Boucheron was an assistant professor in medieval history at his alma mater, the ENS, from 1994 to 1999.
He was associate professor of history at the University of Paris from 1999 to 2012, and full professor from 2012 to 2016.
He has been a professor of history at the Collège de France since 2016.

Boucheron has served on the editorial board of L'Histoire since 1999.
He was also a junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France from 2004 to 2009.
He has been the chairman of the advisory board of the École française de Rome since 2005.
He is on the editorial board of the L'Univers Historique collection of the Éditions du Seuil, a French publisher, and he is a contributor to France Culture, a French radio station.
He regularly attends the Banquet du livre, an annual book festival in Lagrasse.

Boucheron is the author or co-author of 12 books and or the editor or co-editor of 5 books.
His first book, Le pouvoir de bâtir : urbanisme et politique édilitaire à Milan (XIVe-XVe siècles), was his PhD thesis.
Out of the many books he edited, Le mot qui tue.
Une histoire des violences intellectuelles de l'Antiquité à nos jours, is about the use of words to wound others.
His inaugural address before the Collège de France, Ce que peut l’histoire, was published as a book in 2016.

In 2017, Boucheron edited Histoire mondiale de la France (Global History of France), co-written by 122 historians.
The book presents an account of French history from an international perspective; for example, it includes the 1973 Chilean coup d'état as part of French history.
The book's release coincided with the 2017 French presidential election, although it is not explicitly political.
Histoire mondiale de la France became a best-seller, and was positively reviewed by left-leaning outlets such as Le Monde and Libération, while being attacked by right-leaning outlets and conservative intellectuals.
It was dismissed by Eric Zemmour, who described it as "historically correct".
François-Xavier Bellamy criticised the book for not defining France within its borders and sovereign prerogative.
Alain Finkielkraut criticized it for not to mentioning French literature.
Boucheron was an assistant professor in medieval history at his alma mater, the ENS, from 1994 to 1999. He was associate professor of history at the University of Paris from 1999 to 2012, and full professor from 2012 to 2016. He has been a professor of history at the Collège de France since 2016.
Boucheron has served on the editorial board of L'Histoire since 1999. He was also a junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France from 2004 to 2009. He has been the chairman of the advisory board of the École française de Rome since 2005. He is on the editorial board of the L'Univers Historique collection of the Éditions du Seuil, a French publisher, and he is a contributor to France Culture, a French radio station. He regularly attends the Banquet du livre, an annual book festival in Lagrasse.
Boucheron is the author or co-author of 12 books and or the editor or co-editor of 5 books. His first book, Le pouvoir de bâtir : urbanisme et politique édilitaire à Milan (XIVe-XVe siècles), was his PhD thesis. Out of the many books he edited, Le mot qui tue. Une histoire des violences intellectuelles de l'Antiquité à nos jours, is about the use of words to wound others. His inaugural address before the Collège de France, Ce que peut l’histoire, was published as a book in 2016.
In 2017, Boucheron edited Histoire mondiale de la France (Global History of France), co-written by 122 historians. The book presents an account of French history from an international perspective; for example, it includes the 1973 Chilean coup d'état as part of French history. The book's release coincided with the 2017 French presidential election, although it is not explicitly political. Histoire mondiale de la France became a best-seller, and was positively reviewed by left-leaning outlets such as Le Monde and Libération, while being attacked by right-leaning outlets and conservative intellectuals. It was dismissed by Eric Zemmour, who described it as "historically correct". François-Xavier Bellamy criticised the book for not defining France within its borders and sovereign prerogative. Alain Finkielkraut criticized it for not to mentioning French literature.
Patrick Boucheron