fortune in plastics, mining and metals

Has diversified in recent years, with major investments in social media, mobile phones and publishing

Owns a 30.4% stake in Arsenal FC. Massive philanthropic donor

Was convicted and jailed in the Soviet Union in 1980 of fraud and stealing state property but the Uzbek Supreme Court overturned the ruling in 2000, saying the evidence was fabricated

Fiercely defends his reputation. Sued opposition leader Alexei Navalny over allegations of bribery , and offered free mobile phones for the best memes mocking him

In 1992 he married rhythmic gymnastics coach Irina Viner, reported to be close to Vladimir Putin

Lawyers for Mr Usmanov said there were "errors of fact and interpretation" in the allegations but gave no further details.

They said: "Our client is not obliged at all to assist youIn a work of sweeping scope and luminous detail, Elizabeth Borgwardt describes how a cadre of World War II American planners inaugurated the ideas and institutions that underlie our modern international human rights regime.

Borgwardt finds the key in the 1941 Atlantic Charter and its Anglo-American vision of “war and peace aims.” In attempting to globalize what U.S. planners heralded as domestic New Deal ideas about security, the ideology of the Atlantic Charter—buttressed by FDR’s “Four Freedoms” and the legacies of World War I—redefined human rights and America’s vision for the world.

Three sets of international negotiations brought the Atlantic Charter blueprint to life—Bretton Woods, the United Nations, and the Nuremberg trials. These new institutions set up mechanisms to stabilize the international economy, promote collective security, and implement new thinking