Contribution à l’évaluation de la toxicocinétique humaine du bisphénol S
The measurement of bisphenol-S (BPS) and its glucurono-conjugate (BPSG) in urine may be used for the biomonitoring of exposure in populations. However, this requires a thorough knowledge of their toxicokinetics. The time courses of BPS and BPSG were assessed in accessible biological matrices of orally and dermally exposed volunteers. Under the approval of the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Montreal, six volunteers were orally exposed to a BPS-d8 deuterated dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight (bw). One month later, 1 mg/kg bw of BPS-d8 were applied on 40 cm2 of the forearm and then washed 6 h after application. Blood samples were taken prior to dosing and at fixed time periods over 48 h after treatment; complete urine voids were collected pre-exposure and at pre-established intervals over 72 h postdosing.  Following oral exposure, the plasma concentration–time courses of BPS-d8 and BPSG-d8 over 48 h evolved in parallel and showed a rapid appearance and elimination. Average peak values (±SD) were reached at 0.7 ± 0.1 and 1.1 ± 0.4 h postdosing and mean (±SD) apparent elimination half-lives (t½) of 7.9 ± 1.1 and 9.3 ± 7.0 h were calculated from the terminal phase of BPS-d8 and BPSG-d8 in plasma, respectively. The fraction of BPS-d8 reaching the systemic circulation unchanged (i.e. bioavailability) was further estimated at 62 ± 5% on average (±SD) and the systemic plasma clearance at 0.57 ± 0.07 L/kg bw/h. Plasma concentration–time courses and urinary excretion rate profiles roughly evolved in parallel for both substances, as expected. The average percent (±SD) of the administered dose recovered in urine as BPS-d8 and BPSG-d8 over the 0–72 h period postdosing was 1.72 ± 1.3 and 54 ± 10%.  Following dermal application, plasma levels were under the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) at most time points. However, peak values were reached between 5 and 8 h depending on individuals, suggesting a slower absorption rate compared to oral exposure. Similarly, limited amounts of BPS-d8 and its conjugate were recovered in urine and peak excretion rates were reached between 5 and 11 h postdosing. The average percent (±SD) of the administered dose recovered in urine as BPS-d8 and BPSG-d8 was about 0.004 ± 0.003 and 0.09 ± 0.07%, respectively.  This study provided greater precision on the kinetics of this contaminant in humans and, in particular, evidenced major differences between BPA and BPS kinetics with much higher systemic levels of active BPS than BPA, an observation explained by a higher oral bioavailability of BPS than BPA. These data should also be useful in developing a toxicokinetic model for a better interpretation of biomonitoring data. Overall, this study provided greater precision on the kinetics of this contaminant in humans. These data will be useful in developing a toxicokinetic model for a better interpretation of biomonitoring data. For the oral route of exposure, the apparent similar absorption rate of BPS-d8 and BPSG-d8 after oral exposure suggests that free and conjugated forms of BPS reach the systemic blood circulation at about the same time interval. This indicates a first-pass effect in the liver, i.e. a conjugation of BPS-d8 in the liver before reaching the systemic circulation. Nevertheless, despite the first-pass effect, the bioavailability of BPS-d8 and therefore the proportion of unconjugated active form of BPS reaching the systemic bloodstream is relatively high. It is actually much higher than that of BPA. Free BPS was also found to have a longer plasma residence time than BPA. For the dermal route of exposure, data show that BPS quickly reaches systemic blood circulation and is therefore rapidly absorbed by skin. On the other hand, its elimination from the body appears to be slower after dermal exposure compared to its elimination after oral exposure. Furthermore, despite the fact that BPS is rapidly absorbed through the skin, the dermal absorption fraction was very small compared to the oral absorption fraction.
BPS BPSG Biomarkers of exposure Oral exposure Cutaneous exposure