Ten professional sports clubs, the Odeon cinema chain and the Navy, Army and Air Force Institute (Naafi) have been named and shamed by the government as being among more than 200 employers that have failed to pay workers the national minimum wage.

About 22,400 UK workers were owed back pay worth £1.44m as a result of the underpayments – a record number of people found by HM Revenue & Customs to have fallen victim to illegally low pay.

Employers in social care and in hospitality and catering were most likely to underpay their staff, according to the annual list published on Friday by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. In social care, 22 providers underpaid 580 workers, while 70 hospitality and catering companies underpaid 612 workers.

The national minimumwage is £7.83 for people aged over 25, £7.38 for those between 21 and 24 and £5.90 for 18 to 20-year-olds. As well as enforcing repayments, the HMRC levied record fines on employers of £1.97m.

Football league clubs Bristol City, Doncaster Rovers, Dundee, Port Vale and Northampton Town together underpaid 150 workers. The Super League rugby club Huddersfield Giants underpaid 24 workers by £7,800. The county cricket clubs Durham, Derby and Sussex also underpaid staff, as did Newcastle Falcons, the premiership rugby team. Bristol City fell foul because it had not paid some of its academy players for travel time to away fixtures. The Naffi, which runs restaurants and shops for servicemen and women, underpaid 60 staff by almost £20,000.

The biggest culprit was Card Factory, which underpaid more than