The impact of p53 mutations on the ER status and estrogen dependent growth of breast tumours
TP53 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in breast cancer (~30% tumors) and encodes the tumour suppressor p53. The majority of TP53 mutations observed in breast cancer are enriched in different subtypes, with an overall higher frequency of mutation found in the estrogen receptor negative (ER-) subtypes of HER2+ and basal-like (75-80%) compared to the ER+ subtypes of luminal A and B (15-30%). ER+ breast tumours are dependent on estrogens for growth and may be treated with endocrine therapies, whereas ER- tumours are resistant to such treatments. p53 has been reported to regulate ER expression, suggesting that mutations could contribute to loss of ER. We therefore hypothesized that the TP53 mutations found in ER- subtypes may directly or indirectly lead to loss of ER expression levels and of estrogen-dependent proliferation and antiestrogen sensitivity.  Wildtype TP53 expression in the ER+ breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was suppressed by CRISPR-Cas9. A panel of TP53 mutations was selected based on subtype bias, associated ER levels, and mutation frequency. This panel was then stably expressed into the TP53 KO clonal cell lines using retroviral expression vectors. Neither suppression of TP53 or introduction of mutations in combination with Nutlin-3a stimulation suppressed estrogen receptor expression in MCF7 cells. Furthermore, while sensitivity to Nutlin-3a was abolished in the mutant p53 bearing cell lines in proliferation assays in the presence of estradiol, no estrogen-independent proliferative capacity was observed. Finally, antiestrogen-mediated cell cycle arrest was not relieved upon TP53 KO. However, TP53 KO demonstrated an increased capacity for clonal growth in the absence of estrogens, and resistance to doxorubicin and ionizing radiation. Our results suggest that TP53 mutations are not involved in loss of ER+ related phenotypes but may act as mediators of transition to estrogen-independent growth.
breast cancer p53 ERα transcriptional regulation estrogen dependence cell cycle