Cardiologie nucléaire du 21ième siècle : nouveautés et réalités
Cardiovascular diseases remain a major cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. The search for predictive determinants of vascular events represents a relevant and timely goal, considering the increasing costs of medical care and the progress in developing countries such as India, Brazil and China. Nuclear cardiology has, for 30 years, played an essential role in the diagnosis and prognosis of various cardiac and vascular diseases. Moreover, new developments will allow earlier and more specific detection of cardiac and peripheral atherosclerosis disease in affected individuals and in primary prevention. In this thesis, we will focus on advances in two major themes of nuclear cardiology. Endothelial dysfunction is regarded as the earliest pathological markers of atherosclerosis. Traditional cardiovascular risks factors impair endothelial function and can initiate the atherosclerosis process, even in the absence of overt endothelial disruption. Quantification of coronary endothelial function is, therefore, of considerable interest as an early biomarker for coronary disease. The radionuclide plethysmography methodology developed during the course of my doctoral studies allows the quantification of peripheral endothelial function, which has been correlated with coronary endothelial function. This methodology is detailed in the first manuscript (Harel et. al., Physiol Meas., 2007). The use of red blood cell radio-labeling permits arterial flow to be measured in the upper limb during local reactive hyperemia. This new procedure was validated against strain gauge plethysmography in a cohort of 26 patients with excellent reproducibility (intraclass coefficient of correlation = 0.89). Moreover, the arterial measurements of flow during the hyperemic reaction correlated well with the reference method (r=0.87). The second manuscript exposes the basis of infrared spectroscopy as a method for measuring arterial flow and quantifying the hyperemic reaction (Harel et. al., Physiol Meas., 2008). The study protocol consisted of simultaneous measurements by strain gauge, radionuclide and infrared spectroscopy plethysmography. The spectroscopy technique was shown to be precise and reproducible for forearm measurement of arterial blood flow. This novel procedure came major advantages in reducing artifacts and in its ease of use. The second axis of my thesis relates to the analysis of cardiac contraction synchrony. Indeed, more than 30% of patients receiving resynchronization therapy do not show clinical improvement. Moreover, this non-response rate is even higher if we consider morphological criteria of resynchronization (end-systolic volume reduction). There is therefore, an urgent need to improve a methodology to reliably and precisely measure cardiac dynamics so as to identify and monitor potential responders. The third manuscript exposes the basis of a new radionuclide technique to quantify left ventricle ejection fraction (Harel et. al. J Nucl Cardiol., 2007). The study of 202 patients showed an excellent correlation (r=0.84) with the reference method (planar ventriculography). The comparison with QBS software (Cedar-Sinai), showed a lower standard deviation of bias (7.44% vs 9.36%). Moreover, unlike the alternative software, the bias did not correlate with the magnitude of the ejection fraction. The fourth manuscript relates to the quantification of the left intra-ventricular synchronism (Harel et. al. J Nucl Cardiol, 2008). A new three-dimensional parameter (CHI: contraction homogeneity index) (median 73.8%; IQ 58.7% - 84.9%) was defined to allow the integration of amplitude and synchrony components of ventricular contraction. Validation of this parameter was undertaken out by comparing the standard deviation of the histogram of phase (SDΦ) (median 28.2º; IQ 17.5º- 46.8º) obtained by planar ventriculography in a study of 235 patients.   These four manuscripts, already published in the specialized scientific literature, summarize a fraction of the research tasks that we have carried out during the three last years, representing two major axes of nuclear cardiology advancement in the 21st century.
Endothelium Cardiac asynchronism