MR. JUSTICE WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.This case raises questions of whether the Supreme Court of Virginia (Virginia Court) and its chief justice are officially immune from suit in an action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 challenging the Virginia Court's disciplinary rules governing the conduct of attorneys and whether attorney's fees were properly awarded under the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976, 42 U.S.C. § 1988, against the Virginia Court and its chief justice in his official capacity.IIt will prove helpful at the outset to describe the role of the Virginia Court in regulating and disciplining attorneys.  The Virginia Court has firmly held to the view that it has inherent authority to regulate and discipline attorneys.  Button v. Day, 204 Va. 547, 552-555, 132 S.E.2d 292, 295-298 (1963).  It also has statutory authority to do so.  Section 548 of the Code of Virginia (1978) authorizes the Virginia Court to "promulgate and amend rules and regulations . . . [p]rescribing a code of ethics governing the professional conduct of attorneys-at-law. . . ." [Footnote 1]Pursuant to these powers, the Virginia Court promulgated the Virginia Code of Professional Responsibility (State Bar Code, Bar Code, or Code), the provisions of which were substantially Page 446 U. S. 722 identical to the American Bar Association's Code of Professional Responsibility.  Section 54-48 provides no standards for the Virginia Court to follow in regulating attorneys; it is apparent that, insofar as the substantive content of such a code is concerned, the State has vested in the court virtually its entire legislative or regulatory power over the legal profession.Section 54-48 also authorizes the Virginia Court to prescribe "procedure for disciplining, suspending and disbarring attorneys-at-law"; and § 54-49 authorizes the court to promulgate rules and regulations"organizing and governing the association known as the Virginia State Bar, composed of the attorneys-at-law of this State, to act as an administrative agency of the Court for the purpose of investigating and reporting . . . violation[s]. [Footnote 2]"Acting under this authority, the Virginia State Bar (State Bar or Bar) has been organized and its enforcement role vested in an ethics committee and in various district committees.  Section 54-51 reserves to the courts the sole power to adjudicate alleged violations of the Bar Code, [Footnote 3] and hence the role of the State Bar is limited to the Page 446 U. S. 723 investigation of violations and the filing of appropriate complaints in the proper courts.  Under § 54-74, the enforcement procedure involves the filing of a complaint in a court of record, the issuance of a rule to show cause against the charged attorney, the prosecution of the case by the commonwealth attorney, and the hearing of the case by the judge issuing the rule together with two other judges designated by the chief justice of the Virginia Supreme Court. [Footnote 4]  Appeal lies to the Virginia Supreme Court.The courts of Virginia, including the Supreme Court, thus Page 446 U. S. 724 play an adjudicative role in enforcing the Bar Code similar to their function in enforcing any statute adopted by the Virginia Legislature and similar or identical to the role they would play had the Bar Code been adopted by the state legislature.The Virginia Court, however, has additional enforcement power.  As we have said, it asserts inherent power to discipline attorneys.  Also, § 54-74 expressly provides that, if the Virginia Court or any other court of record observes any act of unprofessional conduct, it may itself, without any complaint being filed by the State Bar or by any third party, issue a rule to show cause against the offending attorney.  Although, once the rule issues, such cases would be prosecuted by the commonwealth attorney, it is apparent that the Virginia Court and other courts in Virginia have enforcement authority beyond that of adjudicating complaints filed by others and beyond the normal authority of the courts to punish attorneys for contempt.IIThis case arose when, in 1974, one of the appellees, Consumers Union of the United States, Inc. (Consumers Union), sought to prepare a legal services directory designed to assist consumers in making informed decisions concerning utilization of legal services.  Consumers Union sought to canvass all Page 446 U. S. 725 attorneys practicing law in Arlington County, Va., asking for information concerning each attorney's education, legal activities, areas of specialization, office location, fee and billing practices, business and professional affiliations, and client relations.  However, it encountered difficulty because lawyers declined to supply the requested information for fear of violating the Bar Code's strict prohibition against attorney advertising.  Rule 2-102(A)(6) of the Code prohibited lawyers from being included in legal directories listing the kind of legal information that Consumers Union sought to publish. [Footnote 5]On February 27, 1975, Consumers Union and the Virginia Citizens Consumer Council brought an action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the Virginia Court, the Virginia State Bar, the American Bar Association, and, in both their individual and official capacities, the chief justice of the Virginia Court, the president of the State Bar, and the chairman Page 446 U. S. 726 of the State Bar's Legal Ethics Committee.  With respect to the Virginia Court, the complaint identified its chief justice and alleged only that the court had promulgated the Bar Code.  The other defendants were alleged to have authority to enforce the Code.  Plaintiffs sought a declaration that defendants had violated their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights to gather, publish, and receive factual information concerning attorneys practicing in Arlington County, and a permanent injunction against the enforcement and operation of DR 2-102(A)(6).A three-judge District Court was convened pursuant to 28 U.S.C.  2281 (1970 ed.).  Defendants moved for indefinite continuance of the trial on the grounds that the ABA and the State Bar were preparing amendments to relax the advertising prohibitions contained in DR 2-102(A)(6).  Over plaintiff-appellees' opposition, the District Court granted defendants a continuance until March 25, 1976.On February 17, 1976, the ABA adopted amendments to its Code of Professional Responsibility which would permit attorneys to advertise office hours, initial consultation fees, and credit arrangements.  Defendants then sought and obtained a further continuance to permit the Virginia Court and the State Bar to consider amending the State Bar Code to conform to the ABA amendments.  Although the governing body of the State Bar recommended that the Virginia Court adopt the ABA amendments to DR 2-102, on April 20, 1976, the court declined to adopt the amendments on the ground that they would "not serve the best interests of the public or the legal profession."The action then proceeded to trial on May 17, 1976, and was decided on December 17, 1976.  Consumers Union of United States, Inc. v. American Bar Assn., 427 F. Supp. 506 (ED Va.1976).  The three-judge District Court concluded that abstention would be inappropriate in light of defendants' failure to amend the State Bar Code despite continuances based on the speculation that DR 2-102(A)(6) would be Page 446 U. S. 727 relaxed.  Id. at 513-516.  The court declared that DR 2-102(A)(6) unconstitutionally restricted the right of plaintiff-appellees to receive and gather non-fee information and information concerning initial consultation fees.  Defendants were permanently enjoined from enforcing DR 2-102(A)(6) save for its prohibition against advertising fees for services other than the initial consultation fee.  Id. at 523.Plaintiff-appellees appealed to this Court, challenging the District Court's refusal to enjoin enforcement of the prohibition of fee advertising.  Defendants brought a cross-appeal, arguing that DR 2-102(A)(6) should have been upheld in its entirety.  While these appeals were pending, we decided Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U. S. 350 (1977), in which we held that enforcement of a ban on attorney advertising would violate the First and Fourteenth Amendment rights of attorneys seeking to advertise the fees they charged for certain routine legal services.  In light of Bates, the judgment below was vacated and the case was remanded for further consideration.  433 U.S. 917 (1977).On remand, defendant agreed that, in light of Bates, DR 2-102(A)(6) could not constitutionally be enforced to prohibit attorneys from providing plaintiff-appellees with any of the information they sought to publish in their legal services directory.  Defendants proposed that a permanent injunction be entered barring them from enforcing DR 2-102(A)(6) against attorneys providing plaintiff-appellees with information.  On May 8, 1979, the District Court declared DR 2-102(A)(6) unconstitutional on its face and permanently enjoined defendants from enforcing it. [Footnote 6] Page 446 U. S. 728Plaintiff-appellees also moved for costs, including an award of attorney's fees pursuant to the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976, 42 U.S.C. § 1988. [Footnote 7]  The defendants objected to any fee award on various grounds, including judicial immunity.  They did not object to their paying other costs.  Although holding the individual defendant immune from attorney's fees liability in their individual capacities, the District Court held that the Act authorized in proper circumstances the award of fees against the State Bar, the Virginia Court and the individual defendants in their official capacities.  Consumers Union of United States, Inc. v. American Bar Assn., 470 F. Supp. 1055, 1059-1061 (ED Va.1979).The District Court went on to conclude that special circumstances made it unjust to award attorney's fees against the State Bar or against the State Bar officers in their official capacities because it was not these defendants, but the Virginia Court, that had the power to change the State Bar disciplinary rules, and because the State Bar and its officers had unsuccessfully sought to persuade the court to amend the Code to conform to what they deemed to be constitutional standards.  There were no similar circumstances making it unjust to award attorney's fees against the Virginia Court and its chief justice in his official capacity.  This was because the court had denied the State Bar's petition to amend the Code to conform to what were deemed to be the requirements of Bigelow v. Virginia, 421 U. S. 809 (1975), and had also failed to amend the Code to conform to the holding in Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, supra.  Hence,"[i]t would hardly be unjust to order the Page 446 U. S. 729 Supreme Court of Virginia defendants to pay plaintiffs reasonable attorneys fees in light of their continued failure and apparent refusal to amend [the Code] to conform with constitutional requirements."470 F. Supp.  at 1063.  The parties were directed to attempt to reach an agreement on a reasonable sum, failing which the court would determine the fee. [Footnote 8]On May 23, 1979, defendants filed a petition for rehearing, arguing for the first time, on judicial immunity grounds, that the Virginia Court and its chief justice were exempt from having declaratory and injunctive relief entered against them.  It was also argued that, in any event, it was an abuse of discretion to enter the fee award against the Virginia Court and its chief justice.Following denial of rehearing, the Virginia Court and its chief justice appealed, presenting the following questions:"1. Is the Supreme Court of Virginia immune from judgment under the doctrine of judicial immunity?""2. May the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976 be construed to permit an award of attorneys' fees against the Supreme Court of Virginia for its judicial acts?""3. Does the doctrine of judicial immunity preclude the award of attorneys' fees for failure to correct a challenged judicial act which is the subject of litigation?""4. On the facts before it, did the District Court abuse its discretion in awarding fees against the Virginia Court?"Appellees moved to dismiss or affirm, the motion to dismiss urging that the claim of judicial immunity from declaratory or injunctive relief was not properly before the Court because Page 446 U. S. 730 it had not been timely raised in the District Court, and had therefore been waived.  We noted probable jurisdiction, 444 U.S. 914 (1979).IIITitle 42 U.S.C. § 1988, as amended by the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976, 90 Stat. 2641, provides in pertinent part:"In any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of sections 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, and 1986 of this title . . . the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs."The District Court held that, in light of the § 1983 judgment that had been entered in favor of appellees, the Act authorized an award of attorney's fees against appellants.  Appellants urge that this was error.  Their primary contention is that, on the grounds of absolute legislative or judicial immunity, they should have been excluded from the judgment below and also from liability for attorney's fees.  Appellees, on the other hand, assert that neither judicial nor legislative immunity immunized these defendants from declaratory or injunctive relief, as distinguished from a damages award; and in any event, they insist that the judgment stand against these defendants because the Virginia Court itself shares direct enforcement authority with the State Bar, and hence is subject to prospective judgments just as other enforcement officials are. [Footnote 9] Page 446 U. S. 731AAppellees sought declaratory and injunctive relief with respect to particular provisions of the State Bar Code propounded by the Virginia Court.  Although it is clear that, under Virginia law, the issuance of the Bar Code was a proper function of the Virginia Court, propounding the Code was not an act of adjudication, but one of rulemaking.  The District Court below referred to the issuance of the Code as a judicial function, but this is not conclusive upon us for the purpose of deciding whether issuance of the Code is a judicial act entitled to immunity under § 1983.  Judge Warriner, dissenting in the District Court, agreed with a prior District Court holding in Hirschkop v. Virginia State Bar, 421 F. Supp. 1137, 1156 (ED Va.1976), rev'd in part on other grounds sub nom. Hirschkop v. Snead, 594 F.2d 356 (CA4 1979), that, in promulgating disciplinary rules, the Virginia Supreme Court acted in a legislative capacity.  Judge Warriner said:"Disciplinary rules are rules of general application, and are statutory in character.  They act not on parties litigant, but on all those who practice law in Virginia.  They do not arise out of a controversy which must be adjudicated, but instead out of a need to regulate conduct for the protection of all citizens.  It is evident that, in enacting disciplinary rules, the Supreme Court of Virginia is constituted a legislature."470 F. Supp.  at 1064.  We agree with this analysis, and hence must inquire whether the Virginia Court and its chief justice are immune from suit for acts performed in their legislative capacity.We have already decided that the Speech or Debate Clause immunizes Congressmen from suits for either prospective relief or damages.  Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, 421 U. S. 491,  421 U. S. 502-503 (1975).  The purpose of this immunity is to insure that the legislative function may be performed independently, without fear of outside interference.  Ibid.  To preserve legislative independence, we have concluded that Page 446 U. S. 732"legislators engaged 'in the sphere of legitimate legislative activity,' Tenney v. Brandhove, [341 U.S. 367,  341 U. S. 376 (1951)], should be protected not only from the consequences of litigation's results but also from the burden of defending themselves."Dombrowski v. Eastland, 387 U. S. 82,  387 U. S. 85 (1967).  We have also recognized that state legislators enjoy common law immunity from liability for their legislative acts, an immunity that is similar in origin and rationale to that accorded Congressmen under the Speech or Debate Clause.  Tenney v. Brandhove, 341 U. S. 367 (1951).  In Tenney, we concluded that Congress did not intend § 1983 to abrogate the common law immunity of state legislators.  Although Tenney involved an action for damages under § 1983, its holding is equally applicable to § 1983 actions seeking declaratory or injunctive relief. [Footnote 10]  In holding that § 1983 "does not create Page 446 U. S. 733 civil liability" for acts unknown "in a field where legislators traditionally have power to act," id. at  341 U. S. 379, we did not distinguish between actions for damages and those for prospective relief.  Indeed, we have recognized elsewhere that"a private civil action, whether for an injunction or damages, creates a distraction and forces [legislators] to divert their time, energy, and attention from their legislative tasks to defend the litigation."Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, supra, at  421 U. S. 503.  Although the separation of powers doctrine justifies a broader privilege for Congressmen than for state legislators in criminal actions, United States v. Gillock, 445 U. S. 360 (1980), we generally have equated the legislative immunity to which state legislators are entitled under § 1983 to that accorded Congressmen under the Constitution.  Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, supra at  421 U. S. 502-503,  421 U. S. 505,  421 U. S. 506; Dombrowski v. Eastland, supra, at  387 U. S. 84-85; United States v. Johnson, 383 U. S. 169,  383 U. S. 180 (1966); Tenney v. Brandhove, supra at  341 U. S. 377-379. [Footnote 11]  Thus, there is little doubt that, if the Virginia Legislature had enacted the State Bar Code and if suit had been brought against the legislature, its committees, or members for refusing to amend the Code in the wake of our cases indicating that the Code in some respects would be held invalid, the defendants in that suit could Page 446 U. S. 734 successfully have sought dismissal on the grounds of absolute legislative immunity. [Footnote 12]Appellees submit that whatever may be true of state legislators, the Virginia Court and its members should not be accorded the same immunity where they are merely exercising a delegated power to make rules in the same manner that many executive and agency officials wield authority to make rules in a wide variety of circumstances.  All of such officials, it is urged, are not absolutely immune from civil suit.  As much could be conceded, but it would not follow that, as appellees would have it, in no circumstances do those who exercise delegated legislative power enjoy legislative immunity.  In any event, in this case, the Virginia Court claims inherent power to regulate the Bar, and, as the dissenting judge below indicated, the Virginia Court is exercising the State's entire legislative power with respect to regulating the Bar, and its members are the State's legislators for the purpose of issuing the Bar Code.  Thus, the Virginia Court and its members are immune from suit when acting in their legislative capacity.BIf the sole basis for appellees' § 1983 action against the Virginia Court and its chief justice were the issuance of, or failure to amend, the challenged rules, legislative immunity would foreclose suit against appellants.  As has been pointed out, however, the Virginia Court performs more than a legislative role with respect to the State Bar Code.  It also hears appeals from lower court decisions in disciplinary cases, a traditional adjudicative task; and in addition, it has independent enforcement authority of its own.Adhering to the doctrine of Bradley v Fisher, 13 Wall. 335 (1872), we have held that judges defending against § 1983 Page 446 U. S. 735 actions enjoy absolute immunity from damage liability for acts performed in their judicial capacities.  Pierson v. Ray, 386 U. S. 547 (1967); Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U. S. 349 (1978).  However, we have never held that judicial immunity absolutely insulates judges from declaratory or injunctive relief with respect to their judicial acts.  The Courts of Appeals appear to be divided on the question whether judicial immunity bars declaratory or injunctive relief; [Footnote 13] we have not addressed the question. [Footnote 14] Page 446 U. S. 736We need not decide whether judicial immunity would bar prospective relief, for we believe that the Virginia Court and its chief justice properly were held liable in their enforcement capacities.  As already indicated, § 54-74 gives the Virginia Court independent authority of its own to initiate proceedings against attorneys.  For this reason, the Virginia Court and its members were proper defendants in a suit for declaratory and injunctive relief, just as other enforcement officers and agencies were. [Footnote 15]Prosecutors enjoy absolute immunity from damages liability, Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U. S. 409 (1976), but they are natural targets for § 1983 injunctive suits, since they are the state officers who are threatening to enforce and who are enforcing the law.  Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U. S. 103 (1975), Page 446 U. S. 737 is only one of a myriad of such cases since Ex parte Young, 209 U. S. 123 (1908), decided that suits against state officials in federal courts are not barred by the Eleventh Amendment.  If prosecutors and law enforcement personnel cannot be proceeded against for declaratory relief, putative plaintiffs would have to await the institution of state court proceedings against them in order to assert their federal constitutional claims.  This is not the way the law has developed, and, because of its own inherent and statutory enforcement powers, immunity does not shield the Virginia Court and its chief justice from suit in this case. [Footnote 16]IVBecause appellees properly prevailed in their § 1983 action, the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1988, authorized the District Court, "in its discretion," to award them "a reasonable attorney's fee," which may be recovered from state officials sued in their official capacities.  Hutto v. Finney, 437 U. S. 678,  437 U. S. 694 (1978).  Applying the standard of Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises, 390 U. S. 400,  390 U. S. 402 (1968), the District Court indicated that attorney's fees should ordinarily be awarded "unless special circumstances would render such an award unjust.'"  470 F. Supp.  at 1061. [Footnote 17]  Page 446 U. S. 738 Accordingly, enforcement authorities against whom § 1983 judgments have been entered would ordinarily be charged with attorney's fees.  The District Court nevertheless considered it unjust to require the State Bar defendants to pay attorney's fees, because they had recommended that the State Bar Code be amended to conform to what the Bar thought our cases required and because the Virginia Court declined or failed to adopt this proposal.  No similar circumstances excused the Virginia Court, the court held, for it was the very authority that had propounded and failed to amend the challenged provisions of the Bar Code.We are unable to agree that attorney's fees should have been awarded for the reasons relied on by the District Court.  Although the Virginia Court and its chief justice were subject to suit in their direct enforcement role, they were immune in their legislative roles.  Yet the District Court's award of attorney's fees in this case was premised on acts or omissions for which appellants enjoyed absolute legislative immunity.  This was error.We held in Hutto v. Finney, supra, that Congress intended to waive whatever Eleventh Amendment immunity would otherwise bar an award of attorney's fees against state officers, but our holding was based on express legislative history indicating that Congress intended the Act to abrogate Eleventh Amendment immunity.  There is no similar indication in the legislative history of the Act to suggest that Congress intended to permit an award of attorney's fees to be premised on acts for which defendants would enjoy absolute legislative immunity.  The House Committee Report on the Act indicates that Congress intended to permit attorney's fees awards in cases in which prospective relief was properly Page 446 U. S. 739 awarded against defendants who would be immune from damages awards, H.R.Rep. No. 94-1558, p. 9 (1976), but there is no indication that Congress intended to permit an award of attorney's fees to be premised on acts that themselves would be insulated from even prospective relief.  Because the Virginia Court is immune from suit with respect to its legislative functions, it runs counter to that immunity for a district court's discretion in allowing fees to be guided by considerations centering on the exercise or nonexercise of the state court's legislative powers.This is not to say that, absent some special circumstances in addition to what is disclosed in this record, a fee award should not have been made in this case.  We are not convinced that it would be unfair to award fees against the State Bar, which, by statute, is designated as an administrative agency to help enforce the State Bar Code.  Fee awards against enforcement officials are run-of-the-mill occurrences, even though, on occasion, had a state legislature acted or reacted in a different or more timely manner, there would have been no need for a lawsuit or for an injunction.  Nor would we disagree had the District Court awarded fees not only against the Bar, but also against the Virginia Court because of its own direct enforcement role.  However, we hold that it was an abuse of discretion to award fees because the Virginia Court failed to exercise its rulemaking authority in a manner that satisfied the District Court.  We therefore vacate the award of attorney's fees and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.It is so ordered
U.S. Supreme CourtSupreme Court of Virginia v. Consumers Union, 446 U.S. 719 (1980)Supreme Court of Virginia v. Consumers Union of the United States, Inc.No. 79-198Argued February 19, 1980Decided June 2, 1980446 U.S. 719SyllabusAppellant Virginia Supreme Court, which claims inherent authority to regulate and discipline attorneys, also has statutory authority to do so.  Pursuant to these powers, the court promulgated the Virginia Code of Professional Responsibility (Code) and organized the Virginia State Bar to act as an administrative agency of the court to report and investigate violations of the Code.  The statute reserves to the state courts the sole power to adjudicate alleged violations of the Code, and the Supreme Court and other state courts of record have independent authority on their own to initiate proceedings against attorneys.  When one of the appellees sought to prepare a legal services directory, the attorneys who were canvassed refused to supply the requested information for fear of violating the Code's prohibition against attorney advertising (DR 2-102(A)(6)).  Appellees then brought an action in Federal District Court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against, inter alios, the Virginia Supreme Court and its chief justice (also an appellant) in both his individual and official capacities, seeking a declaration that the defendants had violated appellees' First and Fourteenth Amendment rights to gather, publish, and receive factual information concerning the attorneys involved, and a permanent injunction against the enforcement and operation of DR 2-102(A)(6).  Ultimately, after the Virginia Supreme Court declined to amend DR 2-102(A)(6) despite the State Bar's recommendation to do so and despite the intervening decision in Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, 433 U. S. 350, holding that enforcement of a ban on attorney advertising would violate the First and Fourteenth Amendment rights of attorneys seeking to advertise fees charged for certain routine legal services, the District Court declared DR 2-102(A)(6) unconstitutional on its face and permanently enjoined defendants from enforcing it.  The court further held that the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976, which provides that, in any action to enforce 42 U.S.C. § 1983, inter alia, a district court, in its discretion, may award the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs, authorized in proper circumstances Page 446 U. S. 720 the award of fees against the Virginia Supreme Court and the chief justice in his official capacity, and that here such an award was not unjust because the Supreme Court had denied the State Bar's petition to amend the Code and had also failed to amend it to conform to the holding in Bates, supra.Held:1. In promulgating the Code, the Virginia Supreme Court acts in a legislative capacity, and in that capacity the court and its members are immune from suit.  Pp.  446 U. S. 731-734.2. But the court and its chief justice were properly held liable in their enforcement capacities.  Since the state statute gives the court independent authority on its own to initiate proceedings against attorneys, the court and its members were proper defendants in a suit for declaratory and injunctive relief, just as other enforcement officers and agencies are.  Pp.  446 U. S. 734-737.3. The District Court abused its discretion in awarding attorney's fees against the Virginia Supreme Court premised on acts or omissions for which appellants enjoy absolute legislative immunity.  There is nothing in the legislative history of the Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act to suggest that Congress intended to permit an award of attorney's fees to be premised on acts for which defendants would enjoy absolute immunity.  Pp.  446 U. S. 737-739.470 F. Supp. 1055, vacated and remanded.WHITE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which all other Members joined, except POWELL, J., who took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. Page 446 U. S. 721