The report suggests that German and American manufacturers are a long way behind Japanese (11 of the 21 awards) manufacturers in this critical but often overlooked aspect of real car ownership costs.

Indeed, the deeper you look into the latest ALG figures, the more Japanese brands appear to have created an unassailable lead in vehicle ownership costs.

ALG’s Residual Value Awards honor the vehicles in each segment that are predicted to retain the highest percentage of their MSRP after a three‐year period.

In ranking the overall Mainstream Brand Residual Values for 2012 models, Japanese brands account for five of the top six brands and only one German brand (Volkswagen) is above the industry average.

Two Subaru models also won individual segment awards: the Legacy (Midsize Car) and the Outback (Midsize Utility Vehicle).

1ignore women's rights, for example, by the lack of marital rape or domestic violence laws, or create situations that may actually increase the level of violence against women, as was the case with the infamous _zina_ laws in Pakistan, which were modified in 2006 but may be making an unwelcome comeback. It is difficult to fathom the global extent of violence that women experience daily—a gendered violence that permeates the personal, cultural, and state environments for half of the world's population.

**SON PREFERENCE AND SEX RATIO**

The Son Preference and Sex Ratio Scale, most recently coded in 2009 and illustrated in map 2, indicates the relative valuation assigned to male life and female life; in its aspect of sex ratio, it is also a supplemental indicator of violence against women.