Évaluation de l'acuité visuelle chez la personne âgée atteinte de troubles de la cognition
Purpose: The evaluation of visual acuity (VA) in cognitively impaired older individuals may be limited by a reduced ability to cooperate or communicate. To date, no study has been performed to guide the clinician as to which VA chart to use in older individuals with moderate to severe dementia. This is important knowing that dementia affects more than 30% of seniors above 85 yrs of age, many of whom will be affected by the most severe stages of the disease. The objective of this research was to assess VA in older institutionalized individuals with moderate to severe dementia, using various acuity charts, and to verify their ability to respond to each of these charts. Methods: Three groups of 30 subjects each were recruited. The first group consisted of young subjects (Avg ± SD: 24.9 ± 3.5 yrs) and the second one, older subjects (70.0 ± 4.5 yrs) with no history of cognitive or communication disorders. The third group (85.6 ± 6.9 yrs) included subjects with mild to severe dementia residing in long-term care units. The Mini Mental-State Examination (MMSE) was performed for each institutionalized subject to verify their cognitive level. The VA of each participant was measured using six validated VA charts (Snellen, Teller cards, ETDRS-letters, -numbers, -Patty Pics, -Tumbling E's) presented in random order. Non parametric tests were used to compare VA scores obtained between the various charts, after Bonferroni-Holm corrections for multiple comparisons Results: The average MMSE scores of subjects with dementia was 9.8 ± 7.5, while it was 17.8 ± 3.7 and 5.2 ± 4.6, for those with mild to moderate (MMSE ≥ 13; n=11) and severe (MMSE < 13; n= 19) dementia. All subjects in groups 1 and 2 responded to each of the charts. A large proportion of subjects with dementia responded to all charts (n= 19) while only one did not respond to any chart. In group 3, VA charts with the lowest scores were the Teller cards (20/65) and Patty Pics (20/62), regardless of the level of dementia, while the best VA scores were obtained with the Snellen (20/35) and ETDRS-letter (20/36) charts. More subjects with severe dementia responded to the Teller cards (n= 18) but the VA obtained was the lowest (20/73). Across all groups, the ETDRS-letter chart was the only one whose scores did not differ from those obtained with the standard Snellen chart. Time to read the letter charts was faster than for the other optotypes. Conclusions: Visual acuity can be measured, and should at least be attempted, in older cognitively impaired individuals having a reduced ability to communicate. Our results indicate that the most universal scales, using letters as optotypes, can be used with good results in people with more severe dementia. Testing requires, however, more time and encouragement in individuals with more severe cognitive deficits in order to obtain and maintain their collaboration.
Communication disorder Cognitive deficit Dementia Older institutionalized residents Visual acuity