Ihuriro ry’ubukungu n’amafaranga
Ihuriro ry’ubukungu n’ifaranga ( economic and monetary union, EMU ) ni ubwoko bw’ubucuruzi bugizwe n’isoko rusange, ihuriro rya gasutamo, n’ubumwe bw’amafaranga . EMU yashyizweho binyuze mu masezerano y’ubucuruzi, EMU igizwe na gatandatu mu byiciro birindwi mu nzira yo kwishyira hamwe mu bukungu . Amasezerano ya EMU m'ubisanzwe ahuza ubumwe bwa gasutamo nisoko rusange. Ubusanzwe EMU ishyiraho ubucuruzi bw'ubuntu n'igiciro rusange cyo hanze mububasha bwacyo. Yagenewe kandi kurengera ubwisanzure mu kugenda kw'ibicuruzwa, serivisi, n'abantu. Iyi gahunda itandukanye n’ubumwe bw’amafaranga (urugero, Ubumwe bw’amafaranga y’ikilatini ), ubusanzwe ntabwo bukubiyemo isoko rusange. Kimwe n’ubumwe bw’ubukungu n’amafaranga bwashyizweho mu bihugu 27 bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EU), EMU irashobora kugira ingaruka ku bice bitandukanye by’ububasha bwayo mu buryo butandukanye. Uturere tumwe na tumwe tugengwa n’amabwiriza ya gasutamo n’utundi turere tugengwa na EMU. Izi gahunda zitandukanye zirashobora gushirwaho mumasezerano yemewe, cyangwa zirashobora kubaho m'ubyukuri . Kurugero, ntabwo ibihugu byose bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bikoresha amayero yashyizweho n’ubumwe bw’ifaranga, kandi ntabwo ibihugu byose bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi biri mu gace ka Schengen . Bamwe mu bagize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi bitabira ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe yombi, ndetse na bamwe muri bo.

Amateka 
Ibihugu byinshi byabanje kugerageza gushinga EMU mu nama y'i La Haye muri 1969. Nyuma, hatangajwe umushinga wa gahunda. Muri icyo gihe, umunyamuryango nyamukuru wayoboye iki cyemezo ni Pierre Werner, Minisitiri w’intebe wa Luxembourg .  Icyemezo cyo gushinga Umuryango w’ubukungu n’ifaranga ry’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ( EMU ) cyakiriwe mu December 1991, nyuma kiza kuba kimwe mu masezerano ya Maastricht ( Amasezerano y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ).

Urutonde rwamashyirahamwe yubukungu nifaranga 

 Ihuriro ry’ubukungu n’ifaranga ry’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ( EMU ) ( 1999/2002 ) hamwe na Euro ku banyamuryango ba Eurozone
 de facto ibihugu byigenga muri OECS Ihuriro ry’ifaranga ry’iburasirazuba bwa Karayibe hamwe n’idolari rya Karayibe y’iburasirazuba muri CSME ( 2006 ) 
 mu byukuri Ubusuwisi - Liechtenstein

Basabye

EMU zabanje 

 Ihuriro ry’ifaranga ry’Ububiligi - Luxembourg Union Union (1922–2002), ryasimbuwe na EMU y’Uburayi.

Reba kandi 

 Ubumwe bw’Amerika y'Amajyaruguru hamwe n’ubumwe bw’amafaranga yo muri Amerika y'Amajyaruguru (Amero) 
 Ubumwe bwa Pasifika (icyifuzo kimwe ku madorari ya Ositarariya )

Reba

Ibindi gusoma 

 Acocella, N. na Di Bartolomeo , G. na Tirelli, P.
 978-0865976658

Ihuza ryo hanze 

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 Reta zunzubumwe za Afrika yepfo?
 Intambwe yambere ya Afrika yuburasirazuba igana ubumwe
 Afurika y'Iburengerazuba ihitamo ubumwe bw'ifaranga
 Ibihugu by'Ikigobe bihatira ifaranga rimwe
 'Inyungu ntarengwa' ziva mu kigobe cy'ifaranga rimwe
 Ese ibihugu bya Mercosur bikora ahantu heza h'ifaranga? [ <span title="Dead link tagged August 2019">ihuriro rihoraho</span> ]
 Arijantine irateganya ubumwe bw’amafaranga
 Economist - Amafaranga ya Antipode (Australiya na Nouvelle-Zélande)
 Ibitekerezo bitatu ku ihuriro ry’ifaranga rya Australiya
 Impamvu zo gusenyuka kwa Ruble
 Mugushakisha "Ruble Zone"
 OECD Iterambere Ikigo - Rand Zone
 Ifaranga rimwe rya Afrika mugihe cacu?
 Afurika y'Epfo irasaba kwemeza amafaranga nk'ifaranga ry'agateganyo rya SADC
Ubucuruzi