The era is commonly dated from the 5th-century fall of the Western Roman Empire, which fragmented into many separate kingdoms, some of which would later be confederated under the Holy Roman Empire.
Alwaq eqal intadaɣ aygan daɣ egadal wan Ɣe temede nawatay daɣ Aɣrəm wan romain Nagadal ən tafuk, eqalan aybdan daɣ ajotnen təɣarmaten abdanen, haywa iyad aqalan ayertayan agudiyan fal əsim wan Saint-Empire romain germanique.