{
    "paper_id": "W83-0114",
    "header": {
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        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T06:07:55.387682Z"
    },
    "title": "A GENERAL COMPDTATICXiAL MODEL FOR WORD-FORM RECOGNITION AND PRODUCTION 1 . G e n e r a tiv e p h o n o lo g y a s a g e n e r a l fo r m a lis m",
    "authors": [],
    "year": "",
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    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "Th e f o r m a l i s m of g e n e r a t i v e p h o n o l o g y has b e e n w i d e l y us e d since its i n t r o d u c t i o n in the 1960's. T h e g e n e r a t i v e f o r m a l i s m is g e n e r a l e n o u g h to b e a p p l i e d to t h e m o r p h o l o g y o f a n y l a n g u a g e , a n d i t s r u l e s a r e s t a t e d in l i n g u i s t i c a l l y r e l e v a n t t e r m s. T h e m o r p h o l o g y of a l a n g u a g e is d e s c r i b e d b y a s e t of rules w h i c h st ar t f r o m a u n d e r l y i n g l e x i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , and t r a n s f o r m it st ep by s t ep u n t i l the s u r f a c e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n is r e a c h e d. S o-c a l l e d a b s t r a c t p h o n o l o g y i n s i s t s o n i n v a r i a n t",
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        "paper_id": "W83-0114",
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        "abstract": [
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                "text": "Th e f o r m a l i s m of g e n e r a t i v e p h o n o l o g y has b e e n w i d e l y us e d since its i n t r o d u c t i o n in the 1960's. T h e g e n e r a t i v e f o r m a l i s m is g e n e r a l e n o u g h to b e a p p l i e d to t h e m o r p h o l o g y o f a n y l a n g u a g e , a n d i t s r u l e s a r e s t a t e d in l i n g u i s t i c a l l y r e l e v a n t t e r m s. T h e m o r p h o l o g y of a l a n g u a g e is d e s c r i b e d b y a s e t of rules w h i c h st ar t f r o m a u n d e r l y i n g l e x i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , and t r a n s f o r m it st ep by s t ep u n t i l the s u r f a c e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n is r e a c h e d. S o-c a l l e d a b s t r a c t p h o n o l o g y i n s i s t s o n i n v a r i a n t",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Abstract",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "rules m a y be applied.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "le x i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s for m o r p h e m e s , an d thus all v a r i a t i o n s a m o n g d i s t i n c t s u r f a c e f o r m s m u s t b e a c c o u n t e d fo r b y r u l e s . T h i s h a s Led to a n e e d f o r r e g u l a t i n g t h e o r d e r in w h i c h t h e",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "rule applications.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Th e g e n e r a t i v e f o r m a l i s m is c o n c e p t u a l l y u n i d i r e c t i o n a l , b e c a u s e o n l y the p r o d u c t i o n of w o r d -f o r m s is g u a r a n t e e d to be s t r a i g h t forward. A s the ru le s are a p pl ie d, t h e y s o m e t i m e s d e f o r m the c o n t e x t of ot h e r rules. B a c k w a r d s a p p l i c a t i o n of ru le s w o u l d re qu ir e e i t h e r f o r e s i g h t or e x t e n s i v e t r i a l s of t e n t a t i v e",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "A General Computational Model for Word-Form Recognition and Production Kimmo Koskenniemi Proceedings of NODALIDA 1983, pages 145-154 f i r s t r u l e -a u t o m a t o n is to p e r m i t the pair   e if and o n l y if the p l u r a l I fo llows. T h e f o l l o w i n g a u t o m a t o n   w i t h t h r e e s t a t e s (1, 2, 3 ) p e r f o r m s this: a t e 1 is the i n i t i a l st a t e of the a u t o m a t o n . If the a u t o m a t o n   r e c e i v e s p a i r s o t h e r t h a n ^ or \\ it w i l l r e m a i n in s t a t e 1 n l y t r a n s i t i o n a r c l a b e l l e d w i t h I s t a r t s f r o m 2). R e   c e i v i n g t h i s p a i r l e a d s to s t a t e 4, w h i c h is n o n f i n a l b e c a u s e   the right c o n t e x t m u s t a l s o be satisfied. T h e o n l y e s c a p e f r o m   s t a t e 4 is v i a a s u r f a c e v o w e l , a n y t h i n g e l s e t e r m i n a t a u t o m a t o n (1, 2, 4 ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 133,
                        "end": 329,
                        "text": "f i r s t r u l e -a u t o m a t o n is to p e r m i t the pair   e if and o n l y if the p l u r a l I fo llows. T h e f o l l o w i n g a u t o m a t o n   w i t h t h r e e s t a t e s (1, 2, 3",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 354,
                        "end": 534,
                        "text": "a t e 1 is the i n i t i a l st a t e of the a u t o m a t o n . If the a u t o m a t o n   r e c e i v e s p a i r s o t h e r t h a n ^ or \\ it w i l l r e m a i n in s t a t e 1",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 535,
                        "end": 902,
                        "text": "n l y t r a n s i t i o n a r c l a b e l l e d w i t h I s t a r t s f r o m 2). R e   c e i v i n g t h i s p a i r l e a d s to s t a t e 4, w h i c h is n o n f i n a l b e c a u s e   the right c o n t e x t m u s t a l s o be satisfied. T h e o n l y e s c a p e f r o m   s t a t e 4 is v i a a s u r f a c e v o w e l , a n y t h i n g e l s e t e r m i n a t",
                        "ref_id": null
                    },
                    {
                        "start": 903,
                        "end": 929,
                        "text": "a u t o m a t o n (1, 2, 4",
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                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "145",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "EQUATION",
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                "eq_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 0,
                        "end": 8,
                        "text": "EQUATION",
                        "ref_id": "EQREF",
                        "raw_str": "\u00a9 m*v",
                        "eq_num": "("
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                ],
                "section": "In a d d i t i o n to p r o c e s s u a l b i d i r e c t i o n a l i t y , the t w o -l e v e l m o d e l a c h i e v e s a c e r t a i n kind of c o n c e p t u a l n o n d i r e c t i o n a l i t y . T h i s m e a n s t h a t t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e n o t b u i l t o n t h e c o n c e p t of p r o d u c i n g s u r f a c e f o r m s f r o m u n d e r l y i n g l e x i c a l r e p r e s e n t a tions. Inst ea d, the r u l e s d e s c r i b e the m o r p h o l o g y and m o r p h o p h o n o l o g y in t e r m s of c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s . T h u s , th e t w o -l e v e l r u l e s d o n o t p r o d u c e a n y t h i n g , t h e y o n l y r e l a t e t w o l e v e l s of r e p r e s e n t a t i o n to e a c h other. W e ta ke an e x a m p l e f r o m F i n n i s h m o r p h o l o g y . T h e n o u n I a s i 'glass' r e p r e s e n t s the p r o d u c t i v e an d m o s t c o m m o n type of nouns e n d i n g in i. T h e l e x i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of the p a r t i t i v e p l ur al f o r m c o n s i s t s of the s t e m I a s i , the p l u r a l m o r p h e m e I, and the p a r t i t i v e e n d i n g A. In t h e t w o -l e v e l f r a m e w o r k w e w r i t e th e l e x i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n l a s i l A a b o v e the s u r f a c e f o r m laseja",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "S t",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "In or de r to see h o w f i ni te st at e a u t o m a t a c a n be us e d for d e s c r i b i n g such m o r p h o p h o n o l o g i c a l a l t e r n a t i o n s , w e c o n s t r u c t th e t h r e e a u t o m a t a w h i c h p e r f o r m t h e c h e c k i n g n e e d e d fo r t h e three a l t e r n a t i o n s m e n t i o n e d above. I n s t e a d of s i n g l e c h a r a c te rs , t h e a u t o m a t a a c c e p t c h a r a c t e r p a i r s . E a c h of t h e t h r e e a u t o m a t a m u s t a c c e p t the",
                "sec_num": null
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        ],
        "back_matter": [
            {
                "text": "1 e < = > __ I m o d e l c o u l d be p a r t of an y n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e   p r o c e s s i n g sy st em . E s p e c i a l l y the a b i l i t y b o th to a n a l y z e and   to g e n e r a t e is u s e f u l . S y s t e m s d e a l i n g w i t h m a n y l a n g u a g e s ,   s u c h a s m a c h i n e t r a n s l a t i o n s y s t e m s , c o u l d b e n e f i t f r o m the   u n i f o r m l a n g u a g e -i n d e p e n d e n t f o r m a l i s m .   T h e a c c u r a c y of i n f o r m a t i o n r e t r i e v a l s y s t e m s ca n be e n   h a n c e d by u s i n g the t w o -l e v e l m o d e l for d i s c a r d i n g hi ts w h i ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [
                    {
                        "start": 15,
                        "end": 648,
                        "text": "m o d e l c o u l d be p a r t of an y n a t u r a l l a n g u a g e   p r o c e s s i n g sy st em . E s p e c i a l l y the a b i l i t y b o th to a n a l y z e and   to g e n e r a t e is u s e f u l . S y s t e m s d e a l i n g w i t h m a n y l a n g u a g e s ,   s u c h a s m a c h i n e t r a n s l a t i o n s y s t e m s , c o u l d b e n e f i t f r o m the   u n i f o r m l a n g u a g e -i n d e p e n d e n t f o r m a l i s m .   T h e a c c u r a c y of i n f o r m a t i o n r e t r i e v a l s y s t e m s ca n be e n   h a n c e d by u s i n g the t w o -l e v e l m o d e l for d i s c a r d i n g hi ts w h i",
                        "ref_id": null
                    }
                ],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "i k e f o r m a l i s m i n s t e a d of the a u to ma ta . T h e r e is a n o t a t i o n for t w o -l e v e l r u l e s ( K o s k e n n i e m i 1 9 83 ), a c c o r d i n g to w h i c h th e a b o v e a u t o m a t o n c o u l d be w r i t t e n as;",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "bib_entries": {},
        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF1": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "n o l o g y , I f o l l o w the li n e s of c o n c r e t e or n a t u r a l m o r p h o l o g y (e.g. Li nell, J a c k e n d o f f , Zager, D r e s s i e r , Wurzel)."
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "w h e r e t h e a l t e r n a t i n g s e g m e n t s a r e u n r e l a t e d , a r e c o n s i d e r e d s u p p l e t i o n -l i k e and h a n d l e d by the l e x i c o n system.Th e rules are c o m p l e t e l y p a r a l l e l in the t w o -l e v e l model. T h e p r i n c i p l e l e a d s to a d i f f e r e n t t h e o r y of m o r p h o l o g y . T h e n e w t h e o r y is i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h a b s t r a c t p h o n o l o g y , b u t in a g r e e m e n t w i t h (at le a s t c e r t a i n b r a n c h e s of) c o n c r e t e / n a t u r a l m o rp ho lo gy . -l e v e l r u l e s a n d a u t o m a t a T h e r e are o n l y t w o r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s in the t w o -l e v e l model:the l e x i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n and the s u r f a c e r e pr es en ta ti on. No i n t e r m e d i a t e s t a g e s \"exist\", e v e n in principle. T h e rules c o r r e s p o n d to a u t o m a t a , a s in t h e K a y a n d K a p l a n m o d e l , b u t t h e y o p e r a t e in p a r a l l e l i n s t e a dof b e i n g cascaded: L e x i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n S u r f a c e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n T h e r u l e -a u t o m a t a c o m p a r e the t w o r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s d i re ct ly"
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "e l s on the su rface, s c h e m a t i c a l l y :"
            },
            "FIGREF4": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "As we can see, the t w o -l e v e l ru l e s m a y refer b o t h to the l e x i cal and to the s u r f a c e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s ."
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "r e s p o n d e n c e ^ a n d n o t h i n g e l s e o n t h e s u r f a c e . T h u s , if w e e n c o u n t e r a c o r r e s p o n d e n c e of l e x i c a l i o t h e r than ^ (these are d e n o t e d by |) it m u s t n o t be f o l l o w e d by the p l u r a l I. A n y t h i n g e l s e (\" ) w i l l r e t u r n the a u t o m a t o n to st at e"
            },
            "FIGREF7": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null,
                "text": "p r e ce d e d or f o l l o w e d by s u r f a c e v o w e l s , but not at the s a m e time.Thus, there is an a p p r o p r i a t e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m 1 to 1, b u t f r"
            }
        }
    }
}