inferior and anterior parts of the femoral head under fluoroscopic visualization. In subgroup II, a fourth guide wire, parallel to the long axis of the femoral neck, was inserted along the center of the three guide wires toward the femoral head. Then, a core tunnel 8-10 mm in diameter was created with cannulated reamers of gradually increasing size along the fourth guide pin. The size of the core tunnel was dependent on the size of the iliac bone block, which was just large enough to accommodate the graft. The graft was impacted across the fracture line until it was located beneath the subchondral bone of the femoral head. Definitive fixation was performed with three 6.5- or 7.3-mm cannulated cancellous screws along the axis of the femoral neck, whichsuggested homeland for the Tocharians. Later it was the home of the Yenisei Kirghiz, who gave their name to the Kirgiz further south. The Khakas of Khakassia may be their descendants.

Southeast: Tuva
East of the Altai and southeast of Minusinsk is Tuva. Tuva is bordered on the south by the Tannu-Ola Mountains, which separate it from the Mongolian Great Lakes Depression, on the west by the Altai, on the northwest by the Western Sayans which separate it from the Minusinsk Depression, on the north by the Eastern Sayans and on the east by mountains on the Mongolian border.

The core area is the Tuva Depression, where Kyzyl is located, the capital city of the Tuva Republic. The Yenisei River flows west here and then breaks through the Western Sayans in