Evaluation of rifampicin resistance and 81-bp rifampicin resistant determinant region of rpoB gene mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis detected with XpertMTB/Rif in Cross River State, Nigeria.
World Health Organization tuberculosis (TB) indices from 2014 to 2016 showed that Nigeria had the 6th highest prevalence, 4th highest incidence, and the highest mortality rate globally. In efforts to improve TB care, the XpertMTB/Rif (GeneXpert) technology, Cepheid, Sunnyvale, California, USA, which has revolutionized TB detection with concomitant rifampicin-resistance molecular detection, was introduced in Cross River State, South-South Nigeria, in 2014. The GeneXpert uses molecular beacons to detect five overlapping 81-bp regions in the rpoB gene known as the Rifampicin Resistant Determinant Region (RRDR). These probes are represented as Probe A (507-511), Probe B (512-518), Probe C (518-523), Probe D (523-529), and Probe EA prospective multicenter audit of labor-room episiotomy and anal sphincter injury assessment in the Netherlands.
To assess the length and angle of mediolateral episiotomies performed by midwives and resident gynecologists at 3 teaching hospitals in the Netherlands, and determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injury. In this prospective audit conducted between February and September 2008, all women delivered at the 3 hospitals were examined in the labor room for perineal injury. When an injury was assessed as being grade 2 or higher, it was re-evaluated. The incidence of anal sphincter injury was then compared with that reported in the preceding year. Of 1979 women delivered, 420 (21.2%) were given an episiotomy and 58 (2.9%) sustained anal sphincter injury. The episiotomies formed a mean angle of 40 degrees with