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# Silent Signals | Formal Potential Dogwhistles (Potential Instance Dataset)
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**A dataset of *potential* dogwhistle use cases in formal discourse.** A dog whistle is a form of coded communication that carries a secondary meaning to specific audiences and is often weaponized for racial and socioeconomic discrimination. Dog whistling historically originated from United States politics, but in recent years has taken root in social media as a means of evading hate speech detection systems and maintaining plausible deniability.
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This dataset contains over 1 million excepts from U.S. Congressional Records that contain a dogwhistle term, created via keyword search on terms in the [Allen AI Dogwhistle Glossary](https://dogwhistles.allen.ai/)
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<p style="color:red;">Please note, this dataset contains content that may be upsetting or offensive to some readers.</p>
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**Published at ACL 2024!**
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π **Paper Link** - [Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles](https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.675/)<br>
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π **Disambiguated Dogwhistles Dataset** - [Silent-Signals](https://huggingface.co/datasets/SALT-NLP/silent_signals)
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π» **Dataset webpage** - Coming soon π
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<!-- ![head_figure_large.png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/632d02054a4991e711591c34/m70hfQTN2Aw7t3Ilkga4u.png) -->
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| <nobr>**source**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"PRAW API"</nobr> | <nobr>The source or method of data collection.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**party**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>None</nobr> | <nobr>The political party affiliation of the speaker, <br>available only for U.S. Congressional excerpts.</nobr> |
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> NOTE: The dog whistles terms and definitions that enabled this research and data collection were sourced from the [Allen AI Dogwhistle Glossary](https://dogwhistles.allen.ai/).
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# Silent Signals | Formal Potential Dogwhistles (Potential Instance Dataset)
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**A dataset of *potential* dogwhistle use cases in formal discourse.** A dog whistle is a form of coded communication that carries a secondary meaning to specific audiences and is often weaponized for racial and socioeconomic discrimination. Dog whistling historically originated from United States politics, but in recent years has taken root in social media as a means of evading hate speech detection systems and maintaining plausible deniability.
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**This dataset contains over 1 million excepts from U.S. Congressional Records that contain a dogwhistle term, created via keyword search on terms in the [Allen AI Dogwhistle Glossary](https://dogwhistles.allen.ai/)**. Therefore, many of the excerpts are likely using these terms in a non-coded sense. This dataset was used as input to our approach for word-sense disambiguation of dog whistles from standard speech using Large Language Models (LLMs). Please see the paper linked below for more details.
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<p style="color:red;">Please note, this dataset contains content that may be upsetting or offensive to some readers.</p>
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**Published at ACL 2024!**
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π **Paper Link** - [Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles](https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.675/)<br>
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π **Disambiguated Dogwhistles Dataset** - [Silent-Signals](https://huggingface.co/datasets/SALT-NLP/silent_signals)<br>
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π» **Dataset webpage** - Coming soon π
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<!-- ![head_figure_large.png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/632d02054a4991e711591c34/m70hfQTN2Aw7t3Ilkga4u.png) -->
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| <nobr>**source**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>"PRAW API"</nobr> | <nobr>The source or method of data collection.</nobr> |
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| <nobr>**party**</nobr> | <nobr>str</nobr> | <nobr>None</nobr> | <nobr>The political party affiliation of the speaker, <br>available only for U.S. Congressional excerpts.</nobr> |
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> NOTE: The dog whistles terms and definitions that enabled this research and data collection were sourced from the [Allen AI Dogwhistle Glossary](https://dogwhistles.allen.ai/).
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## Cite Silent Signals ##
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Julia Kruk, Michela Marchini, Rijul Magu, Caleb Ziems, David Muchlinski, and Diyi Yang. 2024. Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 12493β12509, Bangkok, Thailand. Association for Computational Linguistics.
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### Bibtex ##
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```
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@inproceedings{kruk-etal-2024-silent,
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title = "Silent Signals, Loud Impact: {LLM}s for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles",
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author = "Kruk, Julia and
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Marchini, Michela and
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Magu, Rijul and
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Ziems, Caleb and
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Muchlinski, David and
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Yang, Diyi",
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editor = "Ku, Lun-Wei and
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Martins, Andre and
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Srikumar, Vivek",
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booktitle = "Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
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month = aug,
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year = "2024",
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address = "Bangkok, Thailand",
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publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
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url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.675",
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pages = "12493--12509",
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abstract = "A dog whistle is a form of coded communication that carries a secondary meaning to specific audiences and is often weaponized for racial and socioeconomic discrimination. Dog whistling historically originated from United States politics, but in recent years has taken root in social media as a means of evading hate speech detection systems and maintaining plausible deniability. In this paper, we present an approach for word-sense disambiguation of dog whistles from standard speech using Large Language Models (LLMs), and leverage this technique to create a dataset of 16,550 high-confidence coded examples of dog whistles used in formal and informal communication. Silent Signals is the largest dataset of disambiguated dog whistle usage, created for applications in hate speech detection, neology, and political science.",
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}
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```
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