Heteroplasmy in mammal mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid
Nature has developed strategies to ensure the beginning of life in conditions of homoplasmy, i.e. cells harboring the same mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). However, novel mtDNA haplotypes can arise by many means during life, leading to heteroplasmy. For instance, mtDNA heteroplasmy can originate artificially through assisted reproductive technologies and naturally by the process of aging. Therefore, this doctoral thesis was divided into two general objectives: Firstly, to analyze the changes in mtDNA heteroplasmy produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) during development from embryos, to fetuses and adult tissues, in cattle. Secondly, to analyze the changes in mtDNA heteroplasmy caused by aging in adult germinal and somatic tissues, during oogenesis and early embryogenesis, and in in vitro culture procedures in mice. In the first series of experiments in cattle, fetal fibroblasts carrying an mtDNA mutation (insertion of 66 bp) were fused to host oocytes carrying wild type mtDNA. The presence of mtDNA from the donor cell was analyzed in 30 SCNT clones at different stages of development: 17-day-old embryos (n=17); 40-day-old fetuses (n=3); 60-day-old fetuses (n=3); one 240 day-old fetus; and 3 post-natal clones (18-24 months). Every individual clone proved to be heteroplasmic and 99% (103/104) of the analyzed tissue samples were heteroplasmic as well. Only the ovary coming from a 240 day old fetus was homoplasmic for the mtDNA of the recipient oocyte. In most (95.2%) of the analyzed tissue samples (99/104) the mean of heteroplasmy was 1.46%. In contrast, one 40-day-old fetus presented high levels of heteroplasmy (20.9%) indicating rare events of donor mtDNA increases. Since most SCNT clones showed heteroplasmy at proportions comparable to the donor mtDNA at the moment of embryo reconstruction, we concluded that heteroplasmy produced by nuclear transfer techniques using somatic cells is due to the neutral segregation of the mtDNA. In the second series of experiments, performed in mice, females of different ages, i.e. young (0-8 months), middle (8-16 months) and old (16-24 months), were synchronized (gonadotropins) and sacrificed to obtain germinal vesicle oocytes, metaphase-II oocytes in vivo and in vitro. Also, 2-cell and blastocyst stage embryos were obtained from young females in vivo and in vitro. Somatic tissues from females of the three age periods were obtained: brain, granulosa, liver and muscle and the effect of aging was measured on fertility. The effects of aging, stage of development and in vitro culture on the heteroplasmy were measured in oocytes and embryos. Also, the effects of aging were measured in somatic and germinal tissues on total copies of mtDNA, percentage of mtDNA common deletion and the expression of three genes: Ndufs4, Mt-nd2 and Mt-nd4. We observed that female fertility in the mouse colony decreases with age. Aging affected mtDNA in somatic tissues but no effect was observed in granulosa, oocytes and embryos. MtDNA deletions increased during the resumption of meiosis and decreased during early embryo development; and culture in vitro did not affect the mtDNA in most germinal tissues. Because we did not find effects of age in most mitochondrial parameters analyzed in oocytes and embryos, we suggest that mtDNA common deletion in germinal tissues is more related with the cellular status of energy production than with the process of aging. Two different sources of mutations in the mtDNA generated in normal or reconstructed oocytes produced different heteroplasmy outcomes at the beginning of embryogenesis. In cattle, artificial heteroplasmy involving a small insertion (66 bp) in the non coding region (D-loop) of the mitochondrial DNA was apparently not harmful to the embryo, allowing persistence of the foreign mtDNA during the different stages of clonal development. In mice, the natural heteroplasmy of a large deletion (4974 bp, common deletion) in the coding region of the mtDNA was apparently harmful to the embryo and, therefore, may have been eliminated to ensure homoplasmy at the beginning of embryonic development.
Heteroplasmy bovine SCNT mouse oogenesis mouse early embryo development mtDNA common deletion aging culture in vitro total mtDNA copies neutral segregation of mtDNA