L’influence du réseau de chimiokines sur les lymphocytes T dans le contexte de l’infection à virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1)
The chemokines and their counter receptors play an important role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity. The chemokine receptors serve as markers for distinct CD4+ T cell subsets with specific tissue homing potential, antigenic specificity, and polarization profile. There is limited knowledge on the identity of primary CD4+ T cell subsets selectively targeted by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The recruitment in the intestinal mucosa of excess effector (CD8+ T) versus target (CD4+ T) cells predicts a good outcome for the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, while the depletion of Th17 cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) represents a marker for HIV disease progression. The regulatory role of chemokines on cellular activation and on HIV replication in different CD4+ T cell subsets remains poorly investigated. This M.Sc. project is dived in 3 parts: (1) the identification of chemokine receptors CCR4, CXCR3 and CCR6 as surface markers of CD4+ T cell subsets, with susceptibility to HIV replication (2); the phenotypic and functional characterization of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in HIV-infected long-term-non progressor (LTNP) individuals and (3) the effect of chemokine ligands of CCR4, CXCR3 and CCR6 on cellular activation and viral replication in vitro. Our results reveal that CD4+ CCR4+CCR6+ T (Th17 cytokine profile) and CD4+ CXCR3+CCR6+ (Th1/Th17 cytokine profile) T cells are highly permissive to HIV replication. Also, our results suggest new correlates of immune protection against HIV in LTNP subjects: (i) the co-localization potential of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the intestinal mucosa via the integrin β7, (ii) the high ratio between effector (CD8+) versus target (CD4+) T cells, (iii) the Th17 cytokine profile and (iv) the ability of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to produce CCR5 ligands blocking viral entry. Finally, our results on the co-stimulatory effect of chemokines on T cell activation and their opposite impact on HIV replication in CD4+ T cells demonstrate the role played by the chemokine network during HIV pathogenesis.
HIV chemokines chemokine receptors CD4+ T cells cellules T CD8+ CD8+ T cells LTNP LTNP