thousand miners in 1921, West Virginia's membership in the UMW dropped to a mere six hundred by 1932.47

The procedures which brought federal military interventions in West Virginia represented a policy transition by the army and the federal government away from the wartime expedient of direct access to regulars by state and local authorities back to pre-war constitutional and statutory procedures. This transition took place very slowly; nearly two years after the 1918 Armistice and one year following the congressional and presidential proclamations officially declaring the war at an end in 1920. During these years the federal government and the United States Army continued to use extra-legal wartime procedures against labor organizations and radicals nationwide. Only after the government and military were certain that the wartime emergency was over,and that labor radicalism had been sufficiently tamed, did policies revert to those of the Progressive Era. As was demonstrated in West Virginia the policy of direct access, so easily formulated and implemented in 1917, was not so quickly or easily revoked after 1920. Only after substantial cajoling, and large-scale troop deployments, were federal officials able to quiet the disorders in West Virginia and convince state officials of the importance and urgency of rapidly recreating a National Guard force, viewed fundamentally as a state responsibility. By early 1922, the goal of returning responsibility for handling domestic disturbances to the states had been successfully accomplished by federal officials and the United States Army. Future disturbances would be dealt with in the first resort by new state police and National