There are 35 species recognised in the genus of which two are extinct:
Rock dove, Columba livia
Hill pigeon, Columba rupestris
Snow pigeon, Columba leuconota
Speckled pigeon, Columba guinea
White-collared pigeon, Columba albitorques
Stock dove, Columba oenas
Yellow-eyed pigeon, Columba eversmanni
Somali pigeon, Columba oliviae
Common wood pigeon or wood pigeon, Columba palumbus
Trocaz pigeon, Columba trocaz
Bolle's pigeon, Columba bollii
Laurel pigeon, Columba junoniae
Afep pigeon, Columba unicincta
African olive pigeon, Columba arquatrix
Cameroon olive pigeon, Columba sjostedti
São Tomé olive pigeon, Columba thomensis
Comoros olive pigeon, Columba polleni
Speckled wood pigeon, Columba hodgsonii
White-naped pigeon, Columba albinucha
Ashy wood pigeon, Columba pulchricollis
Nilgiri wood pigeon, Columba elphinstonii
Sri Lanka wood pigeon, Columba torringtoniae
Pale-capped pigeon, Columba punicea
Silvery pigeon, Columba argentina – (thought to be extinct, rediscovered in 2008)
Andaman wood pigeon, Columba palumboides
Japanese wood pigeon, Columba janthina
† Bonin wood pigeon,  Columba versicolor – extinct (c. 1890)
† Ryukyu wood pigeon, Columba jouyi – extinct (late 1930s)
Metallic pigeon or white-throated pigeon, Columba vitiensis
White-headed pigeon, Columba leucomela
Yellow-legged pigeon, Columba pallidiceps
Eastern bronze-naped pigeon, Columba delegorguei
Western bronze-naped pigeon, Columba iriditorques
Island bronze-naped pigeon, Columba malherbii
Lemon dove, Columba larvata – sometimes placed in Aplopelia
A fossil species, C. omnisanctorum, was described from the Early Pliocene (5.3-3.6 Ma) of the Gargano Peninsula and surroundings, Italy.
A supposed "falcon" fossil from nearby contemporary and Middle Pliocene (3.6-2.6 Ma) sites may either be of the same species or another pigeon; the name Columba pisana would apply for it or (if conspecific) for both.
C. melitensis is a fossil pigeon from the Late Pleistocene of Malta.
Only known from a coracoid described by Richard Lydekker in 1891, whether it is indeed distinct from the living species and not just a paleosubspecies needs to be studied, given its late age.
Indeterminate remains of a Columba were also found in Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene (ELMMZ MN 17) deposits at Varshets (Bulgaria) and Šandalja (Croatia).

Another prehistoric pigeon, C. congi, was described from Early Pleistocene remains found in the famous Zhoukoudian caves in China.
This, too, needs to be studied regarding whether it is not just an ancestral population of a still-living species.
An extinct pigeon, the Mauritian wood pigeon (Columba thiriouxi), was described in 2011.
The validity of the species has been challenged and it is not generally recognised.
The holotype is a right tarsometatarsus collected in 1910.
There are 35 species recognised in the genus of which two are extinct:
Rock dove, Columba livia
Hill pigeon, Columba rupestris
Snow pigeon, Columba leuconota
Speckled pigeon, Columba guinea
White-collared pigeon, Columba albitorques
Stock dove, Columba oenas
Yellow-eyed pigeon, Columba eversmanni
Somali pigeon, Columba oliviae
Common wood pigeon or wood pigeon, Columba palumbus
Trocaz pigeon, Columba trocaz
Bolle's pigeon, Columba bollii
Laurel pigeon, Columba junoniae
Afep pigeon, Columba unicincta
African olive pigeon, Columba arquatrix
Cameroon olive pigeon, Columba sjostedti
São Tomé olive pigeon, Columba thomensis
Comoros olive pigeon, Columba polleni
Speckled wood pigeon, Columba hodgsonii
White-naped pigeon, Columba albinucha
Ashy wood pigeon, Columba pulchricollis
Nilgiri wood pigeon, Columba elphinstonii
Sri Lanka wood pigeon, Columba torringtoniae
Pale-capped pigeon, Columba punicea
Silvery pigeon, Columba argentina – (thought to be extinct, rediscovered in 2008)
Andaman wood pigeon, Columba palumboides
Japanese wood pigeon, Columba janthina
† Bonin wood pigeon,  Columba versicolor – extinct (c. 1890)
† Ryukyu wood pigeon, Columba jouyi – extinct (late 1930s)
Metallic pigeon or white-throated pigeon, Columba vitiensis
White-headed pigeon, Columba leucomela
Yellow-legged pigeon, Columba pallidiceps
Eastern bronze-naped pigeon, Columba delegorguei
Western bronze-naped pigeon, Columba iriditorques
Island bronze-naped pigeon, Columba malherbii
Lemon dove, Columba larvata – sometimes placed in Aplopelia
A fossil species, C. omnisanctorum, was described from the Early Pliocene (5.3-3.6 Ma) of the Gargano Peninsula and surroundings, Italy. A supposed "falcon" fossil from nearby contemporary and Middle Pliocene (3.6-2.6 Ma) sites may either be of the same species or another pigeon; the name Columba pisana would apply for it or (if conspecific) for both. C. melitensis is a fossil pigeon from the Late Pleistocene of Malta. Only known from a coracoid described by Richard Lydekker in 1891, whether it is indeed distinct from the living species and not just a paleosubspecies needs to be studied, given its late age. Indeterminate remains of a Columba were also found in Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene (ELMMZ MN 17) deposits at Varshets (Bulgaria) and Šandalja (Croatia).
Another prehistoric pigeon, C. congi, was described from Early Pleistocene remains found in the famous Zhoukoudian caves in China. This, too, needs to be studied regarding whether it is not just an ancestral population of a still-living species. An extinct pigeon, the Mauritian wood pigeon (Columba thiriouxi), was described in 2011. The validity of the species has been challenged and it is not generally recognised. The holotype is a right tarsometatarsus collected in 1910.
Columba (genus)