it was the work of the devil." (The Ghanaian Times, 30-05-2014) A journalist further reported in another article, ***"***The chief and elders of Wassa Saaman near Wassa Akropong in the Western Region have slapped a fine of two sheep and bottles of schnapps on a 35-year-old man for allegedly engaging in an abominable act that can incur the wrath of the gods in the area" (*Daily Guide*; 07--03-14). The use of language such as "four-year period", "on 10 different occasions", "slapped a fine" does seem to highlight the media's characterisation of VAWG as one of many incidents of VAWG, and thus normalises the event as commonplace. These commonplace frames fail to critically examine the complexities surrounding VAWG to adequately inform the public about the social and health implicationsas follows: "According to the prosecution, Alibah \[perpetrator\] called the complainant \[victim\] and warned her to return to him or have her naked pictures posted on Facebook". The concluding statement of this article clearly minimises the perpetrator\'s action. Similarly, the use of the word 'jilted' and the phrase 'feeling peeved' in the news articles are suggestive that the victim should have known the consequences of her action as expressed by the perpetrator, and taken appropriate measures to remedy the situation -- thus blaming the victim.

In addition, media reports on sexual assault or harassment (intimate partner or rape) were found to be mainly centered on portraying women/girls as helpless victims who could not prevent the violent act from occurring. In some cases, the media defined in a realistic manner