BACKGROUND

Offline charging allows telecommunications subscribers to consume a service without an upfront balance check or balance reservation. After service consumption, a telecommunications service provider may generate service usage records (e.g., charging data records) for charging the subscribers. Online charging enables a telecommunications service provider to charge subscribers, in real time, based on service usage. In a fifth generation (5G) network, with a converged charging service, a network device (e.g., a session management function (SMF)) may set up a notification channel session for every service session (e.g., protocol data unit (PDU) session). Within each PDU session, some service data flows may be associated with online charging and some service data flows may be associated with offline charging.

