of Europe. At the beginning of the sixteenth century a new era of medicine began, it is considered that the flowering of medicine in Italy occurred. Medicine is back to the study of the books of medical classics such as Galen and Hippocrates. The first botanical gardens are founded in Italy. In 1545, the first department of pharmacognosy was established in Padua, while in Germany **Brunfels, Bock and Fuchs** published a "New Kreuterbuch" book containing illustrations of German flora plants. These three authors are considered to be founders of pharmacobotany ("fathers of botany").

With the expansion of the conquest of America, **Monardes** has issued a decree of American soil flora. **Clusius**, one of the founders of European botany (Leiden, Germany), has founded a botanical garden that has been preservedwithin the oldest botanical garden in Europe.

Pharmaceutical botany continued in the ***17^th^ century*** as well. Scientists were interested in plants primarily as in drug. Various books on flora have been written in some provinces, usually with pictures. Botany terminology and systematics developed. **Joseph Pittonde Tournefort** (died 1708), a botanist professor in Paris, systematically organized plants in 22 groups. This system was valid until Linne's era. **Basilius Bessler**, a pharmacist from Nürnberg (died 1629), issued the first botanical atlas. **Marcello Malpighi**, a professor in Bologna, published his herbal anatomy in 1675 ([@ref5]).

In 1638, Count de Cinchon, a woman of the Peruvian pothole, was cured of malaria after using the crust of quinine. When her personal physician brought this drug to Europe, it had great success as a drug for