Warfarin-induced vitamin K deficiency is associated with cognitive and behavioral perturbations, and alterations in brain sphingolipids in rats
Vitamin K (VK) is widely known for its role in blood coagulation, however many studies suggest its involvement in brain function. VK is required for the activation of various cerebral proteins (e.g., Gas6) and menaquinone-4 (MK-4), the main K vitamer in brain, is involved in sphingolipid metabolism. Furthermore, life-long intake of a low VK diet has been associated with cognitive deficits in old rats. Warfarin (W) is a potent VK antagonist that acts by blocking the VK cycle causing a “relative VK deficiency” at the cellular level. In light of this and the emerging role of VK in brain, W could represent a risk factor for cerebral function. The finding of this study is important according to the large proportion of adults with thromboembolic diseases being treated with warfarin drugs. This study was conducted in a rat model where the impact of W was investigated with respect to cognition, behavior, and brain menaquinone-4 (MK-4) and sphingolipid status. Fourteen Wistar male rats were treated with 15 mg W/kg/d (in drinking water) and subcutaneous VK (85 mg/kg), 3X/wk, for 10 wks; 14 control rats were treated with normal water and injected with saline. At the end of the treatment period, rats were subjected to different behavioral tests, afterwhich their brains assessed for VK (phylloquinone and MK-4) and sphingolipids (gangliosides, ceramides, cerebrosides, sphingomyelin and sulfatides) and gangliosides subtypes (GT1b, GD1a, GM1, GD1b). Mean latencies to find the hidden platform were higher in the W compared to the control group (p<0.05) suggesting cognitive deficits as well as hypoactivity and lower exploratory behaviour in the open field test (p<0.05). Warfarin treatment also resulted in a dramatic decrease in MK-4 concentration in all brain regions (p<0.001), altered sphingolipid level, especially in frontal cortex and midbrain (p<0.05), and in a loss of sphingolipid regional differences, notably for gangliosides. W treatment was associated with lower GD1a in the hippocampus and higher GT1b in the striatum and prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, warfarin-induced VK deficiency alters VK and sphingolipid status in brain with potential detrimental effects on brain functions.
MK-4 Warfarin Cognition Rats Vitamin K Sphingolipids Rat