views of these funding agencies. The authors declare there are no competing financial interests.

The authors thank the children and parents for their participation, as well as the research assistants from the Clinical Psychophysiology Lab for their help with data collection. We also thank David McFarlane for his invaluable help in experimental programming. Preliminary data were presented at the 2015 Society for Research in Child Development conference in Philadelphia, PA and at the 2015 Association for Psychological Science Convention in New York, NY.

Additional tasks were administered as part of a larger project examining relations between parent and child attitudes, implicit beliefs, intellectual humility, cognitive abilities, parent and child psychological symptoms, and neurophysiology. These other measures were not directly relevant to the current study, and were not considered in themethod for externally opening the upper airway by manipulating the anatomic relationships between the skin and soft tissues of the neck and upper chest, and the hyoid bone located in the throat and directly connected to the tongue.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common but under-diagnosed breathing disorder affecting 1 out of 5 adults in the United States. It is caused by airway collapse and blockage when the tongue falls back in the throat and the airway walls compress the upper air passage during sleep. This causes snoring and chronic sleep deprivation that manifests as daytime fatigue, reduced mental ability, driving and work related accidents, and lower overall productivity. The silent health consequences in those with moderate or severe OSA can be serious (high blood pressure, diabetes, acid