prey of confusion and factional strife, which con-
tinued until the United States stepped in as arbiter.
In 1868 Congress ordered another census of the East Cherokee, to
serve as a guide in future payments, the roll to include only those
persons whose names had appeared upon the Mullay roll of 1848 and
their legal heirs and representatives. The work was completed in the
following year by S. H. Sweatland, and a payment of interest then
due under former enactment was made by him on this basis. 8 '"In
accordance with their earnestly expressed desire to be brought under
the immediate charge of the government as its wards." the Congress
which ordered this last census directed that the Commissioner of Indian
Affairs should assume the same charge over the East Cherokee as over
other tribes, but as no extra fundseit., p. 353.
ADJUSTMENT OF TITLES 1873-76 17.".
governmental supervision, need was felt of some central authority.
( )n December 9, L86S, a general council of the East ( !herokee assembled
a i ( !heowa, in Graham county, North Carolina. took preliminary steps
toward the adoption of a regular form of tribal government under
a constitution. N. J. Smith, afterward principal chief, \\a> clerk
of the council. The new government was formally inaugurated on
December 1. L870. It provided for a first and a second chid' to
serve for a term of two years, minor officers to serve one year, and
an annual council representing each Cherokee settlement within the
stateof North Carolina. Ka'lahu', "All-bones," commonly known to the
whites as Flying-squirrel or Sawnook (Sawanu'gi), was elected chief.
A new constitution was adopted five years later, by which the chief's
term of