BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to methods and compositions for treating living organisms.

Upon utilization of a nanoscalar particle to achieve a practical purpose, its design and replication defines the field of nanotechnology. Indeed, over the past decade, inventions of biomaterials have focused on synthesis, while purposeful in vivo applications have gone wanting. Developments have resulted from the fabrication of novel architectures that range from Bucky Balls to octahedral DNA. Cytochromes offer some special nanometric advantages that are realized as a result of architecture elucidated within the current invention

A diversity of cytochromes present possibilities for multitudes of combinations. For example, linkage of chemical reduction of dioxygen to electrogenic translocation of protons across a membrane occurs through Cytochrome C (Cc) oxidase (A. Namslauer, A. S. Pawate, R. B. Gennis and P. Brzezinski (2003) Redox-coupled proton translocation in biological systems: Proton shuttling in cytochrome c oxidase PNAS 100(26):15543-15547) and if Cc, for instance, is singled out from all other cytochromes for consideration, over three score evolutionary lines are documented, a diversity that offers many avenues of process.

Cytochromes P450 (P450) are hemoproteins that catalyze monooxygenation of endogenous and xenobiotic hydrophobic substrates. Families of P450 have a broad range of substrates and are responsible for processing metabolic quantities of exogenous compounds by inserting singlet oxygen that renders them soluble for removal. The utilization of oxygen by P450 mediates hydroxylations, epoxidations, dehalogenations, deaminations and dealkylations. The predominance of literature is devoted to P450 monoxygenases (CYP); however, electron reduction must, necessarily, be balanced by coupling reactions with NADPH:Cytochrome P450 reductases (CPR). P450 is understood as an enzyme complex of CYP and CPR.

The present invention generally relates to cytochromes, particularly cytochromes P450. Specifically, the invention is of primary application for electron reduction potential mechanisms that activate the induction, building, and accurate architectural reproduction by over fifty functionally different structures of P450 Each monooxygenase is substrate specific and, coupled with CPR, may be read spectrophotometrically at 450 nm in the presence of carbon monoxide and, for example, nitrobenzoate.

In particular, the present inventor has determined that small quantities of xenobiotics, such as carcinogens and drugs, can be recognized, deactivated and prepared for removal by P450 systems. Although, some substrates are beneficial, others are toxins, mutagens, or carcinogens.

It is in the best interest of humanity to maintain P450 systems at optimal levels to metabolize and remove physiological concentrations of objectionable substances. The majority of xenobiotics, being unavoidable through environmental, gustatory, and pharmaceutical exposures, may be processed at some point of metabolism by P450. On the other hand, inhibitors of P450 are also unavoidable. Upon exposure to the strongest inhibitors, the population is left without the ability to defend adequately against xenobiotics. Until the discoveries of the present invention, a means of re-establishing and/or fortifying P450 to process xenobiotics in living animals had not been made available.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention elucidates a design philosophy that when applied to cytochromes, deals with physiologically important xenobiotics effectively. In certain embodiments, building and increasing quantities of most of the known P450 structures is accomplished in vivo as a consequence of cascading responses to architectural modification, primarily, with the nucleotide, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), within CPR. As these nucleotides are administered into living systems, they move across the surface of reductases as they become integral to the structure and function of entire monooxygenase-reductase complexes, primarily as P450 plus the added FMN (P450:FMN) (or other suitable oxidant).

Thus, a P450:FMN enzyme complex, with more than one FMN molecule in the complex, results in a novel composition of matter (such as in the form of a food supplement, a dietary supplement, a beverage, a topical formulation, or a pill) that assists the body in detoxifying xenobiotics. The direct connection of FMN, for example, to fortify these enzyme complexes, has not been made previously. This invention thus provides methods of detoxification by administering compositions that are selected for accelerating specific activity. These formulations enhance P450 in subcellular nanoarrays. By means of compositions comprised of inducers that are selected for regeneration, the present invention introduces methods of activating repressed nanoscopic structures.

For these reasons, it would be desirable to provide novel methods and compositions for the purpose of fortifying the complexes in humans and other living organisms. It would be particularly desirable if such methods and compositions were able to induce these complexes in specific tissues. The present invention further provides convenient methods resulting in fortification of these complexes for animal and human therapy. It is desirable that the methods and compositions of the present invention promote eradication of undesirable compounds in a manner that enhances the quality of life. It would be further desirable to provide palatable treatments that are nutritious and broadly effective. To that end, preferably, the compositions of an embodiment of the present invention are sweet-tasting, as a rewarding means that encourage daily upkeep of the enzymes complexes.

As a first aspect, the present invention provides isolated P450:FMN compositions of matter wherein there is a plurality of FMN molecules in the enzymatic complex. The methods of isolation, such as from urine or the liver of an animal, are well known to those skilled in the art.

As a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for enhancing P450 family members, numbering over 50, by treatment with their corresponding oxidants. The method comprises administering to an animal in need thereof oxidants that increase the quantity of the complex in that animal.

As a third aspect, the present invention provides compositions for inducing P450:FMN enzyme complexes.

As a fourth aspect, the present invention provides compositions for enhancing anticarcinogenic enzyme complexes in humans. The compositions comprise an effective amount of a nucleotide that increases the amount of the complexes in vivo.

As a fifth aspect, the present invention provides compositions comprising a first compound selected from the group consisting of CPR and oxidants that induce P450:FMN enzyme complexes.

As a sixth aspect, the present invention provides methods for the automatic fortification of P450:FMN enzyme complexes in living systems. The methods include treatment with a compound selected from the group consisting of one or more structural components of the enzyme complexes.

As a seventh aspect, the present invention provides a method for improving the chemical defense of humans and animals using P450:FMN enzyme complexes. The method includes the step of administering to a human or animal in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising FMN.

As another specific aspect, the present invention provides methods for dietary supplements to come to the defense of humans against harmful xenobiotics whilst improving nutrition, particularly, in sweeteners.

Compositions are provided that comprise naturally sweet reductants with natural oxidants for increasing the amount of P450:FMN enzyme complexes in an animal.

These and other aspects of the present invention are described further in the detailed description and examples of the invention which follow.

