Umutingito
Umutingito (uzwi kandi nka nyamugigima, guhinda umushyitsi cyangwa temblor) ni kunyeganyega hejuru yisi biturutse ku irekurwa ritunguranye ryingufu muri lithosifike yisi itera imivumba yibiza. Umutingito urashobora kuba mwinshi, uhereye ku ntege nke ku buryo udashobora kwiyumvamo, kugeza ku bagizi ba nabi ku buryo basunika ibintu n'abantu mu kirere, kwangiza ibikorwa remezo bikomeye, no gusenya imijyi yose. Igikorwa cya nyamugigima cyakarere ni inshuro, ubwoko, nubunini bwa nyamugigima byabaye mugihe runaka. Umutingito uri ahantu runaka ku isi ni igipimo mpuzandengo cyo kurekura ingufu za seisimike ku bunini bwa buri gice. Ijambo guhinda umushyitsi rikoreshwa no mu gutontoma kw’imitingito itari nyamugigima.Ku isi, umutingito wigaragaza mu kunyeganyega no kwimura cyangwa guhungabanya isi. Iyo umutingito w’umutingito munini uherereye ku nkombe, inyanja irashobora kwimurwa bihagije kugirango itere tsunami. Umutingito urashobora kandi gutera inkangu.Mubisanzwe muri rusange, ijambo umutingito rikoreshwa mugusobanura ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose cy’ibiza - cyaba ari icyiza cyangwa cyatewe n'abantu - kibyara imivumba y’imitingito. Umutingito uterwa ahanini no guturika kw'amakosa ya geologiya ariko nanone biterwa n'ibindi bikorwa nk'ibikorwa by'ibirunga, inkangu, ibisasu biturika, n'ibizamini bya kirimbuzi. Ahantu umutingito watangiriye kwitwa hypocenter cyangwa intumbero. Umutingito ni ingingo ku butaka hejuru ya hypocenter.

Mubisanzwe bibaho umutingito

Ubwoko butatu bw'amakosa:

A. Gukubita-kunyerera

B. Bisanzwe

C. Hindura

Umutingito wa Tectonic ubera ahantu hose ku isi ahari ingufu zihagije zibitswe kugirango zivemo ibice byindege. Impande zamakosa zinyura hagati yazo neza na aseism gusa mugihe ntakosa cyangwa asperies hejuru yikosa ryongera ubukana bwo guterana amagambo. Ahantu henshi hagaragara amakosa afite asperities, biganisha muburyo bwimyitwarire-inkoni. Ikosa rimaze gufunga, gukomeza kugenda ugereranije hagati yisahani biganisha ku kongera imihangayiko, bityo, kubika imbaraga zingutu mubunini buzengurutse hejuru yikosa. Ibi birakomeza kugeza igihe imihangayiko yazamutse bihagije kugirango icike muri asperity, mu buryo butunguranye yemerera kunyerera hejuru yugarije ikosa, irekura ingufu zabitswe. [1] Izi mbaraga zirekurwa nk'uruvange rw'imirasire y’imirasire y’imishwarara, [2] gushyushya ubushyuhe hejuru y’ikosa, no guturika urutare, bityo bigatera umutingito. Iyi nzira yo kwiyongera buhoro buhoro imihangayiko hamwe nihungabana biterwa no kunanirwa gutunguranye kwa nyamugigima bitunguranye byitwa ko ari elastique-rebound. Bigereranijwe ko 10 ku ijana cyangwa munsi y’ingufu zose z’umutingito zikwirakwizwa nk’ingufu z’ibiza. Ingufu nyinshi zumutingito zikoreshwa mugukomeza imvune zumutingito cyangwa guhinduka mubushyuhe buterwa no guterana amagambo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umutingito ugabanya ingufu zishobora kubaho ku isi kandi zikanazamura ubushyuhe bwazo, nubwo izo mpinduka ari ntangere ugereranije n’ubushyuhe bwo gutwara no gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe buva mu nda y’isi. [3]

Ubwoko bw'imitingito 
Ingingo nyamukuru: Ikosa (geologiya)

Hariho ubwoko butatu bwingenzi bwamakosa, yose ashobora gutera umutingito hagati: ibisanzwe, guhindukira (gutera), no kunyerera. Ikosa risanzwe kandi risubira inyuma ni ingero zo kwibira-kunyerera, aho kwimuka kuruhande rwikosa riri mu cyerekezo cyo kwibira kandi aho kugenda kuri bo birimo igice gihagaritse. Imitingito myinshi iterwa no kugenda ku makosa afite ibice byombi byo kunyerera no kunyerera; ibi bizwi nka kunyerera. Igice cyo hejuru, cyoroshye igice cyubutaka bwisi, hamwe nibisate bikonje byibyapa bya tectonic bimanuka mumyanya ishyushye, nibice byonyine byisi yacu ishobora kubika ingufu za elastique ikayirekura mugihe cyacitse. Urutare rushyushye kurenza 300 ° C (572 ° F) rutemba rusubiza ibibazo; ntibaturika mu nyamugigima. [4] [5] Uburebure ntarengwa bwagaragaye bwo guturika no gushushanya amakarita (ashobora gucika mu guturika kamwe) ni kilometero 1.000 (620 mi). Ingero ni nyamugigima muri Alaska (1957), Chili (1960), na Sumatra (2004), byose biri muri subduction. Umutingito muremure waturitse ku makosa yo kunyerera, nka San Andreas Fault (1857, 1906), Ikosa rya Anatoliya y'Amajyaruguru muri Turukiya (1939), na Denali Fault muri Alaska (2002), ni kimwe cya kabiri kugeza kuri kimwe cya gatatu mu gihe kingana uburebure bujyanye no kugabanura isahani, hamwe nibisanzwe amakosa ni make.

Amakosa asanzwe 
Amakosa asanzwe abaho cyane cyane aho uduce twaguwe nkurubibi rutandukanye. Umutingito ujyanye namakosa asanzwe muri rusange ntabwo ari munsi yubunini bwa 7. Ubunini ntarengwa ku makosa menshi asanzwe burarenze ndetse kubera ko inyinshi muri zo ziherereye ku bigo bikwirakwiza, nko muri Isilande, aho umubyimba w’igice cyacitse ufite kilometero esheshatu gusa (3.7) mi). imitingito

 
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