Arnold J. Toynbee in his A Study of History suggested that there had been a much larger number of civilizations, including a small number of arrested civilizations, and that all civilizations tended to go through the cycle identified by Mommsen.
Arnold J. Toynbee, daɣ alkad iness A Study of History, assikna as ijraw meɗan ajen iknan amukən ən timusnawen, iha meɗan əndaran ən timusnawen ibdadnen, izar timusnawen kul ilanat aniyat ən ikuy as takən tətiwasanat as Mommsen.