the vicinity of the side surface of the laser rod. In other words, the pumping laser absorbed in the vicinity of the side surface of the laser rod is hardly converted to the solid laser energy.
Thus, the pumping laser should be absorbed in the vicinity of the rod center for raising the energy conversion efficiency. In addition, for a higher brightness of the laser beam, a lower-order transverse mode electric field component should be increased, with the laser mode volume being constant. As is well known, since the lower-order transverse mode electric field has a larger electric field lasing component, the pumping laser should be absorbed in more vicinity of the rode center for obtaining a higher gain, which results in dominance by the lower-order mode lasing. Conversely,Inc.’s BRIC Index returned 308 percent in the 10 years through 2010, compared with a 15 percent gain in the Standard & Poor’s 500 index.



While the four countries still account for more than one fifth of the global economy, their growth prospects have dimmed. In a December 2011 report, Dominic Wilson, then chief markets economist at Goldman Sachs, said the economic potential for BRICs probably peaked because of a smaller supply of new workers.



The predicament has become even more striking this year. Brazil is reeling from a corruption scandal and the worst recession ina quarter century, while Russian companies are locked out of global capital markets because of international sanctions. In China, the government was caught off guard by a stock crash this year that wiped out $5