California, Davis IRB, John Hopkins University IRB, and University of Pittsburgh IRB, and University of Washington IRB. The FHS was approved by the Bostin University IRB. The GHS was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Landesärztekammer Rheinland-Pfalz (State Chamber of Physicians of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany). The GOYA-Male study was approved by the regional scientific ethics committee of Copenhagen, Denmark, and the Danish data protection board. The HCS was approved by the University of Newcastle and Hunter New England Human Research Ethics Committee. The InCHIANTI study was approved by the Italian National Institute of Research and Care of Aging Institutional Review and Medstar Research Institute (Baltimore, MD). The LBC1921 study was approved by the Lothian Research Ethics Committee and the Scotland A Research Ethics Committee. The LBC1936 study wasapproved by the Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee for Scotland and the Lothian Research Ethics Committee and the Scotland A Research Ethics Committee. The LURIC study was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Ärztekammer Rheinland-Pfalz. The NTR study was approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, and the Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects of the VU University Medical Center Amsterdam. The PROCARDIS study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Karolinska Institutet. The PROSPER-PHASE study was approved by the Greater Glasgow Community/Primary Care Local Research Ethics Committee, Dumfries and Galloway Health Board Local Research Ethics Committee, Argyll and Clyde Health Board Local Research Ethics Committee, Lanarkshire Research Ethics Committee, Research Ethics Committee of the Cork Teaching Hospitals, and the