Régulation dynamique de l’activité du récepteur des estrogènes beta (ERβ) par la phosphorylation,l’ubiquitination et la sumoylation
Estrogens play a pivotal role in reproductive physiology through direct interaction with the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, which belong to the nuclear hormone receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors. Harbouring two activation domains (AF-1 and AF-2), gene expression can be controlled by ERs either in a hormone-dependent and/or independent manner. Disruption of ER transcriptional regulation is associated with pathological events such as breast and endometrial cancers. While ERα is considered a strong predictive factor in endocrine therapy of reproductive cancers, the clinical value of ERβ is still debated, although greater expression of ERβ has been associated with a favourable outcome since recent evidence has associated ERβ with anti-tumorigenic properties and a better response to anti-estrogenic compounds.  Along with others studies, those individual outcomes indicate that even though the two receptors can exert similar roles by sharing resemblances in terms of structure and general response to hormone, they can also carry out distinct functions. These variations can be attributed to the fact that most of the structural domains shared by ERs exhibit a low level of homology, especially at the AF-1 domain. Consequently, the majority of the post-translational modifications sites (PTMs) on ERs are not shared between both isoforms. In fact, ligand-induced and ligand-independent activities of ERs are critically influenced by PTMs. PTMs controls the multiple aspects of ER-dependent activation by modulating ERs ligand binding, specificity, cellular localization, dimerization, interaction with their cognate DNA response element, combinatory recruitment of transcriptional coregulators, stability and transcriptional arrest. Hence, by their discrepancies, ERs will be differently influenced by the cellular environment. Furthermore, as the deregulation of different signalling pathway in cancers is associated with ER-dependant tumour progression and in the acquisition of a therapeutic resistant phenotype, it is crucial to understand the how PTMs affect ERs transactivation in order to eventually propose and/or develop adequate treatment. The results presented in this thesis were carried out with the objective of gaining a better understanding of PTM’s roles on ERβ transcriptional control which, as opposed to ERα, remain unclear.        We demonstrate here a dynamic regulation of ERβ by phosphorylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation. Furthermore, as all the newly identified PTM are located within de AF-1 domain of ERβ, our results highlight the key role of this domain in the regulation of ligand-dependent and independent transcriptional properties of this receptor. The first study shows that in response to MAPK, specific serine residues in the AF-1 of ERβ are phosphorylated and play an important role in the regulation of ERβ ligand-independent activity by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. In fact, the activation-degradation cycle of ERβ induced by MAPK is regulated upon phosphorylation of these serines coordinating ERβ ubiquitination, subnuclear mobility and stability by promoting the recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase E6-AP. Moreover, this molecular process plays part in the differential regulation of ERα and ERβ activity upon proteasome inhibition. In the second paper, we demonstrate that ERβ activity and stability in presence of estrogen is closely regulated by the phosphorylation-dependent sumoylation of the AF-1 domain, amplified by GSK-3 action. SUMO-1 attachment prevents ERβ degradation by competing with ubiquitin at the same acceptor site and dictates ERβ transcriptional inhibition, as opposed to ERα, by altering estrogen-responsive target promoter occupancy and gene expression in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, these findings uncover a novel phosphorylated sumoylation motif (pSuM) and offer a valuable tool to predict novel SUMO substrates under protein kinase regulation. In combination to our better understanding on how intracellular signals controls ERβ transcriptional activity, our results highlight the significant role of PTMs in ERs isoforms discrepancies and allows supplementary comprehension of their respective physiopathologicals roles.
AF-1 Phosphorylation Ubiquitination Sumoylation E6-AP SUMO-1 GSK-3 Estrogen receptor (ERβ) Reproductive cancer Activation function-1 phosphorylated sumoylation motif pSuM Proteasome