can reproduce themselves, while man-made artifacts are brought into being by man through outward causes, and last for a time and then decay (Franssen et al., 2009). A third important theme from classical philosophy that has continued to influence philosophical investigations about technology involves Aristotle's theory of the four causes (Franssen et al., 2009, Heidegger, 2009). Aristotle's theory of the causes influenced debate about means and ends as it relates to technology, it influenced the popular instrumental view of technology, and was important for Heidegger's questioning of technology (Franssen et al., 2009, Heidegger, 2009). 76 Instrum ental view o f technology. The instrumental view of technology is a popular perspective on technology (Franssen et al., 2009; Jackson, 2010) that sees technology, whether equipment, tools, or machines, as afrom other persons and concerns (Fallman, 2011). In contrast to devices, Borgmann held that focal things are characterized by a unity and harmony of means and ends, and o f mind and body, and focal things implore our full and engaging presence (Borgmann, 2009; Fallman, 2009; Introna, 2011). Focal things center our lives, just like a fireplace is the focal point in a traditional country home, or the dinner table the focal point in the family (Borgmann, 2009; Fallman, 2011). Borgmann (2009) articulated that focal things and practices, such as those centered on family, or professional practice guided by commitment to excellence and virtue, are essential for the quality of human life. Focal things have a commanding presence and a centering power (Fallman, 2010). For Borgmann, the irony