¿Cómo se conserva una lengua de herencia? El caso del español en Montreal
Why is it that in multilingual societies some children are able to speak the language of their immigrant parents while other children are not? We consider this question to be particularly pertinent in the Canadian multilingual and multicultural context, and more specifically, in the city of Montreal, home to the highest proportion Latin Americans in all of Canada (Pato 2010: 1).  The main objective of this research is to contribute new data on the transmission of Spanish as a heritage language in Montreal, a topic that to our knowledge has yet to be researched. In order to better understand this intergenerational phenomenon, two generational groups (parents and their children), each with eight members, were studied.  The data collected through questionnaires and sociolinguistic interviews offer an answer to the following research questions: (1) What are the factors that have the most influence in the maintenance of Spanish as a heritage language in Montreal? (2) What are the attitudes of parents and children towards the maintenance/loss of their heritage language? (3) What type of strategies do parents have to ensure and maintain the use of Spanish in their home? (4) What role does the bilingualism factor (French – English) play in the maintenance and loss of Spanish in Montreal? The analysis of our data reveals that the five most influential factors in the maintenance of Spanish in Montreal are: (i) exposure to the language; (ii) the use of formal language; (iii) motivation; (iv) contact with family members; (v) exposure to the heritage culture. Our data show that the families studied have a strong positive attitude towards the maintenance of their heritage language. We do not have evidence suggesting that the implementation of an explicit language “policy” or “rule” for the use of Spanish in the home contributes to its maintenance, as some have suggested. Finally, the data reveal that, contrary to our initial hypothesis, the French-English bilingual context particular to Montreal does not appear to have any substantial impact or influence on the maintenance or loss of Spanish in Montreal.
Heritage language Language maintenance Language loss Bilingualism Spanish as a heritage language Spanish in Montreal