BACKGROUND

A ferroelectric material refers to a material that can maintain electrical polarization in the absence of external electrical field. The electrical polarization in a ferroelectric material has a hysteresis effect, enabling encoding of a data bit as a polarization direction within the ferroelectric material. In a ferroelectric tunnel junction device, a change in the direction of polarization causes a change in tunneling resistance, which can be employed to measure the direction of the electrical polarization and extract the value of the data bit stored in the ferroelectric tunnel junction.

