and unpleasant sensation associated with the conscious awareness of the urge to vomit. Retching was characterized by the rhythmic and spasmodic contractions of the respiratory muscles, diaphragm, chest wall, and abdominal muscles, without the expulsion of gastric contents. Vomiting was defined as the forceful expulsion of gastric contents from the mouth, brought about by coordinated motor changes of the muscles of the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) systems. Tightness of the chest was defined as any type of pain or discomfort occurring between the upper stomach area and lower neck. Shoulder discomfort was defined as any type of pain or soreness around the shoulder area. Abdominal discomfort was characterized as any type of pain or ache (cramping, stretching, or dull pain) around abdominal area. Significant bradycardia was defined ashave added five more sports since Tokyo won the bid in September 2013, and construction costs in Tokyo have increased.

The $51 billion price tag for Sochi in 2014 caused numerous cities to drop out of the bidding for future Games, understanding that trying to even come within shouting distance of such a figure would mean economic hardship on a nationwide scale. In response, the IOC has sought to encourage cities to use existing or temporary facilities in lieu of building new ones.

Tokyo is in the grips of a debate over how to proceed with the Olympics given that one estimate put the cost of the Games at as high as $27 billion. A new cost-sharing agreement will require the city of Tokyo and the Games’ local organizing committee