{
    "paper_id": "W89-0130",
    "header": {
        "generated_with": "S2ORC 1.0.0",
        "date_generated": "2023-01-19T03:45:48.426780Z"
    },
    "title": "W h at Should be Included in a Commercial W ord Data Base, and W h y?",
    "authors": [],
    "year": "",
    "venue": null,
    "identifiers": {},
    "abstract": "T h e o rig in a l title , w h ich s h o u ld b e c o n s id e re d as s y n o n y m , w as: U s e r co n s id e r a tio n s and m a rk et stra teg y as basis f o r p r o filin g c o n te n t in co m p u ta tio n a l w ord bases, with sp ecia l r e gard to th e N o rw eg ia n T erm B a n k 's data base N O T and a m u ltilin gu al N o rw eg ia n w ord list",
    "pdf_parse": {
        "paper_id": "W89-0130",
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        "abstract": [
            {
                "text": "T h e o rig in a l title , w h ich s h o u ld b e c o n s id e re d as s y n o n y m , w as: U s e r co n s id e r a tio n s and m a rk et stra teg y as basis f o r p r o filin g c o n te n t in co m p u ta tio n a l w ord bases, with sp ecia l r e gard to th e N o rw eg ia n T erm B a n k 's data base N O T and a m u ltilin gu al N o rw eg ia n w ord list",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Abstract",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "body_text": [
            {
                "text": "In th is p a p e r I w ill p r o p o s e g u id elin e s th a t c o u ld b e w o rth a im in g a t in o rd e r to T h e id e a s w ill b e b a se d o n e x p e r ie n c e w ith te r m in o lo g ic a l d a ta bases at th e N o rw e g ia n T e rm B a n k (N T , N o rs k te r m b a n k ), a n d w ith w ork o n w o r d lists b a s e d o n e v e r y d a y la n g u a g e a t th e D e p a r tm e n t o f S ca n d in a v ia n L a n g u a g es an d ( a l ) U sers' w ishes a n d n eeds (a 2 ) Id en tifica tion o f n e w p a y in g u ser g r o u p s a n d th eir w ish es a n d n eeds Q u a lity o f p r o d u c ts (a n d serv ice s) is a c c o r d in g t o th e In te rn a tio n a l S ta n d a rd iz a tio n O rg a n iza tio n defin ed as:",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "T h e to t a lit y o f fea tu res a n d ch a ra cte ristics o f a p T h e re g u la tio n s w ill b e a p p lic a b le t o w ork er p r o te c tio n a n d th e w ork er e n v ir o n m e n t w ith in th e s c o p e o f th e A c t c o n c e r n in g w ork er p r o t e c t io n a n d w ork er e n v iro n m e n t (th e W o r k in g E n v iro n m e n t A c t ).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "T h e re g u la tio n s w ill a ls o b e a p p lic a b le t o p r o te c tio n a gain st p o llu tio n in p e tr o le u m a c tiv itie s w ith in th e s c o p e o f th e A c t co n ce rn in g p o llu t io n a n d refu se (t h e P o llu tio n A c t ).",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "T h e Q A req u irem en ts rela te d t o w o rk er en v iro n m e n t a n d p u b lic con sid era tio n s is n o t y e t p r e c is e ly fo r m u la te d in th e le g isla tion a n d reg u la tion s. A n in stru c tiv e p re s e n ta tio n o f Q A a n d w ork er en v iro n m e n t is H e lle s\u00f8y 1988 (N orw eg ia n t e x t ) . -W h a t th e users w a n t a n d n eed -W h a t th e users w a n t, b u t d o n ' t n ee d , e .g .: * a lte rn a tiv e s y n o n y m s in th e ta rg et la n g u a g e -W h a t th e users n ee d , b u t d o n ' t ask fo r , e.g .: In th e n e x t s e c tio n I w ill a p p ly th ese d e fin itio n s a n d p r in cip le s t o th e w o r d base w ork a t m y in stitu tio n . F or a d iscu ssion o f q u a lity a ssu ra n ce fo r la n g u a g e w ork in gen era l it is referred t o U tn e 1987 (N o rw e g ia n te x t ). ",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "Introduction",
                "sec_num": "1"
            },
            {
                "text": "Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989",
                "cite_spans": [],
                "ref_spans": [],
                "eq_spans": [],
                "section": "",
                "sec_num": null
            }
        ],
        "back_matter": [],
        "bib_entries": {
            "BIBREF0": {
                "ref_id": "b0",
                "title": "New Record Format at The Norwegian Term Bank. Nordisk tidsskrift fo r fagspr\u00e5k og terminologi",
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                    {
                        "first": "Jaxle",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Ebeling",
                        "suffix": ""
                    },
                    {
                        "first": "Ivar",
                        "middle": [],
                        "last": "Utne",
                        "suffix": ""
                    }
                ],
                "year": 1988,
                "venue": "Nordic Journal o f L.S.P. and Ter minology)",
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                "issue": "",
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                "urls": [],
                "raw_text": "Ebeling, Jaxle and Ivar Utne. 1988: New Record Format at The Norwegian Term Bank. Nordisk tidsskrift fo r fagspr\u00e5k og terminologi (Nordic Journal o f L.S.P. and Ter minology), vol 6, no 1:7-14. ISSN 0108-77891",
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            },
            "BIBREF1": {
                "ref_id": "b1",
                "title": "Kvalitetsstyring av arbeidsmilj\u00f8? ( = Quality control o f worker environment?). Nordisk Ergonomi",
                "authors": [
                    {
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                    },
                    {
                        "first": "H",
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                    }
                ],
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                "raw_text": "Helles\u00f8y, Odd H. 1988: Kvalitetsstyring av arbeidsmilj\u00f8? ( = Quality control o f worker environment?). Nordisk Ergonomi Vol 6, no 1:11-16.",
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            "BIBREF2": {
                "ref_id": "b2",
                "title": "ISO (International Standardization Organization) 704-1987 (E): Principles and meth ods o f terminology",
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            },
            "BIBREF3": {
                "ref_id": "b3",
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            },
            "BIBREF4": {
                "ref_id": "b4",
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            "BIBREF5": {
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            "BIBREF10": {
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                "raw_text": "Utne, Ivar. 1987: Nye perspektiver p\u00e5 spr\u00e5klig kvalitet -introduksjon til kvalitetssik ring for spr\u00e5klig arbeid. (New perspectives on language quality -Introduction to quality for language Work.) Nordisk tidsskrift fo r fagspr\u00e5k og terminologi (Nordic Journal of L.S.P. and Terminology), vol. 5, no 1:14-21. (Norwegian text with English summary.) ISSN 0108-77891",
                "links": null
            }
        },
        "ref_entries": {
            "FIGREF0": {
                "text": "c o m p ile w o r d b a se s th a t th e users w ish , n ee d , a n d w ill p a y fo r. T h e p resen ta tion o f th e g u id e lin e s w ill b e b a se d o n a p re se n ta tio n o f th e q u a lity assu ra n ce c o n c e p t, w h ich is b e c o m in g v e r y im p o r ta n t in th e in d u stry a n d th e serv ice s e cto r. T h is w ill b e e x e m p lifie d w ith s o m e w o r d ba ses, i.e. c o m p u te r b a sed w o r d lists an d te r m in o lo g ic a l d a ta ba ses. I w ill e m p h a s iz e th a t th e p rese n ted p r o p o s a ls are n ot a c o m p le t e s o lu tio n , b u t I h o p e th e y w ill p resen t s o m e id ea s fo r fu rth er w ork .",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF1": {
                "text": "ite ra tu re (N o r d is k in s titu tt) in c o o p e r a t io n w ith th e N o rw eg ia n C o m p u tin g C e n tr e fo r th e H u m a n itie s (N A V F s e d b -s e n te r fo r h u m a n istisk fo rs k n in g ). I have b e w o r k in g in o r in c lo s e c o n t a c t w ith th ese in s titu tio n s fo r so m e y ea rs, a n d base 358 Proceedings of NODALIDA 1989, pages 358-371 th e d escrip tio n s o n th e cu rren t te rm r e c o r d fo r m a t o n d o c u m e n ts p r o d u c e d b y p erson n el a t N T . M u c h o f th ese a c tiv itie s , a n d e s p e c ia lly th o s e o f te r m in o lo g ic a l w o rk , h ave b e e n b a se d s o le ly o n s u p p o r t fr o m th e in d u s tr y a n d users o u ts id e th e U niversity.",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF2": {
                "text": "N o te th a t th e term p ro d u cer in th is p re se n ta tio n a lw a y s w ill m ea n p ro d u cer o f p rod u cts and serv ices, a n d th e te rm p ro d u ct w ill a lw a y s m ea n p ro d u ct and serv ice. 2 W ord Base Quality -Quality Assurance In o r d e r t o design w o rd bases a n d t o g e t la n g u a g e s erv ices c o n tr a c ts in clu d in g c o m p ila tio n o f lists as p a rt o f th e m , w e n eed t o h a v e a s tr a te g y t o s u cce e d in th e m a rk e t. T h e m a in p oin ts fo r su ch a m a rk et stra teg y c o u ld b e d e s c r ib e d as tra n sfe r o f p r o d u c ts a n d serv ices t o a m a rk et w ith reg a rd to :",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF3": {
                "text": "(a 3 ) C o m p a r e user w ish es a n d n eed s w ith th e n e ed s o f th e research ers t o g a in c o o p e r a tio n a n d /o r c o o r d in a tio n in o r d e r t o g iv e m o r e resou rces t o research an d t o im p ro v e th e p r o d u c t (a 4 ) P rice s, w h ich w ill n o t b e fu rth e r d e v e lo p e d h ere A c c o r d in g t o this I w ill c o n c e n tr a te o n th e q u a lity o f th e p r o d u c t s , w h ich is th e m o s t im p o r ta n t prem ise o n an e ffe ctiv e m a rk et stra teg y .",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF4": {
                "text": "r o d u c t o r se rv ice th a t b e a r o n its a b ility t o sa tisfy s ta te d o r im p lie d n eed s. (IS O 8 402-1986 :2 ) M o re s h o rtly it c o u ld b e sta te d as: A c c o r d a n c e w ith w h a t s p e cifica tio n s th e c u s to m e r a n d p r o d u c e r h ave a g reed u p o n . A n o th e r rela ted c o n c e p t is qu ality a ssu ra n ce ( Q A ) . A c c o r d in g t o th e sa m e sta n d a rd Q A is d efin ed as: A ll th o s e p la n n ed a n d s y s te m a tic a c tio n s n ecessa ry t o p r o v id e a d e q u a te c o n fid e n c e th a t a p r o d u c t o r s e r v ic e w ill s a tisfy g iv en req u ire m en ts fo r qu ality. (IS O 8 4 0 2 -1 9 8 6 :4 ) W h ile IS O stresses th e re la tio n b e tw e e n p r o d u c e r a n d c u s to m e r, N orw egia n P e tr o le u m D ir e c to r a te (O lje d ir e k to r a te t) stresses sa fte y fo r p erso n n el (a n d s o c i e t y ) 2m d N o rw e g ia n S o c ie ty fo r Q u a lity (N F K , N o rs k F oren in g fo r K v a lite t) in s o m e p u b lic a t io n s a ls o e x p re sses th e im p o r ta n c e o f p ro fit as resu lt o f e ffectiv e p r o d u c t io n ro u tin e s. N o rw e g ia n P e tr o le u m D ir e c to r a te sta tes a s p e c ts o f Q A in R eg u la tion s co n c e r n in g th e lic e n s e e 's in te r n a l co n tr o l in p e tr o le u m a ctiv ities o n th e N orw egia n C o n tin e n ta l S h e lf w ith c o m m e n ts (O lje d ir e k to r a te t 1 9 8 5 a :3 ):",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF5": {
                "text": "N o rw e g ia n S o c ie ty fo r Q u a lity sta tes th eir v ie w s o n p ro fit fo r in sta n ce in: th e title o f a b o o k le t c a lle d P r o fit by quality (T h e N orw e g ia n o rig in a l title is: L \u00f8 n n s o m h e t ved k v a lite t), N F K 1987a.th e h e a d in g \" C o r r e c t p e r fo r m e d q u a lity a ssu ra n ce in crea ses th e p r o d u c t iv it y \" (T h e N o rw e g ia n o rig in a l te x t is: \" R ik tig u tf\u00f8 r t k valitets sik rin g \u00f8 k e r p r o d u k tiv ite te n \" ) in a n o th e r b o o k le t (T h e N orw eg ia n o r ig in a l title is K v a lite t o g K v a lite ts s ty rin g w h ich m ea n s Q u a lity ^lnd Q u a lity C o n t r o l, N F K 1 9 8 7 b ).T h is m ea n s th a t Q A im p lies e x is te n c e o f sy s te m a tic a lly c o n tr o lle d rou tin es t o en su re th a t: ( b l ) F o r th e p r o d u c e r -c u s to m e r rela tion : A p r o d u c t w ill b e co m p le te d a c c o r d in g t o w h a t is a g re ed b e fo r e h a n d , w h ich im p lie s ro u tin es t o secu re th a t th e o r d e r is u n a m b ig u o u s a n d th a t th ere e x ists ro u tin e s d u rin g p r o d u c tio n to en su re th a t th e p r o d u c tio n a c ts to w a rd s th e a g reed g o a l. (b 2 ) F o r th e e m p lo y e r s : T h a t th e p r o d u c e r has as e ffe ctiv e ro u tin es as p o ssib le, t o en su re lo w c o s t fo r b o t h p a rts (e m p lo y e r ). (b 3 ) F o r th e e m p lo y e e s : T h e p e rso n n e l im p lie d w o rk takes p la ce w ith o u t an y la ck o f se q u rity a n d a c c o r d in g t o w o rk e n v iro n m e n t requ irem en ts. (b 4 ) F o r th e s o c ie t y : T h e r e sh all b e n o c o n s id e r a b le risks fo r w ork ers' sa fety and p o llu t io n , a n d th e n a tio n a l (h e re : N o rw e g ia n ) la n g u a g e sh all h ave prefer e n c e fo r th e sake o f s a fe ty (A re q u ire m en t s ta te d b y N o rw eg ia n P etroleu m D ir e c to r a te in O lje d ir e k to r a te t 1 9 8 5 b :4 m a y p o s s ib ly b e in terp reted like th is .) In o rd e r t o a p p ly th is o n w ork w ith w o r d b a ses w e h a v e to d e c id e w h a t is cen tra l a s p e cts o f w o rd b a se q u a lity a n d h o w c u s to m e r a n d p r o d u c e r ca n a g ree o n w h a t a ltern a tiv e esp ression s o r sty le a n d o th e r n o n -lin g u is tic s p e c ific a tio n s th a t are t o b e d efin e d as g oa ls. T h e s p e cifica tio n s fo r w o r d b a se q u a lity sh o u ld c o n s id e r a t lea st la n g u a g e , user relevan t in fo rm a tio n a n d u ser in terfa ce . T h e co n s id e r a tio n m a y in c lu d e d if feren t valu es, e.g . th a t cu ltu ra l c o n s id e r a tio n s a n d r h y tm ic la n g u a g e m a y b e o f lo w o r n o im p o r ta n c e ; m o re in d eta il: ( c l ) G o o d a n d c o m m u n ic a tiv e language G o o d s ty le /p e r fo r m a n c e (a e s th e tic a n d cu ltu ra l c o n s id e r a tio n s w ith p o s s i b le con se q u e n ce s fo r e c o n o m ic s ) -R h y tm ic o r h a rm on iu s la n g u a g e -C u ltu ra l co n sid e ra tio n s , tr a d itio n o f \" g o o d \" w ritte n la n g u a g e -S u b cu ltu ra l c o n s id e ra tio n s , e .g . firm o r o th e r lo c a l s ta n d a rd s E ffe ctiv e in fo rm a tio n tra n sfer (e c o n o m ic a n d a d m in is tra tiv e co n s id e r a tio n s) m eans: -R eq u irem e n ts fo r th e se le ctio n a n d fo r m a tio n o f te rm s a c c o r d in g to IS O 7 0 4 -1 9 8 7 (E ):1 2 -1 3 a re th a t th e te rm s s h o u ld b e : * lin g u istica lly c o r r e c t \" th e term sh o u ld c o n fo r m t o th e n o rm s o f la n g u a g e in q u e s tio n \" ( o p .c it .), e .g . letters {k s in ste a d o f x ) a n d in fle ctio n p a ra d ig m s > t> a ccu ra te , o r m o tiv a te d \" th e term sh o u ld refle ct, as fa r as p o s s ib le , th e c h a ra c teristics o f th e c o n c e p t w h ich a re g iv e n in th e d e fin itio n \" (o p .c it .), e .g . m a g n e tic tape w h ich is d efin ed as \" ccirrier o f a m a g n e tic re c o r d in g , h a v in g th e fo r m o f a t a p e \" (b a s e d o n o p .c it .) * co n cise i.e. precisen ess * p e r m it, if p o s s ib le , th e fo r m a tio n o f d eriv a tiv es \" a lc o h o l -a lc o h o lic , a lc o h o lis m , a lc o h o liz e \" (o p .c it .) * m o n o s e m o u s , i f th e term s a re c o n s id e r e d fo r s ta n d a r d iz a tio n th ere sh old b e o n ly o n e sta n d a r d iz e d te rm fo r a c o n c e p t, a n d o n ly o n e c o n c e p t fo r o n e term -N a tiv e (e .g . N o rw e g ia n ) versu s fo re ig n (e .g . E n g lish ) e x p re ssio n s * a n a tiv e e x p ression m a y b e p re fe ra b le b e c a u s e o f a c c u r a c y a n d b e ca u se it is lin g u istica lly c o r r e c t (in th e n a tiv e la n g u a g e ) * a fore ig n e x p re ssion m a y b e p re fe ra b le in in to rn a tio n a l c o m m u n ic a tio n , e sp e cia lly fo r a b b r e v ia tio n s , form u la s a n d s y m b o ls , b u t a lso fo r s u b je c ts w ith in te rn a tio n a l tr a d itio n s like c h e m is try Computational Linguistics -Reykjavik 1989 -\" n o ise free\" o r neutraJ e x p ression s * n o t stig m a tiz in g in th e a ctu a l s u b c u ltu r e * re la te d t o releva n t tra d itio n (c 2 ) U ser r elev a n t in fo r m a tio n R e fe r e n c e t o s ta n d a r d /a u t h o r it y d o c u m e n t s /p u b lic a t io n s , i.e. c o n t r o llin g / p re s c r ip tiv e d o c u m e n ts (p u b lic a tio n s fr o m la n g u a g e co u n c ils o r a ca d em ies, sta n d a rd s ) N e w u se o f s y m b o ls a n d o th e r e x p re ssio n s, w h ich u su a lly are n o t in clu d ed in d ictio n a rie s A d d itio n a l co n se n su s w ith s u b je c t /u s e r d efin ed g ro u p s (c 3 ) U ser in te r fa c e in a d a ta b a se sy ste m T r a n s p o r ta b le p r o g r a m a n d d a ta , in clu d in g c o p y p r o te c tio n S tra tified s e le ctio n o f in fo r m a tio n re la te d t o th e p u rp o s e S im p le a n d lo g ic a l u ser d ia lo g u e F req u en t u p d a te , e s p e c ia lly w h en la n g u a g e serv ices in te ra ct in m u ltip u r p o s e p r o je c t s F o r th e im p lie d in terest g r o u p s in th e c o lle c tio n o f Q A d e fin ition s listed a b o v e th is m ea n s for; ( d l ) C u s to m e r s : T o d e c id e w h a t w ill b e th e g o a ls w e h a v e to cla rify a n d c o o r d in a te th e n e ed s a n d w ish es o f th e cu s to m e r s w ith th e w o r d b a se k n o w le d g e /e x p e r tis e . C e n tra l in terfa ces m a y b e listed like th is:",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF6": {
                "text": "co n siste n t te r m in o lo g y w ith o u t u se o f s y n o n y m s in th e sa m e lan g u a g e * co n se q u e n t use o f s u b s ta n d a rd s (-n o r m s ), su ch as B ritish E nglish w ith o u t U S fo rm s * d e fin ed su b se ts o f N o rw e g ia n * a c c o m m o d a t io n t o e x is tin g s ta n d a rd s a n d reg u la tion s In o r d e r t o d e c id e th e q u a lity req u irem en ts o f th e p r o d u c t th e cu sto m e r a n d p r o d u c e r m u st b e in d ia lo g u e ; -T o c h o o s e a n d d e sig n e x p re ssio n s a c c o r d in g t o th e lin g u istic requ ire m e n ts a b o v e , cf. ( c l ) . T o c h o o s e in fo r m a tio n ca te g o rie s (t y p e s ) * In w o r d lists: th e se le ctio n o f la n g u a g es, referen ce s, d e fin itio n s e tc. * In th esa u ri: a n y r e g istra tio n o f d e le te d s u b je c t w o r d s /c o n c e p t s a fter re v ision o f an o ld th esa u ru s -T o design th e in fo r m a tio n a c c o r d in g t o n eed s a n d s u b je c t k n o w le d g e * In te r m in o lo g ic a l d a ta ba ses: s h o u ld th e a d d itio n a l s y n o n y m s , referen ces, o r c o n te x t e x c e r p ts b e left o u t * In w o rd lists: e .g . th e se le ctio n o f v a ria n ts (s ty le ) w ith in N o rw e gia n -N y n o rsk (d 2 ) E m p lo y e r s : B a c k u p rou tin es E ffe ctiv e to o ls R e fe re n ce in fo rm a tio n H ou sek eep in g o f in fo r m a tio n fo r o th e r p r o je c t s ^lnd fo r research (d 3 ) E m p lo y ees: E ffe ctiv e a n d user M e n d ly to o ls fo r a u to m a tiz in g , t o g e t rid o f b o r in g w ork a n d h ave o v e rv ie w a n d c o n tr o l P r o p e r p r o c e d u r e d e s crip tio n s E a sy a ccess t o releva n t in fo rm a tio n U n a m b ig u o u s referen ces (d 4 ) S o c ie ty : C o n sid e ra tio n o f cu ltu r e valu es, a c c o r d in g t o th e p rev a len t valu es P u b lic co n s id e r a tio n s , e.g . p r o p e r la n g u a g e fo r e ffe c tiv e c o m m u n ic a t io n w h ich m a y im p ly a p r e c o n d itio n fo r sa fety a n d g o o d h ea lth",
                "type_str": "figure",
                "uris": null,
                "num": null
            },
            "FIGREF7": {
                "text": "h e te r m in o lo g ic a l d a ta b a ses a t N T in clu d e m a in ly b ilin g u a l diction^lries an d a lso h ie ra rch ica lly stru ctu re d th esa u ri. B o t h th ese d a ta ty p e s h a v e b e e n p resen t ed at S ym p osiu m f o r d a ta m a ts t\u00f8 tte t term in o lo g i og leksikografi in 1985 a n d 1987 (U tn e 1986, U tn e 1 9 8 8 ), a n d rev ised d e s crip tio n s are d is tr ib u te d fr o m N T (free o f c o s t ) . A n e x c e r p t fr o m th e p resen t d e s c r ip tio n (N T 1 9 8 9 ) is in clu d e d in th e a p p e n d ix . T h e te r m in o lo g ic a l w o r k h as u su a lly b e e n p a rt o f m u ltip u rp o s e p r o je c t s aim in g a t c o s t e ffe c tiv e d o c u m e n t p r o d u c tio n . L a n g u a g e serv ice s have in m ost o cca r sion s b e e n lo o k e d u p o n as a to t a lit y in th is c o n te x t. It is v e ry unu su al th a t th e s u p p o r te r s g iv e g ra n ts fo r d e v e lo p m e n t o f d ictio n a rie s. F or th e b ilin g u a l d ic t io n aries th e e x c e p tio n s h a v e b e e n p r o je c t s fo r o il c o m p a n ie s , m o s tly in th e p e rio d 1 9 8 4 -8 6 . T h e u p d a t e o f th e d a t a is p a r tly fin a n ced b y s u b s crip tio n o n co n tin u o u s ly u p d a t e d c o p ie s . N T is m a in te n a n ce c o n tr a c to r fo r a th esau ru s d e v e lo p e d b y N T in 1 9 8 5 -8 6 . A ra d ic a l r e s tru ctu rin g o f th e d a t a b a se fo r m a t fo r th e te rm in o lo g ica l d a ta b a se w as p e r fo r m e d in 1988. A p re se n ta tio n o f th is re stru ctu rin g w h ile in p ro ce ss is p resen ted in E b e lin g a n d U tn e 1988. In th e fo llo w in g I w ill ex cim plify a p p lic a tio n o f th e q u a lity assu ra n ce c o n c e p t o n th e r e s tru ctu rin g o f th is d a t a b a se. T h is a p p lic a tio n is b a se d on m y p o in t o f v ie w w h ich is p a r tly fr o m o u ts id e . T h e p r o c e s s w as in p r a c tic e n o t p la n n e d and p e r fo r m e d a c c o r d in g t o th e p rin cip le s p rese n te d b e lo w , b u t has in fa c t follow ed m o st o f th e m . M y p re s e n ta tio n w ill b e an a p p lic a tio n co n n e c te d t o a p o ssib le a n d rea listic stra teg y. L o ts o f co n s id e r a tio n s a b o u t q u a lity o f lin g u istic e x p ression s are n o t d e p e n d a n t o f th is re v isio n o f fo r m a t a n d a re th e re fo re n o t listed b e lo w . T h e g en era l leading p r in c ip le s fo r th e re v isio n h a v e b e e n t o g a in b e tte r q u a lity o f: ( e l ) L an gu age, b y : E r r o r free d a t a t o a la rg er ex te n t (e 2 ) U s e r relev a n ce, b y : U n a m b ig u o u s cla ss ifica tio n o f g re a te r p a rt o f th e d a ta M o r e fle x ib le in tr o d u c tio n o f n ew c a te g o r ie s /c la s s ific a tio n M o r e stress o n s ta n d a r d iz a tio n (e 3 ) U s e r in te r fa c e , b y : M o r e fle x ib le p re s e n ta tio n , e x c e r p tio n a n d in tr o d u c tio n o f differen t an d m o r e fin e g ra in e d d a t a ty p e s Im p r o v e d d is tr ib u tio n T h is im p lie d s o m e m o r e a p p lie d le a d in g p rin cip le s (w ith o u t e x p la in in g th e lin ks t o th e g e n e ra l p rin cip le s in d e ta il): ( f l ) M o r e s tr ic tly c o n s tr u c te d h iera rch ica l stru ctu re G o a l : T o m a k e m o r e fle x ib le e x c e r p ts o f su b se ts o f d a ta p o ssib le , i.e. to e x tr a c t d ifferen t c o m b in a t io n s o f field s a n d p a rts o f fields, a n d in tro d u c e m o r e u n a m b ig u o u s lin ks b e tw e en a term a n d its a b b re v ia tio n , re feren ce o r its c o n te x t S o l u t i o n : A m o r e s tr ic tly h iera rch ica l s tru ctu rin g in side th e term record , w h ich m ea n s th a t: -A b b r e v ia tio n s , c o n tr a c tio n s , s y m b o ls a n d fo rm u la s are u n a m b ig u o u s ly b o u n d t o th eir fu ll fo rm s a n d n o t o n ly t o th e ir c o n c e p t -R e fe re n ce s a re u n a m b ig u o u s ly b o u n d t o th eir te r m (o r a b b r e v ia tion e t c .), c o n te x t-e x c e r p t s , d efin itio n s e tc -C o n te x ts a re u n a m b ig u o u s ly b o u n d t o th eir te rm s e tc -C o m m e n ts a re u n a m b ig u o u s ly b o u n d t o all relevan t k in d s o f field s (f2 ) M o r e fo rm a l n o ta tio n la n g u a g e Goal: B e m ore co n se q u e n t in re g istra tio n o f all k in ds o f in fo r m a tio n , i.e. m o re form a l a n d re stricte d fo r m a ts fo r th e in fo r m a tio n ty p e s , t o m a k e it easier to e x tr a c t ex p re ssio n s fr o m th e sa m e p a g e o r p a g e s in a sp ecifie d s o u rce o r t o e x tr a c t te rm s fr o m a sp e cifie d s u b je c t a rea S o l u t i o n : D efin ed v o c a b u ljir y (e .g . title s ) a n d s y n ta x fo r re feren ces P r o g r a m to o ls a c c o r d in g t o th e g o a l (f3 ) A p r o d u c tiv e n o ta tio n sy ste m t o in clu d e u ser relevan t in fo r m a tio n Goal: B e m o re fle x ib le in in tr o d u c in g o f n e w in fo r m a tio n cla sses, i.e. th e p o ssib ility o f in tr o d u c in g n ew in fo r m a tio n classes a c c o r d in g t o s im p le a n d d efin ed ro u tin es S o l u t i o n : S u p p le m e n ta ry in fo r m a tio n n o t tr a d itio n a lly in c lu d e d in d ic t io naries, is in tr o d u c e d b e c a u s e o f th e u sefu ln ess fo r th e ta r g e t g ro u p s . T h is m ean s fo r in sta n ce th a t th e re is in tr o d u c e d a d is tin c tio n b e tw een gen era l a b b r e v ia tio n s , p r o je c t s p e c ific a b b r e v ia tio n s , s y m b o ls , cla ssifica tion c o d e s a n d form u la s. S o m e o f th e c a te g o r ie s are; -In te rn a tio n a l sta n d a rd iz e d s y m b o l; sh o w n , re ferre d t o an illu stra tio n , a n d /o r d e scrib e d -C h e m ic a l/m a th e m a t ic a l form u la s, e .g . NH4 HSO3 fo r a m m o n iu m h ydrogen su lfite -In te rn a tio n a l cla ss ifica tion c o d e s , e .g . a c c o r d in g t o U N (U n ite d N a t io n s ), E C (E u r o p e a n C o m m u n ity ), C A S (C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c t S e rv ice s) a n d w id e ly u sed n a tio n a l s ta n d a rd s -T r a d e n am es fo r p r o d u c ts o f th e c o n c e p t -R e fe re n ce s t o officia l d o c u m e n ts , e.g . s ta n d a rd s , reg isters, laws a n d reg u la tion s -H a za rd cla ss ifica tio n , e.g . fire, p o is o n -R e fe re n ce s t o figu res w h ich illu stra te th e c o n c e p ts -A r e a o f a p p lic a tio n (n o t u n iq u ely fo r th is d a ta b a s e ), fo r h ou se k eep in g , c o lle c tin g su b sets a n d fo r in d ic a tin g m e a n in g . (f4 ) E x iste n ce o f p ro g ra m s a n d o th e r ro u tin e s fo r e rro r ch eck s Goal: M a k e u p d a t e m o r e free fr o m errors, i.e. fa c ilita te m o r e th ro u g h o u t e rro r ch ecks S o l u t i o n : P r o g r a m t o o ls a c c o r d in g t o th e g o a l (f5 ) S ta n d a rd iz a tio n G o a l : A s it h as b e e n a g o a l fo r y ea rs, o n e c o n c e p t is o n e re co rd S o l u t i o n : S y n o n y o m s in th e sa m e la n g u a g e are c o lle c te d in th e sam e re c o r d . G o a l : A s it h as b e e n a g o a l fo r y ea rs, th ere sh o u ld b e o n ly o n e p referred fu ll fo r m te rm fo r ea ch la n g u a g e . S o l u t i o n : T h is is c a lle d m a in te rm , a n d th e o th e rs are ca lled sy n o n y m s o r d e p r e c a te d term s. G o a l : T h e fo r m a t s h o u ld a lso in clu d e re g istra tio n o f a ltern a tiv e sta n d a rd s, like fo r m e r m a in term , a n d m ain term s in o th e r sta n d a rd s. S o l u t i o n : I n tr o d u c tio n o f field s fo r a p p ro v a l d a te a n d s c o p e o f a sta n d a rd . T h is in clu d e s a ls o o u t o f d a te sta n d a rd s. (f6 ) T r a n s p o r ta b le p r o g r a m a n d d a ta G o a l : P r o g r a m a n d d a ta files p r o d u c e d fo r d ifferen t m a ch in es a n d m ed ia G o a l : R o u tin e s fo r c o p y p r o te c tio n S o l u t i o n : P r o g r a m t o o ls fo r b o t h th e se g oa ls.",
                "type_str": "figure",
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            },
            "FIGREF8": {
                "text": "h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f w o r d lists o f e v e r y d a y la n g u a g e w as in itia te d b y th e re sea rch ers a t th e U n iv e rs ity a b o u t 20 y ea rs a g o . T h e p r o je c t is a c o o p e r a tio n b e tw e e n N T a n d N o rw e g ia n C o m p u t in g C e n tre fo r th e H u m a n ities.F u rth er d e v e lo p m e n t is fin a n ce d b y sale. C u s to m e r s a re m o s tly softw a re h ou ses, in stitu tion s a n d firm s (g r a p h ic in d u s tr y a n d n e w s p a p e rs ) w h ich are a b le t o in clu d e th e lists in e x is tin g so ftw a re o r t o d e v e lo p s ta n d a lo n e p ro g ra m s. T h e q u a lity o f th ese lists is p a r tly b a se d o n gen era l n eed s fo r sp ellin g lists, s p e c ia l a n d g e n e ra l n ee d s fo r lists w ith h y p h e n a tio n m a rk s (w ith sp e cia l refer e n c e t o d ifferen t lev els) a n d o u r e s tim a tio n o f user n ee d s fo r o th e r lists w ith g r a m m a tic a l in fo r m a tio n a n d lists o f w o r d p a rts. T h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f sp ellin g lists h as b e e n b a s e d o n o u r o w n a s s u m p tio n th a t a fre q u e n cy ba sed a n d gen eral c o r r e s p o n d e n c e v o c a b u la r y w o u ld su it th e u sers' n eed s b est. T h e d ev e lo p m e n t o f lists w ith g r a m m a tic a l in fo r m a tio n a n d w o r d c o m p o s ita is b a se d o n p o in t (a 3 ) in m a rk et s tr a te g y a b o v e , i.e. c o m b in a tio n o f resea rch ers' a n d c u s to m e r s ' n eeds. T h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f lists w ith s u b s ta n d a rd s a lso a c c o m m o d a t e s n eeds a n d w ishes fo r a c c o m m o d a t io n t o s u b s ta n d a rd s a n d m o r e p e rso n a l w ays o f w ritin g . T h e e x is tin g w o r d lists in c lu d e sp e llin g lists b a se d o n g en era l n eed an d a list w ith h y p h e n a tio n -m a r k s b a se d o n s p e c ia l n eeds: \u2022 S pelling w ord lists fo r N orw eg ia n -B ok m S J a jid fo r N o rw e g ia n -N y n o r s k , in c lu d in g a c o lle c tio n o f h ig h fr e q u e n c y w o r d fo r m s w ith o u t a n y fu rth e r c o d in g . \u2022 W o r d lists w ith h y p h en a tio n m arks, b a se d o n s p e c ia l n ee d , b u t a ls o w ith g en era l a p p lic a tio n . T h e m a rk s ex p re ss d ifferen t levels, s o th a t th e d ifferen t ty p e s o f m a rk s b o rd e rs b etw een : -C om p ou n d s, like d a ta -l-b a se (w h ich is w ritte n as o n e w o r d in N o r w e g ia n ) -P r e -and su ffic e s a n d th e rest o f th e w o r d like e x = p l o s = i o n (N o r w e g ia n : e k s = p lo = s jo n ) -In fle c tio n m o rp h em es, like th e d e fin ite p lu ra l in b i l / / e n e ( = th e c a r / / T h e fu rth e r d e v e lo p m e n t in clu d es p a r tly fu rth er refin em en t o f th e lists a b o v e an d d e v e lo p m e n t o f n ew w o r d list ty p e s p a r tly b a se d o n a c o m b in a t io n o f w h a t is asked fo r in n ew p r o d u c ts fo r te x t p ro ce s s in g o r d a ta b a se t o o ls w ith d ia lo g u e s in n a tu ra l la n g u a g e, a n d w o rk w ith m a ch in e -a id e d tra n sla tio n w ith w h a t is asked fo r, cf. c o m b in a tio n o f c u s to m e r n eed s a n d w ish es w ith th e re sea rch e rs' as m a rk et stra tegy. T h a t m ea n s lists co n ta in in g : \u2022 W o rd com p osita , e.g . p a rts o f la tin a n d g reek lo a n w ord s. -T h e m a ch in e a id e d sy stem m a y u se lists like th is t o tra n sla te loa n w o r d s w h ich h ave id e n tica l p a rts, b u t re la te d in fle ctio n a l p a ra d ig m s. -In te x t p ro ce ssin g sy stem s th is m a y b e u sed as p a rt o f h y p h e n a tio n p ro g ra m s, an d c o m b in e d w ith s u p p le m e n ta ry ru les p a r tly a ls o as p a rt o f sp e ll checkers. \u2022 W o r d lists in clu d in g g ra m m a tica l in fo r m a tio n , like p a rt o f s p e e ch a n d in fle ctio n a l p a ra d ig m s. -T h e m o st im p o r ta n t p a rt o f a m a ch in e a id e d tra n sla tio n . -In te x t p ro ce s s in g sy ste m s a n d e s p e c ia lly in d ia lo g u e b a se d d a t a b a se t o o ls th is m a y b e u sed in p r o g r a m s th a t are b a s e d o n sim p le r s y n ta x a n a lysis o r c a lcu la tio n s o f p o s s ib le p a rt o f sp eech fo r w o r d s in a te x t strin g. A n d as a c o m b in a tio n w ith w o rk t o s y s te m a tiz e su bstan dard s in th e w ritte n N orw egian la n gu a ges: W o r d lists w ith g ra m m a tica l in fo r m a tio n th a t classifies th e w o rd s 2ind w o r d fo rm s (o fte n in fle ctio n a l p a ra d ig m s ) as m o d e r a te (a s d if feren t as p o s s ib le ) a n d r a d ica l (a p p r o a c h in g t o ea ch o t h e r ) w ith in th e tw o officia l N orw eg ia n la n g u a g es. T h is is o f im p o r ta n c e t o w rit ers w h o n eed la n g u a g e ch eck s t o p rofile th eir w ritin g clo s e r t o su ch a s u b s ta n d a r d . T h is im p lies a g re a t v a riety o f p o s s ib le w ritten lan g u a g e s w h ich c o m p u te r s y ste m s s h o u ld b e a b le t o co n tr o l. T h e e x a ct d e fin itio n s o f ea ch su ch la n g u a g e are n o t o b je c t iv e ly sta te d , b u t are t o s o m e e x te n t a m a tte r o f p e rs o n a l o r u ser g r o u p s d ecision s. T a b le 1 a n d 2 in U tn e 1989 (p a p e r a t N ord isk e d atalingvistikdage 1 9 8 9 ) p resen t s o m e e x a m p le s o f th is div ersity . S o m e o f th e e x a m p les are re p e a te d in T a b le 1 b e lo w . A fu rth e r e x p la n a tio n o f th e la n g u a g e s itu a tio n is p re se n te d in U tn e 1989. le 1. S p ellin g a n d in fle ctio n in N orw eg ia n (M o d . = M o d e r a te , R a d . = R a d ic a l) T o s o m e e x te n t th is su b s ta n d a rd w ork s as i f th ere are slig h tly d if fe ren t w ritte n su b la n g u a g es in sid e ea ch o f th e tw o officia l N o rw e g ia n la n g u a g es. T h e r e is a lso s o m e treidition fo r u n officia l w ritte n s ta n d a rd s , e .g . o n e m o r e m o d e r a te th a n N o rw e g ia n -N y n o rs k ca lled C o n s e rv a tiv e N o rw e g ia n -N y n o rs k , a n o th e r m o r e m o d e r a te th an N o rw e g ia n -B o k m \u00e5 l ca lled C on se rv a tiv e N o r w e g ia n -B o k m \u00e5 l (N orw e g ia n : R ik s m \u00e5 l) a n d a th ird o n e b etw een th e tw o o fficia l la n g u a g es w h ich is s o m e tim e s ca lle d P a n -N o rw e g ia n (N o rw e g ia n : S a m n o rsk ). O f th ese th re e C o n s e r v a tiv e N o r w e g ia n -B o k m \u00e5 l has th e w id est u se w ith its u se in a t le a st o n e o f th e m o st w id e sp re a d n e w sp a p e rs, in lo ts o f b o o k s a n d p u b lic a tio n s e v e ry year. T h e list co n ta in in g a d iv e r s ity a fo r m a ltern a tiv e s w ith in each o f th e la n gu age a n d a ls o t o s o m e e x te n t o th e r u n officia l la n g u a g e s ta n d a rd s ca n b e co n sid e re d as a m u ltilin g u a l d ic tio n a r y . T h is to t a l w o r d b a se c o n c e p t, w h ich a t th e tim e b eein g c o n ta in s b e tw e e n 20 a n d 30 0 0 0 en tries (w h ich ca n b e in flecte d a c c o r d in g to d if feren t a lte rn a tiv e s ) is th e b a se o f su ch a m u ltilin g u a l N o rw e g ia n w o r d base. T h is b a se w ill b e d e v e lo p e d b o t h fo r resea rch , in c lu d e d m a ch in e a id e d tra n sla tion , a n d fo r c o m m e r c ia l a p p lic a tio n s . O t h e r p o ssib ilitie s n o t w o rk e d o u t in d e ta il y e t are fo r in sta n ce: S y n o n y m s a n d w o rd s w ith re la te d m e a n in g D e p r e c a t e d w o r d s a n d e x p r e s s i o n s , a n d th eir s u b stitu tio n s L o t s o f d e p r e c a te d e x p re ssio n s in N orw eg ia n -B ok m & l h ave c o m m o n o r n e a r re la te d p refe rred w o rd s b o t h in N orw egiem -B okm 31 a n d N orw eg ia n -N y n o rs k .5 Conclusion T h r o u g h th is d iscu ssion o f c o m m e r c ia l w o r d b a se s I h a v e fo r m u la te d w h a t are th e c o n c e p ts q u a lity a n d q u a lity a ssu ra n ce, a n d p r o p o s e d a g e n e ra l d e fin itio n o f q u a lity o f w o r d ba ses. W h ile q u a lity is th e p a rt o f th e p r o d u c t , q u a lity a ssu ra n ce is th e p r o c e d u r e s t o secu re q u a lity a n d a ls o c o n s id e r th e in terests o f e m p lo y e r , em p lo yee a n d th e so cie ty . T h e q u a lity o f w o r d b a ses is th e c o o r d in a te d sp ecifica r tion th a t c u s to m e r an d p r o d u c e r a g re e u p o n , a n d in clu d e s lin g u istic a n d o th e r user relevan t con sid e ra tion s . T h e e x a m p lifica tio n s from th e w o rk a t th e U n iv e rs ity o f B e rg e n c o n c e r n th e revision o f a term r e co rd fo r m a t a n d th e w o rk w ith a w o r d b a se o f e v e r y d a y lan gu age. T h e w o rk w ith fo r m a t re v isio n e m p h a siz e d la n g u a g e fr o m th e v ie w o f errors ch ek s, u ser releva n ce, a n d u ser interfeu^e. T h e w o rk w ith w o r d b a ses em p h a sized a n o n g o in g w o rk w ith a m u ltilin g u a l N o rw e g ia n w o r d b a se w h ich in clu d es fo r m varian ts a n d a lso u n officia l l2 m g u a g es. In th e w o r k w ith th is w o r d base th ere axe c o m b in e d in terests b etw e en research a n d p ro fit. Utne, Ivax. 1988: Terminologi, arbeidsinstrukser og lagerstyring -om kodeuttrykk i fagspr\u00e5k. Nordiske Datalingvistikdage og Symposium fo r datamatst\u00f8ttet leksiko grafi og terminologi 1987. Proceedings:273-285. Institut for Datalingvistik, Han delsh\u00f8jskolen i K\u00f8benhavn. Copenhagen. Utne, Ivar. 1989: Machine aided translation between the two Norwegian languages Norwegian-Bokm\u00e5l and Norwegian-Nynorsk. Nordiske datalingvistikdage 1989. ro m \"N O T \" U s e r 's G u id e:2 , ver. 1 9 8 9 -0 5 -2 3 The Record Format T h e te rm s in th is d a t a b a se a re o r g a n iz e d in c o n c e p t r e co rd s , w h ich co n sist o f o n e N o rw e g ia n s e c tio n , o n e E n g lish s e c tio n a n d o n e s e ctio n th a t is c o m m o n to b o t h la n g u a g es. T h e N o rw e g ia n s e c tio n co n s is ts o f th e fo llo w in g fields: e g ia n m a in te rm (r e c o m m e n d e d fo r u se) N sy n == N o rw e g ia n s y n o n y m t o th e sa m e c o n c e p t ( t e g ia n s y n o n y m n o t r e c o m m e n d e d fo r u se (m u st n o t b e u se d ) N k rt N o rw e g ia n c o n tr a c tio n (u se d fo r rea son s o f s p a ce , as for in s ta n c e in screen p ictu re s , d ra w in g s, sign s e t c .) ce t o figu re T h e E n g lish se ctio n co n ta in s th e fo llo w in g fields; s y n o n y m t o th e sa m e c o n c e p t ( t o b e a v o id e d ) E fra E n glish s y n o n y m n o t r e c o m m e n d e d fo r u se (m u s t n c o n tr a c tio n (u se d fo r rea son s o f s p a c e , as fo r in sta n ce in screen p ictu re s , d ra w in g s, sign s e t c .) g ra p h ica l d is tr ib u tio n o f te rm r e f = re feren ce o f term fig = re feren ce to figu re T h e c o m m o n se ctio n c o n s is ts o f in fo rm a tio n a b o u t th e c o n c e p t as a w h ole : te x t o f s y m b o l, fo r m u la e tc. k om = co m m e n t to s y m b o l, fo r m u la e tc. r e f = re fe ren ce o f s y m b o l, fo r m u la e tc . fig = refe ren ce to fig u re o f s y m b o l, fo r m u la e tc. It is p o ssib le t o in tr o d u c e n ew field s a t all levels.",
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