Rôle des Smads lors du processus de régénération chez Ambystoma mexicanum
Since wound healing in human is imperfect and associated with fibrosis, understanding how regeneration works would be a great asset to improve patient’s health. During this PhD project, we have published a paper exposing the weaknesses of certain research models when studying wound healing. Those limitations are even more striking when studying regeneration. This publication sets the stage for the use of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) as an excellent model to study regeneration and the importance of TGF- for the process. The multifunctional cytokine TGF-β is involved in healing, scarring, cellular differentiation, growth and migration. This cytokine is associated with the near perfect healing of oral tissues in humans, but is also associated with scarring of multiple tissue types. TGF-β is also associated with epimorphic regeneration in echinoderm and liver hyperplasia.  Previous work had shown that treatment of regenerating axolotl limbs with a specific inhibitor of TGF-β canonical signalling (SB-431542) prevents regeneration (Lévesque et al., 2007). Since canonical signaling goes through Smad2 and Smad3, those two proteins are at the center of the second publication. During limb regeneration, Smad2 is phosphorylated at 6h-48h post-amputation (pa), which corresponds to the cellular migration phase and the beginning of the proliferative phase. On the other hand, Smad3 phosphorylation happens earlier (3h-6h pa), while the total protein expression is lower. Treatment with SB-421543 blocks the phosphorylation of both Smad2 and Smad3. No blastema is formed, but the wound closes at the same rate. Treatment with other inhibitors, SIS3 or Naringenin (specifically targeting Smad3), blocks approximately 50% of Smad3 phosphorylation (as determined by western blotting), but regeneration is not affected. Differential regulation of Smads is essential for proper regeneration to occur. Lastly, we have tried multiple approaches to diminish specifically the activation of Smad2. Using the only axolotl cell line available (AL-1), we have tried inhibition with LNA molecules, long antisense and overexpression of a competitor. None of these approaches specifically reduced the levels of Smad2. In addition, other experiments confirmed that activation of Smad3 during the regeneration process is limited.  The extraordinary ability to regenerate that the axolotl possesses is tightly linked to a differential activation of Smad2 and Smad3 proteins. Smad2 phosphorylation is associated with cellular proliferation and migration, hence blastema formation, while the apparent lack of Smad3 activity might partly explain why these animals do not form scar tissues.
Axolotl TGF-β Smad2 Smad3