intermittent telecommunication with their children on the island. In the aftermath of the attack, survivors of Utøya were reunited with their families across all regions of Norway.

Post-disaster healthcare for parents was provided by the regular healthcare system in Norway (Ringard, Sagan, Sperre Saunes, & Lindahl, [2013](#CIT0020)). Primary healthcare is the first-line provider of healthcare in Norway, making primary diagnoses, treating diseases, issuing sickness certificates, prescribing drugs and referring patients to specialist care as required. Primary healthcare, including emergency primary healthcare, is accessible throughout the country, available 24/7, publicly funded and is the mandatory entry-point for the publicly funded specialized healthcare services in Norway. Following the Utøya terrorist attack, a proactive outreach programme was established in affected municipalities, as a supplement to the regular services (Dyb, Jensen, Glad, Nygaard,questionnaires. Interviews were conducted by trained healthcare professionals in the home of the informant or at an alternative place at the convenience of the informant.

The overall study comprised three waves of data collection. Waves 1 and 2 were open cohorts; invitations were extended to all survivors and their caregivers. Wave 3 was a closed cohort; only participants in at least one of the two previous waves were invited. This paper reports on parents that participated in both Waves 1 and 3, and on their respective child survivors. Data collection for Wave 1 commenced in early November 2011 and was largely completed (\>95%) by mid-December 2011, five months after the attack. Wave 3 commenced in late March 2014, and was largely completed (\>95%) by mid-July 2014, three years after the attacks.