Analyse de la pratique et des besoins des acteurs pour l’utilisation d’aides à la communication en déficience intellectuelle
This research targets the practices in Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who work with individuals who have an intellectual disability (ID). Prior research has shown that speech generating devices (SGDs) can help individuals with ID to improve their communication. However, these studies were conducted under ideal conditions, which do not necessarily reflect those that prevail in typical clinical settings. We have little information about AAC practices with individuals with ID or about the efficacy of SGD attribution and AAC intervention under typical conditions. The goals of this research are therefore to describe AAC practices of SLPs with individuals who have an ID, to document the users’ perspectives on the outcome of AAC interventions and to describe the parents’ implication and their abilities to support their child’s use of an SGD in order to propose an intervention model that takes into account these different perspectives. Qualitative methods were chosen to address these questions. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven French-speaking SLPs and with the parents or foster families of ten SGD users, and structured interviews with eight SGD users. These interviews were analyzed in order to gather information about research questions. An evaluation tool, made of graphic symbols, was developed to gather information from SGD users about their use of their SGD, their satisfaction, and communication priorities, and about their appreciation of their SGDs. A conceptual framework was developed based on clinical practice guidelines to analyze SLP’s interviews, and a thematic analysis was conducted with semi-open coding. Open coding was used for the data from parents’ interviews, and descriptive analysis of the SGD users’ responses was performed. Steps were taken to ensure credibility of the findings; in particular a focus group was conducted with seven of the participating SLPs to validate the interview results. The results showed that the SGDs are used most frequently in school settings. They are used only occasionally in leisure activities and in the community, but these are the contexts in which the users were most dissatisfied with their communication and in which they most frequently indicated priorities for communication. Factors that explain these results were identified through thematic analysis. SLPs lack the tools they need to perform a comprehensive evaluation of the users’ capacities. They lack procedures for involving parents in the evaluation and for obtaining a thorough description of their child’s communication needs. This might result in attribution of SGSs and identification of vocabulary that do not meet the user’s needs. Some of the SLPs lack sufficient knowledge and do not have SGDs available for trials with their clients, resulting in a less-than-perfect matches between the users and the SGDs. Lack of professional resources leaves parents without support to make changes needed in times of transition in their child’s life. Parents may be unable to support their child’s use of SGD in a variety of contexts. An attribution and AAC intervention model is proposed in order to improve AAC intervention and SLP’s practices.
augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) intellectual disability professional practices parents' role consumers' perspectives