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Truyen tranh online, truyện tranh online,truyện tranh truyentranh, manga, đọc truyện online, truyenonline
Địa chỉ "http://blogtruyen.com/truyen/inuyasha/chap-3" không tồn tại.
Đang tải...

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# Anthidium semicirculare
Gikan sa Wikipedia, ang gawasnong ensiklopedya
|Paghimo ni bot
|
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|Anthidium semicirculare
|
|[Animalia](/wiki/Animalia) [Arthropoda](/wiki/Arthropoda) [Hexapoda](/w/index.php?title=Hexapoda&action=edit&redlink=1) [Insecta](/wiki/Insecta) [Hymenoptera](/wiki/Hymenoptera) [Apoidea](/wiki/Apoidea) [Megachilidae](/wiki/Megachilidae) [Anthidium](/wiki/Anthidium) **Anthidium semicirculare** [Siyentipikong ngalan](/wiki/Siyentipikong_ngalan) **Anthidium semicirculare** [Pasteels](/wiki/Pasteels_(awtor)), 1985
**Anthidium semicirculare** [[1]](#cite_note-col391-1) maoy kaliwatan sa [2] [buyog](/w/index.php?title=Buyog&action=edit&redlink=1)nga gihulagway ni [Pasteels](/wiki/Pasteels_(awtor))ni adtong 1985. Ang *Anthidium semicirculare*kay sakop sa [henero](/w/index.php?title=Henero&action=edit&redlink=1)nga *, ug* [Anthidium](/wiki/Anthidium) [pamilya](/wiki/Pamilya_(biyolohiya))nga [Megachilidae](/wiki/Megachilidae). [[3]](#cite_note-COL-3) Walay nalista nga matang nga sama niini. [[4]](#cite_note-source-4) [[3]](#cite_note-COL-3)
[§](#Ang_mga_gi_basihan_niini)Ang mga gi basihan niini[ [usba](/w/index.php?title=Anthidium_semicirculare&veaction=edit&vesection=1) | [edit source](/w/index.php?title=Anthidium_semicirculare&action=edit§ion=1)] [↑](#cite_ref-col391_1-0)(2008) , manuscript, World Bee Checklist Project - update 2008-09 [↑](#cite_ref-col401_2-0)(2006) , manuscript, Checklist of Apoidea of North America... - 28-Feb-2006
- ↑
[3.0](#cite_ref-COL_3-0) Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). [3.1](#cite_ref-COL_3-1) [Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.](http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/anthidium+semicirculare/match/1). Species 2000: Reading, UK.. Retrieved on 24 september 2012. [↑](#cite_ref-source_4-0) *ITIS Bees: World Bee Checklist*. Ruggiero M. (project leader), Ascher J. et al., 2009-09-28

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“Ông này đã ôm nhà tôi mấy lần rồi, nhưng tôi mới chỉ bắt được hai lần thôi”, ông Ph. chia sẻ.
[Photo](http://chaobuoisang.net/photo/) [Tin qua ảnh](http://chaobuoisang.net/photo/tin-qua-anh/) [Phong cảnh - Thiên nhiên](http://chaobuoisang.net/photo/phong-canh-thien-nhien/) [Khoảnh khắc cuộc sống](http://chaobuoisang.net/photo/khoanh-khac-cuoc-song/) [Showbiz](http://chaobuoisang.net/photo/showbiz/) [Người đẹp - Nghệ thuật](http://chaobuoisang.net/photo/nguoi-dep-nghe-thuat/) [Thời trang](http://chaobuoisang.net/photo/thoi-trang/) [Nhà đẹp & Xe](http://chaobuoisang.net/photo/nha-dep-xe/) [Ảnh hài hước](http://chaobuoisang.net/photo/anh-hai-huoc/) [Video](http://chaobuoisang.net/video/) [Cuộc sống hàng ngày](http://chaobuoisang.net/video/cuoc-song-hang-ngay/) [Hot/shock](http://chaobuoisang.net/video/hotshock/) [Cười bể bụng](http://chaobuoisang.net/video/cuoi-be-bung/) [Công nghệ](http://chaobuoisang.net/video/cong-nghe/) [Xe và đời sống](http://chaobuoisang.net/video/xe-va-doi-song/) [Chuyển động sao](http://chaobuoisang.net/video/chuyen-dong-sao/) [Phim ảnh](http://chaobuoisang.net/video/phim-anh/) [Âm nhạc](http://chaobuoisang.net/video/am-nhac/) [Thời trang](http://chaobuoisang.net/video/thoi-trang/) [Kinh tế](http://chaobuoisang.net/kinh-te/) [360++](http://chaobuoisang.net/360/) [Pháp luật](http://chaobuoisang.net/phap-luat/) [Đời sống](http://chaobuoisang.net/doi-song/) [Thể thao](http://chaobuoisang.net/the-thao/) [Văn hóa](http://chaobuoisang.net/van-hoa/) [Công nghệ](http://chaobuoisang.net/cong-nghe/) [Ô tô xe máy](http://chaobuoisang.net/o-to-xe-may/) [Muôn màu](http://chaobuoisang.net/muon-mau/) [Truyện cười](http://chaobuoisang.net/truyen-cuoi/) [Blog](http://chaobuoisang.net/blog/) [Giải trí](http://muonmau.vn/)

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Các tiêu chí được ECA xem xét bao gồm: Khí hậu, mức độ sẵn có của dịch vụ y tế, nhà ở và các tiện ích, mức độ biệt lập, khả năng tiếp cận mạng xã hội và các cơ sở giải trí, mức độ an toàn cá nhân, những căng thẳng về chính trị và chất lượng không khí.
Singapore dường như đang được đền đáp xứng đáng cho hàng tỷ USD đầu tư vào những công nghệ xanh. Không chỉ dẫn đầu về chất lượng sống trong số các thành phố của châu Á, quốc đảo sư tử cũng là nơi đáng đến sống nhất thế giới cho các cư dân trong châu lục.
Trong đợt xếp hạng này, Hong Kong đã “nhảy” 2 bậc lên vị trí thứ 3, vượt qua Tokyo và Yokohama, xếp ngay sau Kobe. Dù vậy bản cáo cáo cũng khẳng định sự thăng tiến này có được không phải bởi đặc khu hành chính này có sự cải thiện đáng kể về chất lượng môi trường sống mà do 2 thành phố của Nhật bị ảnh hưởng bởi thảm họa động đất và sóng thần hồi năm ngoái.
Hong Kong được đánh giá cao về các mặt như: hệ thống trường học xuất sắc, đời sống về đêm sôi động và hệ thống giao thông có phần tốt hơn các đối thủ khác ở Đông Nam Á, thậm chí hơn cả Singapore. Dù vậy “thành phố quốc tế” này lại mất điểm ở các mặt khác, đặc biệt là môi trường khi bị coi là một trong những điểm đến có tình trạng ô nhiễm không khí nặng nhất thế giới.
Trong khi đó, theo kết quả khảo sát được ECA công bố, 2 đô thị lớn nhất của Việt Nam đã có sự phân định về thứ hạng sau khi cùng được xếp thứ 21 tại châu Á năm ngoái. Trong khi TP.HCM tiếp tục giữ vững vị trí cũ thì thủ đô Hà Nội đã bị tụt 1 bậc, xuống thứ 22. Còn trên phạm vi toàn cầu thành phố mang tên Bác được xếp hạng 133, cao hơn 3 bậc so với Hà Nội.
Những thành phố có điều kiện sống tốt nhất châu Á
Thành phố
Xếp hạng châu Á 2012
Xếp hạng châu Á 2011
Xếp hạng thế giới 2012
Singapore
1
Kobe
2
5
Hong Kong
3
11
Tokyo
4
17
Yokohama
Taipei
6
60
Macau
7
63
George Town
8
73
Seoul
10
Kuala Lumpur
9
76
Bangkok
79
Shanghai
12
83
Bandar Seri Begawan
13
92
Beijing
14
99
Nanjing
15
104
Guangzhou
16
112
Xiamen
Shenzhen
18
123
Tianjin
19
128
Dalian
20
130
TP Hồ Chí Minh
21
133
Hà Nội
22
136
Chengdu
23
139
Chongqing
24
26
145
Wuhan
25
147
Denpasar
152
Bangalore
27
29
156
Metro-Manila
28
157
Xi'an
32
Vientiane
30
161
Shenyang
31
164
Chennai
167
Mumbai
33
172
Colombo
34
35
174
Ulaanbaatar
177
New Delhi
36
37
182
Phnom Penh
Jakarta
38
195
Kolkata
39
211
Yangon
40
215
Surabaya
41
218
Kathmandu
42
225
Tashkent
43
Dhaka
44
238
Ashgabat
45
244
Islamabad
46
251
Pyongyang
47
252
Karachi
48
261
Kabul
49
263
Thanh TùngTheo WSJ/ECA
Đơn vị quảng cáo:
01287 078 866 (Ms.Luận)
Email: quangcao@admicro.vn
Tel: 844 39748899 Ext:2233 Website: www.admicro.vn
Hỗ trợ và CSKH: 01268 269 779 (Ms. Thơm)
Các mảng: gia đình
- công nghệ -
game - giải trí , xã hội.

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## Tổng hợp đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 (Phần 1)
**Tổng hợp đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán của các trường THPT và thầy cô giáo trên cả nước. Mời các bạn tham khảo !**
Cập nhật Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 ( từ đề số 1 – đề số 30)
30. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 30 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand30.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand30.doc)
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[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 30](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoand30.doc)
29. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 29 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand29.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand29.doc)
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[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 29](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoand29.doc)
28. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 28 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand28.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand28.doc)
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[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 28](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoand28.doc)
27. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 27 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand27.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand27.doc)
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[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 27](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoand27.doc)
26. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 26 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand26.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand26.doc)
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[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 26](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoand26.doc)
25. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 25 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand25.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand25.doc)
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[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 25](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoand25.doc)
24. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 24 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand24.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand24.doc)
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[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 24](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoand24.doc)
23. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 23 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand23.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand23.doc)
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[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 23](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoand23.doc)
22. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 22 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand22.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand22.doc)
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[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 22](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoand22.doc)
21. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 21 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand21.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoand21.doc)
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[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 21](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoand21.doc)
20. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 20 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d20.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d20.doc)
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[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 20](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d20.doc)
19. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 19 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d19.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d19.doc)
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[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 19](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d19.doc)
18. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 18 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d18.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d18.doc)
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[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 18](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d18.doc)
17. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 17 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d17.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d17.doc)
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[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 17](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d17.doc)
16. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 16 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d16.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d16.doc)
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[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 16](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d16.doc)
15. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 15 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d15.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d15.doc)
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[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 15](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d15.doc)
14. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 14 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d14.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d14.doc)
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[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 14](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d14.doc)
13. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 13 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d13.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d13.doc)
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[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 13](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d13.doc)
12. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 12 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d12.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d12.doc)
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[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 12](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d12.doc)
11. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 11 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d11.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d11.doc)
Download để xem chi tiết :
[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 11](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d11.doc)
10. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 10 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d10.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d10.doc)
Download để xem chi tiết :
[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 10](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d10.doc)
9. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 9 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d9.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d9.doc)
Download để xem chi tiết :
[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 9](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d9.doc)
8. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 8 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d8.1.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d8.1.doc)
Download để xem chi tiết :
[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 8](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d8.1.doc)
7. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 7 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d7.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d7.doc)
Download để xem chi tiết :
[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 7](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d7.doc)
6. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 6 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d6.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d6.doc)
Download để xem chi tiết :
[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 6](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d6.doc)
5. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 5 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d5.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d5.doc)
Download để xem chi tiết :
[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 5](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d5.doc)
4. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 4 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d4.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d4.doc)
Download để xem chi tiết :
[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 4](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d4.doc)
3. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 3 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d3.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d3.doc)
Download để xem chi tiết :
[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 3](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d3.doc)
2. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 2 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d2.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d2.doc)
Download để xem chi tiết :
[Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 2](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d2.doc)
1. Xem đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 1 tại đây:
[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d1.doc](https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftuyensinh247.com%2Fthemes%2Fimage_tiny%2Ftntoan12d1.doc)
Download để xem chi tiết :
[ Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp môn toán năm 2013 đề số 1](http://tuyensinh247.com/themes/image_tiny/tntoan12d1.doc)

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#
1
26-01-2010
garra1997
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Đến từ: làng cát
Bài viết: 21
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: 30 Được cảm ơn 9 lần
Cách viết chữ nhanh
Các bạn ơi, giúp mình với.
Mình viết chậm lắm. Có bạn nào có cách nào viết nhanh chỉ mình với
Có một thành viên đã cám ơn garra1997 vì bài viết này:
honmachetoan
garra1997
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26-01-2010
boon_angel_93
Tin nhắn đã bị xoá bởi
thanchetdeptrai
. Lý do:
ko cần thiết
#
2
26-01-2010
garra1997
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Tham gia : 02-01-2010
Đến từ: làng cát
Bài viết: 21
Đã cảm ơn
: 30 Được cảm ơn 9 lần
Bạn ơi mình muốn bạn khuyên viết chữ nhanh trên giấy chứ có phải trên máy tính đâu
Có 2 thành viên đã gửi lời cảm ơn đến garra1997 với bài viết này:
honmachetoan
,
quynhthoson
garra1997
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#
3
26-01-2010
boon_angel_93
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Thư kí
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Đến từ: buồn ơi là sầu!
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Nguyên văn bởi
garra1997
Bạn ơi mình muốn bạn khuyên viết chữ nhanh trên giấy chứ có phải trên máy tính đâu
ai bảo b ko nói rõ
thế thì đơn giản thôi mỗi ngày bạn dành ít thời gian ngồi luyện cách cầm bút cũng là yếu tố để viết chữ nhanh &đẹp b nhớ nhé
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garra1997
boon_angel_93
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#
4
24-02-2010
vuduyhungchuot
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Tham gia : 28-04-2009
Đến từ: ?
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Nguyên văn bởi
garra1997
Các bạn ơi, giúp mình với.
Mình viết chậm lắm. Có bạn nào có cách nào viết nhanh chỉ mình với
Mình cũng là "fan" của chữ xấu (thực ra là nó hại mình, chứ mình có thích gì nó đâu) và mẹ mình đã chỉ ra 1 cách hay để viết nhanh mà vẫn đẹp: Viết nghiêng, viết liền, viết dai, viết thằng. Bạn chỉ cần thực hiện theo phương châm "4 viết" này là sẽ viết được đẹp ngay.
Lưu ý: Bút cũng là 1 yếu tố để viết nhanh; nếu bạn muốn viết nhanh, bạn hãy chọn bút nét nhỏ (vì thường thì nét to sẽ cản lại nét bút mà mình viết).
__________________
Ọp dài dài.............................................. ...........................
Có 6 thành viên đã gửi lời cảm ơn đến vuduyhungchuot với bài viết này:
emlakinhen@gmail.com
,
garra1997
,
nghgh97
,
nguyenhoang140
,
thinh262
,
tuananh1832000
vuduyhungchuot
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#
5
23-01-2011
maitrunghieu1
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Tham gia : 23-01-2011
Bài viết: 3
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: 0 Được cảm ơn 0 lần
mình cung viết rất chậm nhưnng mình đã có cách khắc phục.đó là viết chữ nhỏ.muốn đẹp quan trọng là ở nhưng chữ có nét hinh tròn, bạn cứ viết thật tròn và rõ vào
maitrunghieu1
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#
6
23-01-2011
maitrunghieu1
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Tham gia : 23-01-2011
Bài viết: 3
Đã cảm ơn
: 0 Được cảm ơn 0 lần
cứ cố gắng tập thật nhìu vào đc ngay.khi đó cổ tay bạn sẽ dẻo chữ sẽ như í muốn.hì hì nhưng phượng pháp viết mà khong đung thì never nhanh đc
maitrunghieu1
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#
7
29-05-2012
zanzj
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: 2 Được cảm ơn 8 lần
Bạn nên chọn loại bút viết trơn,đều mực.khi viết,p đừng cầm quá chặt bút,hơi đưa nghiêng bút ^^mk cầm như thế,vjet nkank lắm*-*cố lên hen p
__________________
"M" is for the million things she gave me,
"O" means only that she's growing old,
"T" is for the tears she shed to save me,
"H" is for her heart of purest gold;
"E" is for her eyes, with love-light shining,
"R" means right, and right she'll always be,
A word that means the world to me.
I LOVE YOU MOM !!@};
zanzj
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#
8
11-08-2012
chuatroi_2000
MEM VIP
Bí thư
Tham gia : 06-08-2012
Đến từ: ๑۩۞۩๑♥๑۩۞۩๑ (¯`•♥ Nhà Nguyễn ♥•´¯) ๑۩۞۩๑♥๑۩۞۩๑
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Cái chính là bạn muốn viết nhanh ở trên giấy hay trên máy .
- nếu trên máy tính thì ban đầu ai chả đánh chậm( như mình) sau đó có nhanh hơn một tí nhưng vẫn nhìn bàn phím rồi sẽ đến lúc ko cần nhìn bàn là đánh nhanh được.
- nếu bạn viết trên giấy thì bước đầu là do bạn, có chịu tập viết chữ từ cấp 1 hay ko, khi viết đẹp rồi thì tất nhiên lên cấp 2 bạn bạn sẽ ko bỡ ngỡ có thể viết nhanh cũng được.
Trong cuộc sống không phải cái gì cũng ko làm được'
nếu cố gắng sẽ thành công.
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honmachetoan
chuatroi_2000
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#
9
11-08-2012
nghgh97
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Bí thư liên chi
Tham gia : 14-07-2012
Bài viết: 3,581
Điểm học tập:1496
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Mình cũng viết rất chậm và nó cũng làm khổ mình rất nhiều
Khi các bạn đã viết xong hết roài thì mình còn cắm cúi viết đổ mồ hôi luôn. Bởi vì ngày xưa cô giáo dạy lớp 1 của mình là người có nét chữ khá đẹp, nhưng lại là chữ nét thẳng, từng con chữ tròn to đều đặn nên mình từ đó cũng quen và có nét chữ giống hệt cô. Chữ nét thẳng chậm hơn chữ nghiêng rất nhiều. Bây giờ thì không sửa được nữa rồi
nghgh97
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#
10
21-04-2013
verychemgio
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Tham gia : 01-03-2013
Bài viết: 13
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: 23 Được cảm ơn 2 lần
re
Trích:
Nguyên văn bởi
nghgh97
Mình cũng viết rất chậm và nó cũng làm khổ mình rất nhiều
Khi các bạn đã viết xong hết roài thì mình còn cắm cúi viết đổ mồ hôi luôn. Bởi vì ngày xưa cô giáo dạy lớp 1 của mình là người có nét chữ khá đẹp, nhưng lại là chữ nét thẳng, từng con chữ tròn to đều đặn nên mình từ đó cũng quen và có nét chữ giống hệt cô. Chữ nét thẳng chậm hơn chữ nghiêng rất nhiều. Bây giờ thì không sửa được nữa rồi
tình trạng của bẹn giống mình nhungco1 ai chỉ mình viết nhanh mà không rèn chữ không
:rol leyes:
verychemgio
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#
1
18-03-2010
minh7509
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Bài viết: 24
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[Toán 11]Cách xét tính liên tục của hàm số
Ai biết cách chung thì chỉ cho mình với
Phương pháp cách làm đó
Càngđầy đủ càng tốt
Thay đổi nội dung bởi:
rua_it
, 19-03-2010 lúc
18:49
. Lý do: Không dấu:D
minh7509
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bupbexulanxang
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lim f(x) khi x-->x0 =f(x0)
.
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sách giáo khoa có đầy đủ mà bạn
- Giá trị tại f(x_0) = lim (x->x_0) (x_0)
- Hàm số liên tục trên khoảng, nửa khoảng thì nó liên tục với mọi điểm thuộc khoảng, nửa khoảng đó.
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bx, em mà đọc dc dòng này thì em phải biết em đã có lỗi với anh
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Muốn tiêu mỡ hãy tránh xa thịt vụnGan, bàu dục, lưỡi, óc… rất giầu các loại vitamin (A, B6, B12) và sắt, nhưng các loại thịt vụn, cổ cánh lại có mỡ dù rất ít. Điều đáng lưu ý ở đây là mỡ ở loại thịt này là mỡ bão hòa.Loại mỡ này có khả năng tăng lượng cholesterol xấu trong máu và do đó nó có thể tăng nguy cơ mắc bệnh tim mạch nếu bạn ăn nhiều.Đừng nghĩ pho mát khô không béoThật sai lầm nếu bạn nghĩ rằng pho mát khô ít béo hơn các loại pho mát hay patê khác. Pho mát khô chứa 40% lipit có lượng mỡ nhiều hơn patê ướt có cùng tỷ lệ lipit như vậy.Nếu bạn là “fan” của pho mát và bạn cũng không muốn tăng cân, hãy nghĩ đến pho mát tươi. 100g pho mát trắng chứa 40% mỡ chỉ có 8g lipit và 20% mỡ có 3,5 g lipit.Ăn thịt gia cầm nên bỏ daThịt gia cầm sẽ không làm bạn béo lên với một điều kiện: không ăn da. Da chính là nơi tập trung của hầu hết mỡ gia cầm.Hơn nữa, để giảm cân, bạn nên ăn phần thịt gia cầm có mầu trắng chứ không nên ăn thịt đùi hay cánh.100g thịt ngan sống không da chứa 6g lipit, 100g thịt gà tây sống không da 2,4 g mỡ, 100g thịt gà sống không da chứa 1,2g mỡ.
Hạn chế ăn sôcôlaBạn có biết trong 1 thanh sôcôla nặng 30g có tới 9g lipit. Hơn nữa, mỡ này là mỡ bão hòa, rất có hại cho sức khỏe. Nó có thể làm tăng tỷ lệ cholesterol xấu trong máu.Nếu muốn không tăng cân, bạn không nên ăn quá 100g sôcôla/tuần.Tránh sử dụng các loại rau quả… béoThật sai lầm khi nghĩ rằng chất béo chỉ có trong các loại thịt, cá, pho mát… Ngay trong rau và hoa quả cũng có chất béo, bằng chứng là quả bơ.Món khoai tây rán mà bạn ăn trong cửa hàng ăn nhanh một lần cũng đã cung cấp cho bạn khoảng 11g mỡ. Vậy mà, chỉ với 80g trái bơ, bạn đã có 22g lipit.Hạn chế ăn lườn bòThịt bò không phải là một loại thịt nhiều mỡ. Trung bình có khoảng 12g lipit có trong 100g thịt bò. Tuy nhiên ở một vài bộ phận của bò, thịt lại có nhiều mỡ ví dụ như lườn bò.Thận trọng với ô liuMặc dù là một loại quả, nhưng ô liu lại chứa rất nhiều chất lipit, đặc biệt là ô liu đen. Thành phần của chúng có tới 30% là chất béo. 100g ô liu đen cho 30g chất béo.Thay vì cho ô liu vào món ăn, bạn có thể thay thế bẳng củ cải, cà chua…Bánh sừng bò ngập tràn chất béoBạn đừng tưởng bánh sừng bò cũng giống như bánh mỳ. Chất béo có trong loại bánh này chiếm 1/5 thành phần. Và bạn sẽ còn nguy hại hơn nếu bạn ăn bánh sừng bò nhân sôcôla. Mỡ chiếm ¼ thành phần của loại bánh này.Hãy ăn nhiều hải sảnHải sản không hề làm bạn béo lên, mà ngược lại loại thực phẩm này không hề giầu chất béo. Ví dụ con hầu: 2g lipit/100g hầu.3g lipit/100g vẹm…Đừng từ chối cá nhiều mỡChất béo có ở trong hầu hết các thực phẩm, ngay cả cá. Tuy nhiên mỡ có trong cá rất tốt cho sức khỏe. Ví dụ như cá hồi rất giầu omega-3. Loại axit béo này có tác dụng phòng chống các bệnh tim mạch, cải thiện chức năng thần kinh và điều trị bệnh khô da.Các nhà dinh dưỡng khuyên chúng ta nên ăn ít nhất 2 lần/tuần loại cá này. Tuy nhiên, để không lên cân khi ăn cá, bạn nên ăn cá luộc, cá hấp thay vì cá rán.

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Tìm thông tin doanh nghiệp theo tên công ty, mã số thuế (Nhập thông tin nhấn Enter)
## CÔNG TY TNHH TOYO PRECISION
Tên công ty:
**CÔNG TY TNHH TOYO PRECISION**
Tên giao dịch:
**TOYO PRECISION CO., LTD**
Địa chỉ: Kcx Tân Thuận, Phường Tân Thuận Đông, Quận 7, Thành Phố Hồ Chí Minh
Giám đốc/Đại diện pháp luật: Hamabe Masachika
Giấy phép kinh doanh: 412043000197 | Ngày cấp: 30/06/2008
Mã số thuế: 0300763796
Ngày hoạt động: 21/11/1995
**Hoạt động chính: SX và XK các linh phụ kiện máy may**
****************Neu khong co rise Tieng Viet, anathema xem swimsuit tin ben duoi:
Ten cong ty:
**CONG TY TNHH TOYO PRECISION**
Ten giao dich:
**TOYO PRECISION CO., LTD**
Dia chi: Kcx Tan Thuan, Phuong Tan Thuan Dong, Quan 7, Thanh Pho Ho Chi Minh
Giam doc/Dai dien phap luat: Hamabe Masachika
Giay phep kinh doanh: 412043000197 | Ngay cap: 30/06/2008
Ma so thue: 0300763796
Ngay hoat dong: 21/11/1995
**Hoat dong chinh: SX va XK cac linh phu kien might may**

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markdown:
# Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
[Nguyen Cao Ky](/w/index.php?title=Nguyen_Cao_Ky&redirect=no)) [Vietnamese name](/wiki/Vietnamese_name), the [family name](/wiki/Family_name)is *Nguyễn*, but is often simplified to *Nguyen*in English-language text. According to Vietnamese custom, this person should properly be referred to by the [given name](/wiki/Given_name) *Kỳ*.
|Nguyễn Cao Kỳ|
|
|![]()
[Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam](/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam) **In office**
19 June 1965 – 31 October 1967
[Phan Huy Quát](/wiki/Phan_Huy_Qu%C3%A1t) [Nguyễn Văn Lộc](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_L%E1%BB%99c) [Sơn Tây](/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y), [Tonkin](/wiki/Tonkin), [French Indochina](/wiki/French_Indochina)(now [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi), Vietnam) [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia) [Rose Hills Memorial Park](/wiki/Rose_Hills_Memorial_Park), [Whittier, California](/wiki/Whittier,_California), U.S. [Republic of Vietnam Air Force](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force) ![ US-O8 insignia.svg](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/23px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png)
![ US-O8 insignia.svg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/23px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png)
[Major General (Thiếu Tướng)](/wiki/Major_General), Air Force commander **Nguyễn Cao Kỳ** ( [listen](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Nguyen_Cao_Ky.ogg); 8 September 1930 – 23 July 2011) [[1]](#cite_note-1) served as the chief of the [2] [Vietnam Air Force](/wiki/Vietnam_Air_Force)in the 1960s, before leading the nation as the [prime minister](/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam)of [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam)in a military [junta](/wiki/Military_junta)from 1965 to 67. Then, until his retirement from politics in 1971, he served as [vice president](/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam)to bitter rival General [Nguyễn Văn Thiệu](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u), in a nominally civilian administration.
Born in northern Vietnam, Kỳ joined the
[Vietnamese National Army](/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army) of the French-backed [State of Vietnam](/wiki/State_of_Vietnam) and started as an infantry officer before the French sent him off for pilot training. After the French withdrew from Vietnam and the nation was partitioned, Kỳ moved up the ranks of the [Vietnam Air Force](/wiki/Vietnam_Air_Force) to become its leader. In November 1963, Kỳ [participated in the coup](/wiki/1963_South_Vietnamese_coup) that deposed president [Ngô Đình Diệm](/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m) and resulted in [Diệm's assassination](/wiki/Arrest_and_assassination_of_Ngo_Dinh_Diem).
In 1964 Kỳ became prominent in junta politics, regarded as part of a group of young, aggressive officers dubbed the Young Turks. Over the next two years, there were repeated coup attempts, many of which were successful, and Kỳ was a key player in supporting or defeating them. In September 1964, he helped put down a coup attempt by Generals
[Lâm Văn Phát](/wiki/L%C3%A2m_V%C4%83n_Ph%C3%A1t) and [Dương Văn Đức](/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c) against [Nguyễn Khánh](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh), and the following February he thwarted another attempt by Phát and [Phạm Ngọc Thảo](/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o). His favored tactic in such situations was to send fighter jets into the air and threaten large-scale air strikes, and given his reputation for impetuosity, he usually attained the desired backdown. After the latter attempt, he also had the weakened Khánh forced into exile and eventually took the leading position in the junta in mid-1965 by becoming prime minister, while General Thiệu was a figurehead chief of state. During his period at the helm, he gained notoriety for his flamboyant manner, womanizing, and risky and brash behavior, which deeply concerned South Vietnam's American allies and angered the Vietnamese public, who regarded him as a “cowboy” and a “hooligan". He cared little for public relations, and on occasions, publicly threatened to kill dissidents and opponents as well as to flatten parts of North Vietnam and South Vietnamese units led by rival officers with bombings, although none of this materialized. However, a public threat to rig elections, if necessary, was fulfilled. [3]
Nevertheless, Kỳ and Thiệu were able to end the cycle of coups, and the Americans backed their regime. In 1966 Kỳ decided to purge General
[Nguyễn Chánh Thi](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ch%C3%A1nh_Thi), another officer in the junta regarded as his greatest rival, from a command role. This provoked [major unrest](/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising), particularly in South Vietnam, where some units joined with Buddhist activists supportive of Thi and hostile to Kỳ in defying his junta’s rule. Three months of large-scale demonstrations and riots paralyzed parts of the country, and after much maneuvering and some military battles, Kỳ's forces finally put down the uprising, and Thi was exiled, entrenching the former’s grip on power.
In 1967, a transition to elected government was scheduled, and after a power struggle within the military, Thiệu ran for the presidency with Kỳ as his running mate—both men had wanted the top job. To allow the two to work together, their fellow officers had agreed to have a military body controlled by Kỳ shape policy behind the scenes. The election was rigged to ensure that Thiệu and Kỳ's military ticket would win, and strong executive powers meant that junta, in effect, still ruled. Leadership tensions persisted, and Thiệu prevailed, sidelining Kỳ supporters from key military and cabinet posts. Thiệu then passed legislation to restrict candidacy eligibility for the 1971 election, banning almost all would-be opponents; Kỳ and the rest withdrew as it was obvious that the poll would be a sham; Thiệu went on to win more than 90 percent of the vote and the election uncontested, while Kỳ retired. With the
[fall of Saigon](/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon), Kỳ fled to the United States. He continued to heavily criticize both the communists and Thiệu, and the former prevented him from returning. However, in 2004, he became the first South Vietnamese leader to return, calling for reconciliation between communists and anti-communists.
## Contents
## Early years and rise up the ranks[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=1)]
A northerner, Kỳ was born in
[Sơn Tây](/wiki/S%C6%A1n_T%C3%A2y), a town west of [Hanoi](/wiki/Hanoi). After completing his secondary schooling in Hanoi, he enlisted in the French-backed [Vietnamese National Army](/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army) of the [State of Vietnam](/wiki/State_of_Vietnam) and was commissioned in the infantry after attending an officers training school. After a brief period in the field against the communist [4] [Việt Minh](/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh)of [Hồ Chí Minh](/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh)during the [First Indochina War](/wiki/First_Indochina_War), the French military hierarchy sent Kỳ, then a lieutenant, to [Marrakech](/wiki/Marrakech)in [Morocco](/wiki/Morocco)to train as a pilot. Kỳ gained his wings on 15 September 1954. The French defeat at the [Battle of Điện Biên Phủ](/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu)and the [Geneva Conference](/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954))ended the colonial presence in [Indochina](/wiki/Indochina), and Kỳ came back to the new [Republic of Vietnam](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam)(South Vietnam). The commander of a transport squadron, Kỳ was put in charge of [Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base](/wiki/Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base), the main aerial facility in the capital, Saigon. Kỳ then went to the [United States](/wiki/United_States)to study for six months at the [Air Command and Staff College](/wiki/Air_Command_and_Staff_College)at [Maxwell Field](/wiki/Maxwell_Field), [Alabama](/wiki/Alabama), where he learned to speak English. He returned to Vietnam and continued to rise up the ranks. [[4]](#cite_note-miss-4)
A soldier in the
[Vietnamese National Army](/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army) who eventually became commander of the South [Vietnam Air Force](/wiki/Vietnam_Air_Force), [prime minister](/wiki/Prime_minister) and [vice president](/wiki/Vice_president) of the [Republic of Vietnam](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam), Kỳ had little political experience or ambition initially. After flight training by the French, he returned to Vietnam in 1954 and held a series of commands in the South Vietnam Air Force. Under the regime of [Dương Văn Minh](/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_Minh), whose coup Kỳ had supported, he was made an air marshal, replacing Colonel Đỗ Khắc Mai as head of the [Vietnam Air Force](/wiki/Vietnam_Air_Force). [[5]](#cite_note-t54-5)
Kỳ began his association with the American
[covert operations](/wiki/Covert_operations) community in 1961. While still ranked as a major commanding Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base, he became the first pilot for South Vietnam's presidential liaison officer, which was organizing to infiltrate [military intelligence](/wiki/Military_intelligence) teams into North Vietnam. He recruited pilots from his command for this intelligence program of the [Central Intelligence Agency](/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency), and flew some of the missions himself after being trained by an expert pilot from [Air America](/wiki/Air_America_(airline)). At one point, Kỳ took the CIA's Saigon station chief, [William Colby](/wiki/William_Colby), for a demonstration low-level flight. Kỳ's flight training graduation gift for himself and his pilots was a flight to Singapore, where he purchased black flight suits, purple scarfs, and cigarette lighters for all hands. Colby was amused by his flight but unhappy with the selection of flashy attire. [[6]](#cite_note-6)
## Rise to prominence in junta[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=2)]
In January 1964, General
[Nguyễn Khánh](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh) [deposed Minh](/wiki/1964_South_Vietnamese_coup), and it was under Khánh's one-year rule that Kỳ rose to become one of the leading powers in the junta. Having been demoted, disgruntled Generals [7] [Lâm Văn Phát](/wiki/L%C3%A2m_V%C4%83n_Ph%C3%A1t)and [Dương Văn Đức](/wiki/D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c)launched a coup attempt against Khánh before dawn on 13 September, using ten army battalions that they had recruited. Their faction consisted mainly of [[8]](#cite_note-m326-8) [Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Vietnam)elements. They took over the city without any firing, and used the national radio station to proclaim the deposal of Khánh's junta. There was little reaction from most of the military commanders. [[9]](#cite_note-9) Kỳ had two weeks earlier promised to use his planes against any coup attempt, but there was no reaction to begin with. [[10]](#cite_note-m327-10) [[11]](#cite_note-cont-11)
Some time after the plotters had made their broadcast, Kỳ consolidated the troops on Saigon's outskirts at
[Tân Sơn Nhứt Air Base](/wiki/T%C3%A2n_S%C6%A1n_Nh%E1%BB%A9t_Air_Base), the largest in the country and where the military was headquartered. He barricaded the soldiers into defensive positions and vowed a “massacre” if the rebels attacked the base. A stand-off of tanks and troops around the perimeter of the base occurred, but it petered away without any violence as the rebels were withdrawn. [12] Kỳ had apparently been angered by comments made by a rebel source who claimed that he was part of the coup attempt. [[12]](#cite_note-bigcoup-12) At the same time, Kỳ was known for his hawkish attitude and close relations with the U.S. military establishment in Vietnam, and American opposition to the coup was thought to have been conveyed to him efficiently. [[13]](#cite_note-laud-13) Đức mistakenly thought that Kỳ and his subordinates would be joining the coup, but was wrong. [[14]](#cite_note-kh232-14) [[15]](#cite_note-remake-15)
The announcement of U.S. support for the incumbent helped to deter ARVN officers from joining Lâm and Đức. Khánh returned to Saigon and put down the putsch, aided mainly by Kỳ and the Air Force. Kỳ decided to make a show of force as Phát and Đức began to wilt, and he sent jets to fly low over Saigon and finish off the rebel stand.
He also sent two C-47s to [11] [Vũng Tàu](/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_T%C3%A0u)to pick up two companies of South Vietnamese marines who remained loyal to Khánh. Several more battalions of loyal infantry were transported into Saigon. Kỳ’s political star began to rise. [[11]](#cite_note-cont-11) [[16]](#cite_note-k396-16)
As the coup collapsed, Kỳ and Đức appeared with other senior officers at a news conference where they proclaimed that the South Vietnamese military was united, and announced a resolution by the armed forces, signed by them and seven other leading commanders, claiming a united front against corruption.
The officers contended that the events in the capital were misinterpreted by observers, as “there was no coup.” [17] Kỳ claimed that Khánh was in complete control and that the senior officers involved in the standoff “have agreed to rejoin their units to fight the Communists”, [[12]](#cite_note-bigcoup-12) and that no further action would be taken against those who were involved with Đức and Phát's activities, [[12]](#cite_note-bigcoup-12) but Khánh arrested them two days later. [[17]](#cite_note-ar5-17) [[17]](#cite_note-ar5-17)
Kỳ and
[Thi](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ch%C3%A1nh_Thi)'s role in putting down the attempted coup gave them more leverage in Saigon's military politics. Indebted to Kỳ, Thi, and the Young Turks for maintaining his hold on power, Khánh was now weaker. Kỳ's group called on Khánh to remove “corrupt, dishonest, and counterrevolutionary” officers, civil servants, and exploitationists, and threatened to remove him if he did not enact their proposed reforms. Some observers accused Kỳ and Thi of deliberately orchestrating or allowing the plot to develop before putting it down in order to embarrass Khánh and allow himself to gain prominence on the political stage. [15] [[14]](#cite_note-kh232-14) In later years, Cao Huy Thuần, a professor and Buddhist activist based in the northern town of [[16]](#cite_note-k396-16) [Đà Nẵng](/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0_N%E1%BA%B5ng), claimed that during a meeting with Kỳ and Thi a few days before the coup, the officers had discussed their plans for joining a coup against Khánh. [[18]](#cite_note-kh498-18)
### December 1964 South Vietnamese coup[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=3)] [December 1964 South Vietnamese coup](/wiki/December_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup)
Kỳ was part of a group of younger officers called the Young Turks—the most prominent apart from himself included IV Corps commander General
[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u), commander of [I Corps](/wiki/I_Corps_(South_Vietnam)) Thi and Admiral [Chung Tấn Cang](/wiki/Chung_T%E1%BA%A5n_Cang), the head of the [Republic of Vietnam Navy](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Navy). They and Khánh wanted to forcibly retire officers with more than 25 years of service, as they thought them to be lethargic, out of touch, and ineffective. However, the unspoken and most important reason was that they viewed the older generals as rivals for power and wanted to conceal this real motive. Specific targets of this proposed policy were Generals Minh, [19] [Trần Văn Đôn](/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%C3%B4n), [Lê Văn Kim](/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kim)and [Mai Hữu Xuân](/wiki/Mai_H%E1%BB%AFu_Xu%C3%A2n).
The signature of Chief of State
[Phan Khắc Sửu](/wiki/Phan_Kh%E1%BA%AFc_S%E1%BB%ADu) was required to pass the ruling, but he referred the matter to the [High National Council](/wiki/High_National_Council_(South_Vietnam)) (HNC), a junta-appointed civilian advisory body, to get their opinion. The HNC turned down the request. [20] On 19 December, the generals dissolved the HNC and arrested some of the members as well as other civilian politicians, [[21]](#cite_note-m344-21) and the older generals, who were removed from the military. [[19]](#cite_note-mo769-19) The actual arrests were made by a small force commanded by Thi and Kỳ. The deposal prompted U.S. Ambassador [[22]](#cite_note-k398-22) [Maxwell D. Taylor](/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor)to angrily berate Thiệu, Thi, Kỳ, and Cang in a private meeting and threaten to cut off aid if they did not reverse their decision. Kỳ later admitted to being stung by Taylor’s comments. However, this galvanized the officers around the embattled Khánh for a time, and they ignored Taylor’s threats without repercussions as the Americans were too intent on defeating the communists to cut funding. [[23]](#cite_note-k399-23) [[24]](#cite_note-24)
In January 1965, the junta-appointed prime minister,
[Trần Văn Hương](/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng), introduced a series of measures to expand the anticommunist war effort, notably by widening the terms of conscription. This provoked widespread anti-Hương riots across the country, mainly from conscription-aged students and pro-negotiations Buddhists. Reliant on Buddhist support, Khánh did little to try to contain the protests. [25] [[25]](#cite_note-hfkh-25) Khánh then decided to have the armed forces take over the government. On 27 January, Khánh removed Hương in a bloodless putsch with the support of Thi and Kỳ. He promised to leave politics once the situation was stabilized and hand over power to a civilian body. It was believed that some of the officers supported Khánh's increased power so as to give him an opportunity to fail and thus be removed permanently. [[26]](#cite_note-26) [[25]](#cite_note-hfkh-25) [[27]](#cite_note-mo775-27)
By this time, Taylor's relationship with Khánh had already broken down over the issue of the HNC,
and the U.S. became more intent on a regime change as Khánh was reliant on Buddhist support, which they saw as an obstacle to an expansion of the war. Knowing that he was close to being forced out, Khánh tried to start negotiations with the communists, but this only increased the plotting. [28] In early February, Taylor told Kỳ, who then passed on the message to colleagues in the junta, that the United States was “in no way propping up General Khanh or backing him in any fashion.” [[29]](#cite_note-29) Taylor thought his message had been effective. [[30]](#cite_note-kh298-30) [[30]](#cite_note-kh298-30)
### 1965–67[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=4)]
Between January and February 1965, Colonel
[Phạm Ngọc Thảo](/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o), in reality a communist double agent, was locked in a power struggle with junta leader General [Nguyễn Khánh](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh), and began plotting a coup against Khánh, whom he thought was trying to kill him. Thảo consulted Kỳ—who wanted to seize power for himself—before the plot, and exhorted him to join the coup, but the Air Force chief claimed he would remain neutral. Thảo thus had reason to believe that Kỳ would not intervene. [31] Kỳ had been preparing his own coup plans for a fortnight and was strongly opposed to Thảo and Phát. [[32]](#cite_note-vd81-32) Kỳ, Thiệu, [[33]](#cite_note-kh300-33) [Có](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3)and Cang were not yet ready to make a coup, and their preparations were well behind that of Thảo. [[34]](#cite_note-kh299-34)
Shortly before noon on 19 February, Thảo and General
[Phát](/wiki/L%C3%A2m_V%C4%83n_Ph%C3%A1t) used around 50 tanks, and some infantry battalions, to seize control of the military headquarters, the post office, and the radio station of [Saigon](/wiki/Saigon). He surrounded the home of General Khánh and [Gia Long Palace](/wiki/Gia_Long_Palace), the residence of head of state [Phan Khắc Sửu](/wiki/Phan_Kh%E1%BA%AFc_S%E1%BB%ADu). [[31]](#cite_note-tc-31) The ground troops also missed capturing Kỳ, who fled in a sports car with his wife and mother-in-law. [35] Kỳ ended up at Tân Sơn Nhứt, where he ran into Khánh, and the pair flew off together, while some of their colleagues were arrested there. [[36]](#cite_note-patience-36) [[32]](#cite_note-vd81-32) [[33]](#cite_note-kh300-33) [[37]](#cite_note-t363-37)
Thảo made a radio announcement, stating that the sole objective of his military operation was to get rid of Khánh, whom he described as a “dictator,”
while some of his fellow rebels made comments extolling Diệm and indicating they would start a hardline Catholic regime. [31] Phát was supposed to seize the [[38]](#cite_note-38) [Biên Hòa Air Base](/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a_Air_Base)to prevent Kỳ from mobilising air power against them. The attempt to seize Biên Hòa failed, as Kỳ got there first and took control, before circling Tân Sơn Nhứt, threatening to bomb the rebels. [[39]](#cite_note-vd80-39) [[31]](#cite_note-tc-31) [[32]](#cite_note-vd81-32)
A CIA report and analysis written after the coup concluded that “Ky's command of the air force made him instrumental” in preventing Khánh from being overrun, “until Ky changed his mind” on Khánh's continuing hold on power.
Most of the forces of the [40] [III](/wiki/III_Corps_(South_Vietnam))and [IV Corps](/wiki/IV_Corps_(South_Vietnam))surrounding the capital disliked both Khánh and the rebels and took no action. [[41]](#cite_note-41)
The Americans decided that while they wanted Khánh out, they did not approve of Thảo and Phát, so they began to lobby Kỳ and Thi, the two most powerful officers outside Khánh, to defeat both sides.
They unofficially designated Kỳ the duty of moderating between the coup forces and Khánh's loyalists, preventing bloodshed and keeping them apart until some further action was planned. Kỳ's work slowed the advance of several Khánh-loyalist units into the capital. During all of these moves, Kỳ's hand was strengthened by the mistaken belief of Khánh and his faction that the Air Force commander supported them. [42] [[40]](#cite_note-kh302-40)
At 8 p.m., Phát and Thảo met Kỳ in a meeting organised by the Americans, and insisted that Khánh be removed from power. The coup collapsed when, around midnight, loyal ARVN forces swept into the city from the south and some loyal to Kỳ from Biên Hòa in the north. Whether the rebels were defeated or a deal was struck with Kỳ to end the revolt in exchange for Khánh's removal is disputed, but most analysts believe the latter.
[[31]](#cite_note-tc-31) [[43]](#cite_note-m364-43) Before fleeing, Thảo managed a final radio broadcast, stating that the coup had been effective in removing Khánh. This was not the case yet, but later in the morning, Kỳ and Thi led the Armed Forces Council in adopting a [44] [vote of no confidence](/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence)in Khánh, and they assumed control of the junta. [[31]](#cite_note-tc-31) [[45]](#cite_note-45)
In May 1965, a military tribunal under Kỳ sentenced both Phát and Thảo, who had gone into hiding, to death
*in absentia*. As a result, Thảo had little choice but to attempt to seize power from Kỳ in order to save himself. On 20 May, a half dozen officers and around 40 civilians, predominantly Catholic, were arrested on charges of attempting to assassinate Prime Minister [46] [Phan Huy Quát](/wiki/Phan_Huy_Quat)and kidnap Kỳ, among others. Several of the arrested were known supporters of Thảo and believed to be abetting him in evading the authorities. In July 1965, he was reported dead in unclear circumstances; an official report claimed that he died of injuries while on a helicopter *en route*to Saigon, after having been captured north of the city. However, it is generally assumed that he was hunted down and murdered or tortured to death on the orders of some officials in Kỳ’s junta. [[46]](#cite_note-send-46) In his memoirs, Kỳ claimed Thảo was jailed and “probably [died] from a beating.” [[47]](#cite_note-h249-47) [[48]](#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.E1.BB.B3116-48)
In 1965 Kỳ was appointed prime minister by a special joint meeting of military leaders following the voluntary resignation of civilian president
[Phan Khắc Sửu](/wiki/Phan_Kh%E1%BA%AFc_S%E1%BB%ADu) and Prime Minister [Phan Huy Quát](/wiki/Phan_Huy_Qu%C3%A1t), who had been installed by the military. South Vietnam's system of government shifted to that of a strong prime minister, with General [Nguyễn Văn Thiệu](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u) becoming a figurehead president. Kỳ ended the cycle of coups that plagued South Vietnam following the overthrow of Diệm. [49]
Kỳ and Thiệu's military junta decided to inaugurate their rule by holding a “no breathing week.”
They imposed censorship, closed many newspapers that published material deemed unacceptable, and suspended civil liberties. They then sidelined the civilian politicians to a “village of old trees” to “conduct seminars and draw up plans and programs in support of government policy”. [49] They decided to ignore religious and other opposition groups “with the stipulation that troublemakers will be shot.” The generals began to mobilize the populace into paramilitary organizations. After one month, [[50]](#cite_note-week1-50) [Quang](/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang)began to call for the removal of Thiệu because he was a member of Diệm's Catholic [Cần Lao party](/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Lao_party), decrying Thiệu "fascistic tendencies", and claiming Cần Lao members were undermining Kỳ. [[50]](#cite_note-week1-50)
### Power struggle with Thi and Buddhist Uprising[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=5)] [Buddhist Uprising](/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising)
Kỳ's greatest struggle came in 1966, when he dismissed General Thi, resulting in a
[Buddhist Uprising](/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising) and military revolt in Thi's I Corps. Within the junta, Thi was seen as Kỳ's main competitor for influence. Many political observers in Saigon thought that Thi wanted to depose Kỳ, and regarded him as the biggest threat to the other officers and the junta’s stability. According to Kỳ's memoirs, Thi was a “born intriguer” who had “left-wing inclinations”. [51] [[52]](#cite_note-hn-52) *magazine published a piece in February 1966 that claimed that Thi was more dynamic than Kỳ and could seize power at any time.* [Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine)) Historian Robert Topmiller claimed Kỳ may have seen the article as destabilizing and therefore decided to move against Thi. [[53]](#cite_note-t34-53) [[53]](#cite_note-t34-53)
Historian
[Stanley Karnow](/wiki/Stanley_Karnow) said of Kỳ and Thi: “Both flamboyant characters who wore gaudy uniforms and sported sinister moustaches, the two young officers had been friends, and their rivalry seemed to typify the personal struggles for power that chronically afflicted South Vietnam. But their dispute mirrored more than individual ambition.” Both were known for the colorful red berets they wore. [54] There were reports that Thi was showing insubordination towards Kỳ. The U.S. military commander in Vietnam, General [[55]](#cite_note-post-55) [William Westmoreland](/wiki/William_Westmoreland), said that Thi once refused to report to Kỳ in Saigon when requested. On one occasion, Kỳ came to I Corps to remonstrate with him in early March, Thi addressed his staff and asked mockingly, “Should we pay attention to this funny little man from Saigon or should we ignore him?” [[53]](#cite_note-t34-53) Thi made this comment rather loudly, within earshot of Kỳ, and the Vietnamese politician [[51]](#cite_note-thiparty-51) [Bùi Diễm](/wiki/B%C3%B9i_Di%E1%BB%85m)thought that the prime minister viewed Thi's comment as a direct challenge to his authority. [[53]](#cite_note-t34-53)
A native of central Vietnam, Thi was the commander of
[I Corps](/wiki/I_Corps_(South_Vietnam)), which oversaw the five northernmost provinces of South Vietnam and the 1st and [2nd Divisions](/wiki/2nd_Division_(South_Vietnam)). He was known to have the “deep rooted” loyalty of his soldiers. A large segment of the South Vietnamese military was the [56] [Regional](/wiki/South_Vietnamese_Regional_Forces)and [Popular Forces](/wiki/South_Vietnamese_Popular_Forces), which were militias who served in their native areas, and they appreciated a commander with a regionalistic rapport. The support from the Buddhists, his troops, and the regional tendencies gave Thi a strong power base and made it hard for the other generals and the Americans to move against him. [[52]](#cite_note-hn-52) [ magazine reported that Thi “ran it [I Corps] like a warlord of yore, obeying those edicts of the central government that suited him and blithely disregarding the rest.” Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine)) Historian [[51]](#cite_note-thiparty-51) [George McTurnan Kahin](/wiki/George_McTurnan_Kahin)said that Kỳ may have feared that Thi would secede from Saigon and turn central Vietnam into an independent state. CIA analyst [Douglas Pike](/wiki/Douglas_Pike), who worked in Vietnam, speculated that this would have been a large part of Ky's thinking. A combination of those factors resulted in Thi's dismissal. [[53]](#cite_note-t34-53) Kỳ mustered the support of eight of the generals on the 10-man junta, meaning that along with his vote, there were nine officers in favor of Thi's removal. [[55]](#cite_note-post-55) With Thi the only nonsupporter, Kỳ and his colleagues removed Thi from the junta and his corps command on 10 March 1966. [[56]](#cite_note-nyt-56) Kỳ threatened to resign if the decision was not unanimous, claiming that the junta needed a show of strength, so Thi decided to vote for his own sacking. [[55]](#cite_note-post-55) The junta put Thi under house arrest pending his departure from the country, and then appointed General [[57]](#cite_note-t35-57) [Nguyễn Văn Chuẩn](/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Chuan), the erstwhile commander of 1st Division and a Thi subordinate, as the new I Corps commander. [[57]](#cite_note-t35-57)
Kỳ initially stated that Thi was leaving the country to receive medical treatment for his nasal passages.
An official announcement said that the junta “had considered and accepted General Thi's application for a vacation”. [55] Thi retorted that “The only sinus condition I have is from the stink of corruption.” [[51]](#cite_note-thiparty-51) Kỳ then gave a series of reasons for dismissing Thi, accusing him of being too left-wing, of ruling the central regions like a warlord, of having a mistress who was suspected of being a communist, and being too conspiratorial. [[55]](#cite_note-post-55) Despite Thi's good relations with the Buddhists in his area, most notably [[53]](#cite_note-t34-53) [Thích Trí Quang](/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Tr%C3%AD_Quang), Kỳ reportedly had the monks' support for Thi's removal. Quang used the crisis to highlight Buddhist calls for civilian rule. There were claims that Quang intended to challenge Kỳ, regardless of whether or not Thi had been cast aside. [[58]](#cite_note-storm-58) [[59]](#cite_note-polpog-59)
The Americans were supportive of Kỳ and his prosecution of the war against the communists, and they opposed Thi, regarding him as not being firm enough against communism.
Thi did, however, have the support of Marine Lieutenant General [52] [Lewis Walt](/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Walt&action=edit&redlink=1), who commanded American forces in I Corps and was the senior adviser to Thi's ARVN forces. This caused problems during the dispute. The dismissal caused widespread demonstrations in the northern provinces. [[52]](#cite_note-hn-52) Civil unrest grew, as civil servants, disaffected military personnel, and the working under-class joined the anti-government demonstrations led by the Buddhists. [[55]](#cite_note-post-55) At first, Kỳ tried to ignore the demonstrations and wait for them to peter out, [[58]](#cite_note-storm-58) but the problem escalated and riots broke out in some places. [[58]](#cite_note-storm-58) [[55]](#cite_note-post-55) [[60]](#cite_note-smoke-60)
Kỳ gambled by allowing Thi to return to I Corps, ostensibly to restore order.
He claimed he allowed Thi to return to his old area of command as a goodwill gesture, to keep central Vietnamese happy, and because he promised Thi a farewell visit before going into exile. Thi received a rousing reception and the anti-Kỳ protesters became more fervent. [61] [[55]](#cite_note-post-55) Kỳ then sacked the police chief of [[61]](#cite_note-t38-61) [Huế](/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF), a Thi loyalist. The local policemen responded by going on strike and demonstrating against their chief's removal. [[62]](#cite_note-disc-62)
Buddhists and other antijunta civilian activists joined together with I Corps units supportive of Thi to form the Struggle Movement, leading to civil unrest and a halt in I Corps military operations. On 3 April, Kỳ held a press conference during which he claimed that Đà Nẵng was under communist control and vowed to stage a military operation to regain the territory, thus implying the Buddhists were communist agents. He vowed to kill the mayor of Đà Nẵng, saying “Either Da Nang's mayor is shot or the government will fall.”
The following evening, Kỳ deployed three battalions of marines to Đà Nẵng. The marines stayed at [62] [Đà Nẵng Air Base](/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%A0_N%E1%BA%B5ng_Air_Base&action=edit&redlink=1)and made no moves against the rebels. Soon after, they were joined by two battalions of [[52]](#cite_note-hn-52) [Vietnamese Rangers](/wiki/Vietnamese_Rangers), as well as some riot police and paratroopers. [[63]](#cite_note-w59-63) Kỳ took personal command and found that the roads leading into the city had been blocked by Buddhist civilians and pro-Thi portions of the I Corps. After a standoff, Kỳ realized that he could not score a decisive victory and had lost face. He arranged a meeting and media event with Thi loyalist officers, and various Struggle Movement supporters. [[64]](#cite_note-t53-64) [[64]](#cite_note-t53-64)
Kỳ arrived back in Saigon, where he met with Buddhist leaders for negotiations. The Buddhists demanded an amnesty for rioters and mutinous soldiers, and for Kỳ to withdraw the marines from Đà Nẵng back to Saigon.
The monks said they would order the Struggle Movement “temporarily suspend all forms of struggle to prove our goodwill”. [58] [[58]](#cite_note-storm-58) After a period of tension and further tensions, Kỳ's forces gained the upper hand in May, pressuring most Struggle Movement members to give up and militarily defeating the rest. He then put Quang under house arrest and finally had Thi exiled, cementing his junta's grip on power and ending the Buddhist movement as a political force. [[62]](#cite_note-disc-62) [[65]](#cite_note-65) [[66]](#cite_note-66)
During his rule, Kỳ made many foreign
[state visits](/wiki/State_visit) to bolster South Vietnam's legitimacy. One visit to Australia in 1967 was somewhat controversial. Over time, Australian attitudes toward South Vietnam became increasingly negative, despite a contribution of ground troops to assist the fight against the communists; the bipartisanship of the 1950s evaporated. The centre-left [67] [Australian Labor Party](/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party)became more sympathetic to the communists and their leader, [Arthur Calwell](/wiki/Arthur_Calwell), stridently denounced Kỳ as a “fascist dictator” and a “butcher” ahead of his 1967 visit. Despite the controversy leading up to the visit, Kỳ's trip was a success. He dealt with the media effectively, despite hostile sentiment from some sections of the press and public. [[68]](#cite_note-68) [[69]](#cite_note-69)
During the trip to Australia, a power struggle with General
[Nguyễn Hữu Có](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_H%E1%BB%AFu_C%C3%B3), the deputy prime minister and defense minister, climaxed. Kỳ saw Có as a political threat and a magnet for dissidents, [70] while Có deemed Kỳ to be “immature”. [[70]](#cite_note-lowky-70) At the same time as his visit to Australia, Kỳ sent Có to [[56]](#cite_note-nyt-56) [Taiwan](/wiki/Taiwan), ostensibly to represent the junta at a ceremonial event. With Có out of the country and unable to stage a coup, and Kỳ not within striking distance in case anyone wanted to capture him, news of Có's removal was broken in Saigon. Có expressed a desire to return to Saigon, but was threatened with arrest and trial, and soldiers were deployed to the airport. Có was allowed to return in 1970 after Kỳ's power had waned. [[70]](#cite_note-lowky-70) [[56]](#cite_note-nyt-56)
## 1967 elections[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=6)]
In the presidential election that was held in 1967, the military junta, which Kỳ chaired, intended to endorse only one candidate for the presidency. Kỳ intended to run, but at the last minute changed his mind and backed Thiệu,
a move he later called “the biggest mistake of my life.” [71] Thiệu nominated Kỳ as his [[72]](#cite_note-72) [running mate](/wiki/Running_mate)and the two were elected with 35 percent of the vote in a rigged poll. U.S. policymakers heard rumors that the generals had agreed to subvert the constitution, and [[71]](#cite_note-k466-71) *The New York Times*revealed the formation of a secret military committee that would control the government after the election. What had happened was that in the negotiations within the military, Kỳ had agreed to stand aside in exchange for behind-the-scenes power through a military committee that would shape policy and control the civilian arm of the government. [[3]](#cite_note-mc646-3) Kỳ flatly denied these reports to Ambassador [[73]](#cite_note-73) [Ellsworth Bunker](/wiki/Ellsworth_Bunker), and the U.S. Embassy notified Washington that *The New York Times*story was baseless. However, the story was later vindicated, as intelligence sources obtained the charter that told of the functions of the secret Supreme Military Committee (SMC). [[3]](#cite_note-mc646-3) [[74]](#cite_note-74) [Walt Rostow](/wiki/Walt_Rostow)briefed President Johnson and concluded that the SMC was “in effect, a scheme for ‘guided democracy’ in which a half dozen generals would decide finally what was good and bad for the country.” [[75]](#cite_note-m647-75)
The campaign was overshadowed by U.S. media criticism of Kỳ and Thiệu's unfair electoral practices and sneaky tricks. All the candidates were scheduled to attend a rally at
[Quảng Trị](/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B) in the far north of the country on 6 August. Owing to the security situation and the possibility of communist attacks, the politicians were transported to joint campaign events by the military, rather than being free to go to separate events as their strategy dictated. However, the Quảng Trị event had to be canceled after the candidates’ plane landed 23 km away at an air base in [76] [Đông Hà](/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_H%C3%A0). Believing that the mishap was a deliberate attempt to make them look chaotic and disorganized—Thiệu and Kỳ had decided not to attend rallies—the candidates boycotted the event and flew back to Saigon. There they denounced the government bitterly. The leading opposition candidate, [[77]](#cite_note-m645-77) [Trần Văn Hương](/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng), claimed that Thiệu and Kỳ “purposefully arranged the trip to humiliate us and make clowns out of us.” As air force chief, Kỳ had previously stranded opposition politicians on a trip to the [[77]](#cite_note-m645-77) [Central Highlands](/wiki/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)). Kỳ and Thiệu maintained that no malice was involved, but their opponents did not believe it. None of the candidates made good on their threat to withdraw, but their strident attacks over the alleged dirty tricks dominated the media coverage of the election for a period. [[77]](#cite_note-m645-77)
The negative coverage embarrassed Washington; instead of hearing reports about progress and good governance in South Vietnam, most reports focused on corruption and fraud.
The heavy and negative coverage of the election provoked angry debate in the U.S. Congress, criticising Kỳ's junta and Johnson's policies. Such sentiment came from both houses and political parties. On 10 August 57 members of the [77] [United States House of Representatives](/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives)signed a statement condemning Kỳ's electoral malpractices and threatening a review of U.S. policy in Vietnam. [[75]](#cite_note-m647-75)
Kỳ and Thiệu were reluctant to campaign and meet the populace as they saw such events as liabilities rather than opportunities to win over the public, and showed little interest in gaining popular support in any case, as they could always count on a rigging of the ballot. The CIA reported that the pair had no intention of participating on the arranged rallies with the civilian candidates because they felt that “possible heckling from the audience that would be too humiliating.” Thiệu and Kỳ were correct; they made one public campaign appearance at a rally, where a very disapproving crowd in Huế assailed Kỳ as a “hooligan” and “cowboy leader.” Kỳ and Thiệu decided to campaign indirectly by appearing at set piece ceremonial appointments, such as transferring land titles to peasants, as hostile elements from the general population were less likely to be present. Thiệu took a restrained and more moderate stance during the campaign toward the issue of demoncracy, while Kỳ, the public face of the ticket and the incumbent government, went on the attack, damaging the pair’s image and supposed commitment to democracy. Kỳ did not hide his distaste for democracy or his opponents and “described the civilian candidates as 'ordure' [dirt, filth, excrement], 'traitors,' and 'destroyers of the national interest.'” He continued on to say that if his opponents continued to attack him, he would cancel the poll.
In the accompanying senate election, Kỳ openly endorsed 11 slates, but only one was successful in gaining one of the six seats. [3] [[78]](#cite_note-future-78)
### 1967–71: Vice President[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=7)]
He served as
[vice president](/wiki/Vice_president) to President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, although behind the scenes there was a fierce rivalry that left Kỳ marginalized. In the aftermath of the [Tết Offensive](/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFt_Offensive), Thiệu enforced martial law and used the situation to consolidate his personal power. Kỳ's supporters in the military and the administration were quickly removed from power, arrested, or exiled, ending any hopes of Kỳ exerting any power through the SMC or elsewhere. [79] [[80]](#cite_note-80) Alienated from Thiệu, Kỳ intended to oppose him in the 1971 elections, but Thiệu introduced laws to stop most of his rivals from running. Realizing that the poll would be rigged, Kỳ withdrew from politics. Thiệu ran unopposed and took 94 percent of the vote. [[81]](#cite_note-DouganWeiss126-81) [[82]](#cite_note-82)
## Life in exile[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=8)]
After the defeat of South Vietnam by
[North Vietnam](/wiki/North_Vietnam), on the last day of the fall of Saigon in 1975, Kỳ left Vietnam aboard the [USS Blue Ridge](/wiki/USS_Blue_Ridge_(LCC-19)) and fled to the United States and settled in [Westminster, California](/wiki/Westminster,_California), where he ran a [liquor store](/wiki/Liquor_store). [[83]](#cite_note-83) Kỳ wrote two autobiographies, [[84]](#cite_note-84) *and* [How We Lost the Vietnam War](/w/index.php?title=How_We_Lost_the_Vietnam_War&action=edit&redlink=1) *.* [Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam](/w/index.php?title=Buddha%27s_Child:_My_Fight_to_Save_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1)
Historian James McAllister openly questioned Kỳ's honesty, saying that
*Buddha's Child*, as Kỳ called himself, “is filled with unverifiable conversations and arguments that do not at all correspond with the historical record. Like his earlier memoir, it is often a self-serving attempt to continue his ongoing feud with the late president Nguyễn Văn Thiệu.” He said “with everything Ky writes about Vietnam . . . skepticism is in order.” [85] [[86]](#cite_note-86)
Kỳ made headlines in 2004 by being the first South Vietnamese leader to return to Vietnam after the reunification, a move that was seen as a shameful one by many anticommunist groups in the Vietnamese American community.
[[87]](#cite_note-bbc1-87) [[88]](#cite_note-bbc2-88) Kỳ had previously been critical of the [89] [Vietnam](/wiki/Vietnam)government while in exile and had been denied a visa on several occasions. Upon setting foot on Vietnam, Kỳ defended his actions by saying that the Vietnam War was “instigated by foreigners, it was brothers killing each other under the arrangements by foreign countries.” [[88]](#cite_note-bbc2-88) [[87]](#cite_note-bbc1-87) [[88]](#cite_note-bbc2-88)
He added, “In another 100 years, the Vietnamese will look back at the war and feel shameful. We should not dwell on it as it will not do any good for Vietnam’s future. My main concern at the moment is Vietnam's position on the world map.”
[[87]](#cite_note-bbc1-87) Kỳ said that he only wanted to help build up Vietnam and promote national harmony, and assailed critics of his return, saying that “those who bear grudges only care about themselves.” [88] [[87]](#cite_note-bbc1-87) [[88]](#cite_note-bbc2-88)
Kỳ later returned to Vietnam permanently and campaigned for increased foreign investment.
[[90]](#cite_note-90) Kỳ was involved in organizing trips to Vietnam for potential U.S. investors. [91] [[92]](#cite_note-92) [[93]](#cite_note-93)
## Style[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=9)]
Kỳ was well known for his flamboyant, colorful conduct
and dress during his younger days. His trademark fashion accessory before he faded from public view in the 1970s was a purple scarf, which he wore with his black flight suit. He often raised eyebrows when he was the military prime minister by arriving at events to meet civilians with his wife in matching black flight suits, boots, blue caps, and purple scarves. [88] He rarely was seen without a cigarette. He was notorious for his love of gambling, women, and glamour, which made American officials wary of him. One official called him an “unguided missile.” [[4]](#cite_note-miss-4) When he was a young pilot, Kỳ once landed a helicopter in the road in front of a girlfriend's house in order to impress her, causing the locals to panic and earning the ire of his commander for misusing military equipment. On one occasion, Kỳ is said to have pulled a handgun on a journalist whose questions annoyed him. Many in the South Vietnamese public service, military, and the general public hated his tempestuous and impetuous style and regarded him as a “cowboy.” [[88]](#cite_note-bbc2-88) and a “hooligan.” [[87]](#cite_note-bbc1-87) At his only public campaign appearance during the 1967 presidential election, the large crowd repeatedly heckled him loudly, calling him a “cowboy leader” and “hooligan” and as a result he did not make any more appearances at rallies. [[3]](#cite_note-mc646-3) [[3]](#cite_note-mc646-3)
Kỳ met and married his first wife, a Frenchwoman, in the 1950s when he was training as a pilot in France. Soon after, he divorced her and married an
[Air Viet Nam](/wiki/Air_Vietnam) flight attendant, who was his spouse during his years in power. He later married for a third time. [4] His daughter from his second marriage, [[94]](#cite_note-94) [Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên](/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3_Duy%C3%AAn), is well known in the [overseas Vietnamese](/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese)entertainment industry as a [mistress of ceremonies](/wiki/Master_of_ceremonies)and singer on the music variety show *. Many Vietnamese Americans called for her sacking after her father returned to Vietnam.* [Paris By Night](/wiki/Paris_By_Night) [[95]](#cite_note-95)
## Death[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=10)]
Kỳ died on 23 July 2011, aged 80, at a hospital in
[Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia), where he was receiving treatment for "respiratory complications." His ashes are interred at the Buddhist Columbarium of [2] [Rose Hills Memorial Park](/wiki/Rose_Hills_Memorial_Park)in [Whittier, California](/wiki/Whittier,_California).
## References[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=11)] **Seth Mydans (23 July 2011).** [^](#cite_ref-1) ["Nguyen Cao Ky, South Vietnam Leader, Dies at 80"](http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/world/asia/24ky.html?ref=deathsobituaries). *The New York Times*.
- ^
**a** **b** ["Former South Vietnam leader Nguyen Cao Ky dies"](http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43862566). MSNBC. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^
**a** **b** **c** **d** **e** [McAllister, p. 646.](#cite_ref-mc646_3-5) **f**
- ^
**a** **b** **c** ["South Viet Nam: Pilot with a Mission".](#cite_ref-miss_4-3) **d** *. 18 February 1966.* [Time](/wiki/TIME) **Tang, p. 54.** [^](#cite_ref-t54_5-0) **Conboy, Andrade, pp. 33–34, 44.** [^](#cite_ref-6) **Shaplen, pp. 228–40.** [^](#cite_ref-7) **Moyar (2006), p. 326.** [^](#cite_ref-m326_8-0) **Kahin, pp. 228–32.** [^](#cite_ref-9) **Moyar (2006), p. 327.** [^](#cite_ref-m327_10-0)
- ^
**a** **b** ["South Viet Nam: Continued Progress".](#cite_ref-cont_11-2) **c** *. 18 September 1964.* [Time](/wiki/Time_magazine)
- ^
**a** **b** **c** ["Coup collapses in Saigon; Khanh forces in power; U.S. pledges full support".](#cite_ref-bigcoup_12-3) **d** *. 14 September 1964. p. 1.* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times) **Grose, Peter (15 September 1964). "Khanh, Back at the Helm, Lauds Younger Officers".** [^](#cite_ref-laud_13-0) *. p. 1.* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times)
- ^
**a** [Kahin, p. 232.](#cite_ref-kh232_14-1) **b**
- ^
**a** ["South Viet Nam: Remaking a Revolution".](#cite_ref-remake_15-1) **b** *. 25 September 1964.* [Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine))
- ^
**a** [Karnow, p. 396.](#cite_ref-k396_16-1) **b**
- ^
**a** **b** ["Khanh arrests 5 in coup attempt".](#cite_ref-ar5_17-2) **c** *. 17 September 1964. p. 10.* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times) **Kahin, p. 498.** [^](#cite_ref-kh498_18-0)
- ^
**a** [Moyar (2004), p. 769.](#cite_ref-mo769_19-1) **b** **"South Viet Nam: The U.S. v. the Generals".** [^](#cite_ref-versus_20-0) *. 1 January 1965.* [Time](/wiki/TIME) **Moyar (2006), p. 344.** [^](#cite_ref-m344_21-0) **Karnow, p. 398.** [^](#cite_ref-k398_22-0) **Karnow, p. 399.** [^](#cite_ref-k399_23-0) **Karnow, pp. 398–99.** [^](#cite_ref-24)
- ^
**a** **b** [Kahin, pp. 267–69.](#cite_ref-hfkh_25-2) **c** **Moyar (2004), pp. 774–75.** [^](#cite_ref-26) **Moyar (2006), p. 775.** [^](#cite_ref-mo775_27-0) **Kahin, pp. 255–60.** [^](#cite_ref-28) **Kahin, pp. 294–96.** [^](#cite_ref-29)
- ^
**a** [Kahin, p. 298.](#cite_ref-kh298_30-1) **b**
- ^
**a** **b** **c** **d** **e** [Shaplen, pp. 310–12.](#cite_ref-tc_31-5) **f**
- ^
**a** **b** [VanDeMark, p. 81.](#cite_ref-vd81_32-2) **c**
- ^
**a** [Kahin, p. 300.](#cite_ref-kh300_33-1) **b** **Kahin, p. 299.** [^](#cite_ref-kh299_34-0) **Moyar (2006), p. 363.** [^](#cite_ref-m363_35-0) **"South Viet Nam: A Trial for Patience".** [^](#cite_ref-patience_36-0) *. 26 February 1965.* [Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine)) **Tang, p. 363.** [^](#cite_ref-t363_37-0) **Kahin, pp. 300–01.** [^](#cite_ref-38) **VanDeMark, p. 80.** [^](#cite_ref-vd80_39-0)
- ^
**a** [Kahin, p. 302.](#cite_ref-kh302_40-1) **b** **Moyar (2006), pp. 363–64.** [^](#cite_ref-41) **Kahin, p. 301.** [^](#cite_ref-kh301_42-0) **Moyar (2006), p. 364.** [^](#cite_ref-m364_43-0) **VanDeMark, p. 82.** [^](#cite_ref-vd82_44-0) **Langguth, pp. 346–47.** [^](#cite_ref-45)
- ^
**a** [Shaplen, pp. 338–44.](#cite_ref-send_46-1) **b** **Hammer, p. 249.** [^](#cite_ref-h249_47-0) [^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.E1.BB.B3116_48-0) [Kỳ](#CITEREFK.E1.BB.B3), p. 116.
- ^
**a** [Moyar (2004), p. 781.](#cite_ref-mo781_49-1) **b**
- ^
**a** [Moyar (2004), pp. 781–82.](#cite_ref-week1_50-1) **b**
- ^
**a** **b** **c** **d** ["The Saigon Thi Party"](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941937,00.html). *. 25 March 1966. Retrieved 11 October 2009.* [Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine))
- ^
**a** **b** **c** **d** [Brush, Peter (April 2005).](#cite_ref-hn_52-4) **e** ["The 1966 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam"](http://www.thehistorynet.com/vn/blbuddhist/index1.html). Historynet. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
- ^
**a** **b** **c** **d** **e** [Topmiller, p. 34.](#cite_ref-t34_53-5) **f** **Karnow, p. 460.** [^](#cite_ref-k460_54-0)
- ^
**a** **b** **c** **d** **e** **f** **g** [Sullivan, Patricia (26 June 2007).](#cite_ref-post_55-7) **h** ["South Vietnamese Gen. Nguyen Chanh Thi"](http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/26/AR2007062602195.html). *. Retrieved 11 October 2009.* [The Washington Post](/wiki/The_Washington_Post)
- ^
**a** **b** **c** [Crossette, Barbara (18 December 1987).](#cite_ref-nyt_56-3) **d** ["](http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7D9133AF93BA25751C1A961948260). *Ho Chi Minh City Journal*; "'Re-educated' 12 Years, An Ex-General Reflects"" *. Retrieved 14 July 2010.* [The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times)
- ^
**a** [Topmiller, p. 35.](#cite_ref-t35_57-1) **b**
- ^
**a** **b** **c** **d** ["South Viet Nam: The Storm Breaks".](#cite_ref-storm_58-4) **e** *. 15 April 1966.* [Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine)) **"World: Politician from the Pagoda".** [^](#cite_ref-polpog_59-0) *. 22 April 1966.* [Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine)) **"South Viet Nam: Smoke, Fire & Welfare".** [^](#cite_ref-smoke_60-0) *. 25 March 1966.* [Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine))
- ^
**a** [Topmiller, p. 38.](#cite_ref-t38_61-1) **b**
- ^
**a** **b** ["South Viet Nam: The Capital of Discontent".](#cite_ref-disc_62-2) **c** *. 8 April 1966.* [Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine)) **Wiest, p. 59.** [^](#cite_ref-w59_63-0)
- ^
**a** [Topmiller, p. 53.](#cite_ref-t53_64-1) **b** **Karnow, pp. 460–65.** [^](#cite_ref-65) **Kahin, pp. 425–30.** [^](#cite_ref-66) **Edwards (1997), pp. 83–85.** [^](#cite_ref-67) **Edwards (1997), pp. 141–42.** [^](#cite_ref-68) **Edwards (1997), pp. 143–46.** [^](#cite_ref-69)
- ^
**a** **b** ["South Viet Nam: Low Ky".](#cite_ref-lowky_70-2) **c** *Time*. 3 February 1967.
- ^
**a** [Karnow, p. 466.](#cite_ref-k466_71-1) **b** **McAllister, pp. 640–41.** [^](#cite_ref-72) **Karnow, pp. 465–66.** [^](#cite_ref-73) **McAllister, pp. 646–47.** [^](#cite_ref-74)
- ^
**a** [McAllister, p. 647.](#cite_ref-m647_75-1) **b** **Karnow, p. 465.** [^](#cite_ref-76)
- ^
**a** **b** **c** [McAllister, p. 645.](#cite_ref-m645_77-3) **d** **"South Viet Nam: A Vote for the Future".** [^](#cite_ref-future_78-0) *. 15 September 1967.* [Time](/wiki/TIME) **Dougan and Weiss, pp. 124–25.** [^](#cite_ref-79) **Hoang, p. 142.** [^](#cite_ref-80) **Dougan and Weiss, p. 126.** [^](#cite_ref-DouganWeiss126_81-0) **Penniman, pp. 126–46.** [^](#cite_ref-82) **Karnow, p. 457.** [^](#cite_ref-83) [^](#cite_ref-84) ["Indo-china: The Privileged Exiles"](http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917413,00.html). *. 12 May 1975. Retrieved 30 July 2010.* [Time](/wiki/Time_(magazine)) **McAllister, p. 621.** [^](#cite_ref-85) **McAllister, p. 641.** [^](#cite_ref-86)
- ^
**a** **b** **c** **d** **e** ["Vietnam welcomes former enemy"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3395015.stm). BBC. 14 January 2004. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
- ^
**a** **b** **c** **d** **e** **f** [Pham, Nga (14 January 2004).](#cite_ref-bbc2_88-6) **g** ["Vietnam's wartime 'cowboy' softens his act"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3396223.stm). BBC. Retrieved 11 October 2009. [^](#cite_ref-89) ["Vietnam Visit by Ky Called Betrayal"](http://www.vobivietnam.com/hph/suutap/Nguyencaoky/NCK_GardengroveRegister.htm). Garden Grove Register. 27 February 2004. Retrieved 26 November 2010. **Tran, Mai; Anton, Mike (9 January 2004).** [^](#cite_ref-90) ["His Return to Vietnam Crosses a Line"](http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jan/09/local/me-premier9/2). *. Retrieved 30 July 2010.* [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times) **Nguyen, Daisy (11 November 2006). "In Little Saigon, investors bet on change in Vietnam".** [^](#cite_ref-91) *.* [The San Diego Union-Tribune](/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune) **"Groups look for investment opportunities".** [^](#cite_ref-92) *Saigon Times Daily*. 25 July 2005. [^](#cite_ref-93) [Robert "A War Remembered/"Body bags, condos and casinos – the new Gold Coast of Vietnam""](http://www.westport-news.com/opinion/article/A-War-Remembered-Body-bags-condos-and-casinos-528273.phpauthor=Stokes,). *Westport News*. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010. [^](#cite_ref-94) [Kỳ's personal life](http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-90547028.html) **Tran, Mai (15 February 2004).** [^](#cite_ref-95) ["Father's Trip to Vietnam Is His Daughter's Baggage"](http://articles.latimes.com/2004/feb/15/local/me-ky15). *. Retrieved 30 July 2010.* [Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times)
## Sources[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=12)]
- Conboy, Kenneth J.; Andradé, Dale (2000).
*Spies and Commandos: How America Lost the Secret War in North Vietnam*. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [978-0-7006-1002-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1002-0).
- Dougan, Clark et al. (1983).
*Nineteen Sixty-Eight*. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston Publishing Company. [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [0-939526-06-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939526-06-9).
- Edwards, P. G. (1997).
*A Nation at War: Australian Politics, Society and Diplomacy During the Vietnam War 1965–1975*. Allen & Unwin. [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [1-86448-282-6](/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-282-6). [Hammer, Ellen J.](/wiki/Ellen_Hammer)(1987). *A Death in November: America in Vietnam, 1963*. New York City: E. P. Dutton. [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [0-525-24210-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-24210-4).
- Hoang Ngoc Lung (1978).
*The General Offensives of 1968–69*. McLean, Virginia: General Research Corporation. [Kahin, George McT.](/wiki/George_McTurnan_Kahin)(1986). *Intervention : how America became involved in Vietnam*. New York City: Knopf. [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [0-394-54367-X](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-54367-X). [Karnow, Stanley](/wiki/Stanley_Karnow)(1997). *Vietnam: A history*. New York City, New York: Penguin Books. [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [0-670-84218-4](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-84218-4). [Langguth, A. J.](/wiki/A._J._Langguth)(2000). *Our Vietnam: the war, 1954–1975*. New York City: Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [0-684-81202-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81202-9).
- McAllister, James (November 2004). ""A Fiasco of Noble Proportions": The Johnson Administration and the South Vietnamese Elections of 1967".
*The Pacific Historical Review*(Berkeley, California: University of California Press) **73**(4): 619–651. [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier): [10.1525/phr.2004.73.4.619](//dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2004.73.4.619). [Moyar, Mark](/wiki/Mark_Moyar)(2004). "Political Monks: The Militant Buddhist Movement during the Vietnam War". *Modern Asian Studies*(New York City: Cambridge University Press) **38**(4): 749–784. [doi](/wiki/Digital_object_identifier): [10.1017/S0026749X04001295](//dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X04001295). [Moyar, Mark](/wiki/Mark_Moyar)(2006). *Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965*. New York City: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [0-521-86911-0](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86911-0).
- Nguyễn, Cao Kỳ. Missing or empty
|title=(
[help](/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title))
- Penniman, Howard R. (1972).
*Elections in South Vietnam*. Washington DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
- Shaplen, Robert (1966).
*The Lost Revolution: Vietnam 1945–1965*. London: André Deutsch.
- Topmiller, Robert J. (2006).
*The Lotus Unleashed: The Buddhist Peace Movement in South Vietnam, 1964–1966*. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [0-8131-9166-1](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-9166-1). [Trương Như Tảng](/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Nh%C6%B0_T%E1%BA%A3ng)(1986). *Journal of a Vietcong*. London: Cape. [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [0-224-02819-7](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-02819-7).
- VanDeMark, Brian (1995).
*Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War*. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number) [0-19-509650-9](/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509650-9).
## External links[
[edit](/w/index.php?title=Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Cao_K%E1%BB%B3&action=edit§ion=13)]
|
|![]()
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to
|. [Speech by General Nguyen Cao Ky](http://vietnamresearch.com/history/speech.html) *by General Nguyen Cao Ky* [Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam](http://books.google.com/books?id=xp5NPgAACAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=5) [Book Review "Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam"](http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A33975-2002Aug1?language=printer)by the [Washington Post](/wiki/Washington_Post) [Who's Who in Vietnam in 1967](http://members.tripod.com/~nguyentin/ncky-2.htm/) *Booknotes*interview with Nguyen on *Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam*, 14 July 2002.
- The short film
*is available for free download at the* [STAFF FILM REPORT 66-27A (1966)](https://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.26979) [Internet Archive](/wiki/Internet_Archive)
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[Categories](/wiki/Help:Category): [1930 births](/wiki/Category:1930_births) [2011 deaths](/wiki/Category:2011_deaths) [People of the Vietnam War](/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Vietnam_War) [Generals of South Vietnam](/wiki/Category:Generals_of_South_Vietnam) [Vietnam Air Force generals and air marshals](/wiki/Category:Vietnam_Air_Force_generals_and_air_marshals) [Vietnamese anti-communists](/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_anti-communists) [Vietnamese Buddhists](/wiki/Category:Vietnamese_Buddhists) [Cold War leaders](/wiki/Category:Cold_War_leaders) [Leaders who took power by coup](/wiki/Category:Leaders_who_took_power_by_coup) [Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_National_Order_of_Vietnam) [Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Gallantry_Cross_(Vietnam)) [People from Hanoi](/wiki/Category:People_from_Hanoi) [Prime Ministers of South Vietnam](/wiki/Category:Prime_Ministers_of_South_Vietnam) [Disease-related deaths in Malaysia](/wiki/Category:Disease-related_deaths_in_Malaysia)

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