illustrate to some degree the extent of involvement. That year also saw the initiation of three summer agricultural training camps to prepare young Polish Jews for settlement.

With Britain’s publication of the White Paper (May 1939) severely restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine, increasing numbers turned to territorialism as a viable option. This, however, did not reduce persistent Zionist opposition to the Frayland-lige. Later that month, Britain informed the Frayland-lige of its approval of unlimited Jewish settlement in British Guiana. In August 1939, the West Australian government endorsed a project of settling a mass colony of Jewish refugees in Kimberley. This news, announced by Steinberg, came mere hours after Hitler had attacked Poland. The activity of the territorialists in Poland came to an abrupt halt and those fraylandistn who wereable to flee continued their work in Paris, London, and New York.

Steinberg, known as a politician and organizer, continued his lobbying for the Kimberley project in Australia during the early part of the war, but the Frayland Plan was eventually defeated there in 1944. After immigrating to New York in 1940, Ben-Adir, recognized as the organization’s theorist and ideologue, steered the Frayland-lige in America away from its socialist roots to embrace nonpartisan inclusivity. Steinberg, called to New York after Ben-Adir’s death, took over leadership in 1943. As more information on the plight of European Jews reached America, the Frayland-lige gained supporters.

Negotiations with Holland, Great Britain, and France for the three Guianas begun in the last year of the war accelerated in 1946. In 1947 the governments of both