the 1950s came to embrace the "linear dose-response model" of risk because at the high exposures they tested, there was no level below which DNA damage did not occur. They felt medical doctors didn't grasp how significant were the dangers. As the smartest and brightest, Muller anticipated the risk of atmospheric atomic testing and became passionately committed to protecting society, Calabrese explains.

Muller and Curt Stern had done many of the key experiments. Muller himself served on the NAS's Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (BEAR) committee, through which the linear dose-response approach to risk assessment became firmly entrenched. The two successfully suppressed last-minute evidence from the fruit fly experiment conducted in Stern's lab by postdoctoral researcher Ernst Caspari, and the rest is history, Calabrese says. It marked the "transformationKusomoto Ine, the 1st woman-doctor in Japan.
Kusumoto Ine was the first woman to practice Western medicine in Japan. Born in 1827, she will live at a turning point in the history of the country: the end of the Edo period (1600-1868) and the beginning of the Meiji period (1868-1912). Her birth, as mysterious and romantic as the-rest of her existence, has unleashed the imagination of writers, feuilleton, Japanese manga artists, so much so that - in the burgeoning romances more or less vapid who made her today a popular heroine - the search for authentic life data is sometimes difficult. The socio-cultural status of Japan in the nineteenth century - which provides information on the status of women - reveals a much less romantic story, but still as