underrepresented in genomic databases.

By far, most of the data in genome-wide association studies, which have been critical in spotting genetic variants tied to common diseases, comes from people with European ancestry. In 2011, Carlos D. Bustamante and his colleagues called out the disparities and the resulting threat that genomic medicine “will largely benefit a privileged few.” In subsequent years, the collection of genomic data has exploded, but the disparities remain. In 2016, Alice Popejoy, who was a PhD student at the University of Washington and is now a postdoc in Bustamante’s lab, updated the results in the journal Nature, finding little progress for most population groups.

One result of this lack of data is that genetic tests may be less relevant and accurate for people from underrepresented groups. Increasingly      Appeal from the United States District Court for the
            Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
          No. 14 CR 447— Richard A. Posner, Circuit Judge. *
                      ____________________

    ARGUED JANUARY 5, 2017 — DECIDED OCTOBER 24, 2017
                 ____________________

    Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and MANION and WILLIAMS, Cir-
cuit Judges.
    PER CURIAM. Hakeem El-Bey filed six tax returns with the
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