MR. JUSTICE CLARK delivered the opinion of the Court.We granted certiorari (371 U.S. 811) limited to the question whether petitioners, Negro school children seeking desegregation of the public school systems of Knoxville, Tennessee (the Goss case), and Davidson County, Tennessee, an area adjacent to Nashville (the Maxwell case), are deprived of rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.  The question centers around substantially similar transfer provisions incorporated in formal desegregation plans adopted by the respective local school boards pursuant to court orders.  The claim is that the transfer programs are invalid because they are based solely on race and tend to perpetuate the preexisting racially segregated school system.  Under the overall desegregation plans presented to the trial courts, school districts would be rezoned without reference to race.  However, by the terms of the transfer provisions, a student, upon request, would be permitted, solely on the basis of his own race and the racial composition of the school to which he has been assigned by virtue of rezoning, to transfer from such school, where he would be in the racial minority, back to his former segregated school where his race would be in the majority.  The appropriate District Courts and the Court of Appeals approved the transfer plans.  301 F.2d 164, 301 F.2d 828.  The transfer plans being based solely on racial factors which, under their terms, inevitably lead toward segregation of the students by race, we conclude that they run counter Page 373 U. S. 685 to the admonition of Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U. S. 294,  349 U. S. 301 (1955), wherein the District Courts were directed to "consider the adequacy of any plans" proposed by school authorities "to effectuate a . . . racially nondiscriminatory school system."  Our conclusion here leads to a reversal of the judgments of the Court of Appeals to the extent they approve the transfer provisions of respondent boards in each of the cases.  The only question with which we are here concerned relates solely to the transfer provisions, and we are not called upon either to discuss or to pass on the other provisions of the desegregation plans. [Footnote 1]IThese cases were brought by Negro public school pupils and their parents as class actions against the respective school authorities.  They challenged, among other points in the desegregation plans not here relevant, the transfer provisions which permitted a pupil to transfer, upon request, from the zone of his residence to another school.  The transfer plans are essentially the same, each containing, in addition to the provisions at issue here, general provisions providing for transfers on a showing of "good cause." [Footnote 2]  The crucial provisions, however, present in Page 373 U. S. 686 somewhat the same form in each plan, is exemplified by § 6 of the Knoxville plan:"6. The following will be regarded as some of the valid conditions to support requests for transfer:""a. When a white student would otherwise be required to attend a school previously serving colored students only;""b. When a colored student would otherwise be required to attend a school previously serving white students only;""c. When a student would otherwise be required to attend a school where the majority of students of that school or in his or her grade are of a different race."This provision is attacked as providing racial factors as valid conditions to support transfers which, by design and operation, would perpetuate racial segregation.  It is also said that no showing is made that the transfer provisions are essential to effectuation of desegregation and that other procedures are available.IIIt is readily apparent that the transfer system proposed lends itself to perpetuation of segregation.  Indeed, the provisions can work only toward that end.  While transfer are available to those who choose to attend Page 373 U. S. 687 school where their race is in the majority, there is no provision whereby a student might transfer upon request to a school in which his race is in a minority, unless he qualifies for a "good cause" transfer.  As the Superintendent of Davidson County's schools agreed, the effect of the racial transfer plan was "to permit to child [or his parents] to choose segregation outside of his zone, but not to choose integration outside of his zone."  Here, the right of transfer, which operates solely on the basis of a racial classification, is a one-way ticket leading to but one destination, i.e., the majority race of the transferee and continued segregation.  This Court has decided that state-imposed separation in public schools is inherently unequal, and results in discrimination in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.  Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U. S. 483 (1954).  Our task, then, is to decide whether these transfer provisions are likewise unconstitutional.  In doing so, we note that, if the transfer provisions were made available to all students, regardless of their race and regardless as well of the racial composition of the school to which he requested transfer, we would have an entirely different case.  Pupils could then, at their option (or that of their parents), choose, entirely free of any imposed racial considerations, to remain in the school of their zone or to transfer to another.IIIClassifications based on race for purposes of transfers between public schools, as here, violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.  As the Court said in Steele v. Louisville & Nashville R. Co., 323 U. S. 192,  323 U. S. 203 (1944), racial classifications are "obviously irrelevant and invidious."  The cases of this Court reflect a variety of instances in which racial classifications have been held to he invalid, e.g., public parks and playgrounds, Watson v. City of Memphis, ante, p.  373 U. S. 526 (1963); trespass Page 373 U. S. 688 convictions, where local segregation ordinances preempt private choice, Peterson v. City of Greenville, ante, p.  373 U. S. 244 (1963); seating in courtrooms, Johnson v. Virginia, ante, p.  373 U. S. 61 (1963); Restaurants in public buildings, Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority, 365 U. S. 715 (1961); bus terminals, Boynton v. Virginia, 364 U. S. 454 (1960); public schools, Brown v. Board of Education, supra; railroad dining-car facilities, Henderson v. United States, 339 U. S. 816 (1950); state enforcement of restrictive covenants based on race, Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U. S. 1 (1948); labor unions acting as statutory representatives of a craft, Steele v. Louisville & Nashville R. Co., supra; voting, Smith v. Allwright, 321 U. S. 649 (1944); and juries, Strauder v. West Virginia, 100 U. S. 303 (1879).  The recognition of race as an absolute criterion for granting transfers which operate only in the direction of schools in which the transferee's race is in the majority is no less unconstitutional than its use for original admission or subsequent assignment to public schools.  See Boson v. Rippy, 285 F.2d 43 (C.A.5th Cir.).The alleged equality -- which we view as only superficial -- of enabling each race to transfer from a desegregated to a segregated school does not save the plans.  Like arguments were made without success in Brown, supra, in support of the separate but equal educational program.  Not only is race the factor upon which the transfer plans operate, but also the plans lack a provision whereby a student might with equal facility transfer from a segregated to a desegregated school.  The obvious one-way operation of these two factors in combination underscores the purely racial character and purpose of the transfer provisions.  We hold that the transfer plans promote discrimination, and are therefore invalid.This is not to say that appropriate transfer provisions, upon the parents' request, consistent with sound school administration and not based upon any state-imposed Page 373 U. S. 689 racial conditions, would fall.  Likewise, we would have a different case here if the transfer provisions were unrestricted, allowing transfers to or from any school regardless of the race of the majority therein.  But no official transfer plan or provision of which racial segregation is the inevitable consequence may stand under the Fourteenth Amendment.In reaching this result, we are not unmindful of the deep-rooted problems involved.  Indeed, it was consideration for the multifarious local difficulties and "variety of obstacles" which might arise in this transition that led this Court eight years ago to frame its mandate in Brown in such language as "good faith compliance at the earliest practicable date" and "all deliberate speed."  Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U.S. at  349 U. S. 300-301.  Now, however, eight years after this decree was rendered and over nine years after the first Brown decision, the context in which we must interpret and apply this language to plans for desegregation has been significantly altered.  Compare Watson v. City of Memphis, supra.  The transfer provisions here cannot be deemed to be reasonably designed to meet legitimate local problems, and therefore do not meet the requirements of Brown.  Accordingly, the decisions of the Court of Appeals, insofar as they approve the transfer provisions submitted by the boards of education of Knoxville, Tennessee, and Davidson County, Tennessee, are reversed, and the cases are remanded to the Court of Appeals with directions to remand to the District Courts for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.Reversed
U.S. Supreme CourtGoss v. Board of Education, 373 U.S. 683 (1963)Goss v. Board of Education of Knoxville, TennesseeNo. 217Argued March 20-21, 1963Decided June 3, 1963373 U.S. 683SyllabusNegro pupils and their parents sued in two Federal District Courts in Tennessee to desegregate racially segregated public schools.  In each case, a desegregation plan submitted to the District Court by the school board provided for the rezoning of school districts without reference to race; but each plan contained a transfer provision under which any student, upon request, would be permitted, solely on the basis of his own race and the racial composition of the school to which he was assigned by virtue of rezoning, to transfer from such school, where he would be in the racial minority, back to his former segregated school, where his race would be in the majority.  These plans were approved by the respective District Courts and the Court of Appeals.Held:  Insofar as they approve such transfer provisions, the judgments of the Court of Appeals are reversed, since such transfer plans are based on racial factors which inevitably would lead toward segregation of students by race, contrary to this Court's admonition in Brown v. Board of Education, 349 U. S. 294.  Pp.  373 U. S. 684-689.301 F.2d 164, 828, reversed in part and causes remanded.Page 373 U. S. 684