Where there's smoke, there's fire : the brain reactivity of chronic smokers to anti-smoking stimuli
Background: Studies have shown that appetitive smoking-related stimuli trigger important cravings in smokers which promote the maintenance of smoking behavior. Neuroimaging studies have been valuable in elucidating the mechanisms underlying this clinical feature. However, another important but under-explored feature of tobacco dependence is the inability for aversive smoking-related stimuli, such as anti-smoking campaigns, to influence this craving and smoking response. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the goal of this study was three-fold: to examine the neurobiological response of chronic smokers when processing aversive smoking-related cues; to further characterize this response using control conditions (i.e., aversive nonsmoking-related, appetitive smoking-related cues); to examine the pattern of functional connectivity during this task between executive and affective systems that may interact in ways that promote or hinder the impact of aversive events. Methods: Thirty chronic smokers passively viewed aversive smoking-related, aversive nonsmoking-related, appetitive smoking-related and neutral images presented in a block design while being scanned. Results: Aversive smoking-related stimuli elicited significantly greater activation in the medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, inferior frontal gyrus and lateral orbitofrontal cortex than neutral stimuli. Aversive smoking-related stimuli elicited lower activation in medial/subcortical structures compared to the processing of aversive nonsmoking-related and appetitive smoking cues. Executive and affective systems are negatively associated when aversive cues are smoking-related, but not when nonsmoking-related. Conclusion: The brain activation pattern observed suggests that chronic smokers experience an aversive response when processing aversive smoking related stimuli, however we argue that the latter triggers a weaker negative emotional and driving response than the aversive nonsmoking-related and appetitive smoking-related cues respectively. Executive systems, activated during aversive smoking-related processing, may act to down-regulate activity in regions key to an affective and persuasive response; a mechanism that may reduce the extent to which “feeling bad” affects a change in behavior.
addiction tobacco craving anti-smoking neuroimaging connectivity toxicomanie