where did a city of the middle ages obtain drinking water
Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States
Centralized water and sanitation infrastructure is typically financed through utilities ' own revenue or debt . Debt can be in the form of soft loans from State Revolving Funds ( SRF ) , credits from commercial Banks or -- in the case of large utilities -- from bonds issued directly in the capital market . In the case of water supply ( i.e. excluding sanitation ) , 42 % of investments were financed by private sector borrowing , 39 % by current revenues , 13 % by government loans including the Drinking Water SRF , 5 % by government grants and 1 % from other sources . Although federal funding for the main of the two SRFs has declined in real terms by 70 % between its peak in 1991 and 2006 , SRFs play an important role in financing water and sanitation investments . There are two SRFs : The larger Clean Water State Revolving Fund , created in 1987 , and the smaller Drinking Water State Revolving Fund , created in 1997 . They receive federal and state contributions and issue bonds . In turn , they provide soft loans to utilities in their respective states , with average interest rates at 2 % for up to 20 years in the case of the Clean Water State Revolving Fund . In addition to the SRFs , the United States Department of Agriculture provides grants , loans and loan guarantees for water supply and sanitation in small communities ( those with less than 10,000 inhabitants ) , together with technical assistance and training .
Centralized water and sanitation infrastructure is typically financed through utilities ' own revenue or debt . Debt can be in the form of soft loans from State Revolving Funds ( SRF ) , credits from commercial Banks or -- in the case of large utilities -- from bonds issued directly in the capital market . In the case of water supply ( i.e. excluding sanitation ) , 42 % of investments were financed by private sector borrowing , 39 % by current revenues , 13 % by government loans including the Drinking Water SRF , 5 % by government grants and 1 % from other sources . Although federal funding for the main of the two SRFs has declined in real terms by 70 % between its peak in 1991 and 2006 , SRFs play an important role in financing water and sanitation investments . There are two SRFs : The larger Clean Water State Revolving Fund , created in 1987 , and the smaller Drinking Water State Revolving Fund , created in 1997 . They receive federal and state contributions and issue bonds . In turn , they provide soft loans to utilities in their respective states , with average interest rates at 2 % for up to 20 years in the case of the Clean Water State Revolving Fund . In addition to the SRFs , the United States Department of Agriculture provides grants , loans and loan guarantees for water supply and sanitation in small communities ( those with less than 10,000 inhabitants ) , together with technical assistance and training .