Contribution de la Glycoprotéine M dans la Sortie de HSV-1
Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an infectious agent causing herpes, which affects a large population worldwide. Herpes is generally considered a benign disease whose most common form is oral herpes (commonly called "cold sores"), but it can be very serious and cause herpetic blindness and encephalitis, and even be lethal in some cases. The virus can persist throughout life in the body of its host. So far, no treatment can eliminate the virus and no vaccine has proven effective in controlling herpes infections. HSV-1 has a double-stranded DNA genome embedded in an icosahedral capsid surrounded by a lipid envelope. Thirteen viral glycoproteins are located in the envelope and are known or believed to play different roles in different stages of the viral replication cycle, including attachment, entry, assembly, and viral propagation. Among these envelope glycoproteins, glycoprotein M (gM) is the only nonessential glycoprotein but is conserved in all the herpesviridae family. Recently, the homologue of gM in Pseudorabies virus (PRV), another herpesvirus, has been implicated in the final phase of assembly (e.g. the cytoplasmic envelopment) at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) ([1]). However, it was suggested that this does not apply to HSV-1 ([2]). Moreover, unlike its TGN localization in transfected cells, HSV-1 gM localizes to the nuclear membrane and on the perinuclear virions during infection. The objective of the project presented here was to clarify the relationship of the location and function of HSV-1 gM in the context of an infection. In the results reported here, we first describe a specific and active mechanism of nuclear targeting of HSV-1 gM. In early phase of infection, gM is targeted to the nuclear membrane in a virus dependent manner. This occurs before the known reorganization of the TGN induced by the virus and before gM enters the secretory pathway. This active and specific nuclear targeting of gM seemingly does not depend on the functional interaction partners proposed in the literature. These data suggest that nuclear gM could have a new role independent of that in the final envelopment in the cytoplasm. In the second part of the work presented here, we focused iv our efforts on the role of gM in virus assembly in the late phase of infection and define an important functional domain within gM. Our results highlight the importance of the carboxyl-terminal domain of gM in the intracellular transport of gM from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi apparatus, in the cytoplasmic envelopment of the capsids and the intercellular spread of the virus. Hence, gM ER export was completely compromised in transfected cells after deletion of its C-terminal tail. Deletion of the gM cytoplasmic tail in mutant viruses resulted in a slight reduction in viral titer and plaque size. The analysis of these mutants by electron microscopy showed an accumulation of nucleocapsids without envelope in the cytoplasm compared to wild-type virus. Interestingly, this phenotype is apparent in BHK cells but not in 143B cells, hinting that the importance of gM may be cell type specific. Finally, screening of interaction partners of C-terminal domain of gM identified by the two-hybrid system allowed us to propose several interesting candidates that may regulate the function of gM in the virus morphogenesis and propagation.
herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein gM (gM)