Kaminuza ya Michigan
Kaminuza ya Michigan ( UM, UMich, cyangwa Michigan ) ni kaminuza y’ubushakashatsi rusange muri Ann Arbor, muri Leta ya Michigan . Yashinzwe mu 1817 nigikorwa cyakarere ka kera ka Michigan, nka Catholepistemiad, cyangwa kaminuza ya Michigania, imyaka 20 mbere yuko ifasi iba leta, iyi kaminuza niyo ya kera cyane ya Michigan.Ikigo cyimuriwe muri Ann Arbor mu 1837 40 acres (16 ha) y'ibyitwa Centre Nkuru, akarere k’amateka muri Amerika . Iyi kaminuza iyobowe n’inama y’ubutegetsi yatowe itisunze leta kuva mu 1850, igihe itegeko nshinga rya kabiri ry’igihugu ryatangizwaga ku mugaragaro. 

Iyi kaminuza igizwe na kaminuza cumi n'icyenda kandi itanga porogaramu z'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza, icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza ndetse n'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza. Michigan ifite amashuri icyenda yabigize umwuga: Ishuri Rikuru ry’Ubwubatsi n’Igenamigambi rya Taubman, Ishuri ry’Ubucuruzi rya Ross, Ishuri ry’Ubuvuzi, Ishuri ry’amategeko, Ishuri rya Politiki rya Leta, Ishuri Rikuru rya Farumasi, Ishuri ry’Imibereho Myiza, Ishuri ry’Ubuzima rusange, n’ishuri ry’amenyo. Ifatanya na kaminuza ebyiri zo mu karere ziherereye muri Flint na Dearborn (buri kaminuza yemerewe gutandukana) kandi ikora ikigo giherereye i Detroit . Michigan ibarizwamo n’umuryango ushaje cyane w’amategeko mu gihugu, ubuvandimwe mpuzamahanga bw’inzobere mu kuvura amenyo, kera cyane bukomeza ibitaro bya kaminuza ndetse na laboratoire imaze igihe kinini y’ubushakashatsi butandukanye mu bumenyi rusange.

Michigan yabaye ikigo cyigisha kuva 1871. Iyi kaminuza yiyandikisha ni abanyeshuri bagera ku 32,000 barangije ndetse n’abanyeshuri 16,000 barangije.  Kwinjira muri kaminuza byashyizwe mu byiciro "byatoranijwe cyane."  Hafi ya kimwe cya kabiri cy'abanyeshuri baturuka muri leta. Abanyeshuri mpuzamahanga baturutse mu bihugu bigera ku 130 bangana na 15 ku ijana by'abanyeshuri bose.

Indanganturo 

Michigan
Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika