No, the interstate system was designed for moving goods and military personnel and supplies across the country, per Eisenhower. City streets are not the same thing. Most residential streets have weight limits, or axle restrictions. 

It's not just repairing roads that funding goes to, but maintenance (ie: snow, debris, etc.), striping and painting, barriers for bike lanes, dedicated bike lanes and bike trails, and their construction, and other items bicyclists use with or without vehicles.