Ubutrenganzira bw'abana
Uburenganzira bw'abana cyangwa uburenganzira bw'abana ni agace k'uburenganzira bwa muntu hitawe cyane cyane ku burenganzira bwo kurengera no kwita ku bana bato. [1] Amasezerano yo mu 1989 yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana (CRC) asobanura ko umwana ari "umuntu uwo ari we wese uri munsi y’imyaka cumi n'umunani, keretse iyo amategeko akurikizwa ku mwana, benshi babigeraho mbere." [2] Uburenganzira bw'abana bukubiyemo uburenganzira bwabo gufatanya n'ababyeyi bombi, indangamuntu kimwe n'ibikenerwa by'ibanze mu kurinda umubiri, ibiryo, uburezi buhembwa na Leta, ubuvuzi, n'amategeko mpanabyaha akwiranye n'imyaka n'iterambere ry'umwana, kurengera kimwe uburenganzira bw'umwana, n'umudendezo wo kuvangura hashingiwe ku bwoko bw'umwana, igitsina, icyerekezo cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina, indangamuntu, inkomoko y'igihugu, idini, ubumuga, ibara, ubwoko, cyangwa ibindi biranga.

Gusobanura uburenganzira 

Uburenganzira bw'abana bitangirira ku kwemerera abana ubushobozi bwo gukora ibikorwa byigenga kugeza ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'abana badafite ihohoterwa ku mubiri, mu bwenge no mu marangamutima, nubwo icyo ari cyo "ihohoterwa" ari ikibazo cy'impaka. Ibindi bisobanuro birimo uburenganzira bwo kwita no kurera. Nta bisobanuro by'andi magambo akoreshwa mu gusobanura urubyiruko nka "ingimbi", "ingimbi", cyangwa "urubyiruko" mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, [4] ariko umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'abana ufatwa nk'utandukanye n'umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'urubyiruko. Urwego rw'uburenganzira bw'abana rurimo amategeko, politiki, idini, n'imyitwarire.

Gutsindishirizwa 
Umuhungu ukora nka "umuhungu w'isaha" mumihanda ya Merida, Mexico

Hariho amategeko menshi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, haba mu masezerano ndetse n '' amategeko yoroshye ', haba muri rusange no ku mwana, yemera imiterere itandukanye n’ibisabwa abana. [Abana], bitewe n’intege nke zabo n’akamaro kabo nk’igihe kizaza, bafite uburenganzira bwo kuvurwa bidasanzwe muri rusange, kandi, mu bihe by’akaga, bagashyirwa imbere mu kubona ubufasha n’uburinzi.

- Jenny Kuper, Amategeko mpuzamahanga yerekeye abasivili b'abana mu ntambara yitwaje intwaro (1997, Itangazamakuru rya Clarendon)

Nkabana bato n amategeko, abana ntibafite ubwigenge cyangwa uburenganzira bwo kwifatira ibyemezo ubwabo mubutegetsi buzwi bwisi. Ahubwo abarezi babo bakuze, barimo ababyeyi, abashinzwe imibereho myiza y'abaturage, abarimu, abakozi b'urubyiruko, n'abandi, bahabwa ubwo bubasha, bitewe n'ibihe. Bamwe bemeza ko iyi miterere iha abana ubushobozi budahagije ku mibereho yabo kandi bigatuma batagira intege nke. Louis Althusser yageze aho asobanura iyi mashini zemewe n'amategeko, kuko zireba abana, nk "" ibikoresho bya leta bikandamiza ".

Inzego nka politiki ya leta zakozwe na bamwe mu batanga ibitekerezo kugira ngo bahishe uburyo abantu bakuru bahohotera no gukoresha abana, bikaviramo ubukene bw'abana, kubura amahirwe yo kwiga, n'imirimo ikoreshwa abana. Kuri iki gitekerezo, abana bagomba gufatwa nkitsinda rito abantu bakeneye kugira ngo bongere gutekereza ku myitwarire yabo.

Ubushakashatsi 
Abashakashatsi bagaragaje ko abana bakeneye kumenyekana nk'abagize uruhare muri sosiyete bafite uburenganzira n'inshingano bigomba kumenyekana mu myaka yose.

Ibisobanuro byamateka byuburenganzira bwabana

Umukobwa wa Farawo agirira impuhwe Mose mu gitebo kireremba. (Abana b'Abaheburayo bari barategetswe kwicwa na se.)

Sir William Blackstone (1765-9) yemeye imirimo itatu y'ababyeyi ku mwana: kubungabunga, kurinda, no kwiga. Mu mvugo igezweho, umwana afite uburenganzira bwo kubakira kubabyeyi.

Umuryango w’ibihugu wemeje Itangazo ry’i Jeneve ry’uburenganzira bw’umwana (1924), ryagaragaje uburenganzira bw’umwana bwo kubona ibisabwa kugira ngo akure neza, uburenganzira bw’umwana ushonje kugaburirwa, uburenganzira bw’umwana urwaye bwo kubona ubuzima ubwitonzi, uburenganzira bw'umwana wasigaye gusubizwa, uburenganzira bw'imfubyi zo kubamo, n'uburenganzira bwo gukingirwa gukoreshwa.

Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku burenganzira bwa muntu (1948) mu ngingo ya 25 (2) ryemeje ko umubyeyi n’umwana akeneye "kurengera no gufashwa bidasanzwe" n’uburenganzira bw’abana bose "kurengera imibereho".

Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeje Itangazo ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku burenganzira bw’umwana (1959), ryashyizeho amahame icumi yo kurengera uburenganzira bw’abana, harimo n’uburenganzira rusange, uburenganzira bwo kurindwa bidasanzwe, n’uburenganzira bwo gukingirwa ivangura. , mu bundi burenganzira.

Ubwumvikane buke mu gusobanura uburenganzira bw’abana bwarushijeho kugaragara mu myaka mirongo itanu ishize. Igitabo cyo mu 1973 cyanditswe na Hillary Clinton (icyo gihe wari umwunganira) cyavuze ko uburenganzira bw'abana ari "interuro ikeneye ibisobanuro". Nk’uko abashakashatsi bamwe babivuga, igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bw’abana ntikirasobanurwa neza, byibuze umwe avuga ko nta bisobanuro byemewe cyangwa inyigisho imwe y’uburenganzira ifitwe n’abana. [16]

Amategeko y’uburenganzira bw’abana asobanurwa nk ingingo aho amategeko ahuza ubuzima bwumwana. Ibyo bikubiyemo ubugizi bwa nabi bw’abana, inzira ikwiye ku bana bagize uruhare mu butabera mpanabyaha, kubahagararira bikwiye, na serivisi zita ku buzima busanzwe; kwita no kurengera abana barera leta; kwita ku burezi ku bana bose hatitawe ku bwoko bwabo, igitsina, icyerekezo cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina, indangamuntu, inkomoko y'igihugu, idini, ubumuga, ibara, ubwoko, cyangwa ibindi biranga, kandi; ubuvuzi no kunganira.

Ibyiciro 
Abana bafite ubwoko bubiri bwuburenganzira bwa muntu hakurikijwe amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Bafite uburenganzira rusange bw’ikiremwamuntu nk’abantu bakuru, nubwo uburenganzira bwa muntu, nk’uburenganzira bwo gushyingirwa, businzira kugeza bageze mu za bukuru, Icya kabiri, bafite uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu bukenewe mu kubarinda mu gihe gito. ] Uburenganzira rusange bukorera mu bwana burimo uburenganzira bw’umutekano w’umuntu, umudendezo wo gufatwa nabi n’ubumuntu, ubugome, cyangwa gutesha agaciro, n’uburenganzira bwo kurindwa bidasanzwe mu bwana. By'umwihariko uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abana harimo, mu bindi burenganzira, uburenganzira bwo kubaho, uburenganzira ku izina, uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibitekerezo bye mu bibazo bireba umwana, uburenganzira bwo kwisanzura mu bitekerezo, umutimanama n’idini, uburenganzira bwo kwivuza , uburenganzira bwo gukingirwa mu bukungu no mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, n'uburenganzira bwo kwiga.

Uburenganzira bw'abana busobanurwa muburyo butandukanye, harimo n'uburenganzira butandukanye bw'abaturage, politiki, ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco. Uburenganzira bukunda kuba muburyo bubiri: abunganira abana nkabantu bigenga bakurikiza amategeko nabatanga ikirego muri societe kugirango bakingire ibibi byakorewe abana kubera ko batunzwe. Ibi byashyizweho nk'uburenganzira bwo kongererwa imbaraga n'uburenganzira bwo kurindwa.

Ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ryigisha abana ryashyize mu bikorwa uburenganzira buvugwa mu Masezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana nka "3 Zab": Gutanga, Kurengera, no Kugira uruhare. Bashobora gusobanurwa gutya:

Ibiteganijwe: Abana bafite uburenganzira bwo kubaho neza, ubuzima, uburezi na serivisi, no gukina no kwidagadura. Ibi birimo indyo yuzuye, uburiri bushyushye bwo kuryama, no kubona amashuri.

Kurinda: Abana bafite uburenganzira bwo kurinda ihohoterwa, kutitabwaho, gukoreshwa no kuvangura. Ibi birimo uburenganzira bwahantu hizewe abana bakinira; imyubakire yubaka abana yubaka, no kwemeza ubushobozi bwabana.

Uburenganzira 
Abana bafite uburenganzira bwo kwitabira abaturage kandi bafite gahunda na serivisi ubwabo. Ibi birimo uruhare rwabana mumasomero na gahunda zabaturage, ibikorwa byijwi ryurubyiruko, no kugira uruhare mubana nkabafata ibyemezo.

Mu buryo busa, umuyoboro mpuzamahanga uharanira uburenganzira bw'umwana (CRIN) ushyira uburenganzira mu matsinda abiri: [22] [23]

Uburenganzira mu bukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, bujyanye n’ibihe bikenewe kugira ngo abantu babone ibyo bakeneye nk’ibiribwa, aho kuba, uburezi, ubuvuzi, n’akazi keza. Harimo n'uburenganzira ku burezi, amazu ahagije, ibiryo, amazi, urwego rwo hejuru rw’ubuzima rushoboka, uburenganzira bwo gukora n’uburenganzira ku kazi, ndetse n’uburenganzira bw’umuco bw’abantu bake n’abasangwabutaka.

Uburenganzira ku bidukikije, umuco n’iterambere, rimwe na rimwe byitwa "uburenganzira bwo mu gisekuru cya gatatu", kandi harimo n’uburenganzira bwo gutura ahantu hizewe kandi hafite ubuzima bwiza kandi ko amatsinda y’abantu afite uburenganzira bwo kwiteza imbere mu muco, politiki, n’ubukungu.

Amnesty International iharanira ku mugaragaro uburenganzira bune bw’abana, harimo no guhagarika ifungwa ry’abana bato nta gufungurwa by’agateganyo, guhagarika kwinjiza mu gisirikare abana, kurangiza igihano cy’urupfu ku bantu bari munsi y’imyaka 21, no gukangurira uburenganzira bwa muntu mu ishuri. ] Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu Human Rights Watch, urimo imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana, ubutabera bw’abana, impfubyi n’abana batereranywe, impunzi, abana bo mu muhanda n’ibihano by’umubiri.

Kwiga intiti muri rusange byibanda kuburenganzira bwabana muguhitamo uburenganzira bwa buri muntu. Uburenganzira bukurikira "butuma abana bakura neza kandi bafite umudendezo": [ukurikije nde?] [24]

Ubwisanzure bwo kuvuga

Ubwisanzure mu bitekerezo

Umudendezo wo gutinya

Ubwisanzure bwo guhitamo n'uburenganzira bwo gufata ibyemezo

Gutunga umubiri wawe

Uburenganzira bw'umubiri

Raporo ya komite ishinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage, ubuzima, n’iterambere rirambye ry’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’Inama y’Uburayi yagaragaje ibice byinshi Komite yari ihangayikishijwe, harimo n’uburyo nka "gutema igitsina gore, gukebwa ku bahungu bato kubera impamvu z’idini, kwivuza hakiri kare mu bwana mu bijyanye n’abana bahuje ibitsina no kuyoboka cyangwa guhatira abana mu gutobora, kwishushanya cyangwa kubaga plastique ". Inteko yemeje imyanzuro idahwitse mu 2013 isaba ibihugu 47 bigize uyu muryango gufata ingamba nyinshi zo guteza imbere ubusugire bw’umubiri bw’abana.

Ingingo ya 19 ya amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana ategeka amashyaka "gufata ingamba zose zikwiye zishinga amategeko, iz'ubutegetsi, imibereho myiza n’uburezi kugira ngo arinde umwana ihohoterwa iryo ari ryo ryose ry’umubiri cyangwa ryo mu mutwe, gukomeretsa cyangwa guhohoterwa, kutita ku bintu cyangwa kwirengagiza, gufata nabi cyangwa gukoreshwa nabi". Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’umwana isobanura ingingo ya 19 ibuza ibihano by’umubiri, igira icyo ivuga ku "nshingano z’ibihugu byose kwihutira kubuza no gukuraho ibihano byose by’umubiri." [28] Komite y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu nayo yasobanuye ingingo 7 mu Masezerano Mpuzamahanga yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu na Politiki abuza "gufata nabi cyangwa guhohotera, ubumuntu cyangwa gutesha agaciro" ibihano ku bana, harimo no guhana abana ku mubiri.

Newell (1993) yavuze ko "... igitutu cyo kurengera ubusugire bw’umubiri bw’abana kigomba kuba kimwe mu bigize igitutu cy’uburenganzira bw’abana." [30]

Komite ishinzwe ibinyabuzima byo mu Ishuri Rikuru ry’Abanyamerika ryita ku bana (AAP) (1997), ishingiye ku Masezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana (1989), yemeza ko "buri mwana agomba kugira amahirwe yo gukura no kwiteza imbere nta burwayi cyangwa ibikomere byakumirwa. "[31]

Ibindi 
, kugura inzoga, gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina, cyangwa gukora akazi gahembwa. Mu muryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'urubyiruko, bemeza ko itandukaniro nyamukuru riri hagati y’uburenganzira bw’abana n’uburenganzira bw’urubyiruko ari uko abaharanira uburenganzira bw’abana muri rusange bashyigikira ishyirwaho n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’uburinzi bw’abana n’urubyiruko, mu gihe uburenganzira bw’urubyiruko (umuryango muto cyane) rushyigikira kwaguka y'ubwisanzure ku bana na / cyangwa urubyiruko n'uburenganzira nko gutora.

Ububasha bw'ababyeyi

Reba kandi

Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'ababyeyi 
Ababyeyi bahabwa imbaraga zihagije zo gusohoza inshingano zabo ku mwana.

Ababyeyi bigira ingaruka mubuzima bwabana muburyo budasanzwe, kandi nkuruhare rwabo muburenganzira bwabana rugomba gutandukanywa muburyo runaka. Ibibazo by’umwihariko mu mibanire y’abana n’ababyeyi harimo kutita ku bana, guhohotera abana, umudendezo wo guhitamo, igihano cy’umubiri no kurera abana. [33] Hariho ibitekerezo byatanzwe biha ababyeyi ibikorwa bishingiye ku burenganzira bikemura amakimbirane hagati y’uburere rusange n’uburenganzira bw’abana. Iki kibazo kirakenewe cyane cyane mu manza zigira ingaruka ku irekurwa ry’abana bato, ndetse no mu gihe abana barega ababyeyi babo.

Uburenganzira bw'umwana ku mibanire n'ababyeyi babo bombi buragenda bumenyekana nk'ikintu gikomeye cyo kumenya inyungu z'umwana mu gutandukana no kurera abana. Guverinoma zimwe na zimwe zashyizeho amategeko ashyiraho igitekerezo kidashidikanywaho ko kurera abana ari inyungu z’abana.

Imipaka yububasha bwababyeyi

Ababyeyi ntabwo bafite imbaraga zuzuye kubana babo. Ababyeyi bagengwa n'amategeko mpanabyaha abuza gutererana, guhohoterwa, no kutita ku bana. Amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ateganya ko kwerekana idini ry’umuntu bishobora kugarukira mu nyungu z’umutekano rusange, kurengera umutekano rusange, ubuzima cyangwa imyitwarire, cyangwa kurengera uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure by’abandi. [19] [38]

Inkiko zashyizeho izindi mbibi kububasha nibikorwa byababyeyi. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Amerika, mu rubanza rw'igikomangoma aburana na Massachusetts, rwemeje ko idini ry'ababyeyi ritemerera umwana gushyira mu kaga. Ba nyir'ubujurire mu Bisanzwe basanze, ku bijyanye na Gillick na West Norfolk na Wisbech Area Health Authority n'ikindi, ko uburenganzira bw'ababyeyi bugabanuka uko imyaka igenda yiyongera ndetse n'ubushobozi bw'umwana, ariko ntibicike burundu kugeza igihe umwana azaba ageze ku bwinshi. Uburenganzira bw'ababyeyi bukomoka ku nshingano z'ababyeyi ku mwana. Mugihe adafite inshingano, nta burenganzira bwababyeyi bubaho. [40] [41] Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Kanada rwemeje, ku byerekeye E (Madamu) na Eva, ko ababyeyi badashobora gutanga uburenganzira bwo gusambanya uburenganzira bwo kuboneza urubyaro. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Kanada rwemeje, mu rubanza B. (R.) aburana na Sosiyete ifasha abana ba Metropolitan Toronto: [43]

Mu gihe nta gushidikanya ko abana bungukirwa n'Amasezerano, cyane cyane mu kurengera uburenganzira bwabo ku buzima no ku mutekano w'umuntu wabo, ntibashobora kwemeza ubwo burenganzira, kandi sosiyete yacu rero ivuga ko ababyeyi bazakoresha umudendezo wabo wo guhitamo mu buryo. ibyo bitabangamira uburenganzira bw'abana babo.

Adler (2013) avuga ko ababyeyi badahawe ububasha bwo gutanga uburenganzira bwo gusiramura abana badakoresheje imiti.

Kwimuka

Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwabana 
Reba kandi: Igihe cyuburenganzira bwurubyiruko mubwongereza hamwe nigihe cyuburenganzira bwurubyiruko muriLeta zunz'ubumwe

Igitabo cyasohowe mu 1796 cy’uburenganzira bw’impinja cya Thomas Spence kiri mu byanditswe mbere y’icyongereza byerekana uburenganzira bw’abana. Mu kinyejana cya 20, abaharanira uburenganzira bw'abana bateguye uburenganzira bw'abana batagira aho baba ndetse n'uburere rusange. Igitabo 1927 cyasohowe n’uburenganzira bw’umwana cyubahwa na Janusz Korczak cyashimangiye ubuvanganzo bukikije umurima, kandi uyu munsi imiryango mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga irakora ku isi hose mu rwego rwo guteza imbere uburenganzira bw’abana. Mu Bwongereza hashyizweho umuryango w’abashinzwe uburezi, abarimu, abashinzwe ubutabera mu rubyiruko, abanyapolitiki n’abaterankunga b’umuco witwa Ibitekerezo bishya mu nama y’uburezi [44] (1914–37) byashimangiye agaciro ko 'kubohora umwana' kandi bifasha mu gusobanura ishuri ryibanze 'ryiza' mu Bwongereza kugeza muri za 80. Inama zabo zashishikarije umuryango UNESCO, Uburezi bushya.

A.S. Igitabo cya Neill cyo mu 1915 cyitwa A Dominie's Log (1915), cyanditswe n’umuyobozi w’ishuri ahindura ishuri rye rishingiye ku kwibohora n’ibyishimo by’umwana, dushobora kubibona nkigicuruzwa cy’umuco cyishimira intwari z’uyu mutwe.

Abatavuga rumwe na leta 
Kurwanya uburenganzira bw'abana kuva kera byerekana ko ibintu byose bigenda bigaragara muri sosiyete, hakaba haranditswe inyandiko zerekeye uburenganzira bw'abana bo mu kinyejana cya 13 na mbere yaho. Abatavuga rumwe n'uburenganzira bw'abana bemeza ko urubyiruko rugomba kurindwa isi ikuze, harimo ibyemezo n'inshingano by'iyo si. Muri societe yiganjemo abantu bakuru, ubwana bwifuzwa nkigihe cyo kuba umwere, igihe kitarangwamo inshingano namakimbirane, nigihe cyiganjemo gukina. Abenshi mu batavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bakomoka ku mpungenge zishingiye ku busugire bw’igihugu, uburenganzira bw’ibihugu, umubano w’ababyeyi n’umwana. Haravuzwe kandi imbogamizi z’amafaranga n '"indangagaciro zishingiye ku muco gakondo zirwanya uburenganzira bw’abana". Igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bw’abana nticyitabweho cyane muri Amerika.

Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu

Andi makuru: Gushimuta abana mpuzamahanga

Ingingo nyamukuru: Itangazo ryuburenganzira bwumwana

Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu rifatwa nk’ifatizo ry’amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’abana muri iki gihe. Hano hari amasezerano menshi namategeko yerekeye uburenganzira bwabana kwisi yose. Inyandiko nyinshi ziriho n’amateka zigira ingaruka kuri ubwo burenganzira, harimo n’itangazo ry’uburenganzira bw’umwana, [11] ryateguwe na Eglantyne Jebb mu 1923, ryemejwe n’umuryango w’ibihugu mu 1924 kandi ryongera gushimangirwa mu 1934. Hafashwe icyemezo cyagutse gato. n'Umuryango w'Abibumbye mu 1946, hakurikiraho verisiyo yagutse yemejwe n'Inteko rusange mu 1959. Nyuma yaje kuba ishingiro ry'amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw'umwana.

Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu 
Umuryango w’abibumbye wemeje amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwa politiki (ICCPR) mu 1966. ICCPR n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’ibihugu byinshi yemejwe cyangwa yemerwa n’ibihugu hafi ya byose ku isi. Ibihugu byahindutse ibihugu-by’amasezerano birasabwa kubahiriza no kubahiriza uburenganzira bwatanzwe n’amasezerano. Aya masezerano yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 23 Werurwe 1976. Uburenganzira bwatanzwe na ICCPR ni rusange, bityo bukoreshwa kuri buri wese nta kurobanura kandi harimo n'abana. Nubwo abana bafite uburenganzira bwose, uburenganzira bumwe nkuburenganzira bwo gushyingirwa nuburenganzira bwo gutora butangira gukurikizwa ari uko umwana amaze gukura.

Uburenganzira rusange bukoreshwa kubana harimo:

uburenganzira bwo kubaho

uburenganzira ku mutekano w'umuntu

uburenganzira bwo kwidegembya

uburenganzira bwo kwidegembya kubihohoterwa, ubumuntu cyangwa gutesha agaciro

uburenganzira bwo gutandukana n'abantu bakuru iyo bakurikiranyweho icyaha, uburenganzira bwo guca imanza vuba, n'uburenganzira bwo kuvurwa bujyanye n'imyaka yabo [19]

Ingingo ya 24 yerekana uburenganzira bw’umwana bwo kurindwa bidasanzwe kubera ubwinshi bwe, uburenganzira ku izina, n’uburenganzira ku bwenegihugu.

Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana

Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bwumwana 
Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye yo mu 1989 yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana, cyangwa CRC, ni cyo gitabo cya mbere cyemewe n'amategeko mu rwego rwo kwinjiza uburenganzira bwose bwa muntu - uburenganzira bw’abaturage, umuco, ubukungu, politiki ndetse n’imibereho. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo rikurikiranwa na komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw'umwana. Guverinoma z'igihugu zemeza ko ziyemeje kurengera no guharanira uburenganzira bw'abana, kandi zemera ko zizabazwa ibyo ziyemeje imbere y'umuryango mpuzamahanga. CRC ni amasezerano yemejwe cyane n’uburenganzira bwa muntu yemejwe 196; Amerika nicyo gihugu cyonyine kitigeze kibyemeza. [53]

CRC ishingiye ku mahame ane y'ingenzi: ihame ryo kutavangura; inyungu z'umwana; uburenganzira bwo kubaho, kubaho no kwiteza imbere; no gusuzuma ibitekerezo byumwana mu byemezo bibareba, ukurikije imyaka yabo n'ubukure bwabo. CRC, hamwe n’uburyo mpuzamahanga bwo kubazwa ibyaha nk’urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha, inkiko za Yugosilaviya n’u Rwanda, n’urukiko rwihariye rwa Siyera Lewone, bivugwa ko byongereye cyane uburenganzira bw’abana ku isi hose. [55]

Itangazo rya Vienne na Gahunda y'ibikorwa 
Itangazo na gahunda y'ibikorwa bya Vienne birasaba, mu gice cya II igika cya 47, ibihugu byose gufata ingamba ku buryo bushoboka bwose umutungo waboneka, ku nkunga y'ubutwererane mpuzamahanga, kugira ngo bigere ku ntego muri gahunda y'ibikorwa by'inama mpuzamahanga ku isi. Kandi irahamagarira ibihugu kwinjiza Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana muri gahunda z’ibikorwa by’igihugu. Hifashishijwe iyi gahunda y'ibikorwa by'igihugu kandi binyuze mu mbaraga mpuzamahanga, hagomba gushyirwaho cyane cyane kugabanya umubare w'abana bapfa bapfa bavuka n'ababyeyi, kugabanya imirire mibi no kutamenya gusoma no kwandika no kubona amazi meza yo kunywa ndetse n'uburezi bw'ibanze. Igihe cyose byasabwe, hakwiye gutegurwa gahunda y’ibikorwa by’igihugu kugira ngo irwanye ibihe byihutirwa bituruka ku mpanuka kamere n’amakimbirane yitwaje intwaro ndetse n’ikibazo gikomeye kimwe cy’abana bafite ubukene bukabije. Ikindi, igika cya 48 kirasaba ibihugu byose, ku nkunga y’ubufatanye mpuzamahanga, gukemura ikibazo gikaze cy’abana mu bihe bigoye cyane. Gutoteza no guhohotera abana bigomba kurwanywa cyane, harimo no gukemura intandaro yabyo. Harasabwa ingamba zifatika zo kurwanya impinja z’umugore, imirimo mibi y’abana, kugurisha abana n’ingingo, uburaya bw’abana, porunogarafiya y’abana, n’ubundi buryo bwo gusambanya abana. Ibi byagize ingaruka ku iyemezwa rya Porotokole ku bushake ku ruhare rw’abana mu makimbirane yitwaje intwaro ndetse na protocole idahwitse ku igurishwa ry’abana, uburaya bw’abana na porunogarafiya y’abana.

Gushyira mu bikorwa 
Imiryango itandukanye nuburyo bukoreshwa burahari kugirango uburenganzira bwabana bugerweho. Harimo Inteko ishinga amategeko y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abana. Yashyizweho hagamijwe guteza imbere ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryuzuye no kubahiriza Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana, no guharanira ko uburenganzira bw’umwana bwashyizwe imbere mu nama idasanzwe y’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe abana n’imyiteguro yayo. Akanama k'umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu kashyizweho "twizeye ko hashobora kuba intego, kwizerwa no gukora neza mu kwamagana ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi kuruta Komisiyo ishinzwe politiki y’uburenganzira bwa muntu." Itsinda ry’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta y’amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana ni ihuriro ry’imiryango mpuzamahanga itegamiye kuri Leta yashinzwe mu 1983 kugira ngo ryorohereze ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bw’umwana.

Amategeko y'igihugu 
Ibihugu byinshi ku isi bifite uburenganzira bw’umuvunyi cyangwa abakomiseri b’abana bafite inshingano za leta, guhagararira inyungu z’abaturage mu gukora iperereza no gukemura ibibazo byatanzwe n’abaturage ku giti cyabo bijyanye n'uburenganzira bw'abana. Abavunyi b'abana barashobora kandi gukorera ikigo, ikinyamakuru, umuryango utegamiye kuri leta, ndetse no kubaturage muri rusange.

Amategeko ya Amerika 
Andi makuru: Igihe cy’uburenganzira bw’urubyiruko muri Amerika, gushimuta abana mpuzamahanga muri Amerika, n’amategeko agenga imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana muri Amerika.

Amerika yasinye ariko ntiyemeza CRC. Kubera iyo mpamvu, uburenganzira bwabana ntabwo bwashyizwe mubikorwa muri Amerika

Muri rusange abana bahabwa uburenganzira bw'ibanze bukubiye mu Itegeko Nshinga, nk'uko biteganywa n'ivugururwa rya cumi na kane ry'Itegeko Nshinga rya Amerika. Ingingo yo Kurinda Kuringaniza y'iryo vugurura ni ukurikizwa ku bana, bavutse mu bashakanye cyangwa batabyaye, ariko ukuyemo abana bataravuka. Ibi byashimangiwe nicyemezo cyingenzi cyurukiko rwikirenga rwo muri Amerika rwa In re Gault (1967). Muri uru rubanza Gerald Gault w'imyaka 15 wo muri Arizona yajyanywe gufungwa n’abapolisi baho nyuma yo gushinjwa guhamagara kuri telefoni iteye isoni. Yarafunzwe kandi yiyemeza mu ishuri ry’inganda rya Leta ya Arizona kugeza ageze ku myaka 21 azira guhamagara telefoni iteye isoni umuturanyi ukuze. Mu cyemezo cya 8–1, Urukiko rwemeje ko mu iburanisha rishobora kuvamo kwiyemeza ikigo, abantu bari munsi y’imyaka 18 bafite uburenganzira bwo kubimenyesha no kunganirwa, kubaza abatangabuhamya, no kwirinda kwikomeretsa. Urukiko rwasanze uburyo bwakoreshejwe mu iburanisha rya Gault butujuje na kimwe muri ibyo bisabwa.

Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Amerika rwemeje mu rubanza rwa Tinker aburana na Des Moines Akarere k'ishuri ryigenga ry’abaturage (1969) ko abanyeshuri biga bafite uburenganzira bw'Itegeko Nshinga.

Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Amerika rwemeje mu rubanza Roper aburana na Simmons ko abantu badashobora kwicwa bazira ibyaha byakozwe igihe bari munsi y’imyaka cumi n'umunani. Rwemeje ko iyicwa nk'iryo ari igihano cy'ubugome kandi kidasanzwe, bityo ni ukurenga ku Ivugurura rya munani ry'Itegeko Nshinga rya Amerika. [60]

Hariho izindi mpungenge muri Amerika zerekeye uburenganzira bw'abana. Ishuri Rikuru ry’Abanyamerika bashinzwe kurera abana ryita ku burenganzira bw’abana ku miryango itekanye, ishyigikiwe kandi ihamye. Umwanya wabo ku burenganzira bw'abana mu manza zo kurera uvuga ko, "abana bafite uburenganzira bwo kwishyira ukizana bushingiye ku itegeko nshinga mu kurengera imiryango yabo yashinzwe, uburenganzira nibura bungana, kandi twizera ko burenze, uburenganzira bw'abandi basaba 'gutunga' 'inyungu muri aba bana. " Ibindi bibazo byavuzwe mu guharanira uburenganzira bw’abana muri Amerika harimo uburenganzira bw’abana bwo kuzungura mu bashakanye bahuje ibitsina ndetse n’uburenganzira bwihariye ku rubyiruko.

Amategeko y'Ubudage 
Raporo yatanzwe na Perezida w’inama ya INGO y’Inama y’Uburayi, Annelise Oeschger isanga abana n’ababyeyi babo bakorerwa ihohoterwa ry’umuryango w’abibumbye, Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi na UNICEF. Ikibazo gihangayikishije cyane ni ikigo cy’Abadage (na Otirishiya), Jugendamt (Ikidage: Ibiro by’Urubyiruko) gikunze kurenganya kwemerera leta kutagenzura imibanire y’ababyeyi n’umwana, ibyo bikaba byaviriyemo ingaruka zirimo iyicarubozo, gutesha agaciro, gufata nabi ubugome kandi bikabaviramo urupfu rw'abana. Ikibazo kitoroshye nimbaraga "zitagira imipaka" z'abapolisi ba Jugendamt, nta nzira yo gusuzuma cyangwa gukemura imiti idakwiye cyangwa yangiza. Mu mategeko y’Ubudage, abapolisi ba Jugendamt (JA) barinzwe gukurikiranwa. Abayobozi ba JA igihe cyo kugenzura kigaragara mu manza zijya mu rukiko rw’umuryango aho ubuhamya bw’impuguke bushobora guteshwa agaciro n’abayobozi ba JA batize cyangwa bafite uburambe; Mu manza zirenga 90% byimanza umuyobozi wa JA yemerwa nurukiko rwumuryango. Abapolisi kandi birengagije ibyemezo by'urukiko rw'umuryango, nk'igihe cyo gusubiza abana ku babyeyi babo, nta nkurikizi. Ubudage ntibwemeye ibyemezo bifitanye isano n’imibereho myiza y’abana byafashwe n’urukiko rw’inteko ishinga amategeko y’uburayi rwashatse kurengera cyangwa gukemura abana n’uburenganzira bw’ababyeyi.

Reba