patient endurance. So far he has retained the poetic, image-rich style of the majority of his text, but in the following verses, he turns briefly to technical metaphysical arguments in a similar style to those in chapter nine. Why? Because he needs to answer objections. A determinist denial of free will was a controversial one in India as elsewhere, and if Śāntideva is going to make the points of verses 22-24 stick, he needs to defend them against the theoretical grounds on which others might oppose them. In VI.25 he makes the claim more starkly: "any various offenses and bad karma (pāpa) whatsoever all arise from the force of a causal condition (pratyaya), and nobody sees them arising independently." He adds in VI.26 that the totality of causesEdition: Sri Lanka Tripitaka Project. Translation: Ñāṇamoli and Bodhi 1995. Available online: www.accesstoinsight. org/tipitaka/sltp/ (accessed 22 December 2014). ŚS Śikṣāsamuccaya of Śāntideva. Edition: Çikshāsamuccaya: a compendium of Buddhistic teachings, compiled by Çāntideva chiefly from earlier Mahāyāna sūtras, edited by Cecil Bendall. Bibliotheca Buddhica I, Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag, 1970. 280 Lele, The Metaphysical Basis of Śāntideva's Ethics TG Therigathā. Edition and translation: Thanissaro, 2005. Other works cited Bendall, Cecil. "Introduction." In Çikshāsamuccaya: A Compendium of Buddhistic Teaching Compiled By Çāntideva Chiefly From Earlier Mahāyāna-Sūtras. Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1970. Bohanec, Cogen. "A Brief Literary Study of the Four Inversions (Viparyāsa)," 2012. Available online: www.academia.edu/7723649 /A_Brief_Literary_Study_of_the_Four_Inversions_Viparyāsa_(accessed 13 September 2014). Chödrön, Pema. No Time to Lose: A Timely Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life. Boston: Shambhala, 2005. Chroust, Anton-Hermann. "The