The kingdom of Fazughli was located between the sultanate of Sennar and the Ethiopian empire, serving as a buffer between these two states.
Africanist Alessandro Triulzi describes the approximate extension of the kingdom as follows: 
to the east it included the Gumuz country between Gallabat and the Blue Nile, with its centre at Gubba; to the west it included the Burun country with its centre at Jebel Gule, whose realm was said to have extended as far south as Kaffa in southern Ethiopia, and to the south it included mostly the Bertha country along the gold-bearing Tumat valley down to Fadasi at the outskirts of the Oromo-inhabited territory.

 Its territory would have been inhabited predominantly  by speakers of Eastern Sudanic languages.
According to Spaulding, it maintained the Christian faith, at least among the ruling Alodian elite.
According to him, this Alodian elite would become known as the Hamaj, but it also might be possible that it was in fact the bulk of the Fazughlian population that constituted the Hamaj.

Fazughli was famous for its gold.
A Portuguese source from 1607 states that it had "much fine gold and good horses exchanging trade with the (Ethiopian) empire."
Another one published in 1622 records that "(...) it is certain fact, as everyone says and Emperor Seltan Cagued (Susenyos) has told me, that the finest gold in all his lands is from the kingdom of Fazcolo".
It would have been its gold, however, that caught the attention of its neighbors,  and both Ethiopia and Sennar would make periodic, but yet mostly ungrounded claims that Fazughli's gold fields were in their respective domains.
Nevertheless, the period from the late 15th to early 17th century would have been a troubled one for the Ethiopian-Sudanse borderlands, as is reflected by the "Jebel Mahadid tradition" settlements, which were not only located on naturally defended positions, but were also protected by additional defensive systems.
The Hamaj are recorded to have been involved in the Abyssinian–Adal war, being allied to the people of Shire in northern Ethiopia, near Kassala.
During the reign of sultan Dakin (1568-1585) there was said to be an expedition to Abu Ramlah, just south of Mahadid.
Dakin was defeated and when he returned to Sennar he was confronted with Ajib, an ambitious minor prince of northern Nubia.
First Ajib acquired greater autonomy, then he eventually vassalized the Funj sultans and finally, in 1606, he invaded the Gezira and pushed the current sultan, Abd al-Qadir II, into Ethiopia.
An oral tradition recalls that Ajib founded several mosques in what would have been Fazughlian territory, which, if the tradition is accurate, might suggest a Fazughlian involvement in the power struggle between Ajib and Sennar, possibly by taking sides with Ajib.
If an intrusion of Ajib's forces into Fazughlian territory occurred it would have been of short duration, without lasting consequences.
Ajib was eventually killed in battle in 1611–1612.

In 1615, Fazughli is said to have been conquered by the Ethiopian emperor Susenyos,  which, according to Spaulding, resulted in the loss of its independence.
Mahadid is attested to have been destroyed in the 16th or early 17th century, which can possibly be attributed to the Ethiopians or the Funj.
The Ethiopian emperors attempted to integrate Fazughli into the realm, but within seventy years, with the death of Emperor Yohannes I, Ethiopia had lost control over Fazughli.
With the decline of Ethiopian influence Sennar attempted to fill the vacuum.
In 1685 "the Hameg princelings of Fazughli" were subdued by Sennar.
The kingdom of Fazughli was located between the sultanate of Sennar and the Ethiopian empire, serving as a buffer between these two states. Africanist Alessandro Triulzi describes the approximate extension of the kingdom as follows: 
to the east it included the Gumuz country between Gallabat and the Blue Nile, with its centre at Gubba; to the west it included the Burun country with its centre at Jebel Gule, whose realm was said to have extended as far south as Kaffa in southern Ethiopia, and to the south it included mostly the Bertha country along the gold-bearing Tumat valley down to Fadasi at the outskirts of the Oromo-inhabited territory.
 Its territory would have been inhabited predominantly  by speakers of Eastern Sudanic languages. According to Spaulding, it maintained the Christian faith, at least among the ruling Alodian elite. According to him, this Alodian elite would become known as the Hamaj, but it also might be possible that it was in fact the bulk of the Fazughlian population that constituted the Hamaj. 
Fazughli was famous for its gold. A Portuguese source from 1607 states that it had "much fine gold and good horses exchanging trade with the (Ethiopian) empire." Another one published in 1622 records that "(...) it is certain fact, as everyone says and Emperor Seltan Cagued (Susenyos) has told me, that the finest gold in all his lands is from the kingdom of Fazcolo". It would have been its gold, however, that caught the attention of its neighbors,  and both Ethiopia and Sennar would make periodic, but yet mostly ungrounded claims that Fazughli's gold fields were in their respective domains. Nevertheless, the period from the late 15th to early 17th century would have been a troubled one for the Ethiopian-Sudanse borderlands, as is reflected by the "Jebel Mahadid tradition" settlements, which were not only located on naturally defended positions, but were also protected by additional defensive systems. The Hamaj are recorded to have been involved in the Abyssinian–Adal war, being allied to the people of Shire in northern Ethiopia, near Kassala. During the reign of sultan Dakin (1568-1585) there was said to be an expedition to Abu Ramlah, just south of Mahadid. Dakin was defeated and when he returned to Sennar he was confronted with Ajib, an ambitious minor prince of northern Nubia. First Ajib acquired greater autonomy, then he eventually vassalized the Funj sultans and finally, in 1606, he invaded the Gezira and pushed the current sultan, Abd al-Qadir II, into Ethiopia. An oral tradition recalls that Ajib founded several mosques in what would have been Fazughlian territory, which, if the tradition is accurate, might suggest a Fazughlian involvement in the power struggle between Ajib and Sennar, possibly by taking sides with Ajib. If an intrusion of Ajib's forces into Fazughlian territory occurred it would have been of short duration, without lasting consequences. Ajib was eventually killed in battle in 1611–1612.
In 1615, Fazughli is said to have been conquered by the Ethiopian emperor Susenyos,  which, according to Spaulding, resulted in the loss of its independence. Mahadid is attested to have been destroyed in the 16th or early 17th century, which can possibly be attributed to the Ethiopians or the Funj. The Ethiopian emperors attempted to integrate Fazughli into the realm, but within seventy years, with the death of Emperor Yohannes I, Ethiopia had lost control over Fazughli. With the decline of Ethiopian influence Sennar attempted to fill the vacuum. In 1685 "the Hameg princelings of Fazughli" were subdued by Sennar.
Kingdom of Fazughli