Processus post-transcriptionnels inédits dans la mitochondrie des diplonémides
Our laboratory has recently discovered an unprecedented mode of expression of mitochondrial genes in D. papillatum, a biflagellate protozoan. In addition to its mtDNA formed of hundreds of circular chromosomes, genes are fragmented. For example, the cox1 gene which encodes the subunit one of the cytochrome oxidase complex, comprises nine modules carried by nine chromosomes. The cox1 mRNA is obtained by trans-splicing and is also edited by the insertion of six uridines between two modules. My thesis project focused on the study of post-transcriptional processes in diplonemid mitochondria. We characterized the fragmentation of cox1 in three other species belonging to two diplonemids genera: Diplonema ambulator, Diplonema sp. 2 and Rhynchopus euleeides.  The cox1 gene is fragmented into nine modules in all species but the modules are carried by chromosomes of different size and sequences from one species to another. We have shown that there are no motifs for classical introns, including spliceosomal and archaeal introns, as well as introns of group I and II, that might be implicated in the trans-splicing of cox1 modules. No significant complementarity exists between the flanking regions of two neighboring modules, nor are any conserved residues within a species or across species. We therefore concluded that the trans-splicing of cox1 in diplonemids involves a novel mechanism implicating trans rather than cis-factors. Trans-splicing and editing of cox1 probably involve guide RNAs, but it is also possible that the trans-factors are proteins or DNA molecules. The study of different species has also shown that the insertion of six uridines between two cox1 modules in mRNA is a shared trait in these diplonemids. We discovered that four other mitochondrial genes are also edited in D. papillatum and that RNA editing is not limited to mRNA. So, fragmented genes and RNA editing are common characteristics of diplonemids.  We elucidated D. papillatum’s mitochondrial transcript maturation steps. All transcripts undergo three coordinated and precise processes including end processing, trans-splicing and / or editing and polyadenylation. The processing of the 5 'and 3' ends gives rise to three kinds of maturation intermediates. A primary transcript with one free end can bind to its neighbor and trans-splicing occurs without directionality. In the case of edited transcripts, editing precedes trans-splicing. These studies have prepared the ground for functional studies of trans-splicing and RNA editing with the long term goal to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in post-transcriptional regulation in this intriguing system.
Transcription Gene fragmentation Transcription Ends processing Trans-splicing U-addition RNA editing Diplonemids Euglenozoa Mitochondria