arm around his wife and he saw the automobile hit the car on the driver's side. Renee Arceneaux D'Ambrosia, who later married Peter in June 1999, testified that she was in the middle seat of the third seat. She had a large bruise on the back of her shoulder where Peter punched her during the accident. A few minutes after the accident, an ambulance arrived and took them to West Jefferson Hospital's emergency room. Immediately after the accident, Peter complained of sharp pain on the upper back, right shoulder area, extending into his neck. Peter testified that immediately after the impact, he had significant pain in the upper right area, including the shoulder. Peter's right hand is his dominant hand. At West Jefferson hospital, he had a spinex-ray and was released.
The following medical doctors testified at trial or via deposition regarding Peter's injuries: Dr. Robert D'Ambrosia, Peter's father; Dr. Eric Ward Carson; Dr. David Drez; Dr. Austin Sumner; Dr. John Cazale; Dr. William Albert Martin; and, Dr. Eric McCarty. Dr. McCarty performed arthroscopic surgery on Peter's shoulder in April 2005. There was no evidence that Peter had a prior shoulder injury.
On the day of the accident, Dr. Robert D'Ambrosia, a board certified orthopedic surgeon, examined Peter at the Arceneaux house. He prescribed samples of anti-inflammatory medication. Dr. Robert D'Ambrosia testified that Peter's shoulder was swollen, tender, lax, and very painful. Peter had difficulty moving it. Peter did not have full strength in his shoulder. Peter gave him a history of dislocating it and the examination