Rôles de deux corécepteurs impliqués dans le maintien des cellules T mémoires CD8+ et la maturation des cellules dendritiques
Antigen presentation by dendritic cells induces the proliferation and differentiation of naïve T lymphocytes into effector and memory T lymphocytes. This recognition is due to the interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with the cognate peptide-MHC complex presented on the surface of dendritic cells. However, additional signals are required from co-receptors on both cell types to ensure optimal T cell activation. Following the elimination of the antigen, most of the effector T cells will die with a small population of T cells remaining that will continue to differentiate into memory T cells which protect the organism against reinfection. The signals that control the maintenance of memory T cells are poorly understood. To dissect the role of the 4-1BB costimulatory molecules in the maintenance of CD8 memory T cells, we hypothesized that the phosphorylation state of the TRAF1 adaptor protein that binds to 4-1BB, modulates the maintenance of CD8 memory T lymphocytes. Thus, we have demonstrated by mass spectrometry that TRAF1 preferentially associates with TBK1 when it is not phosphorylated. We also have shown that the presence of TRAF1 is required to stabilize the interaction between TBK1 and 4-1BB after T cell activation. Furthermore, OT-I TRAF1-/- CD8 T cells reconstituted with a phospho-deficient TRAF1 mutant (S139A) and differentiated into memory CD8 T cells induced the activation of the NF-ĸB signaling pathway, in contrast to cells expressing a phospho-mimetic form of TRAF1 (S139D). Together, these results highlight the importance of the phosphorylation state of TRAF1 downstream of 4-1BB in T cells. In the second part, we evaluated the role of the neuropilin 1 coreceptor in the maturation of dendritic cells. To this end, we hypothesized that the interactions of neuropilin-1 with its ligands contribute to the function of dendritic cells. We have demonstrated that the absence of neuropilin-1 has no effect on the maturation of dendritic cells in the presence of LPS. However, the presence of VEGF (a neuropilin-1 ligand) inhibits the maturation of dendritic cells derived from the bone marrow. Our study further demonstrated that VEGF inhibits the expression of costimulatory molecules, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and TLR4 signaling pathways mainly MAP Kinase and NF-ĸB. Contrary to the results with wild-type cells, VEGF is not able to affect maturation, cytokine secretion and TLR4 signaling in NRP1-Lyz dendritic cells when neuropilin-1 is deleted. Thus, our results demonstrated that VEGF inhibits the maturation of dendritic cells in a NRP1-dependent manner. Finally, analysis of neuropilin 1 partners shows that NRP1, VEGF and TLR4 are found in the same complex. Our results show that VEGF, in the presence of neuropilin-1 is able to interact with TLR4 and inhibit the maturation of dendritic cells. However, in the absence of the neuropiline1, VEGF is not able to recruit TLR4 to reduce the expression of costimulatory molecules. These studies on coreceptors could be important in the development of novel vaccine therapies.
TRAF1 Nrp1 T cells dendritic cells coreceptor