The Verbs kala, and -ina or -na, to be, are used to express the idea of to have. The combination of these Verbs with the Article, and with the Preposition ya, ye, yo, and with the Personal Pronoun proper to the Noun, is noted on pages 286 and 840 : it remains to be remarked that the difference between kala yo and kala is this : When used with the Article, the possession is normal, and has been long continued; when used with ya, ye, or yo, the possession is an acquirement, and is not a normal condition. The use with -ina or -na is identical. The Article may be absent in accordance with the rules noted later on in the Syntax, under " Attributes of the Subject The Article," in this Appendix.