Apprentissage de représentations sur-complètes par entraînement d’auto-encodeurs
Progress in the machine learning domain allows computational system to address more and more complex tasks associated with vision, audio signal or natural language processing. Among the existing models, we find the Artificial Neural Network (ANN), whose popularity increased suddenly with the recent breakthrough of Hinton et al. [22], that consists in using Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) for performing an unsupervised, layer by layer, pre-training initialization, of a Deep Belief Network (DBN), which enables the subsequent successful supervised training of such architecture. Since this discovery, researchers studied the efficiency of other similar pre-training strategies such as the stacking of traditional auto-encoder (SAE) [5, 38] and the stacking of denoising auto-encoder (SDAE) [44]. This is the context in which the present study started. After a brief introduction of the basic machine learning principles and of the pre-training methods used until now with RBM, AE and DAE modules, we performed a series of experiments to deepen our understanding of pre-training with SDAE, explored its different proprieties and explored variations on the DAE algorithm as alternative strategies to initialize deep networks. We evaluated the sensitivity to the noise level, and influence of number of layers and number of hidden units on the generalization error obtained with SDAE. We experimented with other noise types and saw improved performance on the supervised task with the use of pepper and salt noise (PS) or gaussian noise (GS), noise types that are more justified then the one used until now which is masking noise (MN). Moreover, modifying the algorithm by imposing an emphasis on the corrupted components reconstruction during the unsupervised training of each different DAE showed encouraging performance improvements. Our work also allowed to reveal that DAE was capable of learning, on naturals images, filters similar to those found in V1 cells of the visual cortex, that are in essence edges detectors. In addition, we were able to verify that the learned representations of SDAE, are very good characteristics to be fed to a linear or gaussian support vector machine (SVM), considerably enhancing its generalization performance. Also, we observed that, alike DBN, and unlike SAE, the SDAE had the potential to be used as a good generative model. As well, we opened the door to novel pre-training strategies and discovered the potential of one of them : the stacking of renoising auto-encoders (SRAE).
Neural network Deep architecture Unsupervised learning Denoising autoencoder Restricted Boltzmann machine