making bodies, focusing primarily on procedural criteria themselves, at the risk of bad decisions managing their way through the process, or must we have from the outset a more substantial conception of what constitutes a good decision, this time at the risk of sacrificing the freedom of choice that is supposed to characterize a democratic regime?  The thesis we will defend is that the concept of political equality can be used to resolve this dilemma, taken as well as a procedural criterion than as a pre-established political objective. Political equality is in this sense a strong normative source of political legitimacy. In the end, we hope to have shown that the achievement of substantial political equality by means of egalitarian procedures is not an hermetic tautology, but rather a reflexive mechanism improving the robustness of the decision-making procedures while achieving substantive equality in the relations between citizens.
Philosophy Democracy Legitimacy Epistemology Equality