endemic fluorosis presents following features: headwater \> river valley basin; mainstream \> tributary; upstream \> midstream \> downstream. These distribution features are basically in agreement with the contour of fluoride in the groundwater and the spatial distribution of fluorine concentration in the phreatic aquifer in Qingshui River basin. This conclusion confirmed the source, settlement, and the change process of fluoride concentration in precipitation catchment in different seasons, and its influence on the endemic fluorosis areas. The results are of great significance in scientific research. However, the monitoring time series of the basin is relatively short in the research process, and there is still insufficient correspondence with the historical data of the disease, so further follow-up research is necessary. At the same time, this study is also of greatpractical significance for local governments to control endemic fluorosis. We believe that the Ningxia government should continue to carry out water improvement measures through the water diversion project of the Yellow River, so as to govern the endemic fluorosis in the Qingshui River basin from the source. Furthermore, implement "targeted poverty alleviation" and ecological migration poverty alleviation projects, and move the poor people in the uninhabitable endemic fluorosis areas to the Yellow River--irrigated oasis areas such as the plain and the high platform, with the Yellow River water as the main drinking water source, so as to thoroughly solve the situation of high incidence of endemic fluorosis in the areas.

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