| { | |
| "paper_id": "W09-0107", | |
| "header": { | |
| "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", | |
| "date_generated": "2023-01-19T06:43:13.404801Z" | |
| }, | |
| "title": "Parsed Corpora for Linguistics", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Gertjan", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Van Noord", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University of Groningen", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "[email protected]" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Gosse", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bouma", | |
| "suffix": "", | |
| "affiliation": { | |
| "laboratory": "", | |
| "institution": "University of Groningen", | |
| "location": {} | |
| }, | |
| "email": "[email protected]" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": "", | |
| "venue": null, | |
| "identifiers": {}, | |
| "abstract": "Knowledge-based parsers are now accurate, fast and robust enough to be used to obtain syntactic annotations for very large corpora fully automatically. We argue that such parsed corpora are an interesting new resource for linguists. The argument is illustrated by means of a number of recent results which were established with the help of parsed corpora.", | |
| "pdf_parse": { | |
| "paper_id": "W09-0107", | |
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| "abstract": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "Knowledge-based parsers are now accurate, fast and robust enough to be used to obtain syntactic annotations for very large corpora fully automatically. We argue that such parsed corpora are an interesting new resource for linguists. The argument is illustrated by means of a number of recent results which were established with the help of parsed corpora.", | |
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| "section": "Abstract", | |
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| "text": "Once upon a time, knowledge-based parsers were slow, inaccurate and fragile. This is no longer true. In the last decade, enormous improvements have been achieved in this area. Parsers based on constraint-based formalisms such as HPSG, LFG, and CCG are now fast enough for many applications; they are robust; and they perform much more accurately than previously by incorporating, typically, a statistical disambiguation component. As a consequence, such parsers now obtain competitive, if not superior, performance. Zaenen (2004) , for instance, points out that the (LFGbased) XLE parser is fast, has a statistical disambiguation component, and is robust, and thus allows full parsing to be incorporated in many applications. Clark and Curran (2007) show that both accurate and highly efficient parsing is possible using a CCG.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 516, | |
| "end": 529, | |
| "text": "Zaenen (2004)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF18" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 726, | |
| "end": 749, | |
| "text": "Clark and Curran (2007)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF6" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "As a consequence of this development, massive amounts of parsed sentences now become available. Such large collections of syntactically annotated but not manually verified syntactic analyses are a very useful resource for many purposes. In this position paper we focus on one purpose: linguistic analysis. Our claim is, that very large parsed corpora are an important resource for linguists. Such very large parsed corpora can be used to search systematically for specific infrequent syntactic configurations of interest, and also to obtain quantitative data about specific syntactic configurations. Although parsed corpora obviously contain a certain amount of noise, for many applications the abundant size of these corpora compensates for this.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "In this paper, we illustrate our position by a numer of recent linguistic studies in which very large corpora of Dutch have been employed, which were syntactically annotated by the freely available Alpino parser (Bouma et al., 2001; van Noord, 2006 ).", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 212, | |
| "end": 232, | |
| "text": "(Bouma et al., 2001;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 233, | |
| "end": 248, | |
| "text": "van Noord, 2006", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF16" | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "The Alpino system incorporates a linguistically motivated, wide-coverage grammar for Dutch in the tradition of HPSG. It consists of over 800 grammar rules and a large lexicon of over 300,000 lexemes (including very many person names, geographical names, and organization names) and various rules to recognize special constructs such as named entities, temporal expressions, etc. Since we use Alpino to parse large amounts of data, it is crucial that the parser is capable to treat sentences with unknown words. A large set of heuristics have been implemented carefully to deal with unknown words and word sequences.", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "Based on the categories assigned to words, and the set of grammar rules compiled from the HPSG grammar, a left-corner parser finds the set of all parses, and stores this set compactly in a packed parse forest. All parses are rooted by an instance of the top category, which is a category that generalizes over all maximal projections (S, NP, VP, ADVP, AP, PP and some others). If there is no parse covering the complete input, the parser finds all parses for each substring. In such cases, the robustness component will then select the best sequence of non-overlapping parses (i.e., maximal projections) from this set.", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
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| "text": "In order to select the best parse from the parse forest, a best-first search algorithm is applied. The algorithm consults a Maximum Entropy disambiguation model to judge the quality of (partial) parses. The disambiguation model is trained on the manually verified Alpino treebank (about 7100 sentences from newspaper texts).", | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "Although Alpino is not a dependency grammar in the traditional sense, dependency structures are generated by the lexicon and grammar rules as the value of a dedicated feature. The dependency structures are based on CGN (Corpus Gesproken Nederlands, Corpus of Spoken Dutch) (Hoekstra et al., 2003) , D-Coi and LASSY (van Noord et al., 2006) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 273, | |
| "end": 296, | |
| "text": "(Hoekstra et al., 2003)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF9" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 299, | |
| "end": 339, | |
| "text": "D-Coi and LASSY (van Noord et al., 2006)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
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| "text": "Dependency structures are stored in XML. Advantages of the use of XML include the availability of general purpose search and visualization software. For instance, we exploit XPATH (standard XML query language) to search in large sets of dependency structures, and Xquery to extract information from such large sets of dependency structures (Bouma and Kloosterman, 2002; Bouma and Kloosterman, 2007) .", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 340, | |
| "end": 369, | |
| "text": "(Bouma and Kloosterman, 2002;", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 370, | |
| "end": 398, | |
| "text": "Bouma and Kloosterman, 2007)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF3" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Introduction", | |
| "sec_num": "1" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The first illustration of our thesis that parsed corpora provide an interesting new resource for linguists, constitutes more of an anecdote than a systematic study. We include the example, presented earlier in van Noord (2009), because it is fairly easy to explain, and because it was how we became aware ourselves of the potential of parsed corpora for the purpose of linguistics. In van der Beek et al. (2002) , the grammar underlying the Alpino parser is presented in some detail. As an example of how the various specific rules of the grammar interact with the more general principles, the analysis of comparatives and the interaction with generic principles for (rightward) extraposition is illustrated. In short, comparatives such as comparative adjectives and the adverb anders as in the following example (1) license corresponding comparative phrases (such as phrases headed by dan (than)) by means of a feature which percolates according to the extrapo- The question is justified why the goverment does not act However, the reviewer claimed that comparative phrases cannot be extraposed out of topic, as examples such as the following indicate:", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 393, | |
| "end": 411, | |
| "text": "Beek et al. (2002)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF14" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Extraposition of comparative objects out of topic", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "(3) * Lager Lower was was de the koers rate dan than gisteren yesterday The rate never was lower than yesterday", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Extraposition of comparative objects out of topic", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
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| "text": "Since the Alpino grammar allows such cases, it is possible to investigate if genuine examples of this type occur in parsed corpora. In order to understand how we can specify a search query for such cases, it is instructive to consider the dependency structure assigned to such examples in figure 2. As can be observed in the dependency graph, the left-right order of nodes does not represent the left-right ordering in the sentence. The word-order of words and phrases is indicated with XML attributes begin and end (not shown in figure 2) which indicate for each node the begin and end position in the sentence respectively.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Extraposition of comparative objects out of topic", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The following XPATH query enumerates all ex- The query can be read as: find root sentences in which there is a daughter node, which itself has a daughter node with relation label obcomp (the label used for comparative complements). The daughter node should begin at the same position as the root sentence. Finally, the end position of the obcomp node must be larger than the end position of the head of the root sentence (i.e. the finite verb).", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Extraposition of comparative objects out of topic", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "In addition to many mis-parsed sentences, we found quite a few genuine cases. A mis-parse can for instance occur if a sentence contains two potential licensers for the comparative phrase, as in the following example in which verder can be wrongly analysed as a comparative adjective. More interestingly for the present discussion are the examples which were parsed correctly. Not only do we find such examples, but informants agree that nothing is wrong with such cases. Some examples are listed in figure 3. It is striking that many examples involve the comparative adjectives liever and eerder. Also, the list involves examples where adverbials such as zo, zozeer, zoveel are related with an extraposed subordinate sentence headed by dat which according to the annotation guidelines are also treated as comparative complements.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Extraposition of comparative objects out of topic", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "The examples show that at least in some cases, the possibility of extraposition of comparative complements out of topic must be allowed; we hypothesize that the acceptability of such cases is not a binary decision, but rather a preference which depends on the choice of comparative on the one hand, and the heaviness of the comparative complement on the other hand.", | |
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| "section": "Extraposition of comparative objects out of topic", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| "text": "For the purpose of this paper, we hope to have illustrated how parsed corpora can be helpful to find new empirical evidence for fairly complicated and suble linguistic issues. Note that for a construction of this type, manually verified treebanks are much too small. We estimated that it takes about 5 million words to find a single, good, example. It appears unrealistic to assume that treebanks of the required order of magnitude of tens of millions of words will become available soon.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Extraposition of comparative objects out of topic", | |
| "sec_num": "2" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "Our second illustration is of a different nature, and taken from a study related to agrammatic Broca's aphasia.", | |
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| "section": "Frequency versus Complexity", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "In Bastiaanse et al. (to appear) , potential causes are discussed of the problems that patients suffering from agrammatic Broca's aphasia encounter. The Derived Order Problem Hypothesis (Bastiaanse and van Zonneveld, 2005) assumes that the linguistic representations of agrammatic patients are intact, but due to processing disorders, some representations are harder to retrieve than oth- ers, due to differences in linguistic complexity. This hypothesis thus assumes that agrammatic patients have difficulty with constructions of higher linguistic complexity. An alternative hypothesis states, that agrammatic patients have more difficulty with linguistic constructions of lower frequency.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 3, | |
| "end": 32, | |
| "text": "Bastiaanse et al. (to appear)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
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| { | |
| "start": 206, | |
| "end": 222, | |
| "text": "Zonneveld, 2005)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF0" | |
| } | |
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| "section": "Frequency versus Complexity", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| "text": "In order to compare the two hypotheses, Bastiaanse et al. perform three corpus studies. In three earlier experimental studies it was found that agrammatic patients have more difficulty with (a) finite verbs in verb-second position versus finite verbs in verb-final position; (b) scrambled direct objects versus non-scrambled direct objects; and (c) transitive verbs used as unaccusative versus transitive verbs used as transitive. In each of the three cases, corpus data is used to estimate the frequency of both syntactic configurations. Two corpora were used: the manually verified syntactically annotated CGN corpus (spoken language, approx. 1M words), and the the automatically parsed TwNC corpus (Ordelman et al., 2007) (the newspapers up to 2001, a parsed corpus of 300 million words). For the first two experiments, manual inspection revealed that the parsed corpus material was of high enough quality to be used directly. Furthermore, the relevant constructions are highly frequent, and thus even relatively small corpora (such as the syntactically an-notated part of CGN) provide sufficient data. For the third experiment (unaccusative versus transitive usage of verbs), an additional layer of manual verification was used, and furthermore, as the subcategorization frequencies of individual verbs are estimated, the full TwNC was searched in order to obtain reasonably reliable estimates.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 701, | |
| "end": 724, | |
| "text": "(Ordelman et al., 2007)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF10" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Frequency versus Complexity", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The outcome of the three experiments was the same in each case: frequency information cannot explain the difficulty encountered by agrammatic patients. Verb-second is more frequent than verbfinal word order for lexical verbs and transitive lexical verbs (the verbs used in the experiments were all transitive). Finite verbs occur slightly more often in verb-second position than in verbfinal position, but the difference is quite small. Scrambled word order is more frequent than the basic word order. The difference between the two corpora (CGN and TwNC) is quite small in both cases. Figure 4 gives an overview of the number of occurrences of the transitive and unaccusative use of the verbs used in the experiments in the full TwNC. The data suggest that the relative frequency of unaccusative depends strongly on the verb, but that it is not in general the case that the unaccusative use is less frequent than the transitive use.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 586, | |
| "end": 594, | |
| "text": "Figure 4", | |
| "ref_id": "FIGREF3" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Frequency versus Complexity", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "The three 'difficult' constructions used in the experiments with aphasia patients are by no means infrequent in Dutch. The authors conclude that the hypothesis that processing difficulties are correlated with higher linguistic complexity cannot be falsified by an appeal to frequency.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Frequency versus Complexity", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
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| { | |
| "text": "What is interesting for the purposes of the current paper, is that parsed corpora are used to estimate frequencies of syntactic constructions, and that these are used to support claims about the role of linguistic complexity in processing difficulties of aphasia patients. Also note that figure 4 shows that even in a large (300M word) corpus, the number of occurrences of a specific verb used with a specific valency frame can be quite small. Thus, it is unlikely that reliable frequency estimates can be obtained for these cases from manually verified treebanks. Roland et al. (2007) report on closely related work for English. In particular, they give frequency counts for a range of syntactic constructions in English, and subcategorization frequencies for specific verbs. They demonstrate that these frequencies are highly dependent on corpus and genre in a number of cases. They use their data to verify claims in the psycholinguistic literature about the processing of subject vs. object clefts, relative clauses and sentential complements.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 565, | |
| "end": 585, | |
| "text": "Roland et al. (2007)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF12" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
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| "section": "Frequency versus Complexity", | |
| "sec_num": "3" | |
| }, | |
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| "text": "As a further example of the use of parsed corpora to further linguistic insights, we consider a recent study (Bouma and Spenader, 2009) of the distribution of weak and strong reflexive objects in Dutch.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 109, | |
| "end": 135, | |
| "text": "(Bouma and Spenader, 2009)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The distribution of zelf and zichzelf", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "If a verb is used reflexively in Dutch, two forms of the reflexive pronoun are available. This is illustrated for the third person form in the examples below. 12 The choice between zich and zichzelf depends on the verb. Generally three groups of verbs are distinguished. Inherent reflexives are claimed to never occur with a non-reflexive argument, and as a reflexive argument are claimed to use zich exclusively, (12). Non-reflexive verbs seldom, if ever occur with a reflexive argument. If they do however, they can only take zichzelf as a reflexive argument (13). Accidental reflexives can be used with both zich and zichzelf, (14). Accidental reflexive verbs vary widely as to the frequency with which they occur with both arguments. Bouma and Spenader (2009) set out to explain this distribution.", | |
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| "start": 738, | |
| "end": 763, | |
| "text": "Bouma and Spenader (2009)", | |
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| "section": "The distribution of zelf and zichzelf", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
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| "text": "The influential theory of Reinhart and Reuland (1993) An alternative approach is that of Haspelmath (2004) , Smits et al. (2007) , and Hendriks et al. (2008) , who have claimed that the distribution of weak vs. strong reflexive object pronouns correlates with the proportion of events described by the verb that are self-directed vs. other-directed. In the course of this investigation, a first interesting observation is, that many inherently reflexive verbs, which are claimed not to occur with zichzelf, actually often do combine with this pronoun. Here are a number of examples (simplified for expository purposes): With regards to the main hypothesis of their study, (Bouma and Spenader, 2009) use linear regression to determine the correlation between reflexive use of a (non-inherently reflexive) verb and the relative preference for a weak or strong reflexive pronoun. Frequency counts are collected from the parsed TwNC corpus (almost 500 million words). They limit the analysis to verbs that occur at least 10 times with a reflexive meaning and at least 50 times in total, distinguishing uses by subcategorization frames. The statistical analysis shows a significant correlation, which accounts for 30% of the variance of the ratio of nonreflexive over reflexive uses.", | |
| "cite_spans": [ | |
| { | |
| "start": 26, | |
| "end": 53, | |
| "text": "Reinhart and Reuland (1993)", | |
| "ref_id": null | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 89, | |
| "end": 106, | |
| "text": "Haspelmath (2004)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF7" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 109, | |
| "end": 128, | |
| "text": "Smits et al. (2007)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF13" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 135, | |
| "end": 157, | |
| "text": "Hendriks et al. (2008)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF8" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "start": 672, | |
| "end": 698, | |
| "text": "(Bouma and Spenader, 2009)", | |
| "ref_id": "BIBREF4" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "The distribution of zelf and zichzelf", | |
| "sec_num": "4" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Knowledge-based parsers are now accurate, fast and robust enough to be used to obtain syntactic annotations for very large corpora fully automatically. We argued that such parsed corpora are an interesting new resource for linguists. The argument is illustrated by means of a number of recent results which were established with the help of huge parsed corpora.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "text": "Huge parsed corpora are especially crucial (1) to obtain evidence concerning infrequent syntactic configurations, and (2) to obtain more reliable quantitative data about particular syntactic configurations.", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Conclusion", | |
| "sec_num": "5" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "back_matter": [ | |
| { | |
| "text": "This research was carried out in part in the context of the STEVIN programme which is funded by the Dutch and Flemish governments", | |
| "cite_spans": [], | |
| "ref_spans": [], | |
| "eq_spans": [], | |
| "section": "Acknowledgments", | |
| "sec_num": null | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "bib_entries": { | |
| "BIBREF0": { | |
| "ref_id": "b0", | |
| "title": "Sentence production with verbs of alternating transitivity in agrammatic Broca's aphasia", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Roelien", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bastiaanse", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Ron", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Van Zonneveld", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| } | |
| ], | |
| "year": 2005, | |
| "venue": "Journal of Neurolinguistics", | |
| "volume": "18", | |
| "issue": "1", | |
| "pages": "57--66", | |
| "other_ids": {}, | |
| "num": null, | |
| "urls": [], | |
| "raw_text": "Roelien Bastiaanse and Ron van Zonneveld. 2005. Sentence production with verbs of alternating tran- sitivity in agrammatic Broca's aphasia. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 18(1):57-66, January.", | |
| "links": null | |
| }, | |
| "BIBREF1": { | |
| "ref_id": "b1", | |
| "title": "Frequency and linguistic complexity in agrammatic speech production. Brain and Language", | |
| "authors": [ | |
| { | |
| "first": "Roelien", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bastiaanse", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
| "first": "Gosse", | |
| "middle": [], | |
| "last": "Bouma", | |
| "suffix": "" | |
| }, | |
| { | |
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| "FIGREF0": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "but collect raw material (cdbl-7) Dependency structure for Lager was de koers dan gisterenAn anonymous reviewer criticized the analysis, because the extraposition principle would also allow the rightward extraction of comparative phrases licensed by comparatives in topic position. The extraposition principle would have to allow for this in the light of examples such as (", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF1": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "want my backhand to become as good as my forehand", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF2": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "Some genuine examples of extraposition of comparative objects from topic. The examples are identified automatically using an XPATH query applied to a large parsed corpus.", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF3": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "Estimated number of occurrences in TwNC of unaccusative and transitive uses of Dutch verbs which may undergo the causative alternation both zich and zichzelf is actually ambiguous between an inherent reflexive and an accidental reflexive (which always is realized with zichzelf).", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "FIGREF4": { | |
| "type_str": "figure", | |
| "uris": null, | |
| "text": "varianten They sometimes lost themselves in tactical variants", | |
| "num": null | |
| }, | |
| "TABREF1": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(5) Liever</td><td/><td colspan=\"8\">betaalden</td><td colspan=\"5\">werkgevers</td><td>een</td><td>(</td><td>hoge</td><td>)</td><td>verzekeringspremie</td><td>,</td><td>dan</td><td>opgescheept</td><td>te</td><td>zitten</td><td>met</td><td>niet</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Rather</td><td/><td colspan=\"4\">paid</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"5\">employers</td><td>a</td><td>(</td><td>high</td><td>)</td><td>insurance-fee</td><td>,</td><td>than</td><td>left</td><td>to</td><td>be</td><td>with</td><td>not</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"7\">volwaardig</td><td colspan=\"9\">functionerende</td><td>medewerkers</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">fully</td><td/><td/><td/><td/><td/><td colspan=\"8\">functioning</td><td>employees</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">(6) Beter</td><td colspan=\"2\">is</td><td colspan=\"4\">het</td><td>te</td><td colspan=\"5\">zorgen</td><td colspan=\"2\">dat</td><td>ziekenhuizen</td><td>hun</td><td>verplichtingen</td><td>volgens</td><td>de</td><td>huidige</td><td>BOPZ</td><td>gaan</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Better</td><td colspan=\"2\">is</td><td colspan=\"2\">it</td><td/><td/><td>to</td><td colspan=\"5\">ensure</td><td colspan=\"2\">that</td><td>hospitals</td><td>their</td><td>obligations</td><td>according-to</td><td>the</td><td>current</td><td>BOPZ</td><td>start</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">nakomen</td><td>,</td><td colspan=\"3\">dan</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">de</td><td colspan=\"4\">rechten</td><td>van</td><td>pati\u00ef\u00bf 1 2 ten</td><td>nog</td><td>verder</td><td>aan</td><td>te</td><td>tasten</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">meet</td><td/><td/><td/><td>,</td><td colspan=\"4\">than</td><td colspan=\"2\">the</td><td colspan=\"4\">rights</td><td>of</td><td>patients</td><td>yet</td><td>further</td><td>PART</td><td>to</td><td>violate</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"16\">It is better to ensure that hospitals start to meet their obligations according to the current BOZP,</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"16\">than to violate rights of patients even further (Algemeen Dagblad, August 18, 2001)</td></tr><tr><td>(7) Dus</td><td colspan=\"3\">wat</td><td/><td colspan=\"6\">anders</td><td colspan=\"4\">konden</td><td>de</td><td>LPF'ers</td><td>de</td><td>afgelopen</td><td>week</td><td>dan</td><td>zich</td><td>stil</td><td>houden</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td>So</td><td colspan=\"4\">what</td><td colspan=\"4\">else</td><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">could</td><td>the</td><td>LPF-representatives</td><td>the</td><td>last</td><td>week</td><td>than</td><td>self</td><td>quiet</td><td>keep</td><td>?</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"16\">What else could the LPF-representatives do last week , than keep quiet? (Volkskrant June 1, 2002)</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"3\">(8) Sneller</td><td colspan=\"6\">kennen</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">ze</td><td/><td colspan=\"2\">hun</td><td>tafels</td><td>van</td><td>vermenigvuldiging</td><td>dan</td><td>de</td><td>handelingen</td><td>van</td><td>de</td><td>groet</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">Faster</td><td/><td colspan=\"6\">know</td><td/><td colspan=\"3\">they</td><td colspan=\"2\">their</td><td>tables</td><td>of</td><td>multiplication</td><td>than</td><td>the</td><td>acts</td><td>of</td><td>the</td><td>greeting</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"16\">They know the tables of multiplication faster than the acts of greeting (De Morgen March 27, 2006)</td></tr></table>", | |
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| "html": null, | |
| "text": "Rather, employers pay a high insurance fee, than be left with not fully functioning employees (AlgemeenDagblad, January 15, 1999)", | |
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| }, | |
| "TABREF4": { | |
| "content": "<table><tr><td/><td>verb</td><td>unacc</td><td/><td>trans</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>#</td><td>%</td><td>#</td><td>%</td></tr><tr><td>luiden</td><td>to ring/sound</td><td colspan=\"2\">269 26.6</td><td colspan=\"2\">743 73.4</td></tr><tr><td>scheuren</td><td>to rip</td><td colspan=\"2\">332 28.8</td><td colspan=\"2\">819 71.2</td></tr><tr><td>breken</td><td>to break</td><td colspan=\"4\">1969 31.2 4341 68.8</td></tr><tr><td>verbrand</td><td>to burn</td><td colspan=\"2\">479 43.5</td><td colspan=\"2\">623 56.5</td></tr><tr><td>oplossen</td><td>to (dis)solve</td><td colspan=\"2\">296 59.2</td><td colspan=\"2\">204 40.8</td></tr><tr><td>draaien</td><td>to turn</td><td colspan=\"4\">2709 59.4 1852 40.6</td></tr><tr><td>smelten</td><td>to melt</td><td colspan=\"2\">723 71.4</td><td colspan=\"2\">290 28.6</td></tr><tr><td>rollen</td><td>to roll</td><td colspan=\"2\">3500 93.5</td><td>244</td><td>6.5</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"2\">verdrinken to drown</td><td colspan=\"2\">1397 94.6</td><td>80</td><td>5.4</td></tr><tr><td>stuiteren</td><td>to bounce</td><td colspan=\"2\">334 97.9</td><td>7</td><td>2.1</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"4\">An accidental reflexive that can be realized with</td></tr></table>", | |
| "type_str": "table", | |
| "html": null, | |
| "text": "explains the distribution as the surface realization of two different ways of reflexive coding.", | |
| "num": null | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } | |
| } |