civil strife. In 1972, following a series of bombings in Manila, Marcos warned of imminent Communist takeover and declared martial law. In 1973, he assumed virtual dictatorial control with a new constitution.

His regime's increasing isolation, fed by widespread corruption and the extravagance of his wife, Imelda, culminated with the assassination of Benigno Aquino (1983) on his return to the country. The opposition united behind Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, who ran against Marcos in the 1986 election. Marcos was declared the winner but was widely suspected of electoral fraud. Protests drove Marcos into exile, and Aquino became president. After substantial evidence of Marcos's corruption emerged, he and his wife were indicted for embezzlement in the United States. Marcos died in Hawaii.

After her husband's death Imelda Marcos was found innocentof the vicious circle. The odds of starting college are dramatically different depending on students' economic circumstances: 16-to-24 year olds in the bottom quartile of family income are six times more likely to drop out of high school than those at the top quartile.

Inequity in college attainment has also increased. A comparison of students born in 1960 and those born in 1980 found that the rates of college completion increased by 18 percentage points for high-income students but only 4 percentage points for low-income students. Among students born in 1980, only 9% in the lowest income quartile completed college, compared with 54% in the top quartile. These gaps persist even as a changing economy demands graduates who are better prepared academically. By 2018, an estimated 62% of jobs