requirements and standards that a vehicle must adhere to in order to legally use roadways within its jurisdiction. In the United States, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 108 specifies various maximum and minimum photometric intensity values (based on angle) for headlamps of vehicles operated on its roadways. In addition to these requirements, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) in the United States has its own set of tests and ratings (Headlight Test and Rating Protocol) for headlamp performance. The IIHS tests and ratings seek to encourage manufacturers to improve the illumination performance in actual on-road use. IIHS evaluations have shown that the on-road illumination provided by vehicle headlamps varies widely. In addition, IIHS has rated the majority of headlamps in a poor category (e.g., insufficientGermany is not very pleased with the United States at the moment. First there were the revelations that the NSA had hacked and tapped Chancellor Angela Merkel’s personal phone in an attempt to spy on her. Then in the last few weeks came information that agents working out of the US embassy in Berlin were actively involved in espionage against the German government, despite the fact that both of these countries are nominally allies.

As well as taking diplomatic moves against the US, the ever pragmatic Germans are reportedly taking measures to increase their operational security (opsec) in an environment where even their closest allies cannot be trusted. In order to avoid the vulnerabilities caused by information technology and digital systems, the Germans have decided on a rather basic