Réforme des vaches laitières au Québec
There are several ways to increase the profitability of dairy farms. Among them, culling can affect the average herd production and therefore the costs of production, by modifying the herd structure. In order to determine an optimal herd profitability, it is important to quantify the culling rates and to understand the mechanisms leading to the culling of an animal. The main objective of this thesis is to describe culling in Québec dairy herds. Specifically, it aims to quantify the culling rates, to explore relationship between the herd, the culling rate, and the individual culling risk, to determine the causal effect of clinical mastitis on culling, and to identify the decision-making criteria used by producers and farm advisers.  A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted on health and production data from cows in dairy herds from Québec, Canada. Ten years of data, between 2001 and 2010, were used to determine herd profiles and their culling rates, and their potential relationship. Herd influence on individual culling risk and the causal effect of clinical mastitis were explored respectively by contextual analysis and by using a marginal structural model. Shared criteria on culling decisions held by dairy producers, veterinarians and other advisers were identified with the help of the Q-methodology, which provides a means to reveal the decision structure of individuals.  This study quantified an average culling rate of 32% based on ten years of follow-up, with significant variations between herds. Specific herd profiles according to a set of characteristics related to their reproductive and production performances, management and health indicators could not be determined. It is however possible to distinguish herds against certain unique feature taken one by one and to relate it to the culling rate, including herd management, reproduction performances, and milk production. These indicators can be considered as contextual variables in multilevel analyses.  A herd contextual effect is present in the cow culling risk, but limited. It is mainly due to the pressure of heifers coming into the herd. Culling risk due to clinical mastitis, considered in the counterfactual framework of a longitudinal study where exposure is time-varying, is comparable between primiparous and multiparous cows. For this risk, dairy production has less influence in primiparous that in multiparous cows.  Producers and their advisers share a common framework for culling decision-making, referring essentially to cow's udder health and her milk production. Herd culling rate is not involved in the decision to cull a specific cow.
culling dairy cow survival bias decision-making