{ "paper_id": "W89-0114", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:45:25.820316Z" }, "title": "Representational Issues within Eurotra", "authors": [ { "first": "A", "middle": [], "last": "Bstract", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "Machine translation o f subordinate clauses, whether finite or non-finite, poses a series of problems within representational issues. In \u00a3 U R O T R A this subject has recently been investigated for complements as well as for modifiers to verbal, nominal, adjectival, and prepositioned heads. Some of the problems encountered during these investigations will be addressed in this paper, with a particular focus on the representation of finite and non-finite modifiers. The claim is made that neutralization o f surface differences is necessary. This neutralization of the surface structure is shown to be a prerequisite to simple transfer. The concept o f simple transfer is briefly introduced. Various example representations are shown and discussed.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "W89-0114", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "Machine translation o f subordinate clauses, whether finite or non-finite, poses a series of problems within representational issues. In \u00a3 U R O T R A this subject has recently been investigated for complements as well as for modifiers to verbal, nominal, adjectival, and prepositioned heads. Some of the problems encountered during these investigations will be addressed in this paper, with a particular focus on the representation of finite and non-finite modifiers. The claim is made that neutralization o f surface differences is necessary. This neutralization of the surface structure is shown to be a prerequisite to simple transfer. The concept o f simple transfer is briefly introduced. Various example representations are shown and discussed.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "M a ch in e tra n sla tion o f s u b o r d in a te o r d e p e n d e n t cla u ses, w h e th e r fin ite o r n o nfinite, p o ses a series o f p ro b le m s a n d ch a llen g es w ith in re p re se n ta tio n a l issues. In E U R O T R A th is s u b je c t has re ce n tly b e e n in v e stig a te d fo r a ll ty p e s o f sen ten tial co m p le m e n ts a n d m od ifiers, fin ite as w ell as n o n -fin ite , t o v e r b a l, n o m in a l, a d je ctiv a l, a n d p r e p o s itio n a l h eads. (P O -2 2 , 1 989) T h is p a p e r p resen ts s o m e o f th e resu lts o f th e su b set o f th e w o rk , w h ich has b een ca rried o u t b y th e D a n ish la n g u a g e g r o u p , a n d w ith in th is, in p a r tic u la r th e s p ecia l research t o p ic d e a lt w ith b y m y co lle a g u e P a tr iz ia P a g g io a n d m y self. W e h ave b e e n p a r tic u la r ly in terested in th e d e fin itio n o f a re p re se n ta tio n w h ich n eu tralizes a rb itr a r y su rfa ce v a ria tio n fo u n d in d e p e n d e n t cla u ses in th e n in e E E C la n gu a ges. O f th e m a n y p o s s ib le stru ctu re s e n c o u n te r e d in th e a b o v e m en tion ed s y n ta c tic fu n c tio n s w e h ave p rim a rily c o n c e n tr a te d o n fin ite a n d n o n - Complements to verbal head, non-flnite", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "In d u strien p r \u00f8 v e r A T O V E R T A G E F IN A N S IE R IN G E N L a C o m m is s io n v e u t R E N V E R S E R C E T T E T E N D A N C E Complements to verbal head, finite E F \u00f8n sk er, A T I N D U S T R I E N S K A L O V E R T A G E F IN A N S IE R IN G E N T h e C o", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Introduction", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "Modifiers to verbal head, non-finite ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "m m is s io n w o n d e rs , W H E T H E R IN D U S T R Y W IL L T A K E O V E R", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "E V E R Y B O D Y H A V IN G A G R E E D O N T H E D A T E , th e m ee tin g w as a d jo u r n e d A L S E R C O N S C I E N T E D E L P R O B L E M A , la C o m isid n fo rm u ld u n a p r o p u e s ta Modifiers to verbal head, finite E F T E R A T A L L E V A R B L E V E T E N IG E O M D A T O E N , b le v m \u00f8 d e t h ae v et D A D E N B L E V O P M AE R K S O M P \u00c5 P R O B L E M E T ,", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "m m is s io n w o n d e rs , W H E T H E R IN D U S T R Y W IL L T A K E O V E R", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "O n e v e r y fu n d a m e n ta l issu e in th e E U R O T R A tra n sla tion m o d e l is th e c o n c e p t o f sim p le tra n sfer. P o u l A n d e rs e n h as g iv en a n in tr o d u c tio n t o th is c o n c e p t, its im p lic a tio n s , a n d p r o v id e d e x e m p lific a tio n in A n d e rse n (1 9 8 9 ). S im p le tra n sfer is a ch ie v e d th ro u g h a v e ry d e e p an alysis o f th e in p u t strin g su ch th a t th e ' m e a n in g ' o f e .g . a cla u se is re p resen ted as an a n n o ta te d tre e stru c tu re . S im p le tra n sfe r th en co n s is ts o f s u b s titu tin g th e le x ica l u n its o f th e so u rce la n g u a g e tre e , a ls o ca lle d th e I S r e p re se n ta tio n , w ith th e a p p r o p r ia te lex ica l u n its o f th e ta r g e t la n g u a g e . F o r th e tra n sla tio n t o b e su ccessfu l, h ow ev er, m an y c o n d itio n s h a v e t o b e fu lfilled , o n e o f th em is su ccessfu l le x ica l d isa m b ig u a tio n , w h ich is a n o n -tr iv ia l p r o b le m . T h e c o n d itio n in fo c u s here, th o u g h , is n o t lex ica l, b u t re p re se n ta tio n a l. S im p le tra n sfer req u ires th a t th e a n n o ta te d tree stru ctu re m u st b e tra n sferred u n m o d ifie d .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Simple Transfer and IS", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "rep re se n ta tio n fr o m w h ich sim p le tra n sfer is t o t^lke p la ce . O n e im p o r ta n t a sp ect o f th e stru ctu res d efin ed a t IS is th a t a rb itr a r y su rfa ce d ifferen ces, w h ich ex ist betw een th e la n g u a g es, sh ou ld b e n eu tra lized p re cise ly s o th a t s tr u c tu r a l tra n s fer n eeds n o t tak e p la ce . S tru ctu ra l tra n sfer m ea n s m o d ific a tio n o f th e s o u rce la n g u a g e IS s tru ctu re d u rin g tramsfer t o th e ta rg e t la n g u a g e IS stru ctu re . (1) ANALYSING FIGURES sas an essential task", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "T h e E U R O T R A I S th e o r y a tte m p ts t o g iv e a d e ta ile d d efin ition o f th e IS", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "S 1 GOV 1 1 1 ARGl/S {stype=subord} 1 ARG2/NP 1 1 1 1 1 GOV 1 1 ARGl 1 1 ARG2/NP 1 1 1 1 be 1 emeilyse {prespart} 1 0 1 figure essential task REVERSE THE TREND is essential S 1 GOV 1 1 ARGl/S {stype^subord} 1 ARG2/AP 1 1 1 1 1 1 GOV 1 1 ARGl 1 1 ARG2/NP 1 1 1 1 1 be 1 reverse 1 0 1 trend essential {infin}", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "T h e E U R O T R A I S th e o r y a tte m p ts t o g iv e a d e ta ile d d efin ition o f th e IS", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In b o t h (1 ) a n d (2 ) th e A R G l 's, a lth o u g h th e y a re in tern a lly d ifferen t (-in g cla u se a n d in fin itiv e cla u s e ), h ave b een a ssign ed th e sa m e stru ctu re , S, th e y on ly d iffer in m o r p h o lo g ic a l ty p in g o f th e v e rb a l h ead .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "T h e E U R O T R A I S th e o r y a tte m p ts t o g iv e a d e ta ile d d efin ition o f th e IS", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "In th e fo llo w in g th ree e x a m p le s , (3 ) , (4 ), a n d 5 T h e ir s tru ctu ra l rep resen ta tio n is in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e IS le g isla tio n , w h ich a lrea d y e x iste d b e fo re o u r in v e stig a tion s s ta rte d , i.e. S w ith a n in se rte d e m p ty elem en t in th e n o n -fin ite clau ses.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "T h e E U R O T R A I S th e o r y a tte m p ts t o g iv e a d e ta ile d d efin ition o f th e IS", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "T h e th ree fo llo w in g ex a m p le s , (6 ) , (7 ), a n d 8 T h e D a n ish a n a ly sis , ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "T h e E U R O T R A I S th e o r y a tte m p ts t o g iv e a d e ta ile d d efin ition o f th e IS", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "1 GOV 1 1 ARGl/NP 1 1 ARG2/NP 1 1 1 1 1 GOV 1 MOD/S 1 1 1 1 1 1 {stype^simple} 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 GOV ARGl/NP 1 1 1 firmare ditte contratto prevedere commissione {pastpart} (10) Le ditto firmeraimo il PREVISTO contratto (a) S 1 GOV 1 1 ARGl/NP 1 1 ARG2/NP 1 1 1 1 1 GOV 1 MOD/S 1 1 1 1 1 1 {stype=simple} 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 GOV 1 firmare 1 ditte 1 contratto 1 prevedere (cat\u00bbv) {pastpart} (b) s 1 GOV 1 1 ARGl/NP 1 1 ARG2/NP", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "T h e E U R O T R A I S th e o r y a tte m p ts t o g iv e a d e ta ile d d efin ition o f th e IS", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "T h e m o tiv a tio n fo r th is P P s tru ctu re is tra n sla tio n a l in th a t it ca p tu re s th e fin ite c o n s tr u c tio n s , w h ich in s o m e la n g u a g e s a re th e o n ly p o ssib ility , a n d w h ich are a lte rn a tiv e p ossib ilitie s in th e la n g u a g e s w h ich a ls o h a v e th e n o n -fin itec o n s tru ctio n s . N o t e in p a rticu la r th e in tr o d u c tio n o f th e 'e m p t y ' g o v e r n o r in th e stru ctu ra l rep resen ta tion o f n o n -fin ite se n ten ce m o d ifiers.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF0": { "ref_id": "b0", "title": "How Close Can We Get to the Ideal o f Simple Transfer in Multi-lingual Mcichine Translation (M T )?", "authors": [ { "first": "Poul", "middle": [], "last": "Andersen", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1990, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "103--113", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Andersen, Poul: How Close Can We Get to the Ideal o f Simple Transfer in Multi-lingual Mcichine Translation (M T )?, This volume:103-113, Reykjavik, 1990.", "links": null }, "BIBREF1": { "ref_id": "b1", "title": "Sentential Complements and Non-finite Constructions. E U RO TRA Research Report", "authors": [ { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Po-22 ; E U Ro Tra -D K", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Gb", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "I", "middle": [ "T" ], "last": "De", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "El", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1989, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "PO-22: Sentential Complements and Non-finite Constructions. E U RO TRA Research Report, April 1989, unpublished. Collaborative effort o f E U RO TRA -D K , GB, DE, IT, and EL.", "links": null } }, "ref_entries": { "FIGREF0": { "uris": null, "text": "fin ite a d v e rb ia l m o d ifie rs t o v e rb s a n d n o u n s. T h e s p e c ific a tio n s , w h ich w e h ave p r o p o s e d as a resu lt o f o u r w o rk , are n o w p a rt o f th e E u r o t r a R e fe r e n c e M a n u a l, w h ich has ' le g isla tiv e ' sta tu s in th e p r o je c t . (R .M . 6 .0 ). In th e fo llo w in g q u ite a fe w e x a m p le s o f su ch stru ctu re s w ill b e sh o w n a n d discu ssed . T h e fo llo w in g list o f e x a m p le s serves t o cla rify , w h ich ty p e s o f c o n stru ctio n s are in v olv ed .", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF1": { "uris": null, "text": "fo rm u le re d e K o m m ission en et fo rsla g A L T H O U G H L A B O U R IS E X P E N S I V E E u r o p e e m p lo y s m a n y p e o p le Modifiers to nominal head, non-finite T h e a c tio n s T A K E N b y in d u s tr y h a v e n ot reversed th e tren d Modifiers to nominal head, finite d e fo rh o ld s re g le r, S O M IN D U S T R I E N H A R T A G E T , hsir ikke v e n d t ten d en sen", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF2": { "uris": null, "text": "Such su rfa ce d ifferen ces ca n b e o b s e rv e d in th e e x a m p le s listed a b o v e . T h e y sh ow e x a m p les o f b o t h n o u n a n d sen ten ce m od ifie rs, w h ere a d ir e c t s tru ctu ra l m a p p in g fr o m o n e la n g u a g e t o a n o th e r, i.e. s im p le tra n sfer, is n o t p o s s ib le . O u r in v estig a tion s h a v e sh o w n e v id e n ce o f g re a t v a ria tio n w .r .t. su rfa ce rea liza tio n o f th e s o ca lle d sen ten tia l co m p le m e n ts a n d m o d ifie rs a cro ss th e n in e E E C l\u00a3ingu ages. U p u n til re c e n tly th e E U R O T R A I S th e o r y h a d n o t b e e n e x te n d e d t o c o v e r all th ese p h e n o m e n a . T h is m ea n s th a t n o s o ca lle d ' le g is la tio n ' w as a v a ila b le fo r th em , e x c e p t fo r in fin itives a n d fin ite cla u ses in o b je c t p o s itio n t o v erb s. T h e fillin g o f su ch leg isla tiv e h oles, i.e. d e v e lo p m e n t, e x te n s io n , a n d refin em en t o f th e IS th eory , is co n tr ib u te d t o b y th e la n g u a g e g r o u p s th r o u g h th e ir e x p e rim e n ts w ith p o ssib le re p resen ta tion s. C o n s e q u e n tly q u ite differen t stru ctu re s h a v e s o far b e e n im p lem en ted to s u p p o r t th ese c o n s tr u c tio n s b y th e d ifferen t la n g u a g e g ro u p s.", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF3": { "uris": null, "text": "fo llo w in g a series o f e x a m p le stru ctu re s fo r th e cla u se s in q u e s tio n w ill b e d iscu ssed . T h e s e e x a m p le s are a u th e n tic, i.e. th e y h a v e b e e n p r o d u c e d b y th e d ifferen t a n a lysis m o d u le s d e v e lo p e d w ith in E U R O T R A . T h e s tru ctu re s, h ow ever, h a v e b e e n sim p lified h ere fo r th e p u r p o s e o f h ig h lig h tin g th e issu e in q u estion . S o m e o f th e e x a m p le s h ave a lre a d y b een listed a b o v e , b u t h ere th e y w ill b e d iscu ssed in m o re d eta il. T h e fo llo w in g la b e ls a re u sed in th e re p resen ta tion s:GOV-governor, h e a d of a construction ARGl -argument 1, deep subject ARG2 -argument 2, deep object ARG3 -argument 3, indirect object MOD", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF4": { "uris": null, "text": ", th e A R G 2 's are all in fin itive c o n s tr u c tio n s , a n d th e y a re all rep resen ted as S stru ctu re s w ith an e m p ty elem ent in se rte d as th e lo g ic a l s u b je c t o f th e in fin itive. A g a in w e see, th a t th e y d iffer in fea tu re s, b u t n o t in s tru ctu re .(3) Industrien pr\u00f8ver AT OVERTAGE FINANSIERINGEN", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF5": { "uris": null, "text": "T h e p re ce d in g five e x a m p le s all sh o w c o m p le m e n ts -s u b je c ts o r o b je c t s .", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF6": { "uris": null, "text": "sh o w r e p re se n ta tio n s o f fin ite a d v e rb ia l m o d ifie rs t o a v e rb a l h ea d .", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF7": { "uris": null, "text": "s th e e x a m p le s s h o w th e re is g re a t v a ria tio n w .r .t t o th e stru ctu re s a n d th e la b e llin g c h o se n fo r th ese m o d ifie rs. T h e E n g lish a n a ly sis, (6 ) , sh ow s th e m o d ifie r la b e lle d T R A N C a ssign ed th e c a te g o r y P P . T h is a p p r o a c h m ah es th e s u b o r d in a tin g c o n ju n c tio n , here ca lled a p r e p o s itio n , th e h ea d o r g o v e r n o r o f th e en tire m o d ifie r. A sim ila r s tr u c tu r a l a p p r o a c h is ch o se n in th e S pan ish a n a lysis (8 ) , b u t th e la b e llin g is d ifferen t. M O D is ch osen t o la b e l th e m o d ifie r, b u t th e c a te g o r y is S B A R w ith a p r e p o s itio n as g o v e r n o r o f th e cla u se. L in g u istica lly it d o e s n ot seem p a r tic u la r ly w ell m o tiv a te d t o h a v e a p r e p o s itio n as th e h ea d o f a clau se. T h e h ea d r o le t o cla u ses is u su a lly reserv ed fo r v erb s.", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF8": { "uris": null, "text": ", is m o r e fla t, th e su b o r d in a te cla u se is a tta ch e d d ir e c t ly t o th e m a in cla u se, a n d th e s u b o r d in a tin g c o n ju n c tio n is elev a ted , thus le a v in g th e g o v e r n o r p o s it io n o f th e se n ten ce t o th e v erb . H ere it is n o t q u ite cle a r, h o w th e c o n ju n c tio n sh o u ld b e retriev ed . 162 Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989 T h e fo llo w in g liv e e x a m p le s sh o w d e p e n d e n ts o f n o m in a l h ea d s. (9) Le ditto f i m e r a i m o il contratto PREVISTO DALLA COMMISSIONE S", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF9": { "uris": null, "text": "h e m o s t in terestin g o b s e r v a tio n a b o u t th ese Ita lia n e x a m p les is th a t w hen th e p a r tic ip le h as a n e x p lic it b y -o b je c t , as ' d a lla co m m is s io n e ' in (9 ), it is u n am b ig u o u s ly c o n s id e r e d an S, w h erea s (1 0 ), w h ere n o e x p lic it b y -o b je c t is presen t, is c o n s id e r e d a m b ig u o u s b etw e en S a n d A P , an d thus th e g ra m m a r yield s tw o resu lts. T h is , o f co u r s e , is u n a c c e p ta b le , sin ce u ltim a te ly o n ly o n e tra n sla tion sh o u ld b e p r o d u c e d . (11) The actions TAKEN BY INDUSTRY have not reversed the trend as c o m p a r e d t o (1 1 ) a n d (1 2 ) sh ow s th a t fo r D a n ish a fin ite re la tiv e cla u se is requ ired to ex p re ss th e m e a n in g c o n v e y e d b y th e n o n -fin ite p a rticip le in E n glish a n d S panish. A n u m b er o f o b se rv a tio n s h a v e b e e n m a d e h ere co n c e r n in g th e v a ria tio n s in stru ctu re a n d la b e llin g o f th e se re p re sen ta tion s. O n e o b s e r v a tio n , w h ich h o ld s fo r all o f th em th o u g h , is th a t th e s tr u c tu r e a ssign m en t is lin ked t o th e c a te g o r y assign m en t to th e to p m o s t n o d e o f th e s u b o r d in a te cla u se. T h e IS th e o r y sp ecifie s w h a t c o n s titu te s an S, an N P , an A P e tc ., a n d th e re fo re th e d e cis io n taken a b o u t th e c a te g o r y o f th e t o p n o d e im p lies th e s tru ctu re o f th e lo c a l tree . T h e fo llo w in g ta b le lists o u r o b s e rv a tio n s in sh ort fo rm .", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF10": { "uris": null, "text": "a te g o r y assign m en t t o t o p n o d e o f fin ites as w ell as n on -fin ite s: c a t = s . S ty p e a ssign m en t t o t o p n o d e : s t y p e = s u b o r d , s t y p e = c o m p l e t , s t y p e = i n f c l . C a te g o r y a ssign m en t t o h ead: c a t = v . M o r p h o lo g ic a l v e r b fo r m assign m en t t o h ead : p r e s p a r t , in fi n , i n f N o t su rprisin gly, th e c a te g o r y a ssign m en t a n d th e re fo re th e s tr u c tu r e is id en tica l fo r all th e c o m p le m e n ts -th e y fo llo w th e IS sp e c ific a tio n s . T h e fe a tu re d if feren ces, h ow ev er, d o ca u se so m e p ro b le m s. S im ila r p r o b le m s arise in c o n n e c tio n w ith th e m o d ifiers, w h ich w ill b e in fo c u s in th e re m a in d er o f th is p a p e r. g o r y a ssign m e n t t o t o p n o d e : n o n -f l n i t e s e n t e n c e m o d i f i e r s : n o n -f i n i t e n p m o d i f i e r s : f i n i t e m o d i f i e r s , a ll : S ty p e a ssig n m e n t t o t o p n o d e : s e n t e n c e m o d i f i e r s : n p m o d i f i e r s : C a te g o r y a ssign m e n t t o h ead: s e n t e n c e m o d i f i e r s : n p m o d i f i e r s : c a t = s , c a t = s b a r , c a t = p p c a t = s , c a t = a p c a t = s s t y p e = m a i n , s t y p e = s u b o r d s t y p e = s i m p l e , s t y p e = r e l c a t = v c a t = v , c a t = p t c , c a t = a d j M o r p h o lo g ic a l v e r b fo r m a ssign m en t t o h ead: s e n t e n c e m o d i f i e r s : f i n , f i n i t e , in f i n n p m o d i f i e r s : f i n , p a s t p a r t A ll th e se re p re se n ta tio n a l a n d cla ss ifica tion a l differen ces reflect a p u rely m o n o lin g u a l a n a ly sis u n d e rly in g th e rep resen ta tion p r o v id e d b y th e difleren t a n a ly sis m o d u le s . W h a t w e h a v e a im e d a t in o u r w o rk is a m u ltilin g u a l amalysis as a p o in t o f d e p a r tu r e fo r a eu rov ersa l d efin itio n o f th e re p resen ta tion . W e h a v e in v e s tig a te d th e tra n sla tio n a l b e h a v io u r o f a n u m b er o f th ese c o n s tr u c tio n s b e tw e e n a n u m b e r o f E E C la n g u a g es. N o t su rprisin gly, it tu rn e d o u t th a t a o n e -t o -o n e m a p p in g o f c a te g o r y , m o r p h o lo g ic a l v e r b fo r m a n d stru ctu re is n o t p o s s ib le . T h e r e fo r e a n e u tra liza tio n o f stru ctu re s w as n ecessary, an d we p r o p o s e d c a t = S w ith its im p lic a tio n s as th e n eu tra l stru ctu re . T h is p r o p o s a l has n o w b e e n in te g ra te d in to th e IS ' le g is la tio n ' . s e are n o t p o s s ib le in all la n g u a g es. In th e la n g u a g es w h ich h ave th e m , th ey c a n b e e x p re sse d in g e ru n d s, p a rticip le s o r in fin itives. In th e la n g u a g es w h ich d o n o t h a v e th e m , th eir e q u iv a len ts are fin ite cla u ses p re ce d e d b y a p resen tentia l p a r tic le , tr a d itio n a lly cla ssified as eith e r a p r e p o s itio n o r a s u b o rd in a tin g c o n ju n c tio n . T h e a n n o ta te d tre e stru ctu re s b e lo w are a b it m o re d e c o r a te d th a n th e stru c tu re s (1 ) th r o u g h (1 3 ). D e ta ile d m o tiv a tio n fo r th e p rese n ce o f th is a d d itio n a l in fo r m a tio n e x c e e d s th e a im o f th is p a p e r. A s a b a sic k ey t o th e a d d itio n a l fea^ tu re s w e c a n sa y th a t s s t y p e (su rfa ce s ty p e ) co n ta in s in fo rm a tio n a b o u t th e fin ite-o r n on -fin ite n ess o f th e cla u se, f s t y p e (fu n c tio n a l s ty p e ) co n ta in s in for m a tio n a b o u t th e lo c a t io n in th e tree o f a g iv en s u b o r d in a te cla u se, e.g . th e va lu e 's s u b o r d ' is a ssign e d t o a ll A R G i /S a n d M O D /S d a u g h te rs t o S n od es, m o d s r ( 'se m a n tic re la tio n o f m o d ifie r t o h e a d ' ) w ith n o values ca lcu la te d in th e e x a m p les, a n d V J b r m (m o r p h o lo g ic a l v e rb fo r m ; th e v a ria b le, V , is a la n g u a g e p refix , e.g . d a ) w h ich c o n ta in s in fo r m a tio n a b o u t v e rb a l in fle ctio n , e.g . fin ite, infin, p resp a rt, etc.F in ite a n d n o n -fin ite se n ten ce m o d ifie rs, like in (1 4 ) a n d (1 5 ) b e lo w , w ill b e represen ted in th e fo llo w in g w a y:", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF11": { "uris": null, "text": "e la n g u a g e s in clu d e d in th e in v e stig a tio n ca n ex p re ss sen ten tial n p m o d ifi c a tio n th r o u g h n o n -fin ite p a r tic ip ia l c o n s tr u c tio n s o r fin ite rela tiv e clau ses. B u t th ere a re re s trictio n s c o n c e r n in g th e m a p p in g s b e tw e en la n g u a g es. S om e lan g u a g e s w ill o n ly a c c e p t a rela tiv e cla u se, w h ere o th e r la n g u a g es w ill a lso a cce p t a p a r tic ip le . R e la tiv e cla u ses a re a lw a y s a c c e p ta b le as a sort o f d efa u lt stru ctu re, s o th e n o n -fin ite n p m o d ifie rs w ill b e rep resen ted as an S stru ctu re , as in (E U R O T R A I S th e o r y su p p o s e s a fu ll G O V -A R G represen ta tion fo r sen ten ces w ith a n o b lig a t o r y A R G l (d e e p s u b je c t ). T h is im p lies in sertion o f e m p ty n o d e s in n o n -fin ite c o n s tr u c tio n s a n d a c o in d e x a tio n m ech a n ism as well. T h e a im o f th is p a p e r d o e s n o t p e rm it m e t o g o in to d eta ils a b o u t th is in terestin g a s p e c t o f th e r e p re se n ta tio n , b u t w e h a v e d e a lt w ith it in o u r research re p o rt, a n d it is a n in te g ra te d p a rt o f o u r p ro p o s a l.5 Concluding RemarksA su rfa ce -n e u tra l s tr u c tu r a l re p re se n ta tio n , as sh ow n a b o v e , is far fr o m sufficient t o en su re su cce ssfu l sim p le tra n sfer. A s sh o w n in th e series o f trees a n d th e tables e a rlier, fe a tu re a ssign m en t p r o b le m s a lso h a v e t o b e solv ed . E sse n tia lly w h a t is n e ed e d t o s o lv e th ese p ro b le m s is a se m a n tic cla ssifica tion s y s te m fo r s u b o r d in a te cla u ses, w h ich is su fficien tly fin e gra in ed t o p e rm it th e ta r g e t la n g u a g e t o g e n e ra te th e a p p r o p r ia te surf^lce re p resen ta tio n -finite or n o n -fin ite -fr o m th e in p u t, reg a rd less o f th e s o u rce la n g u a g e . T h e in fo rm a tio n , w h ich m u st b e c o m p u ta b le fr o m th e s e m a n tic valu es, co n c e r n s tim e, ten se, m o o d .", "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "TABREF1": { "num": null, "type_str": "table", "text": "ALTHOUGH LABOUR IS EXPENSIVE Europe employs many people", "html": null, "content": "
(7) Industrien overtager finansieringen, EFTER AT PROJEKTET
HAR N\u00c5ET VISSE AFTALTE DELM\u00c5L
IIII
GOVARGl/NPARG2/NPMOD/S
{stype\u00bbsubord}
III
GOVARGl/NPARG2/NP
III
overtage industrifinansiering n\u00e5projektvisse
{fin}aftalte delm\u00e5l
(8) La industria no tom\u00f6 ninguna iniciativa, AUNQUE EL
PROBLEMA ERA CONOCIDO
II
GOVARGl/NPARG2/NPMOD/SBAR
II
G0VARG1/S
{stype>subord}
III
GOVARGl ARG2/AP
III
no tosar industrianinguna aunque conocer0 problena
iniciativa{finite}
IIII
GOVARGl/NPARG2/NPTRANC/PP
II
GOVARGl/S
{stype\u00abmain}
II
ARGl/NP ARG2/AP
II
employEuropelabour expensive
{finite}
" } } } }