by proposing that PROA exposure results in increased PPAR alpha activation in the liver which increases hepatic aromatase concentration and subsequent serum estrogen levels. The mechanisms now diverge, with one pathway suggesting elevated estradiol levels increase Tissue Growth Factor alpha (TGF alpha) which prompts Leydig cell proliferation. The other pathway suggests that aromatization of testosterone to estradiol reduces serum testosterone levels resulting in increased release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland which directly results in Leydig Cell tumorgenesis. A mechanism has not yet been proposed to explain the link between kidney cancer and C8 exposure as no in vivo animal studies have been able to model this epidemiological outcome.

Pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia 
Pregnancy-induced hypertension is diagnosed when maternal systolic blood pressure (SBP) exceeds 140mmHg or diastolicIndonesia’s 10 Worst Air Disasters

Indonesia has been endeavouring to improve its air safety record. Hopefully this list will never require updating.

Mandala Flight 660

July 24, 1992

70 fatalities: 63 passengers, 7 crew

Route: Makassar – Ambon

Plane: Vickers Viscount 816

The 33-year-old plane crashed into a mountain on Ambon Island when attempting to land at Pattimura Airport in a heavy thunderstorm. Pilot error and a micro-burst windshear (an intense downdraft) were blamed for the accident. The aircraft had been made in 1959 by British firm Vickers-Armstrongs and was originally used by Trans Australia Airlines. In 1974, it was bought by Mandala Airlines, which was owned by the Indonesian Army’s Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad).

Indonesian Air Force Lockheed L-100 Hercules

May 20, 2009

99 fatalities: 86 passengers, 11 crew, 2 on the ground

Route: Jakarta – Magetan

Plane: Lockheed