Michael Stevens: Vsauce | Lex Fridman Podcast #58
 The following is a conversation with Michael Stevens, the creator of Vsauce, one of the most popular educational YouTube channels in the world, with over 15 million subscribers and over 1.7 billion views. His videos often ask and answer questions that are both profound and entertaining, spanning topics from physics to psychology. Popular questions include, what if everyone jumped at once? Or what if the sun disappeared? Or why are things creepy? Or what if the earth stopped spinning? As part of his channel, he created three seasons of Minefield, a series that explored human behavior. His curiosity and passion are contagious and inspiring to millions of people. And so as an educator, his impact and contribution to the world is truly immeasurable. This is the Artificial Intelligence Podcast. If you enjoy it, subscribe on YouTube, give five stars on Apple Podcasts, support on Patreon, or simply connect with me on Twitter, at Lex Friedman, spelled F-R-I-D-M-A-N. I recently started doing ads at the end of the introduction. I'll do one or two minutes after introducing the episode and never any ads in the middle that break the flow of the conversation. I hope that works for you and doesn't hurt the listening experience. This show is presented by Cash App, the number one finance app in the app store. I personally use Cash App to send money to friends, but you can also use it to buy, sell, and deposit Bitcoin in just seconds. Cash App also has a new investing feature. You can buy fractions of a stock, say $1 worth, no matter what the stock price is. Broker services are provided by Cash App Investing, a subsidiary of Square and MemberSIPC. I'm excited to be working with Cash App to support one of my favorite organizations called FIRST, best known for their FIRST Robotics and Lego competitions. They educate and inspire hundreds of thousands of students in over 110 countries and have a perfect rating and charity navigator, which means the donated money is used to maximum effectiveness. When you get Cash App from the app store, Google Play, and use code LEXPODCAST, you'll get $10, and Cash App will also donate $10 to FIRST, which again is an organization that I've personally seen inspire girls and boys to dream of engineering a better world. And now here's my conversation with Michael Stevens. One of your deeper interests is psychology, understanding human behavior. You've pointed out how messy studying human behavior is, and that it's far from the scientific rigor of something like physics, for example. How do you think we can take psychology from where it's been in the 20th century to something more like what the physicists, theoretical physicists are doing, something precise, something rigorous? Well, we could do it by finding the physical foundations of psychology, right? If all of our emotions and moods and feelings and behaviors are the result of mechanical behaviors of atoms and molecules in our brains, then can we find correlations? Perhaps like chaos makes that really difficult and the uncertainty principle and all these things. We can't know the position and velocity of every single quantum state in a brain, probably. But I think that if we can get to that point with psychology, then we can start to think about consciousness in a physical and mathematical way. When we ask questions like, well, what is self-reference? How can you think about your self-thinking? What are some mathematical structures that could bring that about? There's ideas of, in terms of consciousness and breaking it down into physics, there's ideas of panpsychism where people believe that whatever consciousness is, is a fundamental part of reality. It's almost like a physics law. Do you think, what's your views on consciousness? Do you think it has this deep part of reality or is it something that's deeply human and constructed by us humans? Start nice and light and easy. Nothing I ask you today has actually proven answer. So we were just hypothesizing. So yeah, I mean, I should clarify, this is all speculation. And I'm not an expert in any of these topics and I'm not God. But I think that consciousness is probably something that can be fully explained within the laws of physics. I think that our bodies and brains and the universe and at the quantum level is so rich and complex. I'd be surprised if we couldn't find a room for consciousness there. And why should we be conscious? Why are we aware of ourselves? That is a very strange and interesting and important question. And I think for the next few thousand years, we're going to have to believe in answers purely on faith. But my guess is that we will find that, within the configuration space of possible arrangements of the universe, there are some that contain memories of others. Literally, Julian Barber calls them time capsule states where you're like, yeah, not only do I have a scratch on my arm, but also this state of the universe also contains a memory in my head of being scratched by my cat three days ago. And for some reason, those kinds of states of the universe are more plentiful or more likely. When you say those states, the ones that contain memories of its past or ones that contain memories of its past and have degrees of consciousness? Just the first part, because I think the consciousness then emerges from the fact that a state of the universe that contains fragments or memories of other states is one where you're going to feel like there's time. You're going to feel like, yeah, things happened in the past. And I don't know what'll happen in the future because these states don't contain information about the future. For some reason, those kind of states are either more common, more plentiful, or you could use the anthropic principle and just say, well, they're extremely rare, but until you are in one or if you are in one, then you can ask questions like you're asking me on this podcast. So- Why questions? Yeah, it's like, why are we conscious? Well, because if we weren't, we wouldn't be asking why we were. You've kind of implied that you have a sense, again, hypothesis, theorizing that the universe is deterministic. What's your thoughts about free will? Do you think of the universe as deterministic in a sense that it's unrolling a particular, like it's operating under a specific set of physical laws. And when you have to set the initial conditions, it will unroll in the exact same way in our particular line of the universe every time. That is a very useful way to think about the universe. It's done us well. It's brought us to the moon. It's brought us to where we are today, right? I would not say that I believe in determinism in that kind of an absolute form, or actually I just don't care. Maybe it's true, but I'm not gonna live my life like it is. What in your sense, cause you've studied kind of how we humans think of the world. What's in your view is the difference between our perception, like how we think the world is and reality. Do you think there's a huge gap there? Like we dilute ourselves that the whole thing is an illusion, just everything about human psychology, the way we see things and how things actually are. All the things you've studied, what's your sense? How big is the gap between reality? Well, again, purely speculative. I think that we will never know the answer. We cannot know the answer. There is no experiment to find an answer to that question. Everything we experience is an event in our brain. When I look at a cat, I'm not even, I can't prove that there's a cat there. All I am experiencing is the perception of a cat inside my own brain. I am only a witness to the events of my mind. I think it is very useful to infer that if I witness the event of cat in my head, it's because I'm looking at a cat that is literally there and has its own feelings and motivations and should be pet and given food and water and love. I think that's the way you should live your life. But whether or not we live in a simulation, I'm a brain and a vat, I don't know. Do you care? I don't really, well, I care because it's a fascinating question. And it's a fantastic way to get people excited about all kinds of topics, physics, psychology, consciousness, philosophy. But at the end of the day, what would the difference be? If you- The cat needs to be fed at the end of the day, otherwise it'll be a dead cat. Right, but if it's not even a real cat, then it's just like a video game cat. And right, so what's the difference between killing a digital cat in a video game because of neglect versus a real cat? It seems very different to us psychologically. Like I don't really feel bad about, oh my gosh, I forgot to feed my Tamagotchi, right? But I would feel terrible if I forgot to feed my actual cats. So can you just touch on the topic of simulation? Do you find this thought experiment that we're living in a simulation useful, inspiring, or constructive in any kind of way? Do you think it's ridiculous? Do you think it could be true? Or is it just a useful thought experiment? I think it is extremely useful as a thought experiment because it makes sense to everyone, especially as we see virtual reality and computer games getting more and more complex. You're not talking to an audience in like Newton's time where you're like, imagine a clock that it has mechanics in it that are so complex that it can create love. And everyone's like, no. But today you really start to feel, man, at what point is this little robot friend of mine gonna be like someone I don't want to cancel plans with? And so it's a great, the thought experiment of do we live in a simulation? Am I a brain in a vat that is just being given electrical impulses from some nefarious other beings so that I believe that I live on earth and that I have a body and all of this. And the fact that you can't prove it either way is a fantastic way to introduce people to some of the deepest questions. So you mentioned a little buddy that you would want to cancel an appointment with. So that's a lot of our conversations. That's what my research is, it's artificial intelligence. And I apologize, but you're such a fun person to ask these big questions with. Well, I hope I can give some answers that are interesting. Well, because of you've sharpened your brain's ability to explore some of the most, some of the questions that many scientists are actually afraid of even touching, which is fascinating. I think you're in that sense, ultimately a great scientist through this process of sharpening your brain. Well, I don't know if I am a scientist. I think, you know, science is a way of knowing. And there are a lot of questions I investigate that are not scientific questions. On like minefield, we have definitely done scientific experiments and studies that had hypotheses and all of that. But, you know, not to be too like precious about what does the word science mean? But I think I would just describe myself as curious. And I hope that that curiosity is contagious. So to you, the scientific method is deeply connected to science because your curiosity took you to asking questions. To me, asking a good question, even if you feel, society feels that it's not a question within the reach of science currently. To me, asking the question is the biggest step of the scientific process. The scientific method is the second part. And that may be what traditionally is called science. But to me, asking the questions, being brave enough to ask the questions, being curious and not constrained by what you're supposed to think is just true, what it means to be a scientist to me. It's certainly a huge part of what it means to be a human. If I were to say, you know what? I don't believe in forces. I think that when I push on a massive object, a ghost leaves my body and enters the object I'm pushing. And these ghosts happen to just get really lazy when they're around massive things. And that's why F equals MA. Oh, and by the way, the laziness of the ghost is in proportion to the mass of the object. So boom, proved me wrong. Every experiment, well, you can never find the ghost. And so none of that theory is scientific. But once I start saying, can I see the ghost? Why should there be a ghost? And if there aren't ghosts, what might I expect? And I start to do different tests to see, is this falsifiable? Are there things that should happen if there are ghosts or are there things that shouldn't happen? And do they, what do I observe? Now I'm thinking scientifically. I don't think of science as, wow, a picture of a black hole. That's just a photograph. That's an image. That's data. That's a sensory and perception experience. Science is how we got that and how we understand it and how we believe in it and how we reduce our uncertainty around what it means. But I would say I'm deeply within the scientific community and I'm sometimes disheartened by the elitism of the thinking, sort of not allowing yourself to think outside the box. So allowing the possibility of going against the conventions of science, I think is a beautiful part of some of the greatest scientists in history. I don't know. I'm impressed by scientists every day and revolutions in our knowledge of the world occur only under very special circumstances. It is very scary to challenge conventional thinking and risky because let's go back to elitism and ego. If you just say, you know what? I believe in the spirits of my body and all forces are actually created by invisible creatures that transfer themselves between objects. If you ridicule every other theory and say that you're correct, then ego gets involved and you just don't go anywhere. But fundamentally, the question of, well, what is a force is incredibly important. We need to have that conversation, but it needs to be done in this very political way of like, let's be respectful of everyone and let's realize that we're all learning together and not shutting out other people. And so when you look at a lot of revolutionary ideas, they were not accepted right away. And Galileo had a couple of problems with the authorities and later thinkers, Descartes was like, all right, look, I kind of agree with Galileo, but I'm gonna have to not say that. I'll have to create and invent and write different things that keep me from being in trouble, but we still slowly made progress. The revolutions are difficult in all forms and certainly in science. Before we get to AI on topic of revolutionary ideas, let me ask on a Reddit AMA, you said that is the earth flat is one of the favorite questions you've ever answered. Speaking of revolutionary ideas. So your video on that people should definitely watch is really fascinating. Can you elaborate why you enjoyed answering this question so much? Yeah, well, it's a long story. I remember a long time ago, I was living in New York at the time. So it had to have been like 2009 or something. I visited the Flat Earth forums. And this was before the Flat Earth theories became as sort of mainstream as they are. Sorry to ask the dumb question forums, online forums. Yeah, the Flat Earth Society, I don't know if it's.com or.org, but I went there and I was reading their ideas and how they responded to typical criticisms of, well, the earth isn't flat because what about this? And I could not tell, and I mentioned this in my video, I couldn't tell how many of these community members actually believe the earth was flat or we're just trolling. And I realized that the fascinating thing is how do we know anything? And what makes for a good belief versus a maybe not so tenable or good belief. And so that's really what my video about earth being flat is about. It's about, look, there are a lot of reasons the earth is probably not flat, but a Flat Earth believer can respond to every single one of them. But it's all in an ad hoc way. And all of their rebuttals aren't necessarily gonna form a cohesive, non-contradictory hole. And I believe that's the episode where I talk about Occam's razor and Newton's flaming laser sword. And then I say, well, you know what, wait a second, we know that space contracts as you move. And so to a particle moving near the speed of light towards earth, earth would be flattened in the direction of that particles travel. So to them, earth is flat. Like we need to be really generous to even wild ideas because they're all thinking. They're all the communication of ideas. And what else can it mean to be a human? Yeah, and I think I'm a huge fan of the Flat Earth theory, quote unquote, in the sense that to me it feels harmless to explore some of the questions of what it means to believe something, what it means to explore the edge of science and so on. It's because it's a harm, it's to me, nobody gets hurt whether the earth is flat or round, not literally, but I mean intellectually when we're just having a conversation. That said, again, to elitism, I find that scientists roll their eyes way too fast on the Flat Earth. The kind of dismissal that I see to this even notion, they haven't like sat down and say, what are the arguments that are being proposed? And this is why these arguments are incorrect. So that should be something that scientists should always do even to the most sort of ideas that seem ridiculous. So I like this, it's almost my test when I ask people what they think about Flat Earth theory to see how quickly they roll their eyes. Well, yeah, I mean, let me go on record and say that the earth is not flat. It is a three-dimensional spheroid. However, I don't know that and it has not been proven, science doesn't prove anything. It just reduces uncertainty. Could the earth actually be flat? Extremely unlikely, extremely unlikely. And so it is a ridiculous notion if we care about how probable and certain our ideas might be. But I think it's incredibly important to talk about science in that way and to not resort to, well, it's true. It's true in the same way that a mathematical theorem is true. And I think we're kinda like being pretty pedantic about defining this stuff, but like, sure, I could take a rocket ship out and I could orbit earth and look at it and it would look like a ball, right? But I still can't prove that I'm not living in a simulation, that I'm not a brain in a vat, that this isn't all an elaborate ruse created by some technologically advanced extraterrestrial civilization. So there's always some doubt and that's fine. That's exciting. And I think that kind of doubt, practically speaking is useful when you start talking about quantum mechanics or string theory, sort of, it helps. To me, that kind of little, adds a little spice into the thinking process of scientists. So, I mean, just as a thought experiment, your video kinda, okay, say the earth is flat, what would the forces when you walk about this flat earth feel like to the human? That's a really nice thought experiment to think about. Right, cause what's really nice about it is that it's a funny thought experiment, but you actually wind up accidentally learning a whole lot about gravity and about relativity and geometry. And I think that's really the goal of what I'm doing. I'm not trying to convince people that the earth is round. I feel like you either believe that it is or you don't and like, that's, you know, how can I change that? What I can do is change how you think and how you are introduced to important concepts like, well, how does gravity operate? Oh, it's all about the center of mass of an object. So right, on a sphere, we're all pulled towards the middle, essentially the centroid, geometrically, but on a disc, ooh, you're gonna be pulled at a weird angle if you're out near the edge. And that stuff's fascinating. Yeah, and to me, that was, that particular video opened my eyes even more to what gravity is. It's just a really nice visualization tool of, cause you always imagine gravity with spheres, with masses that are spheres. Yeah. And imagining gravity on masses that are not spherical, some other shape, but in here, a plate, a flat object is really interesting. It makes you really kind of visualize in a three-dimensional way the force. Yeah, even if a disc, the size of earth would be impossible. I think anything larger than like the moon basically needs to be a sphere because gravity will round it out. So you can't have a teacup the size of Jupiter, right? There's a great book about a teacup in the universe that I highly recommend. I don't remember the author. I forget her name, but it's a wonderful book. So look it up. I think it's called Teacup in the Universe. Just to link on this point briefly, your videos are generally super, people love them, right? If you look at the sort of number of likes versus dislikes, this measure of YouTube, right, is incredible, as do I. But this particular Flat Earth video has more dislikes than usual. What do you, on that topic in general, what's your sense, how big is the community, not just who believes in Flat Earth, but sort of the anti-scientific community that naturally distrusts scientists in a way that's not an open-minded way, like really just distrust scientists like they're bought by some, they're kind of mechanism of some kind of bigger system that's trying to manipulate human beings. What's your sense of the size of that community? You're one of the sort of great educators in the world that educates people on the exciting power of science. So you're kind of up against this community. What's your sense of it? I really have no idea. I haven't looked at the likes and dislikes on the Flat Earth video. And so I would wonder if it has a greater percentage of dislikes than usual, is that because of people disliking it, because they think that it's a video about Earth being flat, and they find that ridiculous and they dislike it without even really watching much, do they wish that I was more dismissive of Flat Earth theories? Yeah, that's possible too. I know there are a lot of response videos that kind of go through the episode and are pro Flat Earth, but I don't know if there's a larger community of unorthodox thinkers today than there have been in the past. And I just wanna not lose them. I want them to keep listening and thinking. And by calling them all idiots or something, that is no good because how idiotic are they really? I mean, the Earth isn't a sphere at all. We know that it's an oblate spheroid. And that in and of itself is really interesting. And I investigated that in which way is down, where I'm like, really down does not point towards the center of the Earth. It points in different direction, depending on what's underneath you and what's above you and what's around you. The whole universe is tugging on me. And then you also show that gravity is non-uniform across the globe. Like if you, there's this, I guess, thought experiment, if you build a bridge all the way across the Earth and then just knock out its pillars, what would happen? And you describe how it would be like a very chaotic, unstable thing that's happening because gravity is non-uniform throughout the Earth. Yeah, in small spaces, like the ones we work in, we can essentially assume that gravity is uniform. But it's not. It is weaker the further you are from the Earth. And it also is going to be, it's radially pointed towards the middle of the Earth. So a really large object will feel tidal forces because of that non-uniformness. And we can take advantage of that with satellites, right? Gravitational induced torque. It's a great way to align your satellite without having to use fuel or any kind of engine. So let's jump back to it. Artificial intelligence, what's your thought of the state of where we are at currently with artificial intelligence and what do you think it takes to build human level or superhuman level intelligence? I don't know what intelligence means. That's my biggest question at the moment. And I think it's because my instinct is always to go, well, what are the foundations here of our discussion? What does it mean to be intelligent? How do we measure the intelligence of an artificial machine or a program or something? Can we say that humans are intelligent? Because there's also a fascinating field of how do you measure human intelligence? Of course. But if we just take that for granted, saying that whatever this fuzzy intelligence thing we're talking about, humans kind of have it. What would be a good test for you? So during develop a test, that's natural language conversation, would that impress you? A chat bot that you'd want to hang out and have a beer with for a bunch of hours or have dinner plans with? Is that a good test, natural language conversation? Is there something else that would impress you? Or is that also too difficult to think about? I'm pretty much impressed by everything. I think that if- Roomba? If there was a chat bot that was incredibly, I don't know, really had a personality. And if I didn't, the turning test, right? If I'm unable to tell that it's not another person, but then I was shown a bunch of wires and mechanical components and it was like, that's actually what you're talking to. I don't know if I would feel that guilty destroying it. I would feel guilty because clearly it's well-made and it's a really cool thing. It's like destroying a really cool car or something, but I would not feel like I was a murderer. So yeah, at what point would I start to feel that way? And this is such a subjective psychological question. If you give it movement or if you have it act as though, or perhaps really feel pain as I destroy it and scream and resist, then I'd feel bad. Yeah, it's beautifully put. And let's just say act like it's in pain. So if you just have a robot that not screams, just like moans in pain if you kick it, that immediately just puts it in a class that we humans, it becomes, we anthropomorphize it. It almost immediately becomes human. So that's a psychology question as opposed to sort of a physics question. Right, I think that's a really good instinct to have. If the robot screams and moans, even if you don't believe that it has the mental experience, the qualia of pain and suffering, I think it's still a good instinct to say, you know what, I'd rather not hurt it. The problem is that instinct can get us in trouble because then robots can manipulate that. And there's different kinds of robots. There's robots like the Facebook and the YouTube algorithm that recommends the video, and they can manipulate in the same kind of way. Well, let me ask you just to stick on artificial intelligence for a second. Do you have worries about existential threats from AI or existential threats from other technologies like nuclear weapons that could potentially destroy life on earth or damage it to a very significant degree? Yeah, of course I do. Especially the weapons that we create. There's all kinds of famous ways to think about this. And one is that, wow, what if we don't see advanced alien civilizations because of the danger of technology? What if we reach a point, and I think there's a channel, Thotty2, geez, I wish I remembered the name of the channel, but he delves into this kind of limit of maybe once you discover radioactivity and its power, you've reached this important hurdle. And the reason that the skies are so empty is that no one's ever managed to survive as a civilization once they have that destructive power. And when it comes to AI, I'm not really very worried because I think that there are plenty of other people that are already worried enough. And oftentimes these worries are just, they just get in the way of progress. And they're questions that we should address later. And I think I talk about this in my interview with the self-driving autonomous vehicle guy, as I think it was a bonus scene from the Trolley Problem episode. And I'm like, wow, what should a car do if this really weird contrived scenario happens where it has to swerve and save the driver, but kill a kid? And he's like, well, what would a human do? And if we resist technological progress because we're worried about all of these little issues, then it gets in the way. And we shouldn't avoid those problems, but we shouldn't allow them to be stumbling blocks to advancement. So the folks like Sam Harris or Elon Musk are saying that we're not worried enough. So worries should not paralyze technological progress, but we're sort of marching, technology is marching forward without the key scientists that developing a technology, worrying about the overnight having some effects that would be very detrimental to society. So to push back on your thought of the idea that there's enough people worrying about it, Elon Musk says there's not enough people worrying about it. That's the kind of balance is, it's like folks who are really focused on nuclear deterrence are saying there's not enough people worried about nuclear deterrence, right? So it's an interesting question of what is a good threshold of people to worry about these? And if it's too many people that are worried, you're right. It'll be like the press would over report on it and there'll be technological halt technology progress. If not enough, then we can march straight ahead into that abyss that human beings might be destined for with the progress of technology. Yeah, I don't know what the right balance is of how many people should be worried and how worried should they be, but we're always worried about new technology. We know that Plato was worried about the written word. He was like, we shouldn't teach people to write because then they won't use their minds to remember things. There have been concerns over technology and its advancement since the beginning of recorded history. And so, I think, however, these conversations are really important to have because again, we learn a lot about ourselves. If we're really scared of some kind of AI, like coming into being that is conscious or whatever and can self-replicate, we already do that every day. It's called humans being born. They're not artificial. They're humans, but they're intelligent. And I don't wanna live in a world where we're worried about babies being born because what if they become evil? Right. What if they become mean people? What if they're thieves? Maybe we should just like, what, not have babies born? Like maybe we shouldn't create AI? It's like, we will want to have safeguards in place in the same way that we know, look, a kid could be born that becomes some kind of evil person, but we have laws, right? And it's possible that with advent of genetics in general, be able to, you know, it's a scary thought to say that, you know, this, my child, if born, would have an 83% chance of being a psychopath, right? Like being able to, if it's something genetic, if there's some sort of, and what to use that information, what to do with that information is a difficult ethical thought. Yeah, I'd like to find an answer that isn't, well, let's not have them live. You know, I'd like to find an answer that is, well, all human life is worthy. And if you have an 83% chance of becoming a psychopath, well, you still deserve dignity and you still deserve to be treated well. You still have rights. At least at this part of the world, at least in America, there's a respect for individual life in that way. That's, well, to me, but again, I'm in this bubble, is a beautiful thing. But there's other cultures where individual human life is not that important, where a society, so I was born in Soviet Union, where the strength of nation and society together is more important than the any one particular individual. So it's an interesting also notion, the stories we tell ourselves. I like the one where individuals matter, but it's unclear that that was what the future holds. Well, yeah, and I mean, let me even throw this out. Like what is artificial intelligence? How can it be artificial? I really think that we get pretty obsessed and stuck on the idea that there is some thing that is a wild human, a pure human organism without technology. But I don't think that's a real thing. I think that humans and human technology are one organism. Look at my glasses, okay? If an alien came down and saw me, would they necessarily know that this is an invention, that I don't grow these organically from my body? They wouldn't know that right away. And the written word and spoons and cups, these are all pieces of technology. We are not alone as an organism. And so the technology we create, whether it be video games or artificial intelligence that can self replicate and hate us, it's actually all the same organism. When you're in a car, where do you end in the car? Again, it seems like a really easy question to answer, but the more you think about it, the more you realize, wow, we are in this symbiotic relationship with our inventions. And there are plenty of people who are worried about it and there should be, but it's inevitable. And I think the, even just us think of ourselves as individual intelligences may be silly notion because it's much better to think of the entirety of human civilization. All living organism on earth is a single living organism. As a single intelligent creature, because you're right, everything's intertwined. Everything is deeply connected. So we mentioned Elon Musk. So you're a curious lover of science. What do you think of the efforts that Elon Musk is doing with space exploration, with electric vehicles, with autopilot sort of getting into the space of autonomous vehicles, with boring under LA and Neuralink trying to communicate brain machine interfaces, communicate between machines and human brains. Well, it's really inspiring. I mean, look at the fandom that he's amassed. It's not common for someone like that to have such a following. And so it's- Engineering nerd. Yeah, so it's really exciting, but I also think that a lot of responsibility comes with that kind of power. So like if I met him, I would love to hear how he feels about the responsibility he has. When there are people who are such a fan of your ideas and your dreams and share them so closely with you, you have a lot of power and he didn't always have that. He wasn't born as Elon Musk. Well, he was, but well, he was named that later. But the point is that I wanna know the psychology of becoming a figure like him. Well, I don't even know how to phrase the question, right? But it's a question about what do you do when you're following, your fans become so, you know, large that it's almost bigger than you. And how do you responsibly manage that? And maybe it doesn't worry him at all. And that's fine too. But I'd be really curious. And I think there are a lot of people that go through this when they realize, whoa, there are a lot of eyes on me. There are a lot of people who really take what I say very earnestly and take it to heart and will defend me. And whew, that's, that can be dangerous and you have to be responsible with it. Both in terms of impact on society and psychologically for the individual, just the burden psychologically on Elon. Yeah, yeah. How does he think about that part of his persona? Well, let me throw that right back at you because in some ways you're just a funny guy that got in a humongous following, a funny guy with a curiosity, you've got a huge following. How do you psychologically deal with the responsibility? In many ways you have a reach in many ways bigger than Elon Musk. What is the burden that you feel in educating, being one of the biggest educators in the world where everybody's listening to you? And actually everybody, most of the world that uses YouTube for education material trust you as a source of good, strong scientific thinking. It's a burden and I try to approach it with a lot of humility and sharing. I'm not out there doing a lot of scientific experiments. I am sharing the work of real scientists and I'm celebrating their work and the way that they think and the power of curiosity. But I wanna make it clear at all times that like, look, we don't know all the answers and I don't think we're ever going to reach a point where we're like, wow, and there you go. That's the universe. It's this equation, you plug in some conditions or whatever and you do the math and you know what's gonna happen tomorrow. I don't think we're ever gonna reach that point. But I think that there is a tendency to sometimes believe in science and become elitist and become, I don't know, hard when in reality it should humble you and make you feel smaller. I think there's something very beautiful about feeling very, very small and very weak and to feel that you need other people. So I try to keep that in mind and say, look, thanks for watching. Vsauce is not, I'm not Vsauce, you are. When I start the episodes, I say, hey Vsauce, Michael here. Vsauce and Michael are actually a different thing in my mind. I don't know if that's always clear, but yeah, I have to approach it that way because it's not about me. Yeah. So it's not even, you're not feeling the responsibility. You're just sort of plugging into this big thing that is scientific exploration of our reality. And you're a voice that represents a bunch, but you're just plugging into this big Vsauce ball that others, millions of others are plugged into. Yeah, and I'm just hoping to encourage curiosity and responsible thinking and an embracement of doubt and being okay with that. So next week talking to Christos Goodro, I'm not sure if you're familiar who he is, but he's the VP of engineering, head of the quote unquote YouTube algorithm or the search and discovery. So let me ask. First high level, do you have a question for him that if you can get an honest answer that you would ask, but more generally, how do you think about the YouTube algorithm that drives some of the motivation behind, no, some of the design decisions you make as you ask and answer some of the questions you do, how would you improve this algorithm in your mind in general? So it's just the, what would you ask him and outside of that, how would you like to see the algorithm improve? Well, I think of the algorithm as a mirror. It reflects what people put in and we don't always like what we see in that mirror. From the individual mirror to the individual mirror to the society. Both, in the aggregate, it's reflecting back what people on average want to watch. And when you see things being recommended to you, it's reflecting back what it thinks you want to see. And specifically, I would guess that it's not just what you want to see, but what you will click on and what you will watch some of and stay on YouTube because of. I don't think that, this is all me guessing, but I don't think that YouTube cares if you only watch like a second of a video, as long as the next thing you do is open another video. If you close the app or close the site, that's a problem for them because they're not a subscription platform. They're not like, look, you're giving us 20 bucks a month no matter what, so who cares? They need you to watch and spend time there and see ads. So one of the things I'm curious about whether they do consider longer term, your longer term development as a human being, which I think ultimately will make you feel better about using YouTube in the long term and allowing you to stick with it for longer. Because even if you feed the dopamine rush in the short term and you keep clicking on cat videos, the eventually you sort of wake up like from a drug and say, I need to quit this. So I wonder how much they're trying to optimize for the long term because when I look at the, your videos aren't exactly sort of no offense, but they're not the most clickable. They're both the most clickable and I feel I watched the entire thing and I feel a better human after I watched it, right? So like they're not just optimizing for the clickability because this is, I hope, so my thought is how do you think of it? And does it affect your own content? Like how deep you go, how profound you explore what I did directions and so on. I've been really lucky in that I don't worry too much about the algorithm. I mean, look at my thumbnails. I don't really go too wild with them. And with minefield where I'm in partnership with YouTube on the thumbnails, I'm often like, let's pull this back. Let's be mysterious. But usually I'm just trying to do what everyone else is not doing. So if everyone's doing crazy Photoshop, what kind of thumbnails? I'm like, what if the thumbnail is just a line? And what if the title is just a word? And I kind of feel like all of the Vsauce channels have cultivated an audience that expects that. And so they would rather Jake make a video that's just called stains than one called, I explored stains, shocking. But there are other audiences out there that want that. And I think most people kind of want what you see the algorithm favoring, which is mainstream traditional celebrity and news kind of information. I mean, that's what makes YouTube really different than other streaming platforms. No one's like, what's going on in the world? I'll open up Netflix to find out. But you do open up Twitter to find that out. You open up Facebook and you can open up YouTube. Cause you'll see that the trending videos are like what happened amongst the traditional mainstream people in different industries. And that's what's being shown. And it's not necessarily YouTube saying, we want that to be what you see. It's that that's what people click on. When they see Ariana Grande, reads a love letter from like her high school sweetheart. They're like, I wanna see that. And when they see a video from me that's got some lines in math and it's called law and causes, they're like, well, I mean, that I'm just on the bus. Like I don't have time to dive into a whole lesson. So, you know, before you get super mad at YouTube, you should say really they're just reflecting back human behavior. Is there something you would improve about the algorithm knowing of course that as far as we're concerned, it's a black box or we don't know how it works. Right. And I don't think that even anyone at YouTube really knows what it's doing. They know what they've tweaked, but then it learns. I think that it learns and it decides how to behave. And sometimes they're the YouTube employees are left going, I don't know. Maybe we should like change the value of how much it, you know, worries about watch time and maybe it should worry more about something. I don't know. But I mean, I would like to see, I don't know what they're doing and not doing. Well, is there a conversation that you think they should be having just internally, whether they're having it or not? Is there something should they be thinking about the long-term future? Should they be thinking about educational content and whether that's educating about what just happened in the world today, news or educational content, like what you're providing, which is asking big sort of timeless questions about how the way the world works. Well, it's interesting. What should they think about? Because it's called YouTube, not our tube. And that's why I think they have so many phenomenal educational creators. You don't have shows like Three Blue One Brown or Physics Girl or Looking Glass Universe or Up and Atom or Brain Scoop or, I mean, I could go on and on. They aren't on Amazon Prime and Netflix and they don't have commissioned shows from those platforms. It's all organically happening because there are people out there that want to share their passion for learning that wanna share their curiosity. And YouTube could promote those kinds of shows more, but like, first of all, they probably wouldn't get as many clicks and YouTube needs to make sure that the average user is always clicking and staying on the site. They could still promote it more for the good of society. But then we're making some really weird claims about what's good for society because I think that cat videos are also an incredibly important part of what it means to be a human. I mentioned this quote before from Unumuno about, look, I've seen a cat estimate distances and calculate a jump more often than I've seen a cat cry. And so things that play with our emotions and make us feel things can be cheesy and can feel cheap, but like, man, that's very human. And so even the dumbest vlog is still so important that I don't think I have a better claim to take its spot than it has to have that spot. So it puts a mirror to us, the beautiful parts, the ugly parts, the shallow parts, the deep parts. You're right. What I would like to see is, I missed the days when engaging with content on YouTube helped push it into my subscribers timelines. It used to be that when I liked a video, say from Veritasium, it would show up in the feed on the front page of the app or the website of my subscribers. And I knew that if I liked a video, I could send it 100,000 views or more. That no longer is true. But I think that was a good user experience. When I subscribe to someone, when I'm following them, I want to see more of what they like. I want them to also curate the feed for me. And I think that Twitter and Facebook are doing that. And also some ways that are kind of annoying, but I would like that to happen more. And I think we would see communities being stronger on YouTube if it was that way, instead of YouTube going, well, technically Michael liked this Veritasium video, but people are way more likely to click on Carpool Karaoke. So I don't even care who they are, just give them that. Not saying anything against Carpool Karaoke, that is a extremely important part of our society, what it means to be a human on earth. You know, but- I'll say it sucks, but- Yeah. But a lot of people would disagree with you and they should be able to see as much of that as they want. And I think even people who don't think they like it should still be really aware of it because it's such an important thing and such an influential thing. But yeah, I just wish that like new channels I discover and that I subscribe to, I wish that my subscribers found out about that. Because especially in the education community, a rising tide floats all boats. If you watch a video from Numberphile, you're just more likely to want to watch an episode from me, whether it be on Vsauce1 or Ding. It's not competitive in the way that traditional TV was, where it's like, well, if you tune into that show, it means you're not watching mine because they both air at the same time. So helping each other out through collaborations takes a lot of work, but just through engaging, commenting on their videos, liking their videos, subscribing to them, whatever, that I would love to see become easier and more powerful. So a quick and impossibly deep question, last question about mortality. You've spoken about death as an interesting topic. Do you think about your own mortality? Yeah, every day. It's really scary. So what do you think is the meaning of life that mortality makes very explicit? So why are you here on earth, Michael? What's the point of this whole thing? What does mortality in the context of the whole universe make you realize about yourself, just you, Michael Stevens? Well, it makes me realize that I am destined to become a notion. I'm destined to become a memory and we can extend life. I think there's really exciting things being done to extend life, but we still don't know how to protect you from some accident that could happen, some unforeseen thing. Maybe we could save my connectome and recreate my consciousness digitally, but even that could be lost if it's stored on a physical medium or something. So basically I just think that embracing and realizing how cool it is that someday I will just be an idea and there won't be a Michael anymore that can be like, no, that's not what I meant. It'll just be what people, they have to guess what I meant. And they'll remember me and how I live on as that memory will maybe not even be who I want it to be. But there's something powerful about that. And there's something powerful about letting future people run the show themselves. I think I'm glad to get out of their way at some point and say, all right, it's your world now. So you, the physical entity, Michael, have ripple effects in the space of ideas that far outlives you in ways that you can't control, but it's nevertheless fascinating to think, I mean, especially with you, you can imagine an alien species when they finally arrive and destroy all of us would watch your videos to try to figure out what were the questions. But even if they didn't, I still think that there will be ripples. Like when I say memory, I don't specifically mean people remember my name and my birth date and have like, there's a photo of me on Wikipedia, like all that can be lost, but I still would hope that people ask questions and teach concepts in some of the ways that I have found useful and satisfying. Even if they don't know that I was the one who tried to popularize it, that's fine. But if earth was completely destroyed, like burnt to a crisp, everything on it today, what would, the universe wouldn't care. Like Jupiter is not gonna go, oh no. And that could happen. That could happen. So we do however have the power to, launch things into space to try to extend how long our memory exists. And what I mean by that is, we are recording things about the world and we're learning things and writing stories and all of this and preserving that is truly what I think is the essence of being a human. We are autobiographers of the universe and we're really good at it. We're better than fossils. We're better than light spectrum. We're better than any of that. We collect much more detailed memories of what's happening, much better data. And so that should be our legacy. And I hope that that's kind of mine too, in terms of people remembering something or having some kind of effect. But even if I don't, you can't not have an effect. That's not me feeling like, I hope that I have this powerful legacy. It's like, no matter who you are, you will. But you also have to embrace the fact that that impact might look really small and that's okay. One of my favorite quotes is from Tessa the D'Urbervilles. And it's along the lines of the measure of your life depends on not your external displacement, but your subjective experience. If I am happy and those that I love are happy, can that be enough? Because if so, excellent. I think there's no better place to end it, Michael. Thank you so much. It was an honor to meet you. Thanks for talking to me. Thank you. It was a pleasure. Thanks for listening to this conversation with Michael Stevens. And thank you to our presenting sponsor, Cash App. Download it, use code LEXPODCAST. You'll get $10 and $10 will go to FIRST, a STEM education nonprofit that inspires hundreds of thousands of young minds to learn, to dream of engineering our future. If you enjoy this podcast, subscribe on YouTube, give it five stars on Apple Podcast, support on Patreon, or connect with me on Twitter. And now let me leave you with some words of wisdom from Albert Einstein. The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existence. One cannot help but be in awe when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, the marvelous structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery every day. Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.
 The following is a conversation with Michael Stevens,
 the creator of Vsauce, one of the most popular
 educational YouTube channels in the world,
 with over 15 million subscribers and over 1.7 billion views.
 His videos often ask and answer questions
 that are both profound and entertaining,
 spanning topics from physics to psychology.
 Popular questions include, what if everyone jumped at once?
 Or what if the sun disappeared?
 Or why are things creepy?
 Or what if the earth stopped spinning?
 As part of his channel, he created three seasons
 of Minefield, a series that explored human behavior.
 His curiosity and passion are contagious
 and inspiring to millions of people.
 And so as an educator, his impact and contribution
 to the world is truly immeasurable.
 This is the Artificial Intelligence Podcast.
 If you enjoy it, subscribe on YouTube,
 give five stars on Apple Podcasts,
 support on Patreon, or simply connect with me
 on Twitter, at Lex Friedman, spelled F-R-I-D-M-A-N.
 I recently started doing ads at the end of the introduction.
 I'll do one or two minutes after introducing the episode
 and never any ads in the middle
 that break the flow of the conversation.
 I hope that works for you
 and doesn't hurt the listening experience.
 This show is presented by Cash App,
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 inspire girls and boys to dream of engineering a better world.
 And now here's my conversation with Michael Stevens.
 One of your deeper interests is psychology,
 understanding human behavior.
 You've pointed out how messy studying human behavior is,
 and that it's far from the scientific rigor
 of something like physics, for example.
 How do you think we can take psychology
 from where it's been in the 20th century
 to something more like what the physicists,
 theoretical physicists are doing,
 something precise, something rigorous?
 Well, we could do it by finding
 the physical foundations of psychology, right?
 If all of our emotions and moods and feelings and behaviors
 are the result of mechanical behaviors of atoms
 and molecules in our brains, then can we find correlations?
 Perhaps like chaos makes that really difficult
 and the uncertainty principle and all these things.
 We can't know the position and velocity
 of every single quantum state in a brain, probably.
 But I think that if we can get to that point with psychology,
 then we can start to think about consciousness
 in a physical and mathematical way.
 When we ask questions like, well, what is self-reference?
 How can you think about your self-thinking?
 What are some mathematical structures
 that could bring that about?
 There's ideas of, in terms of consciousness
 and breaking it down into physics,
 there's ideas of panpsychism where people believe
 that whatever consciousness is,
 is a fundamental part of reality.
 It's almost like a physics law.
 Do you think, what's your views on consciousness?
 Do you think it has this deep part of reality
 or is it something that's deeply human
 and constructed by us humans?
 Start nice and light and easy.
 Nothing I ask you today has actually proven answer.
 So we were just hypothesizing.
 So yeah, I mean, I should clarify,
 this is all speculation.
 And I'm not an expert in any of these topics
 and I'm not God.
 But I think that consciousness is probably
 something that can be fully explained
 within the laws of physics.
 I think that our bodies and brains and the universe
 and at the quantum level is so rich and complex.
 I'd be surprised if we couldn't find a room
 for consciousness there.
 And why should we be conscious?
 Why are we aware of ourselves?
 That is a very strange and interesting
 and important question.
 And I think for the next few thousand years,
 we're going to have to believe in answers purely on faith.
 But my guess is that we will find that,
 within the configuration space
 of possible arrangements of the universe,
 there are some that contain memories of others.
 Literally, Julian Barber calls them time capsule states
 where you're like, yeah,
 not only do I have a scratch on my arm,
 but also this state of the universe
 also contains a memory in my head
 of being scratched by my cat three days ago.
 And for some reason, those kinds of states of the universe
 are more plentiful or more likely.
 When you say those states,
 the ones that contain memories of its past
 or ones that contain memories of its past
 and have degrees of consciousness?
 Just the first part,
 because I think the consciousness then emerges
 from the fact that a state of the universe
 that contains fragments or memories of other states
 is one where you're going to feel like there's time.
 You're going to feel like, yeah,
 things happened in the past.
 And I don't know what'll happen in the future
 because these states don't contain information
 about the future.
 For some reason, those kind of states
 are either more common, more plentiful,
 or you could use the anthropic principle and just say,
 well, they're extremely rare,
 but until you are in one or if you are in one,
 then you can ask questions
 like you're asking me on this podcast.
 So-
 Why questions?
 Yeah, it's like, why are we conscious?
 Well, because if we weren't,
 we wouldn't be asking why we were.
 You've kind of implied that you have a sense,
 again, hypothesis, theorizing
 that the universe is deterministic.
 What's your thoughts about free will?
 Do you think of the universe as deterministic
 in a sense that it's unrolling a particular,
 like it's operating under a specific set of physical laws.
 And when you have to set the initial conditions,
 it will unroll in the exact same way
 in our particular line of the universe every time.
 That is a very useful way to think about the universe.
 It's done us well.
 It's brought us to the moon.
 It's brought us to where we are today, right?
 I would not say that I believe in determinism
 in that kind of an absolute form,
 or actually I just don't care.
 Maybe it's true, but I'm not gonna live my life like it is.
 What in your sense,
 cause you've studied kind of how we humans think of the world.
 What's in your view is the difference between our perception,
 like how we think the world is and reality.
 Do you think there's a huge gap there?
 Like we dilute ourselves
 that the whole thing is an illusion,
 just everything about human psychology,
 the way we see things and how things actually are.
 All the things you've studied, what's your sense?
 How big is the gap between reality?
 Well, again, purely speculative.
 I think that we will never know the answer.
 We cannot know the answer.
 There is no experiment to find an answer to that question.
 Everything we experience is an event in our brain.
 When I look at a cat, I'm not even,
 I can't prove that there's a cat there.
 All I am experiencing is the perception of a cat
 inside my own brain.
 I am only a witness to the events of my mind.
 I think it is very useful to infer that
 if I witness the event of cat in my head,
 it's because I'm looking at a cat that is literally there
 and has its own feelings and motivations
 and should be pet and given food and water and love.
 I think that's the way you should live your life.
 But whether or not we live in a simulation,
 I'm a brain and a vat, I don't know.
 Do you care?
 I don't really, well, I care
 because it's a fascinating question.
 And it's a fantastic way to get people excited
 about all kinds of topics, physics, psychology,
 consciousness, philosophy.
 But at the end of the day, what would the difference be?
 If you-
 The cat needs to be fed at the end of the day,
 otherwise it'll be a dead cat.
 Right, but if it's not even a real cat,
 then it's just like a video game cat.
 And right, so what's the difference
 between killing a digital cat in a video game
 because of neglect versus a real cat?
 It seems very different to us psychologically.
 Like I don't really feel bad about,
 oh my gosh, I forgot to feed my Tamagotchi, right?
 But I would feel terrible
 if I forgot to feed my actual cats.
 So can you just touch on the topic of simulation?
 Do you find this thought experiment
 that we're living in a simulation useful,
 inspiring, or constructive in any kind of way?
 Do you think it's ridiculous?
 Do you think it could be true?
 Or is it just a useful thought experiment?
 I think it is extremely useful as a thought experiment
 because it makes sense to everyone,
 especially as we see virtual reality and computer games
 getting more and more complex.
 You're not talking to an audience in like Newton's time
 where you're like, imagine a clock
 that it has mechanics in it that are so complex
 that it can create love.
 And everyone's like, no.
 But today you really start to feel,
 man, at what point is this little robot friend of mine
 gonna be like someone I don't want to cancel plans with?
 And so it's a great, the thought experiment
 of do we live in a simulation?
 Am I a brain in a vat that is just being given
 electrical impulses from some nefarious other beings
 so that I believe that I live on earth
 and that I have a body and all of this.
 And the fact that you can't prove it either way
 is a fantastic way to introduce people
 to some of the deepest questions.
 So you mentioned a little buddy
 that you would want to cancel an appointment with.
 So that's a lot of our conversations.
 That's what my research is, it's artificial intelligence.
 And I apologize, but you're such a fun person
 to ask these big questions with.
 Well, I hope I can give some answers that are interesting.
 Well, because of you've sharpened your brain's ability
 to explore some of the most,
 some of the questions that many scientists
 are actually afraid of even touching, which is fascinating.
 I think you're in that sense,
 ultimately a great scientist through this process
 of sharpening your brain.
 Well, I don't know if I am a scientist.
 I think, you know, science is a way of knowing.
 And there are a lot of questions I investigate
 that are not scientific questions.
 On like minefield, we have definitely done
 scientific experiments and studies
 that had hypotheses and all of that.
 But, you know, not to be too like precious about
 what does the word science mean?
 But I think I would just describe myself as curious.
 And I hope that that curiosity is contagious.
 So to you, the scientific method
 is deeply connected to science
 because your curiosity took you to asking questions.
 To me, asking a good question,
 even if you feel, society feels that it's not a question
 within the reach of science currently.
 To me, asking the question is the biggest step
 of the scientific process.
 The scientific method is the second part.
 And that may be what traditionally is called science.
 But to me, asking the questions,
 being brave enough to ask the questions,
 being curious and not constrained
 by what you're supposed to think
 is just true, what it means to be a scientist to me.
 It's certainly a huge part of what it means to be a human.
 If I were to say, you know what?
 I don't believe in forces.
 I think that when I push on a massive object,
 a ghost leaves my body and enters the object I'm pushing.
 And these ghosts happen to just get really lazy
 when they're around massive things.
 And that's why F equals MA.
 Oh, and by the way, the laziness of the ghost
 is in proportion to the mass of the object.
 So boom, proved me wrong.
 Every experiment, well, you can never find the ghost.
 And so none of that theory is scientific.
 But once I start saying, can I see the ghost?
 Why should there be a ghost?
 And if there aren't ghosts, what might I expect?
 And I start to do different tests to see,
 is this falsifiable?
 Are there things that should happen if there are ghosts
 or are there things that shouldn't happen?
 And do they, what do I observe?
 Now I'm thinking scientifically.
 I don't think of science as,
 wow, a picture of a black hole.
 That's just a photograph.
 That's an image.
 That's data.
 That's a sensory and perception experience.
 Science is how we got that and how we understand it
 and how we believe in it and how we reduce our uncertainty
 around what it means.
 But I would say I'm deeply within the scientific community
 and I'm sometimes disheartened by the elitism
 of the thinking, sort of not allowing yourself
 to think outside the box.
 So allowing the possibility of going against
 the conventions of science, I think is a beautiful part
 of some of the greatest scientists in history.
 I don't know.
 I'm impressed by scientists every day
 and revolutions in our knowledge of the world occur
 only under very special circumstances.
 It is very scary to challenge conventional thinking
 and risky because let's go back to elitism and ego.
 If you just say, you know what?
 I believe in the spirits of my body
 and all forces are actually created by invisible creatures
 that transfer themselves between objects.
 If you ridicule every other theory
 and say that you're correct, then ego gets involved
 and you just don't go anywhere.
 But fundamentally, the question of, well,
 what is a force is incredibly important.
 We need to have that conversation,
 but it needs to be done in this very political way
 of like, let's be respectful of everyone
 and let's realize that we're all learning together
 and not shutting out other people.
 And so when you look at a lot of revolutionary ideas,
 they were not accepted right away.
 And Galileo had a couple of problems with the authorities
 and later thinkers, Descartes was like, all right, look,
 I kind of agree with Galileo,
 but I'm gonna have to not say that.
 I'll have to create and invent and write different things
 that keep me from being in trouble,
 but we still slowly made progress.
 The revolutions are difficult in all forms
 and certainly in science.
 Before we get to AI on topic of revolutionary ideas,
 let me ask on a Reddit AMA,
 you said that is the earth flat
 is one of the favorite questions you've ever answered.
 Speaking of revolutionary ideas.
 So your video on that people should definitely watch
 is really fascinating.
 Can you elaborate why you enjoyed
 answering this question so much?
 Yeah, well, it's a long story.
 I remember a long time ago,
 I was living in New York at the time.
 So it had to have been like 2009 or something.
 I visited the Flat Earth forums.
 And this was before the Flat Earth theories
 became as sort of mainstream as they are.
 Sorry to ask the dumb question forums, online forums.
 Yeah, the Flat Earth Society,
 I don't know if it's.com or.org,
 but I went there and I was reading their ideas
 and how they responded to typical criticisms of,
 well, the earth isn't flat because what about this?
 And I could not tell, and I mentioned this in my video,
 I couldn't tell how many of these community members
 actually believe the earth was flat or we're just trolling.
 And I realized that the fascinating thing is
 how do we know anything?
 And what makes for a good belief
 versus a maybe not so tenable or good belief.
 And so that's really what my video
 about earth being flat is about.
 It's about, look, there are a lot of reasons
 the earth is probably not flat,
 but a Flat Earth believer can respond
 to every single one of them.
 But it's all in an ad hoc way.
 And all of their rebuttals aren't necessarily
 gonna form a cohesive, non-contradictory hole.
 And I believe that's the episode where I talk about
 Occam's razor and Newton's flaming laser sword.
 And then I say, well, you know what, wait a second,
 we know that space contracts as you move.
 And so to a particle moving near the speed of light
 towards earth, earth would be flattened
 in the direction of that particles travel.
 So to them, earth is flat.
 Like we need to be really generous to even wild ideas
 because they're all thinking.
 They're all the communication of ideas.
 And what else can it mean to be a human?
 Yeah, and I think I'm a huge fan of the Flat Earth theory,
 quote unquote, in the sense that to me it feels harmless
 to explore some of the questions of what it means
 to believe something, what it means to explore
 the edge of science and so on.
 It's because it's a harm, it's to me,
 nobody gets hurt whether the earth is flat or round,
 not literally, but I mean intellectually
 when we're just having a conversation.
 That said, again, to elitism, I find that scientists
 roll their eyes way too fast on the Flat Earth.
 The kind of dismissal that I see to this even notion,
 they haven't like sat down and say,
 what are the arguments that are being proposed?
 And this is why these arguments are incorrect.
 So that should be something that scientists should always do
 even to the most sort of ideas that seem ridiculous.
 So I like this, it's almost my test when I ask people
 what they think about Flat Earth theory
 to see how quickly they roll their eyes.
 Well, yeah, I mean, let me go on record
 and say that the earth is not flat.
 It is a three-dimensional spheroid.
 However, I don't know that and it has not been proven,
 science doesn't prove anything.
 It just reduces uncertainty.
 Could the earth actually be flat?
 Extremely unlikely, extremely unlikely.
 And so it is a ridiculous notion
 if we care about how probable
 and certain our ideas might be.
 But I think it's incredibly important to talk about science
 in that way and to not resort to, well, it's true.
 It's true in the same way that a mathematical theorem is true.
 And I think we're kinda like being pretty pedantic
 about defining this stuff,
 but like, sure, I could take a rocket ship out
 and I could orbit earth and look at it
 and it would look like a ball, right?
 But I still can't prove that I'm not living in a simulation,
 that I'm not a brain in a vat,
 that this isn't all an elaborate ruse created
 by some technologically advanced
 extraterrestrial civilization.
 So there's always some doubt and that's fine.
 That's exciting.
 And I think that kind of doubt,
 practically speaking is useful
 when you start talking about quantum mechanics
 or string theory, sort of, it helps.
 To me, that kind of little, adds a little spice
 into the thinking process of scientists.
 So, I mean, just as a thought experiment,
 your video kinda, okay, say the earth is flat,
 what would the forces when you walk about this flat earth
 feel like to the human?
 That's a really nice thought experiment to think about.
 Right, cause what's really nice about it
 is that it's a funny thought experiment,
 but you actually wind up accidentally learning
 a whole lot about gravity and about relativity
 and geometry.
 And I think that's really the goal of what I'm doing.
 I'm not trying to convince people that the earth is round.
 I feel like you either believe that it is or you don't
 and like, that's, you know, how can I change that?
 What I can do is change how you think
 and how you are introduced to important concepts like,
 well, how does gravity operate?
 Oh, it's all about the center of mass of an object.
 So right, on a sphere, we're all pulled towards the middle,
 essentially the centroid, geometrically, but on a disc,
 ooh, you're gonna be pulled at a weird angle
 if you're out near the edge.
 And that stuff's fascinating.
 Yeah, and to me, that was, that particular video
 opened my eyes even more to what gravity is.
 It's just a really nice visualization tool of,
 cause you always imagine gravity with spheres,
 with masses that are spheres.
 Yeah.
 And imagining gravity on masses that are not spherical,
 some other shape, but in here, a plate, a flat object
 is really interesting.
 It makes you really kind of visualize
 in a three-dimensional way the force.
 Yeah, even if a disc, the size of earth would be impossible.
 I think anything larger than like the moon basically
 needs to be a sphere because gravity will round it out.
 So you can't have a teacup the size of Jupiter, right?
 There's a great book about a teacup in the universe
 that I highly recommend.
 I don't remember the author.
 I forget her name, but it's a wonderful book.
 So look it up.
 I think it's called Teacup in the Universe.
 Just to link on this point briefly,
 your videos are generally super, people love them, right?
 If you look at the sort of number of likes versus dislikes,
 this measure of YouTube, right, is incredible, as do I.
 But this particular Flat Earth video
 has more dislikes than usual.
 What do you, on that topic in general,
 what's your sense, how big is the community,
 not just who believes in Flat Earth,
 but sort of the anti-scientific community
 that naturally distrusts scientists in a way
 that's not an open-minded way,
 like really just distrust scientists
 like they're bought by some,
 they're kind of mechanism of some kind of bigger system
 that's trying to manipulate human beings.
 What's your sense of the size of that community?
 You're one of the sort of great educators in the world
 that educates people on the exciting power of science.
 So you're kind of up against this community.
 What's your sense of it?
 I really have no idea.
 I haven't looked at the likes and dislikes
 on the Flat Earth video.
 And so I would wonder if it has a greater percentage
 of dislikes than usual,
 is that because of people disliking it,
 because they think that it's a video about Earth being flat,
 and they find that ridiculous and they dislike it
 without even really watching much,
 do they wish that I was more dismissive
 of Flat Earth theories?
 Yeah, that's possible too.
 I know there are a lot of response videos
 that kind of go through the episode and are pro Flat Earth,
 but I don't know if there's a larger community
 of unorthodox thinkers today
 than there have been in the past.
 And I just wanna not lose them.
 I want them to keep listening and thinking.
 And by calling them all idiots or something,
 that is no good because how idiotic are they really?
 I mean, the Earth isn't a sphere at all.
 We know that it's an oblate spheroid.
 And that in and of itself is really interesting.
 And I investigated that in which way is down,
 where I'm like, really down does not point
 towards the center of the Earth.
 It points in different direction,
 depending on what's underneath you and what's above you
 and what's around you.
 The whole universe is tugging on me.
 And then you also show that gravity is non-uniform
 across the globe.
 Like if you, there's this, I guess, thought experiment,
 if you build a bridge all the way across the Earth
 and then just knock out its pillars, what would happen?
 And you describe how it would be like a very chaotic,
 unstable thing that's happening because gravity
 is non-uniform throughout the Earth.
 Yeah, in small spaces, like the ones we work in,
 we can essentially assume that gravity is uniform.
 But it's not.
 It is weaker the further you are from the Earth.
 And it also is going to be, it's radially pointed
 towards the middle of the Earth.
 So a really large object will feel tidal forces
 because of that non-uniformness.
 And we can take advantage of that with satellites, right?
 Gravitational induced torque.
 It's a great way to align your satellite
 without having to use fuel or any kind of engine.
 So let's jump back to it.
 Artificial intelligence, what's your thought of the state
 of where we are at currently with artificial intelligence
 and what do you think it takes to build human level
 or superhuman level intelligence?
 I don't know what intelligence means.
 That's my biggest question at the moment.
 And I think it's because my instinct is always to go,
 well, what are the foundations here of our discussion?
 What does it mean to be intelligent?
 How do we measure the intelligence
 of an artificial machine or a program or something?
 Can we say that humans are intelligent?
 Because there's also a fascinating field
 of how do you measure human intelligence?
 Of course.
 But if we just take that for granted,
 saying that whatever this fuzzy intelligence thing
 we're talking about, humans kind of have it.
 What would be a good test for you?
 So during develop a test,
 that's natural language conversation,
 would that impress you?
 A chat bot that you'd want to hang out
 and have a beer with for a bunch of hours
 or have dinner plans with?
 Is that a good test, natural language conversation?
 Is there something else that would impress you?
 Or is that also too difficult to think about?
 I'm pretty much impressed by everything.
 I think that if-
 Roomba?
 If there was a chat bot that was incredibly,
 I don't know, really had a personality.
 And if I didn't, the turning test, right?
 If I'm unable to tell that it's not another person,
 but then I was shown a bunch of wires
 and mechanical components and it was like,
 that's actually what you're talking to.
 I don't know if I would feel that guilty destroying it.
 I would feel guilty because clearly it's well-made
 and it's a really cool thing.
 It's like destroying a really cool car or something,
 but I would not feel like I was a murderer.
 So yeah, at what point would I start to feel that way?
 And this is such a subjective psychological question.
 If you give it movement or if you have it act as though,
 or perhaps really feel pain as I destroy it
 and scream and resist, then I'd feel bad.
 Yeah, it's beautifully put.
 And let's just say act like it's in pain.
 So if you just have a robot that not screams,
 just like moans in pain if you kick it,
 that immediately just puts it in a class that we humans,
 it becomes, we anthropomorphize it.
 It almost immediately becomes human.
 So that's a psychology question
 as opposed to sort of a physics question.
 Right, I think that's a really good instinct to have.
 If the robot screams and moans,
 even if you don't believe that it has the mental experience,
 the qualia of pain and suffering,
 I think it's still a good instinct to say,
 you know what, I'd rather not hurt it.
 The problem is that instinct can get us in trouble
 because then robots can manipulate that.
 And there's different kinds of robots.
 There's robots like the Facebook and the YouTube algorithm
 that recommends the video,
 and they can manipulate in the same kind of way.
 Well, let me ask you just to stick
 on artificial intelligence for a second.
 Do you have worries about existential threats from AI
 or existential threats from other technologies
 like nuclear weapons that could potentially
 destroy life on earth or damage it
 to a very significant degree?
 Yeah, of course I do.
 Especially the weapons that we create.
 There's all kinds of famous ways to think about this.
 And one is that, wow, what if we don't see
 advanced alien civilizations because
 of the danger of technology?
 What if we reach a point,
 and I think there's a channel, Thotty2,
 geez, I wish I remembered the name of the channel,
 but he delves into this kind of limit
 of maybe once you discover radioactivity and its power,
 you've reached this important hurdle.
 And the reason that the skies are so empty
 is that no one's ever managed to survive as a civilization
 once they have that destructive power.
 And when it comes to AI, I'm not really very worried
 because I think that there are plenty of other people
 that are already worried enough.
 And oftentimes these worries are just,
 they just get in the way of progress.
 And they're questions that we should address later.
 And I think I talk about this in my interview
 with the self-driving autonomous vehicle guy,
 as I think it was a bonus scene
 from the Trolley Problem episode.
 And I'm like, wow, what should a car do
 if this really weird contrived scenario happens
 where it has to swerve and save the driver, but kill a kid?
 And he's like, well, what would a human do?
 And if we resist technological progress
 because we're worried about all of these little issues,
 then it gets in the way.
 And we shouldn't avoid those problems,
 but we shouldn't allow them to be stumbling blocks
 to advancement.
 So the folks like Sam Harris or Elon Musk
 are saying that we're not worried enough.
 So worries should not paralyze technological progress,
 but we're sort of marching,
 technology is marching forward without the key scientists
 that developing a technology,
 worrying about the overnight having some effects
 that would be very detrimental to society.
 So to push back on your thought of the idea
 that there's enough people worrying about it,
 Elon Musk says there's not enough people worrying about it.
 That's the kind of balance is,
 it's like folks who are really focused
 on nuclear deterrence are saying
 there's not enough people worried
 about nuclear deterrence, right?
 So it's an interesting question
 of what is a good threshold of people to worry about these?
 And if it's too many people that are worried, you're right.
 It'll be like the press would over report on it
 and there'll be technological halt technology progress.
 If not enough, then we can march straight ahead
 into that abyss that human beings might be destined for
 with the progress of technology.
 Yeah, I don't know what the right balance is
 of how many people should be worried
 and how worried should they be,
 but we're always worried about new technology.
 We know that Plato was worried about the written word.
 He was like, we shouldn't teach people to write
 because then they won't use their minds to remember things.
 There have been concerns over technology
 and its advancement since the beginning of recorded history.
 And so, I think, however,
 these conversations are really important to have
 because again, we learn a lot about ourselves.
 If we're really scared of some kind of AI,
 like coming into being that is conscious or whatever
 and can self-replicate, we already do that every day.
 It's called humans being born.
 They're not artificial.
 They're humans, but they're intelligent.
 And I don't wanna live in a world
 where we're worried about babies being born
 because what if they become evil?
 Right.
 What if they become mean people?
 What if they're thieves?
 Maybe we should just like, what, not have babies born?
 Like maybe we shouldn't create AI?
 It's like, we will want to have safeguards in place
 in the same way that we know,
 look, a kid could be born
 that becomes some kind of evil person,
 but we have laws, right?
 And it's possible that with advent of genetics in general,
 be able to, you know, it's a scary thought to say that,
 you know, this, my child, if born,
 would have an 83% chance of being a psychopath, right?
 Like being able to, if it's something genetic,
 if there's some sort of,
 and what to use that information,
 what to do with that information
 is a difficult ethical thought.
 Yeah, I'd like to find an answer that isn't,
 well, let's not have them live.
 You know, I'd like to find an answer that is,
 well, all human life is worthy.
 And if you have an 83% chance of becoming a psychopath,
 well, you still deserve dignity
 and you still deserve to be treated well.
 You still have rights.
 At least at this part of the world,
 at least in America,
 there's a respect for individual life in that way.
 That's, well, to me, but again, I'm in this bubble,
 is a beautiful thing.
 But there's other cultures
 where individual human life is not that important,
 where a society, so I was born in Soviet Union,
 where the strength of nation and society together
 is more important than the any one particular individual.
 So it's an interesting also notion,
 the stories we tell ourselves.
 I like the one where individuals matter,
 but it's unclear that that was what the future holds.
 Well, yeah, and I mean, let me even throw this out.
 Like what is artificial intelligence?
 How can it be artificial?
 I really think that we get pretty obsessed
 and stuck on the idea that there is some thing
 that is a wild human, a pure human organism
 without technology.
 But I don't think that's a real thing.
 I think that humans and human technology
 are one organism.
 Look at my glasses, okay?
 If an alien came down and saw me,
 would they necessarily know that this is an invention,
 that I don't grow these organically from my body?
 They wouldn't know that right away.
 And the written word and spoons and cups,
 these are all pieces of technology.
 We are not alone as an organism.
 And so the technology we create,
 whether it be video games or artificial intelligence
 that can self replicate and hate us,
 it's actually all the same organism.
 When you're in a car, where do you end in the car?
 Again, it seems like a really easy question to answer,
 but the more you think about it,
 the more you realize, wow,
 we are in this symbiotic relationship with our inventions.
 And there are plenty of people who are worried about it
 and there should be, but it's inevitable.
 And I think the, even just us think of ourselves
 as individual intelligences may be silly notion
 because it's much better to think of
 the entirety of human civilization.
 All living organism on earth is a single living organism.
 As a single intelligent creature,
 because you're right, everything's intertwined.
 Everything is deeply connected.
 So we mentioned Elon Musk.
 So you're a curious lover of science.
 What do you think of the efforts that Elon Musk is doing
 with space exploration, with electric vehicles,
 with autopilot sort of getting into the space
 of autonomous vehicles, with boring under LA
 and Neuralink trying to communicate brain machine interfaces,
 communicate between machines and human brains.
 Well, it's really inspiring.
 I mean, look at the fandom that he's amassed.
 It's not common for someone like that
 to have such a following.
 And so it's-
 Engineering nerd.
 Yeah, so it's really exciting,
 but I also think that a lot of responsibility
 comes with that kind of power.
 So like if I met him, I would love to hear how he feels
 about the responsibility he has.
 When there are people who are such a fan of your ideas
 and your dreams and share them so closely with you,
 you have a lot of power and he didn't always have that.
 He wasn't born as Elon Musk.
 Well, he was, but well, he was named that later.
 But the point is that I wanna know the psychology
 of becoming a figure like him.
 Well, I don't even know how to phrase the question, right?
 But it's a question about what do you do
 when you're following, your fans become so,
 you know, large that it's almost bigger than you.
 And how do you responsibly manage that?
 And maybe it doesn't worry him at all.
 And that's fine too.
 But I'd be really curious.
 And I think there are a lot of people that go through this
 when they realize, whoa, there are a lot of eyes on me.
 There are a lot of people who really take what I say
 very earnestly and take it to heart and will defend me.
 And whew, that's,
 that can be dangerous and you have to be responsible with it.
 Both in terms of impact on society
 and psychologically for the individual,
 just the burden psychologically on Elon.
 Yeah, yeah.
 How does he think about that part of his persona?
 Well, let me throw that right back at you
 because in some ways you're just a funny guy
 that got in a humongous following,
 a funny guy with a curiosity, you've got a huge following.
 How do you psychologically deal with the responsibility?
 In many ways you have a reach
 in many ways bigger than Elon Musk.
 What is the burden that you feel in educating,
 being one of the biggest educators in the world
 where everybody's listening to you?
 And actually everybody, most of the world
 that uses YouTube for education material
 trust you as a source of good, strong scientific thinking.
 It's a burden and I try to approach it
 with a lot of humility and sharing.
 I'm not out there doing a lot of scientific experiments.
 I am sharing the work of real scientists
 and I'm celebrating their work and the way that they think
 and the power of curiosity.
 But I wanna make it clear at all times that like, look,
 we don't know all the answers
 and I don't think we're ever going to reach a point
 where we're like, wow, and there you go.
 That's the universe.
 It's this equation, you plug in some conditions or whatever
 and you do the math
 and you know what's gonna happen tomorrow.
 I don't think we're ever gonna reach that point.
 But I think that there is a tendency to
 sometimes believe in science and become elitist
 and become, I don't know, hard when in reality
 it should humble you and make you feel smaller.
 I think there's something very beautiful
 about feeling very, very small and very weak
 and to feel that you need other people.
 So I try to keep that in mind and say,
 look, thanks for watching.
 Vsauce is not, I'm not Vsauce, you are.
 When I start the episodes, I say,
 hey Vsauce, Michael here.
 Vsauce and Michael are actually a different thing
 in my mind.
 I don't know if that's always clear,
 but yeah, I have to approach it that way
 because it's not about me.
 Yeah.
 So it's not even, you're not feeling the responsibility.
 You're just sort of plugging into this big thing
 that is scientific exploration of our reality.
 And you're a voice that represents a bunch,
 but you're just plugging into this big Vsauce ball
 that others, millions of others are plugged into.
 Yeah, and I'm just hoping to encourage curiosity
 and responsible thinking and an embracement of doubt
 and being okay with that.
 So next week talking to Christos Goodro,
 I'm not sure if you're familiar who he is,
 but he's the VP of engineering,
 head of the quote unquote YouTube algorithm
 or the search and discovery.
 So let me ask.
 First high level, do you have a question for him
 that if you can get an honest answer that you would ask,
 but more generally, how do you think
 about the YouTube algorithm that drives
 some of the motivation behind,
 no, some of the design decisions you make
 as you ask and answer some of the questions you do,
 how would you improve this algorithm in your mind in general?
 So it's just the, what would you ask him
 and outside of that,
 how would you like to see the algorithm improve?
 Well, I think of the algorithm as a mirror.
 It reflects what people put in
 and we don't always like what we see in that mirror.
 From the individual mirror to the individual mirror
 to the society.
 Both, in the aggregate, it's reflecting back
 what people on average want to watch.
 And when you see things being recommended to you,
 it's reflecting back what it thinks you want to see.
 And specifically, I would guess that it's
 not just what you want to see, but what you will click on
 and what you will watch some of and stay on YouTube
 because of.
 I don't think that, this is all me guessing,
 but I don't think that YouTube cares
 if you only watch like a second of a video,
 as long as the next thing you do is open another video.
 If you close the app or close the site,
 that's a problem for them
 because they're not a subscription platform.
 They're not like, look, you're giving us 20 bucks a month
 no matter what, so who cares?
 They need you to watch and spend time there and see ads.
 So one of the things I'm curious about
 whether they do consider longer term,
 your longer term development as a human being,
 which I think ultimately will make you feel better
 about using YouTube in the long term
 and allowing you to stick with it for longer.
 Because even if you feed the dopamine rush in the short term
 and you keep clicking on cat videos,
 the eventually you sort of wake up like from a drug
 and say, I need to quit this.
 So I wonder how much they're trying to optimize
 for the long term because when I look at the,
 your videos aren't exactly sort of no offense,
 but they're not the most clickable.
 They're both the most clickable
 and I feel I watched the entire thing
 and I feel a better human after I watched it, right?
 So like they're not just optimizing for the clickability
 because this is, I hope, so my thought is
 how do you think of it?
 And does it affect your own content?
 Like how deep you go, how profound you explore
 what I did directions and so on.
 I've been really lucky in that I don't worry too much
 about the algorithm.
 I mean, look at my thumbnails.
 I don't really go too wild with them.
 And with minefield where I'm in partnership
 with YouTube on the thumbnails,
 I'm often like, let's pull this back.
 Let's be mysterious.
 But usually I'm just trying to do
 what everyone else is not doing.
 So if everyone's doing crazy Photoshop,
 what kind of thumbnails?
 I'm like, what if the thumbnail is just a line?
 And what if the title is just a word?
 And I kind of feel like all of the Vsauce channels
 have cultivated an audience that expects that.
 And so they would rather Jake make a video
 that's just called stains than one called,
 I explored stains, shocking.
 But there are other audiences out there that want that.
 And I think most people kind of want
 what you see the algorithm favoring,
 which is mainstream traditional celebrity
 and news kind of information.
 I mean, that's what makes YouTube really different
 than other streaming platforms.
 No one's like, what's going on in the world?
 I'll open up Netflix to find out.
 But you do open up Twitter to find that out.
 You open up Facebook and you can open up YouTube.
 Cause you'll see that the trending videos
 are like what happened amongst the traditional mainstream
 people in different industries.
 And that's what's being shown.
 And it's not necessarily YouTube saying,
 we want that to be what you see.
 It's that that's what people click on.
 When they see Ariana Grande,
 reads a love letter from like her high school sweetheart.
 They're like, I wanna see that.
 And when they see a video from me
 that's got some lines in math and it's called law and causes,
 they're like, well, I mean, that I'm just on the bus.
 Like I don't have time to dive into a whole lesson.
 So, you know, before you get super mad at YouTube,
 you should say really they're just reflecting
 back human behavior.
 Is there something you would improve about the algorithm
 knowing of course that as far as we're concerned,
 it's a black box or we don't know how it works.
 Right. And I don't think that even anyone at YouTube
 really knows what it's doing.
 They know what they've tweaked,
 but then it learns.
 I think that it learns and it decides how to behave.
 And sometimes they're the YouTube employees are left going,
 I don't know.
 Maybe we should like change the value of how much it,
 you know, worries about watch time
 and maybe it should worry more about something.
 I don't know.
 But I mean, I would like to see,
 I don't know what they're doing and not doing.
 Well, is there a conversation
 that you think they should be having just internally,
 whether they're having it or not?
 Is there something should they be thinking
 about the long-term future?
 Should they be thinking about educational content
 and whether that's educating about what just happened
 in the world today, news or educational content,
 like what you're providing,
 which is asking big sort of timeless questions
 about how the way the world works.
 Well, it's interesting.
 What should they think about?
 Because it's called YouTube, not our tube.
 And that's why I think they have so many
 phenomenal educational creators.
 You don't have shows like Three Blue One Brown
 or Physics Girl or Looking Glass Universe
 or Up and Atom or Brain Scoop or,
 I mean, I could go on and on.
 They aren't on Amazon Prime and Netflix
 and they don't have commissioned shows from those platforms.
 It's all organically happening
 because there are people out there
 that want to share their passion for learning
 that wanna share their curiosity.
 And YouTube could promote those kinds of shows more,
 but like, first of all,
 they probably wouldn't get as many clicks
 and YouTube needs to make sure that the average user
 is always clicking and staying on the site.
 They could still promote it more for the good of society.
 But then we're making some really weird claims
 about what's good for society
 because I think that cat videos
 are also an incredibly important part
 of what it means to be a human.
 I mentioned this quote before from Unumuno
 about, look, I've seen a cat estimate distances
 and calculate a jump more often than I've seen a cat cry.
 And so things that play with our emotions
 and make us feel things can be cheesy and can feel cheap,
 but like, man, that's very human.
 And so even the dumbest vlog is still so important
 that I don't think I have a better claim to take its spot
 than it has to have that spot.
 So it puts a mirror to us, the beautiful parts,
 the ugly parts, the shallow parts, the deep parts.
 You're right.
 What I would like to see is,
 I missed the days when engaging with content on YouTube
 helped push it into my subscribers timelines.
 It used to be that when I liked a video,
 say from Veritasium, it would show up in the feed
 on the front page of the app or the website
 of my subscribers.
 And I knew that if I liked a video,
 I could send it 100,000 views or more.
 That no longer is true.
 But I think that was a good user experience.
 When I subscribe to someone, when I'm following them,
 I want to see more of what they like.
 I want them to also curate the feed for me.
 And I think that Twitter and Facebook are doing that.
 And also some ways that are kind of annoying,
 but I would like that to happen more.
 And I think we would see communities being stronger
 on YouTube if it was that way, instead of YouTube going,
 well, technically Michael liked this Veritasium video,
 but people are way more likely to click on Carpool Karaoke.
 So I don't even care who they are, just give them that.
 Not saying anything against Carpool Karaoke,
 that is a extremely important part of our society,
 what it means to be a human on earth.
 You know, but-
 I'll say it sucks, but-
 Yeah.
 But a lot of people would disagree with you
 and they should be able to see as much of that as they want.
 And I think even people who don't think they like it
 should still be really aware of it
 because it's such an important thing
 and such an influential thing.
 But yeah, I just wish that like new channels I discover
 and that I subscribe to,
 I wish that my subscribers found out about that.
 Because especially in the education community,
 a rising tide floats all boats.
 If you watch a video from Numberphile,
 you're just more likely to want to watch an episode from me,
 whether it be on Vsauce1 or Ding.
 It's not competitive in the way that traditional TV was,
 where it's like, well, if you tune into that show,
 it means you're not watching mine
 because they both air at the same time.
 So helping each other out through collaborations
 takes a lot of work, but just through engaging,
 commenting on their videos, liking their videos,
 subscribing to them, whatever,
 that I would love to see become easier and more powerful.
 So a quick and impossibly deep question,
 last question about mortality.
 You've spoken about death as an interesting topic.
 Do you think about your own mortality?
 Yeah, every day.
 It's really scary.
 So what do you think is the meaning of life
 that mortality makes very explicit?
 So why are you here on earth, Michael?
 What's the point of this whole thing?
 What does mortality in the context of the whole universe
 make you realize about yourself, just you, Michael Stevens?
 Well, it makes me realize that I am destined
 to become a notion.
 I'm destined to become a memory and we can extend life.
 I think there's really exciting things being done
 to extend life, but we still don't know how to protect you
 from some accident that could happen,
 some unforeseen thing.
 Maybe we could save my connectome
 and recreate my consciousness digitally,
 but even that could be lost if it's stored
 on a physical medium or something.
 So basically I just think that embracing and realizing
 how cool it is that someday I will just be an idea
 and there won't be a Michael anymore that can be like,
 no, that's not what I meant.
 It'll just be what people, they have to guess what I meant.
 And they'll remember me and how I live on as that memory
 will maybe not even be who I want it to be.
 But there's something powerful about that.
 And there's something powerful about letting future people
 run the show themselves.
 I think I'm glad to get out of their way at some point
 and say, all right, it's your world now.
 So you, the physical entity, Michael,
 have ripple effects in the space of ideas
 that far outlives you in ways that you can't control,
 but it's nevertheless fascinating to think,
 I mean, especially with you,
 you can imagine an alien species when they finally arrive
 and destroy all of us would watch your videos
 to try to figure out what were the questions.
 But even if they didn't,
 I still think that there will be ripples.
 Like when I say memory,
 I don't specifically mean people remember my name
 and my birth date and have like,
 there's a photo of me on Wikipedia,
 like all that can be lost,
 but I still would hope that people ask questions
 and teach concepts in some of the ways
 that I have found useful and satisfying.
 Even if they don't know that I was the one
 who tried to popularize it, that's fine.
 But if earth was completely destroyed,
 like burnt to a crisp, everything on it today,
 what would, the universe wouldn't care.
 Like Jupiter is not gonna go, oh no.
 And that could happen.
 That could happen.
 So we do however have the power to,
 launch things into space to try to extend
 how long our memory exists.
 And what I mean by that is,
 we are recording things about the world
 and we're learning things and writing stories
 and all of this and preserving that is truly what I think
 is the essence of being a human.
 We are autobiographers of the universe
 and we're really good at it.
 We're better than fossils.
 We're better than light spectrum.
 We're better than any of that.
 We collect much more detailed memories of what's happening,
 much better data.
 And so that should be our legacy.
 And I hope that that's kind of mine too,
 in terms of people remembering something
 or having some kind of effect.
 But even if I don't, you can't not have an effect.
 That's not me feeling like,
 I hope that I have this powerful legacy.
 It's like, no matter who you are, you will.
 But you also have to embrace the fact that
 that impact might look really small and that's okay.
 One of my favorite quotes is from Tessa the D'Urbervilles.
 And it's along the lines of the measure of your life
 depends on not your external displacement,
 but your subjective experience.
 If I am happy and those that I love are happy,
 can that be enough?
 Because if so, excellent.
 I think there's no better place to end it, Michael.
 Thank you so much.
 It was an honor to meet you.
 Thanks for talking to me.
 Thank you. It was a pleasure.
 Thanks for listening to this conversation
 with Michael Stevens.
 And thank you to our presenting sponsor, Cash App.
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 And now let me leave you with some words of wisdom
 from Albert Einstein.
 The important thing is not to stop questioning.
 Curiosity has its own reason for existence.
 One cannot help but be in awe
 when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity,
 of life, the marvelous structure of reality.
 It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend
 a little of this mystery every day.
 Thank you for listening and hope to see you next time.