the new flowers coming into England from around the world], cut some large circles of the lawn in front of her drawing-room windows, and filled them with scarlet bergamots, blue salvias or yellow cosmos, she broke a century’s taboo, and started a colossal new movement.”

That was 1825. The garden has not been its old eighteenth century version since.

Here a simple act by Lady Grenville, or rather by her gardener, changed gardening.

Late eighteenth century landscape gardener Humpry Repton (1752-1818) had encouraged flowers in the landscape, even suggesting a rosarium for a rose collection. Flowers were not new. What was new was where they were planted in the landscape.

Flower beds on the lawn then became common practice both in England and America.

By 1880 Rochester, New York seedsman James Vick (1818-1882)voltage of the target signal, there arises a difference between the signal output from the photodiode 101 and the signal output from the photodiode 104. Upon detection of the difference, the light-receiving circuit is operated so as to output a measurement signal corresponding to the target signal.
When the photodiode 101 of the light-receiving circuit receives the laser beam emitted from the polarization beam splitter, the photodiode 101 produces an electric current corresponding to the intensity of the laser beam, and a voltage corresponding to the electric current appears at one end of the resistor 102. The thus-appeared voltage is amplified by the amplifier 103. Similarly, a voltage corresponding to the electric current produced by the photodiode 104 appears at one end of the resistor 105, and the voltage