Les ondes en sommeil lent au cours du vieillissement normal : marqueurs du processus homéostatique et de la cognition
Slow waves (SW) and spindles are hallmarks of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Both types of oscillations are particularly vulnerable to the effects of aging as early as middle-age. However, the functional significance of these changes is still unknown. SW are sensitive markers of homeostatic sleep pressure which increases with the duration of wakefulness and decreases with sleep duration. The hypothesis that changes in SW may reflect impaired homeostatic regulation is still a matter of debate in the literature. Furthermore, spindles and SW are both associated with brain plasticity and cognition. Few studies have evaluated the correspondence between NREM sleep oscillations and cognitive functioning in normal aging and the results are inconsistent. The objective of this thesis is to determine how age affects the homeostatic response of SW and to evaluate the association between characteristics of NREM sleep oscillations and cognitive performance in middle-aged and elderly participants. The first study evaluated the impact of 25-hours of wakefulness on SW during daytime recovery sleep in young adults and middle-aged participants. Compared to young adults, middle-aged participants showed lower SW density rebound after sleep deprivation. They also showed reduced enhancement of neuronal synchronization in frontal and prefrontal areas, measured by the SW slope and amplitude. The second study evaluated whether spindles, SW and sleep architecture during baseline sleep predict performance in neuropsychological tests measuring attentional capacities, executive functions and verbal learning among healthy middle-aged and older participants. Only verbal fluency was associated with SW density and SW slope. Thus, SW characteristics do not appear to be a stable marker of cognitive functioning. Compared to SW, spindle characteristics were associated more systematically with cognitive performances and especially with learning abilities and attentional functions.   Taken as a whole, this thesis suggests that the lower enhancement of neuronal synchronization in anterior brain regions after sleep deprivation is explained by a reduced synaptic plasticity in middle-aged participants compared to young participants. However, the ability to generate synchronized neuronal activity, as measured by the SW, does not predict the ability to maintain sleep during the day nor cognitive performances consistently. Spindles, in turn, represent a more robust marker of cognitive functioning during normal aging. Spindles may reflect better anatomical/physiological integrity of the neural networks involved in attentional and learning abilities.
Mémoire Cognition Sleep Normal aging Sleep spindles Slow waves Sleep homeostasis Memory Cognition