that they followed Trevino's instruction by evaluating officers' indemnification claims in good faith and on a case-by-case basis. Specifically, the council members point to the following evidence:


85
In Guerra v. City of Los Angeles, the council members deliberated for three days before deciding to  indemnify an officer against a punitive damage  award in an excessive force case. The council members repeatedly deferred voting until they received  additional information and had a chance to confer  with their attorney.


86
In Clark v. City of Los Angeles, the council members  again held multiple sessions before deciding to  indemnify an LAPD officer in an excessive force  case.


87
In Tave v. Gates, the council members actually  refused to indemnify an LAPD officer against a punitive damage award, despitemembers, the City attorneys, and Captain Daniel Koenig in the Cunningham/Soly action. Each party to bear its own costs.



Notes:


1
 The Honorable Frank Magill, Senior United States Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by designation.


2
 Decedent Daniel Soly's parents, Armand and Betty Soly, bring this action in their individual capacities and on behalf of their deceased son who was killed in a shootout with LAPD officers following the armed robbery of the Southwest Liquor and Deli.


3
 On September 29, 1997, the district court consolidated the cases involved in the instant appeal for discovery and pre-trial motions.


4
 In Heck v. Humphrey, the Supreme Court held that in order to recover damages for harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid, a section 1983 plaintiff