as a police officer and had strong ties with members of the communities in which he worked.


3
On June 30, 1998, Bradley was a police officer with the Brooklyn, Illinois Police Department and began working the 11:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. shift with his partner, officer Khalid Ashkar ("Ashkar"). That night, Bradley and Ashkar were patrolling the streets of Brooklyn in an unmarked black Chevrolet Caprice that had police emergency lights on the inside front and rear dashboards of the car, but otherwise resembled a civilian car. This car ordinarily served as the Deputy Chief's personal vehicle and was not typically used for road patrol; however, because the Brooklyn Police Department's marked police cars were in disrepair, Bradley and Ashkar were assigned to the Deputy Chief's automobile. Ashkar wasdriving the unmarked police car. Bradley was armed with a six-inch Smith & Wesson .357 magnum revolver loaded with hollow point bullets.


4
On the morning of July 1, 1998 at about 5:30 a.m., a 60 year old resident of southern Illinois named Roosevelt Marshall ("Marshall") was driving his 1984 Dodge Aries station wagon from his home in Lovejoy, Illinois to his job at the Cahokia, Illinois School District. While on patrol, Bradley and Ashkar observed Marshall's station wagon roll through a stop sign and decided to stop the station wagon for this traffic violation. Ashkar and Bradley began following the station wagon and activated the red emergency light on the front dashboard of their unmarked car. Marshall continued driving at a speed of about 25 miles per hour and