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WATCH: Cute 'Mini-Trump' Joins Donald On Stage at Pennsylvania Rally Luntz Focus Group Dials-Up the Debate: 'She Sounded Like Bernie Sanders' Krauthammer: Trump Threat to Prosecute Hillary Sounds Like a 'Banana Republic' Former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee, also a former presidential candidate, said the marked amount of Republicans disavowing endorsements or support of Donald Trump following the release of the vulgar 2005 video were not made for reasons the public might think. "A lot of these bed-wetting, hand-wringing Republicans--they're not afraid Donald Trump is going to lose: They're scared to death that Donald Trump is going to win," Huckabee said. Huckabee said Trump will "mess up the neat little package of fun they have and they all play to the donor class." "It's not a big surprise that he is crude and he isvulgar," Huckabee told Megyn Kelly, "we knew he was not a Sunday school teacher." "I'm waiting on Hillary to apologize for lying to Congress...to the American people, destroying evidence [and] making a deal with Iran." He also compared Trump to the captain from "Jaws", while he compared Clinton to the shark: "She's going to eat your boat," he said, referencing her economic policy platform. Strategist: Trump 'Re-Herding Own Sheep-- Needs to Raid Someone Else's Barn' Gutfeld: Trump 'Made Up for Lost Time' During 2nd Debate, But Is It Enough? Hillary Slams Trump's 'Really Weak Excuse' for 2005 Comments About Women

1797, and of Christchurch, then in Hampshire, in 1802, and rector of Gussage St Michael, Dorsetshire, in 1806. In the course of his clerical career, Clapham published several sermons. One of these, How far Methodism conduces to the interests of Christianity, and the welfare of society: impartially considered (1794), elicited the response Methodism vindicated from the charge of ignorance and enthusiasm, a reply to a sermon preached by S. Clapham, published at Margate in 1795. Clapham also served as a county magistrate in Hampshire for twenty-five years. One of his works, Collection of the Several Points of Sessions' Law (1818), was a digest of material relating to the powers and responsibilities of a justice of quarter sessions. The work drew particularly critical notice as an amateur compendium which, among- which has had a rocky relationship with House in recent years. Will the Senate adopt similar rules on its side? Or will senators be forced to explain why a higher level of transparency works for one chamber but not the other? When lawmakers convene for their organizational session on Nov. 22 it could be the start of a tumultuous period for the Florida Legislature and for the hundreds of men and women who rely on the Legislature for their living. TALLAHASSEE'S LIKELY NEXT DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSMAN WAS ON PAYROLL OF BIG TRUMP BACKER And speaking of lobbying, former state senator - and likely member of Congress after Nov. 8 - Al Lawson has been straight forward that he has worked as a lobbyist for the last several years for several clients

including Florida State University and on behalf of school choice proponents. But financial disclosures Lawson filed earlier this year revealed that he was on the payroll of the high-powered lobbying firm of Brian Ballard, who is a top fundraiser for Republicans including GOP president nominee Donald Trump. Ballard also has lobbied on behalf of Trump. Lawson's financial disclosure filed May 16 with the clerk of the U.S. House lists Ballard Partners as source of income exceeding $5,000. This form said that Lawson's duties for Ballard Partners were "lobbying." Three days later Lawson filed an amended form that changed his duties for Ballard from "lobbying" to "consulting." (It's worth noting that Lawson's state lobbying registration filings do not show him registering for lobbying on behalf of Ballard.) When asked about it a few weeksago, Khloe Greenwood, a spokeswoman for Lawson's campaign said: "Senator Lawson is not currently on payroll with Ballard Partners. He was a consultant during the legislative session earlier this year, and provided counsel for governmental and public affairs on a variety of projects." Still the connection to Ballard and his firm may have proved useful to Lawson in other ways. Jacksonville reporters noted that Susie Wiles, a top Trump campaign operative in Florida who also works for Ballard Partners, helped Lawson in his campaign to unseat incumbent U.S. Rep. Corrine Brown. Lawson defeated Brown, who is currently facing federal fraud charges, in the Democratic primary. In one article there's a paraphrased quote from Wiles saying that the reason she's helping Lawson is because he had a good relationship with the

Friday Flashback Today we have some old images from the 100 Year centennial supplement 1861-1961 of “The Southland Daily News” (not to be confused with The Southland Times) The News as it was also known was started by George Smallfield on February 16 1861 from a shed in Tay street and later relocating to Dee street next to the then Briscoes building. Special thanks to Jeff Ross for the newspapers. In 1924 after a rail strike led The News to form their own passenger bus service to deliver their papers all over Southland, by 1961 they ran buses to Wyndham, Gore,Waitane, Dipton and Tuatapere, these routes were supplemented by other transport operators bringing the buses daily used to 23. Below the work started to add trams (from 1881 – 1912) they were drawnpublic schools. The state teachers union, PTA and the League of Women voters of Florida are also participating. The coalition of voter groups that originally challenged maps draw during redistricting efforts in 2012 said they will also apeal newly draw maps approved earlier this month by a Leon County circuit court. Lewis ruled that the new map would go into effect for the 2016 election. Both Brown and Webster are running for re-election now under the old boundary lines. The coalition that originally challenged that map said the new one doesn't fix the issues they've raised and have criticized Lewis' ruling. They said the changes the Legislature approved to districts 5 and 10 didn't go far enough to fix the political gerrymandering. The voter groups have now asked the state's First District Court

of Appeal to look into Lewis's rulings. The coalition, which includes the League of Women Voters of Florida, the NAACP and Common Cause, makes it clear their fight is focused on changing the maps again in time for the 2016 election. The First DCA has twice ruled against the voters groups on redistricting appeals but the Florida Supreme Court has twice overturned those rulings. Incoming Florida House Speaker Steve Crisafulli has notified members of which weeks to block out of their schedules leading up to the 2015 session. They will first gather Nov. 18, two weeks after the election, to have an organizational session. If Gov. Rick Scott wins re-election, this will be business as usual. But if Democrat Charlie Crist wages an upset, there will be many changes in theCapitol and the Republican-controlled Legislature will have even more to discuss. Of course, either way the gubernatorial election goes, there will be some newly elected members (and some former members returning) joining the Legislature on Nov. 18 and for training the week of December 8. Here are the committee weeks: -The week of January 5 -The week of January 20 (Begins on Tuesday because the state observes Martin Luther King Day) Nothing has dogged Miami Republican congressional candidate Carlos Curbelo on the campaign trail more than his refusal to disclose the clients of his media and public relations firm, Capitol Gains. The company isn't registered in his name. He hasn't appeared in corporation records filed with the state of Florida since 2009, when Curbelo says he was advised by U.S. Senate attorneys to divest

from his firm. Curbelo was state director for Florida Republican Senator George LeMieux from 2009-10. But Curbelo listed himself as the company's president, owner or principal in various federal campaign contributions he made in 2013. That year, Curbelo donated $500 in January to Miami Republican Congressman Mario Diaz-Balart and reported his occupation as president of Capitol Gains. In May, a $2,500 contribution to Republicans for Immigration Reform, a so-called "SuperPAC," listed him as Capitol Gains' owner. And in December, in a $2,600 contribution to his own congressional campaign, Curbelo wrote that he was a Capitol Gains "principal." Curbelo readily acknowledges that he runs the firm he founded in 2002. His wife, Cecilia, who for the past five years as been listed as the corporation's sole managing member, stopped working in 2009Extreme motorcycle road rage caught on tape, biker arrested A New Jersey motorcyclist, who was involved in a wild chase by a pack of bikers after an SUV carrying a family, has been arrested in New York, officials said on Tuesday, after the confrontation was caught on video and went viral. The four-mile chase on Manhattan’s West Side has become a sensation since the incident on Sunday afternoon. After a motorcyclist appears to have been hit by the SUV, the vehicle takes off and the bikers give chase. When the black SUV stops on a street in upper Manhattan, a motorcyclist is seen smashing out the window with his helmet. The driver was pulled from the car and beaten, police said. Christopher Cruz, 28, of Passaic, N.J., was arrested and charged

on Tuesday with reckless endangerment, menacing and reckless driving, New York Police Department spokeswoman Annette Markowski told the Los Angeles Times. The charges are misdemeanors, she said. Cruz sustained injuries to his lower back, but contrary to initial reports, did not have any limbs broken, she said. According to police, the incident began on Sunday afternoon when Alexian Lien, 33, of lower Manhattan, his wife and their 2-year-old daughter were out on a Sunday drive in their black Range Rover. The vehicle is seen in the center lane on the video. A group of about 30 motorcyclists swarm around the SUV. One of the bikers slows and seems to be struck by the SUV. The vehicle stays put, but moments later, it takes off through the crowd and the bikers givebased on their DNA and environment,” Gates, director of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, said while seated on a sprawling lanai overlooking acres of coral reefs awash in turquoise waters. SAFS graduate student Eleni Petrou is featured in UW Today: ‘In 2015, a harmful algal bloom damaged ecosystems, communities and economies across the U.S. West Coast. Fisheries essential to local economies faced long-term closures to protect human health. Marine life suffered mass die-offs. Climate change makes recurrent events likely, but there is little assurance that public policy will better support our communities and environment the next time. Each year, the Husky 100 recognizes 100 UW undergraduate and graduate students from Bothell, Seattle and Tacoma in all areas of study who are making the most of their time at the UW. In

2017, three SAFS students were honored with the Husky 100 award: Jonathan (Jono) Grindall, undergraduate senior Griffin Hoins, undergraduate senior Daniel Hernandez, graduate (PhD) Congratulations to Jonathan, Griffin, and Daniel! SAFS undergraduate student Ariel Delos Santos is featured on the UW website: ‘Senior Ariel Delos Santos was one of the students in Born’s fall class which looked at connectivity and community place-making in Auburn. “Working with the LCY program brought a novel component to our educational experience. Instead of a standard classroom setting where our homework is only seen by the professor, our final products were intimately tied to the city and its community members – which greatly motivated us to do more work and be more attentive to those who will be affected,” said Delos Santos, a senior double major in Community, Environment &Planning and Aquatic Fishery & Sciences. W.F. Thompson Award for Best Student Paper Published in 2015 Nominations are open for the W.F. Thompson Award, which will be given by the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists (AIFRB) to recognize the best student paper in fisheries science published during 2015. The award will consist of a check for up to $1000 as determined by the Board of Control, a certificate and a one-year membership in AIFRB at an appropriate level. Surprise and discovery in Hakodate by John Trochta, SAFS graduate student Heat and humidity were not new to me, especially coming from a Seattle summer, but it still surprised me in Hakodate. I suppose the actual surprise didn’t occur until we arrived at the Japanese inn, where I eagerly expected the relief of air conditioning and

didn’t find it. My room on the fourth floor was small and almost entirely empty, except for a short end table and a bundled Japanese futon (completely different from the American furniture piece of the same name). Summer course experience at Hokkaido University in Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan by Rachel Manning, B.S. 2016 School of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences This past summer I received a full scholarship to participate in an incredible two-week course abroad with two other awesome SAFS students. Snorkels and Seaweeds and Squid, Oh My! Travels of a SAFS Student in Hakodate, Japan by Grace Workman, SAFS undergraduate student This summer, I got to experience life in Hakodate, Japan! Hokkaido, the northern part of Japan, is home to the city with delicious dairy, the freshest seafood imaginable, and our host, Hokkaido University. Ourgun amendment approved by the lower Czech house, the upper house is expected to confirm the measure soon. And with Czech president Miloš Zeman a known supporter of gun rights, the Czechs are on their way of becoming the first European country with a quasi-Second Amendment. Interior minister Chovanec recently pointed out that armed citizens would be able to shoot terrorists who attempt to ram large vehicles into crowds of innocent people, as has already happened in France, the UK, and Germany. As of now, such an attack has not happened in the Czech Republic; given recent developments, it would seem ill-advised for a terrorist to try.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation is offering rewards of up to $15,000 in the search for culprits in arson attacks at three Catholic churches in El Paso that largely serve Hispanics and migrants. The first blaze was set outside the St. Matthew Catholic Church on May 7. Exactly a week later, incendiary devices were thrown at St. Patrick Cathedral, a spokesman for the Diocese of El Paso previously told NBC News. Then, on June 15, firefighters encountered heavy smoke coming from the main sanctuary of St. Jude Catholic Church. They found a broken window near the chapel’s altar. “We are counting on assistance from members of the community to keep our city safe,” the FBI said in a press release Thursday announcing rewards of $5,000 for information on each arson attack,who admitted he was targeting people of Mexican descent. Patrick Crusius, 21, of Allen, Texas, was indicted on capital murder charges earlier this month in connection to the mass shooting on Aug. 3. Follow NBC Latino on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.

Pneumocephalus and seizures following epidural steroid injection. We describe a patient with pneumocephalus following an epidural steroid injection (ESI) who presented with altered mental status, headache, focal neurologic findings and seizures. Pneumocephalus has rarely been described following ESI. A 34-year-old female presented with an altered level of consciousness worsening over approximately 18h following an ESI for lumbar back pain. She had associated headache, right-sided facial twitching and right upper extremity weakness. A brain CT scan revealed pneumocephalus in the right lateral ventricle and quadrigeminal plate cistern. While in the emergency department she experienced a self-limited generalized seizure. She was admitted and her symptoms persisted. Seven days following admission she was discharged to a rehabilitation facility, but her arm weakness persisted for greater than a month before resolving. Epidural anesthesiamilitarism, etc. Also, on the subject of religion: It is true that some nazi's had a hard-on for Germanic paganism,partly because they saw Christianity as a religion for the weak, and partly due to their racist ideology (as a throwback to ancient Germania and it's so called "superior race"). That stuff you said about socialism on the other hand? utter, complete shite: Not many people know this, but Marx was in no way the first socialist: socialism is inspired by the typical christian value of "Caritas", or "charity" in English, as a correction on the excesses of liberal capitalism in the early 19th century. Marx later built communism on these foundations, but also christian, socialist, and liberal democrats took some inspiration from this early socialism. TL;DR: Stop pulling **** out

Q: "java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Not a managed type ..." when entity class and Spring data repository in same package I've got a pretty weird behaviour in my simple Spring Application. I am not able to have a JPA Entity and a Spring Data Repository in the same package. I would like to build a very simple web application in which I manage some Users. So I started from scratch and created the following project structure: src | +-- main | +-- de.my.mainpackage | +-- client | | | +-- ClientApp.java | Libya calls for the Sufi mediation of Sanusiyya The March 25th public statements of Libyan Foreign Minister, Moḥamed Abdelaziz, while attending a preparatory meeting for the 25th summit of the Arab League in Kuwait, have revived the Monarchy option as an adequate institutional solution to face the situation of disconnection Libya is experiencing after the Gaddafi’s regime overthrow. This news item, first relaunched by the Saudi daily Okaz, shows how a debate on the Sanūsī’s recall at the helm of the State is up-to-date, both at a grassroots and the national top level. “Many tribal sheikhs, who lived under monarchy and know it, prefer such a system of government”, the Minister added. Then, after explaining his personal commitment to engage communities, even beyond his own government post, he has motivated

values, the Sanūsī movement and the history and loyalty for late King Idrīs as-Sanūsī”, he explains. And many observers, even among the Westerners, think another politically active head of state does not meet the expectations of impartiality the Libyan people require. The judgment review towards Sanūsī by the new Libya was soon become clear when the revolutionaries had hoisted the Kingdom of Libya flag and had begun singing the anthem of the monarchist Libya and when both had turned the official symbols of the new State. Then, last February, then Prime Minister ʿAlī Zīdān had submitted to the General National Congress (the legislative body) a draft law repealing the rule that exiled the royal family. Two months ago, on March 5th, the interim government decided to “rehabilitate” the royalfamily, giving citizenship to its members and providing the juridical framework for the restitution of property confiscated after the 1969 coup. The ability to act for unity and identity, that is attributed to Sanūsī as leaders of the Libyan people, has been established because of the characteristics of their history, that join religious and political aspects, poured over an area free from ethnic homogeneity, with no national experiences before 1951, and strongly rooted in the religious beliefs of its community. Sanūsī first gave local populations an ethical and behavioral concern through Sanūsiyya, the reformist Sufi Brotherhood founded in 1837 in Mecca by their forefather Sharīf Sayyid Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī, theGrand Sanūsī; then, by acquiring a connotation of militant Islamism, have provided them with a political awareness and gradually have

become their natural leaders. In summary, here is their ascent: in 1840, with the founding of az-Zāwiya al-Bayḑā’ (the White Monastery), in the Ottoman Cyrenaica, they give life to an embryonic structure of government, which collects taxes, controls the pilgrimage routes to Mecca and keeps peace among tribes; and then spread in the Saharan oases of the south-eastern Cyrenaica (from Jaghbūb to Jof and Kufra), of Tchad, Darfur, Sudan, and even in Nigeria, Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula; with the onset of anti-colonial struggles countering French and Italians, they stand out, inspired by pan-Islamist ideals, through the insurgent exploits of Sayyid Aḥmad ash-SharīfPasha, Moḥammed el-Barrani and Sīdī ‘Umar al-Mukhtār; in 1913, by declaring a jihād against Italy (which the year before had stated that land its Protectorate), they proclaim the independentState of Cyrenaica, which will fall three years later; in 1917 Italy assigns to Sayyid Muḥammad Idrīs, later to become King of Libya, the administration of the inland areas (with the title of Amīr of Kufra, Jaghbūb, Jalo, Aujila and Ajdabiya oases) and the right to keep armed forces; in 1948, following the Italian defeat in the WWII, Sayyid Idrīs resettles in the palace of the former Italian Governor and forms a government in Benghazi, where March 1st, 1949 proclaims the Emirate of Cyrenaica; October 7th, 1951 the Libyan National Assembly approves the Federal Constitution, laying down the independence of the United Kingdom of Libya from Great Britain and France, former occupying powers under UN auspices; next December 24th the Amīr Idrīs, under the name of Idrīs I, becomes Sovereign of the

banning by the regime has been a serious political mistake, because of the sudden lack of a major mediating element, which only in recent years the government and the Libyan Military have discreetly sought to retrieve. Not least because Saif al-Islām, the Gaddafi’s second son and the most available to dialogue with some anti-regime forces, was a son of Safia Farkash, who, in turn, belonged to al-Bara’asi tribe, traditionally close to King Idrīs. Since the 2011 Revolution, domestic issues about power management have emerged, such as the atavic theme of relationship between central government and tribes, but also the role of the rebels’ armed militias in this dramatic period of transition. As for the first subject, Libyan public opinion seems to be again inclined towards the rejection of relyingany subsequent secession and to avert the hazard from religious extreme fringes satisfying foreign regional powers. Now, after the election of the Constituent Assembly last February, it’s widely believed the State institutional form should be debated in all its possible options and the Libyans are entitled to be consulted on. If a constitutional Monarchy might be reintroduced, two members of Sanūsī dynasty may contend for the throne: Prince Sayyid Moḥamed ar-Riḍa bin Ḥasan (son of Sayyid Ḥasan ar-Riḍa al-Mahdī, failed successor designated by King Idrīs), 51, who lives in exile in London and has already been contacted by Minister Abdelaziz to test his availability; Sayyid Idrīs bin ‘Abdullāh (belonging to a side branch), 57, former businessman in the oil industry living in exile in Rome. He married the Spanish aristocratic Ana

María Quiñones de León, a cousin of King Juan Carlos. Moḥamed’s supporters claim the rights of direct lineage from the last King; but Idrīs’ proponents oppose that Moḥamed’s father has abdicated after the 1969 coup and that, in any case, the succession to the Brotherhood leadership has never been established according birthright, but via election of a member of Sanūsī family by the Council of the tribal leaders. However, none of the possible pretenders to the throne has publicly claimed that role in the post-Gaddafi era: e.g., Idrīs said he favours popular election of a Head of State, whatever you choose to call it; Moḥamed said he did not believe his return to the throne of Libya is timely, yet; even the 81-year-old Aḥmed az-Zubayr, grandson of the 3rdGrandAḥmed az-Zubayr and Sayyid ‘Abdullāh (the claimant Idrīs’ father), have been working to overthrow Gaddafi, particularly in the operations known as “Fezzan” and “Hilton Assignment”: following allegations for insurgency, Aḥmed has suffered 31 years of detention (including 18 on death row and 9 in seclusion), so today you may understand his desire not to get involved too much in the political affairs of Libya. Then, since 1990 Sanūsiyya has started acting as coordinator for several opposition figures; and in 2005 in London the National Front for the Salvation of Libya, the Monarchist Party led by Fayez Jibril and Ibrāhīm Sahad, and six other political groups organized an opposition meeting, from which arose the National Accord, in order to restore the constitutional order envisaged by the 1951 UN resolution.

ON the pitch he was the best of his generation - off it, he’s proving so much more. Former Newcastle United hero Alan Shearer has added another prize to his prolific list of achievements. At a special ceremony, the record breaking goalscorer was awarded the Paul Harris Fellowship in recognition of his outstanding work for the community. Awarded by The Rotary Club of Newcastle West, the accolade was presented by district governor Les Fay in a prestigious ceremony. It marks the highest achievement on offer from the organisation and was handed to the 40-year-old for his prolific charity work. Rotarian David Gregory said: “This is the highest honour that the Rotary Club offers worldwide. “It’s for someone who makes a big contribution to the community and Alan is involved in all sorts of things. “AlanPresident Trump will begin a tour next week to boost the chances for tax reform, and will start with a visit to Springfield, Missouri. The Wednesday stop will be the first in a series of stops around the country, according to the White House. National Economic Council director Gary Cohn said in an interview published by the Financial Times Friday that rallying support for tax reform would move to the top of Trump's agenda in the fall. White House officials have long said that Trump would press the case for tax reform in the states of members of Congress whose votes he needs. Congressional Republicans have said he will need to play a leading sales role for tax reform to advance in Congress. Missouri, which Trump carried by 19 points, is represented

located in Brockdorffs Palæ. That is the one currently being renovated as future recidence for the Crownprince couple. What that will mean for the apartments I dont know, but I would imagen that they would be moved to one of the other buildings. Christian VII's Palace is used for visiting guests/dignitaries and representation. Christian VIII's Palace houses the Glücksburg royals museum (the Oldenburgs can be found at Rosenborg castle) as well as offices, a depot of the Queen's library and residence for the heir (until the renovations are finished on Frederik VIII's Palace). Prince Joachim also have a flat here, as will Anne-Marie and Benedikte after the renovations. Christian IX's Palace has been the residence of Queen Margrethe and Prince Henrik since 1967. Frederik VIII's Palace was the residence of Queen Ingridand King Frederik and is currently undergoing renovations to become the residence for Mary and Frederik. As mentioned above, Benedikte and Anne-Marie have/will have flats at Amalienborg. Benedikte had one, but Anne-Marie, I think, stayed with her mother when she was in Denmark. The above is the current make-up of who lives at Amalienborg now. The administrative offices of the Crown Prince Couple are in Christian VIII. The CP Couple also uses the official reception rooms at Christian VIII, e.g. when CP Mary hosts her patronages for the New Year. Prince Joachim, Princess Marie, Princess Benedikte and Queen Anne-Marie all have apartments in Christian VIII. (The apartments of Princess Benedikte and Queen Ann-Marie were moved from Frederik VIII to Christian VIII when renovations on Frederik VIII began) However, the current residence

of TRH The Crown Prince and Crown Princess is also located in this palace So as of today, the crown prince couple of Denmark use the following residences: The Chancellery House at Fredensborg Palace is the main private residence Christian VII (7) at Amalienborg is the site of their private city residence Christian VIII (8) at Amalienborg is used for representative and official purposes as well as location of their administrative staff From summer 2010, Frederik VIII (8) Palace will be their main private residence, site of their staff and used for representative and official purposes. A continuation of my previous post....the below is from the Crown Prince Couple's official websiteTRH The Crown Prince Couple - Christian VIII's Palace So as of today, the crown prince couple of Denmark use the following residences: The Chancellery HouseFormer Sonics coach George Karl says it's 'depressing' that Seattle doesn't have an NBA team To honor the 1995-96 SuperSonics, Seattlepi.com sat down with former Sonics coach George Karl, the 2013 NBA Coach of the Year, earlier this week for a wide-ranging Q&A about that season and what's next for basketball in Seattle. less To honor the 1995-96 SuperSonics, Seattlepi.com sat down with former Sonics coach George Karl, the 2013 NBA Coach of the Year, earlier this week for a wide-ranging Q&A about that season and what's next for ... more Photo: Getty Images Photo: Getty Images Image 1 of / 24 Caption Close Former Sonics coach George Karl says it's 'depressing' that Seattle doesn't have an NBA team 1 / 24 Back to Gallery George Karl hopes he isn't

done coaching basketball. But after the Kings fired him in April following a 33-49 season, a little more than a year after being hired to resurrect a moribund franchise, the former Seattle SuperSonics coach says he's vacationing in Sacramento until the end of the month so his 11-year-old daughter can finish the school year, then moving back to Denver. "I'm just enjoying it and relaxing," Karl, 65, said over the phone earlier this week. "Sacramento is a pretty cool town. Great weather. Great sunshine. A lot of beautiful nature within a couple hours of us." Before his tenure with the Kings, Karl spent nine seasons in Denver with the Nuggets, making the playoffs every year but advancing past the first round just once. That came in 2009 when they lost insix games to the Lakers in the Western Conference finals. It was the closest Karl had come to a title since his 1995-96 campaign, when he led the SuperSonics to a 64-18 regular season and the NBA Finals, where they lost in six games to the Bulls. Karl went 384-150 during his six-and-a-half year run in Seattle after taking over during the 1991-92 season. After finishing the year 47-35, Karl's Sonics never won fewer than 55 games. They never missed the playoffs. It was a sustained run of regular season success the franchise had never experienced. And Karl was the popular leader, a fiery personality that at times clashed with players and management. To honor the 1995-96 SuperSonics, Seattlepi.com spoke with the 2013 NBA Coach of the Year for a wide-ranging Q&A

Congratulations to Chef Eric Cox, ABCCM's director of food service operations, and Rachel Wilson, a case manager with our Veterans Services of the Carolinas ministry! Chef Cox, who is an instructor in A-B Tech's culinary program, was recently named the school's Continuing Educator of the Year and was recognized at A-B Tech's graduation ceremony in May. Chef Cox teaches his culinary courses at the VRQ and many of his students are VRQ and Steadfast House residents, including both veteran and civilian men and women. Rachel works closely with Chef Cox to help veterans succeed in the culinary course and gain living-wage jobs in Asheville's busy culinary industry. She and the culinary program were profiled in a spotlight article in a National Veterans Technical Assistance Center newsletter. Thanks to the dedication301 54. The Tstu'tli 302 55. The Uw'tsufi'ta 303 56. Tl ie Snake Boy 304 57. The Snake Man 304 58. The Rattlesnake's vengeance - 305 59. The smaller reptiles, fishes, and insects 306 60. Why the Bullfrog's head is striped 310 61. The Bullfrog lover 310 62. The Katydid's warning 311 Wonder stories 311 63. rntsaiyi'. the Gambler , 311 64. The nest of theTla'nuwa 315 65. The Hunter and the Tla'nuwa 316 66. r'tlufi'ta. the Spear-finger 316 07. Xun'yunu'wl, the stone man 319 68. The Hunter in the Dakwa' 320 69. A-taga'M, the enchanted lake 321 To. The Bride from the south 322 71 . The Ice Man t 322 72. The Hunter and Selu 323 73. The underground [■anthers 32 1 74. The Tsundige'wl 325 75. i >rigin of the I '.ear: The Bear songs 325 To. The Bear Man 327 77. TheGreat Leech of Tlanusi'yl.. 329 78. The Xunne'hi and

other spirit folk 330 70. The removed townhouses 335 moonev.] CONTENTS 7 V— Tlie myths— Continued. Wonder stories — Continued. Page 80. The spirit defenders of Nikwasi' 336 8 1 . TsuikaliV, the slant-eyed giant 337 82. Kana'sta, the lust settlement 341 83. Tsuwe'nahi, a legend of Pilot knob 843 84. The man who married the Thunder's sister 345 85. The haunted whirlpool 347 sii. Yahula :;47 87. The water cannibals 349 Historical traditions . 350 , ss. First contact with whites 350 89. The Iroquois wars :;:, i 90. Hiadeoni, the Seneca 356 91. The two Mi .hawks 357 92. Escape of the Seneca boys 359 9.'!. The unseen helpers 359 94. Hatcinondon's escape from the Cherokee 362 95. Hemp-carrier. :;<;4 '.hi The Seneca peacemakers 365 97. Origin of the Yontonwisas .lance '365 us. i ra'na's adventures among the Cherokee 367 99. The Shawano wars 370 100. The raid on Tikwali'tsI 374 101. Thelast Shawano invasion :;74 102. The false warriors of Chilhowee 375 103. ( Wee town :;77 104. The eastern tribes _ 378 105. The southern and western tribes 382 100. The giants from the west 391 107. The lost Cherokee , 391 108. The massacre of the Ani'-Kuta'nl 392 109. The war medicine 393 110. Incidents of personal heroism :;:i| 111. The mounds and the constant lire: The old sacred things 395 Miscellaneous myths and legends 397 Ul'. The ignorant housekeeper :i'.i7 113. The man in the stump _ 397 114. Two lazy hunters 397 115. The two old men 399 116. The star feathers 399 117. Th,' Mother Bear's song 400 118. Baby song, to please tin- children 401 119. When babies are born: The Wren and the ( Iricket 401 120. The Raven Mocker 401 121. Herbert's spring 403 1-".'. Local legends i 4' North Carolina 404 123. Local

river 405 XX. Petroglyphs at Track-rock gap, Georgia 4 IS Figure 1. Feather wand of Eagle dance 2S2 2. Ancient Iroquois wampum 1 celts 354 9 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE By James Mooney I— INTRODUCTION The myths given in this paper are part of a large body of material collected among the Cherokee, chiefly in successive field seasons from 1887 to L890, inclusive, and comprising more or less extensive notes, together with original Cherokee manuscripts, relating to the history, archeology, geographic nomenclature, personal names, botany, medi- cine, arts, home life, religion, songs, ceremonies, and language of the tribe. It is intended that this material shall appear from time to time in a series of papers which, when finally brought together, shall constitute a monograph upon the Cherokee Indians. This paper may be considered the first of the series, all that has hitherto appeared being a shortpaper upon the sacred formulas of the tribe, published in the Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau in 1891 and containing a synopsis of the Cherokee medico-religious theory, with twenty-eight specimens selected from a body of about six hundred ritual formulas written down in the Cherokee language and alphabet by former doctors of the tribe and constituting altogether the largest body of aboriginal American literature in existence. Although the Cherokee arc probably the largest and most impor- tant tribe in the Tinted States, having their own national government and numbering at any time in their history from 20,000 to 25,000 per- sons, almost nothing has yet been written of their history or general ethnology, as compared with the literature of such northern tribes as the Delawares, the Iroquois, or the Ojibwa. The difference is due to historical reasons which need not

be discussed here. It might seem at first thought that the Cherokee, with their civi- lized code of laws, their national press, their schools and seminaries, are so far advanced along the white man's road as to offer but little inducement for ethnologic study. This is largely true of those in the Indian Territory, with whom the enforced deportation, two generations ago, from accustomed scenes and surroundings did more at a single stroke to obliterate Indian ideas than could have been accomplished 11 12 MYTHS OF THE OHEBOKEE [bth.aiw.19 by fifty years of slow development. There remained behind, however, in the bearl of the Carolina mountains, :i considerable body, outnum- bering todaj such well-known western tribes as the Omaha, Pawnee, Comanche, and Kiowa, and it is among these, the old conservative Kitn'hwa < 'lenient, that t lie ancient things have been preserved.Moun- taineers guard well the past, and in the secluded forests of Xantahala and Oconaluftee, faraway from the main-traveled road of modern progress, the Cherokee priest still treasures the Legends and repeats the mystic rituals handed down from his ancestors. There is change indeed in dress and outward seeming, but the heart of the Indian is still his own. For this and other reasons much the greater portion of the material herein contained has been procured among the East Cherokee living upon the Qualla reservation in western North Carolina and in various detached settlements between the reservation and the Tennessee line. This has been supplemented with information obtained in the Cherokee Nation in Indian Territory, chiefly from old men and women who had emigrated from what is now Tennessee and Georgia, and who consequently had a better local knowledge of these

sections, as well as of the history of the western Nation, than is possessed by their kindred in Carolina. The historical matter and the parallels are, of course, collated chiefly from printed sources, but the myths proper, with but few exceptions, are from original investigation. The historical sketch must be understood as distinctly a sketch, not a detailed narrative, for which there is not space in the present paper. The Cherokee have made deep impress upon the history of the southern states, and no more has been attempted here than to give the leading- facts in connected sequence. As the history of the Nation after the removal to the West and the reorganization in Indian Territory pre- sents but few points of ethnologic interest, it has been but briefly treated. On the other hand the affairs of the eastern bandhave been discussed at some length, for the reason that so little concerning this remnant is to be found in print. One of the chief purposes of ethnologic study is to trace the development of human thought under varying conditions of race and environment, the result showing always that primitive man is essen- tially the same in every part of the world. With this object in view a considerable space has been devoted to parallels drawn almost entirely from Indian tribes of the United States and British America. For the southern countries there is but. little trustworthy material, and to extend the inquiry to the eastern continent and the islands of the sea would be to invite an endless task. The author desires to return thanks for many favors from the Library of Congress, the Geological Survey, and the Smithsonian Institution, and

to Mr James Blythe, interpreter during a great part of the time spent by the author in the field; and to various Cherokee and other informants mentioned in the body of the work, from whom the material was obtained. II HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE CHEROKEE The Traditionary Period The Cherokee were the mountaineers of the South, holding the entire Allegheny region from the interlocking bead-streams of the Kanawha and the Tennessee southward almost to the site of Atlanta, and from the Blue ridge on the east to the Cumberland range on the west, a territory comprising an area of about 40,000 square miles, now included in the states of Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. Their principal towns were upon the headwaters of the Savannah. Hiwassee, and Tuckasegee, and along the whole length of the Little Tennessee to itsjunction with the main stream. Itsati, or Echota, on the south hank of the Little Tennessee, a few miles above the mouth of Tellico river, in Tennessee, was commonly considered the capital of the Nation. As the advancing whites pressed upon them from the east and northeast the more exposed towns were destroyed or abandoned and new settlements were formed lower down the Tennessee and on the upper branches of the Chattahoochee and the Coosa. As is always (he ease with tribal geography-, there were no fixed boundaries, and on every side the Cherokee frontiers were contested by rival claimants. In Virginia, there is reason to believe, the tribe was held in check in early days by the Powhatan and the Monacan. On the east and southeast the Tuscarora and Catawba were their invet- erate enemies, with hardly even a momentary

truce within the historic period; and evidence goes to show that the Sara or Cheraw were fully as hostile. On the south there was hereditary war with the Creeks, who claimed nearly the whole, of upper Georgia as theirs by original possession, but who were being gradually pressed down toward the Gulf until, through the mediation of the United States, a treaty was finally made fixing the boundary between the two tribes along a line running about due west from the mouth of Broad river on the Savan- nah. Toward the west, the Chickasaw on the lower Tennessee and the Shawano on the Cumberland repeatedly turned back the tide of Chero- kee invasion from the rich central valleys, while the powerful Iroquois in the far north set up an almost unchallenged claim of paramount lordship from the Ottawa river ofCanada southward at Least to the Kentucky river. 14 NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PL II uooney] TRIBAL NAMES 15 On the other hand, by their defeat of the ("reeks and expulsion <>f the Shawano, the Cherokee made good the claim which they asserted to all the lands from upper Georgia to the Ohio river, including the rich hunting grounds of Kentucky. Holding as they did the great mountain harrier between the English settlements on the coast and the French or Spanish garrisons along the Mississippi and the Ohio, their geographic position, no less than their superior number, would have given them the balance of power in the South but for a looseness of tribal organization in striking contrast to the compactness of the Iro- quois league, by which for more than a century the French power was held in check in the north. The

of other tribes being designated as Creek, Catawba, etc., as the case may be. On ceremonial occasions they frequently speak of themselves as Ani'-Kitu'hwagi, or "people of Kitu'hwa," an ancient settlement on Tuckasegee river and apparently the original nucleus of the tribe. Among the western Cherokee this name has been adopted by a secret society recruited from the full-blood element and pledged to resist the advances of the white man's civilization. Under the various forms of Cuttawa, Gattochwa, Kittuwa. etc.. as spelled by dif- ferent authors, it was also used by several northern Algonquian tribes as a synonym for Cherokee. Cherokee, the name by which they are commonly known, has no meaning in their own language, and seems to be of foreign origin. As used among themselves the form is Tsa'lagi' or Tsa'ragi'. It first appears as Chalaque in the Portugueseboth the application and the etymology of this last name there has been much dispute, but there seems no reasonable doubt as to the identity of the people. Linguistically the Cherokee belong to the Iroquoian stock, the relationship having been suspected by Barton over a century ago, and by Gallatin and Hale at a later period, and definitely established by Hewitt in 1887. ] While there can now be no question of the connec- tion, the marked lexical and grammatical differences indicate that the separation must have occurred at a very early period. As is usually the case with a large tribe occupying an extensive territory, the lan- guage is spoken in several dialects, the principal of which may. for want of other names, be conveniently designated as the Eastern. Middle, and Western. Adair's classification into "Aviate" (.'///<//), or low,

and "Ottare" (d'taM), or mountainous, must be rejected as imperfect. The Eastern dialect, formerly often called the Lower Cherokee dialect, was originally spoken in all the towns upon the waters of the Keowee and Tugaloo, head-streams of Savannah river, in South Caro- lina ami the adjacent portion of Georgia. Its chief peculiarity is a rolling /'. which takes the place of the / of the other dialects. In this dialect the tribal name is Tsa'ragi', which the English settlers of Carolina corrupted to Cherokee, while the Spaniards, advancing from the south, became better familial' with the other form, which they wrote as Chalaque. Owing to their exposed frontier position, adjoin- ing the white settlements of Carolina, the Cherokee of this division 'Barton, Ben}. 8., New Views on the Origin of the Tribes and Nations of America, p. xlv, passim; Phils .,I7'.i7; Qallatfn, Albert, synopsis of Indian Tribes, Trana American Antiquarian Society, n, p. '.il: Cambridge, 1836; Hew iit. .1. X. B., The Cherokee an Iroquoian Language, Washington, 1887 i Ms In the archives of the Bureau of American Ethnologj t MYl DIALECTS RELATED TRIBES 17 were the first to feel the shock of war in the campaigns of L760 and 1776. with the result that before the close of the Revolution they had been completely extirpated from their original territory and scattered as refugees among the more western towns of the tribe. The con- sequence was that they lost their distinctive dialect, which is now practically extinct. In 1888 it was spoken by but one man on the reservation in North Carolina. The Middle dialect, which might properly be designated the Kituhwa dialect, was originally spoken in the towns on

the Tuckasegee and the headwaters of the Little Tennessee, in the very heart of the Cherokee country, and is still spoken by the great majority of those now living on the Qualla reservation. In some of its phonetic forms it agrees with the Eastern dialect, but resembles the Western in having the / sound. The Western dialect was spoken in most of the towns of east Ten- nessee and upper Georgia and upon Hiwassee and Cheowa rivers in North Carolina. It is the softest and most musical of all the dialects of this musical language, having a frequent liquid / and eliding many of the harsher consonants found in the other forms. It is also the literary dialect, and is spoken by most of those now constituting the Cherokee Nation in the West. Scattered among the other Cherokee are individualswhose pronun- ciation and occasional peculiar terms for familiar objects give indica- tion of a fourth and perhaps a fifth dialect, which can not now be localized. It is possible that these differences may come from for- eign admixture, as of Natchez. Taskigi, or Shawano blood. There is some reason for believing that the people living on Nantahala river differed dialectically from their neighbors on either side (;:). The Iroquoian stock, to which the Cherokee belong, had its chief home in the north, its tribes occupying a compact territory winch comprised portions of Ontario, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, and extended down the Susquehanna and ( Jhesapeake bay almost to the latitude of Washington. Another body, including the Tuscarora, Nottoway, and perhaps also the Meherrin. occupied territory in north- eastern North Carolina and the adjacent portion of Virginia. The ( 'herokee themselves

the missionary Heckewelder in L819, and published more l'ull\ by Brinton in the Walam Olum in L885. According t<> the firsl account, the Delawares, advancing from the west, found their further progress opposed by a powerful people called Alligewi or Tal- ligcw i. occupying the country upon a river which Heckewelder thinks identical with the Mississippi, but which the sequel shows was more probably the upper Ohio. They wen' said to have regularly built earthen fortifications, in which they defended themselves so well that at la-t the Delawares were obliged to seek the assistance of the "Mengwe,"or Iroquois, with the result that aftera warfare extending over many years the Alligewi finally received a crushing defeat, the survivors fleeing down the river and abandoning the country to the invaders, who thereupon parceled it out amongst themselves, the ■* Mengwe" choosing the portiona I unit the I rreal lakes while the Dela- wares took possession of that to the south and cast. The missionary adds that the Allegheny (and Ohio) river was still called by the Dela- wares the Alligewi Sipu, or river of the Alligewi. This would seem to indicate it as the true river of the tradition. He speaks also of remarkable earthworks seen by him in 1 7^'-» in the neighborhood of Lake Erie, which were said by the Indians to have been built by the extirpated tribe as defensive fortifications in the course < if this war. Near two of these, in the vicinity of Sandusky, he was shown mounds under which it was said some hundreds of the slain Talligewi were buried. 1 As is usual in such traditions, the Alligewi were said to have been

of gianl stature, far exceeding their conquerors in size. In the Walam Olum. which is. it is asserted, a metrical translation of an ancient hieroglyphic bark record discovered in L820, the main tra- dition is given in practically the same way. with an appendix which follows the fortunes of the defeated tribe up to the beginning of the historic period, thus completing the chain of evidence. (."■) In the Walam Olum also we find the Delawares advancing from the wesl or northwest until they come to "Fish river"'— the same which Heckewelder make- the Mississippi (6). On the other side, we are told. •■The Talligewi possessed the East." The Delaware chief '•desired the eastern land," and some of his ] pie go on. hut are killed by the Talligewi. The Delawares decide upon war and call in the help oftheir northern friends, the "Talamatan," i. e., the Wyan- dot and other allied Iroquoian tribes. A war ensues which continues through the terms of four successive chiefs, when victory declares for the invaders, and " all the Talega go south." The country is then divided, the Talamatan taking- the northern portion, while the Delawares "-ta\ south of the lakes." The chronicle proceeds to tell how. after eleven more chiefs have ruled, the Nanticokeand Shawano separate from the ■ Heckewelder, John, Indian Nations of Pennsylvania, pp. 17-49, oil. 1^76. mooney] DELAWARE TRADITIONS THE NAME TALLIGEWI 1 ',» parent tribe and remove to the south. Six other chiefs follow in suc- cession until we come to the seventh, who "went to theTalega moun- tains." By this time the Delawares have reached the ocean. Other chiefs succeed, after whom "the Easterners and the

Wolves" prob- ably the Mahican or Wappinger and the Munsee — move off to the northeast. At last, after six more chiefs, "the whites came on the eastern sea." by which is probably meant the landing- of the Dutch on .Manhattan in 1609 (7). We may consider this a tally date, approxi- mating the beginning of the seventeenth century. Two more chiefs rule, and of the second we are told that "He fought at the south: he fought in the land of theTalega and Koweta," and again the fourth chief after the coming of the whites "went to the Talega." We have* thus a traditional record of a war of conquest carried on against the Talligewi by four successive chiefs, and a succession of about twenty- five chiefs between the final expulsion of that tribe and the appearance of thewhites, in which interval the Nantieoke, Shawano. .Mahican. and Munsee branched oil' from the parent tribe of the Delawares. Without venturing to entangle ourselves in the devious maze of Indian chronology, it is sufficient to note that all this implies a very long period of timt — so long, in fact, that during it several new tribes, each of which in time developed a distinct dialect, branch off from the main Lenape' stem. It is distinctly stated that all the Talega went south after their final defeat: and from later references we rind that they took refuge in the mountain country in the neighborhood of the Koweta (the Creeks), and that Delaware war parties were still making raids upon both these tribes long after the first appearance of the whites. Although at first glance it might be thought that

story and fix the identification of the expelled tribe. According to their tradition, as narrated in 1802, the ancient fortifications in the Ohio valley had been erected in the course of a long war between themselves and tin 'Cherokee, which resulted finally in the defeat of the latter. ' The traditions of the Cherokee, so far as they have been preserved, 'Brinton. D.G., Walani Olum, p. 231; Phila., 1885. 2 Schoolcraft, H. E., Notes on the Iroquois, p. 162; Albany.1847. 20 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.ahij.19 supplement and corroborate those of the northern tribes, thus bring- ing the storj down to their final settlement upon the headwaters of the Tennessee in the rich valleys of the southern Aileghenies. < >wing to the Cherokee predilection for new gods, contrasting strongly with tin conservatism of the Iroquois, their ritual forms and national epics hadfallen into decay even before tin' Revolution, a- we learn from Adair. Some vestiges of their migration legend still existed in Hay- wood's time, but it is now completely Forgotten both in the East ami in the West. According' to Haywood, who wrote in 1823 on information obtained directly from leading members of the tribe long before the Removal, the Cherokee formerly had alone- migration lee-end. which was already lost, hut which, within the memory of the mother of one informant say about L750 was still recited by chosen orators on the occasion of the annual green-corn dance. This migration lee-end appears to have resembled that of the Delawares and the Creeks in beginning with genesis ami the period of animal monsters, and thence following the shifting fortune of the chosen hand to the historic period. The tradi- tion recited that

they had originated in a land toward the rising sun. where they had been placed by the command of ••the four councils sent from above." In this pristine home were great snakes and water monsters, for which reason it was supposed to have been near the sea coast, although the assumption is not a necessary corollary, as these are a feature of the mythology of all the eastern tribes. After this genesis period there began a slow migration, during which "towns of people in many nights* encampment removed," but no details are given. From Heckewelder it appears that the expression, "a night's encamp- ment." which occurs also in the Delaware migration legend, is an Indian figure of speech for a halt of one year at a place. 1 In another place Haywood says, although apparently confusing the chronologic order ofevents: ■"One tradition which they have amongst them says they came from the west ami exterminated the former inhabitants; and then says they came from the upper parts of the Ohio, where they erected the mounds on Crave creek, and that they removed thither from the country where Monticello (near Charlottes- ville. Virginia) is situated." 8 The first reference is to the celebrated mounds on the ( )hio near Moundsville, below Wheeling. West Virginia; the other is doubtless to a noted burial mound described by Jefferson in 17sl as then existing near his home, on the low groundsof Kivanua river opposite the site of an ancient Indian town. He himself had opened it and found it to contain perhaps a thousand disjointed skeletons of hoth adults and children, the bones piled in successive layers, those near the to]) being least

Although the tribe is not named, the Indians were probably Cherokee, as no other southern Indians were then accustomed to range in that section. As serving to corroborate this opinion we have the statement of a prominent Cher- okee chief, given to Schoolcraft in 1846, that acccording to their tradi- tion his people had formerly lived at the Peaks of Otter, in Virginia, a noted landmark of the Blue ridge, near the point where Staunton river breaks through the mountains. 2 From a candid sifting of the evidence Haywood concludes that the authors of the most ancient remains in Tennessee had spread over that region from the south and southwest at a very early period, hut that the later occupants, the Cherokee, had entered it from the north and northeast in comparatively recent times, overrunning and exterminat- ing the aborigines. Hedeclares that the historical fact seems to be established that the Cherokee entered the country from Virginia, mak- ing temporary settlements upon New river and the upper Holston, until, under the continued hostile pressure from the north, they were again forced to remove farther to the south, fixing themselves upon the Little Tennessee, in what afterward became known asthe middle towns. By a leading mixed blood of the tribe he was informed that they had made their first settlements within their modern home territory upon Nolichucky river, and that, having lived the-re for a long period, they could give no definite account of an earlier location. Echota, their capital and peace town, "claimed to be the eldest brother in the nation," and the claim was generally acknowledged. In confirmation of the statement as to an early occupancy of the upper

numerous mounds and petroglyphs in their later home territory, asserting that these ancient works had exhibited the same appearance when they themselves had first occupied the region. 1 This accords with Bartram's statement that the Cherokee, although some- times utilizing the mounds as sites for their own town houses, were a- ignoranl as the whites of their origin or purpose, having only a gen era! tradition that their forefathers had found them in much the same condition on first coming into the country. 8 Although, as has been noted. Haywood expresses the opinion that the invading Cherokee had overrun and exterminated the earlier inhabitants, lie says in another place, on halfbreed authority, that the newcomers found no Indians upon the waters of the Tennessee, with the exception of some Creeks living upon that river, near the mouth of the Hiwassee, themain body of that tribe being established up md claiming all the streams to the southward. 3 There is considerable evidence that the Creek- preceded the Cherokee, and within the last century they still claimed the Tennessee, or at least the Tennessee watershed, for their northern boundary. There is a dim bul persistent tradition of a strange white race pre- ceding the ( 'herokee. .-onie of the Molic- e\ ell going SO far as to locate their former settlements and to identify them as the authors of the ancient works found in the country. The earliest reference appeal's to he that of Barton in 1797, on the statement of a gentleman whom he quotes as a valuable authority upon the southern tribes. "The Cheerake tell us, that when they first arrived in the country which they inhabit, they found it

possessed by certain •moon-eyed people,' who could not see in the day-time. These wretches they expelled." He seems to consider them an albino race.' Haywood, twenty-six years later, says that the invading Cherokee found "white people" near the head of the Little Tennessee, with forts extending thence down the Tennessee as far as Chickamauga creek. He gives the location of three of these forts. The Cherokee made war against them and drove them to the mouth of Big Chickamauga creek, when' they entered into a treaty and agreed to remove if permitted to depart in peace. Permission being granted, they abandoned the country. Else- where he speaks of this extirpated white race as having extended into Llentucky and probably also into western Tennessee, according to the concurrent traditions of different tribes. He desci'ibes their houses. on wdiat authority is not stated,as having been small circular structures i Haywood, Nat. and Aborig. Hist. Tennessee, pp. 226, 284, 1828. SBartram.Wm., Travels, p. 365; reprint, London, L792. ••Hiiyw 1. op. Cit, pp. 23 i 'Barton, New Views,p. sliv, 17'JT. mooney] THE DE SOTO EXPEDITION — 1540 '23 of upright logs, covered with earth which had been dug out from the inside. 1 Harry Smith, a halfhreed born about 1815, father of the late chief of the East Cherokee, informed the author that when a boy he had been told by an old woman a tradition of a race of very small people, perfectly white, who once came and lived for some time on the site of the ancient mound on the northern side of Hiwassee, at the mouth of Peachtree creek, a few miles above the present Murphy, North Caro- lina. They afterward removed to

the West. Colonel Thomas, the white chief of the East Cherokee, horn about the beginning of the century, had also heard a tradition of another race of people, who lived on Hiwassee. opposite the present Murphy, and warned the Cherokee that they must not attempt to cross over to the south side of the river or the great leech in the water would swallow them. 2 They finally went west, •"long before the whites came" The two stories are plainly the same, although told independently and many miles apart. The Period of Spanish Exploration — 1540-1 The definite history of the Cherokee begins with the year 1540, at which date we find them already established, where they were always afterward known, in the mountains of Carolina and Georgia. The earliest Spanish adventurers failed to penetrate so far into the intf rior, andthe first entry into their country was made by De Soto, advancing up the Savannah on his fruitless quest for gold, in May of that year. While at Cofitachiqui. an important Indian town on the lower Savannah governed by a " queen," the Spaniards had found hatchets and other objects of copper, some of which was of finer color and appeared to be mixed with gold, although they had no means of testing it. 3 On inquiry they were told that the metal had come from an interior mountain province called Chisca, hut the country was represented as thinly peopled and the way as impassable for horses. Some time before, while advancing through eastern Georgia, they had heard also of a rich and plentiful province called Coca, toward the northwest, and by the people of Cofitachiqui they were now

of the mines, many of the officers regarded tin- change of plan a- a mistake, and favored staying where they were until the ae\i crop should !><■ ripened, then to go directly into the mountains, but as the general was "a stern man and of few words," none ventured to oppose his resolution. 1 The province of ( loca was the territory of the ( !reek Indians, called Ani'-Kusa by the < Iherokee, from EZusa, or < !oosa, their ancienl capital, while Chiaha was identical with Chehaw, 01 f the principal Creek towns on Chattahoochee river. Cofitachiqui may have Keen the capital of the LTchee Indians. The outrageous conduct of the Spaniards had bo angered the Indian queen thai she now refused i<> furnish guides and carriers, whereupon l>e Sot<> made her a prisoner, with the design of compelling herto act as guide herself, and at the same time to use her as a hostage to com- mand the obedience pf her subjects, instead, however, of ( lucting the Spaniards by the direct trail toward the west, she led them far out Hi' their course until she finally managed to make her escape, leaving them to find their way out of the mountain.-- as best they could. Departing from Cofitachiqui, they turned tirst toward the north, passing through several towns subject to the queen, to whom, although a pris r. the Indians everywhere showed great respect and obe- dience, furnishing whatever assistance the Spaniards compelled her to demand for their own purposes. In a few day- they came to "a province called Chalaque," the territory of the Cherokee Indians. probably upon the waters of Keowee river, the eastern head-stream of

the Savannah. It is described as the poorest country for corn that they had yet seen, the inhabitants subsisting on wild root- and herbs and on game which they killed with bows and arrows. They were naked, lean, and unwarlike. The country abounded in wild turkeys ("gallinas"), which the people gave very freely to the strangers, one town presenting them with seven hundred. A chief also gave De Soto two deerskins a- a great present.' Garcilaso, writ- ing on the authority of an old soldier nearly fifty years afterward, says that the "Chalaques" deserted their towns on the approach of the white men and lied to the mountains, leaving behind only old men and women and some who were nearly blind. 3 Although it was too early for the new crop, the poverty of the people may have been morebred for eating purposes and did not bark. 1 They were also supplied with men to help carry the baggage. The name Guaquili has a Cherokee sound and may be connected with wa'guli', "whipj rwill," uicd'gili, " f oam," or gill, "dog." 1/ Traveling still toward the north, they arrived a day or two later in the province of Xuala, in which we recognize the territory of the Suwali, Sara, or Cheraw Indians, in the piedmont region about the head of Broad river in North Carolina. Garcilaso, who did not sec it. represents it as a rich country, while the Elvas narrative and Biedma agree that it was a rough, broken country, thinly inhabited and poor in provision. According to Garcilaso, it was under the rule of the queen of Cofitachiqui, although a distinct province in itself. 2 The principal town

was beside a small rapid stream, (lose under a moun- tain. The chief received them in friendly fashion. giving them corn, dogs of the small breed already mentioned, carrying baskets, and bur- den bearers. The country roundabout showed greater indication- of gold mines than any they had yet seen. 1 Here De Soto turned to the west, crossing a very high mountain ranee, which appears to have been the Blue ridge, and descending on 'tin' other side to a stream flowing in the opposite direction, which was probably one id' the upper tributaries of the French Broad. 3 Although it was late in May, they found it very cold in the moun- tains.* After several days of such travel they arrived, about the end of the month, at the town of Guasili, or Guaxule. The chief and principal men cameout some distance to welcome them, dressed in tine robes of skins, with feather head-dresses, after the fashion of the country. Before reaching this point the queen had managed to make her escape, together with three slaves of the Spaniards, and the last that was heard of her was that she was on her way back to her own country with one of the runaways as her husband. What grieved De Soto most in the matter was that she took with her a small box of pearls, which he had intended to take.from her before releasing her. but had left with her for the present in order •"not to discontent hei- altogether." Guaxule is described as a very large town surrounded by a number of small mountain streams which united to form the large river down which the Spaniard- proceeded

a high hill with a roadway to the top. 3 From a close study of the narrative it appears that this "hill" was ther than the greal Nacoochee mound, in White county, Georgia, a few miles northwest of the present Clarkesville.' It was within the Cherokee territory, and the town was probably a settlement of thai tribe. From here De Soto senl runners ahead to notify the chief of ( !hiaha of his approach, in order that sufficienl corn might he ready mi his arrival. Leaving < ruaxule, they proceeded down the river, w hich we identify with the Chattahoochee, and in two days arrived at Canasoga, or Cana- sagua, a frontier town of the Cherokee. As they neared the town the\ were met i>\ the Indians, bearing baskets of "mulberries," 5 more probably the delicious service-berry of the southernmountains, which ripens in early summer, while the mulberry matures later. From here they continued down the river, which grew constantly larger, through an uninhabited country which formed the disputed territory between the Cherokee and the Creeks. About five days after leaving Canasagua they were met by messengers, who escorted them to ( 'hiaha. the first town of the province of Coca. De Soto had crossed the state of Georgia, leaving the Cherokee country behind him. ami was now an lone- the Lower ( 'reeks, in the neighborhood of the present Columbus, Georgia. 6 With his subsequent wanderings after crossing the Chattahoochee into Alabama and beyond we need not concern ourselves (8). While resting at Chiaha De Soto met with a chief who confirmed what the Spaniards had heard before concerning mines in theproi ince of Chisca, saying that there was there

and described in the quaint old chronicle as " an ox hide as thin as a calf's skin, and the hair like a soft wool between the coarse and tine wool of sheep." 1 ( rarcilaso's glowing narrative gives a somewhat different impression. According to this author the scouts returned full of enthusiasm for the fertility of the country, and reported that the mines were of a tine species of copper, and had indications also of gold and silver, while their progress from one town to another had been a continual series of feastings and Indian hospitalities. 2 However that may have been, De Solo made no further effort to reach the Cherokee mines, but con- tinued his course westward through the Creek country, having spent altogether a month in the mountain region. There is no record of any secondattempt to penetrate the Cherokee country for twenty-six years (!l). In 1561 the Spaniards took formal possession of the hay of Santa Elena, now Saint Helena, near Port Royal, on the coast of South Carolina. The next year the French made an unsuccessful attempt at settlement at the same place, and in 1566 Menendez made the Spanish occupancy sure by establishing there a fort which he called San Felipe. 3 In November of that year Captain .1 uan I'ai'do was sent with a party from the fort to explore the interior. Accompanied by the chief of "Juada" (which from Vandera's narra- tive we find should be "Joara," i.e.. the Sara Indians already men- tioned in the De Soto chronicle), he proceeded as far as the territory of that tribe, where he built a fort, hut on account of the

snow in the mountains did not think it advisable to go farther, and returned. leaving a sergeant with thirty soldiers to garrison the post. Soon after his return he received a letter from the sergeant stating that the chief of Chisca— the rich mining country of which De Soto had heard — was very hostile to the Spaniards, and that in a recent battle the latter had killed a thousand of his Indians and burned fifty houses with almost no damage to themselves. Either the sergeant or his chronicler must have been an unconscionable liar, as it was asserted that all this was done with only fifteen men. Immediately afterward, according to the same story, the sergeant marched with twenty men about a day's MYTH8 OF THE CHEROKEE [cth.aiih.19 distance in the mountains against another hostile chief, whom he found ina Btrongly palisaded town, which, after a hard fight, he and his men stormed and burned, killing fifteen hundred Indians without losing a single man themselves. Under instructions Erom his superior officer, the sergeant with his small party then proceeded to explore what lay bej I. and. taking a road which the} were told led to the territory of a ureal chief, after lour day- of hard marching they came to his tow ii. called Chiaha (Chicha, by mistake in the manuscript transla- tion), the same where De Soto had rested. It i- described at this time as palisaded and strongly fortified, with a deep river on each side, and defended by over three thousand fighting men. there being no women or children among them. It is possible that in view of their former experience with the Spaniards, (lie

Indian- had sent their families awa\ from the town, while at the same time they may have summoned warrior- from the neighboring Creek town- in order to be prepared for any emergency. However, as before, they received the white men with the greatest kindness, and the Spaniard- continued for twelve day- through the territories of the same tribe until thej arrived at the principal town (Kusa?), where. by the imitation of the chief, they huilt a small fort and awaited the coming of Pardo, who was expected to follow with a larger force from Santa Elena, as he did in the summer of 1567, being met on hi- arrival with every -how ,>i hospitality from the Creek chief s. This second fort was said to he one hundred and fortj leagues distant from that in the Sara country, which latterwas called one hundred and twenty Leagues fr Santa Ciena. 3 In the summer of 1567, according to previous agreement, Captain Pardo left the fort at Santa Elena with a -mall detachment of troops, and after a week's travel, sleeping each night at a different Indian town, arrived at "Canos, which the Indian- call ( 'anosi. and by another name, Cofetacque" (the Cofitachiqui of the De Soto chronicle), which is described as situated in a favorable location for a large city. fifty leagues from Santa Elena, to which tl asiest road was by a river (the Savannah) which flowed by the town, or by another which they had passed ten Leagues farther back. Proceeding, they passed Jagaya, Gueza, and Arauchi, and arrived at Otariyatiqui, or Otari, in which we- have perhaps the Cherokee d'tdri or d'tdli, "mountain". It may have

been a frontier Cherokee settlement, and. according to the old chronicler, its chief and Language ruled much good country. From here a trail went northward to Cuatari. Sauxpa. and L'si. i. e., the Wateree, Waxhaw (or Sissipahaw 'i. and l-'nerv or Catawba. Leaving Otariyatiqui, they went on to Quinahaqui, and then, turn ing to the Left, to [ssa, where they found mines of crystal (mica;). Thev came nexl to Ae'uai'lliri (the Gruaquili of the De Solo chronicle). and then to Joara, "near to the mountain, where Juan Pardo arrived i Narrative of Panto's expedition by Martinez, about IS68, Uruuks manuscripts. mooney] SPANISH MINING OPERATION'S 29 with his sergeant on his first trip." This, us has been noted, was the Xuala of the De Soto chronicle, the territory of the Sara Indians, in the foothills of the Blue ridge, southeast fromthe present Asheville, North Carolina. Vandera makes it one hundred leagues from Santa Elena, while Martinez, already quoted, makes the distance one hundred and twenty leagues. The difference is not important, as both state- ments were only estimates. From there they followed "along the mountains" to Tocax (Toxaway?), Cauchi (Nacoochee?), and Tanas- qui — apparently Cherokee towns, although the forms can not be iden- tified — and after resting three days at the last-named place went on "to Solameco, otherwise called Chiaha." where the sergeant met them. The combined forces afterward went on, through Cpssa (Kusa), Tas- quiqui (Taskigi). and other Creek towns, as far as Tascaluza, in the Alabama country, and returned thence to Santa Elena, having appar- ently met with a friendly reception everywhere along the route. From Cofitachiqui to Tascaluza they went over about the same road traversed by

De Soto in 1540. " We come now to a great gap of nearly a century. Shea has a notice of a Spanish mission founded among the Cherokee in 1643 and still flourishing when visited by an English traveler ten years later.' but as his information is derived entirely from the fraudulent work of Davies, and as no such mission is mentioned by Barcia in any of these years, we may regard the story as spurious (10). The first mission work in the tribe appears to have been that of Priber, almost a hundred years later. Long before the end of the sixteenth century, however, the existence of mines of gold and other metals in the Cherokee country was a matter of common knowledge among the Spaniards at St. Augus- tine and Santa Elena, and more than one expeditionhad been fitted out to explore the interior. ' Numerous traces of ancient mining opera- tions, with remains of old shafts and fortifications, evidently of Euro- pean origin, show that these 'discoveries were followed up, although the policy of Spain concealed the fact from the outside world. How much permanent impression this early Spanish intercourse made on the Cherokee il is impossible to estimate, but it must have been considerable (11). , The Colonial and Revolutionary Period— i»>;>-L-1784 It was not until 1654 that the English first came into contact with the Cherokee, called in the records of the period Rechahecrians, a cor- ruption of Rickahockan, apparently the name by which they were known to the Powhatan tribes. In that year the Virginia colony, which had only recently concluded a long and exterminating war with the Powhatan, was thrown into alarm by

It was therefore ordered that a force of at least 100 white men be at once senl against them, to be joined by the war- riors of all the neighboring subject tribes, according to treaty obliga- tion. The Pamunkey chief , with a hundred of his men. responded to the summons, and the combined force marched againsl the invaders. The result was a bloody battle, with disastrous outcome to the Vir- ginians, the Pamunkey chief with most ,,f hi- men being killed, while the whites were forced to make such terms of peace with the Recha- hecrians that the assembly cashiered the commander of the expedition and compelled him to pav the whole cost of the treatj from his own estate. 1 Owing to the imperfection of the Virginia records we have no means of knowing the causes >d'tin' sudden invasion or how long the invaders retained their position at the falls. In all probability it was only the last of a long series of otherwise unrecorded irruptions by the mountaineers on the more peaceful dwellers in the lowlands. From a remark in Ledererit is probable that the Cherokee were assisted also by some of the piedmont tribes hostile to the Powhatan. The Peaks of Otter, near which the Cherokee claim to have once lived, as has been already noted, are only about one hundred miles in a straight line from Richmond, while the burial mound and town site near Charlottesville, mentioned by Jefferson, are but half that distance. In L655 a Virginia expedition sent out from the falls of James river (Richmond) crossed over the mountains to the large streams flowing into the Mississippi. No details are

given and the route is uncertain, hut whether or not they met Indians, they must have passed through Cherokee territory. 2 In L670 the German traveler. John Lederer, went from the falls of .lames river to the Catawba country in South Carolina, following for most of the distance the path used by the Virginia traders, who already had regular dealings with the southern tribes, including probably the Cherokee, lie speaks in several places of the Riekahoekan, which seems to he a re correct form than Rechahecrian. and his narrative and the accompanying map put them in the mountains of North Caro- lina, back of the Catawba and the Sara and southward from the head of Roanoke river. They were apparently on hostile terms with the tribes to the eastward, and while the traveler was stopping at an Indian i Burk, John,History of Virginia, n. pp 104-107; Petersburg, 1805. s Ramsey, J. G. M., Annals oi Tennessee, i». 87; Charleston, 1853 (quoting Man in, North euro] in a. r, p. 115, lv..;,. mooney] FIRST TREATY WITH SOUTH CAROLINA 1684 31 village on Dan river, about the present Clarksville, Virginia, a delega- tion of Rickahockan, which had come on tribal business, was barba- rously murdered at a dance prepared on the night of their arrival by their treacherous hosts. On reaching the Catawba country he heard of white men to the southward, and incidentally mentions that the neighboring mountains were called the Suala mountains by the Span- iards. 1 In the next year. 1671, a party from Virginia under Thomas Batts explored the northern branch of Roanoke river and crossed over the Blue ridge to the headwaters of New river, where they

found trace- of occupancy, but do Indians. By this time all the tribes of this section, east of the mountains, were in possession of firearms. 2 The first permanent English settlement in South Carolina was estab- lished in L670. In L690 .lames Moore, secretary of the colony, made an exploring expedition into the mountains and reached a point at which, according to his Indian guides, he was within twenty miles of where the Spaniards were engaged in mining and smelting with bel- lows and furnaces, but on account of some misunderstanding he returned without visiting the place, although he procured specimens of ores, which he sent to England for assay. 3 It may have been in the neighborhood of the presenl Lincolnton, North Carolina, where a dam of cut stone and other remains of former civilized occupancy have recently been discovered(11). In this year. also. ( 'ornelius Dougherty', an Irishman from Virginia, established himself as the first trader among the Cherokee, with whom he spent the rest of his life.' Some of his descendants still occupy honored positions in the tribe. Among the manuscript archives of South Carolina there was said to be, some fifty years ago, a treaty or agreement made with the govern- ment of that colony by the Cherokee in L684, and signed with the hieroglyphics of eight chiefs of the lower towns, viz. Corani. the Raven (Ka'lanii): Sinnawa, the Hawk (Tla'nuwa); Nellawgitehi, Gor- haleke. and Owasta, all of Toxawa; and Canacaught, the great Con- juror, Gohoma, and Caunasaita, of Keowa. If still in existence, this is probably the oldest Cherokee treaty on record.'' What seems to be the next mention of the Cherokee in the South Carolina

had •"already almost utterly ruined the trade for skins and furs, whereby we held our chief correspondence with England, and turned it into a trade of Indians or slave making, whereby the Indians to the south and west of us are alreadj involved in blood and confusion.'" The arraignment concludes with a warning that such conditions would in all probability draw down upon the colony an Indian war with all its dreadful consequences. 2 In view of what happened a few years later this reads like a prophecy. Aliout tin' year L700the first guns were introduced among the Cher- okee. th<' event being fixed traditionally as having occurred in the girl- hood of an old woman of the tribe who died aliout L775. s In 17ns we rind them described as a numerous people, living in the mountains northwest fromthe Charleston settlements and havingsixty towns, hut of small importance in the Indian trade, being "but ordinary hunters and less warriors."* In the war with the Tuscarora in 1711-171:'.. which resulted in the expulsion of that tribe from North Carolina, more than a thousand southern Indians reenforced the South Carolina volunteers, among them being over two hundred Cherokee, hereditary enemies of the Tuscarora. Although these Indian allies did their work well in the actual encounters, their assistance was of doubtful advantage, as they helped themselves freely to whatever they wanted alone' the way. so that the settlers had reason to fear them almost as much as the hostile Tuscarora. After torturing a large number of their prisoners in the usual savage fashion, they returned with the remainder, whom they afterward sold as slaves to South Carolina.' Having wiped out old scores with

hand against the English. The war opened with a terrible massacre by the Yamassee in April, 1715, followed by assaults along the whole frontier, until for a time it was seriously feared that the colony of South Carolina would lie wiped out of existence. In a contest between savagery and civilization, however, the final result is inevitable. The settlers at last rallied their whole force under Gov- ernor Craven and administered such a crushing blow to the Yamassee that the remnant abandoned their country and took refuge with the Spaniards in Florida or among the Lower Creeks. The English then made short work with the smaller tribes along the coast, while those in the interior were soon glad to sue for peace. 1 A number of Cherokee chiefs having come down to Charleston in company with a trader to expresstheir desire for peace, a force of several hundred white troops and a number of negroes under Colonel Maurice Moore went up the Savannah in the winter of 1715-16 and made headquarters among the Lower Cherokee, where they were met by the chiefs of the Lower and some of the western towns, who reaffirmed their desire for a lasting peace with the English, but refused to fight against the Yamassee, although willing to proceed against some other tribes. They laid the blame for most of the trouble upon the traders, who "had been very abuseful to them of late." A detachment under Colonel George Chicken, sent to the Upper Cherokee, penetrated to " Quoneashee " (Tlanusi'yi. on Hiwassee, about the present. Murphy) where they found the chiefs more defiant, resolved to continue the war against the ('reeks, with whom the

1721, in North Carolina Colonial Rei ! 1886, • Adair, James, American Indians, p. JJ7. London, 177'. cuming's treaty — L730 35 the Alabamas," on Coosa river, a few miles above the present Mont- gomery, Alabama. From this central vantage point they had rapidly extended their influence among all the neighboring tribes until in 1721 it was estimated that 3,400 warriors who had formerly traded with Carolina had been ••entirely debauched to the French interest," while 2,000 more were wavering, and only the Cherokee could still be considered friendly to the English. 1 From this time until the final withdrawal of the French in IT*'.:; the explanation of our Indian wars is to be found in the struggle between the two nations for territorial and commercial supremacy, the Indian being simply the cat's-paw of one o]- the other. For reasons oftheir own. the Chickasaw, whose territory lay within the recognized limits of Louisiana, soon became the uncompromising enemies of the French, and as their position enabled them in a measure to control the approach from the Mississippi, the Carolina government saw to it that they were kept well supplied with guns and ammunition. British traders were in all their towns, and on one occasion a French force, advancing against a Chickasaw palisaded village, found it garrisoned by Englishmen flying the British flag. 2 The Cherokee, although nominally allies of the English, were strongly disposed to favor the French, and it required every effort of the Carolina government to hold them to their allegiance. In 1730, to further lix the Cherokee in the English interest, Sir Alexander Cuming was dispatched on a secret mission to that tribe, which was again smarting under

grievances and almost ready to join witli the Creeks in an alliance with the French. Proceeding to the ancient town of Nequassee (Nikwasi', at the present Franklin, North Carolina), lie so impressed the chiefs by his bold bearing that they conceded without question all his demands, submitting themselves and their people for the second time to the English dominion and designating Moytoy, 3 of Tellico, to act as their "emperor" and to represent the Nation in all transactions with the whites. Seven chiefs were selected to visit England, where, in the palace at Whitehall, they solemnly renewed the treaty, acknowledging the sovereignty of England and binding themselves to have no trade or alliance with any other nation, not to allow any other white people to settle among thein. and to deliver up any fugitive slaves who might seek refuge with them.North Carolina, but when it was found that this was liable t<> bring down the wrath of the Iroquois upon the Carolina settlements, more peaceable methods were used instead. ' In L738 or 17:;'.' the smallpox, brought to Carolina by slave ships, broke out among the ( Iherokee with such terrible effect that, according to Adair, nearly half the tribe was swept away within a year. The awful mortality was due largely to the fact that as it was a new and strange disease to the Indian- they had no proper remedies against it. and therefore resorted to the universal Indian panacea for "strong" sickness of almost any kind. viz. cold plunge baths in the running stream, the worst treatment that could possibly !»• devised. A> the pestilence spread unchecked from town to town, despair fell upon the nation. The priests,

believing the visitation a penalty for violation of the ancient ordinances, threw away their sacred paraphernalia as things which had lost their protecting power. Hundreds of the warriors committed suicide on beholding their frightful disfigurement. "So shot themselves, others cut their throats, some stabbed themselves with knives and others with sharp-pointed canes: many threw them- sel\ es with sullen madness into the tire and there slowly expired, a- ii they hail been utterly divested of the native power of feeling pain." 3 Another authority estimates their loss at a thousand warriors, partly from smallpox and partly from rum brought in by the traders. 1 A 1 >■ nit the year L 740 a trading path for horsemen was marked out by the Cherokee from the new settlement of Augusta, in Georgia, to their towns on the headwaters of Savannah riverand thence on to the west. This road, which went up the south side of the river, soon became much frequented.* Previous to this time most of the trading goods had been transported on the backs of Indians. In the same year a party of Cherokee under the war chief Ka'lanu. •"The Raven," took part in Oglethorpe's expedition against the Spaniards of Saint Augustine. In L736 Christian Priber, said to be a Jesuit acting in the French interest, had come among the ( iherokee, and. by the facility with which he learned the language and adapted himself to the native dress and 'Hewat, S Ii Carolina and Georgia, n,pp.S-ll, L779; treat; documei ' 1730, North Carolina Colonial Ri — Is, ru, pp. 128 L33 1886; lenkinson, Collection of Treaties, n, pp. 315-318; Drake, S.G.. Early History of Georgia: Cuming's Embassy;

Boston, 1872; letter of Governor Johnson, Dei 1780. noted In South Carolina Hist Soc. Colls., i p. 246, 1857. a of 1781 and 1732, North Carolina Col I Records, III pp.153 \<i. ur American Indians pp. 232 234, 1775. • Meadows (?), State of the Province ol Georgia, p . 1742, in Force Tracts, I 1831 I C Historj "i L-i.i i pp ! - B i L883, kooney] PKIBER'S WORK 1736-41 87 mode of life, had quickly acquired a Leading influence among them. He drew up for their adoption a scheme of government modeled after the European plan, with the capital at Great Tellico, in Tennessee, the principal medicine man as emperor, and himself as the emperor's secretary. Dnder this title he corresponded with the South Carolina government until it began to be feared that he would ultimately win overthe whole tribe to the French side. A commissi r was sent to arrest him, but the Cherokee refused to give him up. and the deputy was obliged to return under safe-conduct of an escort furnished by Priber. Five years after the inauguration of his work, however, he was seized by some English traders while on his way to Fort Toulouse, and brought as a prisoner to Frederica, in Georgia, where he soon afterward died while under confinement. Although his enemies had represented him as a monster, inciting the Indians to the grosses! immoralities, he proved to be a gentleman of polished address, exten- sive learning, and rare courage, as was shown later on the occasion of an explosion in the barracks magazine. Besides Greek, Latin. French, German, Spanish, and fluent English, he spoke also the Cherokee, and among his

papers which were seized was found a manuscript dictionary of the language, which he had prepared for publication - the first, and even yet, perhaps, the most important study of the lan- guage ever made. Says Adair: "As he was learned and possessed of a very sagacious penetrating judgment, and had every qualification that was requisite for his bold and difficult enterprise, it was not to be doubted that, as he wrote a Cheerake dictionary, designed to be published at Paris, he likewise set down a great deal that would have been very acceptable to the curious and serviceable to the representa- tives of South Carolina and Georgia, which may be readily found in Frederica if the manuscripts have had the good fortune to escape the despoiling hands of military power." He claimed to be a Jesuit, acting under. ordersagainst Carolina in 171 1 gave opportunity to the Cherokee to cooperate in striking the blow which drove the Tuscarora from their ancient homes to seek refuge in the north. The Cherokee then turned their attention to the Shawano on the ( 'uniberland. and with the aid of the ( 'hiekasaw finally expelled theiu from that region about the year L715. Inroads upon the Catawba were probably kept up until the latter had become so far reduced by war and disease as to be mere dependent pensioners upon the whites. The former friendship with the Chickasaw was at last broken through the overbearing conduct of the Cherokee, and a war followed of which we find incidental notice in L757, 8 and which termi- nated in a decisive victory for the Chickasaw about L768. The bitter war with the Iroquois of

the far north continued, in spite of all the efforts of the colonial governments, until a formal treaty of peace was brought about by the efforts of Sir William Johnson (12) in the same year. The hereditary war with the Creeks for possession id' upper Georgia continued, with brief intervals of peace, or even alliance, until the United States finally interfered as mediator between the rival claimants. In L718 we find notice of a large Cherokee war party moving against the Creek tow n of i loweta, on the lower ( lhattahoocbee, but dispersing on learning of the presence there of some French and Spanish officers, a- well a- some English traders, all bent on arranging an alliance with the Creeks. The Creeks themselves had declared their willingness to be :it peace with the English, while still determined to keephistorical traditions MOONEY] FRENCH AND INDIAN" W'aI! 1754-6] 39 tains to the southwest, discovering and naming the celebrated Cumber- land gap and passing on to the headwaters of Cumberland river. Two years later he made a second exploration and penetrated to Ken- tucky river, but on account of the Indian troubles no permanent settlement was then attempted." This invasion of their territory awakened a natural resentment of the native owners, and we rind proof also in the Virginia records that the irresponsible borderers seldom let pass an opportunity to kill and plunder any stray Indian found in their neighborhood. In 1755 the Cherokee were officially reported to number 2,590 war- riors, as against probably twice that number previous to the great smallpox epidemic sixteen years before. Their neighbors and ancient enemies, the Catawba, had dwindled to 240 men. 2 Although war was not

formally declared by England until L756, hostilities in tiie seven year's struggle between France and England, commonly known in America as the " French and Indian war." began in April, 1754. when the French seized a small postwhich the English had begun at tile present site of Pittsburg, and which was afterward finished by the French under the name of Fort Du Quesne. Strenuous efforts were made by the English to secure the Cherokee to their interest against the French and their Indian allies, and treaties were negotiated by which they promised assistance. 3 As these treaties. however, carried the usual cessions of territory, and stipulated for the building of several forts in the heart of the Cherokee country, it is to be feared that the Indians were not duly impressed by tin disin- terested character of the proceeding. TheirRoyce i herokee Nation, in Fifth Ann. Rep. Bur. of Eth- nology, ]'■ 145, i v ^s 40 MYTH- OF THE CHEROKEE [eth.akn.1S He adds that only dire necessity had induced them to make peace with the English in I 761.' In accordance with the treaty stipulations Fori Prince George was built in L756 adjoining the important Cherokee town of Keowee, on the headwaters of the Savannah, and Fort Loudon near the junction of Tellico river with the Little Tennessee, in the center of the Cherokee towns beyond the mountains. 2 By special arrangement with the influential chief, Ata-kullakulla (Ata'-uul'kaliV). Fort Dobbs was also built in the same year about -Jo mile- west of the present Salis- bury. North ( larolina. 4 The Cherokee had agreed to furnish four hundred warriors to cooperate against the French in the north, but before Fort

Loudon had been completed it was very evident that they had repented of their promise, as their great council at Echota ordered the work stopped and the garrison on the wax to turn hack, plainly telling the officer in charge that they did not want so many white people among them. Ata-kullakulla, hitherto supposed to he one of the stanchest friendsof the English, was now one of the most determined in the oppo- sition. It was in evidence also that they were in constant communi- cation with the French. By much tact and argument their objec- tions were at last overcome for a time, and they very unwillingly set about raising the promised force of warriors. Major Andrew Lewi-, who superintended the building of the fort, became convinced that the Cherokee were really friendly to the French, and that alltheir professions of friendship and assistance were ■•only to put a gloss on their knavery." The fort was finally completed, and. on his suggestion, wag garrisoned with a strong force of two hundred men under Captain Demere\ 5 'There was strong ground for believing that some depreda- tions committed about this time on the heads of Catawba and Broad rivers, in North ( 'arolina. were the joint work id' ( 'herokee and northern Indians." Notwithstanding all this, a considerable body of Cherokee joined the British forces on the Virginia frontier. Fort I >u Quesne was taken by the American provincials under Wash- ington, November 25, 17-Vs. Quebec was taken September L3, 1759, and by the final treaty of peace in I 7b:! the war ended with the transfer of Canada and the Ohio valley to the crown of England. Louisiana had

until 17<'>5. In the South the very Cherokee who had acted a^ allies of the British against Fort DuQuesne, and had volun- tarily offered to guard the frontier south of the Potomac, returned to rouse their tribe to resistance. The immediate exciting cause of the trouble was an unfortunate expe- dition undertaken against the hostile Shawano in February, L756, by Major Andrew Lewi-- (the same who had built Fort Loudon) withsome two hundred Virginia troops assisted by about one hundred Cherokee. After -i\ weeks of fruitless tramping through tin' woods, with the ground covered with snow and the streams s,, swollen by rains that they lost their provisions and ammunition in crossing, they were obliged to return to the settlements in a starving condition, having killed their horses on the way. The Indian contingent had from the first been disgusted atthe contempt and neglect experienced from those whom they had conn 1 to assist. The Tuscarora and others had already gone home, and the Cherokee now started to return on foot to their own country. Finding some horses running loose on the range, they appropriated them, on the theory that as they had lost their own animals, to say nothing of having risked their lives, in the service of the colonists, it was only a fair exchange. The frontiersmen took another view of the question however, attacked the returning Cherokee, and killed a number of them, variously stated at from twelve to forty, including several of their prominent men. Accord- ing to Adair they also scalped and mutilated the bodies in the savage fashion to which they had become accustomed in the border wars, and bi'ought the scalps into the

settlements, where they were represented as those of French Indians and sold at the regular price then estab- lished by law. The young warriors at once prepared to take revenge, but were restrained by the chief s until satisfaction could be demanded in the ordinary way. according to the treaties arranged with the colonial governments. Application was made in turn to Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, but without success. While the women were still wailing night and morning for their slain kindred, and the Creeks were taunting the warriors for their cowardice in thus quietly submitting to the injury, some lawless officers of Fort Prince George committed an unpardonable outrage at the neighboring Indian town {_^^while most of the men were away hunting. 1 The warriors could no longer be restrained. Soon there was news of attacks upon thetin' recent skirmishes, among these being t } » « - chiefs of Citieo and Tellico. At the same time the commanderal Fori Loudon, forgetful of the fact that In' had but a -mall garrison in the midst of several thousands of restless savages, made a demand for twentj four other chiefs whom he suspected of unfriendly action. Tocompel their surrender orders were given to stop all trading supplies intended for i he upper ( Iherokee. This roused tin' whole Nation, and a delegation representing everj town came down to Charleston, protesting the de-ire of the Indian- lor peace and friendship, but declaring their inability to surrender their own chiefs. The governor replied by declaring war in November, 1759, at once callingout troops and sending messengers to secure the aid of all the surrounding tribes against the Cherokee, [n the

meantime asecond delegation of thirty -two of the most prominent men. led by the young war chief Oconostota (Agan-st&ta), 1 arrived t<> make a further efforl for peace, Imt the governor, refusing to listen to them, seized the whole party and confined them as prisoners at Fort Prince George, in a room large enough for only six soldiers, while at the same time he set fourteen hundred troops in motion to invade the Cherokee country. On further representation by Ata-kullakulla (Ata'-gul''kfilu'), the civil chief of the Nation and well known as a friend of the English, the gov- ernor released Oconostota and two others after compelling some half do/en of the delegation to sign a paper by which they pretended to agree lor their tribe to kill or seize any Frenchmen entering their countrj . and consented to the imprisonmentnotices Bee I he fi : i Montgomery's expedition — 1760 43 to see what was wanted, Oconostota, standing on the opposite side of the river, swung a bridle above his head as a signal to his warriors concealed in the bushes, and the officer was at once shot down. The soldiers immediately broke into the room where the hostages were confined, every cue being a chief of prominence in the tribe, and butchered them to the last man. It was now war to the end. Led by Oconostota, the Cherokee descended upon the frontier settlements of ( iarolina, while the warriors across the mountains laid close siege to Fort London. In June, L760, a strong force of over L,600 men. under Colonel Montgomery, started to reduce the Cherokee towns and relieve the beleaguered garrison. Crossing the Indian frontier. Montgomery quickly

drove the enemy from about Fort Prince George and then, rapidly advancing, surprised Little Keow'ee, killing every man of the defenders, and destroyed in succession every one of the Lower Cherokee towns, burning them to the ground, cutting down the cornfields and orchards, killing and taking more than a hundred of their men. and driving the whole popu- lation into the mountains before him. His own loss was very slight. He then sent messengers to the .Middle and Upper towns, summoning them to surrender on penalty of the like fate, but, receiving no reply, he led his men across the divide to the waters of the Little Tennessee and continued down that stream without opposition until he came in the vicinity of Ephoee (Itse'yi), a few mile- above the sacred town of Nikwasi', the present Franklin. North Carolina. Here theCherokee had collected their full force to resist his progress, and the result was a desperate engagement on dune 27, LTtio. by which Montgomery was compelled to retire to Fort Prince George, after losing nearly one hundred men in killed and wounded. The Indian loss is unknown. His retreat sealed the fate of Fort Loudon. The garrison, though hard pressed and reduced to the necessity of eating horses and dogs, had been enabled to hold out through the kindness of the Indian women, many of whom, having found sweethearts among the soldiers, brought them supplies of f 1 daily. When threatened by the chiefs the women boldly replied that the soldiers were their husbands and it was their duty to help them, and that if any harm came to themselves for their devotion their English relatives would avenge them. 1

river with the same intention (Haywood). Em-aged al this breach of the capitulation the Cherokee attacked the soldiers next morning at daylight, killing Deniere" and twenty-nine others at the first fire. The rest were taken ami held as pris »rs until ran- somed some time after. The second officer, Captain Stuart (13), for whom the Indian- had a high regard, was claimed by Ata-kullakulla. who soon after took him into the woods, ostensibly on a hunting excursion, and conducted him for nine days through the wilderness until he delivered him safely into the hands of friends in Virginia. The chief's kindness was well rewarded, and it was largely through his influence that peace was finally brought about. It was now too late, and the settlements were too much exhausted, for another expedition, so the fall and winter were employed bythe English in preparations for an active campaign the next year in force to crush out all resistance. In June 1761, Colonel Grant with an army of 2,600 men. including a number of Chickasaw and almost every remaining warrior of the Catawba, 1 set out from Fort Prince George. Refusings request from Ata-kullakulla foi a friendly accom- modation, he crossed Rabun yap and advanced rapidly down the Little Tennessee alone- the same trail taken by the expedition of the previous year. On June 10, when within two miles of Montgomery's battlefield, he encountered the Cherokee, whom he defeated, although with considerable loss to himself, after a stubborn engagement lasting several hours. Having repulsed the Indians, he proceeded on his way, sending out detachments to the outlying settlements, until in the course of a month he had destroyed every one of the

Middle town-. I.', in all. with all their granaries and cornfields, driven the inhabitants into the mountain-, and "pushed the frontier seventy miles farther to the west." y 1 ^ The Cherokee were now reduced to the greatest extremity. With some of their best towns in ashes, their fields and orchards wasted for two successive years, their ammunition nearly exhausted, many of their bravest warriors dead, their people fugitives in the mountains, hiding in caves and living like beasts upon roots or killing their horses for food, with the terrible scourge of smallpox adding to the mi-eric- of starvation, and withal torn by factional differences which had existed from the very beginning of the war ii wa- impossible for even brave men to resist longer. In September Ata-kullakulla, who had all alone- done everything in his power to stay the disaffec- tion,came down to Charleston, a treaty of peace was made, and the i Catawba reference from Milligan, 171;:;, in Carroll, South Carolina Historical Collections, 11, p. 519 M....NKV] AUGUSTA TREATY ADVANCE OF SETTLEMENTS 45 war was ended. From an estimated population of at least 5,000 war- riors some years before, the Cherokee had now been reduced to about 2,300 men. 1 In the meantime a force of Virginians under Colonel Stephen had advanced as far as the Great island of the Holston -now Klingsport, Tennessee — where they were met by a large delegation of Cherokee, who sued for peace, which was concluded with them by Colonel Stephen on November 19, 1761, independently of what was being done in South Carolina. On the urgent request of the chief that an officer might visit their people for a short time to cement

the new friendship, Lieutenant Henry Timberlake, a young Virginian who had already dis- tinguished himself in active service, volunteered to return with them to their towns, where he spent several months. He afterward conducted a delegation of chiefs to England, where, as they had come without authority from the Government, they met such an unpleasant recep- tion that they returned disgusted. ' On the conclusion of peace between England and France in 1 T • *► : ; . by which the whole western territory was ceded to England, a great council was held at Augusta, which was attended by the chiefs and principal men of all the southern Indians, at which Captain John Stuart, superintendent for the southern tribes, together with the colo- nial governors of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and ( reor gia, explained fully to the Indiansthe new condition of affairs, and a treaty of mutual peace and friendship was concluded on November 10 of that year. : Under several leaders, as Walker, W alien, Smith, and Boon, the tide of emigration now surged across the mountains in spite of every efforl to restrain it. 4 and the period between the end of the Cherokee war and the opening of the Revolution is principally notable for a number of treaty cessions by the Indians, each in fruitless endeavor to tix a permanent barrier between themselves and the advancing wave of white settlement. Chief among these was the famous Henderson pur- \/ chase in 1775, which included the whole tract between the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers, embracing the greater part of the present state of Kentucky. By these treaties the Cherokee were shorn of practically all their ancient

the late Cherokee war, a royal proclamation had been issued in L 763, with a view of checking future encroachments l>\ the whites, which prohibited any private land purchases from the Indians, or an} granting of warrants for lands wesl of the sources of the streams flowing into the Atlantic. 1 In L 768, on the appeal of the Indians themselves, the British superintendent for the southern tribes, Captain John Stuart, had negotiated a treaty at Hani Labor in South Carolina by which Kanawha and New rivers, along their whole course downward from the North Carolina line, were Sxed as the boundary between the Cherokee and the whites in that direction. In two years, however, so many borderers had crossed into the Indian country, where thej were evidently determined to remain, thai it was found necessary to substitute another treaty,by which the line was made to nm due south from t he mouth of the Kanawha to the Hols ton, thus cutting off from the Cherokee almost the whole of their hunting grounds in Virginia and West Virginia. Two years later, in I77l'. the Virginians demanded a further cession, by which everything east of Kentucky river was surrendered; and finally, on March 17. 177.">. the great Henderson purchase was consummated, including the whole tract between the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers. By this last i/ cession the Cherokee were at last cut otl' from Ohio river and all their rich Kentucky hunting grounds. 8 While these transactions were called treaties, they were really forced upon the native proprietors, who resisted each in turn and finally signed only under protest and on most solemn assurances that no further demands would be made.

Even before the purchases were made, intruders in large numbers had settled upon each of the tracts in question, and they refused to withdraw across the boundaries now established, but remained on one pretext or another to await a new adjustment. This was particularly the case on Watauga and upper Holston rivers in northeastern Tennessee, where the settlers, finding themselves still within the Indian boundary and being resolved to remain, effected a temporary lease from (he Cherokee in 177l'. As was expected and intended, the lease beca a permanent occupancy, the nucleus settlement of the future State of Tenne — er. Just before the outbreak of the Revolution, the botanist. William Hart ram. made an extended tour of the Cherokee country, anil has left US a pleasant account of the hospitable character ami friendly dispo- sition of the Indians at thatmany had intermarried and raised families among them, while the bonier man looked upon the Indian only as a cumberer of the earth. The British superintendents, Sir William Johnson in the north and Captain John Stuart in the south, they knew as generous friends, while hardly a warrior of them all was without some old cause of resentment against their backwoods neighbors. They felt that the only barrier between themselves and national extinction was in the strength of the British government, and when the final severence came they threw their whole power into the British scale. They were encouraged in this resolution by presents of clothing and other Moods, with promises of plunder from the settlement- and hopes of recovering a portion of their lost territories. The British government having determined, as early as June, 1775. to call in the Indians

against the Americans, supplies of hatchets, guns, and ammunition were issued to the warriors of all the tribes from the lakes to the gulf, and bounties were offered for American scalps brought in to the commanding officer at Detroit or Oswego. 1 Even the Six Nations, w ho had agreed in solemn treaty to remain neutral, were won over by these persuasions. In August, 177">. an Indian "talk" was intercepted in which the Cherokee assured Cam- eron, the resident agent, that their warriors, enlisted in the service of the king, were ready at a signal to tall upon the back settlements of Carolina and Georgia. 2 Circular letters were sent out to all those persons in the back country supposed to he of royalist sympathies, directing them to repair to Cameron's headquarters in the Cherokee country to join the Indiansin the invasion of the settlements." In .Tune. 1776, a British fleet under command of Sir Peter Parker, with a large aavaland military force, attacked Charleston, South Caro- lina, both by land and sea. and simultaneously a body of ( 'herokee, led by Tories in Indian disguise, came down from the mountains and ravaged the exposed frontier of South Carolina, killing and burning as they went. After a gallant defense by the garrison at Charleston the British were repulsed, whereupon their Indian and Tory allies withdrew.' About the same time the warning came from Nancy Ward 114). a noted friendly Indian woman of "teat authority in the ( 'herokee Nation. that seven hundred Cherokee warriors were advancing in two divisions against the Watauga and Holston settlements, with the design of 'Kin: [>p ii. L.'iu s.v.; Mi >notte, Valley of the

result ai the Long island. A Mrs. Bean and a boy named Moore were captured on this occasion and carried to one of the Cherokee towns in the neighborhood of Tellico, where the boj was burned, hut tin' woman, after she had been condemned to death and everything was in readiness for the tragedy, was rescued by the interpositi f Nancy Ward. Two other Cherokee detachments moved against the upper settlements at the same time. One of these. finding all the inhabitants securely shut up in forts, returned without doing much damage. The other ravaged the country on Clinch river almost to its head, and killed a man and wounded other- at Black's station, now Abingdon, Virginia. 1 At the same time that one pari of the Cherokee were raiding the Tennessee settlements others came down upon the frontiers ofCaro- lina and Georgia. On the upper Catawba they killed many people, hut the whites took refuge in the stockade stations, where they defended themselves until General Rutherford (hi) came to their relief. In Georgia an attempt had been made by a small party of Americans to seize Cameron, who lived in one of the Cherokee towns with his Indian \\ ife. hut. as was to have been expected, the Indians interfered, killing several of the party and capturing others, who were afterward tortured lo death. The Cherokee of the Upper and Mid. lie town-, with some Creeks and Tories of the vicinity, led by Cameron himself, at once began ravaging the South Carolina border, burning houses, driving off cattle, and killing men, women, and children without distinction, until the whole country was in a wild panic, tin 1 people

abandoning their farms to seek safety in the garrisoned forts. On one occasion an at t aids by two hundred of the enemy, half of them being Tories, stripped and painted like Indians, was repulsed by the timely arrival of a body of Americans, who succeeded in capturing thirteen of the Tories. The invasion extended into Georgia, where also property was destroyed and the inhabitants were driven from their homes.' Realizing their common danger, the border states determined to strike such a concerted blow at the Cherokee as should render them passive while the struggle with England continued. In accord with this plan of cooperation tin; frontier forces were quickly mobilized and Ramse) Tenne ■. pp L50-159 1858 Eto aevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 293-297, 1889. i nkv] RUTHERFORD AND WILLIAMSON EXPEDITIONS 177«> 49 in the summer of 1776 fourexpeditions were equipped from Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, to enter the Cherokee territory simultaneously from as many different directions. In August of that year the army of North Carolina, 2,400 strong, under General Griffith Rutherford, crossed the Blue ridge at Swan- nanoa gap, and following the main trail almost along the present line of the railroad, struck the first Indian town, Stika'yi, or Stecoee, on the Tuekasegee, near the present Whittier. The inhabitants having fled, the soldiers burned the town, together with an unfinished town- house ready for the roof, cut down the standing corn, killed one or twostraggling Indians, and then proceeded on their mission of destruc- tion. Every town upon Oconaluftee, Tuekasegee, and the upper part of Little Tennessee, and on Hiwassee to below the junction of Valley river — thirty-six towns in all — was

destroyed in turn, the corn cut down or trampled under the hoofs of the stock driven into the fields for that purpose, and the stock itself killed or carried off. Before such an overwhelming force, supplemented as it was by three others simultaneously advancing from other directions, the Cherokee made but poor resistance, and tied with their women and children into the fastnesses of the Great Smoky mountains, leaving their desolated fields and smoking towns behind them. As was usual in Indian wars, the actual number killed or taken was small, but the destruction of pro- perty was beyond calculation. At Sugartown (Kulsetsi'yi, east of the present Franklin) one detachment, sent to destroy it. was surprised, and escaped only through the aid of another force sent to its rescue. Rutherford himself, while proceeding to the destruction of the Hiwas- see towns,encountered the Indians drawn up to oppose his progress in the Wayagap of the Nantahala mountains, and one of the hardest tights of the campaign resulted, the soldiers losing over forty killed and wounded, although the Cherokee were finally repulsed (17). One of the Indians killed on this occasion was afterward discovered to be a woman, painted and armed like a warrior. 1 On September M the South Carolina army, 1,860 strong, under Colonel Andrew Williamson, and including a number of Catawba Indians, effected a junction with Rutherford's forces on Hiwassee river, near the present Murphy. North Carolina. It had been expected that Williamson would join the northern army at Cowee, on the Little Tennessee, when they would proceed together against the western towns, but he had been delayed, and the work of destruction in that direction was already completed, so

that after a short rest each army returned home along the route by which it had come. The South Carolina men had centered by different detachments in 'See no. 110, "Incidents of Personal Heroism." For Rutherford's expedition, see Moore, Rutherford's Expedition, in North Carolina University Magazine, February, 1888; Swain, Sketch of the Indian War in 1776, ibid., May, 1852, reprinted in Historical Magazine, November, 1867; Ramsey, Tennessee, p. 164, 1853; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, I, pp. 294-302, 1889, etc. 19 ETH 01 4 50 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [bth.anu.m the lower Cherokee town- about the head of Savannah river, burning one town after another, cutting down the peach trees and ripened corn, and having an occasional brush with the Cherokee, who hung con- stantly 141011 their flanks. At the town of Seneca, near which they encountered ( 'aineron witti hisIndian- and Tories, they had destroyed six thousand bushels of corn, besides other food stores, after burning all the houses, the Indians having retreated after a -tout resistance. The most serious encounter had taken place at Tomassee, where several whites and sixteen ( 'hcrokec wen- killed, the latter being all scalped afterward. Having completed the ruin of the Lower town-. Wil- liamson had cros-ed over Rabun gap and descended into the valley of the Little Tennessee to cooperate with Rutherford in the destruction of the Middleand Valley town-. As the army advanced every house in every settlement met was burned ninety houses in one settlement alone and detachments were sent into the fields to destroy the corn, of which the smallest town was estimated to have two hundred acre-, besides pota- toes, beans, and orchards of peach trees. The store-

of dressed deer- skins and other valuables were carried off. Everything was swept clean, and the Indians who were not killed or taken were driven, homeless refugees, into the dark recesses of Nantahala or painfully made their way across to the Overhill towns in Tennessee, which were already menaced by another invasion from the north.' In -Inly, while Williamson was engaged on the the upper Savannah, a force of two hundred Georgians, under Colonel Samuel .lack, had marched in the same direction ami succeeded in burning two towns on the heads of ( 'hat t ahoochee and Tugaloo rivers, destroying the corn ami driving oil' the cattle, without the loss of a man. the Cherokee having apparently fallen hack to concentrate for resistance in the mountains. 2 The Virginia army, about two thousand strong, under Colonel William Christian (18), rendezvoused in Augustat the Long island of the Ilolston. the regular gathering place on the Tennessee side of the mountains. Among them were several hundred men from North Carolina, with all who could he spared from the garrisons on the Tennessee side. Paying hut little attention to small bodies of Lndi ans, who tried to divert attention ortodelay progress by flankattacks, they advanced steadily, hut cautiously, along the great Indian war- path (19) toward the crossing id' the French Broad, where a strong force of ( 'hcrokec was reported to he in waiting to dispute their pas- sage, .lust before reaching the river the Indians sent a Tory trader 1 For Williamson's expedition, ••<■<■ Ross Journal, with Rockwell's notes, in Historical Magazine, October, 1876; Swain.Sketch of the rndian War in n~u, in North Carolina University Magazine for May, 1852, reprinted in Historical

Magazine, November, 1867; Jones, Georgia, 11, p. 246et passim, 1883 1: unsey, Tennessee, 168 164, 1858; 1: evelt, Winning of the West, 1, pp. 296 308, 1889. ; .i 9, op. cit., p. 246; Ramsey, op. cit., p. 163; Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 295. mooney] christian's expedition — 1776 51 with a flag of truce to discuss tonus. Knowing that his own strength was overwhelming. Christian allowed the envoy to go through the whole camp and then sent him back with the message that there could be no terms until the Cherokee towns had been destroyed. Arriving at the ford, he kindled fires and made all preparations as if intending to camp there for several days. As soon as night fell, however, he secretly drew off half his force and crossed the river lower down, to come upon theIndians in their rear. This was a work of great diffi- culty; as the water was so deep that it came up almost to the shoulders of the men, while the current was so rapid that they were obliged to support each other four abreast to prevent being swept off their feet. However, they kept their guns and powder dry. On reaching the other side they were surprised to find no enemy. Disheartened at the strength of the invasion, the Indians had fled without even a show of resistance. It is probable that nearly all their men and resources had been drawn off to oppose the Carolina forces on their eastern border. and the few who remained felt themselves unequal to the contest. Advancing without opposition, Christian reached the towns on Little Tennessee early in November, and, finding them

deserted, pro- ceeded to destroy them, one after another, with their outlying fields. The few lingering warriors discovered were all killed. In the mean- time messages had been sent out to the farther towns, in response to which several of their head men came into Christian's camp to treat for peace. On their agreement to surrender all the prisoners and captured stock in their hands and to cede to the whites all the disputed territory occupied by the Tennessee settlements, as soon as represent- atives of the whole tribe could be assembled in the spring, Christian consented to suspend hostilities and retire without doing further injury. An exception was made against Tuskegee and another town, which had been concerned in the burning of the boy taken from Watauga, already noted, and these two were reduced to ashes. The sacred "peace town,'"Echota (20), had not been molested. Most of the troops were disbanded on their return to the Long island, but a part remained and built Fort Patrick Henry, where they went into winter quarters. 1 From incidental notices in narratives written by some of the partici- pants, we obtain interesting side-lights on the merciless character of this old border warfare. In addition to the ordinary destruction of war — the burning of towns, the wasting of fruitful fields, and the killing of the defenders — we find that every Indian warrior killed was scalped, when opportunity permitted; women, as well as men, were shot down and afterward ''helped to their end"; and prisoners taken were put up at auction as slaves when not killed on the spot. Near Tomassee a small 1 For the Virginia-Tennessee expedition see Roosevelt, Winning of

the West, i, pp. 308-305, 1889; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 165-170,1853. ;>'- MVTHs OF THE CHEBOKJEE [cth.anh.19 party of Indian-, was surrounded and entirely cut <>tl'. "Sixteen were found dead in the valley when the battle ended. These our men scalped." In a personal encounter "a stout Indian engaged a sturdy young white man. who was a good bruiser and expert at gouging. After breaking their guns on each other they laid hold of one another, when the cracker had bis thumbs instantly in the fellow's eyes, who roared and cried i ccmaly'' -enough, in English. •Damn you,' says the white man. 'you can never have enough while you are alive.* He then threw him down, set his foot upon his head, and scalped him alive; then took up one of the broken guns and knocked out hi.- brains. It would havebeen fun if he had let the latter action alone and sent him home without his nightcap, to tell his countrymen how he had been treated." Later on some of the same detachment (Williamson's) seeing a woman ahead, fired on her and brought her down with two serious wounds, hut yet able to speak. After getting what informa- tion she could give them, through a half-breed interpreter, ■"the informer being unable to travel, 8 ! of our men favored her so far that they killed her there, to put her out of pain." A few days later ••a party of Colonel Thomas's regiment, being on a hunt of plunder. or Mime such thing, found an Indian squaw and took herprisoner, -he being lame, was unable to go with her friends. She was so sullen that -he would, as an

old saying is. neither lead nor drive, and by their account she died in their hand-; hut I suppose they helped her to her end." At this place — on the Hiwassee -they found a large town. having ••upwards of ninety houses, and large quantities of corn." and "we encamped among- the corn, where we had a great plenty of corn. peas, beans, potatoes, and hogs." and on the next day "we were ordered to assemble in companies to spread through the town to destroy, cut down, and burn all the vegetables belonging to our heathen enemies, which was no small undertaking, they being so plentifully supplied." Continuing to another town, "we engaged in our former labor, that is, cutting and destroying all things that might be of advantage to our enemies. Finding here curious building-. great apple trees, andwhite-man-like improvements, these we destroyed." ' While crossing over the mountains Rutherford's men approached a house belonging to a trader, when one of his negro slaves ran out and '"was shot by the Reverend .lames Hall, the chaplain, as he ran. mis- taking him for an Indian."' Soon after they captured two women and a boy. It was proposed to auction them off at once to the highest bidder, and when one of the officers protested that the matter should be left to the disposition of Congress. •• the greater part swore bloodily that if they were not sold for slaves upon the spot they would kill and 1 Ross Journal, in Historical Magazine, October, lsr.7. "Swain, sketch ol the Indian War ..f 1776, in Historical Magazine, November, 1867. mooney] TREATIES OF DE WITTS CORNERS AND LONG ISLAND 53" scalp them

immediately." The prisoners were accordinglj r sold for about twelve hundred dollars. 1 At the Wolf Hills settlement, now Abingdon, Virginia, a party sent out from the fort returned with the scalps of eleven warriors. Having recovered the books which their minister had left behind in his cabin, they held a service of prayer for their success, after which the fresh scalps were hung upon a pole above the gate of the fort. The barba- rous custom of scalping to which the border men had become habitu- ated in the earlier wars was practiced upon every occasion when opportunity presented, at least upon the bodies of warriors, and the South Carolina legislature offered a bounty of seventy-five pounds for every warrior's scalp, a higher reward, however, being offered for prisoners.'- In spite of all the bitterness which the war arousedthere seems to be no record of any scalping of Tories or other whites by the Americans (-1). The effect upon the Cherokee of this irruption of more than six thousand armed enemies into their territory was well nigh paralyzing. More than fifty of their towns had been burned, their orchards cut down, their lields wasted, their cattle and horses killed or driven off. their stores of buckskin and other personal property plundered. Hundreds of their people had been killed or had died of starvation and exposure, others were prisoners in the hands of the Americans, and some had been sold into slavery. Those who had escaped were fugitives in the mountains, living upon acorns, chestnuts, and wild game, or were refugees with the British.' 1 From the Virginia line to the Chattahoochee the chain of destruction was complete. For the present

at least any further resistance was hopeless, and they were compelled to sue for peace. By a treaty concluded at De Witts Corners in South Carolina on May •Jo. 1777. the first ever made with the new states, the Lower Cherokee surrendered to the conqueror all of their remaining territory in South Carolina, excepting a narrow strip along the western boundary. Just two months later, on July 20, by treaty at the Long island, as had been arranged by Christian in the preceding fall, the Middle and Upper Cherokee ceded everything east of the Blue ridge, together with all the disputed territory on the 'Watauga. Nolichucky, upper Holston, and New rivers. By this second treaty also Captain James Robertson was appointed agent for the Cherokee, to reside at Echota. to watch their movements, recover any captured property, and prevent their correspondencewith persons unfriendly to the American cause. As the Federal government was not yet in perfect operation these treaties i Moore's narrative, in North Carolina University Magazine. February, 1888. ^Roosevelt, Winning of the West, i. pp. 285, 290, 303, 1889. 'About rive hundred sought refuge with Stuart, the British Indian superintendent in Florida, where they were fed for some time at the expense of the British government (Jones, Georgia, II, p. 246, 1S83). 54 MYTHS OF THE OHEEOKEE bth.akii.19 were negotiated by commissioners from the four states adjoining the Cherokee country, the territory thus acquired being parceled oul to Sou tli ( iarolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee. 1 While tlif Cherokee Nation had thus been compelled to a treaty of peace, a very considerable portion of the tribe was irreconcilably hos- tile to the Americans and refused to be a party

to the late cessions, especially on the Tennessee side. Although Ata-kullakulla sen! word that he was readj with five hundred young warriors to fighl for the Americans against the English or Indian enemy whenever called upon, Dragging-canoe (Tsiyu-gunsi'ni), who had led the opposition against the Watauga settlements, declared that he would holdfast to Cameron's talk and continue to make war upon those who had taken his hunting grounds. Under his leadership some hundreds id' the most warlike and implacable warriors of the tribe, with their families, drew out from the Upper and Middle towns and moved far down upon Tennes- see river, where thej established new settlements on Chickamauga creek, in the neighborhood of the present Chattanooga. The locality appears to have been already a rendezvous for a sort of Indian ban- ditti, who sometimes plundered boats disabled in the rapidsat this point while descending the river. Under the name "Chickamaugas" they >oon became noted for their uncompromising and never-ceasing hostility. In ITs-J. in consequence of the destruction of their towns liv Sevier and Campbell, they abandoned this location and moved farther down the river, where they built what were afterwards known as the ••five lower towns." viz. Running Water, Nickajack, Long Island. Crow town, and Lookout Mountain town. These were all on the extreme western Cherokee frontier, near where Tennessee river crosses the state line, the first three being within the present limits' of Tennessee, while Lookout Mountain town and Crow town were respectively in the adjacent corners of Georgia and Alabama. Their population was recruited from Creeks. Shawano, and white Tories, until they were estimated at a thousand warriors. Here they remained, a constant thorn in the side of Tennessee,

Bl, 1882. Campbell says thej abandoned their first location on account oi the invasion from Tenne Governor Blount says they left on account of witches. mooney] DESTRUCTION OF CHICKAMAUGA TOWNS 1779 55 ward Hawkins found the population of Willstown, in extreme western Georgia, entirely made up of refugees from the Savannah, and the children so familiar from their parents with stories of Williamson's invasion that they ran screaming from the face of a white man (i^l'). 1 In April. 1777. the legislature of North Carolina, of which Tennes- see was still a part, authorized bounties of land in the new territory to all able-bodied men who should volunteer against the remaining hostile Cherokee. Under this act companies of rangers were kept along the exposed border to cut off raiding parties of Indians and to protect the steady advance of the pioneers,with the result that the Tennessee set- tlements enjoyed a brief respite and were even able to send some assist- ance to their brethren in Kentucky, who were sorely pressed by the Shawano and other northern tribes. 2 The war between England ami the colonies still continued, however, and the British government was unremitting in its effort to secure the active assistance of the Indians. With the Creeks raiding the Georgia ami South Carolina frontier, and with a British agent, Colonel Brown, and a number of Tory refugees regularly domiciled at Chickamauga, 3 it was impossible for the Cherokee lone' to remain quiet. In the spring of 177'.» the warning came from Robertson, stationed at Echota, that three hundred warriors from Chickamauga had started against the back settlements of North Carolina. Without a day's delay the states of North Carolina (including

Tennessee) and Virginia united to send a strong force of volunteers against them under command of Colonels Shelby and Montgomery. Descending the Holston in April in a fleet of canoes built for tin 1 occasion, they took the Chickamauga towns so completely by surprise that the few warriors remaining fled to the mountains without attempting to give battle. Several were killed, Chickamauga and the outlying villages were burned, twenty thousand bushels of corn were destroyed and large numbers of horses and cattle captured, together with a great quantity of goods sent by the British Governor Hamilton at Detroit for distribution to the Indians. The success of this expedition frustrated the execution of a project by Hamilton for uniting all the northern and southern Indians, to lie assisted by British regulars, in a concerted attack along the whole American frontier. ( )nlearning, through runnel's, of the blow that had befallen them, the Chickamauga warriors gave up all idea of invading the settlements, and returned to their wasted villages. 1 They, as well as the Creeks, however, kept in constant communication with 1 Hawkins, manuscript journal, 1796, with Georgia Historical Socii ty. 2 Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 174-178, 1S53. 3 t'ampbell letter, 1782, Virginia State Papers, ill, p. 271, 1883. < Ramsey, op. eit, pp. 186-188; Roosevelt. Winning of the West, II, pp. 236-238, 1889. Ramsey's state- ments, chiefly on Haywood's authority, of the strength of the expedition, the number of warriors killed, etc., are so evidently overdrawn that they are here omitted. 56 MYTHS ok THE CHEROKEE the British commander in Savannah. In this year also a delegation of Cherokee \ isited the Ohio towns to offer condolences on the death of the

noted I Delaware chief, White ej es. 1 In tlic early spring of L780 a large company of emigrants under Colonel John Donelson descended the Holston and the Tennessee to the Ohio, whence they ascended the Cumberland, effected a junction with another party under Captain James Robertson, which hud just arrived by a toilsome overland route, and made the ti i-t settlement on the present site of Nashville. In passing the Chickamauga towns they had run the gauntlet of the hostile Cherokee, who pursued them for a considerable distance beyond the whirlpool known as the Suck, where the river breaks through the mountain. The family of a man named Stuart being infected with the smallpox, his boat dropped behind, and all on board, twenty-eight in number, were killed or taken by the Indians, their cries being distinctly heard by theirfriends ahead who were unable to help them. Another boat having run upon the rocks, the three women in it, one of whom had become a mother the night before, threw the cargo into the river, and then, jumping into the water, succeeded in pushing the boat into the current while the hus- band of one of them kept the Indians at bay with his rifle. The infant was killed in the confusion. Three cowards attempted to escape, without thought of their companions. One was drowned in the river; the other two were captured and carried to Chickamauga. where one was burned and the other was ransomed by a trader. The rest went on their way to found the capital of a new commonwealth. 2 As if in retributive justice, the smallpox broke out in the Chickamauga band in consequence

of the capture of Stuart's family, causing the death of a great number.' The British having reconquered Georgia and South Carolina and destroyed all resistance in the south, early in L780 Cornwallis, with his subordinates, Ferguson and the merciless Tarleton, prepared to invade North Carolina and sweep the country northward to Virginia. The Creeks under McGillivray (S\). and a number of the Cherokee under various local chiefs, together with the Tories, at once joined his standard. While the Tennessee backwoodsmen were gathered at a barbecue to contest for a shooting prize, a paroled prisoner brought a demand from Ferguson for their submission; with the threat, if they refused, that he would cross the mountains, hang their leaders, kill every man found in arms and burn every settlement. Up to this time the moun- tain men had confined their effort to holding indecisive victory that turned the tide of the Revolution in the South. 1 It is in place here to quote a description of these men in buckskin, white by blood and tradition, but half Indian in habit and instinct, who, in half a century of continuous conflict, drove back Creeks, Cherokee, and Shawano, and with one hand on the plow and the other on the rifle redeemed a wilderness and carried civilization and free government to the banks of the Mississippi. "They were led by leaders they trusted, they were wonted to Indian warfare, they were skilled as horsemen and marksmen, they knew how to face every kind of danger, hardship, and privation. Their fringed and tasseled hunting shirts were girded by bead-worked belts, and the trappings of their horses were stained red and yellow. On their heads they wore caps

of coon skin or mink skin, with the tails hanging down, or else felt hats, in each of which was thrust a buck tail or a sprig of evergreen. Every man carried a small-bore rifle, a toma- hawk, and a scalping knife. A very few of the officers had swords, and there was not a bayonet nor a tent in the army." 2 To strike the blow at Kings mountain the border men had been forced to leave their own homes unprotected. Even before they could cross the mountains on their return the news came that the Cherokee were again out in force for the destruction of the upper settlements, and their numerous small bauds were killing, burning, and plundering in the usual Indian fashion. Without loss of time the Holston settle- ments of Virginia and Tennessee at onceraised seven hundred mounted riflemen to march against the enemy, the command being assigned to Colonel Arthur Campbell of Virginia and Colonel John Sexier of Tennessee. Sevier started first with nearly three hundred men, going south along the great Indian war trail and driving small parties of the Cherokee before him, until he crossed the French Broad and came upon seventy of them on Boyds creek, not far from the present Sex in - ville, on December 16, 1780. Ordering his men to spread out into a half circle, he sent ahead some scouts, who, by an attack and feigned retreat, managed to draw the Indians into the trap thus prepared, 1 Roosevelt, Winning of the West, II, pp. 241-294, 1SS9; Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 208-249, 1853. - Roosevelt, op. cit., p. 256. 58 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE [bth.ajih.19 with the result that

work on the last day of the year. The Indians had lied before them, keeping -pie- out to watch their movements. One of these, while giving signals from a ridge by beating a drum, was -hot by the white-. The soldiers lost only one man. who was buried in an Indian cabin which was then burned down to conceal the trace of the inter- ment. The return march was begun on New Year's day. Ten prin- v cipal towns, including Echota, the capital, had been destroyed, besides several smaller villages, containing in the aggregate over one thousand house-, and not less than fifty thousand bushels of corn and large stores of other provision. Everything not needed on the return march was committed to the flames or otherwise wasted. Of all the towns west of the mountains only Talassee, andone or two about Chicka- mauga or on the headwaters of the Coosa, escaped. The whites had lost only one man killed and two wounded. Before the return a proclamation was sent to the Cherokee chief-, warning them to make peace on penalty of a worse visitation." Some Cherokee who met them at Echota. on the return march, to talk of peace, brought in and surrendered several white prisoners. 1 One rea-on for the slight resistance made by the Indians was prob- ably the fact that at the very time of the invasion many of their warriors were away, raiding on the Upper Holston and in the neigh- borhood of Cumberland gap.' Although the Upper or Overhill Cherokee were thus humbled, those of the middle towns, on the head waters id' Little Tennessee, still continued to send out parties against the

sudden stroke upon them, and early in March of the same year. 1781, with 150 picked horsemen, he started to cross the Great Smoky mountains over trails never before attempted by white men. and so rough in places that it was hardly possible to lead horses. Falling unexpectedly upon Tuckasegee, near the present Webster, North Carolina, he took the town completely by surprise, killing several warriors and rapturing- a number of women and chil- dren. Two other principal towns and three smaller .settlements were taken in the same way. with a quantity of provision and about 200 horses, the Indians being entirely off their guard and unprepared to make any effective resistance. Having spread destruction through the middle towns, with the loss to himself of only one man killed and another wounded, he was off again as suddenly as hehad come, moving so rapidly that he was well on his homeward way before the Cherokee could gather for pursuit. 1 At the same time a smaller Tennessee expe- dition w r ent out to disperse the Indians who had been making head- quarters in the mountains about Cumberland gap and harassing travelers along the road to Kentucky.- Numerous indications of Indians were found, hut none were met, although the country was scoured for a con- siderable distance. 3 In summer the Cherokee made another incursion, this time upon the new settlements on the French Broad, near the present Newport, Tennessee. With a hundred horsemen Sexier fell suddenly upon their camp on Indian creek, killed a dozen warriors, ami scat- tered the rest. 1 By these successive blows the Cherokee were so worn out and dispirited that they were forced

to sue for peace, and in mid- summer of 1781 a treaty of peace -doubtful though it might be — was negotiated at the Long island of the Holston. 5 Tin' respite came just in time to allow the Tennesseeaus to send a detachment against Corn- wallis. Although there was truce in Tennessee, there was none in the South. In November of this year the Cherokee made a sudden inroad upon the Georgia settlements, destroying everything in their way. In retaliation a force under General Pickens marched into their country, destroying their towns as far as Valley river. Finding further prog- ress blocked by heavy snows and learning through a prisoner that the Indians, who had retired before him, were collecting to oppose him in the mountains, he withdrew, as he says, "through absolute necessity," having accomplished very little of theat the Long island. Early in 17^1 the government land office had been closed to further entries, no! to be opened again until peace had been declared with England, bul the borderers paid little attention t<> the law in such matters, and the rage t'<>r speculation in Tennessee land- gre^ stronger daily. 8 In the fall of L 782 the chief, Old Tassel of Echota, <in behalf of all the friendly child's and towns, sent a pathetic talk tn the governors of Virginia and North Carolina, complaining that in spite of all their efforts to remain quiet the settlers were constantly encroaching upon them, and had built houses within a day's walk of the Cherokee towns. They asked that all those whites who had settled beyond the boundary last established should be removed.' A- was to have been expected, tin-

was never dour. The Chickamauga band, however, and those farther to the south. were still Unit on war. being actively encouraged in that disposition by the British agents and refugee loyalists living among them. They continued to raid both north and south, and in September, 1782, Sevier, with 200 mounted men, again made a descent upon their towns. destroying several of their settlements about Chickamauga creek, and penetrating as far as the important town of Ustana'li, on the head- waters of Coosa river, near the present Calhoun. Georgia. This also he destroyed. Every warrior found was killed, together with a white man found in one of the towns, whose papers showed that he had been active in inciting the Indians to war. On the return the expedition halted at Echota. where new assurances were received from the friendly element.* In themeantime a Georgia expedition of over -loo men. under General Pickens, had been ravaging the Cherokee towns in the same quarter, with such effect that the Cherokee were forced to purchase peace by a further surrender of territory on the head of Broad river in Georgia. 5 This cession was concluded at a treaty of peace held with the Georgia commissioners at Augusta in the next year, and was confirmed later by the Creeks, who claimed an interest in the same lands, hut was never accepted by either as the voluntary , act of their tribe as a whole." By the preliminary treaty of Paris. November 30, 17nl'. the long Revolutionary Si ruggle for independence was brought toa (dose, and the Cherokee, a- well as the other tribes, seeing the hopelessness of con- >Steven9, G £ia, H, pp. 282-285, 1859;

Oconostota, who had led them to victory in 1780, was now a broken old man. and in this year, at Echota, formally resigned his office in favor of his son, The Terrapin. To complete their brimming cup of misery the small- pox again broke out among them in 1783. 1 Deprived of the assistance of their former white allies they wee left to their own cruel fate, the last feeble resistance of the mountain warriors to the advancing tide of settlement came to an end with the burning of ( 'owee town, 8 and the way was left open to an arrangement. In the same year the North Carolina legislature appointed an agent for the Cherokee and made regulations for the government of traders among them.' Relations with the United States from the first treaty to the removal — 1785-1838 Passingover several unsatisfactory and generally abortive negotia- tions conducted by the various state governments in L783-84, includ- ing' the treaty of Augusta already noted. 4 we come to the turning- point in the history of the Cherokee, their first treaty with the new government of the United States for peace and boundary delimitation, concluded at Hopewell (25) in South Carolina on November 28, 17s.">. Nearly one thousand Cherokee attended, the commissioners for the United States being Colonel Benjamin Hawkins (liti). of North Caro- lina; General Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina; Cherokee Agent Joseph Martin, of Tennessee, and Colonel Lachlan Mcintosh, of Georgia. The instrument was signed by thirty-seven chiefs and prin- cipal men. representing nearly as many different towns. The negotia- tions occupied ten days, being complicated by a protest on the part of North Carolina and Georgia against the action

whole country east of the Blue ridge, with tin- Watauga ai 'I ( "uni Ucrhi m I settlements, was given over to the white-. The general boundary followed the dividing ridge between Cumberland river and the more southern waters of the Ten- nessee eastward to the junction of the two forks of Holston, near the present Kingsport, Tennessee, thence southward to the Blue ridge and southwestward to a point not far from the present Atlanta. Georgia, thence westward to the Coosa river and northwestward to a creek running into Tennessee river a< the western line of Alabama. thence northward with the Tennessee river to the beginning. The lands south and west of these lines were recognized as belonging to the Creeks and Chickasaw. Hostilities were to cease and the Cherokee were taken under the protection of the United States. Theproceed- ings ended with the distribution of a few presents. 1 While the Hopewell treaty defined the relations of the Cherokee to the general government and furnished a safe basis for future negotia- tion, it yet failed to bring complete peace and security. Thousands of intruders were still settled on Indian lands, and minor aggressions and reprisals were continually occurring. The Creeks and the north- ern tribes were still hostile and remained so for some years later, and their warriors, cooperating with those of the implacable Chickamauga towns, continued to annoy the exposed settlements, particularly on the Cumberland. The British had withdrawn from the South, but the Spaniards and French, who claimed the lower Mississippi and the Gulf region and had their trading posts in west Tennessee, took every opportunity to encourage the spirit of hostility to the Americans. ' But the

spirit of the Cherokee nation was broken and the Holston settlements were now too surely established to be destroyed. The Cumberland settlements founded by Robertson and Donelson in the winter of 1779-80 had had but short respite. Early in spring the Indians Cherokee. Creeks. Chickasaw, and northern Indians had begun a scries of attacks with the design of driving these intruders from their lands, and thenceforth for years no man's life was safe out- side the stockade. The long list of settlers shot down at work or while hunting in the woods, of stock stolen and property destroyed, while of sorrowful interest to those most nearly concerned, is too tedious for recital here, and only leading events need be chronicled. Detailed notice may be found in the works of local historians. On the night of January L5, L781, a bandthroughout this and the next year to such an extent that it seemed at one time as if the Cumberland settlements must be abandoned, but in June. 1783, commissioners from Virginia and North Carolina arranged a treaty near Nashville (Nashborough) with chiefs of the Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Creeks. Tjiis treaty. although it did not completely stop the Indian inroads, at least greatly diminished them. Thereafter the Chickasaw remained friendly, and only the Cherokee and < 'reeks continued to make trouble. The valley towns on Hiwassee, as well as those of Chickamauga, seem to have continued hostile. In L786a large body of their warriors. led by the mixed-blood chief. John Watts, raided the new settlements in the vicinity of the, present Knoxville, Tennessee. In retaliation Sevier again marched his volunteers across the mountain to the valley towns and destroyed three of them,

killing a number of warriors; but he retired on learning that the Indians were gathering to give him battle. 4 In the springof this year Agent Martin, stationedat Echota, had made a tour of inspection of the Cherokee towns and reported that they were generally friendly and anxious for peace, with the exception of the Chickamauga band, under Dragging-canoe, who, acting with the hostile ('reeks and encouraged by the French and Spaniard-, were making preparations to destroy the Cumberland settlements. Not- withstanding the friendly professions of the others, a party sent out to obtain satisfaction for the murder of four Cherokee by the Tennes- seeans had come back with fifteen white scalps, and sent word to Sevier that they wanted peace, but if the whites wanted war they would get it. 5 "With lawdess men on both sides it ishad been given by North Carolina against which state, l>\ the way, they were then in organized rebellion the whole country north of the Tennessee river as far west as the Cumberland mountain, and that they intended to take it "by the -word, which is the best right to all countries." As the whole of this country was within the limits of the territory solemnly guaranteed to the Cherokee by the Hopewell treaty only the year before, the chiefs simply replied that Congress had -aid nothing to them on the subject, and SO the matter rested. 1 The theory of state's rights was too complicated for the Indian under- standing. While this conflict between state and federal authority continued, with the Cherokee lands as the prize, there could lie no peace. In March, L787, a letter from Echota, apparently written

by Agent Martin, speaks of a recent expedition against the Cherokee towns, and the confusion and alarm among them inconsequence of the daily encroachments of the "Franklinites" or Tennesseeans, who had pro- ceeded to make good their promise by opening ;i hind office for the sale of all the lands southward to Tennessee river, including even apart id' the beloved town of Echota. At the same time messengers were coming to the Cherokee from traders in the foreign interest, telling them that England, France, and Spain had combined against the Americans and urging them with promises of c-uns and ammunition to join in the war. ' As a result each further advance of the Tennessee settlements, in defiance as it was of any recognized treaty, was stubbornly con- tested by the Indian owners of the land. The record of thesei>. 869. • Ibid., p. 870. moonet] DEFEAT OF GENERAL MARTIN 1788 65 allies upon the Georgia frontier and the Cumberland settlements around Nashville became so threatening that measures were taken for a joint campaign by the combined forces of Georgia and Tennessee ("Franklin"). The enterprise came to naught through the interfer- ence of the federal authorities. 1 All through the year 1788 we hear of attacks and reprisals along the Tennessee border, although the agent for the Cherokee declared in his official report that, with the exception of the Chickamauga band, the Indians wished to lie at peace if the whites would let them. In March two expeditions under Sevier and Kennedy set out against the towns in the direction of the French Broad. In May several persons of a family named Kirk were murdered a few miles south of Knoxville.

In retaliation Sevier raised a large party and marching against a town on Hiwassee river — one of those which had been destroyed some years before and rebuilt — and burned it. killing a number of the inhabitants in the river while they were trying to escape. lie then turned, and proceeding to the towns on Little Tennessee burned several of them also, killing a num- ber of Indians. Here a small party of Indians, including Abraham and Tassel, two well-known friendly chiefs, was brutally massacred by one of the Kirks, no one interfering, after they had voluntarily come in on request of one of the officers. This occurred during the temporary absence of Sevier. Another expedition under Captain Favne was drawn into an ambuscade at Citico town and lost several in killed and wounded. The Indians pursued the survivorsalmost to Knoxville, attacking a small station near the present Maryville by the way. They were driven off by Sevier and others, who in turn invaded the Indian settlements, crossing the mountains and penetra- ting as far as the valley towns on Hiwassee. hastily retiring as they found the Indians gathering in their front. 2 In the same summer another expedition was organized against the Chickamauga towns. The chief command was given to General Martin, who left White's fort, now Knoxville. with four hundred and fifty men and made a rapid inarch to the neighborhood of the present Chattanooga, where the main force encamped on the site of an old Indian settlement. A detachment sent ahead to surprise a town a few miles farther down the river was fired upon and driven back, and a general engagement took place in the

narrow pass between the bluff and the river, with such disastrous results that three captains were killed and the men so badly demoralized that thejr refused to advance. Martin was compelled to turn back, after burying the dead officers in a large townhouse, which was then burned down to conceal the grave. 3 In October a large party of Cherokee and Creeks attacked Gilles- pie's station, south of the present Knoxville. The small garrison was 1 Ramsey, Tennessee, pp. 393-399, 1853. = Ibid., pp. 417-423, 1853. 3 Ibid., pp. 517-519, and Brown's narrative, ibid., p. 515. 19 ETH — 01 5 66 MYTHS OF THE CHEROKEE overpowered af ter a shorl resistance, and twenty-eight persons, includ- ing several women and children, were killed. The Indians left behind a Letter signed by four chiefs, including John Watts, expressing regret for what they calledthe accidental lolling of the women and children, reminding the whites of their own treachery in killing Abraham and the Tassel, and defiantly concluding, "When you move off the land, then we will make peace." Other exposed stations were attacked, until at last Sevier again mustered a force, cleared the enemy from the frontier, and pursued the Indians as far as their towns on the head waters of Coosa river, in such vigorous fashion that they were compelled to ask for terms of peace and agree to a surrender of prisoners, which was accomplished at Coosawatee town, in upper Georgia, in the following April. 1 Among the captives thus restored to their friends were Joseph Brown, a boy of sixteen, with his two younger sisters, who, with several others, had been taken at Nickajack town while descending the Tennessee in a

fiatboat nearly a year before. His father and the other men of the party, about ten in all, had been killed at the time. while the mother and several other children were carried to various Indian towns, some of them going to the Creeks, who had aided the Cherokee in the capture. Young Brown, whose short and simple narrative is of vivid interest, was at first condemned to death, but was rescued by a white man living in the town and was afterward adopted into the family of the chief, in spite of the warning of an old Indian woman that if allowed to live he would one day guide an army to destroy them. The warning was strangely prophetic, for it was Brown himself who guided the expedition that finally rooted out the Chickamauga towns a few yearslater. When rescued at Coosawatee he was in Indian costume, with shirt, breechcloth, scalp lock, and holes bored in his ears. His little sister, five years old. had become so attached to the Indian woman who had adopted her. that she refused to go to her own mother ami had to be pulled alone- by force. 3 The mother and another of the daughters, who had been taken by the Creeks, were afterwards ransomed by McGillivray, head chief of the Creek Nation, who restored them to their friends, generously refusing any compensation for his kindness. An arrangement had been made with the Chickasaw, in 1783, by which they surrendered to the Cumberland settlement their own claim to the lands from the Cumberland river south to the dividing ridge of Duck river. 3 It was not, however, until the treaty of