In 1878 the Tonawanda band
proposed to revive the office and conferred upon Caroline Parker the title." — Car-
rington, in Six Nations of New- York, Extra Bulletin Eleventh Census, p. 73, 1892.
(21) Scalping by whites (p. 53) : To the student, aware how easily the civilized
man reverts to his original savagery when brought in close contact with its condi-
tions, it will be no surprise to learn that every barbarous practice of Indian warfare
was quickly adopted by the white pioneer and soldier and frequently legalized and
encouraged by local authority. Scalping, while the most common, was probably
the least savage and cruel of them all, being usually performed after the victim was
already dead, with the primary purpose of securing a trophy of the victory. The
tortures, mutilations, and nameless deviltries inflicted upon Indiansby their white
conquerors in the early days could hardly be paralleled even in civilized Europe,
when burning at the stake was the punishment for holding original opinions and
sawing into two pieces the penalty for desertion. Actual torture of Indians by legal
sanction was rare within the English colonies, but mutilation was common ami
scalping was the rule down to the end of the war of 1812, and has been practiced
more or less in almost every Indian war down to the latest. Captain Church, who
commanded in King Philip's war in 1676, states that his men received thirty shil-
lings a head for every Indian killed or taken; and Philip's head, after it was cut off,
" went at the same price." When the chief was killed one of his hands was cut off
and given