were possible. By analyzing the results, Whipple found that the top of the stratosphere was at 32 km, and that the temperature increased to the value at the ground, 290K, at 46 km. He assumed a stratospheric temperature of 210K.

The present-day standard atmosphere has a ground temperature of 288K, stratospheric temperature 217K at 12 km, with an increase beginning at 25 km, and a maximum temperature of 283K at 50 km. It is clear that Whipple's results are very close to the truth. They were the very first good measurements of temperatures in the upper atmosphere. Whipple carried out further experiments with gunfire. A gun at Shoeburyness could be heard at Grantham, 185 km away to the north. Guns were fired from three points just east of London,the face with a noxious liquid, leaving one man with 30% loss of sight in one eye. He stole two mopeds and tried to take another four from their owners before being arrested at about 3am on 14 July.

Lucas told John he and his accomplice had chosen to attack members of the public who were going about their lawful business as he sentenced him to 10 and a half years in prison.



Lucas described the “life-changing” and “defining” impact the incident has had on John’s victims. And he commented on the prevalence of acid attacks. “I can state from my own knowledge of the offences arriving at this crown court that such offences have risen sharply in the last 12 months.”



He said it was the second case of its