La résistance à l’insuline en insuffisance rénale chronique et le risque de développer un diabète de type 2 : un cercle vicieux
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is characterized by multiple homeostasis imbalances such as insulin resistance. However, few studies addressed the underlying mechanisms of the insulin resistance in CRF. Moreover, it is not known if the insulin resistance in CRF could lead to type II diabetes in predisposed patients. In 5/6th nephrectomised Sprague-Dawley (CD) rat model of CRF, we observed a correlation between the severity of the renal injury, evaluated by the serum creatinine level, and the hyperglycaemia, evaluated by the serum fructosamine level (R2 = 0.6982, p < 0.0001). However, this hyperglycemia is not observed on fasting. During a glucose tolerance test, we noticed an increase of the glycaemia in CRF rats (AUC 1.25 fold, p < 0.0001) comparing to controls. Insulin secretion of CRF rats was not significantly higher (AUC ≈1.30 fold, N.S.) during glucose challenge. Interestingly, despite more increase in insulin levels in CRF rats following a glucose bolus, the peripheral tissues did not show any increase in blood glucose uptake suggesting a defect in expression and/or function of glucose transporters in these rats. Indeed, we observed decreased expression of glucose transporters in the liver (≈0.60 fold, p < 0.01) and muscles (GLUT1 0.73 fold, p < 0.05 and GLUT4 0.69 fold, p < 0.01). Accordingly, there was a significant reduction in the insulin-dependent glucose uptake in the muscles of CRF rats compared to controls (≈0.63 fold, p < 0.0001). Since muscles are responsible for the majority of insulin-sensitive glucose transport, downregulation of GLUT4 could be associated with the insulin resistance observed in CRF. The modulation of the expression of several glucose transporters may contribute to insulin resistance in CRF, but other mechanisms could also be implicated. Despite this important perturbation of glucose transport, we did not observed any case of type II diabetes in our CD rat model. In a rat model of metabolic syndrome, the Zucker Leprfa/fa, CRF causes a strong hyperglycemia on fasting (1.5 fold, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, CRF Zucker showed an exacerbated glycemic response (AUC 1.80 fold, p < 0.0001) during glucose challenge. A strong insulin resistance in muscle was measured as the usual insulin dose (2mU/mL) was not enough to stimulate glucose uptake in Zucker rats with CRF. The same modulation of glucose transporters in the peripheral tissues was observed in both rat models. As opposed to CD rats, ≈30% (p < 0.05) of CRF Zucker rats’ showed presence of glucose in their urine. CRF by itself won’t lead to type II diabetes. However, when insulin resistance is already present when developing CRF, it could precipitate the onset of type II diabetes among these patients.
GLUT4 Insulin resistance Chronic renal failure Glucose transporters GLUT4 Type 2 diabetes