Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle de Cif1p, une protéine orpheline impliquée dans le phénomène épigénétique de viabilité de la levure S. pombe en absence de la chaperone calnexine
Protein folding is a vital process that involves many proteins of the cell. One of them is calnexin, a chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, calnexin is essential for survival of the cells. During structure-function studies on calnexin, our laboratory discovered a phenomenon allowing the viability of cells without this chaperone. This state, designated Cin for Calnexin INdependence, is induced by a calnexin mutant devoid of the highly conserved central domain (Δhcd_Cnx1p). Characterization of the Cin cells showed several exceptional properties such as dominance, non-Mendelian transmission and transmission via cell extracts devoid of nucleic acids of the Cin state. All these observations suggested that the Cin phenomenon is mediated via a prionic element.   To identify genes implicated in the Cin state, genetic screens were performed. They led to the identification of the cif1+ gene, for calnexin independence factor. This gene encodes an orphan protein, the overexpression of which stably induces a state of viability in the absence of calnexin. Notably, this state is genetically and phenotypically distinct from the previously isolated Cin state arising from Δhcd_Cnx1p expression. This suggests the presence of two parallel pathways both able to signal the induction of the Cin phenomenon. The exhaustive characterization of Cif1p showed that it is not the prion solely responsible for the Cin state, although it displays prion-like properties in vitro. Finally, nucleolar localization of Cif1p is required to induce the Cincif1 state, thus suggesting an unexpected interaction between the vital cellular role of calnexin and a function of the nucleolus.   While investigating Cif1p function in the cell, we observed that it interacts with ribosomal proteins of the large subunit, notably L3, but it does not sediment with assembled ribosomal subunits or whole ribosomes.  However, cells containing a genomic deletion of cif1 also have a disrupted ribosome content during stationary phase. Altogether, these results suggest that Cif1p has a role in ribosomal biogenesis during stationary phase. This growth-phase specific role correlates with the occurence during stationary phase of a cleavage in the N-terminal part of Cif1p. Recent studies from our laboratory proposed that calnexin plays an important role in apoptosis signaling, especially in stationary phase. Thus, a pathway implicating Cif1p, its nucleolar function in ribosome biosynthesis in stationary phase, calnexin and apoptosis signaling is starting to emerge. However more studies, notably on the exact function of Cif1p, the role of its cleavage and the other proteins implicated in the Cin state will be necessary to draw the complete scheme of this unprecedented cellular pathway.
Chaperone Schizosaccharomyces pombe Ribosome Calnexin Nucleolus Prion