The native inhabitants of the valley were Chumash.
The name "Cuyama" comes from a village named for the Chumash word kuyam, meaning "clam" or "freshwater mollusk".
In addition to kuyam, other Chumash communities in the Cuyama Valley included Sxaliwilimu’, Lishawato’w,and Tsiwikon.
Although the Spanish arrived in 1769 in California, the Cuyama Valley Chumash had little interaction with the Spanish until 1801.
 Between 1801 and 1822, over 400 people from the Cuyama Valley were baptized into Spanish missions.
Over half went to Mission La Purisima, while most of the others were incorporated into Mission San Luis Obispo, Mission Santa Ines, and Mission Santa Barbara--all Chumash missions.
 Pacomio was a Cuyama Valley man baptized into Mission La Purisima in 1803.
The decade 1811 to 1822 was a period when Spain ceased to subsidize missions.
This put pressure on native Christians to produce more and to pay a tax to sustain the suddenly unpaid military.
As a result, Cuyama Valley people made a transition to mission life at a tense time.
 In 1824, Pacomio was a leader in the multi-mission Chumash uprising.
 In 1825, newly independent Mexico sent a governor to California who liberated accomplished craftsmen from mission life.
 Pacomio became a free carpenter in Monterey, the Mexican capital of California, where he served on the town council.
He died in 1844 of smallpox.

Near the end of the Mexican period of Alta California the valley was split into two land grants along the Cuyama River, the 22,193 acres (8,981 ha) Rancho Cuyama de Rojo in 1843, and the 48,827 acres (19,760 ha) Rancho Cuyama de Lataillade) in 1846.
 The main land use in the second half of the 19th century was cattle grazing, although some homesteading took place in the latter part, especially in the side canyons where there was more water.
 In 1939, the first successful water wells using a pumping system were drilled.
The groundwater aquifer is deep below the Cuyama Valley.
The availability of irrigation water transformed the valley into an agricultural crops region.

Little further economic development took place in the Cuyama Valley until the discovery of oil in 1948 at the Russell Ranch Oil Field, and more significantly in 1949 at the much larger South Cuyama Oil Field.
 Richfield Oil Company, later part of ARCO, built the town of New Cuyama to house the oil workers and their associated services.
They shipped the oil pumped from these two fields by pipeline to their refinery near Long Beach.
 For a brief time in the early 1950s, the Cuyama Valley was the fourth-most productive oil region of California.

As oil production declined − only about two percent of the South Cuyama Field's oil is estimated to remain  − the main economic activity in the valley again became agriculture, although with the sharp rise in the price of oil in 2007 and 2008, petroleum exploration has again been of interest.
 
Recently E&B Natural Resources purchased the rights to develop the South Cuyama Oil Field from Hallador Petroleum.
The native inhabitants of the valley were Chumash. The name "Cuyama" comes from a village named for the Chumash word kuyam, meaning "clam" or "freshwater mollusk". In addition to kuyam, other Chumash communities in the Cuyama Valley included Sxaliwilimu’, Lishawato’w,and Tsiwikon. Although the Spanish arrived in 1769 in California, the Cuyama Valley Chumash had little interaction with the Spanish until 1801.  Between 1801 and 1822, over 400 people from the Cuyama Valley were baptized into Spanish missions. Over half went to Mission La Purisima, while most of the others were incorporated into Mission San Luis Obispo, Mission Santa Ines, and Mission Santa Barbara--all Chumash missions.  Pacomio was a Cuyama Valley man baptized into Mission La Purisima in 1803. The decade 1811 to 1822 was a period when Spain ceased to subsidize missions. This put pressure on native Christians to produce more and to pay a tax to sustain the suddenly unpaid military. As a result, Cuyama Valley people made a transition to mission life at a tense time.  In 1824, Pacomio was a leader in the multi-mission Chumash uprising.  In 1825, newly independent Mexico sent a governor to California who liberated accomplished craftsmen from mission life.  Pacomio became a free carpenter in Monterey, the Mexican capital of California, where he served on the town council. He died in 1844 of smallpox.
Near the end of the Mexican period of Alta California the valley was split into two land grants along the Cuyama River, the 22,193 acres (8,981 ha) Rancho Cuyama de Rojo in 1843, and the 48,827 acres (19,760 ha) Rancho Cuyama de Lataillade) in 1846.  The main land use in the second half of the 19th century was cattle grazing, although some homesteading took place in the latter part, especially in the side canyons where there was more water.  In 1939, the first successful water wells using a pumping system were drilled. The groundwater aquifer is deep below the Cuyama Valley. The availability of irrigation water transformed the valley into an agricultural crops region.
Little further economic development took place in the Cuyama Valley until the discovery of oil in 1948 at the Russell Ranch Oil Field, and more significantly in 1949 at the much larger South Cuyama Oil Field.  Richfield Oil Company, later part of ARCO, built the town of New Cuyama to house the oil workers and their associated services. They shipped the oil pumped from these two fields by pipeline to their refinery near Long Beach.  For a brief time in the early 1950s, the Cuyama Valley was the fourth-most productive oil region of California.
As oil production declined − only about two percent of the South Cuyama Field's oil is estimated to remain  − the main economic activity in the valley again became agriculture, although with the sharp rise in the price of oil in 2007 and 2008, petroleum exploration has again been of interest.  
Recently E&B Natural Resources purchased the rights to develop the South Cuyama Oil Field from Hallador Petroleum.
Cuyama Valley