La régulation de l’activité transcriptionnelle de FXRa par la phosphorylation, la SUMOylation et l’ubiquitination
Bile acids are crucial for the absorption of intestinal lipids, and are directly involved in the efflux pathway to eliminate cholesterol. At high concentrations, bile acids are cytotoxic and potentially carcinogenic. It is therefore essential to maintain bile acids to adequate levels in order to preserve optimal homeostasis. Nuclear receptor FXR is directly involved in bile acid homeostasis by being activated by bile acids to regulate critical genes required for their synthesis and their metabolism. FXR is also involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as having anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative roles. However, the exact mechanisms regulating the degradation and activity of FXR are not well understood. Therefore, elucidation of FXR activity and response to cellular signals is essential to develop novel strategies and therapeutic targets for pathologies associated with the metabolic syndrome.     Besides ligand activation, nuclear receptor can be regulated in a ligand-independent manner, mainly via post-translational modifications. Such modifications are important to allow homeostatic integration of diverse extracellular signals to ensure adaptation and transcriptional response of nuclear receptors. Among them, SUMOylation and ubiquitination are two modifications that modulate cellular localization of receptors, their interaction with protein partners, ligand binding and sensitivity, DNA affinity, receptor dimerisation, stability of their targets and transcriptional dynamics. Because of the important role of post-translational modifications in nuclear receptor function, we therefore study their specific impact in respect to FXR regulation and transcriptional competence.     In this study, we have identified and characterized a new and non-consensus SUMOylation site involved in the regulation of FXR activity. This site, termed pSuM for phosphorylation-dependent SUMOylation motif, consists of a targeted lysine residue that conjugates SUMO proteins under the control of kinase CK2-mediated phosphorylation. We also determined that such modification of FXR with SUMO-2 induced the recruitment of SUMO-dependent E3 ligase RNF4, resulting in FXR ubiquitination and degradation. We demonstrate that this signaling cascade involving CK2 and RNF4 is required for FXR transcriptional activation and regulation of target gene expression. Our findings identify a cellular pathway that allows a dynamic control of FXR function to ensure efficient bile acid and energy metabolism in cells.     In the second study, we identify a novel cellular signal that regulates FXR activity. Tyrosine kinase receptors of the EGFR/ErbB family are well known to participate in many signaling pathways, promoting cell growth and proliferation. Aberrant expression and activity of ErbB receptors are often associated to various cancers, leading to deregulated proliferation of tumors. Here, we show that ErbB activation leads to repression of FXR transcriptional activity by inducing FXR phosphorylation and specific SUMOylation at consensus sites. Because of the antiproliferative role of FXR, the negative impact of ErbB receptors on FXR transcriptional activity is thought to contribute to their tumorigenic potential.     Altogether, our results expand our understanding of the mechanisms regulating FXR expression and activity. Because of its important role in lipid and energy metabolism, the transcriptional response of FXR needs to be efficiently adapted to variations of cellular conditions in order to achieve essential homeostatic control. As such, post-translational modifications ensure a dynamic regulation of FXR activity and their pathologic deregulation may be involved in diverse diseases associated with metabolic syndrome.
SUMOylation Ubiquitination Phosphorylation CK2 RNF4 ErbB Bile acids Farnesoid X receptor, FXR SUMO-2 ErbBs Tyrosine kinase receptor