like almanacs, yearbooks, and calendars that highlighted important religious, cultural, and national dates for their ethnic group. In addition, immigrant newspapers and periodicals are a rich source of art, music, and literature produced by immigrants that reflect the challenges and opportunities facing newcomers to America.

Since immigrant newspapers were usually published in the native languages of immigrants, one of their major purposes and functions was language retention. Virtually every major immigrant group to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries published newspapers in its native language. Newspapers in Chinese, Croatian, Danish, Dutch, Filipino, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Irish, Japanese, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, and many other languages allowed immigrants to read their native language on a regular basis ina country where English was the dominant language.

While many individual immigrant newspapers were short-lived, immigrant newspapers and periodicals have never disappeared from the American scene. They continue to be published as the United States receives substantial numbers of new Hispanic, Asian, and African immigrants.