Être impulsif rend moins altruiste : une expérience avec les diamants mandarins
Reciprocal altruism, the most probable mechanism for cooperation among unrelated individuals, can be modelled as a Prisoner’s Dilemma. This game predicts that cooperation should evolve whenever the players, who expect to interact repeatedly, adopt conditional strategies. Yet, experimental data suggest that reciprocity would be rare in animal societies, maybe because animals, compared to humans, are very impulsive. Several studies examining the effect of impulsiveness on cooperation have indeed found a negative impact of temporal discounting. On the other hand, the role of impulsive action, another facet of impulsiveness, remains unexplored, though it could also impede cooperation by affecting the capacity of individuals to flexibly adjust their behaviour to their partner’s decision. To address this hypothesis, we conducted an experiment with zebra finches (Taenyopigia guttata) that were paired assortatively with respect to their level of impulsive action and then played an Alternating Prisoner’s Dilemma. As anticipated, we found that mutual cooperation occurred more frequently between self-controlled partners than between impulsive ones, a difference that was caused by differences in the strategy used by both types of individuals. Specifically, self-controlled individuals used a Generous TFT strategy, as predicted by theory, whereas impulsive birds chose to cooperate with a fixed probability, which was independent of their partner’s previous decision. If the inability of impulsive individuals to use reactive strategies are due to their reduced working memory capacity, our findings might contribute to explaining interspecific differences in cooperative behaviour.
Impulsiveness Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma Reciprocal altruism Zebra finch