a first sugar, a phosphate group, and a second sugar that is transferred by the glycosyltransferase to an acceptor for the glycosyltransferase, wherein there is a bond between a carbon atom of the first sugar and a first oxygen atom of the phosphate group, and a linkage between a carbon atom of the second sugar and a second oxygen atom of the phosphate group, wherein the orientation of the linkage is antiperiplanar, and preferably the distance between the carbon atom linked to the first sugar and the carbon atom linked to the second sugar is in the range 3.7 xc3x85 to 4.2 xc3x85;
(b) a first sugar, a phosphate group, an ion, and a second sugar that is transferred by the glycosyltransferase to an acceptor for the glycosyltransferase, whereinthere is a bond between a carbon atom of the first sugar and a first oxygen atom of the phosphate group, a linkage between a carbon atom of the second sugar and a second oxygen atom of the phosphate group, and an electrostatic interaction between free oxygen atoms of the phosphate and the ion, and wherein the orientation of the linkage is synclinal, and, preferably the distance between the carbon atom linked to the first sugar and the carbon atom linked to the second sugar is in the range 3.7 xc3x85 to 4.5 xc3x85;
(c) a first sugar, a diphosphate group, and a second sugar that is transferred by the glycosyltransferase to an acceptor for the glycosyltransferase, and wherein there is a bond between a carbon atom of the