Étude du rôle de CD47 comme nouvelle cible de la protéine Vpu du VIH-1 dans la pathogenèse virale
Remodelling of the host cell plasma membrane is one of the strategies used by HIV to evade host immune responses. One of the accessory proteins of HIV-1, the viral protein U (Vpu), plays a key role in this process by downregulating the expression of several cell-surface molecules. In the context of plasma membrane profiling studies of T cells inducibly-expressing HIV-1 Vpu, we identified the cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47) as a putative target downregulated by Vpu. CD47 is a ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein involved in many cellular processes, such as inhibition of phagocytosis via its interaction with the signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), a surface receptor mainly expressed by myeloid cells, such as macrophages. In addition, CD47 modulates caspase-independent apoptosis directly through its ligation induced by thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) or specific anti-CD47 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Macrophages are important targets of HIV-1, they are infected at early stages of infection despites the absence of macrophage (M)-tropic viruses, and several studies suggested that the infection of macrophages might result from phagocytosis of HIV-1-infected CD4+ T lymphocytes. In this context, we investigated whether Vpu-mediated CD47 downregulation during infection of T cells promotes the phagocytosis by macrophages and contributes to their infection. We firstly confirmed that surface CD47 is downregulated by HIV-1, in a Vpu-dependent manner by using either laboratory adapted or transmitted/founder (T/F) strains. Furthermore, cocultures of HIV-1-infected T cells with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) revealed that CD47 downregulation by Vpu promotes capture and phagocytosis of infected T cells by MDMs. Importantly, while MDMs were weakly susceptible to infection by cell-free T/F virus, coculture experiments of MDMs with T/F virus-infected T cells led to infection of MDMs and release of infectious particles. Mechanistically, Vpu-mediated depletion of CD47 was found to require the transmembrane domain (TMD), the SCFβTrCP1/2 E3 ubiquitin ligase-interacting diserine motif (DSGNES), as well as the trafficking motif (ExxxLV) of Vpu. Indeed, Vpu can form a physical complex with CD47 through its TMD and target CD47 for lysosomal degradation, consistent with a mechanism whereby Vpu alters the trafficking and/or turnover of CD47 at the plasma membrane.  To better define the functional implications of the Vpu-mediated CD47 downregulation, we subsequently evaluated whether this would regulate apoptosis. We confirmed that anti-CD47 mAb CC2C6 was able to induce CD47 ligation and promote apoptosis in a CD47-dependent manner. Furthermore, we showed that Vpu inhibited the response of HIV-1-infected cells to apoptosis following CD47 ligation induced by CC2C6 mAb.  Altogether, our results highlight a novel function of Vpu in promoting infection of macrophages by increasing the phagocytosis of HIV-1-infected T cells through a process that involves downregulation of surface CD47. This finding provides new insights into the mechanisms governing the intercellular transmission of HIV-1 and the establishment of infection in macrophages during early stages of infection, a key step for a systematic viral transmission and potentially the establishment of persistent viral reservoirs. Our results also identify a new mechanism by which HIV-1 modulates apoptosis of infected T cells to optimize its replication and dissemination. A better understanding of these processes is important for developing novel therapeutic and vaccine strategies against HIV-1 infection.
Vpu CD47 Phagocytosis Apoptosis