A longstanding U.S. Census Bureau policy for counting inmates as prison residents means a significant portion of Milwaukee's poorest neighborhoods will be undercounted because their incarceration rates are among the highest in the nation.

The undercount has detrimental impacts in these predominantly black areas because it diminishes their political representation back home. It has become one more battlefield in the endless skirmish for partisan redistricting.

Liberals in Wisconsin and other states are challenging the census practice, arguing it transfers power and resources from urban and largely minority neighborhoods to mostly white and Republican rural areas where prisons are located.

Republicans, meanwhile, say communities with prisons need the aid because they incur infrastructure and law enforcement costs for having the facilities. Republicans say the census policy has worked and should stand.{#sec007}
----------

Our study was conducted in the north-central region of Burkina Faso in the health district of Kaya, which was one of seven pilot health districts included in the SMC implementation in 2014.

Kaya health district covers 342 villages and seven urban areas and includes 54 Health and Social Promotion centres (CSPS), which are primary health care centres.

The Kaya Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (Kaya HDSS), a research platform established in 2007 by the Institute for Health Science Research (IRSS), is located in this health district. The Kaya HDSS is an INDEPTH Network member centre that conducts regular follow-up household surveys of approximately 70,000 people living in both urban and rural areas of Kaya health district. Further details on the site and the follow-up procedures are available elsewhere \[[@pone.0187460.ref023]\].

Description of