and economic advantage.

First beginning his political rule as the chief of the Communist Party in 1989, Nazarbayev later became the elected president and consolidated power during times of ethnic unrest and economic turmoil before the turn of the century.

In 2004, Nazarbayev’s Nur Otan party retained the seats necessary to control the lower house of parliament in an election widely criticized on the international stage, and, in 2015, Nazarbayev was re-elected with 97.7 percent of the vote.

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Home to roughly 18 million people, Kazakhstan has been criticized for its status as a democracy, as many political opposition leaders have been jailed, exiled or painted by the state media as inciting an overthrow of the government, according to Kazakhstan’s BBC News profile.

The Associated Presssame offense.

The defendant was indicted in New Jersey for conspiring to

defraud GTECH, his employer, through a kickback scheme.   On the

same day, he was indicted in Kentucky for conspiring to defraud

GTECH with a different co-conspirator, also through a kickback

scheme.    After he was acquitted of the Kentucky charges, Smith

filed a pretrial motion in the New Jersey prosecution to dismiss

the conspiracy charges on double jeopardy grounds and both the

conspiracy and substantive charges on collateral estoppel

grounds.    The court denied his motion, finding that he had failed

to make the required showing under United States v. Liotard, 817
F.2d 1074 (3d Cir. 1987), and that the issues raised in the New

Jersey indictment were not identical to those decided in the

Kentucky trial.

We will affirm.



    