La conception herméneutique du langage : pour une mise en dialogue des herméneutiques de Gadamer et Ricoeur
The aim of this thesis is to open a dialogue between the works of Hans-Georg Gadamer and Paul Ricœur in order to reveal the main characteristics of their hermeneutical conception of language and to underline its relevance. Our principal thesis is that it is imperative to go beyond the dichotomous readings of the two works by proposing a more dialectical one, which seems to be the only approach able to grasp the extent, richness and importance of the hermeneutical understanding of language. Thus, in this thesis, we will argue that, beyond their undeniable differences, valuable in themselves since there would be no dialogue without them, the hermeneutics of Gadamer and Ricœur are characterized by a reflection on our primordial belongingness to language, which represents the central focus of their hermeneutical conception of language. We will propose a confrontation of Gadamer’s and Ricœur’s philosophy based on the dialectics of belongingness and distanciation, which will enable us to take into account more objectifying approaches to language and combine them with  the lived experience of language on which hermeneutics puts the emphasis. Before putting this dialectic in motion, we have deemed it appropriate to recall the essential phenomenological heritage out of which Gadamer and Ricœur have developed their respective approaches to language. This basis will allow us to stress the fundamental agreement between the two hermeneuts concerning our irreducible belongingness to language. This accord doesn’t exclude the possibility of dialectically integrating an element of distance into this essential belongingness. On the contrary, it makes it necessary. In this regard, we will argue that it is precisely by virtue of this distanciation that, through a reflective movement, hermeneutical thinking can describe and make explicit our linguistic experience of the world. This hermeneutical reflection on language relies on three main models : those of dialogue, text and translation. We will establish how each of these models contributes to a better understanding of the life of language and our relation to meaning. This will lead us to consider the efforts of Gadamer and Ricœur to shed light on the creative power of language, as it emerges of their several works on metaphor, poetry and narrative. We will defend the thesis that this reflection on semantic innovation and the essential metaphoricity of language leads to an original conception of imagination. This thesis will focus finally on the Gadamerian and Ricœurian accounts of the connections between language and experience, where the ontological dimension of language will be a paramount concern. In this discussion, it will be important to insist on the idea, shared by the two philosophers, that we need to resist any hypostasis or absolutization of language and to think of our linguistic predicament as an opening on being and the possibility to say what is.
Gadamer Ricoeur Philosophy Hermeneutics Phenomenology Language Gadamer Ricoeur Meaning Ontology Experience Poetics