investment
in science on the peer review and publishing
process, as well as the internal disciplinary
limitations to the scientific publication
process.
A major development of the Scientific Revolution
was the foundation of scientific societies:
Academia Secretorum Naturae (Accademia dei
Segreti, the Academy of the Mysteries of Nature)
can be considered the first scientific community;
founded in Naples 1560 by Giambattista della
Porta.
The Academy had an exclusive membership rule:
discovery of a new law of nature was a prerequisite
for admission.
It was soon shut down by Pope Paul V for alleged
sorcery.
The Academia Secretorum Naturae was replaced
by the Accademia dei Lincei, which was founded
in Rome in 1603.
The Lincei included Galileo as a member, but
failed upon his condemnation in 1633.
The Accademia del Cimento, Florence 1657,
lasted 10 years.
The Royal Society of London, 1660 to the present
day, brought together a diverse collection
of scientists to discusstheories, conduct
experiments, and review each other's work.
The Académie des Sciences was created as
an institution of the government of France
1666, meeting in the King's library.
The Akademie der Wissenschaften began in Berlin
1700.
Early scientific societies provided valuable
functions, including a community open to and
interested in empirical inquiry, and also
more familiar with and more educated about
the subject.
In 1758, with the aid of his pupils, Lagrange
established a society, which was subsequently
incorporated as the Turin Academy.
Much of what is considered the modern institution
of science was formed during its professionalization
in the 19th century.
During this time the location of scientific
research shifted primarily to universities,
though to some extent it also became a standard
component of industry as well.
In the early years of the 20th century, especially
after the role of science in the first World
War, governments of major industrial nations
began