{
    "paper_id": "W89-0109",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:45:41.150024Z"
    },
    "title": "How Close Can W e Get to the Ideal of Simple Transfer in Multi-lingual Machine Translation (M T )?",
    "authors": [
        {
            "first": "A",
            "middle": [],
            "last": "Bstract",
            "suffix": "",
            "affiliation": {},
            "email": ""
        }
    ],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "The ideal o f simple transfer aims at restricting transfer rules to the exchange of unstructured lexical entities-the terminal leaves in the tree structure that is output from monolingual analysis. All information that is not lexicalised in the source language is represented as features to be transferred unchanged to the target language. In E U RO TRA this ideal is approached through a centrally coordinated research within various phe nomena which are supposed to be of translational relevance, i.e. having lan guage specific surface manifestations. The outcome of this research ideally is to agree on a uniform treatment o f these phenomena across languages, thus leading to simple treinsfer. The paper makes a non-exhaustive overview over problems solved, problems under investigation, known but outstanding problems, and on this basis introduces a discussion of what will remain as unsolvable prob lems within an essentially sentence-based MT-system.",
    "pdf_parse": {
        "paper_id": "W89-0109",
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        "abstract": [
            {
                "text": "The ideal o f simple transfer aims at restricting transfer rules to the exchange of unstructured lexical entities-the terminal leaves in the tree structure that is output from monolingual analysis. All information that is not lexicalised in the source language is represented as features to be transferred unchanged to the target language. In E U RO TRA this ideal is approached through a centrally coordinated research within various phe nomena which are supposed to be of translational relevance, i.e. having lan guage specific surface manifestations. The outcome of this research ideally is to agree on a uniform treatment o f these phenomena across languages, thus leading to simple treinsfer. The paper makes a non-exhaustive overview over problems solved, problems under investigation, known but outstanding problems, and on this basis introduces a discussion of what will remain as unsolvable prob lems within an essentially sentence-based MT-system.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Abstract",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "M T -s y s te m s tr a d itio n a lly are cla ssified in to tra n sfer-b a se d sy ste m s a n d in terlin gu al sy ste m s, as illu stra te d b y figu re 1 a n d figu re 2, resp ., o n th e n e x t p a g es.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "T h e In te rfa ce S tru ctu re (IS ) fo r s o m e la n g u a g e is an a n n o ta te d tre e s tru ctu re , w h ere in fo rm a tio n is e n c W h a t w e w a n t t o s h o w , is th a t th e d is tin c tio n b e tw e e n tra n sfer-cind in ter lin g u a -b a se d sy stem s sh o u ld n o t b e p u sh ed t o o h a rd , e s p e c ia lly i f an in terlin g u a is n o t p e r c e iv e d as a n a tu ra l lem guage-like re p resen ta tion b u t as a n y k in d o f in fo rm a tio n e n c o d in g th a t is n eu tra l w ith re sp e ct t o a s o u r c e la n g u a g e a n d a ta rg et la n gu a ge.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "T h e id ea l in tra n sfer is so m e tim e s d e s c r ib e d as s im p le le x ica l tra n sfe r, w h ich m ean s th a t th e le x ic a l valu es are th e o n ly in fo r m a tio n in th e in te rfa ce s tru ctu re th a t is n o t sh a red b y s o u r c e a n d ta rg et la n g u a g e a n d w h ich co n s e q u e n tly has to b e chcinged b y a tra n sfer c o m p o n e n t, w h erea s all o th e r in fo r m a tio n is re p resen ted la n g u a g e -in d e p e n d e n tly in an in terlin g u a . A c tu a lly , th e g re a te r p a rt o f le x ic a l tra n sfer m a y a lso b e d isp e n se d w ith th ro u g h th e in clu sio n o f a co m p r e h e n s iv e te rm in o lo g ica l c o m p o n e n t th a t is tre a te d in terlin g u a lly . ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": ". A p r o b le m arises e .g . in c o u n tr y n a m es, w h ich ta k e th e d e fin ite a r tic le in French b u t g o w ith o u t a rticle in D a n ish , E n g lish a n d G e rm a n . In th ese ca ses w e w o u ld p refer t o b lo c k th e a u to m a tic tra n sfe r o f d efin iten ess a n d lea v e it t o th e ta rg et la n g u a g e t o c a lc u la te its su rfa ce re p re se n ta tio n . In a n a lysis, a rticles a n d a u ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "VP",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "L _ Danish analysis PP . L _ V I 'stole' I I Danish synthesis 'stole' p NP < 1 p \u00e5 ' 1 N 1 ' p i g e ' I HP {pfonn='p\u00e5' } I K I ' p i g e '",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "VP",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "H e re a g a in w e d istin g u ish b e tw e e n th ree p o ssib ilitie s:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Transfer of Features",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "3.1 F ea tu res w h ich a re tra n sferred u n ch a n g ed .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Transfer of Features",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "3 .2 F ea tu res w h ich are n o t tra n sferred b u t ca lc u la te d a g a in in th e ta rg e t lan g u a g e o r fo u n d in th e ta rg e t d ictio n a ry .",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Transfer of Features",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "3 .3 F ea tu res w ith an e x p lic it tra n s la tio n in th e tra n sfer c o m p o n e n t.",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Transfer of Features",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "A fe a tu re h as th e fo r m {a t t r ib u t e = v a lu e }, a n d w h a t is tran sferred u n ch a n g e d , x p re ss s e m a n tic d efin ite n e ss in a c o n siste n t w a y a cross la n g u a g es, a n d in these ca ses w e m a y tra n sfer th e va lu e fo r th e ' d e fin iten e ss' a ttr ib u te u n ch a n g e d . In g e n era l, fe a tu re va lu es w h ich a re n o t tra n sferred , a re ty p ic a lly b o u n d t o a lex ica l va lu e, e .g . g e n d e r a n d sem a n tic fea tu res o n n o u n s a h o w m a n y, a n d w h ich , v a le n c y b o u n d a rg u m en ts a g iv en term tak es, a n d each la n g u a g e g r o u p th e n co m p le m e n ts th is w ith la n g u a g e -sp e cific in fo rm a tio n a b o u t w h ich p r e p o s itio n , su rfa ce ca s e e tc . is u sed to g e th e r w ith w h ich argu m en t. French text Hier, la France a adopt\u00e9 la proposition du Conseil. In th is e x a m p le w e d istin g u ish b e tw e e n ' d efin iten e ss' a n d 'fr_ d efin ite n e ss' / ' d a .d e fin ite n e s s ' . T h e id e a is th a t a fe a tu re m a y h a v e a la n g u a g e -in d e p e n d e n t a ttr ib u te n a m e in ca ses w h en it ex p re sses sem a n tic in fo r m a tio n t o b e ca rrie d ov er, a n d th e sa m e a tt r ib u te n a m e w ith a la n g u a g e p re fix in ca ses w h e n th e valu e is n o t s e m a n tica lly sig n ifica n t b u t c o n c e r n s m o n o lin g u a l w ellform ed n e ss . poulOeurotra.dk",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Transfer of Features",
                "sec_num": "3"
            },
            {
                "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            },
            {
                "text": "T h e s o lu tio n is t o fea tu rise all v a le n cy b o u n d p r e p o s itio n s , w ith o u t regard t o w h e th e r th e y h a v e a c o r r e s p o n d e n c e o r n o t in o n e o r m o re o th e r lan gu ages, a n d d e le te th e p r e p o s itio n a n d th e P P -n o d e fr o m th e IS rep resen ta tion :",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [],
        "bib_entries": {},
        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "o d e d as s tru ctu re -1-fea tu res: -> L3 I I interface I ------------------> I L3 interface structure I transfer L3 -> LI I structure I I.",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF1": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "Schematic representation o f transfer-based multi-lingual M T Schematic representation o f interlingual multi-lingual M T E U R O T R A is co n c e iv e d as a tra n sfe r-b a se d s y s te m , w h ich m a y seem less a p p ro p ria te fo r an M T sy ste m co m p r is in g 9 la n g u a g es in all c o m b in a tio n s , thus lea d in g t o th e c o n s tr u c tio n o f 72 tra n sfe r m o d u le s o n t o p o f 9 a n a ly sis a n d 9 syn th esis m o d u le s, in ste a d o f ju s t h a v in g o n e in terlin g u a , 9 a n a ly sis a n d 9 syn th esis m o d u le s.",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "s th e IS rep rese n ta tion m a y b e sp lit u p in to s tr u c tu r e in fo r m a tio n an d fe a tu re in fo rm a tio n , w e sh all trea t th ese in d e p e n d e n tly a n d d istin g u ish b e tw e e n 1. T ran sfer o f s tru ctu re and 2. T ra n sfer o f fea tu res",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "h is is th e u n p r o b le m a tic ca se w h ere th e re is is o m o rp h y b etw ee n s o u r c e lan g u a g e a n d ta rg et la n g u a g e o r w h e re th is is o m o r p h y is a ch iev ed b e tw ee n o u tp u t fr o m s o u r c e la n g u a g e a n a ly sis a n d in p u t t o ta rg et la n g u a g e syn th esis. H o w this is o m o r p h y is a ch ie v e d , is d e s c r ib e d in 2.2 a n d 2.3 b elow . a v e t o d e le te , r e s p e c tiv e ly in sert, a n o d e in ca ses w h e re w e h ave d irect g o v e rn m e n t b y a v e r b o f a n o u n p h ra se in o n e la n g u a g e co r r e s p o n d in g t o in d ire ct g o v e rnm e n t th r o u g h a p r e p o s itio n in a n o th e r la n g u a g e , e .g .",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF4": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "T h is fe a tu risa tio n o f th e p r e p o s itio n is a c c o m p a n ie d b y a fe a tu re in th e IS d ic tio n a r y e n try fo r th e v erb :{da_lu \" ' stole' , valency = subject.object, pfoni_of_object * ' p 4 ' }It sh ou ld b e n o te d th a t it is n o t alw ays w ith o u t p r o b le m s t o d istin g u ish b etw een v a len cy b o u n d co m p le m e n ts , w h ere th e p r e p o s itio n is d e le te d fr o m th e stru ctu re , a n d free m o d ifie rs, w h ich a t p resen t k eep th eir p r e p o s itio n . A n o th e r rela te d p r o b le m is in d ire ct g o v e rn m e n t b y a v e r b th ro u g h an N P , w h ich is d e s crib e d in d e ta il in S u sa n n e N 0hr P e d e r s e n 's p a p e r ' T h e T re a tm e n t o f S u p p o rt V erb s a n d P r e d ic a tiv e N o u n s in D a n is h ' .",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF5": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "A n o t h e r e x a m p le o f d e le t io n /in s e r t io n o f n o d e s are fu n c tio n w o rd s in o n e la n g u a g e w h ich c o r r e s p o n d to in fle ctio n a l e n d in g s in o th e r la n g u a g e s, e.g . a rticles w ith n ou n s a n d au xilia ries w ith v erb s. H ere a g a in th e p r o b le m is s o lv e d b y rep resen tin g th e in fo rm a tio n c o n ta in e d in th e fu n c tio n w o r d as a fe a tu re o n th e co n te n t w o r d o r its p r o je c t io n , i.e. th e N P o r th e V P .",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "M o d ifie d c o u n t r y n a m es, a gain , m ig h t h ave th e ir defin iten ess tra n sferre d , as in ' a u n ite d E u r o p e ' o r ' das E u r o p a d er N a ch k rie g sz e it' , a lth o u g h th is is n o t w ith o u t p r o b le m s . D e te r m in a tio n a n d q u a n tifica tio n in g en era l is a v e ry c o m p lic a te d s u b je c t t o b e tre a te d co n tra stiv ely , a n d a t p resen t it is b e in g in v e stig a te d as a s p e c ia l resea rch t o p ic w ith in E U R O T R A .",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF7": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "T h e re a re s tr o n g a d v a n ta g e s in rep rese n tin g as m u ch in fo r m a tio n as p o s s ib le as fea tu res a n d thu s re d u c in g c o m p le x s tru ctu ra l tra n sfe r,-an a p p r o a c h I p e r so n a lly fa v o u r. In E U R O T R A th ere is, h ow ev e r, a ce rta in o p p o s it io n a g a in st re m o v in g t o o m u ch fr o m th e s tru ctu re . T h e a rg u m e n ta tio n is th a t m o s t su rfa ce w ord s ca n b e m o d ifie d , a n d it is m o r e co n v e n ie n t t o rep resen t a m o d ific a tio n o f a n o d e in a s tr u c tu r e th a n t o m o d ify in fo rm a tio n th a t has b een fea tu rised . A s tw o e x a m p le s o f su rfa ce e x p re ssio n s th a t m ig h t b e fe a tu rise d -a n d a ctu a lly w ere fe a tu rise d , b u t n o w m u st b e p resen t as n o d e s in th e IS rep re sen ta tion -w e m a y m e n tio n m o d a l v e rb s a n d d e m o n s tr a tiv e p ron o u n s. at NP Level R e o r d e r in g o f ele m e n ts o c c u r s a t N P lev el, w h ere a m o d ifie r m a y p re ce d e th e n o u n o r fo llo w a fte r th e n o u n , a n d w h e re th e o rd e rin g in differen t la n gu ages also d iffer a c c o r d in g t o th e c a te g o r y o f th e m od ifie r: s o lu tio n is t o h a v e a c o m m o n , la n g u a g e -in d e p e n d e n t o r d e r in g (referred t o as ' c a n o n ic a l o r d e r in g ' ) o f th e elem en ts in th e IS re p re se n ta tio n , a n d d o th en e ce s s a ry r e o rd e rin g in a n a ly sis a n d syn th esis: e x a m p le s o f re o rd e rin g a t se n ten ce level:",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF8": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "x ilia ry v e r b s axe fea tu rised a n d r e m o v e d fr o m th e stru ctu re, a n d th e fa c t th a t th e sen ten ce is in p a ssiv e v o ic e is m a rk ed as a fe a tu re at th e t o p n o d e . A t p resen t, w e d o n o t u se a refin ed set o f s e m a n tic ca s e roles b u t restrict ou rselv es t o a n u m b e rin g o f a rg u m e n ts, w h e re i.a . th e s u b je c t o f a sen ten ce in a c tiv e v o ic e is la b e lle d ' a r g l ' a n d th e o b je c t is la b e lle d ' a rg 2 ' . T h e m a x im u m n u m b er o f a rg u m en ts in a se n ten ce is 4.S o m ew h a t sim p lified , a n d w ith o u t fe a tu re in fo r m a tio n , th e IS re p re se n ta tio n o f th e tw o sen ten ces lo o k s like this:",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF9": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "h e c a n o n ic a l o r d e r in g o f th e elem en ts is in its e lf fa irly s tra ig h tfo rw a rd an d p o s e s n o m a jo r p r o b le m s . W h a t cre a te s p r o b le m s m a y b e d ifferen ces b e tw e en lan g u a g es a n d d ifferen ces b e tw e e n la n g u a g e g r o u p s in an alysis o f s o m e co n stitu e n t, e .g . as co m p le m e n t o r m o d ifie r. T h is is th e rea son w h y w e are v e ry w a ry o f in tro d u c in g a t o o a m b itio u s a p p r o a c h in a ssign in g ca se roles, as th is w o u ld g iv e rise t o in co n s is te n cie s b e tw e e n a ssigm en t ca rrie d o u t in differen t la n g u a g e g rou p s.",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF10": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "c a lc u la te d o r tra n sla te d e x p lic itly is o n ly th e v alu e o f th e featu re. In th e first tw o ca ses n o e x p lic it tra n sfe r is n ee d ed , w h ich m ean s th a t w e have s im p le tra n sfe r o r in terlin g u a l tre a tm e n t. In 2 .2 .2 a b o v e w e m e n tio n e d defin ite ness as a n e x a m p le o f a su rfa ce p h e n o m e n o n th a t giv es rise t o b o t h th e first tw o ty p e s o f treinsfer o f fea tu res. In m a n y ca ses m o r p h o -s y n ta c tic defin iten ess m ay e",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF11": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "S om e (s u b )c a t e g o r ie s , h o w ev er, a llo w o n ly o f o n e o f th e p a ra d ig m a tic set o f values for d efin iten ess, a n d th is va lu e m a y n o t b e th e sa m e fo r d ifferen t la n g u a g es. In these ca ses th e v alu e is n o t tra n sferred b u t fo u n d in th e ta rg e t d ic tio n a r y -o r in the ta rg e t g r a m m a r i f it is p o s s ib le t o gen era lise o v e r a cla ss o f w o rd s, cf. th e ex a m p le m e n tion ed in 2 .2 .2 w ith c o u n t r y n a m e s, e .g . 'la F r a n c e ' {d e fin it e n e s s = d e iin it e } versus ' P ra n k rig ' {d e iin it e n e s s = a b s e n t }.",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF12": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "n d p fo r m s o n v e rb s (i.e. th e p r e p o s itio n u sed in a v a le n cy b o u n d P P ) , as w ell as o th e r v a le n c y fra m e in fo rm a tio n , in c lu d in g re s trictio n s o n th e se m a n tic fea tu re s o f v a le n c y b o u n d co m p le m e n ts. T h e s e v a lu es are lo o k e d u p in th e d ictio n a ry . T h e va lu e f o r ' g e n d e r ' is th en u sed t o g e n e ra te th e c o r r e c t fo r m o f m o d ify in g a d je c tiv e s a n d d e te rm in e rs, an d th e v a le n cy in fo r m a tio n in th e d ic t io n a r y e n tr y fo r a v e r b is m a tc h e d w ith th e a v a ilable in fo r m a tio n o n th e co m p le m e n ts . It is a ls o u sed t o c o n n e c t th e co m p le m e n t b y m ea n s o f th e c o r r e c t p r e p o s itio n in th e ta rg e t la n g u a g e. W h e r e th e re is m o r e thcin o n e tra n s la tio n o f a v e r b , th e v a le n cy in fo r m a tio n in th e ta rg e t d ic tio n a r y is u sed t o d e c id e w h ich tra n s la tio n m a tch e s th e s tru ctu re o f th e IS o b je c t , w h ich m a y b e tra n sferre d u n ch a n g e d , e .g .",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF13": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "n o t n ee d t o tra n sfer th e v a len cy in fo r m a tio n o f ' k n o w ' , as o n ly ' v id e ' m a tch es th e tra n sferred I S -o b je c t , d u e t o th e r e s trictio n o n ' d a J s fr a m e ' in th e D an ish ta rg et d ic t io n a r y (th e d e s c r ip tio n here is s o m e w h a t s im p lifie d ).",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF14": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "e w an t t o restrict e x p lic it tra n sla tion in th e tra n sfe r c o m p o n e n t t o le x ic a l values in th e n a rrow sen se as u n in fiected w o r d fo r m s . B u t th is le x ica l tra n sfer m a y a lso b e re d u ce d th r o u g h an in te rlin g u a l a p p r o a c h t o ce r ta in ca te g o rie s o f w ord s. W e h ave a lre a d y m e n tio n e d fu n c tio n w o r d s su ch as n o u n d e term in e rs a n d a u x ilia ry v e rb s, w h ich a re fea tu rised a n d g iv en a n in terlin g u a l d e s c r ip tio n . B u t w h ere w e rea lly h o p e t o sa ve a lo t o f e x p lic it tra n sfer ru les is in th e trea tm en t o f term s. T h e im p le m e n ta tio n o f te r m in o lo g y is ju s t b e in g s ta rte d , b u t w e h o p e t o tre a t th e g re a te r p a rt o f th e p la n n ed 2 0 .0 0 0 en tries d ic tio n a r ie s th e y a re a ssign ed a u n iq u e te rm -n u m b e r t o b e u sed as referen ce (in ste a d o f th e le x ic a l v a lu e ) b y all la n g u a g e g ro u p s . T h e gen era l fra m e d e scrip tio n specifies",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF15": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "A s c o n c lu s io n , w e sh all sh o w b y m ea n s o f an e x a m p le h o w fa r to w a rd s an in ter lin g u a l in te rfa ce s tr u c tu r e w e in p r in cip le h a v e a d v a n ced . T h e e x a m p le is som e w h a t sim p lifie d , a n d th e a c tu a l s ta te o f im p le m e n ta tio n in E U R O T R A m a y diifer slig h tly fr o m th is p re s e n ta tio n o f an ' id e a l' im p lem e n ta tio n .",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF16": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "se n o te th a t th e tra n sla tio n in v olv e s i.a .e r e o rd e rin g o f ' la P r a n c e /F r a n k r ig ' a n d 'a a d o p t \u00e9 /v e d t o g ' e r e o rd e rin g o f ' la p r o p o s it io n /f o r s la g ' a n d ' d u C o n s e il/R \u00e5 d e t s ' \u2022 ch a n g e o f m o r p h o -s y n ta c tic t e n s e /a s p e c t fr o m ' p a rfa it s im p le ' t o ' im p er fe k tu m ' , -b o t h ex p re ssin g th e sa m e se m a n tic p ast e ch a n g e o f m o r p h o -s y n ta c tic d efin iten ess o f ' la F r a n c e /F r a n k r ig ' e ch a n g e o f th e su rfa ce m a n ife s ta tio n o f th e defin iten ess o f ' d u C o n s e il/ R \u00e5 d e t ' a n d ' la p r o p o s it io n /fo r s la g ' (in th e la tte r ca se o n ly b e in g exp ressed th r o u g h a p r e p o s e d g e n itiv e )",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF17": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "T h e o n ly d ifferen ce in th e IS re p re se n ta tio n fo r th e tw o la n g u a g e s a re th e lex ica l values fo r th e tw o n o n -te r m s , s o th e o n ly e x p lic it tra n sfer rules n e ed ed are th e follo w in g :",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF18": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "or cla r ity o f e x p o s it io n , o n ly in fo r m a tio n relevan t t o o u r e x a m p le is in c lu d e d here.",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF19": {
                "type_str": "figure",
                "text": "h e d is tin ctio n b etw e en u n iversa l fea tu re s a n d m o n o lin g u a l fe a tu re s is cu rre n tly m a d e in E U R O T R A b y m ea n s o f u n ifo rm a ttr ib u te n a m e s + p refix e s, w h ich e n a b le s /d is a b le s m a tch in g , b u t th is w a y o f u sin g th e sa m e a tt r ib u te n a m e w ith o r w ith o u t p re fix is n o t im p lem e n ted . E U R O T R A -D K N ja lsg a d e 80 D K -2 3 0 0 K \u00f8 b e n h a v n S.",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "TABREF1": {
                "num": null,
                "content": "<table><tr><td colspan=\"4\">2 .3 R e o r d e r in g o f elem en ts</td></tr><tr><td/><td>LI</td><td/><td>L2</td></tr><tr><td/><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>&lt; . . . \u00bb &gt;</td></tr><tr><td/><td>B</td><td colspan=\"2\">__C__</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>I</td><td>I</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>D</td><td>E</td></tr><tr><td/><td>LI</td><td/><td>L2</td></tr><tr><td/><td>I</td><td>I</td><td/><td>I</td><td>I</td></tr><tr><td/><td>B</td><td colspan=\"2\">__C__</td><td>B '</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>D</td><td>E</td><td>E*</td><td>D'</td></tr><tr><td>2.1</td><td colspan=\"3\">Sim ple Transfer</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">H ere w e d istin g u ish b etw een th ree p ossib ilities:</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"5\">2.1 S im p le tra n sfer = in terlin g u a ( = n o e x p lic it tra n sfer)</td></tr><tr><td/><td>LI</td><td/><td>L2</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>I</td><td>&lt;==</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">_ _ c _ _</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td><td>I</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td>D</td><td>E</td><td>D*</td><td>E '</td></tr><tr><td colspan=\"4\">2.2 D e le tio n /in s e r tio n o f n o d e</td></tr><tr><td/><td>LI</td><td/><td>L2</td><td>V</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td/><td/><td>_ L</td></tr><tr><td/><td/><td colspan=\"2\">__C__</td></tr></table>",
                "type_str": "table",
                "text": "",
                "html": null
            }
        }
    }
}