from biologists, neuroscientists, musicians and engineers, including co-author Lucas C. Parra, a member of CUNY's Department of Biomedical Engineering.

Rothenberg, who provided his unique perspective, says, "Science and music may have different criteria for truth, but sometimes their insights need to be put together to make sense of the beautiful performances we find in nature."

Rothenberg has written extensively about the bond between humans and our surrounding natural world, a world we share with myriad other creatures. An earlier paper that he co-authored, "Investigation of Musicality in Birdsong," published in Hearing Research touched upon aspects of the same topic explored in the recent Royal Society publication. Rothenberg's book Why Birds Sing is an in-depth look at the subject that challenges neuroscientists to seriously consider music as a tool to helpinformation for the study.

Source of Funding and Conflicts of Interest: The study was supported by Österreichische Nationalbank Jubliäumsfonds (Grant Number 16506), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie M.T. has been on the Adisory Boards of Albireo, Gilead, Falk, Novartis, Intercept, MSD, and Phenex. He has received grants to the Medical University of Vienna from Albireo, Falk, Intercept, MSD, and Takeda. He has been on the speakers bureaus for Gilead, Falk, and MSD. He is holding patents for the use of nor-Ursodeoxycholic acid. He has received travel expenses from Gilead and Falk. J.P. has received travel expenses from Yakult. G.M. has been on the Advisory Boards of Allergan and Almirall, she has received grants to the Medical University of Vienna by AbbVie, Vifor, Almirall, Merck, Falk, Yakult, Sanova, Danone,