BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present application generally relates to systems and methods for ablating tissue. More specifically, the present application relates to the treatment of fibrillation or other arrhythmias of the heart by using ultrasound energy, and even more specifically, the present application relates to ablation systems and methods used to treat atrial fibrillation that provide information related to position of the ablation device relative to the tissue, as well as providing information about depth of the lesion and motion of the energy source relative to the tissue.

The condition of atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by the abnormal (usually very rapid) beating of the left atrium of the heart which is out of synch with the normal synchronous movement (‘normal sinus rhythm’) of the heart muscle. In normal sinus rhythm, the electrical impulses originate in the sino-atrial node (‘SA node’) which resides in the right atrium. The abnormal beating of the atrial heart muscle is known as ‘fibrillation’ and is caused by electrical impulses originating instead at points other than the SA node, for example, in the pulmonary veins (PV).

There are pharmacological treatments for this condition with varying degree of success. In addition, there are surgical interventions aimed at removing the aberrant electrical pathways from PV to the left atrium (‘LA’) such as the ‘Cox-Maze III Procedure’. This procedure has been shown to be 99% effective but requires special surgical skills and is time consuming. Thus, there has been considerable effort to copy the Cox-Maze procedure using a less invasive percutaneous catheter-based approach. Less invasive treatments have been developed which involve use of some form of energy to ablate (or kill) the tissue surrounding the aberrant focal point where the abnormal signals originate in PV. The most common methodology is the use of radio-frequency (‘RF’) electrical energy to heat the muscle tissue and thereby ablate it. The aberrant electrical impulses are then prevented from traveling from PV to the atrium (achieving the ‘conduction block’) and thus avoiding the fibrillation of the atrial muscle. Other energy sources, such as microwave, laser, and ultrasound have been utilized to achieve the conduction block. In addition, techniques such as cryoablation, administration of ethanol, and the like have also been used.

More recent approaches for the treatment of AF involve the use of ultrasound energy. The target tissue of the region surrounding the pulmonary vein is heated with ultrasound energy emitted by one or more ultrasound transducers.

When delivering energy to tissue, in particular when ablating tissue with ultrasound to treat atrial-fibrillation, a substantially transmural lesion (burning all the way through the tissue) must be made to form a proper conduction block. Achieving a substantially transmural lesion though has many challenges. For example, the physician must insure proper alignment of the energy-delivering device relative to the target tissue. If the energy source is too far away from the tissue, the energy reaching the tissue will be insufficient to create a substantially transmural lesion. If the energy source is too close, the energy may damage the tissue or cause the energy source to overheat. Thus, there is a need for systems and methods that can account for the position of an energy delivery device during ablation of tissue. Moreover, successful ablation is dependent on proper positioning of the ablation device. Because the target tissue can move during ablation (e.g. when ablating tissue in a beating heart), it can also be difficult to create a lesion having the desired depth in the tissue. Additionally the motion of the tissue can result in damage of the tissue, insufficient ablation of the tissue, or damage to the device. Thus there is also a need for improved systems and methods that can accommodate tissue motion during ablation and that can provide information about the depth of the lesion. It would also be desirable to provide an ablation system that is easy to use, easy to manufacture and that is lower in cost than current commercial systems. At least some of these objectives will be met by the disclosure provided herein.

2. Description of the Background Art

Patents related to the treatment of atrial fibrillation include, but are not limited to the following: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,997,925; 6,996,908; 6,966,908; 6,964,660; 6,955,173; 6,954,977; 6,953,460; 6,949,097; 6,929,639; 6,872,205; 6,814,733; 6,780,183; 6,666,858; 6,652,515; 6,635,054; 6,605,084; 6,547,788; 6,514,249; 6,502,576; 6,416,511; 6,383,151; 6,305,378; 6,254,599; 6,245,064; 6,164,283; 6,161,543; 6,117,101; 6,064,902; 6,052,576; 6,024,740; 6,012,457; 5,405,346; 5,314,466; 5,295,484; 5,246,438; and 4,641,649.

Patent Publications related to the treatment of atrial fibrillation include, but are not limited to International PCT Publication No. WO 99/02096; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0267453.

Scientific publications related to the treatment of atrial fibrillation include, but are not limited to: Haissaguerre, M. et al., Spontaneous Initiation of Atrial Fibrillation by Ectopic Beats Originating in the Pulmonary Veins, New England J Med., Vol. 339:659-666; J. L. Cox et al., The Development of the Maze Procedure for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Seminars in Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, 2000; 12: 2-14; J. L. Cox et al., Electrophysiologic Basis, Surgical Development, and Clinical Results of the Maze Procedure for Atrial Flutter and Atrial Fibrillation, Advances in Cardiac Surgery, 1995; 6: 1-67; J. L. Cox et al., Modification of the Maze Procedure for Atrial Flutter and Atrial Fibrillation. II, Surgical Technique of the Maze III Procedure, Journal of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, 1995; 110:485-95; J. L. Cox, N. Ad, T. Palazzo, et al. Current Status of the Maze Procedure for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Seminars in Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, 2000; 12: 15-19; M. Levinson, Endocardial Microwave Ablation: A New Surgical Approach for Atrial Fibrillation; The Heart Surgery Forum, 2006; Maessen et al., Beating Heart Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation with Microwave Ablation, Ann Thorac Surg 74: 1160-8, 2002; A. M. Gillinov, E. H. Blackstone and P. M. McCarthy, Atrial Fibrillation: Current Surgical Options and their Assessment, Annals of Thoracic Surgery 2002; 74:2210-7; Sueda T., Nagata H., Orihashi K., et al., Efficacy of a Simple Left Atrial Procedure for Chronic Atrial Fibrillation in Mitral Valve Operations, Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63:1070-1075; Sueda T., Nagata H., Shikata H., et al.; Simple Left Atrial Procedure for Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Associated with Mitral Valve Disease, Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 62:1796-1800; Nathan H., Eliakim M., The Junction Between the Left Atrium and the Pulmonary Veins, An Anatomic Study of Human Hearts, Circulation 1966; 34:412-422; Cox J. L., Schuessler R. B., Boineau J. P., The Development of the Maze Procedure for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000; 12:2-14; and Gentry et al., Integrated Catheter for 3-D Intracardiac Echocardiography and Ultrasound Ablation, IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, Vol. 51, No. 7, pp 799-807.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present application generally relates to systems and methods for ablating tissue. More specifically, the present application relates to the treatment of fibrillation or other arrhythmias of the heart by using ultrasound energy, and even more specifically, the present application relates to ablation systems and methods used to treat atrial fibrillation that provide information related to position of the ablation device relative to the tissue, as well as providing information about depth of the lesion and motion of the energy source relative to the tissue.

In a first aspect of the present invention, a method of ablating tissue in a patient as a treatment for fibrillation comprises providing an ablation device having an energy source and a sensor. The energy source provides a beam of energy directable to target tissue, and the sensor senses energy reflected back from the target tissue. The sensor collects a noise profile of the ablation device. The ablation device is positioned adjacent the target tissue, and an amplitude mode data set that characterizes the target tissue is collected with the sensor. The noise profile is removed from the amplitude mode data set to determine a gap distance between the energy source and the target tissue. The target tissue is ablated with the beam of energy and operating parameters of the ablating step are adjusted in response to the gap distance.

In any aspect of the present invention, the energy source may comprise an ultrasound transducer. Positioning of the ablation device may comprise advancing the ablation device into a left atrium of the heart. The ablating may create a contiguous lesion in the target tissue, and the lesion may block aberrant electrical pathways in the tissue so as to reduce or eliminate the fibrillation. The fibrillation may comprise atrial fibrillation.

The noise profile may comprise an average amplitude value from a set of samples obtained in an echo-less environment. The noise profile may also comprise one of a signal pattern, a frequency band, and a set of signals. The noise profile may comprise electrical noise, backscatter noise of a fluid, or sensor noise. Collecting the noise profile may comprise positioning at least a portion of the ablation device into a fluid and collecting samples, or collection may be performed during calibration of the ablation device. Collecting of the noise profile may further comprise storing the noise profile data.

The amplitude mode data set may be collected continuously or periodically during the ablating, or during a during a diagnostic sweep of the target tissue prior to the ablating. Removing the noise may be repeated continuously or periodically during the ablating.

The method may further comprise using a plurality of gap distances to approximate an incident angle of the beam of energy relative to a surface of the target tissue. Operating parameters of the ablation step may be adjusted in response to the approximated incident angle.

The adjusting may comprise adjusting the power in the beam of energy, or repositioning the energy source relative to the target tissue.

In another aspect of the present invention, a method of ablating tissue in a patient as a treatment for fibrillation comprises providing an ablation device having an energy source and a sensor. The energy source provides a beam of energy directable to target tissue, and the sensor senses energy reflected back from the target tissue. The ablation device is positioned adjacent the target tissue, and data is collected over a surface of the target tissue with the sensor. A map of the tissue is generated and the target tissue is ablated with the beam of energy. The tissue map is used to facilitate execution of the ablation step.

The collecting step may comprise moving the sensor across the target tissue in any pattern, including a zig-zag pattern or a continuous path. Collecting the data may comprise collecting gap distance between the energy source and a surface of the target tissue.

The map may be generated as a part of a diagnostic sweep of the target tissue prior to the ablating step, and the map may identify anatomical structure in the target tissue such as the pulmonary veins. The map may indicate gap distance between the energy source and a surface of the target tissue, or the map may indicate surface contours and angles of the target tissue. The map may comprise a two dimensional or a three dimensional representation of the target tissue.

Use of the tissue map may facilitate generation of an ablation path or adjustment of power in the beam of energy. The map may also facilitate planning of ablation path distances. The map may comprise angles of the energy beam relative to the target tissue, and use of the map may facilitate adjustment of power in the beam of energy based on the angles.

In still another aspect of the present invention, a method of ablating tissue in a patient as a treatment for fibrillation comprises providing an ablation device having an energy source and a sensor. The energy source provides a beam of energy directable to target tissue, and the sensor senses energy reflected back from the target tissue. The ablation device is positioned adjacent the target tissue and a portion of the target tissue is repeatedly scanned. Information about the motion of the target tissue relative to the energy source is calculated. The target tissue is ablated with the beam of energy and the motion is accounted for during the ablation.

The scanning may comprise collecting information about gap distance between the energy source and a surface of the target tissue. The target tissue may comprise tissue in the heart, and the scanning may occur while the heart is beating. Scanning may comprise scanning the target tissue over a short time duration of 5 milliseconds or less. Scanning may comprise repeatedly scanning a single spot.

The calculating may comprise calculating variance, velocity, or acceleration of the target tissue. Accounting for the motion may comprise adjusting the energy beam position or power based on the calculated information. The accounting step may also comprise maintaining gap distance between the energy source and the target tissue within a predetermined range, based on the calculated information. The predetermined range may be from 2 and 20 mm.

The method may further comprise identifying tissue type based on the motion. Sensitive tissue that is unsuitable for ablation may be identified based on the motion. Anatomical structures such as the pulmonary veins may be identified based on the motion. The method may further comprise determining thickness of the target tissue based on the motion.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, a method for of ablating tissue in a patient as a treatment for fibrillation comprises providing an ablation device having an energy source and a sensor. The energy source provides a beam of energy directable to target tissue, and the sensor senses energy reflected back from the target tissue. The ablation device is positioned adjacent the target tissue and a standard lesion ratio from the target tissue is provided. An initial backscatter signal from unablated target tissue is sensed with the sensor and the target tissue is ablated with the beam of energy. A post ablation backscatter signal from the target tissue after ablation is sensed. The current lesion ratio is then compared to the standard lesion ratio, and the ablation is discontinued when the current lesion ratio is greater than or equal to the standard lesion ratio.

The standard lesion ratio may comprise a numerical value associated with a substantially transmural lesion. The standard lesion ratio may comprise a normalized backscatter signal value of a transmural lesion. The standard lesion ratio may also comprise a normalized signal pattern, a frequency, or other unique property of a substantially transmural lesion. Providing the standard lesion ratio may further comprise sensing a tissue backscatter signal in a region of the tissue with high echodensity, sensing a tissue backscatter signal in a region of the tissue with low echodensity, and determining a ratio of the high and the low echodensity backscatter signals. The region of high echodensity may comprise a substantially transmural lesion, and the region of low echodensity may comprise unablated tissue. The standard lesion ratio may comprise a laboratory determined value.

The sensing of the initial backscatter signal may be obtained during a diagnostic sweep of the target tissue prior to ablation thereof, or it may be obtained prior to the ablating, or during the ablating. The ablating may comprise incrementally increasing lesion depth in the ablated tissue. The increments may decrease in value as lesion depth increases or the increments may be of constant value. The ablating may comprise continuously increasing lesion depth in the ablated tissue.

The sensing of the post ablation backscatter signal may occur after each incremental ablation step is performed, or it may occur periodically during the ablation. It may also occur continuously during the ablation. The comparing step may determine if the ablation has created a substantially transmural lesion in the target tissue.

These and other embodiments are described in further detail in the following description related to the appended drawing figures.

