Les récepteurs GPR91 et GPR99 et leur implication dans le développement du système nerveux visuel
G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) show a greater role in activating mechanism usually associated to transcription factors or cell adhesion molecules. New evidence shows that some of these receptors have an impact on axon guidance, the mechanism by which neurons’ axons are able to grow from their origin and reach their anatomical target. Guidance is mediated via a structure at the tip of the axon called the growth cone, which can interact with surrounding molecules. Axons from retinal ganglion cells (RCGs) navigating from the retina to the cerebral nuclei associated with vision, are sensitive to some of the GPCR ligands. These GPCRs are the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and the GPR55, a receptor for lysophosphatidylinositol. GPR91 and GPR99, respectively receptors for succinate and α-ketoglutarate, are expressed in RGCs making them prime candidates to have an impact on axon guidance. In this thesis, we will test the role of GPR91 and GPR99 ligands on RCG axon growth and guidance.   To assess the impact of these receptors and their ligands on axon growth and guidance, first we evaluated their effects on growth cone morphology. To achieve this, we measured growth cone size and filopodia numbers, when exposed to 100 µM of succinate or 200µM of α-ketoglutarate. The effects of these ligands on axon growth were evaluated by measuring the total axon outgrowth from retinal explants. The role of GPR91 and GPR99 on growth cone turning, was determined by exposing a growing axon to a gradient of these ligands, originating from a micropipette situated 100 µm and 45° from the growth cone. The expression of these receptors in the retina was evaluated using immunohistochemistry.  Results showed that the addition of 100 µM succinate induced an increase in both growth cone size and filopodia number. It also increased total axon growth. α-ketoglutarate, at a concentration of 200 µM, produced similar results. Noteworthy, both ligands had no effect on growth cone turning.  In brief, these results indicate that GPR91 and GPR99 agonists induce an increase in RGC growth when present during development. They, however, have no effects on RGC growth cone turning. These new data provide a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling RGC development.
GPR91 GPR99 Visual Nervous system RCG GCPR Development