Nov 1917 (Washington: GPO, 1918); William Preston, Jr., Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), 105.

3. Howard B. Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia: The Story of West Virginia's Four Major Mine Wars and Other Thrilling Incidents (Morgantown: West Virginia Univ. Press, 1969), 12; Anna Rochester, Labor and Coal (New York, 1931), 163, 177. "Cribbing" refers to the company practice of building a crib structure on the sides of standardized coal cars used to figure miner production and wages. A cribbed car contained more coal, but miners still received the same pay per car as if the crib did not exist.

4. David J. McDonald and Edward A. Lynch, Coal and Unionism: A History of the American Coal Miner's Union (Indianapolis: Cornelius, 1939), 136,141.

5. Daniel P. Jordan, "The Mingo War: Labor Violence in the Southern West Virginia Coalfields, 1919-1922," in Essays in Southern Labor History: Selected Papers, Southern Labor History Conference, 1976, ed. by Gary M. Fink and Merl E. Reed (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), 102-03; Richard D. Lunt, Law and Order vs. the Miners: West Virginia, 1907-1933 (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1979), 12, 15-16; Rich, The President and Civil Disorder, 159; Merle T. Cole, "Martial Law in West Virginia and Major Davis as Emperor of the Tug River," West Virginia History 43(Winter 1982): 125; Lee, Bloodletting in Appalachia, 85, 87; Lon Savage, Thunder in the Mountains: The West Virginia Mine War, 1920-1921 (Elliston, VA: Northcross House, 1986); Michael Meador, "The Redneck War of 1921," Goldenseal 7(April-June 1981): 44; RG