personal memories of visitors to Colonial Williamsburg. In our analysis, we have drawn on the essays collected in Jonathan Boyarin, ed., _Remapping Memory: The Politics of TimeSpace_ (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994) as well as in Paul Antze and Michael Lambek, eds., _Tense Past: Cultural Essays in Trauma and Memory_ (New York: Routledge, 1996), though of course Freud is foundational (though perhaps unread these days) to any work on personal memory.

The literature on collective memory can be roughly divided among that which focuses on the invention of history and the politics of history making, on the one hand, and on memory as socially embedded. In the latter approach, typified by Paul Connerton in _How Societies Remember_ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) and Maurice Halbwachs in _On Collectivethe capitol to Baton Rouge in 1846, and the other outlawing African slavery in 1865. Both are recorded in French and English, which in itself says much about the political issues of ordinary people; for over a century, Creoles and Americans fought to determine who would control the state.8 The largest artifact in the case is a portrait of P. B. S. Pinchback, an African American who served as Louisiana governor for three weeks and was actively involved in Louisiana politics for thirty years. He served as America's first African-American governor and remained the only one until the election of Governor Wilder of Virginia in 1989. As a free person of color before the Civil War, he illustrates an experience not examined much in decades past, but vital