The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.
Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr.
This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.

Abd al-Malik is credited with centralizing the administration of the Caliphate and with establishing Arabic as its official language.
He also introduced a uniquely Muslim coinage, marked by its aniconic decoration, which supplanted the Byzantine and Sasanian coins that had previously been in use.
Abd al-Malik also recommenced offensive warfare against Byzantium, defeating the Byzantines at Sebastopolis and recovering control over Armenia and Caucasian Iberia.

Caliph Abdul Malik also acquired many new lands under his reign.
In the year 700 he sent an expedition to East Africa to add Mogadishu (located in present-day Somalia) to the caliphate.
The Muslim army was led by General Musa ibn Umar al-Khath'ami, the Syrian who not only expanded into Mogadishu and it's environs, but also Swahili island Kilwa.
The objectives given to Musa ibn Umar were identical to those given to other Muslim commandors, to teach the Quran, secure the taxation or tribute, to protect and safeguard the security of the country and to affirm it's loyalty to the capital of the Umayyads in Damascus.

Following Abd al-Malik's death, his son, Al-Walid I (705–715), became caliph.
Al-Walid was also active as a builder, sponsoring the construction of Al-Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina and the Great Mosque of Damascus.

During the reign of al-Walid, the Umayyads conquered nearly the entirety of the Iberian Peninsula (except for the northernmost Christian kingdom of Asturias) under the military leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad (whose name gives rise to 'Gibraltar' – Jabal Tariq, or 'Mountain of Tariq') and Musa ibn Nusayr from 711–716 CE, decimating the preceding Visigothic Kingdom of Spain.
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh and conquered both Sindh and the lower Punjab (corresponding to Multan), both regions in northwestern India straddling the course of the Indus River.
The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate, yielding roughly 60 million dirhams according to the Arab historian al-Baladhuri (not including the taxes, levies and duties imposed on the rich trading outposts of Sindh on the Indian Ocean routes).
Finally, the commander Qutayba ibn Muslim conquered the wealthy and strategic Central Asian cities of Bukhara, Samarkand, Khwarezem and Farghana between 705 and 715 CE, annexing nearly the whole of Transoxiana north of the Iranian plateau and bordering the contemporary Tang dynasty of China.
The conquests of Transoxiana, Sindh and Hispania accrued a massive amount of war spoils for the Caliphate, akin in value to the total value of the conquests achieved by the Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab.
By this point, the Caliphate stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River.

A major figure during the reigns of both al-Walid and Abd al-Malik was the Umayyad governor of Iraq, Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef.
Many Iraqis remained resistant to Umayyad rule, and to maintain order al-Hajjaj imported Syrian troops, which he housed in a new garrison town, Wasit.
These troops became crucial in the suppression of a revolt led by an Iraqi general, Ibn al-Ash'ath, in the early eighth century.

Al-Walid was succeeded by his brother, Sulayman (715–717), whose reign was dominated by a protracted siege of Constantinople.
The failure of the siege marked the end of serious Arab ambitions against the Byzantine capital.
However, the first two decades of the eighth century witnessed the continuing expansion of the Caliphate, which pushed into the Iberian Peninsula
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.
Abd al-Malik is credited with centralizing the administration of the Caliphate and with establishing Arabic as its official language. He also introduced a uniquely Muslim coinage, marked by its aniconic decoration, which supplanted the Byzantine and Sasanian coins that had previously been in use. Abd al-Malik also recommenced offensive warfare against Byzantium, defeating the Byzantines at Sebastopolis and recovering control over Armenia and Caucasian Iberia.
Caliph Abdul Malik also acquired many new lands under his reign. In the year 700 he sent an expedition to East Africa to add Mogadishu (located in present-day Somalia) to the caliphate. The Muslim army was led by General Musa ibn Umar al-Khath'ami, the Syrian who not only expanded into Mogadishu and it's environs, but also Swahili island Kilwa. The objectives given to Musa ibn Umar were identical to those given to other Muslim commandors, to teach the Quran, secure the taxation or tribute, to protect and safeguard the security of the country and to affirm it's loyalty to the capital of the Umayyads in Damascus.
Following Abd al-Malik's death, his son, Al-Walid I (705–715), became caliph. Al-Walid was also active as a builder, sponsoring the construction of Al-Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina and the Great Mosque of Damascus.
During the reign of al-Walid, the Umayyads conquered nearly the entirety of the Iberian Peninsula (except for the northernmost Christian kingdom of Asturias) under the military leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad (whose name gives rise to 'Gibraltar' – Jabal Tariq, or 'Mountain of Tariq') and Musa ibn Nusayr from 711–716 CE, decimating the preceding Visigothic Kingdom of Spain. In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh and conquered both Sindh and the lower Punjab (corresponding to Multan), both regions in northwestern India straddling the course of the Indus River. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate, yielding roughly 60 million dirhams according to the Arab historian al-Baladhuri (not including the taxes, levies and duties imposed on the rich trading outposts of Sindh on the Indian Ocean routes). Finally, the commander Qutayba ibn Muslim conquered the wealthy and strategic Central Asian cities of Bukhara, Samarkand, Khwarezem and Farghana between 705 and 715 CE, annexing nearly the whole of Transoxiana north of the Iranian plateau and bordering the contemporary Tang dynasty of China. The conquests of Transoxiana, Sindh and Hispania accrued a massive amount of war spoils for the Caliphate, akin in value to the total value of the conquests achieved by the Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab. By this point, the Caliphate stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River.
A major figure during the reigns of both al-Walid and Abd al-Malik was the Umayyad governor of Iraq, Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef. Many Iraqis remained resistant to Umayyad rule, and to maintain order al-Hajjaj imported Syrian troops, which he housed in a new garrison town, Wasit. These troops became crucial in the suppression of a revolt led by an Iraqi general, Ibn al-Ash'ath, in the early eighth century.
Al-Walid was succeeded by his brother, Sulayman (715–717), whose reign was dominated by a protracted siege of Constantinople. The failure of the siege marked the end of serious Arab ambitions against the Byzantine capital. However, the first two decades of the eighth century witnessed the continuing expansion of the Caliphate, which pushed into the Iberian Peninsula
Umayyad Caliphate