Guy of Anderlecht (c. 950–1012), known as the Poor Man of Anderlecht, patron saint of Anderlecht
Adrian VI (1459–1523), pope, theologian, rector at the University of Leuven, canon at the Chapter of Anderlecht, lived in Anderlecht.

Joseph Bracops (1900–1966), politician and mayor
Jacques Brel, singer.
He lived from 1942 to 1951 at 7, Rue Jacques Manne/Jacques Mannestraat, and worked from 1946 to 1953 in the family cartonery Vanneste & Brel (now SCA Packaging) at 18, Rue Verheyden/Verheydenstraat.
A metro station, located in the municipality, is named after him.

Maurice Carême (1899–1978), poet
Fernand Dineur (1904–1956), cartoonist
Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536), humanist and theologian
Désiré Keteleer (1920–1970), cyclist
Filip Peeters (b. 1962), Flemish actor
Germaine Schneider (1903–1945), Belgian-Swiss resistance fighter
Henri Seroka (b. 1949), composer
Henri Simonet (1931–1996), politician and mayor
Jacques Simonet (1963–2007), politician and mayor
Philippe Thys (1889–1971), cyclist and three-time champion of the Tour de France
Tonia (b. 1947), singer
Toots Thielemans (1922–2016), jazz musician, lived in Anderlecht.

William Vance (b. 1935), comic book artist
Constant Vanden Stock (1914–2008), entrepreneur, footballer and functionary
Virgile Vandeput (b. 1994), Belgian-born alpine skier who competes for Israel
Régine Zylberberg (b. 1929), chanson singer, actress and nightclub entrepreneur
Born in Anderlecht:
Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant (b. 2001), Duchess of Brabant, the oldest child of the Belgian king Philippe; heiress
The princes Gabriel and Emmanuel and Princess Eléonore; 2nd, 3rd and 4th in line to the throne of Belgium, were born in Anderlecht.
Guy of Anderlecht (c. 950–1012), known as the Poor Man of Anderlecht, patron saint of Anderlecht
Adrian VI (1459–1523), pope, theologian, rector at the University of Leuven, canon at the Chapter of Anderlecht, lived in Anderlecht.
Joseph Bracops (1900–1966), politician and mayor
Jacques Brel, singer. He lived from 1942 to 1951 at 7, Rue Jacques Manne/Jacques Mannestraat, and worked from 1946 to 1953 in the family cartonery Vanneste & Brel (now SCA Packaging) at 18, Rue Verheyden/Verheydenstraat. A metro station, located in the municipality, is named after him.
Maurice Carême (1899–1978), poet
Fernand Dineur (1904–1956), cartoonist
Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536), humanist and theologian
Désiré Keteleer (1920–1970), cyclist
Filip Peeters (b. 1962), Flemish actor
Germaine Schneider (1903–1945), Belgian-Swiss resistance fighter
Henri Seroka (b. 1949), composer
Henri Simonet (1931–1996), politician and mayor
Jacques Simonet (1963–2007), politician and mayor
Philippe Thys (1889–1971), cyclist and three-time champion of the Tour de France
Tonia (b. 1947), singer
Toots Thielemans (1922–2016), jazz musician, lived in Anderlecht.
William Vance (b. 1935), comic book artist
Constant Vanden Stock (1914–2008), entrepreneur, footballer and functionary
Virgile Vandeput (b. 1994), Belgian-born alpine skier who competes for Israel
Régine Zylberberg (b. 1929), chanson singer, actress and nightclub entrepreneur
Born in Anderlecht:
Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant (b. 2001), Duchess of Brabant, the oldest child of the Belgian king Philippe; heiress
The princes Gabriel and Emmanuel and Princess Eléonore; 2nd, 3rd and 4th in line to the throne of Belgium, were born in Anderlecht.
Anderlecht