nationalisation, it's not an option for South Africa," she told a media briefing on the sidelines of an African mining conference in Cape Town.

"I debated that some years ago and I reached a particular decision which I believe that is still correct."

Helping the disenfranchised?

Business leaders have warned that nationalisation won't address the concerns of the poor.

"Nationalisation is not going to solve the problem but will end up killing the patient," said Roger Baxter, an economist at the Chamber of Mines.

"In fact it will actually set South Africa back hugely in its efforts to try and solve the problem."

Anglo American chief executive Cynthia Carroll told an African mining conference in February that nationalisation would be the country's path to ruin and would drive away billions of dollars in investments.

"Miningkinds of variables use := (for simply-expanded) and = (for recursively-expanded) for assignment operation. As demonstrated in Listing 8-2, $(TOPDIR) is a simply-expanded variable while $(dependency) is a recursively-expanded one. As you can see, $(obj) might change its value before $(dependency) is being used. So it makes more sense to defer to $(dependency)'s expansion.

TOPDIR := $(shell pwd)

export TOPDIR

dependency = $(patsubst %.o,%.d,$(obj))

...

ifneq "$(MAKECMDGOALS)" "clean"

-include $(dependency)

endif

Listing 8-2.

Variable Expansion

#### Phony Target

As mentioned early, a target is supposed to match the corresponding file on the disk. However, this is not always the case. With the . PHONY directive , you can stop such a filename matching by declaring the target as a phony target. The Make utility will always treat a phony target as out-of-date. As demonstrated in Listing 8-3, both all