tinians in
Lebanon. He is brutally interrogated, makes a forced confes- sionofhisguilt,istried,andissentencedto18yearsinprison. After sevenyearsinprisonheisacquittedbytheIsraeliSupremeCourtofthe
charges.December: AvrahamShalomisappointeddirectoroftheIs-
raeliSecurityAgency(ISA).

1982 12September:NahumAdmoniisunexpectedlyappointeddi- rector of the Mossad
after the person designated for the post, Major GeneralYekutielAdam,iskilledduringtheIsraeliinvasionofLebanon inthePeaceforGalileeOperation.28September:TheIsraeligovern- mentdecidestosetupacommissionofinquiryintotheeventsof16

SeptemberattheSabraandShatilaPalestinianrefugeecampsinBeirut;

itisknownastheKahanCommission.

xxxiv •CHRONOLOGY

1983 TheMosheDayanCenterfortheMiddleEastisestablishedat TelAvivUniversity;itconcentratesitsresearchontheArabworld(in- cludingNorthAfrica),Turkey,andIran.January:MarcusKlinberg, vicepresidentoftheNesTsionaInstituteforBiologicalResearch,isar- rested for espionage for the Soviet
Union. He is tried, found guilty, and
imprisonedfor20years.7February:TheKahanCommissionreports that the massacre at Sabra and
Shatila was carried out by a Lebanese Phalangist unit, acting on its own;
although the unit’s entry into the
camps was known to Israel, no Israeli was directly responsible for the eventsthatoccurredinthecamps.April:EhudBarakisappointedDMI andpromotedtomajorgeneral.
TheJaffeCenterforStrategicStudies (JCSS)isfoundedatTel AvivUniversity.Thecenterisconsideredthe academicequivalenttoMI.

1985 28March:AnotheroperationtobringEthiopianJewstoIsrael, Sheba Operation, begins; it is of short duration, lasting
three to four days.6June:TheCenterforSpecialStudiesisestablishedwiththepri- mary purpose of memorializing the
fallen of the Israeli intelligence community.Itdevotesitsresourcestotheeducationoftheyoungergen- erationaboutthepastdeedsofIsraeliintelligence.November:Pollard
isarrestedintheUnitedStatesandchargedwithespionage,strainingre- lationsbetweenthetwoallies.

1986 MajorGeneralAmnonLipkin-Shahakisappointeddirectorof

MilitaryIntelligence(DMI),apositionheholdsuntil1991.September:

CHRONOLOGY •xxxv

Mordechai Vanunu,aformertechnicianattheDimonaNuclearRe-
search Center, reveals sensitive
information about the reactor to the SundayTimes(London).24September:CherylBen-Tov(Cindy),afe-
maleMossadassistantagent,contrivestomeetVanunuinLondoninan
attempt to lure him to Rome forfor Israeli nuclear weapons devel- opment.

The 1968
Plumbat Operation, known also as the Uranium Ship Op- eration,isagoodexampleofsuchcovertactivity,inwhichateamofIs- raeli agents hijacked a ship full of
uranium for the use of the Israeli nu- clear weapons program. Israeli
intelligence, through the director of security for the Defense Establishment
(DSDE), was in charge of pro- tectingandhidingthe“greatestsecret,”theIsraelinuclearweaponspro- gram.ButitfailedwhenMordechaiVanunurevealedtheprogramtothe
SundayTimesinSeptember1986.

INTRODUCTION•xli

EVOLUTIONOFTHEISRAELIINTELLIGENCE
COMMUNITYANDITSACTIVITIES

The origin of the
Israeli intelligence services can be traced back to the OttomanEmpire(1516–1917)whennetzahyisraelloyeshaker (NILI) wasfoundedasanespionagegroupseekingtoassisttheBritisharmyto
conquerPalestinefromthe
TurksinanticipationthatBritainwouldes-
tablish in Palestine a homeland for Jewish people. NILI’s aims were sincere,butitsmemberswereamateurs.
Theytriedtousehomingpi-
geons to deliver intelligence information to the British, but they lacked thenecessaryskillandwerecaught.

The
British set up their mandate in Palestine, and the idea of a Jew- ish homeland, the creation of a Jewish
state in the territory, began to
progressasanticipated. Asaconsequence,theJewish-Arabconflict came into being, and the JewishYishuv
(settlement) in the region estab-
lishedundergroundmilitiastoassistillegalJewishimmigration.

The
foremost and largest Jewish-Zionist
underground militia was the Haganah,
which