{ "paper_id": "W89-0125", "header": { "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0", "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:45:22.968055Z" }, "title": "A Standardized Dictionary of Icelandic Verbs", "authors": [ { "first": "Jon", "middle": [ "Hilmar" ], "last": "J6nsson", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" }, { "first": "A", "middle": [], "last": "Bstract", "suffix": "", "affiliation": {}, "email": "" } ], "year": "", "venue": null, "identifiers": {}, "abstract": "Traditionally, entries in dictionaries, including historical dictionaries, are organized on semantic principles, and syntactic features only play a secondary role. This holds for all wordclasses, even for verbs where syn tactic information is both varied and o f great importance. In this paper it is maintained that the characteristics o f each wordclass should be given more attention. This is especially important in the description o f Icelandic verbs, which vary structuredly to a great extent, due to the complexity of the case-system and other related factors. These complexities must take a prominent place in the description given in any dictionary of Icelandic. The Achilles' heel o f large scale dictionaries, where the aim is com pleteness of description and authentic citations are used, is the difficulty in the retrieval of information. By treating the verbs as an independent project, and making full use of their characteristic traits, the perspective taken in SDIV differs from the traditional one. Syntax is superordinated to semantics in the description of the verb, which greatly facilitates the ease o f access to information contained in each entry, as a fixed format will then suffice for all verbs. The text o f the entries in the proposed dictionary is produced by stages, based on an anedysis o f individual citations for each verb contained in the database. The end result, produced by the database itself, connected to the layout-program is a finished dictionary entry, needing only minor revisions.", "pdf_parse": { "paper_id": "W89-0125", "_pdf_hash": "", "abstract": [ { "text": "Traditionally, entries in dictionaries, including historical dictionaries, are organized on semantic principles, and syntactic features only play a secondary role. This holds for all wordclasses, even for verbs where syn tactic information is both varied and o f great importance. In this paper it is maintained that the characteristics o f each wordclass should be given more attention. This is especially important in the description o f Icelandic verbs, which vary structuredly to a great extent, due to the complexity of the case-system and other related factors. These complexities must take a prominent place in the description given in any dictionary of Icelandic. The Achilles' heel o f large scale dictionaries, where the aim is com pleteness of description and authentic citations are used, is the difficulty in the retrieval of information. By treating the verbs as an independent project, and making full use of their characteristic traits, the perspective taken in SDIV differs from the traditional one. Syntax is superordinated to semantics in the description of the verb, which greatly facilitates the ease o f access to information contained in each entry, as a fixed format will then suffice for all verbs. The text o f the entries in the proposed dictionary is produced by stages, based on an anedysis o f individual citations for each verb contained in the database. The end result, produced by the database itself, connected to the layout-program is a finished dictionary entry, needing only minor revisions.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Abstract", "sec_num": null } ], "body_text": [ { "text": "A la rg e s c a le h is to rica l d ic t io n a r y c o n ta in s a g rea t v a rie ty o f d iv erse in form a tio n o n th e v o c a b u la r y rep resen ted . A rea d e r b r o w s in g th ro u g h a w o rk o f th is ty p e w ill o ft e n n o t ic e ch a n g es ta k in g p la c e in th e la n g u a g e; n ew w o rd s w ill a p p ea r a n d b e c o m e c o m m o n a n d o th e r s w ill b e c o m e a n a ch ro n ic a n d b e fo r g o tte n . T h e r e a d e r ca n , g iv e n su fficien t p e rse v e ra n ce in th e s tu d y o f in d iv id u a l en tries, o b ta in a w ea lth o f in fo r m a tio n o n ch a n g e s in th e u se o f in d iv id u a l w o rd s th ro u g h tim e, b o t h in reg a rd t o m e a n in g a n d stru ctu re . I f th e rea d er is w illin g to im m erse", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "The Diversity of Historical Dictionaries", "sec_num": "1" }, { "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989, pages 268-296 h im se lf m o re fu lly in a d ic t io n a r y o f th is k in d , h e w ill a ls o fin d th a t it c o n ta in s a d d itio n a l in fo rm a tio n o f a differen t ty p e , e.g . in fo r m a tio n o f a c u ltu ra l, e th n ic, sty listic, o r c o llo q u ia l n a tu re.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "268", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "T h e to ta lity o f all th is in fo rm a tio n o n in d iv id u a l e n tries a d d s u p t o a m a s sive c o lle c tio n o f d a ta o n th e le x ic o n a n d its c h a ra cte ris tic fea tu res; in it s e lf an im p o r ta n t c o n tr ib u tio n t o lin g u istic a n d cu ltu ra l h istory. ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "268", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "T h e v e rb s, t o an ev en g rea ter e x te n t th a n th e o th e r w o rd cla sse s, m a k e th e lim itin g a s p e c ts o f th e tra d itio n a l e n tr y o f th e h isto rica l d ic t io n a r y im m e d ia te ly A p r o p e r b a la n ce b etw e en s y n ta c tic a n d se m a n tic ch a ra cte ris tics is v ita l in a n y w ell-org a n ized d e s c r ip tio n o f v e rb s, a The Oxford English Dictionary has now appeared in a computerized version in which there is direct access to various features of single entries and across entries (cf. Weiner 1989) .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 553, "end": 565, "text": "Weiner 1989)", "ref_id": "BIBREF17" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "T h e Uniqueness o f Verbs", "sec_num": "1.2" }, { "text": "In fa c t it h o ld s fo r a ll w ord cla sses th a t w o rk is b e in g d o n e o n th e p ossib ilities o f d e s c r ib in g ea ch o n e o f th em in su ch a w a y th a t its ch a ra cte ristic fea tu res are re fle cte d in th e en tries.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "T h e Uniqueness o f Verbs", "sec_num": "1.2" }, { "text": "Data for a Historical Dictionary of Icelandic \u2022 T h e W r itte n L a n g u a g e A r c h iv e : A p p r o x . 2 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 cita tio n s .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "\u2022 T h e S p o k e n L a n g u a g e A rch iv e : A p p r o x . 1 90,000 c ita tio n s . (S ee G u n n la u g - T h e first p a rt o f th e p r o c e s s in g is m a k in g an in d e x o f T h e W ritte n L a n g u a g e A r c h iv e in its en tirety . T h is in d e x , T h e G e n e ra l In d e x , serves as a su rv ey o f all th e m a te ria l in th is a rch iv e, (c f. B j\u00f6 r n t>. S vavarsson a n d J \u00f6 rg e n F ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "2", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "R ig h t fro m th e b e g in n in g th e in te n tio n w as t o use a rch iv es th e m se lv es as a d ire ct s o u rce o f th e stru ctu re a n d fo r m a t o f th e a c tu a l en tries in th e d ic tio n a r y .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Anedysing the D a ta", "sec_num": "2.3" }, { "text": "T h e r e w ere m a n y rea son s fo r th is. T h e p r o d u c tio n o f a fu lly -fle \u2022 T h e cita tio n s sh o w h isto rica l d e v e lo p m e n t.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Anedysing the D a ta", "sec_num": "2.3" }, { "text": "\u2022 B o th th e an alysis a n d th e d e s c r ip tio n m u st b e b a se d o n a c tu a l la n g u a g e use, i.e. a tte ste d ex a m p les.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Anedysing the D a ta", "sec_num": "2.3" }, { "text": "B e fo re c o m in g t o th e amalysis itself, I w o u ld like t o stress th e m a in ch a ra cte ristics o f th e d ifferen t a rch iv es in th e co lle c tio n .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".4 T h e D a ta in the T hree Archives", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "T h e cita tio n s in th e W ritte n L a n g u a g e A r c h iv e c h a ra cte ris tica lly sh o w w o rd s in c o n te x t, th u s s h o w in g th e a ctu a l use o f th e w o r d , in fle ctio n s, s y n ta c tic str u c tu re , e tc. A s a ru le, th e m e a n in g has t o b e in fe rred fr o m th e c o n te x t.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".4 T h e D a ta in the T hree Archives", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "T h e m a teria l in th e o th e r arch ives is o f a d ifferen t k in d . T h e w o r d s a re u su a lly n o t g iv en in c o n te x t, a n d co n s e q u e n tly in fo r m a tio n o n la n g u a g e u se is m issin g.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".4 T h e D a ta in the T hree Archives", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "C h a ra cte ristica lly th e m e a n in g o f th e w o r d is g iv e n , o ft e n ta k in g th e fo r m o f a d efin ition , b u t in fo rm a tio n o n cu ltu ra l a n d h is to rica l a s p e c ts is s o m e tim e s", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".4 T h e D a ta in the T hree Archives", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "in clu d e d .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".4 T h e D a ta in the T hree Archives", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "This method is gaining ground among lexicographers working on modern languages, see Fox 1987 .", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 84, "end": 92, "text": "Fox 1987", "ref_id": "BIBREF5" } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".4 T h e D a ta in the T hree Archives", "sec_num": "2" }, { "text": "The Analysing Process N o w I w ill retu rn t o th e a n a ly sis itself, a n d its differen t stages. In fo rm a tio n on th e c o m p u te r iz a tio n ca n b e fo u n d in th e p a p e rs b y m y collea g u es, J \u00f6rg en F ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "3", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "T h e a n a ly sis it s e lf p r o c e e d s in sta g es, ta k in g th e W ritte n L a n g u a g e A rch iv e \u2022 A su b sta n tia l a m o u n t o f in fo r m a tio n is av a ila b le fo r u se at an ea rly stage o f th e a n a lysis.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "T h e Seven Stages o f Anedysis", "sec_num": "3.1" }, { "text": "\u2022 D iv is io n o f la b o u r b e tw e e n p e rso n n e l w o rk in g o n th e p r o je c t is rela tiv ely easy.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "T h e Seven Stages o f Anedysis", "sec_num": "3.1" }, { "text": "T h e r e a re sev en b a s ic step s in th e a n a ly sis, as illu stra te d in F ig u re 5 o n th e fo llo w in g p a g e. T h e first s te p en ta ils re g iste rin g th e a ctu a l cita tio n s In th e fo u r th s te p th e c it a tio n s are a n a ly se d s e m a n tica lly a A fter th a t th e a n a lysis is d o n e on tw o sep a ra te screen s, th e stru ctu ra l a n alysis on o n e, a n d th e s e m a n tic a n alysis o n a n o th e r. ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "T h e Seven Stages o f Anedysis", "sec_num": "3.1" }, { "text": "B e a rin g in m in d th e w ish t o o r g a n iz e th e m a teria l in a u se r-frie n d ly m a n n e r, w e feel th e fo llo w in g p rin cip le s sh o u ld b e a d h e red to :", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".2 Principles o f Organization", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "\u2022 c a n b e fo u n d in B e r g e n h o ltz a n d M u g d a n 1984, a n d in M u g d a n 1985. See also C a rste n se n 1985.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".2 Principles o f Organization", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "In o rg a n iz a tio n o f th e te x t o f th e en try, g iv in g th e fo llo w in g h iera rch y :", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".Superordination o f Syntactic Structure", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "The Hierarchy of Classifying Fields: T h e field m a rk ed COMPLEMENT m a in ly p r o v id e s in fo r m a tio n o n tra n s itiv ity a n d ca se-a ssig n m en t. In th is field th ere is a g re a t a m o u n t o f v a ria tio n w h ich ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".5 T h e Hierarchy o f O rganization", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "In ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".6 H eads", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "T h e o r g a n iz a tio n o f th e e n tr y as su ch is n o t d ifiicu lt t o g ra sp a n \u2022 L a n g u a g e u se o r register.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".7 C ross-R eferences in th e Meirgins", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "\u2022 P r o v e r b .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".7 C ross-R eferences in th e Meirgins", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "\u2022 G ra m m a r.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".7 C ross-R eferences in th e Meirgins", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "\u2022 F olk lore.", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".7 C ross-R eferences in th e Meirgins", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "\u2022 E x p la n a tio n .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".7 C ross-R eferences in th e Meirgins", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "\u2022 S y n o n y m .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".7 C ross-R eferences in th e Meirgins", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "2. In te restin g in fiection a l v a ria n ts, g iv in g p e r io d o f o c c u r r e n c e .", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": ".7 C ross-R eferences in th e Meirgins", "sec_num": "4" }, { "text": "\u2022 o f varian ts o f id io m s (lo w e r-ca s e le tte rs ).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "C ross-refere n ces", "sec_num": "3." }, { "text": "\u2022 o f sim ila rity o f m e a n in g (u p p e r -c a s e le tte r s ).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "C ross-refere n ces", "sec_num": "3." }, { "text": "T h e cross-referen ces b e tw een re la ted va ria n ts a re m a d e b y m a rk in g th e vari ants w ith th e sa m e le tter. A n a rro w , w h ich c a n ta k e a n y o n e o f th ree fo r m s , (Skirn. 1664, 91); miio en hann er med okkur svo, ad hann er alltaf ad berja i brestina. (JSBr\u00e9f., 178); il9 Herra TVyggi vill... berja i brestina ad bvi, er Granufjelagidsnertir. (bj\u00f6d. 40, 101); f20 Vsentum v\u00e9r, ad g\u00f6dir menn taki viljann fyrir verkid og berji i brestina. (\u00c4rsrlsf. 1966, 60 (1923) ); f20 ad l\u00e5ta mist\u00d6kin ekki endurtakast, heldur reyna ad berja i brestina. heli heyrt fr\u00e5 barncsku pad lastad sem lj\u00f6tan \u00f6vana, ad 'berja f\u00f6tastokk*. (Bun. 1894, 132); f20 Hcttid peim lj\u00f6ta vana, ad berja 'f\u00f6tastokk' og hn^ta hestum i taglid. (Alm. 1901, 91) ; f20 ad telja pann med reidm\u00f6nnum ... sem patar, ber f\u00f6tastokkinn og badar ut \u00f6llum \u00f6ngum. (Skirn. 1915, 191) (G\u00d6lTbes., 760); mtie berja skal barn til aastar. (J\u00d6GrvOb.); m\u00abi8 adsciscit Dativum instrumenti et Accusativum objecti ... ut: ... at beria mann griooti. (J\u00d6GrvOb.); mtiB at beria mann med lurkum, keyrum og Svipum. (J\u00d6GrvOb.); fl9 S\u00e5 er enginn barinn, sem busb\u00f6ndans skipan gj\u00f6rir. (GJ., 260); 0 9 bann er ei vandt ad verja, sem enginn vill berja. (GJ., 390); 0 9 bvi veldr b^jdzka b^^ls bann er barinn. (GJ., 417); tio bun vissi sem var, ad fadir sinn mundi ekki trua s\u00e9r og berja sig eins og bardan fisk i ^okkab\u00f6t. (\u00d6Davbj. III, 376); fm20 Hun vissi daemi til ad brutar b\u00f6fdu barid fj\u00e5rmenn til \u00f6rkumla og bestar slikt bid sama. (GFrRit. Ill, 290); m 2 0 l)etta er meinleysismadur, \u00e9g hef aldrei vitad hano berja gamalmenni. (HKLSjfolk., 294); m20 ekki skildust bonum fyrirskipanirnar ad beldur |>\u00d6U hann vaeri bardur. (HKL^6l., 165); m20 bardir af meistaranum en skutyrtir af sveinum. (HKLHljm., 20); m20 Reyndi hann [a: hruturinn] ekkerl ad slita sig lausan, bara ad berja mig, svo var skapid mikid. (Skaftfbjs., 172); t20 bad var lengi heid \u00e5 skutum, ef hann var tregur, ad berja kokkinn. b\u00e5 f\u00f6r alltaf ad Fiskast betur. (J\u00c5rnVeturn\u00f6Uak., 45); berja e-n a u gnm ajd e-n, vir\u00d6a e -n fy r i r $ \u00e9r m20 og hver er hann bardi augum ^\u00e5 fraus bonum bl\u00f6d i aedum. (Grbj\u00f6ds., 56); berja e-n brigslum dlasa e -m harhalega 120 og m\u00f6tflokkarnir b\u00f6rdu hann l\u00e5llaust brigslum. (R\u00e9Uur. 1917 I, 16) ; m20 *b\u00f6 engan vilji \u00e9g brigzlum berja / beinum dugar ekki ad verja / gamlan I>adan kominn kvitt. (JG\u00d6lS\u00f6g. 1938^, 71) ; berja e-n sundur og \u00bb*man ^1 9 byzkir bordu ^\u00e5sundr og saman, t\u00f6ku yfir 10 |>usundir fanga. (bj\u00f6d. 23, 34); berja hr\u00e5ta ^Tekid var b\u00e5dum h\u00f6ndum u m bita \u00e5 milli sperra i badstofu, ^annig ad (ingurg\u00f6marnir sneru fram ad andlitinu. Sidan \u00e5tti ad setja sig i bnut, (>annig ad hn\u00e9n snertu bitann. betta \u00e5tti svo ad endurtaka \u00e5n ad l\u00e5ta faeturna koma i g\u00f6lf. Festir g\u00e5tu ))etta nema 2-5 sinnum og afbragd )>\u00f6tti ad gela barid 10 bruta (eda 10 sinnum hrut) eda fleiri.*' (Tms. (S.*bing.)); m20 O g fest gat kann h\u00f6ndum sinum upp u m bita og *barid hruta*, bvorttveggja ^etta ^aetti med \u00e9likindum med svo \u00f6rkumladan mann. (Grimany. II, 84). \u2022 1 0 og j>0 sendi jeg ^inginu 10 exempl\u00f6r, svo t>vi verdur ekki barid vid, ad gengid hafi verid fram bj\u00e5 (linginu. (isaf. 1891, 261) H A N N BER: h a n n b e r d e-u: h a n n ber \u00e5 b U k u n n i \"getur mAlv.", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 472, "end": 497, "text": "(\u00c4rsrlsf. 1966, 60 (1923)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 742, "end": 757, "text": "(Alm. 1901, 91)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 850, "end": 868, "text": "(Skirn. 1915, 191)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 2240, "end": 2259, "text": "(R\u00e9Uur. 1917 I, 16)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 2359, "end": 2379, "text": "(JG\u00d6lS\u00f6g. 1938^, 71)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 3122, "end": 3149, "text": "(linginu. (isaf. 1891, 261)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "C ross-refere n ces", "sec_num": "3." }, { "text": "Hka hvesst adeins, og er |>a sagt ad bann berji a blikunni eda blasi t)etia af s\u00e9r.** (Tms. (Dal.)).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "C ross-refere n ces", "sec_num": "3." }, { "text": "H A N N B E R E-D: b a n n b e r e -d f eig: h a n n er ad berja f eig hl\u00e9ku/blota nTalad var u m ad hann vaeri ad ji m&lv. berja i eig hl\u00e5ku eda blota, er vedurbreyting i att var i adsigi.\" (Tme. (Borgarf. v.)); h a n n er ad berja f elg U n ]>a\u00d6 e r a\u00d6 draga u r froBti kl m 2 0 Nu fer hann bradum ad berja 1 eig lin, sagdi konan. berjaat \u00e5t takast \u00e9 m20 bar er auds\u00e9nn mikill Kl vindbradi, og tvaer \u00e5ttir berjast \u00e5. (N\u00e5tturufr. 1953, 191) . berjast fyrir e-ut heita s\u00e9r mjog fyrir e-a bl f2 0 ad innlendir menn skuli bafa barist fyrir bvi med \u00f6llum medolum, ad leggja nidur landsins peninga stofnun. (Alm. 1903,66) ; berjast eins og U\u00f6n lyrir e -a m20 Albyduflokksforystan ml berst eins og lj\u00f6n fyrir b^irri helstefnu, sem leitt hefur til atvinnuleyeis. (R\u00e9ttur. 1951,11) ;", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 419, "end": 441, "text": "(N\u00e5tturufr. 1953, 191)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 603, "end": 617, "text": "(Alm. 1903,66)", "ref_id": null }, { "start": 757, "end": 774, "text": "(R\u00e9ttur. 1951,11)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "C ross-refere n ces", "sec_num": "3." }, { "text": "berjast fyrlr e-a med bn\u00e5um og haj\u00e5m heita ol s\u00e9r af alefli fyrir e~u tl9 \u00e5kv\u00f6rdun sem hann ... hafdi barizt fyrir med hnuum og hnj\u00e5m. (bj\u00f6d. 36, 54).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "C ross-refere n ces", "sec_num": "3." }, { "text": "berjast fyrir e -m : heyja hardttu e. leggja mikiS d sig ( fdg% e^s mil7 b^ini sem berjast LI fyrer barnaTioldasinum med eimd og armsdu. (SafnF. XII, 263).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "C ross-refere n ces", "sec_num": "3." }, { "text": "berjast gegn e -u : &eifa s\u00e9r mjog gegn e-u Ll berjast gegn e-n hndum og hnefum beito o t s\u00e9r af alefli gegn e-u f20 beir bafa barizt gegn bessu hnuum og hnefum og \u00f6tal m\u00f6rgu \u00f6dru. (EHKvEitt., 59 (1905) afkoma e-t er tap, e-m iekat naumlega a\u00e5 framfleyia t\u00e9r \u00ab18 hv\u00f8rsu mikid, sem ... lausamenn synasl ad mega \u00e5vinna med bralli sinu ... er hd, sem med illann leik berjist i b\u00f8ekum fyrir flestum jafnvel i g\u00f6dum \u00e5rum. (MStGAlv. 1, 67;)\u00ablBOg fyrir hessum berst i b\u00f8ekum. (LFR. V, 72); had berst f b\u00f6kkum med e-um vi\u00e5ureign e-ra tiendur jafnt, n] fa\u00e5 gengur hvorki n\u00e9 rekur i vi\u00e5ureign e-ra", "cite_spans": [ { "start": 181, "end": 202, "text": "(EHKvEitt., 59 (1905)", "ref_id": null } ], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "C ross-refere n ces", "sec_num": "3." }, { "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null }, { "text": "stein, og s\u00f6gdu ad enginn heldi ))ekkt )>ad illa fr\u00e5 t)vi g\u00f6da. (Eir\u00f6l., 226); ii9 ekkert var sparad til ad frelsa hann, ... en t>ad var sama sem ad berja f steininn. (2Id. I, 54).", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "", "sec_num": null } ], "back_matter": [ { "text": "O n th e fo llo w in g p a g es is a sa m p le e n try fr o m th e S tan dard ized D ic tio n a r y o f ", "cite_spans": [], "ref_spans": [], "eq_spans": [], "section": "Appendix", "sec_num": null } ], "bib_entries": { "BIBREF0": { "ref_id": "b0", "title": "Anatomy o f a Verb Entry: from Lin guistic Theory to Lexicographic Practice", "authors": [ { "first": "Beryl", "middle": [ "T" ], "last": "Atkins", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Judy", "middle": [], "last": "Kegl", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Beth", "middle": [], "last": "Levin", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1988, "venue": "International Journal o f Lexicography", "volume": "1", "issue": "", "pages": "84--126", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Atkins, Beryl T ., Judy Kegl, and Beth Levin. 1988. Anatomy o f a Verb Entry: from Lin guistic Theory to Lexicographic Practice. International Journal o f Lexicography 1:84-126. Oxford University Press, Oxford.", "links": null }, "BIBREF1": { "ref_id": "b1", "title": "Grammatik im W\u00f6rterbuch: von Ja bis Jux. Germanistische Linguistik", "authors": [ { "first": "Henning", "middle": [], "last": "Bergenholtz", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "Joachim", "middle": [], "last": "Mugdan", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1984, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Bergenholtz, Henning, and Joachim Mugdan. 1984. Grammatik im W\u00f6rterbuch: von Ja bis Jux. Germanistische Linguistik 3-6:47-102. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim.", "links": null }, "BIBREF2": { "ref_id": "b2", "title": "Database Systems for Lexicographic Work", "authors": [ { "first": "P", "middle": [], "last": "Bj\u00f6rn", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "J\u00f6rgen", "middle": [], "last": "Svavarsson", "suffix": "" }, { "first": "", "middle": [], "last": "Pind", "suffix": "" } ], "year": 1989, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Bj\u00f6rn P . Svavarsson and J\u00f6rgen Pind. 1989. Database Systems for Lexicographic Work. (This volume.)", "links": null }, "BIBREF3": { "ref_id": "b3", "title": "Lexikographie und Grammatik. Akten des Essener Kolloquiums zur Grammatik im W\u00f6rterbuch 28 .-30.6", "authors": [ { "first": "Broder", "middle": [], "last": "Carstensen", "suffix": "" } ], "year": null, "venue": "", "volume": "", "issue": "", "pages": "175--186", "other_ids": {}, "num": null, "urls": [], "raw_text": "Carstensen, Broder. 1985. 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H o w ev er, th e v e r y sa m e q u a lity is a lso th eir A c h ille s ' h eel. A c c e s s t o th e w ea lth o f in fo r m a tio n c o n ta in e d in th e se d ic t io n aries is sev erely restricted a n d h a m p e re d as th e o n ly w a y o f a cce ss t o in d iv id u a l en tries is th ro u g h th eir a lp h a b e tic a l o r d e r . It is th e re fo re a lm o st im p o s s ib le to search fo r in fo rm a tio n o n th e c o m m o n fe a tu res o f va riou s en tries (c f. J \u00f6 rg e n P in d 1986).! T h e ease o f a ccess t o in fo rm a tio n c o n ta in e d in th e te x t o f a d ic t io n a r y is, o f co u rse , d ep en d e n t o n th e s tru ctu re o f th e te x t itself. W it h o u t ov erg e n e ra lizin g t o o g reatly, it ca n b e sa id th a t se m a n tic p rin cip le s are, tr^ulitionally, th e p re ferred crite ria u sed in th e s tru ctu rin g o f h is to rica l d ictio n a rie s. In fo r m a tio n o n in d iv id u a l fea tu res n o t o f a s e m a n tic n a tu re ca n th e re fo re o n ly b e fo u n d u n d er h ea d in gs defin ed b y th e m e a n in g o f th e w o r d in q u e s tio n . T h e a ll-im p o r ta n c e o f sem a n tics is e s p e cia lly a p p a re n t in th e en tries fo r n o u n s a n d a d je c tiv e s , b u t it is a lso o b v io u s in th e en tries o f v e rb s, w h ich are ty p ic a lly a ls o s tr u c tu r e d a c c o r d in g t o sy n ta c tic criteria .", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF1": { "text": "a p p a ren t. S earch fo r in fo r m a tio n is m a d e all th e m o re d ifficu lt b y th e sh eer m ass o f m a teria l c o n ta in e d in each in d iv id u a l en try. T h e e d ito r s a re fa c e d w ith th e p ro b le m o f d e s c r ib in g th e s tru ctu ra l rich n ess w h ich ch a ra cte rize s th is w o rd cla ss. T h e u se o f v erb s is ch a ra cte ristica lly d ete rm in e d b y s y n ta c tic fe a tu re s, a n d in e v e ry in sta n ce o f u se fea tu res su ch as tra n s itiv ity a n d ca s e -m a rk in g h a v e t o b e taken in to a c c o u n t, as d o p h e n o m e n a su ch as p e rip h ra s tic c o n s tr u c tio n s , p h ra sa l v erb s, a n d in th e ca s e o f Ice la n d ic, th e d is tin c tio n b e tw e e n a c tiv e a n d m id d le v o ice .", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF2": { "text": "n d it is o f th e u tm o s t im p o r ta n c e in ed itin g th e m a te ria l t o m ak e fu ll u se o f th e in h eren t s y n ta c tic s tru ctu re . It is w orth b e a rin g in m in d th a t th ese fea tu res m a y e v e n tu a lly h elp th e u ser o f th e p r o p o s e d d ic tio n a r y t o find w h a t h e is lo o k in g fo r in th e te x t o f th e d ic tio n a r y .", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF3": { "text": "o r k o n th e e d itin g o f th e c o lle c tio n o f d a t a a m a ssed in th e p re v io u s 40 years fo r a h is to rica l d ic t io n a r y o f m o d e r n Icelan d ic^ w as sta rte d a t T h e In s titu te o f L exicog ra p h y (O rd a b d k H d skd la n s), in th e b e g in n in g o f th e eigh ties. A t th e tim e th ere w as n o firm o u tlin e o f h o w su ch a d ic t io n a r y sh o u ld b e org a n iz e d , an d th ere w as n o e x is tin g Ic e la n d ic d ic t io n a r y o n w h ich t o p a tte rn th e n ew on e. T h is , h o w ev er, a ls o en ta iled n o t b e in g tie d t o a n o ld e r m o d e l, th u s g a in in g a fair a m o u n t o f fr e e d o m in d e v e lo p in g th e m e t h o d s u sed in th e e d itin g o f th e m aterial, a n d in d e c id in g w h a t th e fo r m a t o f th e p r o p o s e d d ic tio n a r y sh ou ld b e. T h e c o lle c tio n re ferre d t o a b o v e co n sists o f th ree p a rts:", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF4": { "text": "u r In g d l& so n 1988 fo r a clo s e r d e s c r ip tio n .) \u2022 E x c e r p t s fr o m u n p u b lish e d d ictio n a rie s in m a n u scrip t: A p p r o x . 9 0 ,0 0 0 citar tio n s , m a in ly fr o m th e 1 7 th , 18th a n d 19th cen tu ries. (S ee G u d n in K v a ra n 1988 fo r a clo s e r d e s c r ip tio n .)", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF5": { "text": "s c a n b e seen & o m th ese fig u res, th e sh eer m ass in c lu d e d in th e c o lle ctio n s m a k es it a tr e m e n d o u s ta sk t o e d it th em t o a s a tis fa c to r y sta n d a rd , e sp ecia lly i f in fo r m a tio n fr o m a ll a v a ila b le d ic tio n a r ie s a n d n e ccessa ry a d d itio n a l m aterial fr o m o th e r s o u rce s is in c lu d e d . T h e r e fo r e , b e a r in g in m in d th e w ish th a t the m a te ria l s h o u ld b e c o m p u te r iz e d t o as h igh a d eg ree as p o s s ib le , it w as d e cid e d t o p r o c e e d o n th e p r o c e s s in g o f th e d a t a in tw o differen t w a y s a t th e ou tse t.", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF6": { "text": "in d 1989, and J \u00f6 r g e n F in d 1989, b o t h in th is v o lu m e ). T h e s e c o n d p M t o f th e p ro ce s s in g en tails m a k in g a d e ta ile d d e s c r ip tio n o f a ch o sen p a rt o f th e v o ca b u la ry , in clu d in g d a ta fr o m all th re e arch ives.", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF7": { "text": "d o n o t th in k it n ece ssa ry fo r m e t o ju s tify w h y th e v erb s w ere ch o se n as th e first s u b je c t o f a d e ta ile d d e s c r ip tio n o f o u r a rch iv es. T h e v erb s are v e ry cen tra lly p la c e d , b o t h in a le x ic a l sen se, i.e. in th e le x ic o n itself, a n d in a le x ico g ra p h ica l sen se, as a n y d ic t io n a r y w ill sh ow . N o o th e r w o rd cla s s g ets sim ilar a tte n tio n from le x ic o g r a p h e r s ; th ere a re e v en s p e c ia l d ictio n a rie s o n v erb s a n d v e rb a l idiom s.T he period after 1540, i.e. from the start of the age of printing in Iceland. \u00aeThese are, roughly, o f two types; valency-based dictionaries (cf. Helbig and Schenkel 1969), and dictionaries o f phrasal verbs (cf. Courtney 1983).", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF9": { "text": "The Written Language Archive: Relative Size o f Word-Classes 2.2 T h e Status o f Verbs in th e Lexicon Let us take a lo o k a t a few d ia g ra m s s h o w in g th e s p e c ia l sta tu s o f th e v e rb s in the le x ico n . T h e in fo rm a tio n c o m e s fr o m th e G e n e ra l In d e x m e n tio n e d earlier. T h e c o m p a r a tiv e size o f th e w ord cla sse s ca n b e seen in F ig u re 1. N o t e th e low p e rce n ta g e o f v erb s, i.e. o n ly 2 .7 % o f th e le x ic o n . In real n u m b e rs th is c o m e s to a b o u t 16,000 w ord s. F or c o m p a r iz o n it m a y b e a d d e d th a t th e p e r c e n ta g e fo r n ouns is 8 2 .3 % , o r ov e r 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 w ord s. T h e u n iqu en ess o f th e v e rb s a m o n g th e m a jo r w ord cla sses is a lso sh o w n in the n u m b er o f c ita tio n s p e r v e r b in th e M ch iv e , c o m p a r e d t o th e n u m b e r o f cita tio n s p e r w o rd in th e o th e r w o rd cla sse s, as illu stra te d in F ig u r e 2. W o r d s w hich o c c u r in o n ly o n e exa m p le are th e least c o m m o n in th e v e rb s , w h erea s The Written Language Archive: Number o f Citations per Lexeme", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF10": { "text": "The Written Language Archive: Types o f Word-Formation w o r d s o c c u r r in g in m o r e th an fiv e ex a m p les axe m o r e c o m m o n in v erb s th an in th e o th e r w o rd cla sses. T h is is aJso c o n n e c te d t o a differen t d is tr ib u tio n o f ty p e s o f w ord -form a tion . T h e v e rb s as a w o r d c la s s c o n sist t o a la rg e e x te n t o f n o n -c o m p o u n d s , th e p er c e n ta g e o f com p o u n d s b e in g lo w est in th e v e rb s, c o m p a r e d t o o th e r w ord cla sses, as sh o w n in F ig u r e 3. T h e v e rb s are a ls o re la tiv e ly sta b le in c o m p a r iz o n t o th e o th e r w ord cla sses w h e n it c o m e s t o th e age d istrib u tion o f th e e x a m p le s . T h is is sh ow n in F ig u re 4. A r e la tiv e ly h ig h p e r c e n ta g e o f th e v e r b s is a tte s te d b o t h w ith cita tio n s fr o m th e 16 th c e n tu r y a n d fr o m th e 2 0 th . O n th e o th e r h a n d , a rela tiv ely lo w p ercen ta g e o f th e v e r b s is o n ly a tte s te d in th e 19th c e n tu r y o r in th e 20th .", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF11": { "text": "The Written Language Archive: Age Distribution", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF12": { "text": "d g e d d ic t io n a r y o f a p r e c o n c e iv e d ty p e w as n o t th e o n ly p u r p o s e o f th e p r o je c t . In re a lity th e p u rp o s e w as th re efold : \u2022 D e s c r ib in g a n u m b er o f le x ic o lo g ic a l a n d le x ic o g r a p h ic a l fe a tu re s o f each in d iv id u a l v erb . \u2022 P r o d u c in g a d ic tio n a r y te x t o f a s ta n d a rd iz e d fo r m a t as en d resu lt o f th e a n alysis. \u2022 M a k in g it p o s s ib le t o se2 irch fo r differen t le x ic o lo g ic a l fea tu res a cro ss a n u m b e r o f verbs. B y s ta rtin g w ith a d e ta ile d a n a ly sis w h ich in it s e lf w as n o t d e p e n d e n t o n th e a ctu a l fo rm a t th e en tries o f th e d ic t io n a r y w ere p r o p o s e d t o h a v e, th ere w as a m p le tim e t o d e c id e w h a t th a t fo r m a t sh ou ld fin a lly b e . I w an t t o stress th e fo llo w in g p o in ts t o sh o w th e im p o r ta n c e o f u sin g th e a ctu a l cita tio n s as th e b a se o f th e analysis:\u2022 T h e co n te x t is v ita l fo r th e u n d e rsta n d in g o f th e w o r d -fo r m s a n d th eir use.", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF13": { "text": "in d a n d B j\u00f6 r n P . S vavarsson (th is v o lu m e ). L e t m e ju s t m en tion th a t th e d a ta b a se b e in g u sed is R e v e la tio n , in th e n ew a n d im p r o v e d ve rsio n & om 1987, A dvan ced R e v ela tio n . In itia lly, th e d a ta b a s e w as o n ly ru n n in g o n a sin gle term in a l, b u t in 1986 th ree m o r e w ere a d d e d . T h e la y -o u t o f th e te x t o f th e d ic tio n a r y entries is m a d e b y u sin g th e la y -o u t p r o g r a m m e TfeK.\u00ae W e are n ow in th e p ro ce ss o f re w o rk in g th e p r o g r a m s u sed fo r th e a n a ly sis in o r d e r t o sw itch o p e r a tin g sy stem s fr o m M S -D O S t o U N IX .", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF14": { "text": "as a s ta r tin g p o in t. T h e o r d e r o f th e fields (o r s lo ts w h ere d ifferen t item s o f th e a n a ly sis are p la c e d ) is s tru ctu re d in su ch a w a y th a t th e a n a lysis is d o n e b y ste p s, fr o m th e in itia l p r o c e s s in g u p t o th e p r o d u c tio n o f th e co m p le te d d ic t io n a r y en try. T h is s te p -b y -s te p m e t h o d has m a n y a d v a n ta g es: \u2022 E a ch s te p p r o v id e s a d d itio n a l d a t a w h ich ca n b e u sed in s o rtin g an d a n a ly sin g in th e fo llo w in g sta g e. \u2022 A t e a ch s ta g e o f th e {inalysis th e d a t a fr o m th e p re v io u s s ta g e is u sed (a n d c o r r e c te d ).", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF15": { "text": "an d th e ir so u r c e . T h e s e c o n d s te p co n c e n tr a te s o n th e m o r p h o lo g ic a l stru ctu re o f th e w o r d . T h e th ird s te p h a n d le s s y n ta c tic s tr u c tu r e a n d c o n te x tu a l in fo rm a tio n .", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF16": { "text": "n d d e fin itio n s are fo r m u la te d . T h e fifth p h a se in v o lv e s th e s o r tin g o f th e sem a n tic in fo rm a tio n in th e p r e c e d in g sta g e , a n d o r d e r in g o f d efin ition s. T h e six th s ta g e con ta in s cro ss-re fe re n c e s b e tw e e n re la te d v a ria n ts. T h is a p p lies t o tw o field s, id iom s and m ea n in g . In th e sev en th a n d la st s ta g e th e a c tu a l le x ic o g r a p h ic a l releva n ce o f in d iv id u a l c ita tio n s is e s tim a te d , i.e. w h e th e r th e c it a tio n s h o u ld b e in clu d e d in th e c o m p le te d e n tr y o r n o t.T h e first th ree sta g es set th em se lv e s a p a rt b y th e fa c t th a t e a ch c it a tio n c a n b a s ic a lly b e a n a ly sed b y itself, w ith o u t recou rse to o th e r cita tio n s . In th e su b seq u en t ste p s th e a n a ly sis is, t o a la rg e e x te n t, b a sed o n c o m p a r iz o n b e tw e e n c ita tio n s .\u00aeCf. J\u00f6rgen Pind, this volume.", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF17": { "text": "Process o f AnalysisT h e d a ta fo r th e first ste p o f th e a n a ly sis, an d th e n o rm a lize d fo r m o f th e verb in th e s e co n d s te p , is n o t keyed d ir e c tly in to th e d a ta b a s e , b u t e n te re d b y using an e d itin g p r o g r a m an d th en tra n sferred m ech an iccilly to th e d a ta b a s e .", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF18": { "text": "few co m m e n ts o n th e in fo r m a tio n in c lu d e d in d ifferen t fields. (I w ill retu rn t o th e m o s t im p o r ta n t field s in c o n n e c tio n w ith th e stru ctu re o f th e d a ta b a se la te r .) F o r m . T h e a c tu a l fo r m o f th e v e rb in th e c it a tio n is g iv en w ith n orm a lized sp e llin g . A g e . E a ch c e n tu r y is d iv id e d in to th ree p a rts (e .g . early, m id d le & la te 16th C : f 16, m l 6, s i 6). In ca se o f u n ce r ta in ty in d a tin g , lo n g e r p e r io d s ca n b e g iv e n (e .g . m s l6 , 18, s l9 f 2 0 ). M o s t o f th e d a tin g is d o n e m e ch a n ica lly b y ru n n in g a p ro g ra m w h ich c o n ta in s th e sh o rt fo r m s o f sou rces u sed in th e d a ta b a s e , c o m b in e d w ith th e a g e o f ea ch sou rce . V o i c e . T h r e e s tru ctu ra l fe a tu re s o f im p o r ta n c e in th e o rg a n iz in g o f th e en try are d istin g u ish e d . T h e s e a re th e a c tiv e a n d m id d le v o ic e , a n d a lso n o nstru ctu ra l p a rticip les. I n f l e c t i o n . M a rk in g o f m o r p h o lo g ic a l ca te g o rie s, i.e. a ctive/ pa ssive, m ood, te n s e , n u m b er, a n d p erso n . S u b j e c t . D e s c r ip tio n o f th e p a rt o f sp e ech in th e s u b je c t p o s itio n . P e r s o n a l a n d im p erso n a l s u b je c ts are d istin g u ish e d , a n d th e fo rm e r are classified a c c o r d in g t o th e ca se in w h ich th e y a p p e a r. (Ic e la n d ic has o b liq u e s u b je c ts , as w ell as n o m in a tiv e o n e s .) C l a s s i f y i n g f e a t u r e s o f s u b j e c t . U se d fo r th e d is tin c tio n + / -alive. T h is field is a ls o u sed t o s p e c ify th e in sta n ce s o f co m p le m e n t cla u ses o r in fin itive c o n s tr u c tio n s in s u b je c t p o s itio n . C o n t e n t o f s u b j e c t . T h e a c tu a l w o r d in s u b je c t p o s itio n is n a m ed . C o m p l e m e n t . D e s c r ip tio n o f th e s y n ta c tic ite m in c o m p le m e n t p o sitio n . C l a s s i f y i n g f e a t u r e s o f c o m p l e m e n t . C lausal c o m p lem en ts o r in fin itiv e c o n s tr u c tio n s in o b je c t p o s it io n are sp ecifie d . C o n t e n t o f c o m p l e m e n t . T h e a c tu a l w o r d in co m p le m e n t p o s itio n is n am ed. V e r b z d p a r t i c l e s . A d v e r b s o r p re p o s itio n a l p h ra ses fo r m in g p h ra sa l verbs. T y p e o f v e r b a l p a r t i c l e . T h e p a rticle s a re d iv id e d in to adverbs a n d p rep o si tio n a l p h ra ses.", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF19": { "text": "o n t e n t o f p r e p o s i t i o n a l p h r a s e . T h e a c tu a l p r e p o s itio n a l p h ra se follo w in g th e v e r b is n a m e d ( i f th e v e r b is co n s id e re d t o b e a ph ra sa l v e r b ). A d v e r b i a l . A d v e r b ia ls n o t o f a p h ra sa l n a tu re. F u n c t i o n o f a d v e r b i a l . D is tin c tio n o f a d v e rb ia ls o f p la ce , tim e, etc. I d i o m s . Id io m s in w h ich th e v e r b in q u e stio n o c c u r s . F e a t u r e s o f i d i o m s . P r o v e r b s are sp e c ia lly m a rk ed . F e a t u r e s o f p a r t i c i p l e s . N o n -s tr u c tu r a l p a rticip le s a re m a rk e d as h a v in g v e r b a l, a d je ctiv a l, o r a d v erb ia l ch a ra cte ristics. A g r e e m e n t o f p a r t i c i p l e . T h is field c o n ta in s th e w o r d w ith w h ich th e p a r tic ip le is in a g reem en t. C o n t e x t . C ita tio n s o f p o e tr y o r p r o v erb s o r co n ta in in g s y n o n y m s a re m ark ed fo r th e se featu res. C o m m e n t a r y . C o m m e n ta r y o n la n g u a g e u se o r o th e r m a tte rs o f g ra m m a tica l o r gen era l in terest (e .g . e x p la n a tio n s , fo lk lo r e , e t c .).O r d e r i n g o f v a r i a n t s o f m e a n i n g . V a ria n ts o f m e a n in g w ith in th e sa m e stru ctu ra l h e a d in g are n u m b ered .", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF20": { "text": "e n ow c o m e t o th e d ic tio n a r y te x t a n d th e o rg a n iza tio n o f th e e n tr ie s th e m selves. In th e fo llo w in g p a rt o f th is p a p e r I w ill refer t o th e s a m p le te x t in th e a p p e n d ix .", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF21": { "text": "e ca n b e g in b y sk etch in g th e m a teria l w h ich m u st b e c o n ta in e d in th e t e x t o f each en try, in d e p e n d e n t o f th e o r g a n iz a tio n o f th e e n tr y as su ch . T h e s e a re th e m o st im p o r ta n t p oin ts: \u2022 A d e s c r ip tio n o f m ea n in g , b a sed o n an o r d e r e d list o f va ria n ts o f m ea n in g . \u2022 A d e s c r ip tio n o f th e s y n ta c tic s tru ctu re o f th e v e rb . \u2022 A d e s c r ip tio n o f in flectio n . \u2022 O c c u rre n ce , i.e. a tte ste d e x a m p le s o f (a n d c o m m e n ta r y o n ) th e u se o f in d iv id u a l fo rm s. \u2022 A g e , i.e. d a tin g o f in d iv id u a l v a ria n ts (a n d fo r m s ).", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF22": { "text": "T h e d e s crip tio n sh o u ld g iv e a cle a r p ic tu r e o f th e m o s t im p o r ta n t c h a ra c te ristic fea tu res o f ea ch w o rd . \u2022 T h e re a d e r sh o u ld b e a b le t o fin d w h a t he is sea rch in g fo r w ith o u t t o o m u ch e ffo rt. \u2022 I f re la te d in fo r m a tio n o c c u r s in differen t p la ce s in th e te x t, cross-referen ces m u st b e p r o v id e d . \u2022 T h e o r g a n iz a tio n o f th e e n tr y sh o u ld m a k e u se o f th e average re a d e r's k n o w le d g e o f g r a m m a tic a l d e s c r ip tio n s a n d p r io r e x p e r ie n c e o f d ictio n a ries. \u2022 O b s c u r e a n d c o m p lic a te d sy ste m s o f s y m b o ls s h o u ld b e a v oid e d . T h e p u r p o s e o f th e th ird p rin cip le is p r o v id in g a b rid g e b etw e en th e first tw o . In ca s e o f th e la st tw o p rin cip les, a g re a t im p o r ta n c e is p la ce d o n th e fa ct th a t a ll h e a d in g s a n d cla s s ific a to r y fea tu res sh o u ld a p p e a l d ir e c tly t o a c o m m o n k n o w le d g e o f g ra m m a r a n d b e in a c c o r d a n c e w ith p re v io u s e x p e rie n ce o f usin g d ic tio n a r ie s w h ich o n e h as t o a ssu m e th e a v e ra g e rea d er t o have. G o in g b e y o n d s u rfa ce s tr u c tu r e in a n a ly sin g th e e x a m p le s is q u ite risky, a n d ca n ea sily m ake retriev a l m o r e d ifficu lt fo r th e a v era g e rea d er. (S ee Z o fg e n 1985 a n d o m p r e h e n s iv e d ic t io n a r y o f th e k in d w e are ta lk in g a b o u t, b o th sem a n tic a n d s y n ta c tic ch a ra cte ris tics o f th e m a te ria l b e in g d e s c r ib e d m u st b e a cco u n te d fo r . T h e p re re q u isite fo r d o in g th is su cce ssfu lly is m a k in g th e rela tio n o f m ean in g a n d fo r m c le a r ly a p p a re n t in th e te x t. T r a d itio n a lly th e d ic tio n a r y entries a re s e m a n tica lly organ ized.\u00ae O n ly ra rely a re th e en tries o rg a n iz e d a c c o r d in g to s y n ta c tic fa c to r s , b u t an in te restin g e x a m p le o f th is k in d , w ith a com m en ta ry ,", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF23": { "text": "th is p re sen t p r o je c t , w e h a v e ch o se n t o u se s y n ta c tic stru ctu re as th e fra m e w o r k o n w h ich th e d e s c r ip tio n is b a se d , co n s e q u e n tly p la c in g th e sem a n tic d e s c r ip t io n in a s u b o r d in a te p o s itio n . T h is k in d o f o rg a n iz a tio n is fu lly in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e m o s t n a tu ra l w a y o f s te p -b y -s te p a n a lysis, w h e re th e sem a n tic a n a ly sis d o e s a p p e a r rig h t a t th e e n d a n d is b a se d o n th e fo r e g o in g s y n ta ctic a n a ly sis. T h e r e a re, h ow e v er, o th e r rea so n s fo r c h o o s in g th is ty p e o f o rg a n iza tio n o f th e e n try :\u2022 A g e n e ra l c o m m e n ta r y o n s y n ta c tic stru ctu re in th e in tr o d u c tio n o r head o f e a ch e n tr y is in su fficien t. \u2022 S y n t a c tic fe a tu re s a re sh a red b y g r o u p s o f v e rb s, i.e. th e v erb s ca n b e cla ssified a c c o r d in g t o th e stru ctu re s in w h ich th e y a p p ea r. See Atkins, Kegl, and Levin 1988 for a treatment of the relation of meaning and form in the organizing o f verbal entries in in dictionaries. See also J6n Hilmar Jdnsson 1985 and 1988:138-140 for information on these factors in Icelandic dictionaries. \u2022 A stru ctu ra lly b a s e d fra m e w o rk m ak es se a rch in g fo r in d iv id u a l c o n s tr u c tio n s o r o c c u r r a n c e s easier. \u2022 S em a n tic d e s crip tio n s a re t o a la rg e e x te n t b a se d o n s y n ta c tic s tru ctu re . \u2022 T h e s e m a n tic d e s crip tio n s axe m cule m o r e e x p lic it w h en b a se d o n g iv en s y n ta c tic stru ctu res. \u2022 S em a n tic d e s crip tio n s ten d t o b e s u b je c tiv e t o a g re a te r d e g re e th a n s y n ta c t ic o n e s. T h e y are, con seq u en tly , m o re lia b le t o b e id io s y n c r a t ic o r in c o n se q u e n t.", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF24": { "text": "S u p e ro rd in a tin g th e s y n ta c tic fea tu res t o th e s e m a n tic o n e s d o e s n o t, h o w ev er, b y its e lf c o m p le te th e d e cis io n -m a k in g o n h o w t o o rg a n iz e th e m a te ria l. O n e still has t o d e c id e w h ich elem en ts are t o b e in clu d e d in th e d e s c r ip tio n a n d h o w th ese are t o b e o rd e re d . T h e r e are, all to ld , n in e fields w h ich serv e t o d e fin e th e", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF25": { "text": "1. L e x ic o g r a p h ic a l R e le v a n ce 2. V o ice 3. S u b je ct 4. C o m p le m e n t 5. V erb a l P a rticles 6. V a ria n ts o f M e a n in g 7. Id io m s 8. V a ria n ts o f Id io m s 9. A g e 4.5.1 Syntactic Fields L et us tak e a clo s e r lo o k a t th e s u p e ro rd in a te s y n ta c tic fields: W ith in th e field m a rk e d VOICE th e o r d e r in w h ich th e fea tu re s a re listed is a ctive, m id d le v o ice, p erf. p a rticip le, p res, p a rticip le. In th e field m a rk ed SUB JECT th e p e r s o n a l s u b je c t (in th e o r d e r n o m in a tiv e, a ccu sa tiv e, d ative, g e n itiv e ) p reced es th e im p erso n a l su b ject.", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF26": { "text": "p ro d u ce s a co r r e s p o n d in g p ro fu s io n in th e s tr u c tu r e o f th e te x t o f th e en try. T h e sam e a p p lies t o th e field m a rk e d v e r b a l p a r t i c l e s : O = O b je c t a = A c c u s a t iv e b = D a t iv e c m a st sinTable1: S tru c tu ra l Types (C o m p le m e n t + P a rticle )4.5.2 Semantic FieldsA fte r th e te x t has b e e n o rg a n ize d a c c o r d in g t o th ese fo u r s y n ta c tic field s, th e sem a n tic d e s crip tio n s fo llo w . T h e in tern a l o rd e rin g o f s e m a n tic v a ria n ts is s p e c ified in th e field v a r i a n t s o f m e a n i n g .T h is field s p e cifies n u m b e rs o f vari ants, w h ich are d ir e c t ly fo llo w e d b y d e fin itio n s o f m e a n in g , p la c e d in th e field MEANING. T h e d efin itio n s are a lw a y s co n s tr u e d s o th a t th e y c o r r e s p o n d t o th e stru ctu ra l h e a d in g u n d er w h ich th e y a p p e a r. S q u are b ra ck e ts are u sed t o su p p ly a d d itio n a l d eta ils o n m e a n in g n o t in d ic a te d b y th e stru ctu ra l h e a d in g o r to s p e cify varian ts o f m e a n in g w ith lim ite d referen ce. T h e va ria n ts o f m e a n in g are Computational Linguistics -Reykjavik 1989 a lw a y s n u m b e re d in d e p e n d e n tly w ith in eaeh p a rt o f th e s u p e ro rd in a te s y n ta ctic s tru ctu re .4.5.3 IdiomsA fte r th e field s d e a lin g w ith th e m ea n in g are c o m p le te d , w e c o m e to i d i o m s . W h e n d e a lin g w ith id io m s it is n ecessa ry t o sta rt b y d e c id in g w h e th e r th e id iom sh o u ld b e p la c e d u n d e r o n e o f th e n u m b ered va ria n ts o f m ea n in g d e scrib e d a b o v e o r p la c e d d ir e c tly u n d e r th e s tru ctu ra l h ea d in g . I f m o re th an o n e id io m o ccu rs w ith in o n e n u m b e re d va ria n t o f m ea n in g , th ese are p la ce d in a lp h a b e tica l o rd er.4.5.4 Meaning of IdiomsA fte r e n te rin g th e id io m s th em selv es, th e se are o rd e re d b y th e u se o f th e field VARIANTS OF IDIOMS, w h e re differen t va ria n ts o f m ea n in g w ith in each id io m are o r d e r e d . T h e n e x t ste p is g iv in g d efin itio n s o f th e id io m s. A la rg e n u m b er o f id io m s w h ich are p la c e d u n d er b a s ic d e fin itio n s o f m eeining is g iv en w ith o u t sep a ra te d e fin itio n o f m e a n in g o f th e id io m itself. T h e last p a rt o f th e cla ssifica tion is s o r tin g th e c ita tio n s w ith in ea ch c a te g o r y a c c o r d in g t o a ge. T h e cita tio n s cire listed c h r o n o lo g ic a lly u n d e r each h ea d in g .", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF27": { "text": "m o s t d ic tio n a r ie s th e m o s t c h a ra cte ris tic fe a tu res o f ea ch en try a re g iv en as an in tr o d u c tio n a fte r th e h e a d w o rd itself, b e fo r e c o m in g t o th e a c tu a l d e scrip tio n . In Ic e la n d ic d ic tio n a r ie s it is c u s to m a r y t o d e v o te th is sp a ce t o in fo rm a tio n on in fie ctio n s , b u t it is a lso q u ite c o m m o n t o g iv e s o m e s y n ta c tic in fo rm a tio n at th e o u ts e t. T h e in t r o d u c t o r y d e s c r ip tio n , w h ich I w ill c a ll th e verbal head, is p la ced w ith in a sq u a re fra m e . T h e m a in fe a tu re o f th e v e rb a l h ea d is a d e scrip tio n o f in fie c tio n . F irstly , in fo r m a tio n o n th e p a ra d ig m o f th e v e rb is g iv e n , i.e. stro n g vs. w ea k v e rb s , a n d stem a llo m o rp h y . S e co n d ly , d e v ia tio n s in in fiection s o c c u r r in g in th e c it a tio n s a re g iv e n , a t th e e d it o r 's d iscre tio n . In a d d itio n t o th is m o r p h o lo g ic a l in fo r m a tio n , th e h ea d a lso co n ta in s the n u m b e r o f c it a tio n s fo r th e v e rb in q u e s tio n , b o t h th e c o m p le te n u m b e r in th e d a ta b a s e , a n d th e a c tu a l n u m b e r u sed as e x a m p le s in th e e d ite d entry.", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF28": { "text": "d m a k e use o f, b u t se a rch in g fo r m a teria l n o t in h e re n tly cla ssifia b le u n d er th e fields d e scrib e d a b o v e d o e s , o f co u r s e , ca u se s o m e p r o b le m s . T h e r e fo r e , d efin ite m easu res have b e e n taJcen t o m a k e th is k in d o f in fo r m a tio n e a sily v isib le in th e te x t. T h is has b e e n d o n e b y p la c in g n o te s in th e m a rg in s, p r o v id in g a d d itio n a l in form a tion . T h e u se o f th e keys ca n b e d iv id e d in to th re e p a rts: 1. C o m m e n ts o n sp e c ific c o n te x t o r use.", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF29": { "text": "is p la ce d n e x t to th is le tter. A n a rro w p o in tin g d o w n w a rd s refers th e re a d er t o o n e o r m o re rela ted va ria n ts o c c u r r in g la te r in th e d e s c r ip tio n o f th e v e r b . A n a rrow p o in tin g u p w a rd s refers t o va ria n ts o c c u r r in g a b o v e . T h e th ird ty p e o f a rrow p o in ts u p w a rd s a n d d o w n w a rd s a t o n c e , in d ic a tin g m u ltip le o c c u r r e n c sa id in th e b e g in n in g , th e m o tiv e s b e h in d th is p r o je c t a re b o t h o f a lex ic o lo g ic a l a n d le x ic o g r a p h ic a l n a tu re. In reality, th o u g h , th e a c tu a l te x t o f th e p r o p o s e d d ic tio n a r y has g ra d u a lly c o m e t o p la y a m o r e a n d m o r e ce n tra l r o le as th e w ork o n th e a c tu a l fo r m a t o f th e en tries has b e e n d e v e lo p e d a n d a s ta n d a rd fo r a h isto rica l d ic t io n a r y o f Ice la n d ic v e rb s has b e e n d e c id e d u p o n . L et us c o n c lu d e b y ta k in g a lo o k a t th e m a in fe a tu re s o f th e ty p e o f e n tr y w e h ave d e v e lo p e d , p a y in g sp ecia l a tte n tio n t o th e p o in ts w h ich d iffer fr o m th e tra d itio n a l a p p r o a c h in h isto rica l d ictio n a rie s: \u2022 T h e d e s c r ip tio n o f ea ch le x e m e is d ir e c t ly b a se d o n a u th e n tic e x a m p le s . \u2022 F ull a n d e m p h a tic use is m a d e o f th e u n iq u e ch a ra cte ristics o f th e v e r b s as a w ord cla ss. \u2022 T h e o rg a n iz a tio n o f en tries is fu lly sta n d a r d iz e d ( t o fit a g iv e n s tr u c tu r e ). \u2022 T h e r e are m u ltip le w a y s o f a cce s s in g th e in fo r m a tio n co n ta in e d in th e te x t. A p p r o x im a te ly 2 0 0 v erb s h a v e b e e n a n a ly se d s o far, t o d ifferen t degrees o f c o m p le tio n . A m o n g th ese a re m o s t o f th e re a lly c o m p le x (a n d la rge sca le) verbs.^ A c c o r d in g t o o u r p la n , th e n e x t s ta g e o f th e p r o je c t is p r o d u c in g a trial leaflet co n ta in in g th e en tries o f a fe w v e rb s (c a . 10) a n d a d eta ile d d e scrip tio n o f o u r w o rk in g m o d e l a n d th e p rin cip le s o n w h ich th e w o rk is b a sed . T h e id e a is t o p ro d u c e th is n e x t y ea r. T h e lo n g -t e r m p la n is p r o d u c in g a n d p u b lish in g a c o m p le te d ic t io n a r y o f Ic e la n d ic v e r b s in th e n e x t te n t o fifteen years. C o n c u r r e n tly w ith th e e d itin g o f th e h isto rica l d ictio n a ry , w e h o p e t o b e a b le t o m a k e th e in fo r m a tio n c o n ta in e d in th e d a ta b a se d ir e c tly a v a ilable fo r research o n th e le x ic o lo g ic a n d le x ic o g r a p h ic fea tu res registered in th e p rocess o f a n a ly sis. T h is is o f g re a t im p o r ta n c e in th e ed itin g itself, i.e. in m a in ta in in g c o h e s io n b e tw e e n a n d c o m p a r iz o n o f in d iv id u a l en tries. A fa scin a tin g b y -p r o d u c t, h o w ev er, is a m u ltitu d e o f n ew p o ssib ilitie s o f research in th e field o f lex icolo g y .", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF30": { "text": "(ThArnRest., 340); m 2 0 bu tekur svari hans og reynir ad berja i brestina. (GudrLDal. I, 145); berja f brestina \u00e5 e-n afsaka e. brei\u00d6a yfir el dgalla e-(r)s ml9 Hinn virduglegi konungkj\u00d6rni varabingmadur andlegu st\u00e9ttarinnar hefir haft mikla fyrirh\u00f6fn fyrir ad berja i brestina \u00e5 berja ofan af fyrir e-u: vinna (hor\u00f6um hondum) fyrir e-% rml9 Enn er eg ad reyna Fl ad berja ofan af sj\u00e5lfur fyrir minu vesaela liTi.(D\u00d6IuHj. V, 239). berja ofan af fyrir e-m/s\u00e9r: vinna (h\u00f6r\u00f6um hondum) fyrir Kfeframf^sri e-s/ainu *19 m\u00f6d-FT irin bardi ofan af fyrir hinu [o: barninu] u m sumarid. (FrEggFylg. I, 214); \u00bb19 radalaus var hann med \u00f6llu ad berja ofan af fyrir s\u00e9r. (FrEggFylg. II, 294);tl9f20fremur til ad berja ofan af fyrir s\u00e9r en til b\u00f6knams. (SGSlBR. IV, 203). berja u m e-dt berja o m bresti(na) a. eld et i hresiifna) ii/ ad dylja fd m\u00abl8 al berja akyring u m m bresti, propri\u00e9 fracturas in ferro, vel aliqvo alio duro metallo, malleo complanare. (J\u00d6GrvOb.); 5. afeaka e. hreiSa yfir dgalla e-rs mtia at berja u m m bresti, ... nsvos \u00abk:hring alicujus emendare (J\u00d6GrvOb.). berja upp: hryja dyra m 2 0 bardi upp \u00e5 C/ Bessastodum i v\u00f6kulok. (JBj\u00f6rnJ\u00f6mf., 54). berja u p p \u00e9i hn^ja dyra mi9 munud |>\u00e9r, sem CT fyrir ulan standid, taka ad berja upp\u00e5 og segja: luk \\>u upp fyrir oss, Rerra. (Luk. 13, 25 (1841)); ti9 Madur ber upp &, ef ekki med kr\u00f6fum, samt alt\u00e9nd med eptirvaentingu, og hvad s\u00e9r madur t>a fyrst, )>egar dyrnar Ijukast upp? (bj\u00f6d. 30, 61); tl9 kemur John Brown inn ))egjandi og ber eigi upp \u00e5. (Isaf. 1894, 83); \u00bb 2 0 begar tveir ribbaldar b\u00f6rdu upp 4 hj\u00e5 okkur. (Visir. 12/6 1972, 16). BERJA E-0: \u25a0 1. ild d e-^, beina hSggum aS e-u fi7 Og t>ijn ohrein Klede verda laaten AI j Vatn / pueigen j skarpre Lwt / baren og sleigen og t>uaetl. (NicSpeg., 590); 1 8 og \\>6li\\ pa sem vedrid berdi skipid \u00e5 allar hlidar. (Jborkbjs., 156 (18. \u00f6ld)); fl9 og koddar s\u00e9u bornir ut og bardir ve] \u00e5 sumrum. (SpurnHeil., 48); mi9 begar pu befir barid \u00e5vextina af pinu oliutr\u00e9, p\u00e5 skallu ei gj0ra par eptirleit. (5M\u00d6S. 24, 20 (1841)); mi9 *nu veiztu, hvernig bjartad brj\u00f6stid ber, / er bl\u00f6did logar par i djupum s\u00e5rum. (JHall. I, 134); \u00bbI9f20 *bau [y. skipin] b\u00f6rdu l\u00f6drid, langl og skamml, / en lending engri n\u00e5du samt. (SGStAnd. II, 432); f20 B\u00f6rdu basetar p\u00e5 [o: lifrarpokana] \u00f6dru hvoru, og var pad su v\u00f6rn, ad skipid f\u00e9kk aldrei \u00e5fall medan dreif. (Blanda. V, 97); berja \u00e5na/hylinn \"reyna a\u00d6 veiSa d iiong** (Tms.); berja barrid ^Berja barrid malv. = ad berja l\u00f6minn var algengt og pyddi ad barma s\u00e9r.*' (Tms. (Flj\u00f6tsda)sh.)); berja bumbu(r) tid d humbu(r) (i fagnadarakyni) gj ml6 Horn var peytt, en bumba b\u00f6rd. (Pont. b\u00f6rdmie I, 68); 1 8 p\u00e5 voru bardar bumburnar, / og elegin symf\u00f6nin. (I(k. V, 138); \u00bb19 bumbur voru bardar, turnklukkum hringt. (MelNs. II 1, 64); f20 Verksmidjustofnun pessi hefir fedst ofbod blj\u00f6dalaust og engar bumbur verid bardar vid fcdingu hennar. (Fjallk. 1903, 157); berja bumbur sinar lyrir e-u halda g1 e-\u00ab dkaft fram m 2 0 hann h\u00f6f ... ad flytja p\u00e5 kenningu, sem hun [a: kirkjan] hafdi sj\u00e5lf barid bumbur sinar fyrir u m nitj\u00e5n alda skeid. (SnseJV\u00f6rd., 82); berja e-^ augum tjd hl e-\u00e5, vir\u00e5a e-6 fyrir t\u00e9r m20 P\u00e5 bibliu hef \u00e9g sj\u00e5lfur barid augum h\u00e9r i D\u00f6mkirkjunni. (HKLBrekk., 30); m20 munu ad visu nokkrir ydar heyrt hafa getid pess lands, p\u00f6 ad fcstir ydar bafi barid pad augum. (HKLGerpla., 484); berja f\u00f6tasiokk(inn) dingla fdiunum d hetibaki (til a\u00f6 knyja hettinn dfram) \u00bb19 Eg bj68h.", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF31": { "text": "berja e-u I e-^: berja a n gum f e-d ver6a hl \u00e5tarsT^i d e-6 ml9 lytur samningurinn ad ^msu, er t>au muou berja augum i. (Skirn. 1863, 59); slO hafa )>eir menn komizt a )>ingid er lengi hafa barid augum i svo m\u00f6rg lagalyti. (Skfrn. 1866, 159); \u2022is en b\u00d6rdu hins vegar augum 1 kostnadinn og )>aer \u00e5j>yngdir, er af )>vi blytu ad nsa.(Skirn. 1871,174).berja e-u nidur: brei\u00d6a yfir e-6 fnl7 eingenn skyllde draga Fi\u00f8dur yfer Synder sijnar / beria j>eim nidr eda laata sier lijtid til t>eirra finnast. (F\u00f6rstSkrift. G, VIIIv). berja e-u vid: faera e-6 fram sem afs\u00f6kun (fyrir e-u) mi6 kappsemin tijl at kenna Gudz ord heimtizt at predikorunum / swo at einginn meige l>ui vid beria. (CorvPost. 11, 62r); als Nu 6 0 ad eingen )>urfe ]>essu hier epter vid ad beria. (DietrPass. A, llr); ai7 Sumer beria t>vi vid / ad t>eir hafe laangann Kyrkiuveg. (DilherrPost. A, Illr); milS al berja einhveriu \u00abkyring vid, causari aliqvid, vel culpam in rem qvandam rejicere, causa qvadam praetensa et excogitata semet excusare, vel & crimine qvodam purgare. ... at berja vid faataekt edur heilsu veiki. (J\u00d6GrvOb.); tiB ))vi hv\u00f8rugr )>eirTa ^urfti skulldum vid at beria. (LFR. IV, 44); H9 oc var t>vi vidbarid at baendr hefdi fyrir (\u00bb\u00e5 sok skorast undann skattgialdi. (Esp\u00c5rb. 111, 31); mi9 t>6 hann berdi t>vi vid, ad hja s\u00e9r vaeri mikill gullskortur. (Felsenb., 350); mi9 Sumir berja vid, ad ^eir s\u00e9u hraeddir. (\u00c4rsrP\u00f6r. II, 39); mi9 Pvi er opt barid vid ad menn )>urfl ad hafa brennivin til ad hreasa sig \u00e5. (NF. 111, 130); mi9 en hann bardi vid beilsulasleik sinum. (Pus. 1, 4);", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF32": { "text": "T\u00f8lur og beria eier u m ^eirra Idranarleyse. (NicSpeg., 667); fi6 Kano ea ad beria eier u m m Armood. (VidPoet. 1, 329); mti6 at beria eier u m m nockut, alicujus causa qviritwi. (J\u00d6GrvOb.); ad v\u00e9r ekulum berja ockur akyring og barma u m peningaleyei. (Arm. III, 115); mi9 ^ykir landid vera evo gaedalitid, og eru )>v{ alli af ad berja ejer u m fatskt. (Pj6d. 1646, 6). \u25a0 2. kvarta y fir \u00e5korii d e-a \u00bb 1 8 U m eidari [o: ))ekkingu] |>urfum v\u00e9r ecki svo s\u00e9rlega ad berja oss. (MarlEdl., 92v); si8fl9 u m allt Sudurland ... ^arf qveoDfblk ecki ad berja s\u00e9r u m hreyfingu. (JP\u00e9tLskn., 73);n9t>aSigurdur ... vildi kaupa sjer kot og bardi sjer u m peninga til t)ess. (Ldsyrd. Ill, 264 (1626)).", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF33": { "text": "(HKLSjfdlk., 249); m 2 0 Hann er ad berja i sig lin. (HMatthVed., 87); ^f verid mAlv. haldi 6tid, frost og hagleysa, en f\u00f6r ad draga ur frosli var sagt: Hann er ad berja i sig lin.\" (Tms. (V.-Skaft. (Arn., A.-Bard.))). H A N N B E R SIG: hann ber elg f Un J^aS kf dregur u r froati^(Tms. (V.-Skaft.)); hann er jl ad berja eig npp t hliku ^idviSri e r f adaigi mAlv. e ftir kuldakaai (Tms. (Nordurl., Hnapp.)).BERJAST: \u25a0 1. h egja bardaga e. bar\u00e9Uu Kl ml6 gudz madr ... berst godre barattu truarinnar / hondla suo eilift lif. (ITim. 6, 12 (OG)); \u00bb17 Eg befe barest eina goda Baraattu. (GborlPoet. I Rr, IVr);n9Betri er s\u00e5eem mAUh. berst, enn hinn eem \u00f6^rlCst. (GJ., 52); mi9 Sa faer Htlu afkaetad, eem eineamall er ad bjastra og berjast. (ArerP\u00f6r. I, 4); ml9 \u00c9g er ad berjast t>etta einn og bef of Htid ad etydjast vid.(JHall. II, 27); m 2 0 Nu 4 dogum er bara barist uti loftid af eint\u00f6mum bjanaskap og t>rj6sku. (HKLSjf\u00f6lk., 370); berjandiek og bolvandiek 11 fn20 ad hafa hrutinn S\u00e9ra Gudmund og br\u00f6dur hans f kr\u00f6nni binumegin vid fl\u00f6rinn, berjandiek og b\u00f6lvandisk alla n\u00f6ttina. (HKLSjf\u00f6lk., 179); berjast elne og Ij\u00f6n fm20 Konungshugurinn ml hefur )>ad til ad leggja sig 1 Hfshaska, )>egar engin von er u m undankomu, snuasl t>a ond> verdur gegn ofurefli og berjast t>\u00e5 eine og lj\u00f6n. (GFrRit. VI, 401); berjast t b \u00f6 k k u m a. eiga nl ( erfi\u00e5leikum ff\u00e9rhagalega mi9 t>0 beret b\u00f6ndi ... 1 b\u00f6kkum i \u00f6llum medal\u00e5rum. (Pj\u00f6d. 9,10); \u00bb19 i>egar madr verdr ad berjast i b\u00f6kkum til ad hafa af fyrir \u00f6megd sinni. (bj\u00f6d. 35, 115); m20 Alla svi bardiet hann i b\u00f6kkum, enda fad s m a r\u00e5dlaus 1 fj\u00e5rm\u00e5lum. (BergJMann., 74); m 2 0 Leingi hefur bj\u00f6dviljinn barizt i b\u00f6kkum og berst enn. (HKLSjhl., 252); 6. [viSureign:] atanda l>v( aem lueat jafni mi8 stryded bardest \u00bbkjrine i b\u00f6ckum. Vario, (ancipiti) Marte pugnatum est. (jALbs224 4to., 999); \u00bb19 er evo ad sj\u00e5 ... eem )>ar \u00e5 sl\u00e9ttunum hafi barizt i b\u00f6kk u m \u00f6fridurinn af beggja h\u00e5lfu. (bj\u00f6d. 29,113); berjast f v6k eiga i erfidleikum (70 *Hystu aldrei (\u00bbinn harm. bad er bezt. / Ad heim an, ut, ef bu berst i v\u00f6k. (EBenLj. II, 249). \u25a0 2. [iveir e. fleiri innbyrdia:] kegja bardaga t. bardttu ml9 vid ... b\u00f6rdustum fyrir utan K] laufsk\u00e5lann. (Felsenb., 34); f20 bad veit Hka biddiru \u00e5 urkomu, b^S^r hrafnar fljugast \u00e5 og berj ast, en \u00e5 burt vedur, ef bcim kemur vel saman og b^ir kvaka \u00e5 fluginu. (Sb\u00f6rVed., 65); fm20 baer voru ad berjast margar og voru bi^dihj reidar. ... bad veit \u00e5 hvassvidri, b^S^r eaudekepnurnar l\u00e5ta svona ( kyrru vedri. (GFrRit. II, 271); \u00bb 2 0 Tarfarnir berjast miekunnarlauet allan fengitimann. (jAmVeturn\u00f6ttak., 139). \u25a0 3. brjdtaai dfram m20 blHdarklaeddir menn Dl b\u00f6rdust ut 1 myrkrid med smidat\u00f6l, lj\u00f6sker og kadla. (Andv. 1960, 234). v4. hreyfaat dkaft e. aldat Ul mi7 *hiartad bardest i brioste beitt, / baede var lijf og salinn b^oytt. (HPPass. II, 12); irl9 hjartad bardiet ekki af ekka. (JThSk. 1, 11); \u00bb19 *Hid blakka h\u00e5r hans berst u m stafn / sem berji vaengjum ufinn hrafn. (MJb-Leik., 53); \u00bb19120 Klettarnir naest fossinum eru med d\u00f6kkri glj\u00e5andi sk\u00e5n, b^ sem vatnid hefir barist u m b\u00e5. (bThFerd. I, 376); byltandisk og berjandisk sl9f20 J\u00e5, nema sk\u00e5ld-It id s\u00e9 eins og \u00f6rkin gamla, byltandisk og berj andisk 1 brimr\u00f6ti veraldarH\u00f6dsins, umfadm-b e r j a b e r j a andisk og innigeymandisk allar skepnur illar og godar. (MJBrHH., 16). \u25a0 5. vera laminn Al sl9 Lauf bardist burt af ak\u00f6gum [o: i haglhrid]. (t>j6d. 27, 97). fn20 miasti bann bruta tvo af steinkasti, eda b\u00f6rdusl til dauda. (Vfsagn. 111, 308). berjaat af: hurft mikid ad bruka bana [o: reikningslisl] u m dagana, jeg befi einhvernveginn barist af \u00e5n l)ess. (Nf. XVIII, 9).", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF34": { "text": "berjast \u00e5 e-d: rddosl 6 e-d, heyja hardaga til a\u00d6 nd e-tt tl6 Sem loab bardist nu a Borgena. Kl (2Sam. 11, 16 (Gb)); ti6bann ... seltisl v m Samariam / og bardest a Borgena. (IKong. 20, 1 (Gb)); fl9 svo ad t^eir g\u00e5tu farid ad berjast \u00e5 kastalann. (Skirn. 1833, 9). berjast \u00e5 m\u00f6ti e -u : 5eita $\u00e9r mjog gegn e-v berjast med hn\u00e5am og hnefum \u00e5 m\u00f6ti L1 ol e-Q &eita $\u00e9r af alefli gegn e-a m30 sem berjast med hnuum og bnefum \u00e5 m\u00f6ti blutfallskosniogum. (BjBenLand. I, 195). berjast fram: komasi af, nd aS fUyia s\u00e9r M l \u202216 Og fleztir \u00e5 10 br. leigum\u00e5lum beriaz fram einsamlir. (LFR. IV, 171). berjast fram dr e-u: iakasi d vi\u00d6 e^ og Uysa ^a\u00e5 \u00bb19 neitadi )>d alltaf ad taka vid bj\u00e5lp M T fr\u00e5 \u00f6drum, og vildi sj\u00e5lfur berjast fram ur beim vandraedum. (Fr\u00f6di. 1865, 201);ti9f2oEg bardist fram ur ad Isra d\u00f6neku. (JsJsRil. 11, 126).", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "FIGREF35": { "text": "). berjast I e-u: hasla vi\u00e5 e-\u00d6mtil ad berjast j Ni bessum barattusama bwskap. (SafnF. XII, 6). berjast f m\u00f6ti e-m: stofna iil andsi\u00f6\u00e5u vi\u00e5 e-n, heita s\u00e9r gegn e-m ml6 suo at eigi synuzi LT bier beriazt gudi i moti. (Post. 5, 39 (OG)); f?o S\u00e5rast tekur hann b&d, ad Arnlj\u00f6tur skuli bafa barizt i m\u00f6ti s\u00e9r f b^ssu m\u00e5li. (PE\u00d6lJSig. IV, 103). berjast til e-rs: heyja hardaga til a\u00e5 jid e-tt Kl ml9 ad b& gCDgu Nordmenn opt hraustlega fram, er \\>eiT b\u00f6rdust eigi til krossanna. (Skirn. 1849, 133); si9 Austurrikismenn ... urdu ... ad l\u00e5ta af hendi vid b& b^ b^l^ h\u00f6fdu til barizt. (Alm. 1883, 27); tl9 bvi sannleikrinn er ekki daudr b\u00f6kstafr; hann er b^ert \u00e5 m\u00f6ti herfang, sem hver einstakr verdr ad berjast til. (Nanna. II, 47); $19 ad hann hal\u00d6i i buga ad berjast til valda naer sem faeri gaefist. (Skuld. 1880 nr. 119,186).berjast um: hreyfasi dkaft e. hrj\u00e5tasi um O] ml9 \u00f6vinurinn bamadist, b&n
  • nu. (MelBr., 3); mi9 bjarta hennar f\u00f6r ad berjast u m i brj\u00f6stinu af braedslu. (JTbSk. I, 12); berjast um \u00e5 h s l og hnmlrlM hrj\u00e5iosi v m af mikilli dkef\u00e5 e. \u00ab1 ofsa msis at beriast u m \u00e5 hael og hnacka, skyring turbulenter se gerere, calcibus et occipite subnixus (J\u00d6GrvOb.); mi9 drengur bardist u m \u00e5 bael og hnakka og orgadi. (3\u00c4t>j2. Ill, 78); berjast um liwVIrM og h d hrj\u00e9iast \u00abm af at mikilli dkef\u00e5 e. ofsa il7fi8 berst eg nu u m bnacka og hael ad svara i skyndi. (\u00c5MTorf., 262). berjast u m e-d: heyja innhyr\u00e5is hardaga e. hardttu \u00ab m e-d ti9 menn naerri b\u00f6rdust u m Kl ad f\u00e5 b& ^ bans til grafar. (Nf. XXIII, 51);rm20\u00e5sl\u00e9ttunni uppi vidS\u00e5tuj\u00f6kul berjast b^f vatnid, Vestari-J\u00f6kuls\u00e5 og Strangakvisl. (PBann\u00f6b., 62", "uris": null, "num": null, "type_str": "figure" }, "TABREF5": { "num": null, "type_str": "table", "html": null, "content": "
    b e r j ab e r j a
    slerkasti kaatalinn, er )>eir b\u00f6rdust undan
    \u00e5t>j\u00e5n Englendinga og n\u00e9du frelsi emu. (Fjallk.
    1902, 15-2).
    berjast vid e-d: \u25a0 1.vi\u00f6 t-6, f\u00e5si
    med erfidiemiinum irid e-d msl6 al berjast vit Nf
    eitlhvad, aatagere. (J\u00d6GrvOb.); iie ad beriast skyring
    vid barittu, adversis premi. (HFLbs99fol.,
    213): ml\u00ab 1 PAD BERST: \u25a0 1. iMkd berst f barn\u00e5stum
    m e d e-u m tagi i tilefni af ^vi a\u00e5 \u00abn^ennt mAlv.
    kljdtt e. glettast m?o L\u00e5tid )>id ))au eiga sig,
    )>ad berst bara i barn\u00e5stum med(bvigl.
    III, 226); \u00ab20
    ).
    berjast undan e-u: hrj\u00e5tasi undan e-u Ot
    f20 Og samheldni Bandamanna var s\u00f6muleidis
    ", "text": "... 94. bl. ... t>j6d6lfs befir einhver jeg farid ad berjast vid, ad batda uppi sv\u00d6rum fyrir a^alumanninn fRang\u00e5rvalla' syslu. (bj\u00f6d. 1853, 138); il9 Gudbrandur var gafnadaufur og bardist vid lagalaerddm i 12 ar utanlands.(FtEggFylg. I, 17); fm20 ad hun eetti ad aelja s\u00e9r eyna og vera ekki ad berjast vid )>eDnan buskap. (Gr\u00e5skinnahm.II, 76). \u25a0 2. et^a i hat\u00e5iiu vtd t-6 msl8 at Kl beriast vid faatcktina. (J\u00d6GrvOb.); berjast vid slcuggann sinn htrja$t eon/ausri barditu \u25a0 19 Hinn heidradi h\u00f6f. berst aJveg vid skuggann sinn, ))ar sem hann er ad bera af sjer athugasemdina. (fsaf. 1691, 397); berjast vid ondina vera f andarslHrunum tl7 m a sia a heim sem vid \u00f8ndena beriast / hu\u00f8rsu )>ung)ega kueliast. (MollMan. I, Ir); ml8 Ad skyring Beriast vid \u00f6ndena. In mortis agone versari, constitutum esse, extrema agere, animam agere. (J\u00c4Lbs224 4to., 93); iie vari \u00f6r\u00f6ieiki mAlv. s\u00e5 lengi, er fylgir andarslitrum, kallaz at hinn siuki beriez vid \u00f8ndina. (LFR. IX, 187); fi9 bardist sidan vid \u00f8ndina i fullar 15 kluckustundir, og gaf hana loksins upp. (MStSm\u00e5s., 264); mi9 Ef madur letur lj\u00f6s sm\u00e5drepast, og kvelur ))ad, ))\u00e5 berst madur leingi vid \u00f6ndina. (jAbj. II, 550); ml9 var eins og hann berdist vid \u00f6ndina og gaeti ekki d\u00e5id. (JAbj. I, 618); ti9 vita menn ekki, hversu s\u00e5rt t>ad er foreldrunum ad sj\u00e5 barn sitt berjast vid \u00f6ndina timum saman, opt \u00e5r eptir \u00e5r. (bj\u00f6d. 39, 10); eiga vid e-d ad berjast tiga vi\u00e5 e~6 a\u00e5 etja fl8 Atti hann ad berjast vid ))verud og (>r\u00e5lyndi flestra af binu eldra f\u00f6lki. (JHBisk. I, 104); ml9 Vid t>essa ilaungun \u00e5tti hun leingi ad berjast. (JAbj. II, 113); tl\u00f8Pasteur ... \u00e5tti ]>\u00f6 vid mikla erfidleika ad berjast. (Alm. 1888, 30). berjast vid e-n: heyja hardaga t. hardiiu vi\u00e5 e-n msl6 at beriast vid mann, certare cum KT aliqvo, ut in adagio: t>ar er ei vid blaamenn m\u00c4lsh. at beriast, sem brwdir eiga land ad veria. (J\u00d6GrvOb.); H9 bar er ei vid b\u00f6rn ad berjast, mAlv. sem hann er. (GJ., 392); ml9ad nefndin i )>essu tilliti \u00e5tti ekki, ef svo m \u00e5 se^a, vid barn ad berjast, sem frumvarpid var. (AI^. 1853, 747). ml9 berjast sem haukr vid kl\u00e5r. (Sch.); m&Iv. m20 Austan-og vestanvindar eru sjaldan eins hvassir. beir berjast oft hvor vid annan )>annig, ad sk^in dregur upp fr\u00e5 vestri og koma svo strax aftur fr\u00e5 austri. (Landning. I, 15). Nei, l\u00e5tid hid hau vera. bad berst barai barn\u00e5stum med heim. (Stb\u00f6rdNu., 116). \u25a0 2. had berst 1 bokkum a. afkoman er tap, nl ^a\u00e5 iekti navmiega a\u00e5 framfleyia t\u00e9r \u00ab19 f g\u00f6du \u00e5runum m \u00e5 ekki l\u00e5ta sjer lynda ad berjist i b\u00f6kkum. (fsaf. 1890, 281); b. [e-a\u00e5j siendur ftvi tem natt jafnt, [e-a\u00e5] tiendur enn \u00f6utkljd\u00e5 ml8 had Berst i b\u00f6ckum. Dubio ancipiti, \u00abkyring vario Marie pugnatur. (jALbs224 4to., 93); mi9 Barst lengi i b\u00f6kkum med hvorumtveggju, unz Svartfellingar rjedu til meginbardaga hj\u00e5 horpi er Duga heitir. (Skirn. 1863, 102); \u00ab19 A hinginu i Washington berst nokkurn veginn i b\u00f6kkum med h^im, hj^^aldsmenn eru i meiri hluta i \u00f6ldungar\u00e5dinu, en hinir \u00e5 fulltruahinginu. (Skirn. 1876, 160); \u00ab19 er sagt, ad ... hjer hafi barizt i b\u00f6kkum, en Russar haii \\>6 haldi\u00d6 Bjela. (fsaf. 1877, 106); \u202219 Berst i b\u00f6kkum enn i Tonkin. (Nf. XXII, 114); e. m\u00abl8 bal berst i B\u00f6ckum, adv. hoc \u00abkyring ripas allidit, loqvendi modus de re, qvs ultro citro, hue et illuc ventilalur et reciprocatur nec elTectum sortitur. Metaphora similitudinis, ducla \u00e5 re qvadam intr\u00e4 ripas rivis iluitante. (J\u00d6GrvOb.); bad berst f bokkum fyrir e -m n]" } } } }