noted above, to collect a varietyofscientificandtechnicalintelligence. Afteritbecameknown thatLAKAMhadengagedJonathanJayPollardtospyforIsraelagainst the United States, LAKAM was
disbanded; however, it is believed
that a unit in the Foreign Ministry,
whose name is unknown, is still engaged inobtainingtechnologicalknowledgeworldwideforIsrael.

Nativ,alsomentionedearlier,wasestablishedin1951.
Thisintelli- genceorganizationhasagloriouspastasasometimesclandestineoper- ation bringing immigrants from the Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Soviet bloc,
Nativ has become far less cloaked in secrecy,
and there are thoughts of trans- formingitintoaculturalorganization.

The
National Security Council (NSC) was established in 1999 ac- cording to the
Israeli Government Resolution 4889, which was unani- mouslyadoptedon7March1999.TheNSCwasdesignedtoserveasa
coordinating,integrative,deliberative,andsupervisorybodyonmatters ofnationalpolicy;itoperatesasanarmofthePrimeMinister’s Office.
The chairman of the NSC also serves as national security adviser to the primeminister.

1974oreveninthe1960s. TheDSDEisapparentlyresponsibleforthe
physical security of the Defense Ministry and its research facilities, in-
cluding the nuclear reactor at Dimona. It is also charged with prevent- ingleaksfromtheIsraelisecurityinstitutions,includingtheMossadand theISA.

Tocoordinateallthedomesticandforeignintelligenceactivityofthe

Israeliintelligencecommunity,thefirstdirectoroftheMossadinitiated

INTRODUCTION•xlv

the establishment of the Committee of
Directors of theIsraeli athletes, who had found
asylum in Norway. Furthermore, the
Mossad agents used fake Canadianpassports,whicharousedtheireoftheCanadiangovernment.

In
1981 false British passports were discovered in a grocery bag in London;thiseventuallyledtoadiplomaticrowbetweenBritainandIs- raeloverMossadinvolvementinanattempttoinfiltrateChina.

In
1997 two Mossad agents were caught in Jordan (which had earlier signed a peace
agreement with Israel) on a mission to assassinate Sheikh Khaled Mash’al, a
leader of the Palestinian militant group Hamas,byinjectinghimwithpoison. Again,theywerecaughtusing
falseCanadianpassports. Thisresultedinadiplomaticshowdownwith Canada and
Jordan. Israel was forced to provide the antidote to the poi- sonandreleasesome70Palestinianprisoners,inparticularthemilitant

INTRODUCTION•xlix

HamasspiritualleaderSheikhAhmedYassin,whoplayedaprominent
role in attacks against Israeli civilians and soldiers during the current
Al-Aqsa Intifada. In return, the Mossad agents, who would otherwise havefacedthedeathpenaltyforattemptedmurder,werereleased.

In July
2004, New Zealand imposed diplomatic sanctions against Is- rael over an
incident in which two Israelis, Uriel Kelman and Eli Cara, allegedlyworkingfortheMossad,attemptedtofraudulentlyobtain NewZealandpassports.

OneISA debacleisthearrestandtortureofIDFlieutenantIzzat Nafsuforallegedtreason.AnotheristheBus300Affair.Thisgrimaf- fair of the summary killing of two
Palestinian terrorists after their sur- render was discovered