L’interprétation mécaniste des communautés et des écosystèmes
The concepts of ecosystem and community are central to ecological explanations. However, since the introduction of these concepts, their ontological status is controversial. Taking as a starting point the mechanistic explanatory theories in philosophy of science, I argue that ecosystems and communities are mechanisms. More precisely, I suggest that they are entities and activities organized in such a way as to exhibit regular and precise phenomenons (Machamer, Darden, Craver 2000). While entities are the components of the mechanisms (ex: species, ecological niche), activities are the causal relations that produce changes (ex: photosynthesis, predation). Finally, the interaction of the entities and the activities produce emerging properties that are unique to the community and ecosystem level (ex: pH, biomass). By using the manipulationniste theory of Woodward (2003) and the experimental results of Swenson and Wilson (2000), I argue that it is possible to identify the causal components of the ecosystems and communities and their relations to one another. Since it is possible to manipulate empirically and counterfactually ecosystems and communities, I conclude that they are real entities.
Manipulation Ecology Biology Community Ecosystem Ontology Manipulation Mechanism Explanation Robustness Philosophy