BACKGROUND

An ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) is a field-effect transistor used for characterizing and/or identifying a target in a fluid. The target reacts with and/or binds to a sensing layer in the fluid to change a surface potential difference at the sensing layer. The change in the surface potential difference changes a threshold voltage of the ISFET, which may be used to characterize and/or identify the target. ISFETs are widely used in different life-science applications, ranging from environmental monitoring and basic life science research to Point-of-Care (PoC) in-vitro molecular diagnostics.

