PKB mediates Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1-induced phosphorylation and nuclear export of Histone Deacetylase 5 via NADPH Oxidase 4 activation in vascular smooth muscle cells
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a potent mitogenic and vasoactive factor, has been shown to play a role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. This occurs through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as through the hyperactivation of mitogenic and growth promoting signaling pathways and the subsequent alteration in gene expression. Histone deacetylases (HDACs), by their ability to modify the acetylation status of the lysine residues in histone and non-histone proteins, regulate gene transcription. Recent studies have demonstrated that a heightened activation of HDACs, notably HDAC5, is associated with vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. However, a role of IGF-1 in HDAC phosphorylation and activation has not been investigated. Therefore, in the present studies, we examined the effect of IGF-1 on the phosphorylation of HDAC5 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and identified the signaling pathways involved in this process. Treatment of A10 VSMCs with IGF-1 enhanced the phosphorylation of HDAC5 at serine 498 in a time and dosedependent fashion. Pretreatment of cells with AG1024, a selective pharmacological inhibitor of IGF-1R, significantly inhibited IGF-1-induced HDAC5 phosphorylation in A10 VSMCs whereas AG1478, a selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), did not have an inhibitory effect on the levels of phospho-HDAC5. Pharmacological blockade of the MAPK pathway with PD98059, UO126, SP600125 and SB203580 had no effect on HDAC5 phosphorylation, whereas inhibitors of the PI3K/ PKB pathways, wortmannin and SC-66 respectively, almost completely attenuated IGF- 1-induced HDAC5 phosphorylation. These findings were confirmed by immunofluorescence localization of phospho-HDAC5 and by siRNA-induced silencing of PKB. In addition, pretreatment of A10 VSMCs with Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and apocynin, two NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitors, as well as the antioxidant N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC), resulted in an attenuation of IGF-1-induced HDAC5 and PKB phosphorylation. Furthermore, siRNA-induced silencing of Nox4, the main NADPH oxidase expressed in VSMC, inhibited IGF-1 induced HDAC5 phosphorylation. Moreover, IGF-1-induced phosphorylation of HDAC5 resulted in its nuclear export, which was reversed by blockade of PKB by SC-66 or NAD(P)H oxidase inhibition by DPI. In summary, these data demonstrate that IGF-1 induces the phosphorylation and nuclear export of HDAC5 in a Nox4-derived ROS- and PKB-dependent fashion in VSMCs.
IGF-1 HDAC5 PKB MAPK ROS VSMC ERO