After the war Walcutt went home, where he was warden of the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus in 1866.
On July 28 he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 10th U.S. Cavalry, and proceeded to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to report for duty.
He resigned on December 1, 1866, "unwilling to endure army life in time of peace."
Walcutt returned to Ohio and again worked as a warden until 1869.

Walcutt was also active in politics in Ohio, and was one of Ulysses S. Grant's electors in 1868.
In May he was appointed the U.S. Internal Revenue Service collector for the 7th district of Ohio by President Grant, which he held until July 1, 1883.
In 1872 Walcutt was elected to the Columbus board of education, with seven years as its president, until April 1, 1894.
Also in 1872 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
In April 1883 he was elected mayor of Columbus, elected to a second term, retired in April 1887 and succeeded by Philip H. Bruck.
His wife Phebe died the following year.

In 1898 Walcutt was in Omaha, Nebraska, heading back to Ohio after visiting Mexico with his sister Virginia "for his health."
There his condition worsened, and he stayed in Omaha for about six weeks.
Ten days before his death doctors amputated one of his limbs.
His body was brought back to Ohio and was buried in Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus.
After the war Walcutt went home, where he was warden of the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus in 1866. On July 28 he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the 10th U.S. Cavalry, and proceeded to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, to report for duty. He resigned on December 1, 1866, "unwilling to endure army life in time of peace." Walcutt returned to Ohio and again worked as a warden until 1869.
Walcutt was also active in politics in Ohio, and was one of Ulysses S. Grant's electors in 1868. In May he was appointed the U.S. Internal Revenue Service collector for the 7th district of Ohio by President Grant, which he held until July 1, 1883. In 1872 Walcutt was elected to the Columbus board of education, with seven years as its president, until April 1, 1894. Also in 1872 he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In April 1883 he was elected mayor of Columbus, elected to a second term, retired in April 1887 and succeeded by Philip H. Bruck. His wife Phebe died the following year.
In 1898 Walcutt was in Omaha, Nebraska, heading back to Ohio after visiting Mexico with his sister Virginia "for his health." There his condition worsened, and he stayed in Omaha for about six weeks. Ten days before his death doctors amputated one of his limbs. His body was brought back to Ohio and was buried in Green Lawn Cemetery in Columbus.
Charles C. Walcutt