accessing opportunities in receiving countries; it also actively shapes the opportunities of people in other territories. For example, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union provided opportunities for individuals in new member states to work abroad. But emigration of working age people also impacted the source countries positively and negatively in complicated ways, reducing demand in the local labor market and raising worries about "brain drain".16 Normative theorists often note the effects of migration on opportunities in receiving and source communities, but overlook the fact that restrictive border controls also shape opportunities in potential source countries even when little or no migration occurs. 14 Young, Iris. 2011. Responsibility for Justice. New York, NY: Oxford 15 Carens, Joseph. 1987. "Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders."Jeffrey G. 2008. Global Migration and the World Economy: Two Centuries of Policy and Performance. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. 21 Chang, Howard F. 2007. "The Economic Impact of International Labor Migration: Recent Estimates and Policy Implications." Temple Political & Civil Rights Law Review, 16: 321-33. ALEX SAGER 64 GLOBAL JUSTICE : THEORY PRACTICE RHETORIC (5) 2012 The cogency of Chang's position depends on how convincing we find his defense of his cosmopolitan conception of distributive justice against prominent critiques. So far proponents of much more open borders have made little headway against those who argue for the justice of more restrictive immigration policy. This lack of progress reveals the limitations of approaches to migration that rely only on neoclassical economics. Neoclassical economics sees people as human capital and