Déterminants moléculaires de la scoliose idiopathique de l'adolescent
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of scoliosis that affects 3-4% of the global pediatric population. In more than 85% of cases, no specific cause can be identified. Such cases are called idiopathic and occur mostly during adolescence. AIS affects mainly females in number and severity. Over the past years, many hypotheses were proposed to explain the etiology of AIS, including genetic, biochemical, mechanics, neurological, muscular and hormonal factors. Several studies have reported a high incidence of scoliosis in some families, which argues for a genetic cause of this disease. We demonstrated that AIS patients have a Gi protein signaling defect and exhibit high levels of circulating Osteopontin (OPN). The goal of this thesis is to identify the mechanisms regulating OPN signaling activity in AIS patients. We have used a candidate gene driven approach and discovered that protein tyrosine phosphatase μ (PTP μ) regulates α5β1 integrin (a known OPN receptor) through phosphate kinase type 1 gamma (PIPK1γ). To achieve our goal, we have used primary osteoblast cell cultures derived from AIS patients and biopsies from control subjects. Bone specimens were obtained intraoperatively from vertebras (varying from T3 to L4 according to the surgical procedure performed) while with trauma cases used as non-scoliotic controls, bone specimens were obtained from other anatomical sites (tibia, femur or iliac crest). Expression profiles of the RPTPM gene (encoding for PTPμ) were studied by qPCR. On the other hand, PTPμ protein levels were determined by immunoprecipitation followed by western blot. To evaluate the role of this protein in AIS etiopathogenesis, we took advantage of an animal model exhibiting a higher scoliosis incidence when maintained in a bipedal state. [1], [2] Bipedal surgeries were performed on C57Bl/6 mice after weaning (5-weeks after birth) by amputation of the forelimbs and tail under anesthesia as reported by Oyama et al. (2006). [1] We used the same approach with PTPμ knockout mice and primary osteoblast culture were derived from the spine of these mice to assess Gi protein signaling through a functional assay termed Cellular Dielectric Spectroscopy (CDS). Bipedal PTPμ knockout mice develop scoliosis more often (85%) in number and severity, than control C57Bl/6 bipedal mice (55%). Interestingly, functional analysis of osteoblasts derived from PTPμ KO mice by CDS method showed a flaw in the transmission of Gi protein coupled receptor signaling similar to a specific AIS patient subgroup. Furthermore, the clinical relevance of PTPμ was strengthened by the fact that a decrease in the gene expression level of PTPμ was observed in 34 AIS patients when compared to 17 control subjects. Such a decrease was also confirmed at the protein level. We demonstrated that genetic deletion of PTPμ enhances the incidence and severity of scoliosis without affecting plasma levels of OPN or the expression of its receptors. In contrast, increased interaction of OPN with β1 integrin was noticed in cells depleted of PTPμ. Furthermore, reduction of Gi- protein coupled receptor GiPCR signaling by OPN was also enhanced in these cells, while their response to GiPCR stimulation was improved with siRNA of phosphatidylinositol-phosphate kinase type 1 gamma (PIPK1γ), a PTPμ substrate that favours ligand binding to integrins. These studies provide the first indication that the loss of PTPμ influences the nature of idiopathic scoliosis, possibly by amplifying the inhibitory effect of OPN on GiPCR signaling. This study allows a better understanding of AIS etiology and could have an impact for the future development of innovative diagnostic methods and eventual pharmacological approaches in order to prevent AIS and stop its progression in affected children.
Osteopontin Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) G proteins Osteopontin Signaling Protein tyrosine phosphatase μ (PTP μ)