Caractérisation électro-clinique des convulsions fébriles et risque d’épilepsie
The incidence of epilepsy in children with febrile seizures (FS) varies from 2 to 3%, but available clinical tools do not allow the identification of those children who will later develop epilepsy. Evidences have shown quantitative EEG abnormalities, more particularly revealed by intermittent photic stimulation (IPS), in patients with epilepsy. No studies have yet examined quantitative EEG parameters in children with FS. It is not known either whether they can be relevant to the evaluation of FSs prognosis. The objectives of this research program were to identify, first, clinical risk factors for developing epilepsy after FS and, second, to determine quantitative EEG markers that differentiate FS patients from normal controls and may aid to evaluate their prognosis. In order to meet our first objective, we reviewed the charts of 482 children with FS, aged 3 months to 6 years. Using survival statistics, we described risk factors for developing partial (prenatal antecedents, developmental delay, prolonged and focal FS) and generalized (family history of epilepsy, recurrent FS and FS after the age of 4 years) epilepsy after FS. In addition, we identified several distinct clinical phenotypes related to the prognosis of FS: (i) simple FS with a family history of FS, not related to a subsequent epilepsy, (ii) recurrent FS with a family history of epilepsy and an increased risk of generalised epilepsy and (iii) focal FS with a family history of epilepsy and an increased risk of partial epilepsy.  In order to meet our second objective, we analyzed the steady-state visual potentials (SSVEP) evoked by IPS (5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 Hz) as a function of age. The high density EEG (128 channels) was recorded in 61 normal children between 6 months and 16 years of age and 8 adults. We showed different topographical development of low (5-15 Hz) and high (30-50 Hz) frequency SSVEP components phase alignment. Thus, low frequency phase alignment increased with age only over the frontal and occipital regions, whereas high frequency phase alignment increased over all cerebral regions.  Then, using the same methodology, we investigated whether children with FS show abnormalities of gamma frequency SSVEP components. We show an increase of both magnitude and phase alignment of the gamma frequency SSVEP components in 12 FS patients compared to 5 siblings of FS patients and 15 control children between 6 and 36 months of age. This study has identified distinct electro-clinical phenotypes that differentiate FS patients from the group of siblings and controls. Future studies should investigate whether detected abnormalities are associated with the clinical presentation of FS and their prognosis. This could help identify children with FSs who will later develop epilepsy and would eventually allow the institution of an early neuroprotective treatment.
Phase Oscillations Risk factors Epidemiology Child Electroencephalography Steady-state visual evoked potentials Quantitative EEG analysis Phase Oscillations Gamma activity Development