Étude de l'oligomérisation et de la fonction de canaux ioniques par spectroscopie de fluorescence et fluorométrie en voltage imposé
The function of ion channels is finely regulated by structural changes of key domains controlling the pore opening. These structural modulations arise from interactions with the local environment, since several domains can be sensitive to specific physico-chemical properties. Movements generated in the structure become notably perceptible when channels open a passage for some ions, thus generating a measurable ionic current according to the electrochemical potential. A detailed description of these structure-function relationships is however difficult to obtain from measurements involving a set of identical channels, since the fluctuations and distributions of different individual properties remain hidden in an average. To differentiate these properties, single-molecule recordings are required. The main purpose of this thesis is to study the structural aspects and molecular mechanisms of ion channels using fluorescence spectroscopy at the single-molecule level. Studies are oriented towards the development or improvement of new methods. A class of pore-forming toxin served as a first study model. Single-molecule fluorescence was also used to study an ionotropic glutamate receptor, a glycine receptor and a prokaryotic potassium channel. The first part focuses on the study of stoichiometry using fluorescent subunit counting. This method allows a direct measure of the number of fluorescent monomers within a single complex by counting the number of step-wise fluorescence intensity decrease following photobleaching events. Here we present the first description, to our knowledge, of the dynamic assembly of a membrane protein in a lipid environment. The purified monomeric Cry1Aa toxin clusters with other monomers depending on the concentration and saturates in a tetrameric conformation. An automated method has been developed to determine the stoichiometry of GFP-tagged membrane proteins expressed on mammalian cell surface. Although this expression system is suitable for the study of proteins of mammalian origin, background fluorescence is particularly important and significantly increases the risk of error in the manual counting process. The presented method allows a fast and automated analysis based on fixed criteria. The algorithm responsible for counting fluorescent monomers was optimized from simulations and adjusts its detection parameters automatically according to the fluorescence trace recording. The composition of two ion channels was successfully verified using this program. Finally, single-molecule fluorescence is measured together with ionic current of KcsA channels using a voltage-clamp fluorometry setup. These combined recordings allowed us to describe the function of ion channels simultaneously to their position and density as they diffuse in a lipid membrane of defined composition. We observed clustering of KcsA channels for various lipid compositions. Clustering does not appear to be caused by protein-protein interaction, but rather by microdomains induced by the shape of reconstructed channels in the lipid bilayer. It seems that clustered KcsA channels could then become coupled, resulting in cooperative gating events with conductance levels multiple to the “normal” unitary channel conductance. Moreover, as opposed to what is currently suggested, KcsA does not require a negatively charged phospholipid for its function. Several of our recordings rather suggest that conically shaped lipids in the lamellar liquid crystalline phase are sufficient to allow single channel opening. Clustered channels can on the other hand overcome the energy barrier to open cooperatively in uncharged cylindrical lipids.
Single-molecule fluorescence Voltage-clamp fluorometry Ion channels