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    "paper_id": "W83-0113",
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    "title": "G r e g e r s K o c h D a t a l o g i s k I n s t i t u t K \u00f8 b e n h a v n s U n i v e r s i t e t S i g u r d s g a d e 41 D K -2 0 0 0 K \u00f8 b e n h a v n N N A T U R A L L A N G U A G E P R O G R A M M I N G",
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            {
                "text": "Natural Language Programming Gregers Koch Proceedings of NODALIDA 1983, pages 132-144 ",
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                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "132",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "133 133 Proceedings of NODALIDA 1983 ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Th e a i m of this p r o j e c t is to d e v e l o p a r i g o r o u s l y d e f i n e d \"square\" s u b l a n g u a g e o f n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e w i t h a c o r r e s p o n d i n g s y s t e m p e r f o r m i n g a u t o m a t e d t r a n s l a t i o n i n to the p r e d i c a t e c a l c u l u s .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "the sa me p r o g r a m for t r a n s l a t i o n a n d for g e n e r a t i o n .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "It is a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p r o p e r t y of lo g i c p r o g r a m m i n g l a n g u a g e s t h a t (at l e a s t in p r i n c i p l e ) t h e u s e r m a y a p p l y",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "134 134 Proceedings of NODALIDA 1983",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "L o g i c a l a l t e r n a t i v e s T h e p a r t i c u l a r c h o i c e o f l o g i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n is e s s e n t i al ly a r b i t r a r y , b u t th e s c i e n t i f i c l i t e r a t u r e h e a v i l y",
                "sec_num": "4."
            },
            {
                "text": "135 135 Proceedings of NODALIDA 1983",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "C o n c e i v a b l y th e l a t t e r a l t e r n a t i v e m a y b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d as a p r o t o t y p i c a l l a m b d a c a l c u l u s m e t h o d a n d th e f o r m e r a l t e r n a t i v e as a p r o t o t y p i c a l p r e d i c a t e c a l c u l u s method,",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "A",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "5.",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "T u r i n g is human. just w a n t a p a r s e r (to a c c e p t or r e j e c t t h e i n p u t   sentence) w e m a y s i m p l y c h a n g e th e g r a m m a r i n t o t h e l o g i c   p r o g r a m o f f i g u r e 3, w h e r e t h e v a r i a b l e s f u n c t i o n as p o i n t ers to th e input string.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 22,
                        "end": 282,
                        "text": "just w a n t a p a r s e r (to a c c e p t or r e j e c t t h e i n p u t   sentence) w e m a y s i m p l y c h a n g e th e g r a m m a r i n t o t h e l o g i c   p r o g r a m o f f i g u r e 3, w h e r e t h e v a r i a b l e s f u n c t i o n as p o i n t",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF4"
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "By th e e x a m p l e o f th e f a l l i b l e G r e e k we a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e th e i d ea of e x p r e s s i n g a g r a m m a r as a lo gi c p r o g ra m. T h e p r o b l e m c o n s i s t s in h a v i n g the c o m p u t e r r e s p o n d in a s e n s i b l e w a y to th e f o l l o w i n g o r d i n a r y E n g l i s h t e x t (or n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e r e q u i r e m e n t s p e c i f i c a t i o n ) ;",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "T r a n s l a t e : T e r m ( x , z1 ,z)&Verbphrase ( x , z 1 ) . r t h e r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f f o r m u l a e in t h e l o g i c a l   r e p r e s e n t a t i o n d e p e n d s h e a v i l y u p o n th e p a r t i c u l a r c h o i c e   of logic p r o g r a m m i n g la ng u a g e . In c a s e o f a d i a l e c t of   P r o l o g t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s h o u l d c o n s t i t u t e a n o r m a l i z a   t i o n i n to c o n j u n c t i v e n o r m a l f o r m (or c l a u s a l f o r ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 20,
                        "end": 63,
                        "text": "T e r m ( x , z1 ,z)&Verbphrase ( x , z 1 )",
                        "ref_id": "FIGREF0"
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 66,
                        "end": 515,
                        "text": "r t h e r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f f o r m u l a e in t h e l o g i c a l   r e p r e s e n t a t i o n d e p e n d s h e a v i l y u p o n th e p a r t i c u l a r c h o i c e   of logic p r o g r a m m i n g la ng u a g e . In c a s e o f a d i a l e c t of   P r o l o g t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s h o u l d c o n s t i t u t e a n o r m a l i z a   t i o n i n to c o n j u n c t i v e n o r m a l f o r m (or c l a u s a l f o r",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "To so l v e o u r p r o b l e m o f t h e f a l l i b l e G r e e k w e n e e d a s o m e w h a t m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e a c c e p t e d i n p u t s e nt en ce , as s h o w n in f i g u r e 4. F o r t h e s a ke o f c l a r i t y w e h a v e h e r e o m i t t e d t h e v a r i a b l e s f u n c t i o n i n g as p o i n t e r s (as in f i gu re 3). We h a v e o n l y g i v e n t h e v a r i a b l e s d e s i g n a t i n g the focus a n d r e s u l t ( s ) .",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "In A c t u a l l y it is an o b v i o u s p o s s i b i l i t y to e x t r a c t th i s k i nd   of i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e third, s o -c a l l e d l o g i c o -s e m a n t i c   le v e l a n d b u i l d th e r e c o m m e n d e d l o g i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s   f r o m t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , I t e ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 3,
                        "end": 362,
                        "text": "A c t u a l l y it is an o b v i o u s p o s s i b i l i t y to e x t r a c t th i s k i nd   of i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m t h e third, s o -c a l l e d l o g i c o -s e m a n t i c   le v e l a n d b u i l d th e r e c o m m e n d e d l o g i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s   f r o m t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , I t e",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "m ) . H e r e the q u e s t i o n is r a i s e d w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e s u b l a n g u a g e a c t u a l l y w i l l g e n e r a t e l o g i c a l f o r m u l a e in a c l a u s e l f o r m t h a t ar e d e f i n i t e (Horn c l a u s e s ) . (An i n t e r e s t i n g p r o b l e m w o u l d b e to c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e s u b l a n g u a g e s s a t i s f y i n g t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t )",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "in n a t u r a l l a ng ua ge . ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "It is r e l a t i v e l y e a s y to s u p p l e m e n t t h is a u t o m a t e d p r o g r a m m i n g s y s t e m w i t h s p e c i f i c r u l e s c o n c e r n i n g the p r o b l e m d o m a i n to m a k e it a k n o w l e d g e -b a s e d sy stem, w h e t h e r the r u l e s ar e f o r m u l a t e d in a n o t a t i o n a k i n to th e c h o s e n l o g i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , or in the f o r m of a d d i t i o n a l te xt s",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [
            {
                "text": "A m a n t a k e s an a p p l e a n d he e a t s it.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "W h e n d e v e l o p i n g th e a p p r o p r i a t e n a t u r a l s u b l a n g u a g e c e r t a i n d i f f i c u l t i e s s h o w e d u p in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h p r o n o u n s . T h e y m a y be e x e m p l i f i e d b y th e s e n t e n c e :",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "1 : ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "D e c i s i o n s :",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
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            "FIGREF2": {
                "num": null,
                "text": "human.S o c r a t e s is Gree k. e v e r y h u m a n is f a l l i b l e . w h i c h h u m a n is G r e e k a n d is f a l l i b l e ? i.e. th e p r o g r a m s h o u l d a n s w e r th e q u e r y in the last s e n t e n c e . a n s i t i v e v e r b > < P r o p e r n a m e > = < T e r m > < V e r b p h r a s e > = < P r o p e r n a m e > I < D e t e r m i n e r x N o u n p h r a s e > = < N o u n > I < N o u n x R e l a t i v e c l a u s e > = t h a t < V e r b p h ra s e > = <Transitiveverb><frerm> I <^Verbphrase>and ^erbphrase> = e v e r y I w h i c h = h u m a n = is I i s n ' t := T u r i n g | S o c r a t e s I G r e e k I f a l l i b l e I human 136 136 Proceedings of NODALIDA 1983 If we",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "num": null,
                "text": "ce (x ,z ) if T e rm (x ,y ) & V e r b p h r a s e ( y , z ) .Term(x,y) if P r o p e r n a m e ( x , y ) .Term(x,z) if D e t e r m i n e r ( x , y ) & N o u n p h r a s e ( y , z ) . N o u n p h r a s e ( x , y ) if N o u n ( x , y ) .N o u n p h r a s e ( x , z ) if N o u n ( x , y ) S R e l a t i v e c l a u s e ( y ,z ) .R e l a t i v e c l a u s e ( x , z ) i f C h e c k ( t h a t , x , y ) s V e r b p h r a s e ( y ,z) V e r b p h r a s e ( x , z ) i f T r a n s i t i v e v e r b ( x , y ) & T e r m ( y , z ) .",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF4": {
                "num": null,
                "text": "",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "num": null,
                "text": "",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF7": {
                "num": null,
                "text": "the fi rs t b e n c h m a r k p r o b l e m w e g e t t h e n o r m a l i z e d f o r m u l a eof figu re 8.C l a u s a l f o r m ( c o n j u n c t i v e n o r m a l f o r m ) :I s ( T u r i n g , H u m a n ) .I s ( S o c r a t e s ,H u m a n ) . I s ( S o c r a t e s , G r e e k ) .I s ( x , F a l l i b l e ) i f I s ( x , H u m a n ) . Print(x) if I s ( x , G r e e k ) & I s ( x , F a l l i b l e ) ( x , H u m a n ) . F i g u r e 8.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            },
            "FIGREF8": {
                "num": null,
                "text": "n f r o m J a p a n e s e w i l l be r e p o r t e d o n (in [2]). 142 142 Proceedings of NODALIDA 1983",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null
            }
        }
    }
}