Marquage fluorescent des protéines pour étudier les enzymes protéolytiques solubles et immobilisées par la cartographie peptidique électrophorétique
Peptide mapping is a routine method for identifying post-translational modifications of proteins. It involves three steps: 1) enzymatic proteolysis, 2) separation of the peptide fragments by capillary electrophoresis (CE) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 3) identification of the peptide fragments by photometric methods or mass spectrometry (MS). During the past decade, immobilized enzymes for proteolysis have been gaining in popularity because they can be reused and they provide fast protein digestion due to the high ratio of enzyme-to-substrate. In order to study new immobilization techniques developed in the Waldron laboratory, peptide mapping by CE is frequently used, where the total number of peptides detected and their abundance are related to enzymatic activity. CE allows very high resolution separations and, when coupled to laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), provides excellent detection limits that are 1000 times lower than with UV-Vis absorbance. In the typical method, the peptides produced in step 1) above are derivatized with a fluorophore before separation by CE-LIF. Although the detection sensitivity of LIF can approach 10 12 M for a highly efficient fluorophore, a major disadvantage is that the derivatization reaction requires analyte concentrations to be approx. 10 7 M or higher. Therefore, it is not feasible to study enzymes using CE-LIF of the peptides derivatized after proteolysis if the initial protein substrate concentration is <10-7 M because additional dilution occurs during proteolysis. Instead, to take advantage of CE-LIF to evaluate the efficiency of immobilized enzyme digestion of low concentrations of substrate, we propose using fluorescently derivatized protein substrates that can be purified then diluted. Three methods for conjugating fluorophore to protein were investigated in this work as a means to study both soluble and immobilized enzymes. The fluorophores studied for derivatization of protein standards included naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA), fluoresceine-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) and 6-carboxyfluorescein N-succinimide ester (FAMSE). The FAMSE was found to be an excellent reagent that conjugates quickly with primary amines and the derivatized substrate was stable over time. The studied substrates were -lactalbumin (LACT), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and insulin chain-B (INB). The CE-LIF peptide maps were generated from digestion of the fluorescently derivatized substrates by trypsin (T), chymotrypsin (CT) or pepsin (PEP), either in soluble or insoluble forms. The soluble form of an enzyme is more active than the immobilized form and this allowed us to verify that the conjugated proteins were still recognized as substrates by each enzyme. The digestion of the derivatized substrates with different types of chymotrypsin (CT) was compared: free (i.e., soluble) chymotrypsin, chymotrypsin cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GACT) and chymotrypsin immobilized on agarose gel particles (GELCT), which was available commercially. The study showed that, according to the chymotrypsin used, the peptide map would vary in the number of peaks and their intensities. It also showed that the digestion by immobilized enzymes was quite reproducible. Several quantitative parameters were studied to evaluate the efficacy of the methods. The detection limit of the overall method (CE-LIF peptide mapping of FAM-derivatized protein digested by chymotrypsin) was 3.010-10 M (S/N = 2.7) carbonic anhydrase using insoluble GACT and 2.010-10 M (S/N = 4.3) CA using free chymotrypsin. Our studies also showed that the standard curve was linear in the working region (1.0×10-9-1.0×10-6 M) with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9991.
α-Lactalbumine Glutaraldéhyde (GA) α-Lactalbumin Carbonic anhydrase Insulin chain B Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) 6-carboxyfluorescein Fluorescent conjugation Immobilized enzymes Glutaraldehyde (GA) Peptide mapping