Réactivité posturale et inconfort subjectif induits par un stimulus visuel
It is well know by eye care professionals that fitting progressive lenses on a presbyopic patient can induce some discomfort and postural difficulties (Timmis, Johnson, Eliott, & Buckley, 2010). The complaints are directly related to the visual information seen through progressive lenses. The main objective of this thesis is to identify the parameters of a visual stimulus (e.g. temporal frequency or velocity) causing the postural perturbation and discomfort. Dynamic distortions perceived in progressive lenses are similar to movements of a boat that rolls from side to side or pitches back and forth. This type of stimulation was reproduced in a full immersive virtual environment with simulated a black and white checkerboard at floor level. This checkerboard periodically swayed at different frequencies and amplitudes. Studies on this topic reveal that visually induced postural responses increase with stimulus velocity and decrease as frequency increases. This information may seem contradictory because these two variables are linked by the amplitude and covary in the same direction. The first objective was to determine the possible causes of this contradiction. Our results show that the postural response to the visual stimulus can be divided into several different areas depending on the frequency range. The first area corresponds to frequencies below 0,12Hz. In this category, postural response is dependent on visual information and increased with stimulus velocity. The second area corresponds to frequencies above 0,25Hz. In this category, postural response saturates and decreases with increasing frequency. This saturation seems to be caused by biomechanical and frequency limitations of the postural system. Other studies have examined subjective discomfort induced by periodic visual stimuli. In the scientific community, two main theories exist: the sensory conflict theory and the postural instability theory. The first theory is based on sensory conflicts induced by the visual stimulus while the second theory suggests that postural discomfort is the result of postural instability. Our results show that subjective discomfort induced by dynamic visual stimulation depends on the velocity of the stimulus rather than its frequency. Discomfort can be predicted by the natural instability of individuals in the absence of visual stimuli as suggested by the postural theory. However, postural instability induced by a dynamic visual stimulus is neither necessary nor sufficient to cause discomfort. According to our results, neither the sensory conflict theory, nor the postural instability theory on their own can explain all the mechanisms behind the appearance of subjective discomfort. These two theories are complementary, one explaining that the intrinsic instability is a predictor of discomfort; the other that discomfort induced by a dynamic visual stimulus involves a conflict between sensory input and representations obtained by the individual.
Posture Subjective discomfort Velocity Temporal frequency