Nanopatterning and functionalization of phospholipid-based Langmuir-Blodgett and Langmuir-Schaefer films
In the past two decades, the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique has emerged as a bottom-up route to create nanostructured ultrathin films. Patterns consisting of parallel stripes, ∼100 to 200 nm in width, were generated via the LB deposition of mixed monolayers of 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) onto silicon and mica substrates. To expand the functionality of these patterns, 1-palmitoyl-2-(16-(S-methyldithio)hexadecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSDPPC) and 1-lauroyl-2-(12-(S-methyldithio)dodecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSDLPC) were used to prepare chemically heterogeneous films. These phospholipid analogues have a methyldisulfide group attached to one of the alkyl chain ends. An extensive study of the phase structure of Langmuir, Langmuir-Shaefer and LB films of DSDPPC and DSDLPC and their mixtures with DPPC or DLPC is presented in this thesis.  Limited control over the regularity and feature size of the DPPC/DLPC stripe pattern was achieved by varying the lipid composition, deposition pressure, and substrate withdrawal speed. A higher percentage of condensed versus fluid lipid, slower deposition speed, and lower surface pressure create more continuous and wider stripes. The addition of a lineactant, cholesterol, to the DPPC/DLPC 1:1 (mol/mol) mixture allowed the formation of parallel stripes at higher surface pressure. The gel-to-liquid crystalline transition temperature of DSDPPC was determined to be 44.5 ± 1.5 °C versus 41.5 ± 0.3 °C for DPPC by DSC and turbidity measurements. The pressure-area isotherm of DSDPPC is similar to that of DPPC. The monolayer undergoes a liquid expanded-to-condensed (LE-C) phase transition at a surface pressure slightly higher than that of DPPC (6 mN m-1 vs. 4 mN m-1). Like DLPC, DSDLPC remains in the LE phase until the film collapse. The disulfide-modified lipids exist in a more expanded state throughout the monolayer compression and exhibit lower collapse pressures than the unmodified phospholipids. The domain morphologies of DPPC and DSDPPC at the air/water interface were compared using Brewster Angle Microscopy. DPPC forms a homogeneous monolayer at a surface pressure (π) > 10 mN m-1, while flower-like domains exist in the DSDPPC monolayers until π ∼ 30 mN m-1. Solid-supported DSDPPC films were prepared and characterized using various surface analysis techniques. The parallel stripe pattern previously obtained with mixtures of DPPC/DLPC was reproduced using DSDPPC/DLPC or DPPC/DSDLPC mixtures resulting in chemically-differentiated patterns. The average stripe width varied from 150 to 500 nm, depending on the lipid composition and deposition pressure.  The disulfide group of the analogues was exploited to (i) form self-assembled monolayers of phospholipids on gold and (ii) demonstrate the selective metallization of the disulfide-terminated areas of the stripe patterns. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed that the monolayer-bound disulfides react with Au vapor to form a gold-thiolate species. Thermally evaporated Au, Ag and Cu exhibit preferential absorption onto the modified lipids only at submonolayer coverages.
DPPC DPPC DLPC DLPC 1-palmitoyl-2-(16-(S-methyldithio)hexadecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-palmitoyl-2-(16-(S-methyldithio)hexadecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-lauroyl-2-(12-(S-methyldithio)docecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 1-lauroyl-2-(12-(S-methyldithio)docecanoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Phase separation Langmuir-Blodgett Langmuir-Blodgett Surface patterning Gold-thiolates Selective metallization