No, not so much.
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Negative externalities are an arbitrary - and vey large - tax on the entire economy for the benefit of polluters.  They always make an economy less efficient.
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The first country to internalise the negative externalities of the fossil fuel industry will be the big winner with the most efficient economy soonest - without regard to what any other country does.
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Think:  When the USSR was collapsing, and the value of its industrial output was less that the market value of the raw material inputs, did their economy prosper?
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When their energy input per dollar equivalent of output was many times the amount for western Europe, did the Soviet Union gain an advantage?
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No, they wallowed in their own pollution, the economy collapsed, and Russian male adult life-expectancy declined dramatically.
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The premise of your comment is wildly wrong.
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A carbon levy of $300/ton would make our gasoline prices match Europe, and would make the economy far more efficient, i.e., rich.