As regards Taiwan's history the island was locally governed until the 17th century.  The Dutch and Spanish empires colonized the island at various times between 1622 and 1662.  Annexation by China under the Qing dynasty did not occur until 1683 and then only as a response to provocations from a loyalist holdout of the Ming empire who had seized the island from the Dutch in 1662.  As mainland China hasn't actually governed Taiwan since 1895 with the exception of the 1945 to 1949 gap that makes China's possession of the island at approximately 212 years which ended in the 19th century.  Even if we only count Taiwan as a country from 1949 that makes it older than most of the nations which presently make up the United Nations.  So does Taiwan belong to China?  It did once just as it belonged to the Dutch, the Spanish and the Japanese.  Now it belongs to the Taiwanese just as it used to.