After playing Junior A hockey with the Vaughan Vipers of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (OPJHL), Peters began a four-season Ontario Hockey League (OHL) career with the Toronto St. Michael's Majors and Plymouth Whalers.
Peters scored an empty-net goal in Game 7 of the first-round of the 2004 OHL playoffs against the Sudbury Wolves while playing for the Majors.
He was drafted in the second round, 38th overall, by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft, then began his professional career in 2006–07 with the Hurricanes' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Albany River Rats.
He was demoted to the ECHL for parts of the 2007–08 season, but returned to the River Rats in 2008–09.

On February 5, 2010, the Carolina Hurricanes recalled Justin Peters from Albany after Cam Ward suffered an upper body injury.
He made his NHL debut for the Hurricanes on February 6, 2010, starting against the New York Islanders; he made 34 saves in a 3–1 victory.

After eight seasons within the Hurricanes organization, Peters left as a free agent to sign a two-year contract with the Washington Capitals on July 1, 2015.

On July 1, 2016, Peters left the Capitals as a free agent and signed a one-year contract with the Arizona Coyotes.
He was assigned to begin the 2016–17 season with the Coyotes' AHL affiliate, the inaugural Tucson Roadrunners.
With the Coyotes impacted by an injury to starting goaltender Mike Smith, Peters was recalled and appeared in three games.
While returned to the Roadrunners, Peters (along with Justin Hache) were traded to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Brendan Ranford and Branden Troock on February 1, 2017.

Having spent his first ten professional seasons in North America, on June 30, 2017, Peters signed a one-year deal with Latvian club Dinamo Riga of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
On October 18, 2017, signed a contract with Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) side Kölner Haie of Germany.
After playing Junior A hockey with the Vaughan Vipers of the Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League (OPJHL), Peters began a four-season Ontario Hockey League (OHL) career with the Toronto St. Michael's Majors and Plymouth Whalers. Peters scored an empty-net goal in Game 7 of the first-round of the 2004 OHL playoffs against the Sudbury Wolves while playing for the Majors. He was drafted in the second round, 38th overall, by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft, then began his professional career in 2006–07 with the Hurricanes' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Albany River Rats. He was demoted to the ECHL for parts of the 2007–08 season, but returned to the River Rats in 2008–09.
On February 5, 2010, the Carolina Hurricanes recalled Justin Peters from Albany after Cam Ward suffered an upper body injury. He made his NHL debut for the Hurricanes on February 6, 2010, starting against the New York Islanders; he made 34 saves in a 3–1 victory.
After eight seasons within the Hurricanes organization, Peters left as a free agent to sign a two-year contract with the Washington Capitals on July 1, 2015.
On July 1, 2016, Peters left the Capitals as a free agent and signed a one-year contract with the Arizona Coyotes. He was assigned to begin the 2016–17 season with the Coyotes' AHL affiliate, the inaugural Tucson Roadrunners. With the Coyotes impacted by an injury to starting goaltender Mike Smith, Peters was recalled and appeared in three games. While returned to the Roadrunners, Peters (along with Justin Hache) were traded to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Brendan Ranford and Branden Troock on February 1, 2017.
Having spent his first ten professional seasons in North America, on June 30, 2017, Peters signed a one-year deal with Latvian club Dinamo Riga of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). On October 18, 2017, signed a contract with Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL) side Kölner Haie of Germany.
Justin Peters