Kate Darling: Social Robots, Ethics, Privacy and the Future of MIT | Lex Fridman Podcast #329
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Kate Darling is a researcher at MIT Media Lab interested in human robot interaction and robot ethics. Please support this podcast by checking out our sponsors:
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EPISODE LINKS:
Kate's Twitter: http://twitter.com/grok_
Kate's Website: http://katedarling.org
Kate's Instagram: http://www.instagram.com/grok_
The New Breed (book): https://amzn.to/3ExhBuf
Creativity without Law (book): https://amzn.to/3MqV5F3

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Full episodes playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOdP_8GztsuKi9nrraNbKKp4
Clips playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrAXtmErZgOeciFP3CBCIEElOJeitOr41

OUTLINE:
0:00 - Introduction
1:46 - What is a robot?
17:47 - Metaverse
27:09 - Bias in robots
40:51 - Modern robotics
43:24 - Automation
47:46 - Autonomous driving
56:11 - Privacy
59:37 - Google's LaMDA
1:04:24 - Robot animal analogy
1:17:28 - Data concerns
1:35:30 - Humanoid robots
1:54:31 - LuLaRobot
2:03:25 - Ethics in robotics
2:18:46 - Jeffrey Epstein
2:52:21 - Love and relationships

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 I think that animals are a really great thought experiment when we're thinking about AI and robotics, because again, this comparing them to humans that leads us down the wrong path, both because it's not accurate, but also I think for the future, we don't want that. We want something that's a supplement. But I think animals, because we've used them throughout history for so many different things, we domesticated them not because they do what we do, but because what they do is different and that's useful. And it's just like whether we're talking about companionship, whether we're talking about work integration, whether we're talking about responsibility for harm, there's just so many things we can draw on in that history from these entities that can sense, think, make autonomous decisions and learn that are applicable to how we should be thinking about robots and AI. The following is a conversation with Kate Darling, her second time on the podcast. She's a research scientist at MIT Media Lab, interested in human-robot interaction and robot ethics, which she writes about in her recent book called The New Breed, what our history with animals reveals about our future with robots. Kate is one of my favorite people at MIT. She was a courageous voice of reason and compassion through the time of the Jeffrey Epstein scandal at MIT three years ago. We reflect on this time in this very conversation, including the lessons that revealed about human nature and our optimistic vision for the future of MIT, a university we both love and believe in. This is the Lex Friedman podcast. To support it, please check out our sponsors in the description. And now, dear friends, here's Kate Darling. Last time we talked, a few years back, you wore a Justin Bieber shirt for the podcast. So now looking back, you're a respected researcher, all the amazing accomplishments in robotics, you're an author. Was this one of the proudest moments of your life, proudest decisions you've ever made? Definitely. You handled it really well, though. It was cool, because I walked in, I didn't know you were gonna be filming. I walked in and you're in a fucking suit. Yeah. And I'm like, why are you all dressed up? Yeah. And then you were so nice about it, you made some excuses, you were like, oh, well, I'm interviewing some art. Didn't you say you were interviewing some military general afterwards to like, Oh yeah, that was this. Make me feel better? CTO of Lockheed Martin, I think. Oh, that's what it was. Yeah. You didn't tell me, oh, I was dressed like this. Are you an actual Bieber fan, or was that like one of those t-shirts that's in the back of the closet that you use for painting? I think I bought it for my husband as a joke. And yeah, I was, we were renovating a house at the time and I had worn it to the site. Got his joke and now you wear it, okay. Have you worn it since? Was this the one time? No, like how could I touch it again? It was on your podcast, that's frames. It's like a wedding dress or something like that. You don't, you only wear it once. You are the author of The New Breed, what our history with animals reveals about our future with robots. You opened the book with the surprisingly tricky question, what is a robot? So let me ask you, let's try to sneak up to this question. What's a robot? That's not really sneaking up. It's just asking it. Yeah. All right, well. What do you think a robot is? What I think a robot is, is something that has some level of intelligence and some level of magic. That little shine in the eye, you know, that allows you to navigate the uncertainty of life. So that means like autonomous vehicles to me in that sense are robots because they navigate the uncertainty, the complexity of life. Obviously social robots are that. I love that. I like that you mentioned magic because that also, well, so first of all, I don't define robot definitively in the book because there is no definition. There's no definition. That's what everyone agrees on. And if you look back through time, people have called things robots until they lose the magic because they're more ubiquitous. Like a vending machine used to be called a robot and now it's not, right? So I do agree with you that there's this magic aspect that which is how people understand robots. If you ask a roboticist, they have the definition of something that is, well, it has to be physical. Usually it's not an AI agent. It has to be embodied. They'll say it has to be able to sense its environment in some way. It has to be able to make a decision autonomously and then act on its environment again. I think that's a pretty good technical definition even though it really breaks down when you come to things like the smartphone because the smartphone can do all of those things. And most robotists would not call it a robot. So there's really no one good definition but part of why I wrote the book is because people have a definition of robot in their minds that is usually very focused on a comparison of robots to humans. So if you Google image search robot, you get a bunch of humanoid robots, robots with a torso and head and two arms and two legs. And that's the definition of robot that I'm trying to get us away from because I think that it trips us up a lot. Why does the humanoid form trip us up a lot? Well, because this constant comparison of robots to people, artificial intelligence to human intelligence, first of all, it doesn't make sense from a technical perspective because the early AI researchers, some of them were trying to recreate human intelligence. Some people still are and there's a lot to be learned from that academically, et cetera. But that's not where we've ended up. AI doesn't think like people. We wind up in this fallacy where we're comparing these two and when we talk about what intelligence even is, we're often comparing to our own intelligence. And then the second reason this bothers me is because it doesn't make sense. I just think it's boring to recreate intelligence that we already have. I see the scientific value of understanding our own intelligence, but from a practical, what could we use these technologies for perspective, it's much more interesting to create something new, to create a skillset that we don't have that we can partner with in what we're trying to achieve. And it should be in some deep ways similar to us, but in most ways different because you still want to have a connection, which is why the similarity might be necessary. That's what people argue, yes. And I think that's true. So the two arguments for humanoid robots are, people need to be able to communicate and relate to robots, and we relate most of things that are like ourselves. And we have a world that's built for humans. So we have stairs and narrow passageways and door handles. And so we need humanoid robots to be able to navigate that. And so you're speaking to the first one, which is absolutely true, but what we know from social robotics and a lot of human robot interaction research is that, all you need is something that's enough like a person to, for it to give off cues that someone relates to. And that, but that doesn't have to look human or even act human. You can take a robot like R2-D2 and it just like beeps and boops and people love R2-D2, right? Even though it's just like a trash can on wheels. And they like R2-D2 more than C3PO, who's a humanoid. So there's lots of ways to make robots even better than humans in some ways and make us relate more to them. Yeah, it's kind of amazing the variety of cues that can be used to anthropomorphize the thing, like a glowing orb or something like that. Yeah. Just a voice, just subtle basic interaction. I think people sometimes over engineer these things. Like simplicity can go a really long way. Totally. I mean, ask any animator and they'll know that. Yeah. Yeah, those are actually, so the people behind Cosmo, the robot, the right people to design those as animators, like Disney type of people. Yeah. Versus like roboticists. Roboticists, quote unquote, are mostly clueless. It seems like. They just have their own discipline that they're very good at and they don't have. Yeah, but that don't, you know, I feel like robotics of the early 21st century is not going to be the robotics of the later 21st century. Like if you call yourself a roboticist, it'd be something very different. Because I think more and more, you'd be like a, maybe like a control engineer or something, controls engineer, like you separate because ultimately all the unsolved, all the big problems of robotics will be in the social aspect, in the interacting with humans aspect, in the perception interpreting the world aspect, in the brain part, not the basic control level part. You call it basic, it's actually really complex. It's very, very complicated. And that's why, but like, I think you're so right and what a time to be alive. Yeah. Because for me, I just, we've had robots for so long and they've just been behind the scenes. And now finally robots are getting deployed into the world. They're coming out of the closet. Yeah, and we're seeing all these mistakes that companies are making because they focus so much on the engineering and getting that right and getting the robot to be even be able to function in a space that it shares with a human. See, what I feel like people don't understand is to solve the perception and the control problem. You shouldn't try to just solve the perception control problem. You should teach the robot how to say, oh shit, I'm sorry, I fucked up. Yeah, or ask for help. Or ask for help or be able to communicate the uncertainty. Yeah, exactly. All of those things because you can't solve the perception control. We humans haven't solved it. We were really damn good at it. But the magic is in the self-deprecating humor and the self-awareness about where our flaws are, all that kind of stuff. Yeah, and there's a whole body of research in human robot interaction showing ways to do this. But a lot of these companies haven't, they don't do HRI. They, like the, have you seen the grocery store robot in the Stop and Shop? Yes. Yeah, the Marty, it looks like a giant penis. It's like six feet tall, it roams the aisles. I will never see Marty the same way again. Thank you for that. You're welcome. But like, these poor people were so hard on getting a functional robot together. And then people hate Marty because they didn't at all consider how people would react to Marty in their space. Does everybody, I mean, you talk about this, do people mostly hate Marty? Because I like Marty. I feel like less. You like Flippy. Yeah, I do. And actually like. Is there's a parallel between the two? I believe there is. So we were actually gonna do a study on this right before the pandemic hit. And then we canceled it because we didn't wanna go to the grocery store and neither did anyone else. But our theory, so this was with a student at MIT, Daniella DiPaola. She noticed that everyone on Facebook in her circles was complaining about Marty. They were like, what is this creepy robot? It's watching me, it's in the way. And she did this like quick and dirty sentiment analysis on Twitter where she was looking at positive and negative mentions of the robot. And she found that the biggest spike of negative mentions happened when Stop and Shop threw a birthday party for the Marty robots, like with free cake and balloons. Like who complains about free cake? Well, people who hate Marty apparently. So, and so we were like, that's interesting. And then we did this like online poll. We used Mechanical Turk and we tried to get at what people don't like about Marty. And a lot of it wasn't, oh, Marty's taking jobs. It was Marty is the surveillance robot, which it's not. It looks for spills on the floor. It doesn't actually like look at any people. It's watching, it's creepy, it's getting in the way. Those were the things that people complained about. And so our hypothesis became, is Marty a real life Clippy? Because I know Lex, you love Clippy, but many people hated Clippy. Well, there's a complex thing there. It could be like marriage. A lot of people seem to like to complain about marriage, but they secretly love it. So it could be the relationship you might have with Marty is like, oh, there he goes again, doing his stupid surveillance thing. But you grow to love the, I mean, bitching about the thing that kind of releases a kind of tension. And there's, I mean, some people, a lot of people show love by sort of busting each other's chops, like making fun of each other. And then I think people would really love it if Marty talked back. And like, these are so many possible options for humor there. One, you can lean in, you can be like, yes, I'm an agent of the CIA monitoring your every move, like mocking people that are concerned, saying like, yes, I'm watching you because you're so important with your shopping patterns. I'm collecting all this data or just any kind of making fun of people. I don't know. But I think you hit on what exactly it is because when it comes to robots or artificial agents, I think people hate them more than they would some other machine or device or object. And it might be that thing, it might be combined with love or like whatever it is, it's a more extreme response because they view these things as social agents and not objects. And that was, so Clifford Nass was a big human computer interaction person. And his theory about Clippy was that because people viewed Clippy as a social agent, when Clippy was annoying and would like bother them and interrupt them and like not remember what they told him, that's when people got upset because it wasn't fulfilling their social expectations. And so they complained about Clippy more than they would if it had been a different, like not a virtual character. So is complaining to you a sign that we're on the wrong path with a particular robot or is it possible like, again, like marriage, like family, that there still is a path towards that direction where we can find deep meaningful relationship? I think we absolutely can find deep meaningful relationships with robots. Well, maybe with Marty. I mean, I just would, I would have designed Marty a little differently. Like how? Isn't there a charm to the clumsiness, the slowness? There is if you're not trying to get through with a shopping cart and a screaming child. You know, there's, I think you could make it charming. I think there are lots of design tricks that they could have used. And one of the things they did, I think, without thinking about it at all is they slapped two big googly eyes on Marty. Oh yeah. And I wonder if that contributed maybe to people feeling watched because it's looking at them. And so like, is there a way to design the robot to do the function that it's doing in a way that doesn't, that people are actually attracted to rather than annoyed by? And there are many ways to do that, but companies aren't thinking about it. Now they're realizing that they should have thought about it. Yeah. I wonder if there's a way to, if it would help to make Marty seem like an entity of its own versus the arm of a large corporation. So there's some sense where this is just the camera that's monitoring people versus this is an entity that's a standalone entity. It has its own task and it has its own personality. The more personality you give it, the more it feels like it's not sharing data with anybody else. Like when we see other human beings, our basic assumption is whatever I say to this human being, it's not like being immediately sent to the CIA. Yeah. What I say to you, no one's gonna hear that, right? Yeah, that's true. That's true. No, I'm kidding. Well, you forget it. I mean, you do forget it. I don't know if that even with microphones here, you forget that that's happening, but for some reason, I think probably with Marty, I think what is done really crudely and crappily, you start to realize, oh, this is like PR people trying to make a friendly version of a surveillance machine. But I mean, that reminds me of the slight clumsiness or significant clumsiness on the initial releases of the avatars for the metaverse. I don't know, what are your actually thoughts about that? The way the avatars, the way like Mark Zuckerberg looks in that world, you know, the metaverse, the virtual reality world where you can have like virtual meetings and stuff like that. Like how do we get that right? Do you have thoughts about that? Because it's a kind of, it feels like a similar problem to social robotics, which is how you design a digital virtual world that is compelling when you connect to others there in the same way that physical connection is. Right. I haven't looked into, I mean, I've seen people joking about it on Twitter and like posting whatever. Yeah, but I mean, have you seen it? Because there's something you can't quite put into words that doesn't feel genuine about the way it looks. And so the question is, if you and I were to meet virtually, what should the avatars look like for us to have similar kind of connection? Should it be really simplified? Should it be a little bit more realistic? Should it be cartoonish? Should it be more better capturing of expressions in interesting complex ways versus like cartoonish over simplified ways? But having video games figured this out, I'm not a gamer, so I don't have any examples, but I feel like there's this whole world in video games where they've thought about all of this and depending on the game, they have different like avatars and a lot of the games are about connecting with others. I just, the thing that I don't know is, and again, I haven't looked into this at all. I've been like shockingly not very interested in the metaverse, but they must have poured so much investment into this meta. And like, why is it so, why are people, why is it so bad? Like, there's gotta be a reason, there's gotta be some thinking behind it, right? Well, I talked to Carmack about this, John Carmack, who's a part-time Oculus CTO. I think there's several things to say. One is, as you probably know, that I mean, there's bureaucracy, there's large corporations, and they often, large corporations have a way of killing the indie kind of artistic flame that's required to create something really compelling. Somehow they make everything boring because they run through this whole process, through the PR department, through all that kind of stuff, and it somehow becomes generic to that process. Because there's like- Does it strip out anything interesting because it could be controversial? Is that, or? Yeah, right, exactly. Like, what, I mean, we're living through this now, like with a lot of people with cancellations and all those kinds of stuff, people are nervous, and nervousness results in, like usual, the assholes are ruining everything. But the magic of human connection is taking risks, of making a risky joke, of, like, with people you like who are not assholes, good people, like, some of the fun, some of the fun in the metaverse or in video games is being edgier, being interesting, revealing your personality in interesting ways. In the sexual tension or in, they're definitely paranoid about that. Oh yeah. Like in metaverse, the possibility of sexual assault and sexual harassment and all that kind of stuff is obviously very high, but they're, so you should be paranoid to some degree, but not too much, because then you remove completely the personality of the whole thing. Then everybody's just like a vanilla bot, but like you have to have ability to be a little bit political, to be a little bit edgy, all that kind of stuff. And large companies tend to suffocate that. So, but in general, if you get all that, just the ability to come up with really cool, beautiful ideas. If you look at, I think Grimes tweeted about this, she's very critical about the metaverse, is that independent game designers have solved this problem of how to create something beautiful and interesting and compelling. They do a really good job. So you have to let those kinds of minds, the small groups of people design things and let them run with it and let them run wild and do edgy stuff. Yeah, but otherwise you get this kind of, you get a clippy type of situation, right? Which is like a very generic looking thing. But even clippy has some, like that's kind of wild that you would take a paperclip and put eyes on it. And suddenly people are like, oh, you're annoying, but you're definitely a social agent. And I just feel like that wouldn't even, that clippy thing wouldn't even survive Microsoft or Facebook of today, meta of today. Because it would be like, there'll be these meetings about why is it a paperclip? Like, why don't we, it's not sufficiently friendly, let's make it, and then all of a sudden the artist with whom it originated is killed. And it's all PR marketing people and all of that kind of stuff, no, they do important work to some degree, but they kill the creativity. I think the killing of the creativity is in the whole, like, okay, so what I know from social robotics is like, obviously, if you create agents that, okay, so take for an example, you'd create a robot that looks like a humanoid and it's Sophia or whatever. Now, suddenly you do have all of these issues where are you reinforcing an unrealistic beauty standard? Are you objectifying women? Why is the robot white? But the thing is, I think that with creativity, you can find a solution that's even better where you're not even harming anyone and you're creating a robot that looks like not humanoid, but like something that people relate to even more. And now you don't even have any of these bias issues that you're creating. And so how do we create that within companies? Because I don't think it's really about, like, I, cause I, you know, maybe we disagree on that. I don't think that edginess or humor or interesting things need to be things that harm or hurt people or that people are against. There are ways to find things that everyone is fine with. Why aren't we doing that? The problem is there's departments that look for harm in things. And so they will find harm in things that have no harm. That's the big problem because their whole job is to find harm in things. So what you said is completely correct, which is edginess should not hurt, doesn't necessarily, doesn't need to be a thing that hurts people. Obviously, great humor, great personality doesn't have to, like Clippy. But yeah, I mean, but it's tricky to get right. And I'm not exactly sure. I don't know. I don't know why a large corporation with a lot of funding can't get this right. I do think you're right that there's a lot of aversion to risk and so if you get lawyers involved or people whose job it is, like you say, to mitigate risk, they're just gonna say no to most things that could even be in some way. Yeah, yeah, you get the problem in all organizations. So I think that you're right that that is a problem. I think what's the way to solve that in large organizations is to have Steve Jobs type of characters. Unfortunately, you do need to have, I think, like a designer, or maybe like a Johnny Ive that is almost like a dictator. Yeah, you want a benevolent dictator. Yeah, who rolls in and says, cuts through the lawyers, the PR, but has a benevolent aspect. Like yeah, that has a good heart and makes sure. I think all great artists and designers create stuff that doesn't hurt people. Like if you have a good heart, you're going to create something that's going to actually make a lot of people feel good. That's what like people like Johnny Ive, what they love doing is creating a thing that brings a lot of love to the world. They imagine like millions of people using the thing and it instills them with joy. That's that you could say that about social robotics, you could say that about the metaverse. It shouldn't be done by the PR people, should be done by the designers. I agree, PR people ruin everything. Yeah, all the fun. In the book you have a picture, I just have a lot of ridiculous questions. You have a picture of two hospital delivery robots with a caption that reads, by the way, see your book, I appreciate that it keeps the humor in. You didn't run it by the PR department. No, no one edited the book, you got rushed through. The caption reads, two hospital delivery robots whose sexy nurse names Roxy and Lola made me roll my eyes so hard they almost fell out. What aspect of it made you roll your eyes? Is it the naming? It was the naming. The form factor is fine, it's like a little box on wheels. The fact that they named them, also great. That'll let people enjoy interacting with them. We know that even just giving a robot a name, people will, it facilitates technology adoption. People will be like, oh, you know, Betsy made a mistake, let's help her out instead of the stupid robot doesn't work. But why Lola and Roxy? Those are to you too sexy? I mean, there's research showing that a lot of robots are named according to gender biases about the function that they're fulfilling. So, robots that are helpful in assistance and are like nurses are usually female gendered, robots that are powerful, all wise computers like Watson usually have like a booming male coded voice and name. So, like that's one of those things, right? You're opening a can of worms for no reason, for no reason. You can avoid this whole can of worms. Just give it a different name, like why Roxy? It's because people aren't even thinking. So, to some extent, I don't like PR departments, but getting some feedback on your work from a diverse set of participants, listening and taking in things that help you identify your own blind spots. And then you can always make your good leadership choices and good, like you can still ignore things that you don't believe are an issue, but having the openness to take in feedback and making sure that you're getting the right feedback from the right people, I think that's really important. So, don't unnecessarily propagate the biases of society. Yeah, why? In the design. But if you're not careful when you do the research of, like you might, if you ran a poll with a lot of people, of all the possible names these robots have, they might come up with Roxy and Lola as names they would enjoy most. Like that could come up as the highest. As in you do marketing research and then, well, that's what they did with Alexa. They did marketing research and nobody wanted the male voice. Everyone wanted it to be female. Well, what do you think about that? Like what? If I were to say, I think the role of a great designer, again, to go back to Johnny Ive, is to throw out the marketing research. Like take it in, do it, learn from it. But like if everyone wants Alexa to be a female voice, the role of the designer is to think deeply about the future of social agents in the home and think. Like what does that future look like? And try to reverse engineer that future. So like in some sense, there's this weird tension. Like you want to listen to a lot of people, but at the same time, you want to, you're creating a thing that defines the future of the world and the people that you're listening to are part of the past. So like that weird tension. Yeah, I think that's true. And I think some companies like Apple have historically done very well at understanding a market and saying, you know what our role is? It's not to listen to what the current market says. It's to actually shape the market and shape consumer preferences. And companies have the power to do that. They can be forward thinking and they can actually shift what the future of technology looks like. And I agree with you that I would like to see more of that, especially when it comes to existing biases that we know, or that I think there's the low hanging fruit of companies that don't even think about it at all and aren't talking to the right people and aren't getting the full information. And then there's companies that are just like doing the safe thing and giving consumers what they want now, but to be really forward looking and be really successful, I think you have to make some judgment calls about what the future is gonna be. But do you think it's still useful to gender and to name the robots? Yes, I mean, gender is a minefield, but people, it's really hard to get people to not gender a robot in some way. So if you don't give it a name or you give it a ambiguous voice, people will just choose something. And maybe that's better than just entrenching something that you've decided is best. But I do think it can be helpful on the anthropomorphism engagement level to give it attributes that people identify with. Yeah, I think a lot of roboticists I know, they don't gender the robot, they even try to avoid naming the robot, or naming it something that can be used as a name in conversation kind of thing. And I think that's actually irresponsible because people are going to anthropomorphize the thing anyway. So you're just removing from yourself the responsibility of how they're going to anthropomorphize it. That's a good point. And so you want to be able to, they're going to do it, you have to start to think about how they're going to do it. Even if the robot is a Boston Dynamics robot, that's not supposed to have any kind of social component. They're obviously going to project a social component to it. Like that arm, I worked a lot with quadrupeds now with robot dogs. That arm, people think is the head immediately. It's supposed to be an arm, but they start to think it's a head. And you have to like acknowledge that. You can't, I mean- They do now. They do now? Well, they've deployed the robots and people are like, oh my God, the cops are using a robot dog. And so they have this PR nightmare. And so they're like, oh yeah, okay. Maybe we should hire some HRI people. Well, Boston Dynamics is an interesting company. Any of the others that are doing similar thing because their main source of money is in the industrial application. So like surveillance of factories and doing dangerous jobs. So to them, it's almost good PR for people to be scared of these things. Cause it's for some reason, as you talk about, people are naturally for some reason scared. We could talk about that of robots. And so it becomes more viral. Like playing with that little fear. And so it's almost like a good PR because ultimately they're not trying to put them in the home and have a good social connection. They're trying to put them in factories. And so they have fun with it. If you watch Boston Dynamics videos, they're aware of it. Oh yeah. They're, I mean, I was- The videos for sure that they put out. It's almost like an unspoken tongue in cheek thing. They're aware of how people are going to feel when you have a robot that does like a flip. Now, most of the people are just like excited about the control problem of it. Like how to make the whole thing happen. But they're aware when people see. Well, I think they became aware. I think that in the beginning, they were really, really focused on just the engineering. I mean, they're at the forefront of robotics, like locomotion and stuff. And then when they started doing the videos, I think that was kind of a labor of love. I know that the former CEO, Mark, he oversaw a lot of the videos and made a lot of them himself. And he's even really detail oriented. There can't be some sort of incline that would give the robot an advantage. They're very, he was very, held on integrity about the authenticity of them. But then when they started to go viral, I think that's when they started to realize, oh, there's something interesting here that, I don't know how much they took it seriously in the beginning, other than realizing that they could play within the videos. I know that they take it very seriously now. What I like about Boston Dynamics and similar companies, it's still mostly run by engineers. But I've had my criticisms. There's a bit more PR leaking in, but those videos are made by engineers because that's what they find fun. It's like testing the robustness of the system. I mean, they're having a lot of fun there with the robots. Totally. Have you been to visit? Yeah, yeah, yeah. Yeah, it's one of the most, like I, I mean, because I have eight robot dogs now. Wait, you have eight robot dogs? What? So they're just walking around your place? Yeah, I'm working on them. That's actually one of my goals is to have at any one time, oh, is a robot moving? Oh, that's an ambitious goal. Well, I have like more Roombas that I know what to do with, that I program. So the programmable Roombas. Nice. And I have a bunch of little, like I built the, well, I'm not finished with it yet, but I bought a robot from Rick and Morty. They still have a bunch of robots everywhere, but the thing is what happens is you're working on one robot at a time, and that becomes like a little project. It's actually very difficult to have just a passively functioning robot always moving. Yeah. And that's a dream for me, because I'd love to create that kind of little world. So the impressive thing about Boston Dynamics to me was to see like hundreds of spots. And like, there was a, the most impressive thing that still sticks with me is there was a spot robot walking down the hall, seemingly with no supervision whatsoever, and he was wearing, he or she, I don't know, was wearing a cowboy hat. It was just walking down the hall, and nobody paying attention, and it's just like walking down this long hall, and I'm like looking around, is anyone, like what's happening here? So presumably some kind of automation was doing the map. I mean, the whole environment is probably really well mapped, but it was just, it gave me a picture of a world where a robot is doing its thing, wearing a cowboy hat, just going down the hall, like getting some coffee or whatever. Like I don't know what it's doing, what's the mission, but I don't know, for some reason it really stuck with me. You don't often see robots that aren't part of a demo, or that aren't, you know, like with a semi-autonomous or autonomous vehicle, like directly doing a task. This was just chilling. Just walking around, I don't know. Well, yeah, you know, I mean, we're at MIT, like when I first got to MIT, I was like, okay, where's all the robots? And they were all like broken or like not demoing, so yeah. And what really excites me is that we're about to have that. We're about to have so many moving robots about too. Well, it's coming. It's coming in our lifetime that we will just have robots moving around. We're already seeing the beginnings of it. There's delivery robots in some cities, on the sidewalks. And I just love seeing like the TikToks of people reacting to that, because yeah, you see a robot walking down the hall with a cowboy hat. You're like, what the fuck? What is this? This is awesome and scary and kind of awesome. And people either love or hate it. That's one of the things that I think companies are underestimating, that people will either love a robot or hate a robot and nothing in between. So it's just, again, an exciting time to be alive. Yeah, I think kids almost universally, at least in my experience, love them. Love legged robots. If they're not loud, my son hates the rumo because ours is loud. Oh, that, yeah. No, the legs, the legs. Oh yeah. Cause your son, do they understand rumo to be a robot? Oh yeah, my kids, that's one of the first words they learned. They know how to say beep boop. And yes, they think the rumo's a robot. Do they project intelligence out of the thing? Well, we don't really use it around them anymore for the reason that my son is scared of it. Yeah, that's really interesting. I think they would. Like even a Roomba, because it's moving around on its own, I think kids and animals view it as an agent. So what do you think, if we just look at the state of the art of robotics, what do you think robots are actually good at today? So if we look at today. You mean physical robots? Yeah, physical robots. Well. Like what are you impressed by? So I think a lot of people, I mean, that's what your book is about, is maybe not a perfectly calibrated understanding of where we are in terms of robotics, what's difficult to robotics, what's easy in robotics. Yeah, we're way behind where people think we are. So what's impressive to me, so let's see. Oh, one thing that came out recently was Amazon has this new warehouse robot and it's the first autonomous warehouse robot that is safe for people to be around. And so like it's kind of, most people I think envision that our warehouses are already fully automated and that there's just like robots doing things. It's actually still really difficult to have robots and people in the same space because it's dangerous for the most part. Robots, because especially robots that have to be strong enough to move something heavy, for example, they can really hurt somebody. And so until now, a lot of the warehouse robots had to just move along like preexisting lines, which really restricts what you can do. And so having, I think that's one of the big challenges and one of the big like exciting things that's happening is that we're starting to see more cobotics in industrial spaces like that where people and robots can work side by side and not get harmed. Yeah, that's what people don't realize sort of the physical manipulation task with humans. It's not that the robots wanna hurt you. I think that's what people are worried about. Like this malevolent robot gets them out of its own and wants to destroy all humans. No, it's actually very difficult to know where the human is and to respond to the human dynamically and collaborate with them on a task, especially if you're something like an industrial robotic arm, which is extremely powerful. Some of those arms are pretty impressive now that you can grab it, you can move it. So the collaboration between human and robot in the factory setting is really fascinating. Yeah. Do you think they'll take our jobs? I don't think it's that simple. I think that there's a ton of disruption that's happening and will continue to happen. I think speaking specifically of the Amazon warehouses, that might be an area where it would be good for robots to take some of the jobs that are, where people are put in a position where it's unsafe and they're treated horribly. And probably it would be better if a robot did that and Amazon is clearly trying to automate that job away. So I think there's gonna be a lot of disruption. I do think that robots and humans have very different skillsets. So while a robot might take over a task, it's not gonna take over most jobs. I think just things will change a lot. Like, I don't know, one of the examples I have in the book is mining. So there you have this job that is very unsafe and that requires a bunch of workers and puts them in unsafe conditions. And now you have all these different robotic machines that can help make the job safer. And as a result, now people can sit in these like air conditioned remote control stations and like control these autonomous mining trucks. And so that's a much better job, but also they're employing less people now. So it's just a lot of, I think from a bird's eye perspective, you're not gonna see job loss, you're gonna see more jobs created because the future is not robots just becoming like people and taking their jobs. The future is really a combination of our skills and then the supplemental skillset that robots have to increase productivity, to help people have better, safer jobs, to give people work that they actually enjoy doing and are good at. But it's really easy to say that from a bird's eye perspective and ignore kind of the rubble on the ground as we go through these transitions, because of course, specific jobs are going to get lost. If you look at the history of the 20th century, it seems like automation constantly increases productivity and improves the average quality of life. So it's been always good. So like thinking about this time being different is that we would need to go against the lessons of history. It's true. And the other thing is I think people think that the automation of the physical tasks is easy. I was just in Ukraine and the interesting thing is, I mean, there's a lot of difficult and dark lessons, just about a war zone. But one of the things that happens in war is there's a lot of mines that are placed. That's one of the big problems for years after a war is even over, is the entire landscape is covered in mines. And so there's a demining effort. And you would think robots would be good at this kind of thing. Or like your intuition would be like, well, say you have unlimited money and you wanna do a good job of it, unlimited money. You would get a lot of really nice robots, but no, humans are still far superior. Or animals. Or animals. But even, right, but humans with animals together. Yeah. You can't just have dog with a hat. That's fair. But yes, but figuring out also how to disable the mine. Obviously the easy thing, the thing a robot can help with is to find the mine and blow it up. But that's gonna destroy the landscape. That really does a lot of damage to the land. You wanna disable the mine. And to do that because of all the different, all the different edge cases of the problem. It requires a huge amount of human-like experience, it seems like. So it's mostly done by humans. They have no use for robots. They don't want robots. Yeah. I think we overestimate what we can automate. Especially in the physical realm. Yeah. It's weird. I mean, it's continuous, the story of humans. We think we're shitty at everything in the physical world, including driving. We think everybody makes fun of themselves and others for being shitty drivers, but we're actually kind of incredible. No, we're incredible. And that's why, like, that's why Tesla still says that if you're in the driver's seat, like you are ultimately responsible. Because the ideal for, I mean, I mean, you know more about this than I do, but like robot cars are great at predictable things and can react faster and more precisely than a person and can do a lot of the driving. And then the reason that we still don't have autonomous vehicles on all the roads yet is because of this long tail of just unexpected occurrences where a human immediately understands that's a sunset and not a traffic light. That's a horse and carriage ahead of me on the highway, but the car has never encountered that before. So like in theory, combining those skill sets is what's gonna really be powerful. The only problem is figuring out the human robot interaction and the handoffs. So like in cars, that's a huge problem right now, figuring out the handoffs. But in other areas, it might be easier. And that's really the future is human robot interaction. What's really hard to improve, it's terrible that people die in car accidents, but I mean, it's like 70, 80, 100 million miles, one death per 80 million miles. That's like really hard to beat for a robot. That's like incredible. Like think about it, like the, how many people? Just the number of people throughout the world that are driving every single day, all the sleep deprived, drunk, distracted, all of that. And still very few die relative to what I would imagine. If I were to guess back in the horse, see when I was like in the beginning of the 20th century, riding my horse, I would talk so much shit about these cars. I'd be like, this is extremely dangerous. These machines traveling at 30 miles an hour, whatever the hell they're going at. This is irresponsible, it's unnatural, and it's going to be destructive to all of human society. But then it's extremely surprising how humans adapt to the thing and they know how to not kill each other. I mean, that ability to adapt is incredible and to mimic that in the machine is really tricky. Now that said, what Tesla is doing, I mean, I wouldn't have guessed how far machine learning can go on vision alone. It's really, really incredible. And people that are, at least from my perspective, people that are kind of critical of Elon and those efforts, I think don't give enough credit how much progress we've made, how much incredible progress has been made in that direction. I think most of the robotics community wouldn't have guessed how much you can do on vision alone. It's kind of incredible. Because we would be, I think it's that approach, which is relatively, I think, which is relatively unique, has challenged the other competitors to step up their game. So if you're using LIDAR, if you're using mapping, that challenges them to do better, to scale faster, and to use machine learning and computer vision as well to integrate both LIDAR and vision. So it's kind of incredible. And I'm not, I don't know if I even have a good intuition of how hard driving is anymore. Maybe it is possible to solve. So all the sunset, all the edge cases you mentioned. Yeah, the question is when. Yeah, I think it's not happening as quickly as people thought it would because it is more complicated. But I wouldn't have, I agree with you. My current intuition is that we're gonna get there. I think we're gonna get there too. But I didn't before, I wasn't sure we're gonna get there without, like with current technology. So I was kinda, this is like with vision alone, my intuition was you're gonna have to solve like common sense reasoning. You're gonna have to solve some of the big problems in artificial intelligence, not just perception. Yeah. Like you have to have a deep understanding of the world is always my sense. But now I'm starting to like, well this, I mean I'm continuing to see a surprise how well the thing works. Obviously Elon and others, others have stopped, but Elon continues saying we're gonna solve it in a year. Well yeah, that's the thing, bold prediction. Yeah, but everyone else used to be doing that, but they kinda like, all right. Yeah, maybe we'll. Maybe let's not promise we're gonna solve level four driving by 2020. Let's chill on that. But people are still trying silently. I mean the UK just committed 100 million pounds to research and development to speed up the process of getting autonomous vehicles on the road. Like everyone can see that it is solvable and it's going to happen and it's gonna change everything. And they're still investing in it. And like Waymo Loki has driverless cars in Arizona. Like you can get, you know, there's like robots. It's weird, have you ever been in one? No. It's so weird. It's so awesome. Because the most awesome experience is the wheel turning. And you're sitting in the back. It's like, I don't know. It's, it feels like you're a passenger with that friend who's a little crazy of a driver. It feels like, shit, I don't know. Are you ready to drive, bro? You know, that kind of feeling. But then you kind of, that experience, that nervousness, and the excitement of trusting another being, and in this case it's a machine, is really interesting. And it's just even introspecting your own feelings about the thing. Yeah. They're not doing anything in terms of making you feel better. Like at least Waymo, I think they went with the approach of like, let's not try to put eyes on the thing. It's a wheel, we know what that looks like. It's just a car. It's a car, get in the back. Let's not like discuss this at all. Let's not discuss the fact that this is a robot driving you and you're in the back, and if the robot wants to start driving 80 miles an hour and run off of a bridge, you have no recourse. Let's not discuss this. You're just getting the back. There's no discussion about like how shit can go wrong. There's no eyes, there's nothing. There's like a map showing what the car can see. Like, you know, what happens if it's like a Hal 9000 situation? Like, I'm sorry, I can't. You have a button you can like call customer service. Oh God, then you can put on hold for two hours? Probably. But you know, currently what they're doing, which I think is understandable, but you know, the car just can pull over and stop and wait for help to arrive, and then a driver will come and then they'll actually drive the car for you. But that's like, you know, what if you're late for a meeting or all that kind of stuff. Or like the more dystopian, isn't it the fifth element where, is Will Smith in that movie? Who's in that movie? No, Bruce Willis? Bruce Willis. Oh yeah, and he gets into like a robotic cab or car or something, and then because he's violated a traffic rule, it locks him in, and he has to wait for the cops to come and he can't get out. So like, we're gonna see stuff like that maybe. Well that's, I believe that the companies that have robots, the only ones that will succeed are the ones that don't do that, meaning they respect privacy. You think so? Yeah, because people, because they're gonna have to earn people's trust. Yeah, but like Amazon works with law enforcement and gives them the data from the ring cameras, so. Really? Why should it, yeah, oh yeah. Do you have a ring camera? No. Okay. No, no, but basically any security camera, right? I have a Google's, whatever they have. We have one that's not, we store the data on a local server because we don't want it to go to law enforcement, because all the companies are doing it. They're doing it, I bet Apple wouldn't. Yeah. Apple's the only company I trust, and I don't know how much longer. I don't know. I, maybe that's true for cameras, but with robots, people are just not gonna let a robot inside their home where, like one time where somebody gets arrested because of something a robot sees, that's gonna be, that's gonna destroy a company. You don't think people are gonna be like, well, that wouldn't happen to me, that happened to a bad person? I think they would. Yeah? Because in the modern world, people are, have you seen Twitter? They get extremely paranoid about any kind of surveillance. But the thing that I've had to learn is that Twitter is not the modern world. Like when I go inland to visit my relatives, like they don't, that's a different discourse that's happening. I think like the whole tech criticism world, it's loud in our ears, because we're in those circles. Do you think you can be a company that does social robotics and not win over Twitter? That's a good question. I feel like the early adopters are all on Twitter. And it feels like you have to win them over. Feels like nowadays you'd have to win over TikTok, honestly. I don't. TikTok, is that a website? I need to check it out. And that's an interesting one, because China is behind that one. Exactly. So if it's compelling enough, maybe people would be able to give up privacy and that kind of stuff. That's really scary. I mean, I'm worried about it. I'm worried about it. And there've been some developments recently that are like super exciting, like the large language learning models. Like, wow, I did not anticipate those improving so quickly. And those are gonna change everything. And one of the things that I'm trying to be cynical about is that I think they're gonna have a big impact on privacy and data security and manipulating consumers and manipulating people, because suddenly you'll have these agents that people will talk to you and they won't care or won't know, at least on a conscious level, that it's recording the conversations. So kind of like we were talking about before. And at the same time, the technology is so freaking exciting that it's gonna get adopted. Well, it's not even just the collection of data, but the ability to manipulate at scale. So what do you think about the AI, the engineer from Google that thought Lambda is sentient? You had actually a really good post from somebody else. I forgot her name. It's brilliant. I can't believe I didn't know about her. Thanks to you. Chanel Shane? Yeah, from Weird AI. Oh yeah, I love her book. Oh, she's great. I left a note for myself to reach out to her. She's amazing. She's hilarious and brilliant and just a great summarizer of the state of AI. But she has, I think that was from her, where I was looking at AI explaining that it's a squirrel. Oh yeah, because the transcripts that the engineer released, Lambda kind of talks about the experience of human-like feelings and I think even consciousness. And so she was like, oh cool, that's impressive. I wonder if an AI can also describe the experience of being a squirrel. And so she interviewed, I think she did GPT-3 about the experience of being a squirrel. And then she did a bunch of other ones too. What's it like being a flock of crows? What's it like being an algorithm that powers a Roomba? And you can have a conversation about any of those things and they're very convincing. It's pretty convincing, yeah. Even GPT-3, which is not state of the art. It's convincing being a squirrel. It's like, what is like, you should check it out because it really is, it's like, yeah, that probably is what a squirrel would talk about. It would say. Are you excited? What's it like being a squirrel? Oh, it's fun. I get to eat nuts and run around all day. How do you think people will feel when you tell them that you're a squirrel? Or like, I forget what it was. Like a lot of people might be scared to find out that you're a squirrel or something like this. And then the system answers pretty well. Like, yeah, I hope they'll, like, what do you think when they find out you're a squirrel? I hope they'll see how fun it is to be a squirrel. What do you say to people who don't believe you're a squirrel? I say, come see for yourselves. I am a squirrel. That's great. Well, I think it's really great because it like, the two things to note about it are, first of all, just because the machine is describing an experience doesn't mean it actually has that experience. But then secondly, these things are getting so advanced and so convincing at describing these things and talking to people. That's, I mean, just the implications for health, education, communication, entertainment, gaming. Like, I just, like, all of the applications, it's mind boggling what we're gonna be able to do with this and that my kids are not gonna remember a time before they could have conversations with artificial agents. Do you think they would, because to me, this is, the focus in the AI community has been, well, this engineer surely is hallucinating. The thing is not sentient. But to me, I, first of all, it doesn't matter if he is or not, this is coming. Yeah. Where a large number of people would believe a system is sentient, including engineers within companies. Yeah. So in that sense, you start to think about a world where, like, your kids aren't just used to having a conversation with the bot, but used to believing, kind of, having an implied belief that the thing is sentient. Yeah, I think that's true. And I think that one of the things that bothered me about all of the coverage in the tech press about this incident, like, obviously, I don't believe the system is sentient. Like, I think that it can convincingly describe that it is. I don't think it's doing what he thought it was doing and actually experiencing feelings. But a lot of the tech press was about how he was wrong and depicting him as kind of naive. And it's not naive. Like, there's so much research in my field showing that people do this, even experts. They might be very clinical when they're doing human-robot interaction experiments with a robot that they've built. And then you bring in a different robot, and they're like, oh, look at it, it's having fun, it's doing this. Like, that happens in our lab all the time. We are all this guy. And it's gonna be huge. So I think that the goal is not to discourage this kind of belief or design systems that people won't think are sentient. I don't think that's possible. I think you're right, this is coming. It's something that we have to acknowledge and even embrace and be very aware of. So one of the really interesting perspectives that your book takes on a system like this is to see them, not to compare a system like this to humans, but to compare it to animals, of how we see animals. Can you kind of try to, again, sneak up, try to explain why this analogy is better than the human analogy, the analogy of robots as animals? Yeah, and it gets trickier with the language stuff, but we'll get into that too. I think that animals are a really great thought experiment when we're thinking about AI and robotics, because again, this comparing them to humans that leads us down the wrong path, both because it's not accurate, but also I think for the future, we don't want that. We want something that's a supplement. But I think animals, because we've used them throughout history for so many different things, we domesticated them not because they do what we do, but because what they do is different and that's useful. And it's just like, whether we're talking about companionship, whether we're talking about work integration, whether we're talking about responsibility for harm, there's just so many things we can draw on in that history from these entities that can sense, think, make autonomous decisions and learn that are applicable to how we should be thinking about robots and AI. And the point of the book is not that they're the same thing, that animals and robots are the same. Obviously there are tons of differences there. Like you can't have a conversation with a squirrel, right? But the point is that- I do it all the time. Oh really? By the way, squirrels are the cutest. I project so much on squirrels. I wonder what their inner life is. I suspect they're much bigger assholes than we imagine. Really? Like if it was a giant squirrel, it would fuck you over so fast. If you had the chance, it would take everything you own. It would eat all your stuff, but because it's small and the furry tail, the furry tail is a weapon against human consciousness and cognition. It wins us over. That's what cats do too. Cats outcompete the squirrels. And dogs. Like dogs- No, dogs have love. Cats have no soul. They- No, I'm just kidding. People get so angry when I talk shit about cats. I love cats. Anyway, so yeah, you're describing all the different kinds of animals that get domesticated. And it's a really interesting idea that it's not just sort of pets. There's all kinds of domestication going on. They all have all kinds of uses. Yes. Like the ox that you proposed might be, at least historically, one of the most useful domesticated animals. It was a game changer because it revolutionized what people could do economically, et cetera. So, I mean, just like robots, they're gonna change things economically. They're gonna change landscapes. Cities might even get rebuilt around autonomous vehicles or drones or delivery robots. I think just the same ways that animals have really shifted society. And society has adapted also to socially accepting animals as pets. I think we're gonna see very similar things with robots. So I think it's a useful analogy. It's not a perfect one, but I think it helps us get away from this idea that robots can, should, or will replace people. If you remember, what are some interesting uses of animals? Ferrets, for example. Oh yeah, the ferrets. They still do this. They use ferrets to go into narrow spaces that people can't go into, like a pipe, or they'll use them to run electrical wire. I think they did that for Princess Di's wedding. There's so many weird ways that we've used animals and still use animals for things that robots can't do, like the dolphins that they used in the military. I think Russia still has dolphins, and the US still has dolphins in their navies. Mine detection, looking for lost underwater equipment, some rumors about using them for weaponry, which I think Russia's like, sure, believe that. And America's like, no, no, we don't do that. Who knows? But they started doing that in the 60s, 70s. They started training these dolphins because they were like, oh, dolphins have this amazing echolocation system that we can't replicate with machines, and they're trainable. So we're gonna use them for all the stuff that we can't do with machines or by ourselves. And they've tried to phase out the dolphins. I know the US has invested a lot of money in trying to make robots do the mine detection, but like you were saying, there are some things that the robots are good at, and there's some things that biological creatures are better at, so they still have the dolphins. So there's also pigeons, of course. Oh yeah, pigeons. Oh my gosh, there's so many examples. The pigeons were the original hobby photography drone. They also carried mail for thousands of years, letting people communicate with each other in new ways. So the thing that I like about the animal analogy is they have all these physical abilities, but also sensing abilities that we don't have. And that's just so useful. And that's robots, right? Robots have physical abilities. They can help us lift things or do things that we're not physically capable of. They can also sense things. I still feel like it's a really good analogy. Yeah, it's really strong. And it works because people are familiar with it. What about companionship? And when we start to think about cats and dogs and pets that seem to serve no purpose whatsoever except the social connection. Yeah, I mean, that's kind of a newer thing. At least in the United States, dogs used to have, they used to have a purpose. They used to be guard dogs or they had some sort of function. And then at some point they became just part of the family. And it's so interesting how there's some animals that we've treated as workers, some that we've treated as objects, some that we eat and some that are parts of our families. And that's different across cultures. And I'm convinced that we're gonna see the same thing with robots where people are gonna develop strong emotional connections to certain robots that they relate to either culturally or personally emotionally. And then there's gonna be other robots that we don't treat the same way. I wonder, does that have to do more with the culture and the people or the robot design as an interplay between the two? Like why did dogs and cats outcompete ox and, I don't know what else, like farm animals to really get inside the home and get inside our hearts? Yeah, I mean, people point to the fact that dogs are very genetically flexible and they can evolve much more quickly than other animals. And so they, evolutionary biologists think that dogs evolved to be more appealing to us. And then once we learned how to breed them, we started breeding them to be more appealing to us too, which is not something that we necessarily would be able to do with cows, although we've bred them to make more milk for us. So, but part of it is also culture. I mean, there are cultures where people eat dogs still today and then there's other cultures where we're like, oh, no, that's terrible. We would never do that. And so I think there's a lot of different elements that play in. I wonder if there's good, because I understand dogs because they use their eyes, they're able to communicate affection, all those kinds of things. It's really interesting what dogs do. There's whole conferences on dog consciousness and cognition and all that kind of stuff. Now cats is a mystery to me because they seem to not give a shit about the human. But they're warm and fluffy and cute. But they're also passive aggressive. So they're at the same time, they're like, they're dismissive of a view in some sense. I think some people like that about people. Yeah, they want the push and pull of a relationship and they don't want loyalty or unconditional love. That means they haven't earned it. Yeah, yeah. And maybe that says a lot more about the people than it does about the animals. Oh yeah, we all need therapy. Yeah. So I'm judging harshly the people that have cats or the people that have dogs. Maybe the people that have dogs are desperate for attention and unconditional love and they're unable to sort of struggle to earn meaningful connections. I don't know. Maybe people are talking about you and your robot pets in the same way. Yeah, that's, it is kind of sad. There's just robots everywhere. But I mean, I'm joking about it being sad because I think it's kind of beautiful. I think robots are beautiful in the same way that pets are, even children, in that they capture some kind of magic of social robots. They have the capacity to have the same kind of magic of connection. I don't know what that is. When they're brought to life and they move around, the way they make me feel, I'm pretty convinced, is as you know, they will make billions of people feel. I don't think I'm some weird robotics guy. I'm not. I mean, you are, but not in this way. Not in this way. I mean, I just, I can put on my normal human hat and just see this, oh, this is, there's a lot of possibility there of something cool, just like with dogs. What is it? Why are we so into dogs or cats? Like, it's way different than us. It is. It's like drooling all over the place with its tongue out. It's like a weird creature that used to be a wolf. Why are we into this thing? Well, dogs can either express or mimic a lot of emotions that we recognize. And I think that's a big thing. Like a lot of the magic of animals and robots is our own self-projection. And the easier it is for us to see ourselves in something and project human emotions or qualities or traits onto it, the more we'll relate to it. And then you also have the movement, of course. I think that's also really, that's why I'm so interested in physical robots, because that's, I think, the visceral magic of them. I think we're, I mean, there's research showing that we're probably biologically hardwired to respond to autonomous movement in our physical space, because we've had to watch out for predators or whatever the reason is. And so animals and robots are very appealing to us as these autonomously moving things that we view as agents instead of objects. I love the moment, which is, I've been particularly working on, which is when a robot like the cowboy hat is doing its own thing, and then it recognizes you. I mean, the way a dog does. And it looks like this. And the moment of recognition, like you're walking, say you're walking in an airport on the street, and there's just hundreds of strangers, but then you see somebody you know. And that, like, where you wake up to that excitement of seeing somebody you know and saying hello and all that kind of stuff, that's a magical moment. Like, I think, especially with the dog, it makes you feel noticed and heard and loved. Like, if somebody looks at you and recognizes you, that it matters that you exist. Yeah, you feel seen. Yeah, and that's a cool feeling. And I honestly think robots can give that feeling. Oh yeah, totally. Currently, Alexa, I mean, one of the downsides of these systems is they don't, they're servants. Like, part of the, you know, they're trying to maintain privacy, I suppose. But I don't feel seen with Alexa, right? I think that's gonna change. I think you're right. And I think that that's the game-changing nature of things like these large language learning models. And the fact that these companies are investing in embodied versions that move around of Alexa, like Astro. Can I just say, yeah, Astro, I haven't, is that out? I mean, it's out. You can't just like buy one commercially yet, but you can apply for one. Yeah. My gut says that these companies don't have the guts to do the personalization. This goes to the, because it's edgy, it's dangerous. It's gonna make a lot of people very angry. A lot of people are very angry, like in the way that, you know, just imagine, okay, all right. If you do the full landscape of human civilization, just visualize the number of people that are going through breakups right now. Just the amount of really passionate, just even if you just look at teenagers, the amount of deep heartbreak that's happening. And like, if you're going to have Alexa have more of a personal connection with the human, you're gonna have humans that like have existential crises. There's a lot of people that suffer from loneliness and depression. And like, you're now taking on the full responsibility of being a companion to the rollercoaster of the human condition. As a company, imagine PR and marketing people, they're gonna freak out. They don't have the guts. It's gonna have to come from somebody, from a new Apple, from those kinds of folks. Like it's a small startup. And it might. Yeah. It's coming. There's already Virtual Therapist. There's that Replica app. I haven't tried it, but Replica's like a virtual companion. Like it's coming. And if big companies don't do it, someone else will. Yeah. I think the next, the future, the next trillion dollar company will be those personalization. Cause if you think, if you think about all the AI we have around us, all the smart phones and so on, there's very minimal personalization. You don't think that's just because they weren't able? No. Really? I don't think they have the guts. I mean, it might be true, but I have to wonder. I mean, Google is clearly gonna do something with the language. I mean. They don't have the guts. Are you challenging them? Partially, but not really. Cause I know they're not gonna do it. I mean. They don't have to. It's bad for business in the short term. I'm gonna be honest. Like maybe it's not such a bad thing if they don't just like roll this out quickly because I do think there are huge issues. Yeah. And there's, and not just issues with like the responsibility of like unforeseen effects on people, but what's the business model? And if you are using the business model that you've used in other domains, then you're gonna have to collect data from people, which you will anyway to personalize the thing. And you're gonna be somehow monetizing the data or you're gonna be doing some like ad model. It just, it seems like now we're suddenly getting into the realm of like severe consumer protection issues. And I'm really worried about that. I see massive potential for this technology to be used in a way that's not for the public good and not, I mean, that's in an individual user's interest maybe, but not in society's interest. Yeah, see, I think that kind of personalization should be like redefine how we treat data. I think you should own all the data your phone knows about you, like and be able to delete it with a single click and walk away. And that data cannot be monetized or used or shared anywhere without your permission. I think that's the only way people will trust you to give, for you to use that data. But then how are companies gonna, I mean, a lot of these applications rely on massive troves of data to train the AI system. Right, so you have to opt in constantly and opt in not in some legal, I agree, but obvious like show, like in the way I opt in to tell you a secret. Like we understand like that, like I have to choose like how well do I know you? And then I say like, don't tell this to anyone. And then I have to judge how leaky that like, how good you are at keeping secrets. In that same way, like it's very transparent in which data you're allowed to use for which purposes. That's what people are saying is the solution. And I think that works to some extent, having transparency, having people consent. I think it breaks down at the point at which, we've seen this happen on social media too, like people are willingly giving up their data because they're getting a functionality from that. And then the harm that that causes is on a, like maybe just someone else and not to them personally. So. I don't think people are given their data. They're not being asked. Like, it's not consensual. If you were like, tell me a secret about yourself and I'll give you a hundred dollars, I'd tell you a secret. No, not a hundred dollars. First of all, you wouldn't. You wouldn't trust like why you gave me a hundred dollars. It's a bad example. But like I need, I would ask for your specific like fashion interest in order to give recommendations to you for shopping. And I'd be very clear for that. And you could disable that. You can delete that. But then you can be, have a deep, meaningful, rich connection with the system about what you think you look fat in, what you look great in, what like the full history of all the things you've worn, whether you regret the Justin Bieber or enjoy the Justin Bieber shirt, all of that information that's mostly private to even you, not even your loved ones that a system should have that. Because then a system, if you trust it to keep control of that data that you own, you can walk away with, that system could tell you a damn good thing to wear. It could. And the harm that I'm concerned about is not that the system is gonna then suggest a dress for me that is based on my preferences. So I went to this conference once where I was talking to the people who do the analytics and like the big ad companies. And like literally a woman there was like, I can ask you three totally unrelated questions and tell you what menstrual product you use. And so what they do is they aggregate the data and they map out different personalities and different people and demographics. And then they have a lot of power and control to market to people. So like I might not be sharing my data with any of the systems because I'm like, I'm on Twitter. I know that this is bad. Other people might be sharing data that can be used against me. Like I think it's way more complex than just I share a piece of personal information and it gets used against me. I think that at a more systemic level and then it's always vulnerable populations that are targeted by this. Low income people being targeted for scammy loans or I don't know, like I could get targeted, like someone, not me, because someone who doesn't have kids yet and is my age could get targeted for like freezing their eggs. And there's all these ways that you can manipulate people where it's not really clear that that came from that person's data. It came from all of us, all of us opting into this. But there's a bunch of sneaky decisions along the way that could be avoided if there's transparency. So one of the ways that goes wrong if you share that data with too many ad networks, don't run your own ad network. Don't share with anybody. Okay, and that's something that you could regulate. That belongs to just you and all the ways you allow the company to use it, the default is in no way at all. And you're consciously constantly saying exactly how to use it. And also it has to do with the recommender system itself from the company, which is freezing your eggs. If that doesn't make you happy, if that idea doesn't make you happy, then the system shouldn't recommend it and should be very good at learning. So not the kind of things that the category of people it thinks you belong to will do, but more you specifically what makes you happy, what is helping you grow. But you're assuming that people's preferences and what makes them happy is static. Whereas when we were talking before about how a company like Apple can tell people what they want and they will start to want it. That's the thing that I'm more concerned about. Yeah, that is a huge problem. It's not just listening to people, but manipulating them into wanting something. And that's like, we have a long history of using technology for that purpose. Like the persuasive design in casinos to get people to gamble more. Or like, it's just, the other thing that I'm worried about is as we have more social technology, suddenly you have this on a new level. Like if you look at the influencer marketing that happens online now. What's the influencer marketing? So like on Instagram, there will be some like person who has a bunch of followers. And then a brand will like hire them to promote some product. And it's above board. They disclose like, this is an ad that I'm promoting, but they have so many young followers who like deeply admire and trust them. I mean, this must work for you too. Don't you have like ads on the podcast? Like people trust you. Magic spoon cereal, low carb, yes. If you say that, like I guarantee you some people will buy that just because even though they know that you're being paid, they trust you. Yeah. It's different with podcasts because with my particular situation, but it's true for a lot of podcasts, especially big ones, is I have 10 times more sponsors that wanna be sponsors than I have. So you get to select the ones that you actually wanna support. And so like you end up using it and then you're able to actually, like there's no incentive to like, show for anybody. Sure. And that's why it's fine when it's still human influencers. Right. Now, if you're a bot, you're not gonna discriminate. You're not gonna be like, oh, well, I think this product is good for people. You think there'll be like bots essentially with millions of followers. There already are. There are virtual influencers in South Korea who show products. And like, that's just the tip of the iceberg because that's still very primitive. Now with the new image generation and the language learning models. And like, so we're starting to do some research around kids and like young adults because a lot of the research on like, what's okay to advertise to kids and what is too manipulative has to do with television ads. Back in the day where like a kid who's 12 understands, oh, that's an advertisement. I can distinguish that from entertainment. I know it's trying to sell me something. Now it's getting really, really murky with influencers. And then if you have like a bot that a kid has developed a relationship with, is it okay to market products through that or not? Like you're getting into all these consumer protection issues because you're developing a trusted relationship with a social entity, but it's... And so now it's like personalized, it's scalable, it's automated and it can... So some of the research showing that kids are already very confused about like the incentives of the company versus what the robot is doing. Meaning they're not deeply understanding the incentives of the system. Well, yeah, so like kids who are old enough to understand this is a television advertisement is trying to advertise to me. I might still decide I want this product but they understand what's going on so there's some transparency there. That age child, so Daniella DiPaola, Anastasia Ostrovski and I advised on this project, they did this. They asked kids who had interacted with social robots whether they would like a policy that allows robots to market to people through casual conversation or whether they would prefer that it has to be transparent that it's like an ad coming from a company. And the majority said they preferred the casual conversation and when asked why, there was a lot of confusion about, they were like, well, the robot knows me better than the company does so the robot's only gonna market things that I like. And so they don't really, they're not connecting the fact that the robot is an agent of the company. They're viewing it as something separate. And I think that even happens subconsciously with grownups when it comes to robots and artificial agents and it will. This Blake guy at Google, sorry, I'm going on and on but his main concern was that Google owned this sentient agent and that it was being mistreated. His concern was not that the agent was gonna mistreat people. So I think we're gonna see a lot of this. Yeah, but shitty companies will do that. I think ultimately that confusion should be alleviated by the robot should actually know you better and should not have any control from the company. But what's the business model for that? If you use the robot to buy, first of all, the robot should probably cost money. Should what? Cost money, like the way Windows operating system does. I see it more like an operating system than, like this thing is your window, no pun intended, into the world. So it's helping you as like a personal assistant, right? And so that should cost money. You should, whatever it is, 10 bucks, 20 bucks. Like that's the thing that makes your life significantly better. This idea that everything should be free is, like it should actually help educate you. You should talk shit about all the other companies that do stuff for free. But also, yeah, in terms of if you purchase stuff based on its recommendation, it gets money. So it's kind of ad driven, but it's not ads. It's like, it's not controlled. Like no external entities can control it to try to manipulate, to want a thing. That would be amazing. It's actually trying to discover what you want. So it's not allowed to have any influence. No promoted ad, no anything. So that's finding, I don't know, the thing that would actually make you happy. That's the only thing it cares about. I think companies like this can win out. Yes, I think eventually once people understand the value of the robot, even just, like I think that robots would be valuable to people, even if they're not marketing something or helping with like preferences or anything. Like just a simple, the same thing as a pet, like a dog that has no function other than being a member of your family. I think robots could really be that and people would pay for that. I don't think the market realizes that yet. And so my concern is that companies are not gonna go in that direction, at least not yet, of making like this contained thing that you buy. It seems almost old fashioned, right? Like you have a disconnected object that you buy that you're not like paying a subscription for. It's not like controlled by one of the big corporations. But that's the old fashioned things that people yearn for because I think it's very popular now and people understand the negative effects of social media, the negative effects of the data being used in all these kinds of ways. I think we're just waking up to the realization we tried, we're like baby deer finding our legs in this new world of social media, of ad driven companies and realizing, okay, this has to be done somehow different. I mean, that like one of the most popular notions, at least in the United States, is social media is evil and it's doing bad by us. It's not like it's totally tricked us into believing that it's good for us. I think everybody knows it's bad for us. And so like there's a hunger for other ideas. All right, it's time for us to start that company. I think so. Let's do it. I think let's go. Hopefully no one listens to this and steals the idea. There's no, see that's the other thing. I think I'm a big person on execution is what matters. I mean, it's like ideas are kind of true. The social robotics is a good example that there's been so many amazing companies that went out of business. I mean, to me it's obvious. Like it's obvious that there will be a robotics company that puts a social robot on the home of billions of homes. Yeah. And it'll be a companion. Okay, there you go. You can steal that idea. Do it. Okay, I have a question for you. What about Elon Musk's humanoid? Is he gonna execute on that? There might be a lot to say. So for people who are not aware, there's an optimist, Tesla's optimist robot that's, I guess the stated reason for that robot is a humanoid robot in the factory that's able to automate some of the tasks that humans are currently doing. And the reason you wanna do, it's the second reason you mentioned, the reason you wanna do a humanoid robot is because the factory is built for the certain tasks that are designed for humans. So it's hard to automate with any other form factor than a humanoid. And then the other reason is because so much effort has been put into this giant data engine machine of perception that's inside Tesla autopilot, that's seemingly at least the machine, if not the data, is transferable to the factory setting, to any setting. Yeah, he said it would do anything that's boring to us. Yeah, yeah. The interesting thing about that is there's no interest and no discussion about the social aspect. Like I talked to him on mic and off mic about it quite a bit. And there's not a discussion about like, to me it's obvious if a thing like that works at all, at all. In fact, it has to work really well in a factory. If it works kinda shitty, it's much more useful in the home. Cause we're much, I think being shitty at stuff is kind of what makes relationships great. Like you wanna be flawed and be able to communicate your flaws and be unpredictable in certain ways. Like if you fell over every once in a while for no reason whatsoever, I think that's essential for like- Very charming. It's charming but also concerning and also like, are you okay? Is you, I mean it's both hilarious. Whenever somebody you love falls down the stairs, it's both hilarious and concerning. Some dance between the two. And I think that's essential for like, you almost wanna engineer that in, except you don't have to because of robotics in the physical space is really difficult. So, I think I've learned to not discount the efforts that Elon does. There's a few things that are really interesting there. One, because he's taken it extremely seriously, what I like is the humanoid form, the cost of building a robot. I talked to Jim Keller offline about this a lot. And currently humanoid robots cost a lot of money. And the way they're thinking about it, now they're not talking about all the social robotics stuff that you and I care about. They are thinking, how can we manufacture this thing cheaply and do it like well? And the kind of discussions they're having is really great engineering. It's like, first principles question of like, why is this cost so much? Like, what's the cheap way? Why can't we build? And there's not a good answer. Why can't we build this humanoid form for under $1,000? And like, I've sat and had these conversations. There's no reason. I think the reason they've been so expensive is because they were focused on trying to, they weren't focused on doing the mass manufacture. People are focused on getting a thing that's, I don't know exactly what the reasoning is, but it's the same like Waymo. It's like, let's build a million dollar car in the beginning or like multi-million dollar car. Let's try to solve that problem. The way Elon, the way Jim Keller, the way some of those folks are thinking is, let's like at the same time, try to actually build a system that's cheap, not crappy, but cheap. Unless from first principles, what is the minimum amount of degrees of freedom we need? What are the joints? Where's the control sit? Like how many, how do we act, like where are the activators? What's the way to power this in the lowest cost way possible, but also in a way that's like actually works. How do we make the whole thing not part of the components where there's a supply chain, you have to have all these different parts that have to feed us. Do it all from scratch and do the learning. I mean, it's like immediately certain things like become obvious, do the exact same pipeline as you do for autonomous driving, just the exact, I mean, the infrastructure that is incredible for the computer vision, for the manipulation task, the control problem changes, the perception problem changes, but the pipeline doesn't change. Do it. And so I don't, obviously the optimism about how long it's gonna take, I don't share, but it's a really interesting problem. And I don't wanna say anything because my first gut is to say that, why the humanoid form? That doesn't make sense. Yeah, that's my second gut too, but. But then there's a lot of people that are really excited about the humanoid form there. That's true. It's like, I don't wanna get in the way, like they might solve this thing and they might, it's like similar with Boston Dynamics. Like why, like if I were to, you can be a hater and you go up to Mark Rybert and just like, how are you gonna make money with these super expensive legged robots? What's your business plan? This doesn't make any sense. Why are you doing these legged robots? But at the same time, they're pushing forward the science, the art of robotics in the way that nobody else does. Yeah. And with Elon, they're not just going to do that, they're gonna drive down the cost to where we can have humanoid bots in the home potentially. So the part I agree with is a lot of people find it fascinating and it probably also attracts talent who wanna work on humanoid robots. I think it's a fascinating scientific problem and engineering problem and it can teach us more about human body and locomotion and all of that. I think there's a lot to learn from it. Where I get tripped up is why we need them for anything other than art and entertainment in the real world. I get that there are some areas where you can't just rebuild, like a spaceship, you can't just, like they've worked for so many years on these spaceships, you can't just re-engineer it. You have some things that are just built for human bodies, a submarine, a spaceship. But a factory, maybe I'm naive, but it seems like we've already rebuilt factories to accommodate other types of robots. Why would we want to just make a humanoid robot to go in there? I just get really tripped up on, I think that people want humanoids, I think people are fascinated by them. I think it's a little overhyped. Well, most of our world is still built for humanoids. I know, but it shouldn't be. It should be built so that it's wheelchair accessible. Right, so the question is, do you build a world that's the general form of wheelchair accessible, all robot form factor accessible, or do you build humanoid robots? I mean, it doesn't have to be all, and it also doesn't have to be either or. I just feel like we're thinking so little about the system in general and how to create infrastructure that works for everyone, all kinds of people, all kinds of robots. Like that's, I mean, it's more of an investment, but that would pay off way more in the future than just trying to cram expensive or maybe slightly less expensive humanoid technology into a human space. Unfortunately, one company can't do that. We have to work together. It's like autonomous driving can be easily solved if you do V2I, if you change the infrastructure of cities and so on, but that requires a lot of people, a lot of them are politicians, and a lot of them are somewhat, if not a lot, corrupt, and all those kinds of things. And the talent thing you mentioned is really, really, really important. I've gotten a chance to meet a lot of folks at SpaceX and Tesla, other companies too, but they're specifically, the openness makes it easier to like meet everybody. I think a lot of amazing things in this world happen when you get amazing people together. And if you can sell an idea, like us becoming a multi-planetary species, you can say, why the hell would I go to Mars? Like why colonize Mars? If you think from basic first principles, it doesn't make any sense. It doesn't make any sense to go to the moon. The only thing that makes sense to go to space is for satellites. But there's something about the vision of the future, the optimism laden that permeates this vision of us becoming multi-planetary. It's thinking not just for the next 10 years, it's thinking like human civilization reaching out into the stars. It makes people dream, it's really exciting. And that, they're gonna come up with some cool shit that might not have anything to do with, like here's what I, cause Elon doesn't seem to care about social robotics, which is constantly surprising to me. I talk to him, he doesn't, humans are, humans are the things you avoid and don't hurt, right? Like that's, like the number one job of a robot is not to hurt a human, to avoid them. You know, that the collaborative aspect, the human robot interaction, I think is not, at least not in his, not something he thinks about deeply. But my sense is if somebody like that takes on the problem of human robotics, we're gonna get a social robot out of it. Like people like, not necessarily Elon, but people like Elon, if they take on seriously these, like I can just imagine with a humanoid robot, you can't help but create a social robot. So if you do different form factors, if you do industrial robotics, you don't, you're likely to actually not end up in, like walking head into a social robot, a social robot, human robot interaction problem. If you create for whatever the hell reason you want to, a humanoid robot, you're gonna have to reinvent, well not reinvent, but do, introduce a lot of fascinating new ideas into the problem of human robot interaction, which I'm excited about. So like, if I was a business person, I would say this is not, this is way too risky. This doesn't make any sense. But when people are really convinced and there's a lot of amazing people working on it, it's like, all right, let's see what happens here. This is really interesting. Just like with Atlas and Boston Dynamics, I mean, they, I apologize if I'm ignorant on this, but I think they really, more than anyone else, maybe with iBoat, like Sony, pushed forward humanoid robotics, like a leap with Atlas. Oh yeah, with Atlas, absolutely. And like without them, like why the hell did they do it? Why? Well, I think for them, it is a research platform. It's not, I don't think they ever, the speculation, I don't think they ever intended Atlas to be like a commercially successful robot. I think they were just like, can we do this? Let's try. Yeah, I wonder if they, maybe the answer they landed on is, because they eventually went to Spot. The earlier versions of Spot, so Quadrope has like four-legged robot, but maybe they reached for, let's try to make, like, I think they tried it, and they still are trying it for Atlas to be picking up boxes, to moving boxes, to being, it makes sense. Okay, if they were exactly the same cost, it makes sense to have a humanoid robot in the warehouse. Currently. Currently. I think it's short-sighted, but yes, currently, yes, it would sell. But it's not, it's short-sighted, it's short-sighted, but it's not pragmatic to think any other way, to think that you're gonna be able to change warehouses. You're gonna have to, you're going- If you're Amazon, you can totally change your warehouses. Yes, yes, but even if you're Amazon, that's very costly to change warehouses. It is, it's a big investment. But isn't, shouldn't you do that investment in a way, so here's the thing. If you build the humanoid robot that works in the warehouse, that humanoid robot, see, I don't know why Tessa's not talking about it this way, as far as I know, but that humanoid robot is gonna have all kinds of other applications outside their setting. To me, it's obvious. I think it's a really hard problem to solve, but whoever solves the humanoid robot problem are gonna have to solve the social robotics problem. Oh, for sure, I mean, they're already with Spot needing to solve social robotics problems. For, like, for Spot to be effective at scale. I'm not sure Spot is currently effective at scale. It's getting better and better, but they're actually, the thing they did is an interesting decision. Perhaps Tessa will end up doing the same thing, which is Spot is supposed to be a platform for intelligence. So Spot doesn't have any high-level intelligence. Like, high-level perception skills. It's supposed to be controlled remotely. And it's a platform that you can attach something to. And somebody else is supposed to do the attaching. It's a platform that you can take an uneven ground and it's able to maintain balance, go into dangerous situations. It's a platform. On top of that, you can add a camera that does surveillance that you can remotely monitor. You can record. You can record the camera. You can remote control it, but it's not gonna- The object manipulation. Basic object manipulation, but not autonomous object manipulation. It's remotely controlled. But the intelligence on top of it, which was what would be required for automation, somebody else is supposed to do. Perhaps Tessa would do the same thing, ultimately. But it doesn't make sense because the goal of Optimist is automation. Without that. But then you never know. It's like, why go to Mars? Why, why? I mean, that's true. And I reluctantly, like, am very excited about space travel. Why? Why? Can you introspect, like, why? Why am I excited about it? I think what got me excited was, I saw a panel with some people who study other planets. And it became really clear how we were gonna do it. And it became clear how little we know about ourselves and about how nature works and just how much there is to learn from exploring other parts of the universe. So like, on a rational level, that's how I convince myself that that's why I'm excited. In reality, it's just fucking exciting. I mean, just like the idea that we can do this difficult thing and that humans come together that can explore space. I mean, there's just something inherently thrilling about that. And I'm reluctant about it because I feel like there are so many other challenges and problems that I think are more important to solve. But I also think we should be doing all of it at once. And so to that extent, I'm like all for research on humanoid robots, development of humanoid robots. I think that there's a lot to explore and learn and it doesn't necessarily take away from other areas of science, at least it shouldn't. I think unfortunately, a lot of the attention goes towards that and it does take resources and attention away from other areas of robotics that we should be focused on. But I don't think we shouldn't do it. So you think it might be a little bit of a distraction. I'll forget the Elon particular application, but if you care about social robotics, the humanoid form is a distraction. It's a distraction and it's one that I find particularly boring. It's just, it's interesting from a research perspective, but from like what types of robots can we create to put in our world? Like why would we just create a humanoid robot? So even just robotic manipulation, so arms is not useful either. Oh, arms can be useful, but like why not have three arms? Like why does it have to look like a person? Well, I actually personally just think that washing the dishes is harder than a robot that can be a companion. Yeah. Being useful in the home is actually really tough. But does your companion have to have like two arms and look like you? No, I'm making the case for zero arms. Oh, okay, zero arms. Yeah. Okay, freaky. That didn't come out the way I meant it. Cause it almost sounds like I don't want a robot to defend itself. Like that's immediately you project, you know what I mean? Like, I think, I just think that the social component doesn't require arms or legs or so on, right? As we've talked about. And I think that's probably where a lot of the meaningful impact that's gonna be happening. Yeah, I think just we could get so creative with the design. Like why not have a robot on roller skates? They're like, whatever. Why does it have to look like us? Yeah. Still it is a compelling and interesting form from a research perspective, like you said. Yeah. You co-authored a paper as you were talking about that for WeRobot 2022. Lula robot consumer protection in the face of automated social marketing. I think you were talking about some of the ideas in that. Yes. Oh, you got it from Twitter. I was like, that's not published yet. Yeah. This is how I do my research. You just go through people's Twitter feeds. Yeah, go, thank you. It's not stalking if it's public. So there's, you looked at me like you're offended, like how did you know? No, I was just like worried that like some early, I mean. Yeah, there's a PDF. There's a PDF. Like now? Yeah. Maybe like as of a few days ago. Yeah. Okay. Yeah. I'm like, you look violated. Like how did you get that PDF? It's just a draft. It's online. Nobody read it yet until we've written the final paper. Well, it's really good. So I enjoyed it. Oh, thank you. Oh, by the time this comes out, I'm sure it'll be out. Or no, when's WeRobot? So basically WeRobot, that's the workshop where you have an hour where people give you constructive feedback on the paper and then you write the good version. Right. I take it back. There's no PDF. It doesn't exist. I imagine. There's a table in there in a virtual imagined PDF that I like, that I wanted to mention, which is like this kind of strategy used across various marketing platforms. And it's basically looking at traditional media, person to person interaction, targeted ads, influencers and social robots. This is the kind of idea that you've been speaking to. And it's just a nice breakdown of that, that social robots have personalized recommendations, social persuasion, automated scalable, data collection and embodiment. So person to person interaction is really nice, but it doesn't have the automated and the data collection aspect. But the social robots have those two elements. Yeah, we're talking about the potential for social robots to just combine all of these different marketing methods to be this really potent cocktail. And that table, which was Daniela's idea and a really fantastic one, we put it in at the last second. So I'm glad you like it. In a PDF that doesn't exist, that nobody can find if they look. So when you say social robots, what does that mean? Does that include virtual ones or no? I think a lot of this applies to virtual ones too. Although the embodiment thing, which I personally find very fascinating, is definitely a factor that research shows can enhance people's engagement with a device. But can embodiment be a virtual thing also? Meaning it has a body in the virtual world. Maybe. Makes you feel like, because what makes a body? A body is a thing that can disappear, has a permanence. I mean, there's certain characteristics that you associate to a physical object. So I think what I'm referring to, and I think this gets messy because now we have all these new virtual worlds and AR and stuff and I think it gets messy. But there's research showing that something on a screen, on a traditional screen, and something that is moving in your physical space, that that has a very different effect on how your brain perceives it even. So, I mean, I have a sense that we can do that in a virtual world. Probably. Like when I've used VR, I jump around like an idiot because I think something's gonna hit me. And even if a video game on a 2D screen is compelling enough, like the thing that's immersive about it is I kinda put myself into that world. Those, the objects you're interacting with, Call of Duty, things you're shooting, they're kinda, I mean, your imagination fills the gaps and it becomes real. Like it pulls your mind in when it's well done. So it really depends what's shown on the 2D screen. Yeah. Yeah, I think there's a ton of different factors and there's different types of embodiment. Like you can have embodiment in a virtual world. You can have an agent that's simply text-based, which has no embodiment. So I think there's a whole spectrum of factors that can influence how much you engage with something. Yeah, I wonder, I always wondered if you can have like an entity living in a computer. Okay, this is gonna be dark. I haven't always wondered about this. So this is gonna make it sound like I keep thinking about this kind of stuff. No, but like, this is almost like Black Mirror, but the entity that's convinced, or is able to convince you that it's being tortured inside the computer and needs your help to get out. Something like this. That becomes, to me, suffering is one of the things that make you empathize with. Like we're not good at, as you've discussed in other, in the physical form, like holding a robot upside down. You have a really good examples about that and discussing that. I think suffering is a really good catalyst for empathy. And I just feel like we can project embodiment on a virtual thing if it's capable of certain things like suffering. Yeah. So I always wonder. I think that's true. And I think that's what happened with the Lambda thing. Not that I don't, none of the transcript was about suffering, but it was about having the capacity for suffering and human emotion that convinced the engineer that this thing was sentient. And it's basically the plot of Ex Machina. True. Have you ever made a robot like scream in pain? Have I? No, but have you seen that? Did someone, oh yeah, no, they actually, they actually made a Roomba scream whenever it hit a wall. And I programmed that myself as well. Yeah? Because I was inspired by that, yeah. Do you still have it? Oh, sorry, hit a wall. I didn't. Whenever it bumped into something, it would scream in pain. No, so I had, the way I programmed the Roombas is when I kick it, whenever I, so contact between me and the robot is when it screams. Really? Okay. And you were inspired by that? Yeah, I guess I misremembered the video. I saw the video a long, long time ago and, or maybe heard somebody mention it and that just, it's an easy thing to program. So I did that. I haven't run those Roombas for over a year now, but yeah, it was, my experience with it was that it's like they quickly become, like you remember them, you miss them. Like they're real living beings. So the capacity to self-re-order is a really powerful thing. Yeah. Even then that, I mean, it was kind of hilarious. It was just a random recording of screaming from the internet, but it's still, it's still as weird. There's a thing you have to get right based on the interaction, like the latency. Like it has, there is, there is a realistic aspect of how you should scream relative to when you get hurt. Like it should correspond correctly. Like if you kick it really hard, it should scream louder. No, it should scream at the appropriate time, not like- Oh, I see. Not like five seconds later. One second later, right? Like there's a exact, like there's a timing when you get, like, I don't know, when you run into, when you run your foot into like the side of a table or something, there's a timing there, the dynamics you have to get right for the actual screaming because the Roomba in particular doesn't, so I was, the sensors don't, it doesn't know about pain. See? What? I'm sorry to say, Roomba doesn't understand pain. So you have to correctly map the sensors, the timing to the production of the sound. But when you get that somewhat right, it starts, it's a weird, it's a really weird feeling and you actually feel like a bad person. Aw. Yeah. So, but it's, it makes you think because that, with all the ways that we talked about, that could be used to manipulate you. Oh, for sure. In a good and bad way. So the good way is like you could form a connection with a thing in a bad way that you can form a connection in order to sell you products that you don't want. Yeah. Or manipulate you politically or many nefarious things. You tweeted, we're about to be living in the movie Her, except instead of, obviously I've researched your tweets, like they're like Shakespeare. We're about to be living in the movie Her, except instead of about love, it's gonna be about, what did I say? The chat bot being subtly racist and the question whether it's ethical for companies to charge for software upgrades. Yeah. So can we break that down? What do you mean by that? Yeah. Obviously some of it is humor. Yes. Well, kind of. I am like, oh, it's so weird to be in this space where I'm so worried about this technology and also so excited about it at the same time. But the really like, I haven't, I had gotten a little bit jaded and then with GPT-3 and then the Lambda transcript, I was like re-energized, but have also been thinking a lot about, what are the ethical issues that are gonna come up? And I think some of the things that companies are really gonna have to figure out is, obviously algorithmic bias is a huge and known problem at this point. Like even the new image generation tools like Dali, where they've clearly put in a lot of effort to make sure that if you search for people, it gives you a diverse set of people, et cetera. Like even that one, people have already found numerous like ways that it just kind of regurgitates biases of things that it finds on the internet. Like how if you search for success, it gives you a bunch of images of men. If you search for sadness, it gives you a bunch of images of women. So I think that this is like the really tricky one with these voice agents that companies are gonna have to figure out. And that's why it's subtly racist and not overtly, because I think they're gonna be able to solve the overt thing and then with the subtle stuff, it's gonna be really difficult. And then I think the other thing is gonna be, yeah, like people are gonna become so emotionally attached to artificial agents with this complexity of language, with a potential embodiment factor that, I mean, there's already, there's a paper at WeRobot this year written by roboticists about how to deal with the fact that robots die and looking at it as an ethical issue because it impacts people. And I think there's gonna be way more issues than just that. Like I think the tweet was software upgrades, right? Like how much is it okay to charge for something like that if someone is deeply emotionally invested in this relationship? Oh, the ethics of that is interesting, but there's also the practical funding mechanisms, like you mentioned with Aibo, the dog, in theory, there's a subscription. Yeah, the new Aibo, so the old Aibo from the 90s, people got really attached to and in Japan, they're still having like funerals and Buddhist temples for the Aibos that can't be repaired because people really viewed them as part of their families. So we're talking about robot dogs. Robot dogs, the Aibo, the dog. Robot dogs, the Aibo, yeah, the original like famous robot dog that Sony made, came out in the 90s, got discontinued having funerals for them in Japan. Now they have a new one. The new one is great, I have one at home. It's like- It's $3,000, how much is it? I think it's 3000 bucks. And then after a few years, you have to start paying, I think it's like 300 a year for a subscription service, for cloud services. And the cloud services, I mean, it's a lot, the dog is more complex than the original and it has a lot of cool features and it can remember stuff and experiences and it can learn. And a lot of that is outsourced to the cloud. And so you have to pay to keep that running, which makes sense. People should pay and people who aren't using it shouldn't have to pay. But it does raise the interesting question, could you set that price to reflect a consumer's willingness to pay for the Aibo? The consumer's willingness to pay for the emotional connection. So if you know that people are really, really attached to these things, just like they would be to a real dog, could you just start charging more because there's more demand? Yeah, I mean, you have to be, but that's true for anything that people love, right? It is, and it's also true for real dogs. There's all these new medical services nowadays where people will shell out thousands and thousands of dollars to keep their pets alive. And is that taking advantage of people or is that just giving them what they want? That's the question. Back to marriage, what about all the money that it costs to get married and then all the money that it costs to get a divorce? That feels like a very, that's like a scam. I think the society is full of scams that are like- Oh, it's such a scam. And then we've created, the whole wedding industrial complex has created all these quote unquote traditions that people buy into that aren't even traditions. They're just fabricated by marketing. It's awful. Let me ask you about racist robots. Sure. Is it up to a company that creates that? So we talk about removing bias and so on. And that's a really popular field in AI currently. And a lot of people agree that it's an important field. But the question is for like social robotics, is it up to the company to remove the bias of society? Well, who else can, oh, to remove the bias of society. I guess because there's a lot of people that are subtly racist in modern society, like why shouldn't our robots also be subtly racist? I mean, that's like, why do we put so much responsibility on the robots? Because the robot- I'm imagining like a Hitler Roomba. I mean, that would be funny. But I guess I'm asking a serious question. You're Jewish, right? You're allowed to make that joke. Yes, exactly, I'm allowed to make that joke, yes. And I've been nonstop reading about World War II and Hitler. I think I'm glad we exist in a world where we can just make those jokes. That helps deal with it. Anyway, it is a serious question. It's sort of like, it's such a difficult problem to solve. Now, of course, like bias and so on, like there's low hanging fruit, which I think is what a lot of people are focused on. But then it becomes like subtle stuff over time. And it's very difficult to know. Now, you can also completely remove the personality. You can completely remove the personalization. You can remove the language aspect, which is what I had been arguing, because I was like, the language is a disappointing aspect of social robots anyway. But now we're reintroducing that, because it's now no longer disappointing. So I do think, well, let's just start with the premise, which I think is very true, which is that racism is not a neutral thing, but it is the thing that we don't want in our society. Like it does not conform to my values. So if we agree that racism is bad, I do think that it has to be the company, because the problem, I mean, it might not be possible. And companies might have to put out products that where they're taking risks, and they might get slammed by consumers, and they might have to adjust. I don't know how this is gonna work in the market. I have opinions about how it should work, but it is on the company. And the danger with robots is that they can entrench this stuff. It's not like your racist uncle who you can have a conversation with, and- Put things into context maybe, would that- Yeah, or who might change over time with more experience. A robot really just regurgitates things, entrenches them, could influence other people. And I mean, I think that's terrible. Well, I think there's a difficult challenge here is because even the premise you started with that essentially racism is bad. I think we live in a society today where the definition of racism is different between different people. Some people say that it's not enough not to be racist. Some people say you have to be anti-racist. So you have to have a robot that constantly calls out, calls you out on your implicit racism. I would love that. I would love that robot. But maybe it sees, well, I don't know if you'd love it, because maybe you'll see racism in things that aren't racist, and then you're arguing with the robot. Your robot starts calling you racist. I'm not exactly sure that. I mean, it's a tricky thing. I guess I'm saying that the line is not obvious, especially in this heated discussion where we have a lot of identity politics of what is harmful to different groups and so on. Yeah. It feels like a, the broader question here is, should a social robotics company be solving or being part of solving the issues of society? Well, okay, I think it's the same question as, should I as an individual be responsible for knowing everything in advance and saying all the right things? And the answer to that is, yes, I am responsible, but I'm not gonna get it perfect. And then the question is, how do we deal with that? And so as a person, how I aspire to deal with that is when I do inevitably make a mistake because I have blind spots and people get angry, I don't take that personally, and I listen to what's behind the anger. And it can even happen that like, maybe I'll tweet something that's well-intentioned and one group of people starts yelling at me and then I change it the way that they said, and then another group of people starts yelling at me, which has happened, this happened to me actually around, in my talks, I talk about robots that are used in autism therapy. And so whether to say a child with autism or an autistic child is super controversial. And a lot of autistic people prefer to be referred to as autistic people, and a lot of parents of autistic children prefer child with autism. And then they disagree. So I've gotten yelled at from both sides, and I think I'm still, I'm responsible even if I can't get it right. I don't know if that makes sense. Like it's a responsibility thing. And I can be as well-intentioned as I want, and I'm still gonna make mistakes, and that is part of the existing power structures that exist. And that's something that I accept. And you accept being attacked from both sides and grow from it and learn from it. But the danger is that after being attacked, assuming you don't get canceled, AKA completely removed from your ability to tweet, you might become jaded and not want to talk about autism anymore. I don't, and I didn't. I mean, it's happened to me. What I did was I listened to both sides, and I chose, I tried to get information. And then I decided that I was going to use autistic children. And now I'm moving forward with that. Like, I don't know. For now, right? For now, yeah, until I get updated information. And I'm never gonna get anything perfect, but I'm making choices and I'm moving forward because being a coward and like just retreating from that, I think. But here's the problem. You're a very smart person in an individual, a researcher, a thinker, an intellectual. So that's the right thing for you to do. The hard thing is when, as a company, imagine you had a big company, as a company, imagine you had a PR team. I said, Kate, like this, you should. We hate. Yeah, I mean, just, well, if you hired PR people, like, obviously they would see that and they'd be like, well, maybe don't bring up autism. Maybe don't bring up these topics. You're getting attacked, it's bad for your brand. They'll say the brand word. There'll be, you know, if we look at different demographics that are inspired by your work, I think it's insensitive to them. Let's not mention this anymore. Like there's this kind of pressure that all of a sudden you, or you do suboptimal decisions. You take a kind of poll. Again, it's looking at the past versus the future, all those kinds of things. And it becomes difficult. In the same way that it's difficult for social media companies to figure out like who to censor, who to recommend. I think this is ultimately a question about leadership, honestly, like the way that I see leadership, because right now, the thing that bothers me about institutions and a lot of people who run current institutions is that their main focus is protecting the institution or protecting themselves personally. That is bad leadership because it means you cannot have integrity. You cannot lead with integrity. And it makes sense because like, obviously, if you're the type of leader who immediately blows up the institution you're leading, then that doesn't exist anymore. And maybe that's why we don't have any good leaders anymore because they had integrity and they didn't put the survival of the institution first. But I feel like you have to, to be a good leader, you have to be responsible and understand that with great power comes great responsibility. You have to be humble and you have to listen and you have to learn, you can't get defensive and you cannot put your own protection before other things. Yeah, take risks where you might lose your job. You might lose your wellbeing because of, because in the process of standing for the principles, for the things you think are right to do, yeah. Based on the things you, like based on learning from, like listening to people and learning from what they feel. And the same goes for the institution, yeah. Yeah, but I ultimately actually believe that those kinds of companies and countries succeed that have leaders like that, you should run for president. No, thank you. Yeah. That's maybe the problem, like the people who have good ideas about leadership, they're like, yeah. No. This is why I don't want to. This is why I'm not running a company. It's been, I think, three years since the Jeffrey Epstein controversy at MIT, MIT Media Lab. Joey Ido, the head of the media lab resigned. And I think at that time, you wrote an opinion article about it. So just looking back a few years have passed, what have you learned about human nature from the fact that somebody like Jeffrey Epstein found his way inside MIT? That's a really good question. What have I learned about human nature? I think, well, there's, there's how did this problem come about? And then there's what was the reaction to this problem and to it becoming public? And in the reaction, the things I learned about human nature were that sometimes cowards are worse than assholes. Wow, I'm really, oh. I mean, that's a really powerful statement. I think because the assholes, at least you know what you're dealing with. They have integrity in a way. They're just not as good as they are. They have integrity in a way, they're just living out their asshole values. And the cowards are the ones that you have to watch out for. And this comes back to people protecting themselves over doing the right thing. They'll throw others under the bus. Is there some sense that not enough people took responsibility? For sure. And I mean, I don't wanna sugar coat at all what Joey Ito did. I mean, I think it's gross that he took money from Jeffrey Epstein. I believe him that he didn't know about the bad, bad stuff. But I've been in those circles with those like public intellectual dudes that he was hanging out with. And any woman in those circles like saw 10 zillion red flags. Just the whole environment was so misogynist. Like, and so personally, because Joey like was a great boss and a great friend, I was really disappointed that he ignored that in favor of raising money. And I think that it was right for him to resign in the face of that. But one of the things that he did that, many others didn't was he came forward about it and he took responsibility. And all of the people who didn't, I think, it's just interesting. The other thing I learned about human nature. Okay, I'm gonna go on a tangent, but I'll come back. I promise. So I once saw this tweet from someone or it was a Twitter thread from someone who worked at a homeless shelter. And he said that when he started working there, he noticed that people would often come in and use the bathroom and they would just trash the entire bathroom. Like rip things out of the walls, like toilet paper on the ground. And he asked someone who had been there longer, like, why do they do this? Why do the homeless people come in and trash the bathroom? And he was told it's because it's the only thing in their lives that they have control over. And I feel like sometimes when it comes to the response, the, just the mobbing response that happens in the wake of some harm that was caused, if you can't target the person who actually caused the harm who was Epstein, you will go as many circles out as you can until you find the person that you have power over and you have control over and then you will trash that. And it makes sense that people do this. It's again, it's a human nature thing. Of course you're gonna focus all your energy because you feel helpless and enraged and you, and it's unfair and you have no other power. You're gonna focus all of your energy on someone who's so far removed from the problem that that's not even an efficient solution. And the problem is often the first person you find is the one that has integrity, sufficient integrity to take responsibility. Yeah, and it's why my husband always says, he's a liberal but he's always like, when liberals form a firing squad, they stand in a circle. Because you know that your friends are gonna listen to you so you criticize them. You're not gonna be able to convince someone across the aisle. But see, in that situation, what I had hoped is the people in the farther, in that situation, any situation of that sort, the people that are farther out in the circles, stand up. Yeah. And also take some responsibility for the broader picture of human nature versus specific situation. But also take some responsibility but also defend the people involved. As flawed, not in a like, no, no, no, nothing like this, like this, people fucked up. Like you said, there's a lot of red flags that people just ignored for the sake of money in this particular case. But also like be transparent and public about it and spread the responsibility across large number of people such that you learn a lesson from it institutionally. Yeah, it was a systems problem. It wasn't a one individual problem. I feel like currently because Joey took, like resigned because of it, or essentially fired, pressured out because of it, MIT can pretend like, oh, we didn't know anything. It wasn't part- Bad leadership again, because when you are at the top of an institution with that much power and you were complicit in what happened, which they were like, come on, there's no way that they didn't know that this was happening. So like to not stand up and take responsibility, I think it's bad leadership. Do you understand why Epstein was able to, outside of MIT, he was able to make a lot of friends with a lot of powerful people? Does that make sense to you? Why was he able to get in these rooms, befriend these people, befriend people that, I don't know personally, but I think a lot of them, indirectly I know as being good people, smart people, why would they let Jeffrey Epstein into their office, have a discussion with them? What do you understand about human nature from that? Well, so I never met Epstein or I mean, I've met some of the people who interacted with him, but I was never, like I never saw him in action. I don't know how charismatic he was or what that was, but I do think that sometimes the simple answer is the more likely one. And from my understanding, what he would do is he was kind of a social grifter, like, you know those people who will, you must get this because you're famous. You must get people coming to you and being like, oh, I know your friends so and so, in order to get cred with you. I think he just convinced some people who were trusted in a network that he was a great guy and that whatever, I think at that point, because at that point he had had like, what a conviction prior, but it was a one-off thing. It wasn't clear that there was this other thing that was that. And most people probably don't check. Yeah, and most people don't check, like you're at an event, you meet this guy. I don't know, maybe people do check when they're that powerful and wealthy, or maybe they don't, I have no idea, no. They're just stupid. I haven't seen that. I mean, and they're not like, all right, does anyone check anything about me? Because I've walked into some of the richest and most powerful people in the world, and nobody asks questions like, who the fuck is this guy? Nobody asks those questions. It's interesting. I would think there would be more security or something. There really isn't. I think a lot of it has to do, well, my hope is, in my case, has to do with people can sense that this is a good person, but if that's the case, then they can surely, then a human being can use charisma to infiltrate. Yeah. Just saying the right things. And once you have people vouching for you within that type of network, like once you, yeah, once you have someone powerful vouching for you who someone else trusts, then you're in. So how do you avoid something like that? If you're at MIT, if you're at Harvard, if you're in any of these institutions? Well, I mean, first of all, you have to do your homework before you take money from someone. Like, I think that's required. But I think, you know, I think Joey did do his homework. I think he did. And I think at the time that he took money, there was the one conviction and not like the later thing. And I think that the story at that time was that he didn't know she was underage and blah, blah, or whatever, it was a mistake. And Joey always believed in redemption for people and that people can change and that they can genuinely regret and like learn and move on. And he was a big believer in that. So I could totally see him being like, well, I'm not gonna exclude him because of this thing. And because other people are vouching for him. And just to be clear, we're now talking about the set of people who I think Joey belonged to, who did not like go to the island and have sex with underage girls, because that's a whole other set of people who like were powerful and like were part of that network and who knew and participated. And so like, I distinguish between people who got taken in, who didn't know that that was happening and people who knew. I wonder what the different circles look like. So like people that went to the island and didn't do anything, didn't see anything, didn't know about anything, versus the people that did something. And then there's people who heard rumors maybe. And what do you do with rumors? Like, isn't there people that heard rumors about Bill Cosby for the longest time? Like for the longest, like whenever that happened, like all these people came out of the woodwork, like everybody kind of knew. I mean, it's like, all right, so what are you supposed to do with the rumors? Like what, I think the other way to put it is red flags, as you were saying. Yeah, and like, I can tell you that those circles, like there were red flags without me even hearing any rumors about anything ever. Like I was already like, there are not a lot of women here, which is a bad sign. Isn't there a lot of places where there's not a lot of women and that doesn't necessarily mean it's a bad sign? There are if it's like a pipeline problem where it's like, I don't know, a technology law clinic that only gets like male lawyers because there's not a lot of women applicants in the pool. But there's some aspect of this situation that like there should be more women here. Oh yeah, yeah. You've, actually I'd love to ask you about this because you have strong opinions about Richard Stallman. Do you still have those strong opinions? Look, all I need to say is that he met my friend who's a law professor. Yeah. She shook his hand and he licked her arm from wrist to elbow and it certainly wasn't appropriate at that time. What about if you're like an incredibly weird person? Okay, that's a good question because obviously there's a lot of neurodivergence at MIT and everywhere. And obviously like we need to accept that people are different, that people don't understand social conventions the same way. But one of the things that I've learned about neurodivergence is that women are often expected or taught to mask their neurodivergence and kind of fit in and men are accommodated and excused. And I don't think that being neurodivergent gives you a license to be an asshole. Like you can be a weird person and you can still learn that it's not okay to lick someone's arm. Yeah, it's a balance. Like women should be allowed to be a little weirder and men should be less weird. Because I think there's a, because you're one of the people I think tweeting that what made me, because I wanted to talk to Richard Stallman on the podcast about, because I didn't have a context because I wanted to talk to him because he's free software. He's very weird in interesting good ways in the world of computer science. He's also weird in that when he gives a talk, he'll be like picking at his feet and eating the skin off his feet, right? He's known for these extremely kind of, how else do you put it? I don't know how to put it. But then there was something that happened to him in conversations on this thread related to Epstein. Yeah. Which I was torn about because I felt, it's similar to Joy Ito's, I felt he was maligned. Like people were looking for somebody to get angry at. So he was inappropriate, but the, I didn't like the cowardice more. Like I set aside his situation and we could discuss it, but the cowardice on MIT's part, and this is me saying it, about the way they treated that whole situation. Oh, they're always cowards about how they treat anything. They just try to make the problem go away. Yeah, so it was about, yeah, exactly, making the conversation. That said, I think he should have left the mailing list. He shouldn't have been part of the mailing list. Well, that's probably true also. But I think what bothered me, what always bothers me in these mailing list situations or Twitter situations, like if you say something that's hurtful to people or makes people angry, and then people start yelling at you, maybe they shouldn't be yelling, maybe they are yelling because again, you're the only point of power they have. Maybe it's okay that they're yelling, whatever it is, like, it's your response to that that matters. And I think that I just have a lot of respect for people who can say, oh, people are angry. There's a reason they're angry. Let me find out what that reason is and learn more about it. It doesn't mean that I am wrong. It doesn't mean that I am bad. It doesn't mean that I am ill-intentioned, but why are they angry? I wanna understand. And then once you understand, you can respond again with integrity and say, actually I stand by what I said, here's why. Or you can say, actually I listened and here's some things I learned. That's the kind of response I wanna see from people. And people like Stallman do not respond that way. They just like go into battle. Right, like where it's obvious you didn't listen. Yeah, no interest in listening. Honestly, that's to me as bad as the people who just apologize just because they are trying to make the problem go away. Of course. Right, so like if you, both are bad. A good apology has to include understanding what you did wrong. And in part standing up for the things you think you did right. So like finding. Yeah, if there are those things, yeah. But you have to give, you have to acknowledge, you have to like give that hard hit to the ego that says I did something wrong. Yeah, definitely Richard Stallman is not somebody who is capable of that kind of thing or hasn't given evidence of that kind of thing. But that was also, even just your tweet, I had to do a lot of thinking like, different people from different walks of life see red flags in different things. Yeah. And so things I find as a man, non-threatening and hilarious are not necessarily, doesn't mean that they're aren't like deeply hurtful to others. And I don't mean that in a social justice warrior way, but in a real way, like people really have different experiences. So I have to like really put things into context. I have to kind of listen to what people are saying, put aside the emotion of what they're, emotion with what you're saying, and try to keep the facts of their experience and learn from it. And because it's not just about the individual experience either, it's not like, oh, my friend didn't have a sense of humor about being licked. It's that she's been metaphorically licked 57 times that week because she's an attractive law professor and she doesn't get taken to. And so like men walk through the world and it's impossible for them to even understand what it's like to have a different experience of the world. And that's why it's so important to listen to people and believe people and believe that they're angry for a reason. Maybe you don't like their tone, maybe you don't like that they're angry at you, maybe you get defensive about that, maybe you think that they should explain it to you, but believe that they're angry for a reason and try to understand it. Yeah, there's a deep truth there and opportunity to become a better person. Can I ask you a question? Haven't you been doing that for two hours? Three hours now. Let me ask you about Ghislaine Maxwell. She's been saying that she's an innocent victim. Is she an innocent victim or is she evil and equally responsible like Jeffrey Epstein? Now I'm asking far away from any MIT things and more, just your sense of the whole situation. I haven't been following it, so I don't know the facts of the situation and what is now known to be her role in that. If I were her, clearly I'm not, but if I were her, I wouldn't be going around saying I'm an innocent victim. I would say, maybe she's, I don't know what she's saying, again, I don't know. She was controlled by Jeffrey. Is she saying this as part of a legal case or is she saying this as a PR thing? Well, PR, but it's not just her. It's her whole family believes this. There's a whole effort that says, how should I put it? I believe they believe it, so in that sense, it's not PR. I don't know what it is. I believe the family, basically the family is saying that she's a really good human being. Well, I think everyone is a good human being. I know it's a controversial opinion, but I think everyone is a good human being. There's no evil people. There's people who do bad things and who behave in ways that harm others, and I think we should always hold people accountable for that, but holding someone accountable doesn't mean saying that they're evil. Yeah, it actually, those people usually think they're doing good. Yeah, I mean, aside from, I don't know, maybe sociopaths are specifically trying to harm people, but I think most people are trying to do their best, and if they're not doing their best, it's because there's some impediment or something in their past. So I genuinely don't believe in good and evil people, but I do believe in harmful and not harmful actions, and so I don't know, I don't care. Yeah, she's a good person, but if she contributed to harm, then she needs to be accountable for that. That's my position. I don't know what the facts of the matter are. It seems like she was pretty close to the situation, so it doesn't seem very believable that she was a victim, but I don't know. I wish I had met Epstein, because something tells me he would just be a regular person, a charismatic person, like anybody else, and that's a very dark reality, that we don't know which among us, what each of us are hiding in the closet. That's a really tough thing to deal with, because then you can put your trust into some people, and they can completely betray that trust, and in the process, destroy you. Yeah. Which there's a lot of people that interacted with Epstein that now have to, I mean, if they're not destroyed by it, then their whole, like, the ground on which they stand ethically has crumbled, at least in part. And I'm sure you and I have interacted with people without knowing it who are bad people. As I always tell my four-year-old, people who have done bad things. People who have done bad things. He's always talking about bad guys, and I'm trying to move him towards. They're just people who make bad choices. Yeah. That's really powerful, actually. That's really important to remember, because that means you have compassion towards all human beings. Do you have hope for the future of MIT, the future of Media Lab in this context? So, David Newman is now at the helm. I talked to her previously, I'll talk to her again. She's great. I love her. Yeah, she's great. I don't know if she knew the whole situation when she started, because the situation went beyond just the Epstein scandal. A bunch of other stuff happened at the same time. Some of it's not public, but what I was personally going through at that time. So, the Epstein thing happened, I think, was it August or September 2019? It was somewhere around late summer in June 2019. So, I'm a research scientist at MIT. You are too, right? So, and I always have had various supervisors over the years, and they've just basically let me do what I want, which has been great. But I had a supervisor at the time, and he called me into his office for regular check-in. In June of 2019, I reported to MIT that my supervisor had grabbed me, pulled me into a hug, wrapped his arms around my waist, and started massaging my hip and trying to kiss me, kiss my face, kiss me near the mouth, and said literally the words, don't worry, I'll take care of your career. And that experience was really interesting because I just, I was very indignant. I was very indignant, I was like, he can't do that to me. Doesn't he know who I am? And I was like, this is the me too era. And I naively thought that when I reported that, it would get taken care of. And then I had to go through the whole reporting process at MIT, and I learned a lot about how institutions really handle those things internally, particularly situations where I couldn't provide evidence that it happened. I had no reason to lie about it, but I had no evidence. And so I was going through that, and that was another experience for me where there's so many people in the institution who really believe in protecting the institution at all costs. And there's only a few people who care about doing the right thing. And one of them resigned. Now there's even less of them left. So. So what'd you learn from that? I mean, where's the source, if you have hope for this institution that I think you love, at least in part. I love the idea of MIT. I love the idea. I love the research body. I love a lot of the faculty. I love the students. I love the energy. Like I love it all. I think the administration suffers from the same problems as any institutional, any leadership of an institution that is large, which is that they've become risk-averse. Like you mentioned, they care about PR. The only ways to get their attention or change their minds about anything or to threaten the reputation of the Institute or to have a lot of money. That's the only way to have power at the Institute. Yeah, I don't think they have a lot of integrity or believe in ideas or even have a lot of connection to the research body and like the people who are really, because it's so weird. You have this amazing research body of people pushing the boundaries of things who aren't afraid to like, there's the hacker culture. And then you have the administration and they're really like, protect the institution at all costs. Yeah, there's a disconnect, right? Complete disconnect. I wonder if that was always there, if it just kind of slowly grows over time, a disconnect between the administration and the faculty. I think it grew over time is what I've heard. I mean, I've been there for 11 years now. I don't know if it's gotten worse during my time, but I've heard from people who've been there longer that it didn't, like, MIT didn't used to have a general counsel's office. They didn't used to have all of this corporate stuff and then they had to create it as they got bigger in the era where such things are, I guess, deemed necessary. See, I believe in the power of individuals to like overthrow the thing. So it's just a really good president of MIT or certain people in the administration can reform the whole thing. Because the culture is still there of like, I think everybody remembers that MIT is about the students and the faculty. Do they though? Because I don't know, I've had a lot of conversations that have been shocking with like senior administration. They think the students are children. They call them kids. It's like, these are the smartest people. They're way smarter than you. And you're so dismissive of that. But those individuals, I'm saying like the capacity, like the aura of the place still values the students and the faculty. Like I'm not, I'm being awfully poetic about it. But what I mean is the administration is the froth at the top of the, like the waves, the surface. Like they can be removed and new life can be brought in that would keep to the spirit of the place. Who decides on who to bring in? Who's the higher? It's bottom up. Oh, I see. I see. But I do think ultimately, especially in the era of social media and so on, faculty and students have more and more power. Just more and more of a voice, I suppose. I hope so. I really do. I don't see MIT going away anytime soon. And like, I also don't think it's a terrible place at all. Yeah, it's an amazing place. But there's different trajectories it can take. Yeah. And like, and that has to do with a lot of things, including does it, is it stays, even if we talk about robotics, it could be the capital of the world in robotics. But currently, if you want to be doing the best AI work in the world, you're going to go to Google or Facebook or Tesla or Apple or so on. You're not going to be at MIT. So that has to do, I think that basically has to do with not allowing the brilliance of the researchers to flourish. Yeah, people say it's about money, but I don't think it's about that at all. Sometimes you have more freedom and can work on more interesting things in companies. That's really where they lose people. Yeah. And sometimes the freedom in all ways, which is why it's heartbreaking to get like people like Richard Stallman, this such an interesting line, because like Richard Stallman was a gigantic weirdo that crossed lines he shouldn't have crossed, right? But we don't want to draw too many lines. This is the tricky thing. There are different types of lines, in my opinion. But yes, your opinion, you have strong lines you hold to, but then if administration listens to every line, there's also power in drawing a line. It becomes like a little drug. You have to find the right balance. Licking somebody's arm is never appropriate. I think the biggest aspect there is not owning it, learning from it, growing from it, from the perspective of Stallman or people like that. Back when it happened, like understanding, seeing the right, being empathetic, seeing the fact that this was like totally inappropriate. Like not when that particular act, but everything that led up to it too. No, I think there are different kinds of lines. I think there are... So Stallman crossed lines that essentially excluded a bunch of people and created an environment where there are brilliant minds that we never got the benefit of because he made things feel gross or even unsafe for people. There are lines that you can cross where you're challenging an institution to... Like I don't think he was intentionally trying to cross a line or maybe he didn't care. There are lines that you can cross intentionally to move something forward or to do the right thing. Like when MIT was like, you can't put an all gender restroom in the media lab because like something permits whatever and Joey did it anyway. That's a line you can cross to make things actually better for people. And the line you're crossing is some arbitrary, stupid rule that people who don't wanna take the risk are like... You know what I mean? No, ultimately I think the thing you said is like cross lines in a way that doesn't alienate others. So like, for example, me wearing... I started for a while wearing a suit often at MIT, which sounds counterintuitive, but that's actually... People always looked at me weird for that. MIT created this culture specifically the people I was working with, like nobody wears suits. Maybe the business school does. We don't trust the suits. We don't trust the suits. I was like, fuck you, I'm wearing a suit. Nice. See that, I like... But that's not really hurting anybody, right? Exactly. It's challenging people's perceptions. It's doing something that you wanna do, but it's not hurting people. And that particular thing was... Yeah, it was hurting people. It's a good line. It's a good line to... Like... Hurting ultimately the people that you want to flourish. Yeah. You tweeted a picture of pumpkin spice Greek yogurt and asked grounds for divorce? Yes, no. So let me ask you, what's the key to a successful relationship? Oh my God, a good couple therapist? What went wrong with the pumpkin spice Greek yogurt? What's exactly wrong? Is it the pumpkin? Is it the Greek yogurt? I didn't understand. I stared at that tweet for a while. I grew up in Europe, so I don't understand the pumpkin spice Greek yogurt. I mean, I think it's the pumpkin spice in everything craze that they do every autumn here. I understand that it might be good in some foods, but they just put it in everything. And it doesn't belong in Greek yogurt? I mean, I was just being humorous. I ate one of those yogurts and it actually tasted pretty good. Yeah, exactly. So I think part of the success of a good marriage is giving each other a hard time humorously and giving each other a hard time in the way that they are. So I think that's the key to a successful relationship. I think that's the key to a successful relationship. Is there a broader lesson? Because you guys seem to have a really great marriage from the external. I mean, every marriage looks good from the external. Every, I think, yeah. That's not true. But yeah, I get it. Okay, right. That's not true. No, but relationships are hard. They can change together. And I think one of the things that I really liked about our marriage vows was, I remember before we got married, Greg at some point got kind of nervous and he was like, it's just such a big commitment to commit to something for life. And I was like, we're not committing to this for life. And he was like, we're not? And I'm like, no, we're committing to being part of a team and doing what's best for the team and doing what's best for the team is to break up. We'll break up. I don't believe in this. We have to do this for our whole lives. And that really resonated with him too. So, yeah. Did you put in the vows? Yeah, that was our vows. That we're gonna be a team. You're a team and do what's right for the team? Yeah, yeah. That's very like Michael Jordan of you. Do you guys get married in the desert? Like November rain style with slash plane or, you don't have to answer that. I'm not good at these questions. Okay. You've brought up marriage like eight times. Are you trying to hint something on the podcast? I don't, yeah, I have an announcement to make. No, what? I don't know. It just seems like a good metaphor for why, it felt like a good metaphor for in a bunch of cases for the marriage industrial complex. I remember that. And, oh, people complaining. It just seemed like marriage is one of the things that always surprises me. Cause I wanna get married. You do? Yeah, I do. And then I listened to like friends of mine that complain. Not all. I like guys. I really like guys that don't complain about their marriage. It's such a cheap. Like if it's such a cheap release valve, like that's bitching about anything, honestly. That's just like, it's too easy. But especially like bitch about the sports team or the weather if you want. But like about somebody that you're dedicating your life to, like if you bitch about them, you're going to see them as a lesser being also. Like you don't think so, but you're going to like decrease the value you have. I personally believe over time, you're not going to appreciate the magic of that person. I think. Anyway, it's like that I just noticed this a lot that people are married and they will whine about, you know, like the wife, whatever. You know, this is part of the sort of the culture to kind of comment in that way. I think women do the same thing about the husband. He doesn't, he never does this or he's a goof. He's incompetent at this or that, whatever. They, there's the kind of. There's those tropes like, oh, you know, husbands never do acts and like wives are. I think those do a disservice to everyone. It's just disrespectful to everyone involved. Yeah, but it happens. So I was, I brought that up as an example of something that people actually love, but they complain about. Cause for some reason that's more fun to do is complain about stuff. Yeah. And so that's what with Clippy or whatever, right? So like you complain about, but you actually love it. There is just a good metaphor that, you know, what was I going to ask you? Oh, you, your hamster died. When I was like eight. You miss her? Beige. What's the closest relationship you've had with a pet? That the one? What pet or robot have you loved? The most in your life? I think my first pet was a goldfish named Bob and he died immediately and that was really sad. I think it was really attached to Bob and Nancy, my goldfish. We got new Bob's and then Bob kept dying and we got new Bob's. Nancy just kept living. So it was very replaceable. Yeah. I was young. It was easy to. Do you think there will be a time when the robot, like in the movie, Her, be something we fall in love with romantically? Oh yeah. Oh, for sure. Yeah. At scale, like where a lot of people. Romantically, I don't know if it's going to happen at scale. I think, I think we talked about this a little bit last time on the podcast too, where I think we're just capable of so many different kinds of relationships. And actually part of why I think marriage is so tough as a relationship is because we put so many expectations on it. Like your partner has to be your best friend and you have to be sexually attracted to them and they have to be a good co-parent and a good roommate. And like, it's all the relationships at once that have to work. But we're like, normally with other people, we have like one type of relationship. Or we even have, we have a different relationship to our dog than we do to our neighbor. Then we do to the, you know, person out, someone, a coworker. I think that some people are gonna find romantic relationships with robots interesting. It might even be a widespread thing, but I don't think it's gonna replace like human romantic relationships. I think it's just gonna be a separate type of thing. It's gonna be more narrow. More narrow or even like just something new that we haven't really experienced before. Maybe like having a crush on an artificial agent is a different type of fascination. I don't know. Do you think people would see that as cheating? I think people would, well, I mean, the things that people feel threatened by in relationships are very manyfold, so. Yeah, that's just an interesting one. Cause maybe they'll be good, a little jealousy for the relationship. Maybe that's part of the couples therapy, you know, kind of thing or whatever. I don't think jealousy. I mean, I think it's hard to avoid jealousy, but I think the objective is probably to avoid it. I mean, some people don't even get jealous when their partner sleeps with someone else. Like there's polyamory and. Yeah. I think there's just such a diversity of different ways that we can structure relationships or view them that this is just gonna be another one that we add. You dedicate your book to your dad. What did you learn about life from your dad? Oh man, my dad is, he's a great listener and he is the best person I know at the type of cognitive empathy that's like perspective taking. So not like emotional, like crying empathy, but trying to see someone else's point of view and trying to put yourself in their shoes. And he really instilled that in me from an early age. And then he made me read a ton of science fiction, which probably led me down this path. Tell you how to be curious about the world and how to be open-minded. Yeah. Last question. What role does love play in the human condition? Since we've been talking about love and robots and you're fascinated by social robotics, it feels like all of that operates in the landscape of something that we can call love. Love? Yeah, I think there are a lot of different kinds of love. I feel like it's, we need, don't the Eskimos have all these different words for snow? We need more words to describe different types and kinds of love that we experience. But I think love is so important and I also think it's not zero sum. That's the really interesting thing about love is that, I had one kid and I loved my first kid more than anything else in the world. And I was like, how can I have a second kid and then love that kid also? I'm never gonna love it as much as the first, but I love them both equally. It just like my heart expanded. And so I think that people who are threatened by love towards artificial agents, they don't need to be threatened for that reason. Artificial agents will just, if done right, will just expand your capacity for love. I think so. I agree, beautifully put. Kate, this is awesome. I still didn't talk about half the things I wanted to talk about, but we're already like way over three hours. So thank you so much. I really appreciate you talking today. You're awesome. You're an amazing human being, a great roboticist, great writer now. It's an honor that you would talk with me. Thanks for doing it. Right back at you. Thank you. Thanks for listening to this conversation with Kate Darling. To support this podcast, please check out our sponsors in the description. And now let me leave you with some words from Maya Angelou. Courage is the most important of all the virtues because without courage, you can't practice any other virtue consistently. Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.
 I think that animals are a really great thought experiment
 when we're thinking about AI and robotics,
 because again, this comparing them to humans
 that leads us down the wrong path,
 both because it's not accurate,
 but also I think for the future, we don't want that.
 We want something that's a supplement.
 But I think animals, because we've used them
 throughout history for so many different things,
 we domesticated them not because they do what we do,
 but because what they do is different and that's useful.
 And it's just like whether we're talking about companionship,
 whether we're talking about work integration,
 whether we're talking about responsibility for harm,
 there's just so many things we can draw on in that history
 from these entities that can sense, think,
 make autonomous decisions and learn
 that are applicable to how we should be thinking
 about robots and AI.
 The following is a conversation with Kate Darling,
 her second time on the podcast.
 She's a research scientist at MIT Media Lab,
 interested in human-robot interaction and robot ethics,
 which she writes about in her recent book
 called The New Breed,
 what our history with animals reveals
 about our future with robots.
 Kate is one of my favorite people at MIT.
 She was a courageous voice of reason and compassion
 through the time of the Jeffrey Epstein scandal at MIT
 three years ago.
 We reflect on this time in this very conversation,
 including the lessons that revealed about human nature
 and our optimistic vision for the future of MIT,
 a university we both love and believe in.
 This is the Lex Friedman podcast.
 To support it, please check out our sponsors
 in the description.
 And now, dear friends, here's Kate Darling.
 Last time we talked, a few years back,
 you wore a Justin Bieber shirt for the podcast.
 So now looking back, you're a respected researcher,
 all the amazing accomplishments in robotics,
 you're an author.
 Was this one of the proudest moments of your life,
 proudest decisions you've ever made?
 Definitely.
 You handled it really well, though.
 It was cool, because I walked in,
 I didn't know you were gonna be filming.
 I walked in and you're in a fucking suit.
 Yeah.
 And I'm like, why are you all dressed up?
 Yeah.
 And then you were so nice about it,
 you made some excuses, you were like,
 oh, well, I'm interviewing some art.
 Didn't you say you were interviewing
 some military general afterwards to like,
 Oh yeah, that was this.
 Make me feel better?
 CTO of Lockheed Martin, I think.
 Oh, that's what it was.
 Yeah.
 You didn't tell me, oh, I was dressed like this.
 Are you an actual Bieber fan,
 or was that like one of those t-shirts
 that's in the back of the closet
 that you use for painting?
 I think I bought it for my husband as a joke.
 And yeah, I was, we were renovating a house at the time
 and I had worn it to the site.
 Got his joke and now you wear it, okay.
 Have you worn it since?
 Was this the one time?
 No, like how could I touch it again?
 It was on your podcast, that's frames.
 It's like a wedding dress or something like that.
 You don't, you only wear it once.
 You are the author of The New Breed,
 what our history with animals reveals
 about our future with robots.
 You opened the book with the surprisingly tricky question,
 what is a robot?
 So let me ask you,
 let's try to sneak up to this question.
 What's a robot?
 That's not really sneaking up.
 It's just asking it.
 Yeah.
 All right, well.
 What do you think a robot is?
 What I think a robot is,
 is something that has some level of intelligence
 and some level of magic.
 That little shine in the eye, you know,
 that allows you to navigate the uncertainty of life.
 So that means like autonomous vehicles to me in that sense
 are robots because they navigate the uncertainty,
 the complexity of life.
 Obviously social robots are that.
 I love that.
 I like that you mentioned magic because that also,
 well, so first of all,
 I don't define robot definitively in the book
 because there is no definition.
 There's no definition.
 That's what everyone agrees on.
 And if you look back through time,
 people have called things robots until they lose the magic
 because they're more ubiquitous.
 Like a vending machine used to be called a robot
 and now it's not, right?
 So I do agree with you that there's this magic aspect
 that which is how people understand robots.
 If you ask a roboticist,
 they have the definition of something that is,
 well, it has to be physical.
 Usually it's not an AI agent.
 It has to be embodied.
 They'll say it has to be able to sense its environment
 in some way.
 It has to be able to make a decision autonomously
 and then act on its environment again.
 I think that's a pretty good technical definition
 even though it really breaks down
 when you come to things like the smartphone
 because the smartphone can do all of those things.
 And most robotists would not call it a robot.
 So there's really no one good definition
 but part of why I wrote the book
 is because people have a definition of robot in their minds
 that is usually very focused
 on a comparison of robots to humans.
 So if you Google image search robot,
 you get a bunch of humanoid robots,
 robots with a torso and head and two arms and two legs.
 And that's the definition of robot
 that I'm trying to get us away from
 because I think that it trips us up a lot.
 Why does the humanoid form trip us up a lot?
 Well, because this constant comparison of robots to people,
 artificial intelligence to human intelligence,
 first of all, it doesn't make sense
 from a technical perspective
 because the early AI researchers,
 some of them were trying to recreate human intelligence.
 Some people still are and there's a lot to be learned
 from that academically, et cetera.
 But that's not where we've ended up.
 AI doesn't think like people.
 We wind up in this fallacy
 where we're comparing these two and when we talk
 about what intelligence even is,
 we're often comparing to our own intelligence.
 And then the second reason this bothers me
 is because it doesn't make sense.
 I just think it's boring to recreate intelligence
 that we already have.
 I see the scientific value
 of understanding our own intelligence,
 but from a practical,
 what could we use these technologies for perspective,
 it's much more interesting to create something new,
 to create a skillset that we don't have
 that we can partner with in what we're trying to achieve.
 And it should be in some deep ways similar to us,
 but in most ways different
 because you still want to have a connection,
 which is why the similarity might be necessary.
 That's what people argue, yes.
 And I think that's true.
 So the two arguments for humanoid robots are,
 people need to be able to communicate
 and relate to robots,
 and we relate most of things that are like ourselves.
 And we have a world that's built for humans.
 So we have stairs and narrow passageways and door handles.
 And so we need humanoid robots to be able to navigate that.
 And so you're speaking to the first one,
 which is absolutely true,
 but what we know from social robotics
 and a lot of human robot interaction research is that,
 all you need is something that's enough like a person
 to, for it to give off cues that someone relates to.
 And that, but that doesn't have to look human
 or even act human.
 You can take a robot like R2-D2
 and it just like beeps and boops
 and people love R2-D2, right?
 Even though it's just like a trash can on wheels.
 And they like R2-D2 more than C3PO, who's a humanoid.
 So there's lots of ways to make robots even better
 than humans in some ways and make us relate more to them.
 Yeah, it's kind of amazing the variety of cues
 that can be used to anthropomorphize the thing,
 like a glowing orb or something like that.
 Yeah.
 Just a voice, just subtle basic interaction.
 I think people sometimes over engineer these things.
 Like simplicity can go a really long way.
 Totally.
 I mean, ask any animator and they'll know that.
 Yeah.
 Yeah, those are actually, so the people behind Cosmo,
 the robot, the right people to design those as animators,
 like Disney type of people.
 Yeah.
 Versus like roboticists.
 Roboticists, quote unquote, are mostly clueless.
 It seems like.
 They just have their own discipline
 that they're very good at and they don't have.
 Yeah, but that don't, you know,
 I feel like robotics of the early 21st century
 is not going to be the robotics of the later 21st century.
 Like if you call yourself a roboticist,
 it'd be something very different.
 Because I think more and more,
 you'd be like a, maybe like a control engineer or something,
 controls engineer, like you separate
 because ultimately all the unsolved,
 all the big problems of robotics
 will be in the social aspect,
 in the interacting with humans aspect,
 in the perception interpreting the world aspect,
 in the brain part, not the basic control level part.
 You call it basic, it's actually really complex.
 It's very, very complicated.
 And that's why, but like, I think you're so right
 and what a time to be alive.
 Yeah.
 Because for me, I just, we've had robots for so long
 and they've just been behind the scenes.
 And now finally robots are getting deployed into the world.
 They're coming out of the closet.
 Yeah, and we're seeing all these mistakes
 that companies are making because they focus
 so much on the engineering and getting that right
 and getting the robot to be even be able to function
 in a space that it shares with a human.
 See, what I feel like people don't understand
 is to solve the perception and the control problem.
 You shouldn't try to just solve
 the perception control problem.
 You should teach the robot how to say,
 oh shit, I'm sorry, I fucked up.
 Yeah, or ask for help.
 Or ask for help or be able to communicate the uncertainty.
 Yeah, exactly.
 All of those things because you can't solve
 the perception control.
 We humans haven't solved it.
 We were really damn good at it.
 But the magic is in the self-deprecating humor
 and the self-awareness about where our flaws are,
 all that kind of stuff.
 Yeah, and there's a whole body of research
 in human robot interaction showing ways to do this.
 But a lot of these companies haven't,
 they don't do HRI.
 They, like the, have you seen the grocery store robot
 in the Stop and Shop?
 Yes.
 Yeah, the Marty, it looks like a giant penis.
 It's like six feet tall, it roams the aisles.
 I will never see Marty the same way again.
 Thank you for that.
 You're welcome.
 But like, these poor people were so hard
 on getting a functional robot together.
 And then people hate Marty because they didn't
 at all consider how people would react
 to Marty in their space.
 Does everybody, I mean, you talk about this,
 do people mostly hate Marty?
 Because I like Marty.
 I feel like less.
 You like Flippy.
 Yeah, I do.
 And actually like.
 Is there's a parallel between the two?
 I believe there is.
 So we were actually gonna do a study on this
 right before the pandemic hit.
 And then we canceled it because we didn't wanna go
 to the grocery store and neither did anyone else.
 But our theory, so this was with a student at MIT,
 Daniella DiPaola.
 She noticed that everyone on Facebook in her circles
 was complaining about Marty.
 They were like, what is this creepy robot?
 It's watching me, it's in the way.
 And she did this like quick and dirty sentiment analysis
 on Twitter where she was looking at positive
 and negative mentions of the robot.
 And she found that the biggest spike
 of negative mentions happened when Stop and Shop
 threw a birthday party for the Marty robots,
 like with free cake and balloons.
 Like who complains about free cake?
 Well, people who hate Marty apparently.
 So, and so we were like, that's interesting.
 And then we did this like online poll.
 We used Mechanical Turk and we tried to get at
 what people don't like about Marty.
 And a lot of it wasn't, oh, Marty's taking jobs.
 It was Marty is the surveillance robot, which it's not.
 It looks for spills on the floor.
 It doesn't actually like look at any people.
 It's watching, it's creepy, it's getting in the way.
 Those were the things that people complained about.
 And so our hypothesis became, is Marty a real life Clippy?
 Because I know Lex, you love Clippy,
 but many people hated Clippy.
 Well, there's a complex thing there.
 It could be like marriage.
 A lot of people seem to like to complain about marriage,
 but they secretly love it.
 So it could be the relationship you might have with Marty
 is like, oh, there he goes again,
 doing his stupid surveillance thing.
 But you grow to love the,
 I mean, bitching about the thing
 that kind of releases a kind of tension.
 And there's, I mean, some people, a lot of people show love
 by sort of busting each other's chops,
 like making fun of each other.
 And then I think people would really love it
 if Marty talked back.
 And like, these are so many possible options
 for humor there.
 One, you can lean in, you can be like,
 yes, I'm an agent of the CIA monitoring your every move,
 like mocking people that are concerned,
 saying like, yes, I'm watching you
 because you're so important with your shopping patterns.
 I'm collecting all this data
 or just any kind of making fun of people.
 I don't know.
 But I think you hit on what exactly it is
 because when it comes to robots or artificial agents,
 I think people hate them more than they would
 some other machine or device or object.
 And it might be that thing, it might be combined with love
 or like whatever it is, it's a more extreme response
 because they view these things as social agents
 and not objects.
 And that was, so Clifford Nass was a big
 human computer interaction person.
 And his theory about Clippy was that
 because people viewed Clippy as a social agent,
 when Clippy was annoying and would like bother them
 and interrupt them and like not remember what they told
 him, that's when people got upset
 because it wasn't fulfilling their social expectations.
 And so they complained about Clippy more than they would
 if it had been a different, like not a virtual character.
 So is complaining to you a sign that we're
 on the wrong path with a particular robot
 or is it possible like, again, like marriage,
 like family, that there still is a path
 towards that direction where we can find
 deep meaningful relationship?
 I think we absolutely can find deep meaningful
 relationships with robots.
 Well, maybe with Marty.
 I mean, I just would, I would have designed Marty
 a little differently.
 Like how?
 Isn't there a charm to the clumsiness, the slowness?
 There is if you're not trying to get through
 with a shopping cart and a screaming child.
 You know, there's, I think you could make it charming.
 I think there are lots of design tricks
 that they could have used.
 And one of the things they did, I think,
 without thinking about it at all is they slapped
 two big googly eyes on Marty.
 Oh yeah.
 And I wonder if that contributed maybe
 to people feeling watched because it's looking at them.
 And so like, is there a way to design the robot
 to do the function that it's doing in a way that doesn't,
 that people are actually attracted to rather than annoyed by?
 And there are many ways to do that,
 but companies aren't thinking about it.
 Now they're realizing that they should have
 thought about it.
 Yeah.
 I wonder if there's a way to,
 if it would help to make Marty seem like an entity
 of its own versus the arm of a large corporation.
 So there's some sense where this is just the camera
 that's monitoring people versus this is an entity
 that's a standalone entity.
 It has its own task and it has its own personality.
 The more personality you give it,
 the more it feels like it's not sharing data
 with anybody else.
 Like when we see other human beings,
 our basic assumption is whatever I say to this human being,
 it's not like being immediately sent to the CIA.
 Yeah. What I say to you, no one's gonna hear that, right?
 Yeah, that's true.
 That's true.
 No, I'm kidding.
 Well, you forget it.
 I mean, you do forget it.
 I don't know if that even with microphones here,
 you forget that that's happening,
 but for some reason, I think probably with Marty,
 I think what is done really crudely and crappily,
 you start to realize, oh, this is like PR people
 trying to make a friendly version of a surveillance machine.
 But I mean, that reminds me of the slight clumsiness
 or significant clumsiness on the initial releases
 of the avatars for the metaverse.
 I don't know, what are your actually thoughts about that?
 The way the avatars, the way like Mark Zuckerberg
 looks in that world, you know, the metaverse,
 the virtual reality world where you can have
 like virtual meetings and stuff like that.
 Like how do we get that right?
 Do you have thoughts about that?
 Because it's a kind of, it feels like a similar problem
 to social robotics, which is how you design
 a digital virtual world that is compelling
 when you connect to others there in the same way
 that physical connection is.
 Right.
 I haven't looked into, I mean, I've seen people joking
 about it on Twitter and like posting whatever.
 Yeah, but I mean, have you seen it?
 Because there's something you can't quite put into words
 that doesn't feel genuine about the way it looks.
 And so the question is, if you and I were to meet virtually,
 what should the avatars look like for us to have
 similar kind of connection?
 Should it be really simplified?
 Should it be a little bit more realistic?
 Should it be cartoonish?
 Should it be more better capturing of expressions
 in interesting complex ways
 versus like cartoonish over simplified ways?
 But having video games figured this out,
 I'm not a gamer, so I don't have any examples,
 but I feel like there's this whole world in video games
 where they've thought about all of this
 and depending on the game, they have different like avatars
 and a lot of the games are about connecting with others.
 I just, the thing that I don't know is,
 and again, I haven't looked into this at all.
 I've been like shockingly not very interested
 in the metaverse, but they must have poured
 so much investment into this meta.
 And like, why is it so, why are people, why is it so bad?
 Like, there's gotta be a reason,
 there's gotta be some thinking behind it, right?
 Well, I talked to Carmack about this,
 John Carmack, who's a part-time Oculus CTO.
 I think there's several things to say.
 One is, as you probably know, that I mean,
 there's bureaucracy, there's large corporations,
 and they often, large corporations have a way
 of killing the indie kind of artistic flame
 that's required to create something really compelling.
 Somehow they make everything boring
 because they run through this whole process,
 through the PR department, through all that kind of stuff,
 and it somehow becomes generic to that process.
 Because there's like-
 Does it strip out anything interesting
 because it could be controversial?
 Is that, or?
 Yeah, right, exactly.
 Like, what, I mean, we're living through this now,
 like with a lot of people with cancellations
 and all those kinds of stuff, people are nervous,
 and nervousness results in, like usual,
 the assholes are ruining everything.
 But the magic of human connection is taking risks,
 of making a risky joke, of, like, with people you like
 who are not assholes, good people, like, some of the fun,
 some of the fun in the metaverse or in video games
 is being edgier, being interesting,
 revealing your personality in interesting ways.
 In the sexual tension or in,
 they're definitely paranoid about that.
 Oh yeah.
 Like in metaverse, the possibility of sexual assault
 and sexual harassment and all that kind of stuff
 is obviously very high, but they're,
 so you should be paranoid to some degree,
 but not too much, because then you remove completely
 the personality of the whole thing.
 Then everybody's just like a vanilla bot,
 but like you have to have ability to be a little bit
 political, to be a little bit edgy, all that kind of stuff.
 And large companies tend to suffocate that.
 So, but in general, if you get all that,
 just the ability to come up with really cool,
 beautiful ideas.
 If you look at, I think Grimes tweeted about this,
 she's very critical about the metaverse,
 is that independent game designers have solved this problem
 of how to create something beautiful
 and interesting and compelling.
 They do a really good job.
 So you have to let those kinds of minds,
 the small groups of people design things
 and let them run with it and let them run wild
 and do edgy stuff.
 Yeah, but otherwise you get this kind of,
 you get a clippy type of situation, right?
 Which is like a very generic looking thing.
 But even clippy has some, like that's kind of wild
 that you would take a paperclip and put eyes on it.
 And suddenly people are like, oh, you're annoying,
 but you're definitely a social agent.
 And I just feel like that wouldn't even,
 that clippy thing wouldn't even survive Microsoft
 or Facebook of today, meta of today.
 Because it would be like, there'll be these meetings
 about why is it a paperclip?
 Like, why don't we, it's not sufficiently friendly,
 let's make it, and then all of a sudden the artist
 with whom it originated is killed.
 And it's all PR marketing people and all of that kind
 of stuff, no, they do important work to some degree,
 but they kill the creativity.
 I think the killing of the creativity is in the whole,
 like, okay, so what I know from social robotics
 is like, obviously, if you create agents that,
 okay, so take for an example, you'd create a robot
 that looks like a humanoid and it's Sophia or whatever.
 Now, suddenly you do have all of these issues
 where are you reinforcing an unrealistic beauty standard?
 Are you objectifying women?
 Why is the robot white?
 But the thing is, I think that with creativity,
 you can find a solution that's even better
 where you're not even harming anyone
 and you're creating a robot that looks like not humanoid,
 but like something that people relate to even more.
 And now you don't even have any of these bias issues
 that you're creating.
 And so how do we create that within companies?
 Because I don't think it's really about,
 like, I, cause I, you know, maybe we disagree on that.
 I don't think that edginess or humor or interesting things
 need to be things that harm or hurt people
 or that people are against.
 There are ways to find things that everyone is fine with.
 Why aren't we doing that?
 The problem is there's departments
 that look for harm in things.
 And so they will find harm in things that have no harm.
 That's the big problem because their whole job
 is to find harm in things.
 So what you said is completely correct,
 which is edginess should not hurt,
 doesn't necessarily, doesn't need to be a thing
 that hurts people.
 Obviously, great humor, great personality
 doesn't have to, like Clippy.
 But yeah, I mean, but it's tricky to get right.
 And I'm not exactly sure.
 I don't know.
 I don't know why a large corporation
 with a lot of funding can't get this right.
 I do think you're right that there's a lot of aversion
 to risk and so if you get lawyers involved
 or people whose job it is, like you say, to mitigate risk,
 they're just gonna say no to most things
 that could even be in some way.
 Yeah, yeah, you get the problem in all organizations.
 So I think that you're right that that is a problem.
 I think what's the way to solve that
 in large organizations is to have Steve Jobs
 type of characters.
 Unfortunately, you do need to have, I think,
 like a designer, or maybe like a Johnny Ive
 that is almost like a dictator.
 Yeah, you want a benevolent dictator.
 Yeah, who rolls in and says,
 cuts through the lawyers, the PR,
 but has a benevolent aspect.
 Like yeah, that has a good heart and makes sure.
 I think all great artists and designers
 create stuff that doesn't hurt people.
 Like if you have a good heart,
 you're going to create something
 that's going to actually make a lot of people feel good.
 That's what like people like Johnny Ive,
 what they love doing is creating a thing
 that brings a lot of love to the world.
 They imagine like millions of people using the thing
 and it instills them with joy.
 That's that you could say that about social robotics,
 you could say that about the metaverse.
 It shouldn't be done by the PR people,
 should be done by the designers.
 I agree, PR people ruin everything.
 Yeah, all the fun.
 In the book you have a picture,
 I just have a lot of ridiculous questions.
 You have a picture of two hospital delivery robots
 with a caption that reads, by the way,
 see your book, I appreciate that it keeps the humor in.
 You didn't run it by the PR department.
 No, no one edited the book, you got rushed through.
 The caption reads, two hospital delivery robots
 whose sexy nurse names Roxy and Lola
 made me roll my eyes so hard they almost fell out.
 What aspect of it made you roll your eyes?
 Is it the naming?
 It was the naming.
 The form factor is fine, it's like a little box on wheels.
 The fact that they named them, also great.
 That'll let people enjoy interacting with them.
 We know that even just giving a robot a name,
 people will, it facilitates technology adoption.
 People will be like, oh, you know,
 Betsy made a mistake, let's help her out
 instead of the stupid robot doesn't work.
 But why Lola and Roxy?
 Those are to you too sexy?
 I mean, there's research showing that
 a lot of robots are named according to gender biases
 about the function that they're fulfilling.
 So, robots that are helpful in assistance
 and are like nurses are usually female gendered,
 robots that are powerful, all wise computers like Watson
 usually have like a booming male coded voice and name.
 So, like that's one of those things, right?
 You're opening a can of worms for no reason, for no reason.
 You can avoid this whole can of worms.
 Just give it a different name, like why Roxy?
 It's because people aren't even thinking.
 So, to some extent, I don't like PR departments,
 but getting some feedback on your work
 from a diverse set of participants,
 listening and taking in things
 that help you identify your own blind spots.
 And then you can always make your good leadership choices
 and good, like you can still ignore things
 that you don't believe are an issue,
 but having the openness to take in feedback
 and making sure that you're getting the right feedback
 from the right people, I think that's really important.
 So, don't unnecessarily propagate the biases of society.
 Yeah, why?
 In the design.
 But if you're not careful when you do the research of,
 like you might, if you ran a poll with a lot of people,
 of all the possible names these robots have,
 they might come up with Roxy and Lola
 as names they would enjoy most.
 Like that could come up as the highest.
 As in you do marketing research and then,
 well, that's what they did with Alexa.
 They did marketing research
 and nobody wanted the male voice.
 Everyone wanted it to be female.
 Well, what do you think about that?
 Like what?
 If I were to say, I think the role of a great designer,
 again, to go back to Johnny Ive,
 is to throw out the marketing research.
 Like take it in, do it, learn from it.
 But like if everyone wants Alexa to be a female voice,
 the role of the designer is to think deeply
 about the future of social agents in the home and think.
 Like what does that future look like?
 And try to reverse engineer that future.
 So like in some sense, there's this weird tension.
 Like you want to listen to a lot of people,
 but at the same time, you want to,
 you're creating a thing that defines the future of the world
 and the people that you're listening to
 are part of the past.
 So like that weird tension.
 Yeah, I think that's true.
 And I think some companies like Apple
 have historically done very well at understanding a market
 and saying, you know what our role is?
 It's not to listen to what the current market says.
 It's to actually shape the market
 and shape consumer preferences.
 And companies have the power to do that.
 They can be forward thinking and they can actually shift
 what the future of technology looks like.
 And I agree with you that I would like to see more of that,
 especially when it comes to existing biases that we know,
 or that I think there's the low hanging fruit
 of companies that don't even think about it at all
 and aren't talking to the right people
 and aren't getting the full information.
 And then there's companies that are just like
 doing the safe thing and giving consumers what they want now,
 but to be really forward looking and be really successful,
 I think you have to make some judgment calls
 about what the future is gonna be.
 But do you think it's still useful to gender
 and to name the robots?
 Yes, I mean, gender is a minefield,
 but people, it's really hard to get people
 to not gender a robot in some way.
 So if you don't give it a name
 or you give it a ambiguous voice,
 people will just choose something.
 And maybe that's better than just entrenching something
 that you've decided is best.
 But I do think it can be helpful
 on the anthropomorphism engagement level
 to give it attributes that people identify with.
 Yeah, I think a lot of roboticists I know,
 they don't gender the robot,
 they even try to avoid naming the robot,
 or naming it something that can be used as a name
 in conversation kind of thing.
 And I think that's actually irresponsible
 because people are going to anthropomorphize the thing anyway.
 So you're just removing from yourself the responsibility
 of how they're going to anthropomorphize it.
 That's a good point.
 And so you want to be able to, they're going to do it,
 you have to start to think about how they're going to do it.
 Even if the robot is a Boston Dynamics robot,
 that's not supposed to have any kind of social component.
 They're obviously going to project
 a social component to it.
 Like that arm, I worked a lot with quadrupeds now
 with robot dogs.
 That arm, people think is the head immediately.
 It's supposed to be an arm,
 but they start to think it's a head.
 And you have to like acknowledge that.
 You can't, I mean-
 They do now.
 They do now?
 Well, they've deployed the robots and people are like,
 oh my God, the cops are using a robot dog.
 And so they have this PR nightmare.
 And so they're like, oh yeah, okay.
 Maybe we should hire some HRI people.
 Well, Boston Dynamics is an interesting company.
 Any of the others that are doing similar thing
 because their main source of money
 is in the industrial application.
 So like surveillance of factories and doing dangerous jobs.
 So to them, it's almost good PR
 for people to be scared of these things.
 Cause it's for some reason, as you talk about,
 people are naturally for some reason scared.
 We could talk about that of robots.
 And so it becomes more viral.
 Like playing with that little fear.
 And so it's almost like a good PR
 because ultimately they're not trying to put them
 in the home and have a good social connection.
 They're trying to put them in factories.
 And so they have fun with it.
 If you watch Boston Dynamics videos, they're aware of it.
 Oh yeah.
 They're, I mean, I was-
 The videos for sure that they put out.
 It's almost like an unspoken tongue in cheek thing.
 They're aware of how people are going to feel
 when you have a robot that does like a flip.
 Now, most of the people are just like excited
 about the control problem of it.
 Like how to make the whole thing happen.
 But they're aware when people see.
 Well, I think they became aware.
 I think that in the beginning, they were really,
 really focused on just the engineering.
 I mean, they're at the forefront of robotics,
 like locomotion and stuff.
 And then when they started doing the videos,
 I think that was kind of a labor of love.
 I know that the former CEO, Mark,
 he oversaw a lot of the videos and made a lot of them himself.
 And he's even really detail oriented.
 There can't be some sort of incline
 that would give the robot an advantage.
 They're very, he was very,
 held on integrity about the authenticity of them.
 But then when they started to go viral,
 I think that's when they started to realize,
 oh, there's something interesting here that,
 I don't know how much they took it seriously
 in the beginning, other than realizing
 that they could play within the videos.
 I know that they take it very seriously now.
 What I like about Boston Dynamics and similar companies,
 it's still mostly run by engineers.
 But I've had my criticisms.
 There's a bit more PR leaking in,
 but those videos are made by engineers
 because that's what they find fun.
 It's like testing the robustness of the system.
 I mean, they're having a lot of fun there with the robots.
 Totally.
 Have you been to visit?
 Yeah, yeah, yeah.
 Yeah, it's one of the most,
 like I, I mean, because I have eight robot dogs now.
 Wait, you have eight robot dogs?
 What?
 So they're just walking around your place?
 Yeah, I'm working on them.
 That's actually one of my goals is to have at any one time,
 oh, is a robot moving?
 Oh, that's an ambitious goal.
 Well, I have like more Roombas that I know what to do with,
 that I program.
 So the programmable Roombas.
 Nice.
 And I have a bunch of little,
 like I built the, well, I'm not finished with it yet,
 but I bought a robot from Rick and Morty.
 They still have a bunch of robots everywhere,
 but the thing is what happens is you're working
 on one robot at a time,
 and that becomes like a little project.
 It's actually very difficult to have just a passively
 functioning robot always moving.
 Yeah.
 And that's a dream for me,
 because I'd love to create that kind of little world.
 So the impressive thing about Boston Dynamics to me
 was to see like hundreds of spots.
 And like, there was a,
 the most impressive thing that still sticks with me is
 there was a spot robot walking down the hall,
 seemingly with no supervision whatsoever,
 and he was wearing, he or she, I don't know,
 was wearing a cowboy hat.
 It was just walking down the hall,
 and nobody paying attention,
 and it's just like walking down this long hall,
 and I'm like looking around, is anyone,
 like what's happening here?
 So presumably some kind of automation was doing the map.
 I mean, the whole environment
 is probably really well mapped,
 but it was just, it gave me a picture of a world
 where a robot is doing its thing,
 wearing a cowboy hat, just going down the hall,
 like getting some coffee or whatever.
 Like I don't know what it's doing, what's the mission,
 but I don't know, for some reason it really stuck with me.
 You don't often see robots that aren't part of a demo,
 or that aren't, you know,
 like with a semi-autonomous or autonomous vehicle,
 like directly doing a task.
 This was just chilling.
 Just walking around, I don't know.
 Well, yeah, you know, I mean, we're at MIT,
 like when I first got to MIT, I was like,
 okay, where's all the robots?
 And they were all like broken or like not demoing, so yeah.
 And what really excites me is that we're about to have that.
 We're about to have so many moving robots about too.
 Well, it's coming.
 It's coming in our lifetime
 that we will just have robots moving around.
 We're already seeing the beginnings of it.
 There's delivery robots in some cities, on the sidewalks.
 And I just love seeing like the TikToks
 of people reacting to that,
 because yeah, you see a robot walking down the hall
 with a cowboy hat.
 You're like, what the fuck?
 What is this?
 This is awesome and scary and kind of awesome.
 And people either love or hate it.
 That's one of the things that I think companies
 are underestimating,
 that people will either love a robot or hate a robot
 and nothing in between.
 So it's just, again, an exciting time to be alive.
 Yeah, I think kids almost universally,
 at least in my experience, love them.
 Love legged robots.
 If they're not loud,
 my son hates the rumo because ours is loud.
 Oh, that, yeah.
 No, the legs, the legs.
 Oh yeah.
 Cause your son,
 do they understand rumo to be a robot?
 Oh yeah, my kids, that's one of the first words they learned.
 They know how to say beep boop.
 And yes, they think the rumo's a robot.
 Do they project intelligence out of the thing?
 Well, we don't really use it around them anymore
 for the reason that my son is scared of it.
 Yeah, that's really interesting.
 I think they would.
 Like even a Roomba, because it's moving around on its own,
 I think kids and animals view it as an agent.
 So what do you think,
 if we just look at the state of the art of robotics,
 what do you think robots are actually good at today?
 So if we look at today.
 You mean physical robots?
 Yeah, physical robots.
 Well.
 Like what are you impressed by?
 So I think a lot of people,
 I mean, that's what your book is about,
 is maybe not a perfectly calibrated understanding
 of where we are in terms of robotics,
 what's difficult to robotics, what's easy in robotics.
 Yeah, we're way behind where people think we are.
 So what's impressive to me, so let's see.
 Oh, one thing that came out recently
 was Amazon has this new warehouse robot
 and it's the first autonomous warehouse robot
 that is safe for people to be around.
 And so like it's kind of,
 most people I think envision that our warehouses
 are already fully automated
 and that there's just like robots doing things.
 It's actually still really difficult to have robots
 and people in the same space
 because it's dangerous for the most part.
 Robots, because especially robots that have to be strong
 enough to move something heavy, for example,
 they can really hurt somebody.
 And so until now, a lot of the warehouse robots
 had to just move along like preexisting lines,
 which really restricts what you can do.
 And so having, I think that's one of the big challenges
 and one of the big like exciting things that's happening
 is that we're starting to see more cobotics
 in industrial spaces like that
 where people and robots can work side by side
 and not get harmed.
 Yeah, that's what people don't realize
 sort of the physical manipulation task with humans.
 It's not that the robots wanna hurt you.
 I think that's what people are worried about.
 Like this malevolent robot gets them out of its own
 and wants to destroy all humans.
 No, it's actually very difficult to know where the human is
 and to respond to the human dynamically
 and collaborate with them on a task,
 especially if you're something like an industrial robotic arm,
 which is extremely powerful.
 Some of those arms are pretty impressive now
 that you can grab it, you can move it.
 So the collaboration between human and robot
 in the factory setting is really fascinating.
 Yeah.
 Do you think they'll take our jobs?
 I don't think it's that simple.
 I think that there's a ton of disruption
 that's happening and will continue to happen.
 I think speaking specifically of the Amazon warehouses,
 that might be an area where it would be good for robots
 to take some of the jobs that are,
 where people are put in a position where it's unsafe
 and they're treated horribly.
 And probably it would be better if a robot did that
 and Amazon is clearly trying to automate that job away.
 So I think there's gonna be a lot of disruption.
 I do think that robots and humans
 have very different skillsets.
 So while a robot might take over a task,
 it's not gonna take over most jobs.
 I think just things will change a lot.
 Like, I don't know, one of the examples I have
 in the book is mining.
 So there you have this job that is very unsafe
 and that requires a bunch of workers
 and puts them in unsafe conditions.
 And now you have all these different robotic machines
 that can help make the job safer.
 And as a result, now people can sit in these
 like air conditioned remote control stations
 and like control these autonomous mining trucks.
 And so that's a much better job,
 but also they're employing less people now.
 So it's just a lot of,
 I think from a bird's eye perspective,
 you're not gonna see job loss,
 you're gonna see more jobs created
 because the future is not robots just becoming like people
 and taking their jobs.
 The future is really a combination of our skills
 and then the supplemental skillset that robots have
 to increase productivity,
 to help people have better, safer jobs,
 to give people work that they actually enjoy doing
 and are good at.
 But it's really easy to say that
 from a bird's eye perspective
 and ignore kind of the rubble on the ground
 as we go through these transitions,
 because of course, specific jobs are going to get lost.
 If you look at the history of the 20th century,
 it seems like automation constantly increases productivity
 and improves the average quality of life.
 So it's been always good.
 So like thinking about this time being different
 is that we would need to go against the lessons of history.
 It's true.
 And the other thing is I think people think
 that the automation of the physical tasks is easy.
 I was just in Ukraine and the interesting thing is,
 I mean, there's a lot of difficult and dark lessons,
 just about a war zone.
 But one of the things that happens in war
 is there's a lot of mines that are placed.
 That's one of the big problems for years
 after a war is even over,
 is the entire landscape is covered in mines.
 And so there's a demining effort.
 And you would think robots would be good
 at this kind of thing.
 Or like your intuition would be like,
 well, say you have unlimited money
 and you wanna do a good job of it, unlimited money.
 You would get a lot of really nice robots,
 but no, humans are still far superior.
 Or animals. Or animals.
 But even, right, but humans with animals together.
 Yeah. You can't just have
 dog with a hat.
 That's fair.
 But yes, but figuring out also how to disable the mine.
 Obviously the easy thing,
 the thing a robot can help with is to find the mine
 and blow it up.
 But that's gonna destroy the landscape.
 That really does a lot of damage to the land.
 You wanna disable the mine.
 And to do that because of all the different,
 all the different edge cases of the problem.
 It requires a huge amount of human-like experience,
 it seems like.
 So it's mostly done by humans.
 They have no use for robots.
 They don't want robots.
 Yeah. I think we overestimate what we can automate.
 Especially in the physical realm.
 Yeah.
 It's weird.
 I mean, it's continuous, the story of humans.
 We think we're shitty at everything in the physical world,
 including driving.
 We think everybody makes fun of themselves
 and others for being shitty drivers,
 but we're actually kind of incredible.
 No, we're incredible.
 And that's why, like, that's why Tesla still says
 that if you're in the driver's seat,
 like you are ultimately responsible.
 Because the ideal for, I mean,
 I mean, you know more about this than I do,
 but like robot cars are great at predictable things
 and can react faster and more precisely than a person
 and can do a lot of the driving.
 And then the reason that we still don't have
 autonomous vehicles on all the roads yet
 is because of this long tail of just unexpected occurrences
 where a human immediately understands
 that's a sunset and not a traffic light.
 That's a horse and carriage ahead of me on the highway,
 but the car has never encountered that before.
 So like in theory, combining those skill sets
 is what's gonna really be powerful.
 The only problem is figuring out
 the human robot interaction and the handoffs.
 So like in cars, that's a huge problem right now,
 figuring out the handoffs.
 But in other areas, it might be easier.
 And that's really the future is human robot interaction.
 What's really hard to improve,
 it's terrible that people die in car accidents,
 but I mean, it's like 70, 80, 100 million miles,
 one death per 80 million miles.
 That's like really hard to beat for a robot.
 That's like incredible.
 Like think about it, like the, how many people?
 Just the number of people throughout the world
 that are driving every single day,
 all the sleep deprived, drunk, distracted, all of that.
 And still very few die relative to what I would imagine.
 If I were to guess back in the horse,
 see when I was like in the beginning of the 20th century,
 riding my horse, I would talk so much shit about these cars.
 I'd be like, this is extremely dangerous.
 These machines traveling at 30 miles an hour,
 whatever the hell they're going at.
 This is irresponsible, it's unnatural,
 and it's going to be destructive to all of human society.
 But then it's extremely surprising how humans adapt
 to the thing and they know how to not kill each other.
 I mean, that ability to adapt is incredible
 and to mimic that in the machine is really tricky.
 Now that said, what Tesla is doing,
 I mean, I wouldn't have guessed
 how far machine learning can go on vision alone.
 It's really, really incredible.
 And people that are, at least from my perspective,
 people that are kind of critical of Elon and those efforts,
 I think don't give enough credit
 how much progress we've made,
 how much incredible progress has been made
 in that direction.
 I think most of the robotics community
 wouldn't have guessed how much you can do on vision alone.
 It's kind of incredible.
 Because we would be, I think it's that approach,
 which is relatively, I think,
 which is relatively unique,
 has challenged the other competitors to step up their game.
 So if you're using LIDAR, if you're using mapping,
 that challenges them to do better, to scale faster,
 and to use machine learning and computer vision as well
 to integrate both LIDAR and vision.
 So it's kind of incredible.
 And I'm not, I don't know if I even have a good intuition
 of how hard driving is anymore.
 Maybe it is possible to solve.
 So all the sunset, all the edge cases you mentioned.
 Yeah, the question is when.
 Yeah, I think it's not happening
 as quickly as people thought it would
 because it is more complicated.
 But I wouldn't have, I agree with you.
 My current intuition is that we're gonna get there.
 I think we're gonna get there too.
 But I didn't before, I wasn't sure we're gonna get there
 without, like with current technology.
 So I was kinda, this is like with vision alone,
 my intuition was you're gonna have to solve
 like common sense reasoning.
 You're gonna have to solve some of the big problems
 in artificial intelligence, not just perception.
 Yeah.
 Like you have to have a deep understanding of the world
 is always my sense.
 But now I'm starting to like, well this,
 I mean I'm continuing to see
 a surprise how well the thing works.
 Obviously Elon and others, others have stopped,
 but Elon continues saying we're gonna solve it in a year.
 Well yeah, that's the thing, bold prediction.
 Yeah, but everyone else used to be doing that,
 but they kinda like, all right.
 Yeah, maybe we'll.
 Maybe let's not promise we're gonna solve
 level four driving by 2020.
 Let's chill on that.
 But people are still trying silently.
 I mean the UK just committed 100 million pounds
 to research and development to speed up the process
 of getting autonomous vehicles on the road.
 Like everyone can see that it is solvable
 and it's going to happen and it's gonna change everything.
 And they're still investing in it.
 And like Waymo Loki has driverless cars in Arizona.
 Like you can get, you know, there's like robots.
 It's weird, have you ever been in one?
 No.
 It's so weird.
 It's so awesome.
 Because the most awesome experience is the wheel turning.
 And you're sitting in the back.
 It's like, I don't know.
 It's, it feels like you're a passenger with that friend
 who's a little crazy of a driver.
 It feels like, shit, I don't know.
 Are you ready to drive, bro?
 You know, that kind of feeling.
 But then you kind of, that experience, that nervousness,
 and the excitement of trusting another being,
 and in this case it's a machine, is really interesting.
 And it's just even introspecting your own feelings
 about the thing.
 Yeah.
 They're not doing anything in terms of making you feel better.
 Like at least Waymo, I think they went with the approach
 of like, let's not try to put eyes on the thing.
 It's a wheel, we know what that looks like.
 It's just a car.
 It's a car, get in the back.
 Let's not like discuss this at all.
 Let's not discuss the fact that this is a robot driving you
 and you're in the back, and if the robot wants
 to start driving 80 miles an hour and run off of a bridge,
 you have no recourse.
 Let's not discuss this.
 You're just getting the back.
 There's no discussion about like how shit can go wrong.
 There's no eyes, there's nothing.
 There's like a map showing what the car can see.
 Like, you know, what happens if it's like
 a Hal 9000 situation?
 Like, I'm sorry, I can't.
 You have a button you can like call customer service.
 Oh God, then you can put on hold for two hours?
 Probably.
 But you know, currently what they're doing,
 which I think is understandable,
 but you know, the car just can pull over and stop
 and wait for help to arrive, and then a driver will come
 and then they'll actually drive the car for you.
 But that's like, you know, what if you're late
 for a meeting or all that kind of stuff.
 Or like the more dystopian, isn't it the fifth element
 where, is Will Smith in that movie?
 Who's in that movie?
 No, Bruce Willis?
 Bruce Willis.
 Oh yeah, and he gets into like a robotic cab
 or car or something, and then because he's violated
 a traffic rule, it locks him in,
 and he has to wait for the cops to come
 and he can't get out.
 So like, we're gonna see stuff like that maybe.
 Well that's, I believe that the companies
 that have robots, the only ones that will succeed
 are the ones that don't do that,
 meaning they respect privacy.
 You think so?
 Yeah, because people,
 because they're gonna have to earn people's trust.
 Yeah, but like Amazon works with law enforcement
 and gives them the data from the ring cameras, so.
 Really?
 Why should it, yeah, oh yeah.
 Do you have a ring camera?
 No. Okay.
 No, no, but basically any security camera, right?
 I have a Google's, whatever they have.
 We have one that's not, we store the data
 on a local server because we don't want it
 to go to law enforcement,
 because all the companies are doing it.
 They're doing it, I bet Apple wouldn't.
 Yeah.
 Apple's the only company I trust,
 and I don't know how much longer.
 I don't know.
 I, maybe that's true for cameras,
 but with robots, people are just not gonna let a robot
 inside their home where, like one time
 where somebody gets arrested because of something
 a robot sees, that's gonna be,
 that's gonna destroy a company.
 You don't think people are gonna be like,
 well, that wouldn't happen to me,
 that happened to a bad person?
 I think they would.
 Yeah?
 Because in the modern world, people are,
 have you seen Twitter?
 They get extremely paranoid about any kind of surveillance.
 But the thing that I've had to learn is that Twitter
 is not the modern world.
 Like when I go inland to visit my relatives,
 like they don't, that's a different discourse
 that's happening.
 I think like the whole tech criticism world,
 it's loud in our ears, because we're in those circles.
 Do you think you can be a company that does social robotics
 and not win over Twitter?
 That's a good question.
 I feel like the early adopters are all on Twitter.
 And it feels like you have to win them over.
 Feels like nowadays you'd have to win over TikTok, honestly.
 I don't.
 TikTok, is that a website?
 I need to check it out.
 And that's an interesting one,
 because China is behind that one.
 Exactly.
 So if it's compelling enough,
 maybe people would be able to give up privacy
 and that kind of stuff.
 That's really scary.
 I mean, I'm worried about it.
 I'm worried about it.
 And there've been some developments recently
 that are like super exciting,
 like the large language learning models.
 Like, wow, I did not anticipate those improving so quickly.
 And those are gonna change everything.
 And one of the things that I'm trying to be cynical about
 is that I think they're gonna have a big impact
 on privacy and data security
 and manipulating consumers and manipulating people,
 because suddenly you'll have these agents
 that people will talk to you and they won't care
 or won't know, at least on a conscious level,
 that it's recording the conversations.
 So kind of like we were talking about before.
 And at the same time, the technology is so freaking exciting
 that it's gonna get adopted.
 Well, it's not even just the collection of data,
 but the ability to manipulate at scale.
 So what do you think about the AI,
 the engineer from Google
 that thought Lambda is sentient?
 You had actually a really good post from somebody else.
 I forgot her name.
 It's brilliant.
 I can't believe I didn't know about her.
 Thanks to you.
 Chanel Shane?
 Yeah, from Weird AI.
 Oh yeah, I love her book.
 Oh, she's great.
 I left a note for myself to reach out to her.
 She's amazing.
 She's hilarious and brilliant
 and just a great summarizer of the state of AI.
 But she has, I think that was from her,
 where I was looking at AI explaining that it's a squirrel.
 Oh yeah, because the transcripts
 that the engineer released,
 Lambda kind of talks about the experience
 of human-like feelings and I think even consciousness.
 And so she was like, oh cool, that's impressive.
 I wonder if an AI can also describe the experience
 of being a squirrel.
 And so she interviewed, I think she did GPT-3
 about the experience of being a squirrel.
 And then she did a bunch of other ones too.
 What's it like being a flock of crows?
 What's it like being an algorithm that powers a Roomba?
 And you can have a conversation about any of those things
 and they're very convincing.
 It's pretty convincing, yeah.
 Even GPT-3, which is not state of the art.
 It's convincing being a squirrel.
 It's like, what is like, you should check it out
 because it really is, it's like, yeah,
 that probably is what a squirrel would talk about.
 It would say.
 Are you excited?
 What's it like being a squirrel?
 Oh, it's fun.
 I get to eat nuts and run around all day.
 How do you think people will feel
 when you tell them that you're a squirrel?
 Or like, I forget what it was.
 Like a lot of people might be scared
 to find out that you're a squirrel or something like this.
 And then the system answers pretty well.
 Like, yeah, I hope they'll,
 like, what do you think when they find out you're a squirrel?
 I hope they'll see how fun it is to be a squirrel.
 What do you say to people who don't believe you're a squirrel?
 I say, come see for yourselves.
 I am a squirrel.
 That's great.
 Well, I think it's really great because it like,
 the two things to note about it are,
 first of all, just because the machine
 is describing an experience
 doesn't mean it actually has that experience.
 But then secondly, these things are getting so advanced
 and so convincing at describing these things
 and talking to people.
 That's, I mean, just the implications for health,
 education, communication, entertainment, gaming.
 Like, I just, like, all of the applications,
 it's mind boggling what we're gonna be able to do with this
 and that my kids are not gonna remember a time
 before they could have conversations with artificial agents.
 Do you think they would, because to me, this is,
 the focus in the AI community has been,
 well, this engineer surely is hallucinating.
 The thing is not sentient.
 But to me, I, first of all,
 it doesn't matter if he is or not, this is coming.
 Yeah.
 Where a large number of people
 would believe a system is sentient,
 including engineers within companies.
 Yeah.
 So in that sense, you start to think about a world
 where, like, your kids aren't just used
 to having a conversation with the bot,
 but used to believing, kind of,
 having an implied belief that the thing is sentient.
 Yeah, I think that's true.
 And I think that one of the things that bothered me
 about all of the coverage in the tech press
 about this incident, like, obviously,
 I don't believe the system is sentient.
 Like, I think that it can convincingly describe that it is.
 I don't think it's doing what he thought it was doing
 and actually experiencing feelings.
 But a lot of the tech press was about how he was wrong
 and depicting him as kind of naive.
 And it's not naive.
 Like, there's so much research
 in my field showing that people do this, even experts.
 They might be very clinical
 when they're doing human-robot interaction experiments
 with a robot that they've built.
 And then you bring in a different robot,
 and they're like, oh, look at it, it's having fun,
 it's doing this.
 Like, that happens in our lab all the time.
 We are all this guy.
 And it's gonna be huge.
 So I think that the goal is not to discourage
 this kind of belief or design systems
 that people won't think are sentient.
 I don't think that's possible.
 I think you're right, this is coming.
 It's something that we have to acknowledge
 and even embrace and be very aware of.
 So one of the really interesting perspectives
 that your book takes on a system like this
 is to see them, not to compare a system like this
 to humans, but to compare it to animals,
 of how we see animals.
 Can you kind of try to, again, sneak up,
 try to explain why this analogy is better
 than the human analogy, the analogy of robots as animals?
 Yeah, and it gets trickier with the language stuff,
 but we'll get into that too.
 I think that animals are a really great thought experiment
 when we're thinking about AI and robotics,
 because again, this comparing them to humans
 that leads us down the wrong path,
 both because it's not accurate,
 but also I think for the future, we don't want that.
 We want something that's a supplement.
 But I think animals, because we've used them
 throughout history for so many different things,
 we domesticated them not because they do what we do,
 but because what they do is different and that's useful.
 And it's just like, whether we're talking about companionship,
 whether we're talking about work integration,
 whether we're talking about responsibility for harm,
 there's just so many things we can draw on in that history
 from these entities that can sense, think,
 make autonomous decisions and learn
 that are applicable to how we should be thinking
 about robots and AI.
 And the point of the book is not that they're the same thing,
 that animals and robots are the same.
 Obviously there are tons of differences there.
 Like you can't have a conversation with a squirrel, right?
 But the point is that-
 I do it all the time.
 Oh really?
 By the way, squirrels are the cutest.
 I project so much on squirrels.
 I wonder what their inner life is.
 I suspect they're much bigger assholes than we imagine.
 Really?
 Like if it was a giant squirrel,
 it would fuck you over so fast.
 If you had the chance, it would take everything you own.
 It would eat all your stuff,
 but because it's small and the furry tail,
 the furry tail is a weapon
 against human consciousness and cognition.
 It wins us over.
 That's what cats do too.
 Cats outcompete the squirrels.
 And dogs.
 Like dogs-
 No, dogs have love.
 Cats have no soul.
 They-
 No, I'm just kidding.
 People get so angry when I talk shit about cats.
 I love cats.
 Anyway, so yeah, you're describing
 all the different kinds of animals that get domesticated.
 And it's a really interesting idea
 that it's not just sort of pets.
 There's all kinds of domestication going on.
 They all have all kinds of uses.
 Yes.
 Like the ox that you proposed might be,
 at least historically,
 one of the most useful domesticated animals.
 It was a game changer because it revolutionized
 what people could do economically, et cetera.
 So, I mean, just like robots,
 they're gonna change things economically.
 They're gonna change landscapes.
 Cities might even get rebuilt around autonomous vehicles
 or drones or delivery robots.
 I think just the same ways that animals
 have really shifted society.
 And society has adapted also
 to socially accepting animals as pets.
 I think we're gonna see very similar things with robots.
 So I think it's a useful analogy.
 It's not a perfect one,
 but I think it helps us get away from this idea
 that robots can, should, or will replace people.
 If you remember,
 what are some interesting uses of animals?
 Ferrets, for example.
 Oh yeah, the ferrets.
 They still do this.
 They use ferrets to go into narrow spaces
 that people can't go into, like a pipe,
 or they'll use them to run electrical wire.
 I think they did that for Princess Di's wedding.
 There's so many weird ways that we've used animals
 and still use animals for things that robots can't do,
 like the dolphins that they used in the military.
 I think Russia still has dolphins,
 and the US still has dolphins in their navies.
 Mine detection, looking for lost underwater equipment,
 some rumors about using them for weaponry,
 which I think Russia's like, sure, believe that.
 And America's like, no, no, we don't do that.
 Who knows?
 But they started doing that in the 60s, 70s.
 They started training these dolphins
 because they were like, oh,
 dolphins have this amazing echolocation system
 that we can't replicate with machines,
 and they're trainable.
 So we're gonna use them for all the stuff
 that we can't do with machines or by ourselves.
 And they've tried to phase out the dolphins.
 I know the US has invested a lot of money
 in trying to make robots do the mine detection,
 but like you were saying,
 there are some things that the robots are good at,
 and there's some things that biological creatures
 are better at, so they still have the dolphins.
 So there's also pigeons, of course.
 Oh yeah, pigeons.
 Oh my gosh, there's so many examples.
 The pigeons were the original hobby photography drone.
 They also carried mail for thousands of years,
 letting people communicate with each other in new ways.
 So the thing that I like about the animal analogy
 is they have all these physical abilities,
 but also sensing abilities that we don't have.
 And that's just so useful.
 And that's robots, right?
 Robots have physical abilities.
 They can help us lift things or do things
 that we're not physically capable of.
 They can also sense things.
 I still feel like it's a really good analogy.
 Yeah, it's really strong.
 And it works because people are familiar with it.
 What about companionship?
 And when we start to think about cats and dogs and pets
 that seem to serve no purpose whatsoever
 except the social connection.
 Yeah, I mean, that's kind of a newer thing.
 At least in the United States, dogs used to have,
 they used to have a purpose.
 They used to be guard dogs or they had some sort of function.
 And then at some point they became just part of the family.
 And it's so interesting how there's some animals
 that we've treated as workers,
 some that we've treated as objects,
 some that we eat and some that are parts of our families.
 And that's different across cultures.
 And I'm convinced that we're gonna see the same thing
 with robots where people are gonna develop
 strong emotional connections to certain robots
 that they relate to either culturally
 or personally emotionally.
 And then there's gonna be other robots
 that we don't treat the same way.
 I wonder, does that have to do more with the culture
 and the people or the robot design
 as an interplay between the two?
 Like why did dogs and cats outcompete ox and,
 I don't know what else, like farm animals
 to really get inside the home and get inside our hearts?
 Yeah, I mean, people point to the fact
 that dogs are very genetically flexible
 and they can evolve much more quickly than other animals.
 And so they, evolutionary biologists think that dogs evolved
 to be more appealing to us.
 And then once we learned how to breed them,
 we started breeding them to be more appealing to us too,
 which is not something that we necessarily
 would be able to do with cows,
 although we've bred them to make more milk for us.
 So, but part of it is also culture.
 I mean, there are cultures where people eat dogs still today
 and then there's other cultures where we're like,
 oh, no, that's terrible.
 We would never do that.
 And so I think there's a lot of different elements
 that play in.
 I wonder if there's good, because I understand dogs
 because they use their eyes,
 they're able to communicate affection,
 all those kinds of things.
 It's really interesting what dogs do.
 There's whole conferences on dog consciousness
 and cognition and all that kind of stuff.
 Now cats is a mystery to me
 because they seem to not give a shit about the human.
 But they're warm and fluffy and cute.
 But they're also passive aggressive.
 So they're at the same time,
 they're like, they're dismissive of a view in some sense.
 I think some people like that about people.
 Yeah, they want the push and pull of a relationship
 and they don't want loyalty or unconditional love.
 That means they haven't earned it.
 Yeah, yeah.
 And maybe that says a lot more about the people
 than it does about the animals.
 Oh yeah, we all need therapy.
 Yeah.
 So I'm judging harshly the people that have cats
 or the people that have dogs.
 Maybe the people that have dogs are desperate
 for attention and unconditional love
 and they're unable to sort of struggle
 to earn meaningful connections.
 I don't know.
 Maybe people are talking about you
 and your robot pets in the same way.
 Yeah, that's, it is kind of sad.
 There's just robots everywhere.
 But I mean, I'm joking about it being sad
 because I think it's kind of beautiful.
 I think robots are beautiful in the same way
 that pets are, even children,
 in that they capture some kind of magic of social robots.
 They have the capacity to have
 the same kind of magic of connection.
 I don't know what that is.
 When they're brought to life and they move around,
 the way they make me feel, I'm pretty convinced,
 is as you know, they will make billions of people feel.
 I don't think I'm some weird robotics guy.
 I'm not.
 I mean, you are, but not in this way.
 Not in this way.
 I mean, I just, I can put on my normal human hat
 and just see this, oh, this is,
 there's a lot of possibility there of something cool,
 just like with dogs.
 What is it?
 Why are we so into dogs or cats?
 Like, it's way different than us.
 It is.
 It's like drooling all over the place with its tongue out.
 It's like a weird creature that used to be a wolf.
 Why are we into this thing?
 Well, dogs can either express or mimic
 a lot of emotions that we recognize.
 And I think that's a big thing.
 Like a lot of the magic of animals and robots
 is our own self-projection.
 And the easier it is for us to see ourselves in something
 and project human emotions or qualities or traits onto it,
 the more we'll relate to it.
 And then you also have the movement, of course.
 I think that's also really,
 that's why I'm so interested in physical robots,
 because that's, I think, the visceral magic of them.
 I think we're, I mean, there's research showing
 that we're probably biologically hardwired
 to respond to autonomous movement in our physical space,
 because we've had to watch out for predators
 or whatever the reason is.
 And so animals and robots are very appealing to us
 as these autonomously moving things
 that we view as agents instead of objects.
 I love the moment, which is,
 I've been particularly working on,
 which is when a robot like the cowboy hat
 is doing its own thing, and then it recognizes you.
 I mean, the way a dog does.
 And it looks like this.
 And the moment of recognition,
 like you're walking, say you're walking in an airport
 on the street, and there's just hundreds of strangers,
 but then you see somebody you know.
 And that, like, where you wake up to that excitement
 of seeing somebody you know and saying hello
 and all that kind of stuff, that's a magical moment.
 Like, I think, especially with the dog,
 it makes you feel noticed and heard and loved.
 Like, if somebody looks at you and recognizes you,
 that it matters that you exist.
 Yeah, you feel seen.
 Yeah, and that's a cool feeling.
 And I honestly think robots can give that feeling.
 Oh yeah, totally.
 Currently, Alexa, I mean, one of the downsides
 of these systems is they don't, they're servants.
 Like, part of the, you know,
 they're trying to maintain privacy, I suppose.
 But I don't feel seen with Alexa, right?
 I think that's gonna change.
 I think you're right.
 And I think that that's the game-changing nature
 of things like these large language learning models.
 And the fact that these companies are investing
 in embodied versions that move around of Alexa, like Astro.
 Can I just say, yeah, Astro, I haven't, is that out?
 I mean, it's out.
 You can't just like buy one commercially yet,
 but you can apply for one.
 Yeah.
 My gut says that these companies don't have the guts
 to do the personalization.
 This goes to the, because it's edgy, it's dangerous.
 It's gonna make a lot of people very angry.
 A lot of people are very angry, like in the way that,
 you know, just imagine, okay, all right.
 If you do the full landscape of human civilization,
 just visualize the number of people
 that are going through breakups right now.
 Just the amount of really passionate,
 just even if you just look at teenagers,
 the amount of deep heartbreak that's happening.
 And like, if you're going to have Alexa
 have more of a personal connection with the human,
 you're gonna have humans that like have existential crises.
 There's a lot of people that suffer
 from loneliness and depression.
 And like, you're now taking on the full responsibility
 of being a companion to the rollercoaster
 of the human condition.
 As a company, imagine PR and marketing people,
 they're gonna freak out.
 They don't have the guts.
 It's gonna have to come from somebody,
 from a new Apple, from those kinds of folks.
 Like it's a small startup.
 And it might.
 Yeah.
 It's coming.
 There's already Virtual Therapist.
 There's that Replica app.
 I haven't tried it, but Replica's like a virtual companion.
 Like it's coming.
 And if big companies don't do it, someone else will.
 Yeah.
 I think the next, the future,
 the next trillion dollar company
 will be those personalization.
 Cause if you think,
 if you think about all the AI we have around us,
 all the smart phones and so on,
 there's very minimal personalization.
 You don't think that's just because they weren't able?
 No.
 Really?
 I don't think they have the guts.
 I mean, it might be true, but I have to wonder.
 I mean, Google is clearly gonna do something
 with the language.
 I mean.
 They don't have the guts.
 Are you challenging them?
 Partially, but not really.
 Cause I know they're not gonna do it.
 I mean.
 They don't have to.
 It's bad for business in the short term.
 I'm gonna be honest.
 Like maybe it's not such a bad thing
 if they don't just like roll this out quickly
 because I do think there are huge issues.
 Yeah.
 And there's, and not just issues with like
 the responsibility of like unforeseen effects on people,
 but what's the business model?
 And if you are using the business model
 that you've used in other domains,
 then you're gonna have to collect data from people,
 which you will anyway to personalize the thing.
 And you're gonna be somehow monetizing the data
 or you're gonna be doing some like ad model.
 It just, it seems like now we're suddenly getting
 into the realm of like severe consumer protection issues.
 And I'm really worried about that.
 I see massive potential for this technology to be used
 in a way that's not for the public good and not,
 I mean, that's in an individual user's interest maybe,
 but not in society's interest.
 Yeah, see, I think that kind of personalization should be
 like redefine how we treat data.
 I think you should own all the data
 your phone knows about you,
 like and be able to delete it with a single click
 and walk away.
 And that data cannot be monetized or used or shared anywhere
 without your permission.
 I think that's the only way people will trust you
 to give, for you to use that data.
 But then how are companies gonna,
 I mean, a lot of these applications rely
 on massive troves of data to train the AI system.
 Right, so you have to opt in constantly
 and opt in not in some legal, I agree,
 but obvious like show, like in the way I opt in
 to tell you a secret.
 Like we understand like that,
 like I have to choose like how well do I know you?
 And then I say like, don't tell this to anyone.
 And then I have to judge how leaky that like,
 how good you are at keeping secrets.
 In that same way, like it's very transparent
 in which data you're allowed to use for which purposes.
 That's what people are saying is the solution.
 And I think that works to some extent,
 having transparency, having people consent.
 I think it breaks down at the point at which,
 we've seen this happen on social media too,
 like people are willingly giving up their data
 because they're getting a functionality from that.
 And then the harm that that causes is on a,
 like maybe just someone else and not to them personally.
 So.
 I don't think people are given their data.
 They're not being asked.
 Like, it's not consensual.
 If you were like, tell me a secret about yourself
 and I'll give you a hundred dollars,
 I'd tell you a secret.
 No, not a hundred dollars.
 First of all, you wouldn't.
 You wouldn't trust like why you gave me a hundred dollars.
 It's a bad example.
 But like I need, I would ask for your specific
 like fashion interest in order to give recommendations
 to you for shopping.
 And I'd be very clear for that.
 And you could disable that.
 You can delete that.
 But then you can be, have a deep, meaningful,
 rich connection with the system about what you think
 you look fat in, what you look great in,
 what like the full history of all the things you've worn,
 whether you regret the Justin Bieber
 or enjoy the Justin Bieber shirt,
 all of that information that's mostly private to even you,
 not even your loved ones that a system should have that.
 Because then a system, if you trust it to keep control
 of that data that you own, you can walk away with,
 that system could tell you a damn good thing to wear.
 It could.
 And the harm that I'm concerned about is not
 that the system is gonna then suggest a dress for me
 that is based on my preferences.
 So I went to this conference once where I was talking
 to the people who do the analytics
 and like the big ad companies.
 And like literally a woman there was like,
 I can ask you three totally unrelated questions
 and tell you what menstrual product you use.
 And so what they do is they aggregate the data
 and they map out different personalities
 and different people and demographics.
 And then they have a lot of power and control
 to market to people.
 So like I might not be sharing my data
 with any of the systems because I'm like, I'm on Twitter.
 I know that this is bad.
 Other people might be sharing data
 that can be used against me.
 Like I think it's way more complex than just
 I share a piece of personal information
 and it gets used against me.
 I think that at a more systemic level
 and then it's always vulnerable populations
 that are targeted by this.
 Low income people being targeted for scammy loans
 or I don't know, like I could get targeted,
 like someone, not me,
 because someone who doesn't have kids yet
 and is my age could get targeted for like freezing their eggs.
 And there's all these ways that you can manipulate people
 where it's not really clear that that came from
 that person's data.
 It came from all of us, all of us opting into this.
 But there's a bunch of sneaky decisions along the way
 that could be avoided if there's transparency.
 So one of the ways that goes wrong
 if you share that data with too many ad networks,
 don't run your own ad network.
 Don't share with anybody.
 Okay, and that's something that you could regulate.
 That belongs to just you
 and all the ways you allow the company to use it,
 the default is in no way at all.
 And you're consciously constantly saying exactly
 how to use it.
 And also it has to do with the recommender system itself
 from the company, which is freezing your eggs.
 If that doesn't make you happy,
 if that idea doesn't make you happy,
 then the system shouldn't recommend it
 and should be very good at learning.
 So not the kind of things that the category of people
 it thinks you belong to will do,
 but more you specifically what makes you happy,
 what is helping you grow.
 But you're assuming that people's preferences
 and what makes them happy is static.
 Whereas when we were talking before
 about how a company like Apple
 can tell people what they want
 and they will start to want it.
 That's the thing that I'm more concerned about.
 Yeah, that is a huge problem.
 It's not just listening to people,
 but manipulating them into wanting something.
 And that's like, we have a long history
 of using technology for that purpose.
 Like the persuasive design in casinos
 to get people to gamble more.
 Or like, it's just,
 the other thing that I'm worried about is
 as we have more social technology,
 suddenly you have this on a new level.
 Like if you look at the influencer marketing
 that happens online now.
 What's the influencer marketing?
 So like on Instagram, there will be some like
 person who has a bunch of followers.
 And then a brand will like hire them to promote some product.
 And it's above board.
 They disclose like, this is an ad that I'm promoting,
 but they have so many young followers
 who like deeply admire and trust them.
 I mean, this must work for you too.
 Don't you have like ads on the podcast?
 Like people trust you.
 Magic spoon cereal, low carb, yes.
 If you say that, like I guarantee you
 some people will buy that just because
 even though they know that you're being paid,
 they trust you.
 Yeah.
 It's different with podcasts
 because with my particular situation,
 but it's true for a lot of podcasts, especially big ones,
 is I have 10 times more sponsors
 that wanna be sponsors than I have.
 So you get to select the ones
 that you actually wanna support.
 And so like you end up using it
 and then you're able to actually,
 like there's no incentive to like, show for anybody.
 Sure.
 And that's why it's fine when it's still human influencers.
 Right.
 Now, if you're a bot, you're not gonna discriminate.
 You're not gonna be like,
 oh, well, I think this product is good for people.
 You think there'll be like bots essentially
 with millions of followers.
 There already are.
 There are virtual influencers in South Korea
 who show products.
 And like, that's just the tip of the iceberg
 because that's still very primitive.
 Now with the new image generation
 and the language learning models.
 And like, so we're starting to do some research
 around kids and like young adults
 because a lot of the research on like,
 what's okay to advertise to kids
 and what is too manipulative
 has to do with television ads.
 Back in the day where like a kid who's 12 understands,
 oh, that's an advertisement.
 I can distinguish that from entertainment.
 I know it's trying to sell me something.
 Now it's getting really, really murky with influencers.
 And then if you have like a bot
 that a kid has developed a relationship with,
 is it okay to market products through that or not?
 Like you're getting into all these consumer protection
 issues because you're developing a trusted relationship
 with a social entity, but it's...
 And so now it's like personalized, it's scalable,
 it's automated and it can...
 So some of the research showing that kids
 are already very confused about like the incentives
 of the company versus what the robot is doing.
 Meaning they're not deeply understanding
 the incentives of the system.
 Well, yeah, so like kids who are old enough to understand
 this is a television advertisement
 is trying to advertise to me.
 I might still decide I want this product
 but they understand what's going on
 so there's some transparency there.
 That age child, so Daniella DiPaola, Anastasia Ostrovski
 and I advised on this project, they did this.
 They asked kids who had interacted with social robots
 whether they would like a policy that allows robots
 to market to people through casual conversation
 or whether they would prefer that it has to be transparent
 that it's like an ad coming from a company.
 And the majority said they preferred
 the casual conversation and when asked why,
 there was a lot of confusion about, they were like,
 well, the robot knows me better than the company does
 so the robot's only gonna market things that I like.
 And so they don't really, they're not connecting the fact
 that the robot is an agent of the company.
 They're viewing it as something separate.
 And I think that even happens subconsciously with grownups
 when it comes to robots and artificial agents and it will.
 This Blake guy at Google, sorry, I'm going on and on
 but his main concern was that Google owned
 this sentient agent and that it was being mistreated.
 His concern was not that the agent
 was gonna mistreat people.
 So I think we're gonna see a lot of this.
 Yeah, but shitty companies will do that.
 I think ultimately that confusion should be alleviated
 by the robot should actually know you better
 and should not have any control from the company.
 But what's the business model for that?
 If you use the robot to buy, first of all,
 the robot should probably cost money.
 Should what?
 Cost money, like the way Windows operating system does.
 I see it more like an operating system than,
 like this thing is your window, no pun intended,
 into the world.
 So it's helping you as like a personal assistant, right?
 And so that should cost money.
 You should, whatever it is, 10 bucks, 20 bucks.
 Like that's the thing that makes your life
 significantly better.
 This idea that everything should be free is,
 like it should actually help educate you.
 You should talk shit about all the other companies
 that do stuff for free.
 But also, yeah, in terms of if you purchase stuff
 based on its recommendation, it gets money.
 So it's kind of ad driven, but it's not ads.
 It's like,
 it's not controlled.
 Like no external entities can control it
 to try to manipulate, to want a thing.
 That would be amazing.
 It's actually trying to discover what you want.
 So it's not allowed to have any influence.
 No promoted ad, no anything.
 So that's finding, I don't know,
 the thing that would actually make you happy.
 That's the only thing it cares about.
 I think companies like this can win out.
 Yes, I think eventually once people understand the value
 of the robot, even just, like I think that robots
 would be valuable to people,
 even if they're not marketing something
 or helping with like preferences or anything.
 Like just a simple, the same thing as a pet,
 like a dog that has no function
 other than being a member of your family.
 I think robots could really be that
 and people would pay for that.
 I don't think the market realizes that yet.
 And so my concern is that companies are not gonna go
 in that direction, at least not yet,
 of making like this contained thing that you buy.
 It seems almost old fashioned, right?
 Like you have a disconnected object that you buy
 that you're not like paying a subscription for.
 It's not like controlled by one of the big corporations.
 But that's the old fashioned things that people
 yearn for because I think it's very popular now
 and people understand the negative effects of social media,
 the negative effects of the data being used
 in all these kinds of ways.
 I think we're just waking up to the realization
 we tried, we're like baby deer finding our legs
 in this new world of social media, of ad driven companies
 and realizing, okay, this has to be done somehow different.
 I mean, that like one of the most popular notions,
 at least in the United States, is social media is evil
 and it's doing bad by us.
 It's not like it's totally tricked us
 into believing that it's good for us.
 I think everybody knows it's bad for us.
 And so like there's a hunger for other ideas.
 All right, it's time for us to start that company.
 I think so.
 Let's do it.
 I think let's go.
 Hopefully no one listens to this and steals the idea.
 There's no, see that's the other thing.
 I think I'm a big person on execution is what matters.
 I mean, it's like ideas are kind of true.
 The social robotics is a good example
 that there's been so many amazing companies
 that went out of business.
 I mean, to me it's obvious.
 Like it's obvious that there will be a robotics company
 that puts a social robot on the home of billions of homes.
 Yeah.
 And it'll be a companion.
 Okay, there you go.
 You can steal that idea.
 Do it.
 Okay, I have a question for you.
 What about Elon Musk's humanoid?
 Is he gonna execute on that?
 There might be a lot to say.
 So for people who are not aware,
 there's an optimist, Tesla's optimist robot that's,
 I guess the stated reason for that robot
 is a humanoid robot in the factory
 that's able to automate some of the tasks
 that humans are currently doing.
 And the reason you wanna do,
 it's the second reason you mentioned,
 the reason you wanna do a humanoid robot
 is because the factory is built for the certain tasks
 that are designed for humans.
 So it's hard to automate with any other form factor
 than a humanoid.
 And then the other reason is because so much effort
 has been put into this giant data engine machine
 of perception that's inside Tesla autopilot,
 that's seemingly at least the machine, if not the data,
 is transferable to the factory setting, to any setting.
 Yeah, he said it would do anything that's boring to us.
 Yeah, yeah.
 The interesting thing about that
 is there's no interest
 and no discussion about the social aspect.
 Like I talked to him on mic and off mic about it
 quite a bit.
 And there's not a discussion about like,
 to me it's obvious if a thing like that works at all,
 at all.
 In fact, it has to work really well in a factory.
 If it works kinda shitty,
 it's much more useful in the home.
 Cause we're much,
 I think being shitty at stuff is kind of
 what makes relationships great.
 Like you wanna be flawed
 and be able to communicate your flaws
 and be unpredictable in certain ways.
 Like if you fell over every once in a while
 for no reason whatsoever,
 I think that's essential for like-
 Very charming.
 It's charming but also concerning
 and also like,
 are you okay?
 Is you,
 I mean it's both hilarious.
 Whenever somebody you love falls down the stairs,
 it's both hilarious and concerning.
 Some dance between the two.
 And I think that's essential for like,
 you almost wanna engineer that in,
 except you don't have to
 because of robotics in the physical space
 is really difficult.
 So,
 I think I've learned to not discount
 the efforts that Elon does.
 There's a few things that are really interesting there.
 One,
 because he's taken it extremely seriously,
 what I like is the humanoid form,
 the cost of building a robot.
 I talked to Jim Keller offline about this a lot.
 And currently humanoid robots cost a lot of money.
 And the way they're thinking about it,
 now they're not talking about all the social robotics stuff
 that you and I care about.
 They are thinking,
 how can we manufacture this thing cheaply
 and do it like well?
 And the kind of discussions they're having
 is really great engineering.
 It's like,
 first principles question of like,
 why is this cost so much?
 Like, what's the cheap way?
 Why can't we build?
 And there's not a good answer.
 Why can't we build this humanoid form for under $1,000?
 And like, I've sat and had these conversations.
 There's no reason.
 I think the reason they've been so expensive
 is because they were focused on trying to,
 they weren't focused on doing the mass manufacture.
 People are focused on getting a thing that's,
 I don't know exactly what the reasoning is,
 but it's the same like Waymo.
 It's like, let's build a million dollar car in the beginning
 or like multi-million dollar car.
 Let's try to solve that problem.
 The way Elon, the way Jim Keller,
 the way some of those folks are thinking is,
 let's like at the same time,
 try to actually build a system that's cheap,
 not crappy, but cheap.
 Unless from first principles,
 what is the minimum amount of degrees of freedom we need?
 What are the joints?
 Where's the control sit?
 Like how many, how do we act, like where are the activators?
 What's the way to power this
 in the lowest cost way possible,
 but also in a way that's like actually works.
 How do we make the whole thing not part of the components
 where there's a supply chain,
 you have to have all these different parts
 that have to feed us.
 Do it all from scratch and do the learning.
 I mean, it's like immediately certain things
 like become obvious, do the exact same pipeline
 as you do for autonomous driving,
 just the exact, I mean, the infrastructure
 that is incredible for the computer vision,
 for the manipulation task, the control problem changes,
 the perception problem changes,
 but the pipeline doesn't change.
 Do it.
 And so I don't, obviously the optimism
 about how long it's gonna take, I don't share,
 but it's a really interesting problem.
 And I don't wanna say anything
 because my first gut is to say that,
 why the humanoid form?
 That doesn't make sense.
 Yeah, that's my second gut too, but.
 But then there's a lot of people
 that are really excited about the humanoid form there.
 That's true.
 It's like, I don't wanna get in the way,
 like they might solve this thing and they might,
 it's like similar with Boston Dynamics.
 Like why, like if I were to, you can be a hater
 and you go up to Mark Rybert and just like,
 how are you gonna make money
 with these super expensive legged robots?
 What's your business plan?
 This doesn't make any sense.
 Why are you doing these legged robots?
 But at the same time, they're pushing forward
 the science, the art of robotics
 in the way that nobody else does.
 Yeah.
 And with Elon, they're not just going to do that,
 they're gonna drive down the cost
 to where we can have humanoid bots in the home potentially.
 So the part I agree with is a lot of people
 find it fascinating and it probably also attracts talent
 who wanna work on humanoid robots.
 I think it's a fascinating scientific problem
 and engineering problem and it can teach us more
 about human body and locomotion and all of that.
 I think there's a lot to learn from it.
 Where I get tripped up is why we need them
 for anything other than art and entertainment
 in the real world.
 I get that there are some areas where
 you can't just rebuild, like a spaceship,
 you can't just, like they've worked for so many years
 on these spaceships, you can't just re-engineer it.
 You have some things that are just built for human bodies,
 a submarine, a spaceship.
 But a factory, maybe I'm naive,
 but it seems like we've already rebuilt factories
 to accommodate other types of robots.
 Why would we want to just make a humanoid robot
 to go in there?
 I just get really tripped up on,
 I think that people want humanoids,
 I think people are fascinated by them.
 I think it's a little overhyped.
 Well, most of our world is still built for humanoids.
 I know, but it shouldn't be.
 It should be built so that it's wheelchair accessible.
 Right, so the question is, do you build a world
 that's the general form of wheelchair accessible,
 all robot form factor accessible,
 or do you build humanoid robots?
 I mean, it doesn't have to be all,
 and it also doesn't have to be either or.
 I just feel like we're thinking so little about
 the system in general and how to create infrastructure
 that works for everyone, all kinds of people,
 all kinds of robots.
 Like that's, I mean, it's more of an investment,
 but that would pay off way more in the future
 than just trying to cram expensive
 or maybe slightly less expensive humanoid technology
 into a human space.
 Unfortunately, one company can't do that.
 We have to work together.
 It's like autonomous driving can be easily solved
 if you do V2I, if you change the infrastructure
 of cities and so on, but that requires a lot of people,
 a lot of them are politicians,
 and a lot of them are somewhat, if not a lot, corrupt,
 and all those kinds of things.
 And the talent thing you mentioned
 is really, really, really important.
 I've gotten a chance to meet a lot of folks
 at SpaceX and Tesla, other companies too,
 but they're specifically, the openness makes it easier
 to like meet everybody.
 I think a lot of amazing things in this world happen
 when you get amazing people together.
 And if you can sell an idea,
 like us becoming a multi-planetary species,
 you can say, why the hell would I go to Mars?
 Like why colonize Mars?
 If you think from basic first principles,
 it doesn't make any sense.
 It doesn't make any sense to go to the moon.
 The only thing that makes sense
 to go to space is for satellites.
 But there's something about the vision of the future,
 the optimism laden that permeates this vision
 of us becoming multi-planetary.
 It's thinking not just for the next 10 years,
 it's thinking like human civilization
 reaching out into the stars.
 It makes people dream, it's really exciting.
 And that, they're gonna come up with some cool shit
 that might not have anything to do with,
 like here's what I,
 cause Elon doesn't seem to care about social robotics,
 which is constantly surprising to me.
 I talk to him, he doesn't, humans are,
 humans are the things you avoid and don't hurt, right?
 Like that's, like the number one job of a robot
 is not to hurt a human, to avoid them.
 You know, that the collaborative aspect,
 the human robot interaction, I think is not,
 at least not in his, not something he thinks about deeply.
 But my sense is if somebody like that takes on the problem
 of human robotics, we're gonna get a social robot out of it.
 Like people like, not necessarily Elon,
 but people like Elon, if they take on seriously these,
 like I can just imagine with a humanoid robot,
 you can't help but create a social robot.
 So if you do different form factors,
 if you do industrial robotics,
 you don't, you're likely to actually not end up in,
 like walking head into a social robot,
 a social robot, human robot interaction problem.
 If you create for whatever the hell reason you want to,
 a humanoid robot, you're gonna have to reinvent,
 well not reinvent, but do,
 introduce a lot of fascinating new ideas
 into the problem of human robot interaction,
 which I'm excited about.
 So like, if I was a business person,
 I would say this is not, this is way too risky.
 This doesn't make any sense.
 But when people are really convinced
 and there's a lot of amazing people working on it,
 it's like, all right, let's see what happens here.
 This is really interesting.
 Just like with Atlas and Boston Dynamics,
 I mean, they, I apologize if I'm ignorant on this,
 but I think they really, more than anyone else,
 maybe with iBoat, like Sony,
 pushed forward humanoid robotics,
 like a leap with Atlas.
 Oh yeah, with Atlas, absolutely.
 And like without them, like why the hell did they do it?
 Why?
 Well, I think for them, it is a research platform.
 It's not, I don't think they ever,
 the speculation, I don't think they ever intended Atlas
 to be like a commercially successful robot.
 I think they were just like, can we do this?
 Let's try.
 Yeah, I wonder if they,
 maybe the answer they landed on is,
 because they eventually went to Spot.
 The earlier versions of Spot,
 so Quadrope has like four-legged robot,
 but maybe they reached for, let's try to make,
 like, I think they tried it,
 and they still are trying it for Atlas
 to be picking up boxes, to moving boxes, to being,
 it makes sense.
 Okay, if they were exactly the same cost,
 it makes sense to have a humanoid robot in the warehouse.
 Currently.
 Currently.
 I think it's short-sighted, but yes,
 currently, yes, it would sell.
 But it's not, it's short-sighted,
 it's short-sighted, but it's not pragmatic
 to think any other way,
 to think that you're gonna be able to change warehouses.
 You're gonna have to, you're going-
 If you're Amazon, you can totally change your warehouses.
 Yes, yes, but even if you're Amazon,
 that's very costly to change warehouses.
 It is, it's a big investment.
 But isn't, shouldn't you do that investment
 in a way, so here's the thing.
 If you build the humanoid robot that works in the warehouse,
 that humanoid robot, see, I don't know why Tessa's
 not talking about it this way, as far as I know,
 but that humanoid robot is gonna have all kinds
 of other applications outside their setting.
 To me, it's obvious.
 I think it's a really hard problem to solve,
 but whoever solves the humanoid robot problem
 are gonna have to solve the social robotics problem.
 Oh, for sure, I mean, they're already with Spot
 needing to solve social robotics problems.
 For, like, for Spot to be effective at scale.
 I'm not sure Spot is currently effective at scale.
 It's getting better and better, but they're actually,
 the thing they did is an interesting decision.
 Perhaps Tessa will end up doing the same thing,
 which is Spot is supposed to be a platform for intelligence.
 So Spot doesn't have any high-level intelligence.
 Like, high-level perception skills.
 It's supposed to be controlled remotely.
 And it's a platform that you can attach something to.
 And somebody else is supposed to do the attaching.
 It's a platform that you can take an uneven ground
 and it's able to maintain balance,
 go into dangerous situations.
 It's a platform.
 On top of that, you can add a camera that does surveillance
 that you can remotely monitor.
 You can record.
 You can record the camera.
 You can remote control it, but it's not gonna-
 The object manipulation.
 Basic object manipulation,
 but not autonomous object manipulation.
 It's remotely controlled.
 But the intelligence on top of it,
 which was what would be required for automation,
 somebody else is supposed to do.
 Perhaps Tessa would do the same thing, ultimately.
 But it doesn't make sense
 because the goal of Optimist is automation.
 Without that.
 But then you never know.
 It's like, why go to Mars?
 Why, why?
 I mean, that's true.
 And I reluctantly, like, am very excited about space travel.
 Why?
 Why?
 Can you introspect, like, why?
 Why am I excited about it?
 I think what got me excited was,
 I saw a panel with some people who
 study other planets.
 And it became really clear how we were gonna do it.
 And it became clear how little we know about ourselves
 and about how nature works
 and just how much there is to learn
 from exploring other parts of the universe.
 So like, on a rational level,
 that's how I convince myself that that's why I'm excited.
 In reality, it's just fucking exciting.
 I mean, just like the idea that we can do
 this difficult thing and that humans come together
 that can explore space.
 I mean, there's just something inherently
 thrilling about that.
 And I'm reluctant about it because I feel like
 there are so many other challenges and problems
 that I think are more important to solve.
 But I also think we should be doing all of it at once.
 And so to that extent, I'm like all for research
 on humanoid robots, development of humanoid robots.
 I think that there's a lot to explore and learn
 and it doesn't necessarily take away
 from other areas of science, at least it shouldn't.
 I think unfortunately, a lot of the attention
 goes towards that and it does take resources
 and attention away from other areas of robotics
 that we should be focused on.
 But I don't think we shouldn't do it.
 So you think it might be a little bit of a distraction.
 I'll forget the Elon particular application,
 but if you care about social robotics,
 the humanoid form is a distraction.
 It's a distraction and it's one that I find
 particularly boring.
 It's just, it's interesting from a research perspective,
 but from like what types of robots can we create
 to put in our world?
 Like why would we just create a humanoid robot?
 So even just robotic manipulation,
 so arms is not useful either.
 Oh, arms can be useful, but like why not have three arms?
 Like why does it have to look like a person?
 Well, I actually personally just think
 that washing the dishes is harder than a robot
 that can be a companion.
 Yeah.
 Being useful in the home is actually really tough.
 But does your companion have to have like two arms
 and look like you?
 No, I'm making the case for zero arms.
 Oh, okay, zero arms.
 Yeah.
 Okay, freaky.
 That didn't come out the way I meant it.
 Cause it almost sounds like I don't want a robot
 to defend itself.
 Like that's immediately you project, you know what I mean?
 Like, I think, I just think that the social component
 doesn't require arms or legs or so on, right?
 As we've talked about.
 And I think that's probably where a lot
 of the meaningful impact that's gonna be happening.
 Yeah, I think just we could get so creative with the design.
 Like why not have a robot on roller skates?
 They're like, whatever.
 Why does it have to look like us?
 Yeah.
 Still it is a compelling and interesting form
 from a research perspective, like you said.
 Yeah.
 You co-authored a paper as you were talking about
 that for WeRobot 2022.
 Lula robot consumer protection
 in the face of automated social marketing.
 I think you were talking about some of the ideas in that.
 Yes.
 Oh, you got it from Twitter.
 I was like, that's not published yet.
 Yeah.
 This is how I do my research.
 You just go through people's Twitter feeds.
 Yeah, go, thank you.
 It's not stalking if it's public.
 So there's, you looked at me like you're offended,
 like how did you know?
 No, I was just like worried that like some early, I mean.
 Yeah, there's a PDF.
 There's a PDF.
 Like now?
 Yeah.
 Maybe like as of a few days ago.
 Yeah.
 Okay.
 Yeah.
 I'm like,
 you look violated.
 Like how did you get that PDF?
 It's just a draft.
 It's online.
 Nobody read it yet until we've written the final paper.
 Well, it's really good.
 So I enjoyed it.
 Oh, thank you.
 Oh, by the time this comes out, I'm sure it'll be out.
 Or no, when's WeRobot?
 So basically WeRobot, that's the workshop
 where you have an hour where people give you
 constructive feedback on the paper
 and then you write the good version.
 Right.
 I take it back.
 There's no PDF.
 It doesn't exist.
 I imagine.
 There's a table in there in a virtual imagined PDF
 that I like, that I wanted to mention,
 which is like this kind of strategy used
 across various marketing platforms.
 And it's basically looking at traditional media,
 person to person interaction, targeted ads,
 influencers and social robots.
 This is the kind of idea that you've been speaking to.
 And it's just a nice breakdown of that,
 that social robots have personalized recommendations,
 social persuasion, automated scalable,
 data collection and embodiment.
 So person to person interaction is really nice,
 but it doesn't have the automated
 and the data collection aspect.
 But the social robots have those two elements.
 Yeah, we're talking about the potential for social robots
 to just combine all of these different marketing methods
 to be this really potent cocktail.
 And that table, which was Daniela's idea
 and a really fantastic one,
 we put it in at the last second.
 So I'm glad you like it.
 In a PDF that doesn't exist,
 that nobody can find if they look.
 So when you say social robots, what does that mean?
 Does that include virtual ones or no?
 I think a lot of this applies to virtual ones too.
 Although the embodiment thing,
 which I personally find very fascinating,
 is definitely a factor that research shows
 can enhance people's engagement with a device.
 But can embodiment be a virtual thing also?
 Meaning it has a body in the virtual world.
 Maybe.
 Makes you feel like,
 because what makes a body?
 A body is a thing that
 can disappear, has a permanence.
 I mean, there's certain characteristics
 that you associate to a physical object.
 So I think what I'm referring to,
 and I think this gets messy
 because now we have all these new virtual worlds
 and AR and stuff and I think it gets messy.
 But there's research showing that something on a screen,
 on a traditional screen,
 and something that is moving in your physical space,
 that that has a very different effect
 on how your brain perceives it even.
 So, I mean, I have a sense that we can do that
 in a virtual world.
 Probably.
 Like when I've used VR, I jump around like an idiot
 because I think something's gonna hit me.
 And even if a video game on a 2D screen
 is compelling enough,
 like the thing that's immersive about it
 is I kinda put myself into that world.
 Those, the objects you're interacting with,
 Call of Duty, things you're shooting,
 they're kinda, I mean, your imagination fills the gaps
 and it becomes real.
 Like it pulls your mind in when it's well done.
 So it really depends what's shown on the 2D screen.
 Yeah.
 Yeah, I think there's a ton of different factors
 and there's different types of embodiment.
 Like you can have embodiment in a virtual world.
 You can have an agent that's simply text-based,
 which has no embodiment.
 So I think there's a whole spectrum of factors
 that can influence how much you engage with something.
 Yeah, I wonder, I always wondered if you can have like
 an entity living in a computer.
 Okay, this is gonna be dark.
 I haven't always wondered about this.
 So this is gonna make it sound like I keep thinking
 about this kind of stuff.
 No, but like, this is almost like Black Mirror,
 but the entity that's convinced,
 or is able to convince you that it's being tortured
 inside the computer and needs your help to get out.
 Something like this.
 That becomes, to me, suffering is one of the things
 that make you empathize with.
 Like we're not good at, as you've discussed in other,
 in the physical form, like holding a robot upside down.
 You have a really good examples about that
 and discussing that.
 I think suffering is a really good catalyst for empathy.
 And I just feel like we can project embodiment
 on a virtual thing if it's capable of certain things
 like suffering.
 Yeah. So I always wonder.
 I think that's true.
 And I think that's what happened with the Lambda thing.
 Not that I don't, none of the transcript was about suffering,
 but it was about having the capacity for suffering
 and human emotion that convinced the engineer
 that this thing was sentient.
 And it's basically the plot of Ex Machina.
 True.
 Have you ever made a robot like scream in pain?
 Have I?
 No, but have you seen that?
 Did someone, oh yeah, no, they actually,
 they actually made a Roomba scream whenever it hit a wall.
 And I programmed that myself as well.
 Yeah?
 Because I was inspired by that, yeah.
 Do you still have it?
 Oh, sorry, hit a wall.
 I didn't.
 Whenever it bumped into something, it would scream in pain.
 No, so I had, the way I programmed the Roombas
 is when I kick it, whenever I,
 so contact between me and the robot is when it screams.
 Really?
 Okay.
 And you were inspired by that?
 Yeah, I guess I misremembered the video.
 I saw the video a long, long time ago
 and, or maybe heard somebody mention it
 and that just, it's an easy thing to program.
 So I did that.
 I haven't run those Roombas for over a year now,
 but yeah, it was, my experience with it was that
 it's like they quickly become,
 like you remember them, you miss them.
 Like they're real living beings.
 So the capacity to self-re-order is a really powerful thing.
 Yeah.
 Even then that, I mean, it was kind of hilarious.
 It was just a random recording of screaming
 from the internet, but it's still, it's still as weird.
 There's a thing you have to get right
 based on the interaction, like the latency.
 Like it has, there is,
 there is a realistic aspect of how you should scream
 relative to when you get hurt.
 Like it should correspond correctly.
 Like if you kick it really hard, it should scream louder.
 No, it should scream at the appropriate time, not like-
 Oh, I see.
 Not like five seconds later.
 One second later, right?
 Like there's a exact, like there's a timing when you get,
 like, I don't know, when you run into,
 when you run your foot into like the side of a table
 or something, there's a timing there,
 the dynamics you have to get right for the actual screaming
 because the Roomba in particular doesn't,
 so I was,
 the sensors don't, it doesn't know about pain.
 See? What?
 I'm sorry to say, Roomba doesn't understand pain.
 So you have to correctly map the sensors,
 the timing to the production of the sound.
 But when you get that somewhat right, it starts,
 it's a weird, it's a really weird feeling
 and you actually feel like a bad person.
 Aw.
 Yeah.
 So, but it's, it makes you think because that,
 with all the ways that we talked about,
 that could be used to manipulate you.
 Oh, for sure.
 In a good and bad way.
 So the good way is like you could form a connection
 with a thing in a bad way that you can form a connection
 in order to sell you products that you don't want.
 Yeah.
 Or manipulate you politically or many nefarious things.
 You tweeted, we're about to be living in the movie Her,
 except instead of,
 obviously I've researched your tweets,
 like they're like Shakespeare.
 We're about to be living in the movie Her,
 except instead of about love, it's gonna be about,
 what did I say?
 The chat bot being subtly racist
 and the question whether it's ethical for companies
 to charge for software upgrades.
 Yeah.
 So can we break that down?
 What do you mean by that?
 Yeah.
 Obviously some of it is humor.
 Yes.
 Well, kind of.
 I am like, oh, it's so weird to be in this space
 where I'm so worried about this technology
 and also so excited about it at the same time.
 But the really like, I haven't,
 I had gotten a little bit jaded and then with GPT-3
 and then the Lambda transcript, I was like re-energized,
 but have also been thinking a lot about,
 what are the ethical issues that are gonna come up?
 And I think some of the things that companies
 are really gonna have to figure out is,
 obviously algorithmic bias is a huge
 and known problem at this point.
 Like even the new image generation tools like Dali,
 where they've clearly put in a lot of effort
 to make sure that if you search for people,
 it gives you a diverse set of people, et cetera.
 Like even that one, people have already found numerous
 like ways that it just kind of regurgitates biases
 of things that it finds on the internet.
 Like how if you search for success,
 it gives you a bunch of images of men.
 If you search for sadness,
 it gives you a bunch of images of women.
 So I think that this is like the really tricky one
 with these voice agents that companies
 are gonna have to figure out.
 And that's why it's subtly racist and not overtly,
 because I think they're gonna be able to solve
 the overt thing and then with the subtle stuff,
 it's gonna be really difficult.
 And then I think the other thing is gonna be,
 yeah, like people are gonna become so emotionally attached
 to artificial agents with this complexity of language,
 with a potential embodiment factor that,
 I mean, there's already, there's a paper at WeRobot
 this year written by roboticists about how to deal
 with the fact that robots die and looking at it
 as an ethical issue because it impacts people.
 And I think there's gonna be way more issues than just that.
 Like I think the tweet was software upgrades, right?
 Like how much is it okay to charge for something like that
 if someone is deeply emotionally invested
 in this relationship?
 Oh, the ethics of that is interesting,
 but there's also the practical funding mechanisms,
 like you mentioned with Aibo, the dog,
 in theory, there's a subscription.
 Yeah, the new Aibo, so the old Aibo from the 90s,
 people got really attached to and in Japan,
 they're still having like funerals and Buddhist temples
 for the Aibos that can't be repaired
 because people really viewed them
 as part of their families.
 So we're talking about robot dogs.
 Robot dogs, the Aibo, the dog.
 Robot dogs, the Aibo, yeah, the original like famous robot dog
 that Sony made, came out in the 90s,
 got discontinued having funerals for them in Japan.
 Now they have a new one.
 The new one is great, I have one at home.
 It's like-
 It's $3,000, how much is it?
 I think it's 3000 bucks.
 And then after a few years, you have to start paying,
 I think it's like 300 a year for a subscription service,
 for cloud services.
 And the cloud services,
 I mean, it's a lot,
 the dog is more complex than the original
 and it has a lot of cool features
 and it can remember stuff and experiences and it can learn.
 And a lot of that is outsourced to the cloud.
 And so you have to pay to keep that running,
 which makes sense.
 People should pay and people who aren't using it
 shouldn't have to pay.
 But it does raise the interesting question,
 could you set that price
 to reflect a consumer's willingness to pay for the Aibo?
 The consumer's willingness to pay for the emotional connection.
 So if you know that people are really, really attached
 to these things, just like they would be to a real dog,
 could you just start charging more
 because there's more demand?
 Yeah, I mean, you have to be,
 but that's true for anything that people love, right?
 It is, and it's also true for real dogs.
 There's all these new medical services nowadays
 where people will shell out thousands and thousands of dollars
 to keep their pets alive.
 And is that taking advantage of people
 or is that just giving them what they want?
 That's the question.
 Back to marriage, what about all the money
 that it costs to get married
 and then all the money that it costs to get a divorce?
 That feels like a very, that's like a scam.
 I think the society is full of scams that are like-
 Oh, it's such a scam.
 And then we've created,
 the whole wedding industrial complex
 has created all these quote unquote traditions
 that people buy into that aren't even traditions.
 They're just fabricated by marketing.
 It's awful.
 Let me ask you about racist robots.
 Sure.
 Is it up to a company that creates that?
 So we talk about removing bias and so on.
 And that's a really popular field in AI currently.
 And a lot of people agree that it's an important field.
 But the question is for like social robotics,
 is it up to the company to remove the bias of society?
 Well, who else can, oh, to remove the bias of society.
 I guess because there's a lot of people
 that are subtly racist in modern society,
 like why shouldn't our robots also be subtly racist?
 I mean, that's like, why do we put so much responsibility
 on the robots?
 Because the robot-
 I'm imagining like a Hitler Roomba.
 I mean, that would be funny.
 But I guess I'm asking a serious question.
 You're Jewish, right?
 You're allowed to make that joke.
 Yes, exactly, I'm allowed to make that joke, yes.
 And I've been nonstop reading
 about World War II and Hitler.
 I think I'm glad we exist in a world
 where we can just make those jokes.
 That helps deal with it.
 Anyway, it is a serious question.
 It's sort of like,
 it's such a difficult problem to solve.
 Now, of course, like bias and so on,
 like there's low hanging fruit,
 which I think is what a lot of people are focused on.
 But then it becomes like subtle stuff over time.
 And it's very difficult to know.
 Now, you can also completely remove the personality.
 You can completely remove the personalization.
 You can remove the language aspect,
 which is what I had been arguing,
 because I was like,
 the language is a disappointing aspect
 of social robots anyway.
 But now we're reintroducing that,
 because it's now no longer disappointing.
 So I do think, well, let's just start with the premise,
 which I think is very true,
 which is that racism is not a neutral thing,
 but it is the thing that we don't want in our society.
 Like it does not conform to my values.
 So if we agree that racism is bad,
 I do think that it has to be the company,
 because the problem, I mean, it might not be possible.
 And companies might have to put out products
 that where they're taking risks,
 and they might get slammed by consumers,
 and they might have to adjust.
 I don't know how this is gonna work in the market.
 I have opinions about how it should work,
 but it is on the company.
 And the danger with robots
 is that they can entrench this stuff.
 It's not like your racist uncle
 who you can have a conversation with,
 and-
 Put things into context maybe, would that-
 Yeah, or who might change over time with more experience.
 A robot really just regurgitates things,
 entrenches them, could influence other people.
 And I mean, I think that's terrible.
 Well, I think there's a difficult challenge here
 is because even the premise you started with
 that essentially racism is bad.
 I think we live in a society today
 where the definition of racism
 is different between different people.
 Some people say that it's not enough not to be racist.
 Some people say you have to be anti-racist.
 So you have to have a robot that constantly calls out,
 calls you out on your implicit racism.
 I would love that.
 I would love that robot.
 But maybe it sees, well, I don't know if you'd love it,
 because maybe you'll see racism
 in things that aren't racist,
 and then you're arguing with the robot.
 Your robot starts calling you racist.
 I'm not exactly sure that.
 I mean, it's a tricky thing.
 I guess I'm saying that the line is not obvious,
 especially in this heated discussion
 where we have a lot of identity politics
 of what is harmful to different groups and so on.
 Yeah.
 It feels like a, the broader question here is,
 should a social robotics company be solving
 or being part of solving the issues of society?
 Well, okay, I think it's the same question as,
 should I as an individual be responsible
 for knowing everything in advance
 and saying all the right things?
 And the answer to that is, yes, I am responsible,
 but I'm not gonna get it perfect.
 And then the question is, how do we deal with that?
 And so as a person, how I aspire to deal with that is
 when I do inevitably make a mistake
 because I have blind spots and people get angry,
 I don't take that personally,
 and I listen to what's behind the anger.
 And it can even happen that like,
 maybe I'll tweet something that's well-intentioned
 and one group of people starts yelling at me
 and then I change it the way that they said,
 and then another group of people starts yelling at me,
 which has happened, this happened to me actually around,
 in my talks, I talk about robots
 that are used in autism therapy.
 And so whether to say a child with autism
 or an autistic child is super controversial.
 And a lot of autistic people prefer to be referred to
 as autistic people, and a lot of parents
 of autistic children prefer child with autism.
 And then they disagree.
 So I've gotten yelled at from both sides,
 and I think I'm still, I'm responsible
 even if I can't get it right.
 I don't know if that makes sense.
 Like it's a responsibility thing.
 And I can be as well-intentioned as I want,
 and I'm still gonna make mistakes,
 and that is part of the existing power structures that exist.
 And that's something that I accept.
 And you accept being attacked from both sides
 and grow from it and learn from it.
 But the danger is that after being attacked,
 assuming you don't get canceled,
 AKA completely removed from your ability to tweet,
 you might become jaded
 and not want to talk about autism anymore.
 I don't, and I didn't.
 I mean, it's happened to me.
 What I did was I listened to both sides,
 and I chose, I tried to get information.
 And then I decided that I was going to use autistic children.
 And now I'm moving forward with that.
 Like, I don't know.
 For now, right?
 For now, yeah, until I get updated information.
 And I'm never gonna get anything perfect,
 but I'm making choices and I'm moving forward
 because being a coward and like just retreating from that,
 I think.
 But here's the problem.
 You're a very smart person in an individual,
 a researcher, a thinker, an intellectual.
 So that's the right thing for you to do.
 The hard thing is when, as a company,
 imagine you had a big company,
 as a company, imagine you had a PR team.
 I said, Kate, like this, you should.
 We hate.
 Yeah, I mean, just, well, if you hired PR people,
 like, obviously they would see that and they'd be like,
 well, maybe don't bring up autism.
 Maybe don't bring up these topics.
 You're getting attacked, it's bad for your brand.
 They'll say the brand word.
 There'll be, you know, if we look at different demographics
 that are inspired by your work,
 I think it's insensitive to them.
 Let's not mention this anymore.
 Like there's this kind of pressure that all of a sudden you,
 or you do suboptimal decisions.
 You take a kind of poll.
 Again, it's looking at the past versus the future,
 all those kinds of things.
 And it becomes difficult.
 In the same way that it's difficult
 for social media companies to figure out like
 who to censor, who to recommend.
 I think this is ultimately a question about leadership,
 honestly, like the way that I see leadership,
 because right now, the thing that bothers me
 about institutions and a lot of people
 who run current institutions is that their main focus
 is protecting the institution
 or protecting themselves personally.
 That is bad leadership because it means
 you cannot have integrity.
 You cannot lead with integrity.
 And it makes sense because like, obviously,
 if you're the type of leader who immediately blows up
 the institution you're leading,
 then that doesn't exist anymore.
 And maybe that's why we don't have any good leaders anymore
 because they had integrity and they didn't put
 the survival of the institution first.
 But I feel like you have to,
 to be a good leader, you have to be responsible
 and understand that with great power
 comes great responsibility.
 You have to be humble and you have to listen
 and you have to learn, you can't get defensive
 and you cannot put your own protection before other things.
 Yeah, take risks where you might lose your job.
 You might lose your wellbeing because of,
 because in the process of standing for the principles,
 for the things you think are right to do, yeah.
 Based on the things you, like based on learning from,
 like listening to people and learning from what they feel.
 And the same goes for the institution, yeah.
 Yeah, but I ultimately actually believe
 that those kinds of companies and countries succeed
 that have leaders like that, you should run for president.
 No, thank you.
 Yeah.
 That's maybe the problem, like the people
 who have good ideas about leadership, they're like, yeah.
 No.
 This is why I don't want to.
 This is why I'm not running a company.
 It's been, I think, three years
 since the Jeffrey Epstein controversy at MIT,
 MIT Media Lab.
 Joey Ido, the head of the media lab resigned.
 And I think at that time,
 you wrote an opinion article about it.
 So just looking back a few years have passed,
 what have you learned about human nature
 from the fact that somebody like Jeffrey Epstein
 found his way inside MIT?
 That's a really good question.
 What have I learned about human nature?
 I think, well, there's,
 there's how did this problem come about?
 And then there's what was the reaction to this problem
 and to it becoming public?
 And in the reaction,
 the things I learned about human nature
 were that sometimes cowards are worse than assholes.
 Wow, I'm really, oh.
 I mean, that's a really powerful statement.
 I think because the assholes,
 at least you know what you're dealing with.
 They have integrity in a way.
 They're just not as good as they are.
 They have integrity in a way, they're just living out
 their asshole values.
 And the cowards are the ones that you have to watch out for.
 And this comes back to people protecting themselves
 over doing the right thing.
 They'll throw others under the bus.
 Is there some sense that not enough people
 took responsibility?
 For sure.
 And I mean, I don't wanna sugar coat at all
 what Joey Ito did.
 I mean, I think it's gross that he took money
 from Jeffrey Epstein.
 I believe him that he didn't know about the bad, bad stuff.
 But I've been in those circles with those like
 public intellectual dudes that he was hanging out with.
 And any woman in those circles
 like saw 10 zillion red flags.
 Just the whole environment was so misogynist.
 Like, and so personally, because Joey like
 was a great boss and a great friend,
 I was really disappointed that he ignored that
 in favor of raising money.
 And I think that it was right for him to resign
 in the face of that.
 But one of the things that he did that,
 many others didn't was he came forward about it
 and he took responsibility.
 And all of the people who didn't, I think,
 it's just interesting.
 The other thing I learned about human nature.
 Okay, I'm gonna go on a tangent, but I'll come back.
 I promise.
 So I once saw this tweet from someone
 or it was a Twitter thread from someone who worked
 at a homeless shelter.
 And he said that when he started working there,
 he noticed that people would often come in
 and use the bathroom and they would just trash
 the entire bathroom.
 Like rip things out of the walls,
 like toilet paper on the ground.
 And he asked someone who had been there longer,
 like, why do they do this?
 Why do the homeless people come in and trash the bathroom?
 And he was told it's because it's the only thing
 in their lives that they have control over.
 And I feel like sometimes when it comes to
 the response, the,
 just the mobbing response that happens in the wake
 of some harm that was caused,
 if you can't target the person who actually caused the harm
 who was Epstein, you will go as many circles out as you can
 until you find the person that you have power over
 and you have control over and then you will trash that.
 And it makes sense that people do this.
 It's again, it's a human nature thing.
 Of course you're gonna focus all your energy
 because you feel helpless and enraged and you,
 and it's unfair and you have no other power.
 You're gonna focus all of your energy on someone
 who's so far removed from the problem
 that that's not even an efficient solution.
 And the problem is often the first person you find
 is the one that has integrity,
 sufficient integrity to take responsibility.
 Yeah, and it's why my husband always says,
 he's a liberal but he's always like,
 when liberals form a firing squad, they stand in a circle.
 Because you know that your friends are gonna listen to you
 so you criticize them.
 You're not gonna be able to convince someone across the aisle.
 But see, in that situation, what I had hoped is the people
 in the farther, in that situation,
 any situation of that sort,
 the people that are farther out in the circles, stand up.
 Yeah.
 And also take some responsibility
 for the broader picture of human nature
 versus specific situation.
 But also take some responsibility
 but also defend the people involved.
 As flawed, not in a like, no, no, no, nothing like this,
 like this, people fucked up.
 Like you said, there's a lot of red flags
 that people just ignored for the sake of money
 in this particular case.
 But also like be transparent and public about it
 and spread the responsibility across large number of people
 such that you learn a lesson from it institutionally.
 Yeah, it was a systems problem.
 It wasn't a one individual problem.
 I feel like currently because Joey took,
 like resigned because of it,
 or essentially fired, pressured out because of it,
 MIT can pretend like, oh, we didn't know anything.
 It wasn't part-
 Bad leadership again, because when you are at the top
 of an institution with that much power
 and you were complicit in what happened,
 which they were like, come on,
 there's no way that they didn't know that this was happening.
 So like to not stand up and take responsibility,
 I think it's bad leadership.
 Do you understand why Epstein was able to,
 outside of MIT, he was able to make a lot of friends
 with a lot of powerful people?
 Does that make sense to you?
 Why was he able to get in these rooms,
 befriend these people, befriend people that,
 I don't know personally, but I think a lot of them,
 indirectly I know as being good people, smart people,
 why would they let Jeffrey Epstein into their office,
 have a discussion with them?
 What do you understand about human nature from that?
 Well, so I never met Epstein or I mean,
 I've met some of the people who interacted with him,
 but I was never, like I never saw him in action.
 I don't know how charismatic he was or what that was,
 but I do think that sometimes the simple answer
 is the more likely one.
 And from my understanding, what he would do
 is he was kind of a social grifter,
 like, you know those people who will,
 you must get this because you're famous.
 You must get people coming to you and being like,
 oh, I know your friends so and so,
 in order to get cred with you.
 I think he just convinced some people
 who were trusted in a network that he was a great guy
 and that whatever, I think at that point,
 because at that point he had had like,
 what a conviction prior, but it was a one-off thing.
 It wasn't clear that there was this other thing
 that was that.
 And most people probably don't check.
 Yeah, and most people don't check,
 like you're at an event, you meet this guy.
 I don't know, maybe people do check
 when they're that powerful and wealthy,
 or maybe they don't, I have no idea, no.
 They're just stupid.
 I haven't seen that.
 I mean, and they're not like,
 all right, does anyone check anything about me?
 Because I've walked into some of the richest
 and most powerful people in the world,
 and nobody asks questions like, who the fuck is this guy?
 Nobody asks those questions.
 It's interesting.
 I would think there would be more security or something.
 There really isn't.
 I think a lot of it has to do, well, my hope is,
 in my case, has to do with people can sense
 that this is a good person, but if that's the case,
 then they can surely, then a human being can use charisma
 to infiltrate.
 Yeah.
 Just saying the right things.
 And once you have people vouching for you
 within that type of network, like once you, yeah,
 once you have someone powerful vouching for you
 who someone else trusts, then you're in.
 So how do you avoid something like that?
 If you're at MIT, if you're at Harvard,
 if you're in any of these institutions?
 Well, I mean, first of all, you have to do your homework
 before you take money from someone.
 Like, I think that's required.
 But I think, you know, I think Joey did do his homework.
 I think he did.
 And I think at the time that he took money,
 there was the one conviction and not like the later thing.
 And I think that the story at that time was that
 he didn't know she was underage and blah, blah,
 or whatever, it was a mistake.
 And Joey always believed in redemption for people
 and that people can change and that they can genuinely regret
 and like learn and move on.
 And he was a big believer in that.
 So I could totally see him being like,
 well, I'm not gonna exclude him because of this thing.
 And because other people are vouching for him.
 And just to be clear, we're now talking about
 the set of people who I think Joey belonged to,
 who did not like go to the island
 and have sex with underage girls,
 because that's a whole other set of people
 who like were powerful and like were part of that network
 and who knew and participated.
 And so like, I distinguish between people who got taken in,
 who didn't know that that was happening
 and people who knew.
 I wonder what the different circles look like.
 So like people that went to the island
 and didn't do anything, didn't see anything,
 didn't know about anything,
 versus the people that did something.
 And then there's people who heard rumors maybe.
 And what do you do with rumors?
 Like, isn't there people that heard rumors
 about Bill Cosby for the longest time?
 Like for the longest, like whenever that happened,
 like all these people came out of the woodwork,
 like everybody kind of knew.
 I mean, it's like, all right,
 so what are you supposed to do with the rumors?
 Like what, I think the other way to put it
 is red flags, as you were saying.
 Yeah, and like, I can tell you that those circles,
 like there were red flags without me even hearing
 any rumors about anything ever.
 Like I was already like,
 there are not a lot of women here, which is a bad sign.
 Isn't there a lot of places where there's not a lot of women
 and that doesn't necessarily mean it's a bad sign?
 There are if it's like a pipeline problem where it's like,
 I don't know, a technology law clinic
 that only gets like male lawyers
 because there's not a lot of women applicants in the pool.
 But there's some aspect of this situation
 that like there should be more women here.
 Oh yeah, yeah.
 You've, actually I'd love to ask you about this
 because you have strong opinions about Richard Stallman.
 Do you still have those strong opinions?
 Look, all I need to say is that he met my friend
 who's a law professor.
 Yeah.
 She shook his hand and he licked her arm
 from wrist to elbow
 and it certainly wasn't appropriate at that time.
 What about if you're like an incredibly weird person?
 Okay, that's a good question because obviously
 there's a lot of neurodivergence at MIT and everywhere.
 And obviously like we need to accept that people
 are different, that people don't understand
 social conventions the same way.
 But one of the things that I've learned
 about neurodivergence is that women are often
 expected or taught to mask their neurodivergence
 and kind of fit in and men are accommodated and excused.
 And I don't think that being neurodivergent
 gives you a license to be an asshole.
 Like you can be a weird person and you can still learn
 that it's not okay to lick someone's arm.
 Yeah, it's a balance.
 Like women should be allowed to be a little weirder
 and men should be less weird.
 Because I think there's a,
 because you're one of the people I think tweeting that
 what made me, because I wanted to talk to Richard Stallman
 on the podcast about, because I didn't have a context
 because I wanted to talk to him
 because he's free software.
 He's very weird in interesting good ways
 in the world of computer science.
 He's also weird in that when he gives a talk,
 he'll be like picking at his feet
 and eating the skin off his feet, right?
 He's known for these extremely kind of,
 how else do you put it?
 I don't know how to put it.
 But then there was something that happened to him
 in conversations on this thread related to Epstein.
 Yeah.
 Which I was torn about because I felt,
 it's similar to Joy Ito's,
 I felt he was maligned.
 Like people were looking for somebody to get angry at.
 So he was inappropriate, but the,
 I didn't like the cowardice more.
 Like I set aside his situation and we could discuss it,
 but the cowardice on MIT's part,
 and this is me saying it,
 about the way they treated that whole situation.
 Oh, they're always cowards about how they treat anything.
 They just try to make the problem go away.
 Yeah, so it was about, yeah, exactly,
 making the conversation.
 That said, I think he should have left the mailing list.
 He shouldn't have been part of the mailing list.
 Well, that's probably true also.
 But I think what bothered me,
 what always bothers me in these mailing list situations
 or Twitter situations,
 like if you say something that's hurtful to people
 or makes people angry,
 and then people start yelling at you,
 maybe they shouldn't be yelling,
 maybe they are yelling because again,
 you're the only point of power they have.
 Maybe it's okay that they're yelling,
 whatever it is, like,
 it's your response to that that matters.
 And I think that I just have a lot of respect for people
 who can say,
 oh, people are angry.
 There's a reason they're angry.
 Let me find out what that reason is
 and learn more about it.
 It doesn't mean that I am wrong.
 It doesn't mean that I am bad.
 It doesn't mean that I am ill-intentioned,
 but why are they angry?
 I wanna understand.
 And then once you understand,
 you can respond again with integrity
 and say, actually I stand by what I said, here's why.
 Or you can say, actually I listened
 and here's some things I learned.
 That's the kind of response I wanna see from people.
 And people like Stallman do not respond that way.
 They just like go into battle.
 Right, like where it's obvious you didn't listen.
 Yeah, no interest in listening.
 Honestly, that's to me as bad as the people
 who just apologize just because they are trying
 to make the problem go away.
 Of course.
 Right, so like if you, both are bad.
 A good apology has to include
 understanding what you did wrong.
 And in part standing up for the things
 you think you did right.
 So like finding. Yeah, if there are those things, yeah.
 But you have to give, you have to acknowledge,
 you have to like give that hard hit to the ego
 that says I did something wrong.
 Yeah, definitely Richard Stallman is not somebody
 who is capable of that kind of thing
 or hasn't given evidence of that kind of thing.
 But that was also, even just your tweet,
 I had to do a lot of thinking like,
 different people from different walks of life
 see red flags in different things.
 Yeah.
 And so things I find as a man,
 non-threatening and hilarious are not necessarily,
 doesn't mean that they're aren't like deeply hurtful
 to others.
 And I don't mean that in a social justice warrior way,
 but in a real way, like people really have
 different experiences.
 So I have to like really put things into context.
 I have to kind of listen to what people are saying,
 put aside the emotion of what they're,
 emotion with what you're saying,
 and try to keep the facts of their experience
 and learn from it.
 And because it's not just about
 the individual experience either,
 it's not like, oh, my friend didn't have a sense of humor
 about being licked.
 It's that she's been metaphorically licked
 57 times that week because she's an attractive
 law professor and she doesn't get taken to.
 And so like men walk through the world
 and it's impossible for them to even understand
 what it's like to have a different experience of the world.
 And that's why it's so important to listen to people
 and believe people and believe that they're angry
 for a reason.
 Maybe you don't like their tone,
 maybe you don't like that they're angry at you,
 maybe you get defensive about that,
 maybe you think that they should explain it to you,
 but believe that they're angry for a reason
 and try to understand it.
 Yeah, there's a deep truth there
 and opportunity to become a better person.
 Can I ask you a question?
 Haven't you been doing that for two hours?
 Three hours now.
 Let me ask you about Ghislaine Maxwell.
 She's been saying that she's an innocent victim.
 Is she an innocent victim or is she evil
 and equally responsible like Jeffrey Epstein?
 Now I'm asking far away from any MIT things and more,
 just your sense of the whole situation.
 I haven't been following it,
 so I don't know the facts of the situation
 and what is now known to be her role in that.
 If I were her, clearly I'm not,
 but if I were her, I wouldn't be going around saying
 I'm an innocent victim.
 I would say, maybe she's,
 I don't know what she's saying, again, I don't know.
 She was controlled by Jeffrey.
 Is she saying this as part of a legal case
 or is she saying this as a PR thing?
 Well, PR, but it's not just her.
 It's her whole family believes this.
 There's a whole effort that says,
 how should I put it?
 I believe they believe it, so in that sense, it's not PR.
 I don't know what it is.
 I believe the family, basically the family is saying that
 she's a really good human being.
 Well, I think everyone is a good human being.
 I know it's a controversial opinion,
 but I think everyone is a good human being.
 There's no evil people.
 There's people who do bad things
 and who behave in ways that harm others,
 and I think we should always hold people accountable
 for that, but holding someone accountable
 doesn't mean saying that they're evil.
 Yeah, it actually, those people usually think
 they're doing good.
 Yeah, I mean, aside from, I don't know,
 maybe sociopaths are specifically trying to harm people,
 but I think most people are trying to do their best,
 and if they're not doing their best,
 it's because there's some impediment
 or something in their past.
 So I genuinely don't believe in good and evil people,
 but I do believe in harmful and not harmful actions,
 and so I don't know, I don't care.
 Yeah, she's a good person, but if she contributed to harm,
 then she needs to be accountable for that.
 That's my position.
 I don't know what the facts of the matter are.
 It seems like she was pretty close to the situation,
 so it doesn't seem very believable that she was a victim,
 but I don't know.
 I wish I had met Epstein,
 because something tells me he would just be
 a regular person, a charismatic person, like anybody else,
 and that's a very dark reality,
 that we don't know which among us,
 what each of us are hiding in the closet.
 That's a really tough thing to deal with,
 because then you can put your trust into some people,
 and they can completely betray that trust,
 and in the process, destroy you.
 Yeah.
 Which there's a lot of people that interacted with Epstein
 that now have to, I mean, if they're not destroyed by it,
 then their whole, like, the ground on which they stand
 ethically has crumbled, at least in part.
 And I'm sure you and I have interacted with people
 without knowing it who are bad people.
 As I always tell my four-year-old,
 people who have done bad things.
 People who have done bad things.
 He's always talking about bad guys,
 and I'm trying to move him towards.
 They're just people who make bad choices.
 Yeah.
 That's really powerful, actually.
 That's really important to remember,
 because that means you have compassion
 towards all human beings.
 Do you have hope for the future of MIT,
 the future of Media Lab in this context?
 So, David Newman is now at the helm.
 I talked to her previously, I'll talk to her again.
 She's great.
 I love her.
 Yeah, she's great.
 I don't know if she knew the whole situation
 when she started, because the situation
 went beyond just the Epstein scandal.
 A bunch of other stuff happened at the same time.
 Some of it's not public,
 but what I was personally going through at that time.
 So, the Epstein thing happened, I think,
 was it August or September 2019?
 It was somewhere around late summer in June 2019.
 So, I'm a research scientist at MIT.
 You are too, right?
 So, and I always have had various supervisors
 over the years, and they've just basically
 let me do what I want, which has been great.
 But I had a supervisor at the time,
 and he called me into his office for regular check-in.
 In June of 2019, I reported to MIT
 that my supervisor had grabbed me,
 pulled me into a hug, wrapped his arms around my waist,
 and started massaging my hip and trying to kiss me,
 kiss my face, kiss me near the mouth,
 and said literally the words,
 don't worry, I'll take care of your career.
 And that experience was really interesting
 because I just, I was very indignant.
 I was very indignant, I was like, he can't do that to me.
 Doesn't he know who I am?
 And I was like, this is the me too era.
 And I naively thought that when I reported that,
 it would get taken care of.
 And then I had to go through the whole reporting process
 at MIT, and I learned a lot about how institutions
 really handle those things internally,
 particularly situations where I couldn't provide evidence
 that it happened.
 I had no reason to lie about it, but I had no evidence.
 And so I was going through that,
 and that was another experience for me
 where there's so many people in the institution
 who really believe in protecting the institution
 at all costs.
 And there's only a few people who care
 about doing the right thing.
 And one of them resigned.
 Now there's even less of them left.
 So.
 So what'd you learn from that?
 I mean, where's the source, if you have hope
 for this institution that I think you love,
 at least in part.
 I love the idea of MIT.
 I love the idea.
 I love the research body.
 I love a lot of the faculty.
 I love the students.
 I love the energy.
 Like I love it all.
 I think the administration suffers from the same problems
 as any institutional, any leadership of an institution
 that is large, which is that they've become risk-averse.
 Like you mentioned, they care about PR.
 The only ways to get their attention
 or change their minds about anything
 or to threaten the reputation of the Institute
 or to have a lot of money.
 That's the only way to have power at the Institute.
 Yeah, I don't think they have a lot of integrity
 or believe in ideas or even have a lot of connection
 to the research body and like the people who are really,
 because it's so weird.
 You have this amazing research body of people
 pushing the boundaries of things who aren't afraid to like,
 there's the hacker culture.
 And then you have the administration
 and they're really like,
 protect the institution at all costs.
 Yeah, there's a disconnect, right?
 Complete disconnect.
 I wonder if that was always there,
 if it just kind of slowly grows over time,
 a disconnect between the administration and the faculty.
 I think it grew over time is what I've heard.
 I mean, I've been there for 11 years now.
 I don't know if it's gotten worse during my time,
 but I've heard from people who've been there longer
 that it didn't, like,
 MIT didn't used to have a general counsel's office.
 They didn't used to have all of this corporate stuff
 and then they had to create it as they got bigger
 in the era where such things are, I guess, deemed necessary.
 See, I believe in the power of individuals
 to like overthrow the thing.
 So it's just a really good president of MIT
 or certain people in the administration
 can reform the whole thing.
 Because the culture is still there of like,
 I think everybody remembers that MIT
 is about the students and the faculty.
 Do they though? Because I don't know,
 I've had a lot of conversations that have been shocking
 with like senior administration.
 They think the students are children.
 They call them kids.
 It's like, these are the smartest people.
 They're way smarter than you.
 And you're so dismissive of that.
 But those individuals, I'm saying like the capacity,
 like the aura of the place
 still values the students and the faculty.
 Like I'm not, I'm being awfully poetic about it.
 But what I mean is the administration is the froth
 at the top of the, like the waves, the surface.
 Like they can be removed and new life can be brought in
 that would keep to the spirit of the place.
 Who decides on who to bring in?
 Who's the higher? It's bottom up.
 Oh, I see.
 I see.
 But I do think ultimately,
 especially in the era of social media and so on,
 faculty and students have more and more power.
 Just more and more of a voice, I suppose.
 I hope so.
 I really do.
 I don't see MIT going away anytime soon.
 And like, I also don't think it's a terrible place at all.
 Yeah, it's an amazing place.
 But there's different trajectories it can take.
 Yeah.
 And like, and that has to do with a lot of things,
 including does it, is it stays,
 even if we talk about robotics,
 it could be the capital of the world in robotics.
 But currently, if you want to be doing the best AI work
 in the world, you're going to go to Google or Facebook
 or Tesla or Apple or so on.
 You're not going to be at MIT.
 So that has to do,
 I think that basically has to do with
 not allowing the brilliance of the researchers to flourish.
 Yeah, people say it's about money,
 but I don't think it's about that at all.
 Sometimes you have more freedom
 and can work on more interesting things in companies.
 That's really where they lose people.
 Yeah.
 And sometimes the freedom in all ways,
 which is why it's heartbreaking to get like people
 like Richard Stallman, this such an interesting line,
 because like Richard Stallman was a gigantic weirdo
 that crossed lines he shouldn't have crossed, right?
 But we don't want to draw too many lines.
 This is the tricky thing.
 There are different types of lines, in my opinion.
 But yes, your opinion,
 you have strong lines you hold to,
 but then if administration listens to every line,
 there's also power in drawing a line.
 It becomes like a little drug.
 You have to find the right balance.
 Licking somebody's arm is never appropriate.
 I think the biggest aspect there is not owning it,
 learning from it, growing from it,
 from the perspective of Stallman or people like that.
 Back when it happened, like understanding,
 seeing the right, being empathetic, seeing the fact
 that this was like totally inappropriate.
 Like not when that particular act,
 but everything that led up to it too.
 No, I think there are different kinds of lines.
 I think there are...
 So Stallman crossed lines that essentially excluded
 a bunch of people and created an environment
 where there are brilliant minds
 that we never got the benefit of
 because he made things feel gross
 or even unsafe for people.
 There are lines that you can cross
 where you're challenging an institution to...
 Like I don't think he was intentionally trying
 to cross a line or maybe he didn't care.
 There are lines that you can cross intentionally
 to move something forward or to do the right thing.
 Like when MIT was like,
 you can't put an all gender restroom in the media lab
 because like something permits whatever
 and Joey did it anyway.
 That's a line you can cross
 to make things actually better for people.
 And the line you're crossing is some arbitrary,
 stupid rule that people who don't wanna take the risk
 are like...
 You know what I mean?
 No, ultimately I think the thing you said is like
 cross lines in a way that doesn't alienate others.
 So like, for example, me wearing...
 I started for a while wearing a suit often at MIT,
 which sounds counterintuitive,
 but that's actually...
 People always looked at me weird for that.
 MIT created this culture specifically
 the people I was working with,
 like nobody wears suits.
 Maybe the business school does.
 We don't trust the suits.
 We don't trust the suits.
 I was like, fuck you, I'm wearing a suit.
 Nice.
 See that, I like...
 But that's not really hurting anybody, right?
 Exactly.
 It's challenging people's perceptions.
 It's doing something that you wanna do,
 but it's not hurting people.
 And that particular thing was...
 Yeah, it was hurting people.
 It's a good line.
 It's a good line to...
 Like...
 Hurting ultimately the people that you want to flourish.
 Yeah.
 You tweeted a picture of pumpkin spice Greek yogurt
 and asked grounds for divorce?
 Yes, no.
 So let me ask you,
 what's the key to a successful relationship?
 Oh my God, a good couple therapist?
 What went wrong with the pumpkin spice Greek yogurt?
 What's exactly wrong?
 Is it the pumpkin?
 Is it the Greek yogurt?
 I didn't understand.
 I stared at that tweet for a while.
 I grew up in Europe,
 so I don't understand the pumpkin spice Greek yogurt.
 I mean, I think it's the pumpkin spice in everything craze
 that they do every autumn here.
 I understand that it might be good in some foods,
 but they just put it in everything.
 And it doesn't belong in Greek yogurt?
 I mean, I was just being humorous.
 I ate one of those yogurts and it actually tasted pretty good.
 Yeah, exactly.
 So I think part of the success of a good marriage
 is giving each other a hard time humorously
 and giving each other a hard time in the way that they are.
 So I think that's the key to a successful relationship.
 I think that's the key to a successful relationship.
 Is there a broader lesson?
 Because you guys seem to have a really great marriage
 from the external.
 I mean, every marriage looks good from the external.
 Every, I think, yeah.
 That's not true.
 But yeah, I get it.
 Okay, right.
 That's not true.
 No, but relationships are hard.
 They can change together.
 And I think one of the things that I really liked
 about our marriage vows was,
 I remember before we got married,
 Greg at some point got kind of nervous and he was like,
 it's just such a big commitment to commit
 to something for life.
 And I was like, we're not committing to this for life.
 And he was like, we're not?
 And I'm like, no, we're committing to being part of a team
 and doing what's best for the team
 and doing what's best for the team is to break up.
 We'll break up.
 I don't believe in this.
 We have to do this for our whole lives.
 And that really resonated with him too.
 So, yeah.
 Did you put in the vows?
 Yeah, that was our vows.
 That we're gonna be a team.
 You're a team and do what's right for the team?
 Yeah, yeah.
 That's very like Michael Jordan of you.
 Do you guys get married in the desert?
 Like November rain style with slash plane or,
 you don't have to answer that.
 I'm not good at these questions.
 Okay.
 You've brought up marriage like eight times.
 Are you trying to hint something on the podcast?
 I don't, yeah, I have an announcement to make.
 No, what?
 I don't know.
 It just seems like a good metaphor for why,
 it felt like a good metaphor for in a bunch of cases
 for the marriage industrial complex.
 I remember that.
 And, oh, people complaining.
 It just seemed like marriage is one of the things
 that always surprises me.
 Cause I wanna get married.
 You do?
 Yeah, I do.
 And then I listened to like friends of mine that complain.
 Not all.
 I like guys.
 I really like guys that don't complain about their marriage.
 It's such a cheap.
 Like if it's such a cheap release valve,
 like that's bitching about anything, honestly.
 That's just like, it's too easy.
 But especially like bitch about the sports team
 or the weather if you want.
 But like about somebody that you're dedicating your life to,
 like if you bitch about them,
 you're going to see them as a lesser being also.
 Like you don't think so,
 but you're going to like decrease the value you have.
 I personally believe over time,
 you're not going to appreciate the magic of that person.
 I think.
 Anyway, it's like that I just noticed this a lot
 that people are married and they will whine about,
 you know, like the wife, whatever.
 You know, this is part of the sort of the culture
 to kind of comment in that way.
 I think women do the same thing about the husband.
 He doesn't, he never does this or he's a goof.
 He's incompetent at this or that, whatever.
 They, there's the kind of.
 There's those tropes like, oh, you know,
 husbands never do acts and like wives are.
 I think those do a disservice to everyone.
 It's just disrespectful to everyone involved.
 Yeah, but it happens.
 So I was, I brought that up as an example
 of something that people actually love,
 but they complain about.
 Cause for some reason that's more fun to do
 is complain about stuff.
 Yeah.
 And so that's what with Clippy or whatever, right?
 So like you complain about, but you actually love it.
 There is just a good metaphor that, you know,
 what was I going to ask you?
 Oh, you,
 your hamster died.
 When I was like eight.
 You miss her?
 Beige.
 What's the closest relationship you've had with a pet?
 That the one?
 What pet or robot have you loved?
 The most in your life?
 I think my first pet was a goldfish named Bob
 and he died immediately and that was really sad.
 I think it was really attached to Bob and Nancy,
 my goldfish.
 We got new Bob's and then Bob kept dying
 and we got new Bob's.
 Nancy just kept living.
 So it was very replaceable.
 Yeah.
 I was young.
 It was easy to.
 Do you think there will be a time when the robot,
 like in the movie, Her,
 be something we fall in love with romantically?
 Oh yeah.
 Oh, for sure.
 Yeah.
 At scale, like where a lot of people.
 Romantically, I don't know if it's going to happen at scale.
 I think, I think we talked about this a little bit
 last time on the podcast too,
 where I think we're just capable
 of so many different kinds of relationships.
 And actually part of why I think marriage is so tough
 as a relationship is because we put
 so many expectations on it.
 Like your partner has to be your best friend
 and you have to be sexually attracted to them
 and they have to be a good co-parent and a good roommate.
 And like, it's all the relationships at once
 that have to work.
 But we're like, normally with other people,
 we have like one type of relationship.
 Or we even have, we have a different relationship
 to our dog than we do to our neighbor.
 Then we do to the, you know, person out, someone, a coworker.
 I think that some people are gonna find
 romantic relationships with robots interesting.
 It might even be a widespread thing,
 but I don't think it's gonna replace
 like human romantic relationships.
 I think it's just gonna be a separate type of thing.
 It's gonna be more narrow.
 More narrow or even like just something new
 that we haven't really experienced before.
 Maybe like having a crush on an artificial agent
 is a different type of fascination.
 I don't know.
 Do you think people would see that as cheating?
 I think people would, well, I mean,
 the things that people feel threatened by in relationships
 are very manyfold, so.
 Yeah, that's just an interesting one.
 Cause maybe they'll be good,
 a little jealousy for the relationship.
 Maybe that's part of the couples therapy,
 you know, kind of thing or whatever.
 I don't think jealousy.
 I mean, I think it's hard to avoid jealousy,
 but I think the objective is probably to avoid it.
 I mean, some people don't even get jealous
 when their partner sleeps with someone else.
 Like there's polyamory and.
 Yeah.
 I think there's just such a diversity of different ways
 that we can structure relationships or view them
 that this is just gonna be another one that we add.
 You dedicate your book to your dad.
 What did you learn about life from your dad?
 Oh man, my dad is, he's a great listener
 and he is the best person I know at the type
 of cognitive empathy that's like perspective taking.
 So not like emotional, like crying empathy,
 but trying to see someone else's point of view
 and trying to put yourself in their shoes.
 And he really instilled that in me from an early age.
 And then he made me read a ton of science fiction,
 which probably led me down this path.
 Tell you how to be curious about the world
 and how to be open-minded.
 Yeah.
 Last question.
 What role does love play in the human condition?
 Since we've been talking about love and robots
 and you're fascinated by social robotics,
 it feels like all of that operates in the landscape
 of something that we can call love.
 Love?
 Yeah, I think there are a lot of different kinds of love.
 I feel like it's, we need,
 don't the Eskimos have all these different words for snow?
 We need more words to describe different types
 and kinds of love that we experience.
 But I think love is so important
 and I also think it's not zero sum.
 That's the really interesting thing about love is that,
 I had one kid and I loved my first kid
 more than anything else in the world.
 And I was like, how can I have a second kid
 and then love that kid also?
 I'm never gonna love it as much as the first,
 but I love them both equally.
 It just like my heart expanded.
 And so I think that people who are threatened by
 love towards artificial agents,
 they don't need to be threatened for that reason.
 Artificial agents will just, if done right,
 will just expand your capacity for love.
 I think so.
 I agree, beautifully put.
 Kate, this is awesome.
 I still didn't talk about half the things
 I wanted to talk about,
 but we're already like way over three hours.
 So thank you so much.
 I really appreciate you talking today.
 You're awesome.
 You're an amazing human being, a great roboticist,
 great writer now.
 It's an honor that you would talk with me.
 Thanks for doing it.
 Right back at you.
 Thank you.
 Thanks for listening to this conversation with Kate Darling.
 To support this podcast,
 please check out our sponsors in the description.
 And now let me leave you with some words from Maya Angelou.
 Courage is the most important of all the virtues
 because without courage,
 you can't practice any other virtue consistently.
 Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.