their trade in the media. The response was class-cultural, an act of professional closure in which claims to a gentlemanly profession deemed advertising to be unethical due to its association with the market. Interestingly, competition from alternative practitioners also played a part in the erosion of the advertising ban for medical specialists in the 1990s. General practitioners have been able to advertise directly to the public since 1990. When this privilege was extended to specialists in 1996, part of the reason was the threat of non-medical practitioners:

> \[D\]octors who wanted to advertise such services as screening or acupuncture were regarded as specialists and so could not advertise directly to the public. These doctors often complain that the existing guidance is potentially damaging to patients because non-medically qualified practitionersof stories and keeping of secrets in the Kano and Keighley cases. During the 1890s two young girls born in India in 1889, Radica and Doddica, toured Europe as the conjoined twins the "Orissa Sisters". One child contracted tuberculosis and they were subjected to separation surgery in an attempt to save at least one. The Parisian surgeon, Dr Doyen, attempted the operation. According to one version of the story, contained in the aptly titled *Victorian Grotesque*:

> the exercise was carried out in the wildest blaze of publicty---Doyen was known as the "Barnum of surgery". A promoter proposed that the operation should be done in the Cirque de Paris as the climax of a charity gala allegedly in aid of the girls. Certainly the operation was the first to