sentence of life imprisonment and a fine of $10,000, upon conviction by a jury on an indictment charging the crime of treason against the United States. The charge was predicated upon defendant's radio broadcasting activities within the German Reich during World War II as an employee of the German Radio Broadcasting Company, an agency of the German Government under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. The points raised on this appeal cover a wide range. We have been much aided by the industry and thoroughness of Government counsel and of court-appointed counsel for the defendant in their researches on the case, and by the distinguished ability with which they have marshaled their respective arguments. The case was tried with great care and patience byJudge Ford, and the *925 record contains memoranda by him covering his more important rulings. We sustain the conviction.

FACTUAL SUMMARY.
The facts, as the jury were warranted in finding them, may be summarized as follows: Chandler was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1889, and has always been a citizen of the United States. He married in this country and had two daughters born here. He tried his hand for a time at journalism and various other enterprises. In September, 1931, he and his family moved to Europe, where he remained until brought back to the United States in 1946. Prior to 1941 he lived from time to time in France, Austria, Germany, Yugoslavia, and Italy, and traveled extensively. From 1936 to the outbreak of war he executed various commissions