By the 16th century, when Japanese and European cultures met, fortification in Europe had moved beyond castles and relied on innovations such as the Italian trace italienne and star forts.
Dǎɣ XVIe temede nawatay, ugud wa isigyak wən japonaitan əd europeentan timuqusan, adusuhu dǎɣ Europe okay ehandag wa enuwan əd sahatalan dǎɣ tiwaden ət tabarat tan italientan əd wi asohatnen dǎɣ etran.