Fourth Amendment. Here, Bradley and Ashkar pursued Marshall with the emergency light on the front dashboard of their unmarked police car flashing. Bradley fired one gunshot into the air, which Marshall heard. Bradley then fired another shot into the station wagon, which Marshall felt. As soon as Marshall realized that his car had been shot, he stopped because he believed that the people in the car with the emergency light were shooting at him. In short, Bradley applied physical force and a show of authority which caused the fleeing Marshall to stop his car. See Hodari D., 499 U.S. at 628-29. The evidence fully supported the jury's finding that Bradley's conduct violated Marshall's constitutional rights as charged.


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Bradley next contends that the evidence did not support the jury's findingAshkar were chasing Marshall with a police emergency light flashing and Marshall refused to stop. In an effort to bring the chase to a halt, Bradley leaned out the window of a moving police car and fired a bullet into Marshall's station wagon. Although Bradley claims that he believed Marshall may have been reaching for a gun, Ashkar contradicted this statement and testified that he observed no furtive gestures from the station wagon's driver. Neither Bradley nor Ashkar ever saw the driver of the station wagon brandish a weapon of any kind or do anything that could be reasonably perceived as life-threatening. Nevertheless, in an attempt to stop the station wagon's flight, Bradley used deadly force by firing a gunshot into the station wagon that would have hit