Le GABA comme marqueur de récupération suite à une commotion cérébrale dans le sport ?
The recent demonstration of a link between sport concussions and the possible development of neurodegenerative disorders suggests that these injuries could induce long-term alterations in the brain of athletes. In fact, neurophysiological abnormalities have recently been shown via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in primary motor cortex (M1) of asymptomatic concussed athletes. Specifically, the cortical silent period (CSP), a measure of GABAB-related inhibition, was prolonged and this hyper-inhibition was observed up to 30 years post-concussion. Therefore, the CSP, and possibility abnormal GABA transmission, may become objective markers of lingering effects of sport concussions. However, no study to date has directly assessed GABA levels in concussed athletes.   Therefore, the clinical and methodological studies included in the present thesis comprise two main objectives: (1) to determine whether excessive inhibition (GABA and CSP) is a marker of the persistent effects of concussion; (2) to assess the possibility of non-invasively modulating intracortical inhibition in order to develop future treatments aiming to normalize aberrant inhibition.  Study 1 reveals normal sensorimotor interactions, somatosensory processing and GABAA-related intracortical inhibition in M1 of asymptomatic athletes who sustained multiple concussions in comparison with athletes who never sustained a concussion. However, a specific enhancement of GABAB-related intracortical inhibition is observed in athletes on average 24 months after the last concussion.  In study 2, no alteration of GABAB-related intracortical inhibition is revealed in a group of athletes who sustained 1 to 5 sport concussions on average 41 months after the last concussion, in comparison with control athletes. In addition, while no alterations were present for GABA and glutamate levels in M1 using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), both groups displayed differential correlations between GABA and glutamate, which suggests the presence of a slight metabolic imbalance between the two metabolites in the concussed brain.   Study 3 highlighted, in healthy individuals, a relationship between the CSP and MRS-derived glutamatergic transmission, as well as GABA and glutamate levels. These results reveal a link between excitatory and inhibitory transmission in M1 and suggest that the CSP does not directly reflect GABA concentrations measured with MRS.   Results from study 4 showed that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can reduce the length of the CSP in healthy individuals, suggesting the existence of a therapeutic potential associated with the use of this technique.   Study 5 thoroughly describes a protocol that aims at assessing the effects of bilateral tDCS on M1 metabolism using MRS. Using this protocol, study 6 reveals, in healthy individuals, no significant modulation of GABAergic inhibition as assessed with MRS. The study also shows, in an additional experiment, that anodal tDCS does not modulate MRS-derived GABA and glutamate levels.   In summary, the six studies included in the present thesis have helped increase our understanding of the neurophysiological and metabolic long-term effects of sport concussions. In addition, these experiments have shed light into the mechanism of action of several methods, including TMS, tDCS and MRS.
GABA Glutamate Neuromodulation Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Motor cortex Sport concussion Transcranial magnetic stimulation Transcranial direct currect stimulation Traumatic brain injury