Diversity and Abundance of House Fly Pupal Parasitoids in Israel, with First Records of Two Spalangia Species.
Filth flies (Diptera: Muscidae), particularly the house fly, Musca domestica L., are global pests of livestock production. In this study, we characterized the fauna of house fly pupal parasitoids in Israel and identified factors affecting their diversity and abundance. The study, which included one round of sampling during the fall of 2013 and another round of sampling in the spring of 2014, encompassed 26 locations of common fly-breeding habitats: dairy, egg-laying, and goat farms throughout Israel. Nine parasitoid species were found: Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia endius Walker, Spalangia drosophilae Ashmead, Spalangia gemina Boucek, Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani, Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan & Legner (all Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae),herein.

Background
The plaintiff, Jennifer Biscan ("Jennifer"),[2] age 16, was severely injured in a single-car automobile accident after leaving a party hosted by the defendant, Paul Worley ("Worley"), at his home in Williamson County, Tennessee. The defendant, Franklin Hughes Brown ("Brown"), age 16, drove the car in which Jennifer was riding. After the accident, Brown's blood-alcohol content was measured at .17%; Jennifer's was .032%.
*467 Jennifer and her father, Robert Biscan, filed negligence actions against the driver Brown and the adult host Worley. The plaintiffs alleged that Brown's operation of the automobile while under the influence of alcohol was negligent and negligent per se. The plaintiffs alleged that Worley negligently "permitted, condoned and encouraged the unlawful consumption of alcohol by minors," that he undertook a special duty to protect the minors