achievement to which she aspired.

The foregoing is a brief genealogy of black and other-minority disenfranchisement in the United States. But it is likely that none of the architects of unjust efforts in Pennsylvania, Alabama, North Carolina, Texas, Wisconsin, and elsewhere could ever have imagined the next most devastating assault on U.S. voting. Although efforts to distort black participation in the 2016 presidential contest were evident in all cases, not only was the 2016 assault on voting engineered by technology, but its effects were also felt in areas far beyond the African American vote, as technologies developed by foreign actors and far-right agents worked in the shadows.

Following Guccifer 2.0’s work with WikiLeaks to steal Democratic National Committee files, Cambridge Analytica, the political data firm hired by Trump’s 2016 campaign,these nevertheless persist today. Secondly, as a corollary, the lessons learned from the success of these strategies—which could likely be summarized in a Foucauldian digest, describing the knowledge yielded by their effects—have complemented the technology that has reshaped our lives since the mid-twentieth century, an interface ironically begun at roughly the dawn of the modern civil rights movement. Third, in our time, both foreign actors and domestic political adventurers have conspired, through the engines of influence, ingenuity, and wealth to extend the reach of this technology to produce the distortions of news and the analysis of it that aid in fashioning a passionately intolerant strain of nationalism in the U.S. public mind. Today, the injustices surrounding the American vote, suffered historically by blacks and others, have been broadened