MR. JUSTICE STEVENS delivered the opinion of the Court.The question presented is whether Congress has the power to require that a dependent child's social security benefits terminate upon marriage even though his spouse is permanently disabled.  Answering that question in the negative, the District Court held that 42 U. S. C. § 402(d)(1)(D) and 402(d)(5) deprive appellee of property without due process of law.  Jobst v. Richardson, 368 F. Supp. 909.  We reverse.Mr. Jobst has been disabled by cerebral palsy since his birth in 1932.  He qualified for child's insurance benefits in 1957, several months after his father died.  In 1970, he married another cerebral palsy victim.  Since his wife was not entitled to benefits under the federal Act, [Footnote 1] the statute required the Secretary to terminate his benefits. [Footnote 2] Page 434 U. S. 49Mr. Jobst brought this suit to review the Secretary's action. [Footnote 3]  The District Court held that the statute violated the equality principle applicable to the Federal Government by virtue of the Fifth Amendment, Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U. S. 497, because all child's insurance beneficiaries are not treated alike when they marry disabled persons.  Beneficiaries who marry other social security beneficiaries continue to receive benefits whereas those who marry nonbeneficiaries lose their benefits permanently.  The court held this distinction irrational.  368 F. Supp.  at 913.The Secretary appealed directly to this Court.  28 U.S.C. § 1252.  Noting that Mr. Jobst and his wife had become entitled to benefits under a newly enacted statute authorizing supplemental security income for the aged, blind, and disabled, [Footnote 4]  this Court remanded the case for reconsideration in the light of that program.  Weinberger v. Jobst, 419 U.S. 811.  Page 434 U. S. 50 The District Court reviewed the new program, concluded that it had no relevance to the issues presented by this case, and reinstated its original judgment.  The Secretary again appealed, and we noted probable jurisdiction.  429 U. S. 189.Although the District Court focused on the statutory consequences of a marriage between two disabled persons, the Secretary argues that the relevant statutory classification is much broader.  We therefore first describe the statutory scheme, then consider the validity of a general requirement that benefits payable to a wage earner's dependent terminate upon marriage, and finally decide whether such a general requirement is invalidated by an exception limited to marriages between persons who are both receiving benefits.IAs originally enacted in 1935, the Social Security Act authorized a monthly benefit for qualified wage earners at least 65 years old and a death benefit payable to the estate of a wage earner who died at an earlier age.  49 Stat. 622-624.  In 1939 Congress created secondary benefits for wives, children, widows, and parents of wage earners.  See 53 Stat. 1362, 1364-1366.  The benefits were intended to provide persons dependent on the wage earner with protection against the economic hardship occasioned by loss of the wage earner's support.  Mathews v. De Castro, 429 U. S. 181,  429 U. S. 185-186.  Generally speaking, therefore, the categories of secondary beneficiaries were defined to include persons who were presumed to be dependent on the wage earner at the time of his death, disability, or retirement.Specifically, the child's benefit as authorized in 1939 was available only to a child who was unmarried, under 18, and dependent upon the wage earner at the time of his death or retirement.  53 Stat. 1364.  Since Mr. Jobst was 23 at the time of his father's death, he would not have been eligible for a child's benefit under the 1939 Act.  Under that statute, Page 434 U. S. 51 the child's benefit, like the benefits for widows and parents, terminated upon marriage.  53 Stat. 1364-1366.In 1956, Congress enlarged the class of persons entitled to a child's benefit to include those who, like Mr. Jobst, were under a disability which began before age 18. [Footnote 5]  For such a person, the benefit continued beyond the age of 18, but, as with other secondary benefits, it terminated upon marriage.In 1958, Congress adopted the amendment that created the basis for Mr. Jobst's constitutional attack.  The amendment provided that marriage would not terminate a child's disability benefit if the child married a person who was also entitled to benefits under the Act.  See 72 Stat. 1030-1031.  A similar dispensation was granted to widows, widowers, divorced wives, and parents. [Footnote 6]  In each case, the secondary benefit survives a marriage to another beneficiary, but any other marriage -- even to a disabled person unable to provide the beneficiary with support -- is a terminating event unaffected by the 1958 amendment. Page 434 U. S. 52It was the failure of Congress in 1958 to create a larger class of marriages that do not terminate the child's benefit for disabled persons that the District Court found irrational.IIThe provision challenged in this case is part of a complex statutory scheme designed to administer a trust fund financed, in large part, by taxes levied on the wage earners who are the primary beneficiaries of the fund.  The entitlement of any secondary beneficiary is predicated on his or her relationship to a contributing wage earner.  If the statutory requirements for eligibility are met, the amount of the benefit is unrelated to the actual need of the beneficiary.  See, e.g., Mathews v. De Castro, supra, at  429 U. S. 185-186.  The statute is designed to provide the wage earner and the dependent members of his family with protection against the hardship occasioned by his loss of earnings; it is not simply a welfare program generally benefiting needy persons.  Califano v. Goldfarb, 430 U. S. 199,  430 U. S. 213-214 (opinion of BRENNAN, J.).Nor has Congress made actual dependency on the wage earner either a sufficient or a necessary condition of eligibility in every case. [Footnote 7]  Instead of requiring individualized proof on a case-by-case basis, Congress has elected to use simple criteria, such as age and marital status, to determine probable dependency. [Footnote 8]  A child who is married or over 18 and neither Page 434 U. S. 53 disabled nor a student is denied benefits because Congress has assumed that such a child is not normally dependent on his parents.  There is no question about the power of Congress to legislate on the basis of such factual assumptions.  General rules are essential if a fund of this magnitude is to be administered with a modicum of efficiency, even though such rules inevitably produce seemingly arbitrary consequences in some individual cases.  Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U. S. 749,  422 U. S. 776.Of course, a general rule may not define the benefited class by reference to a distinction which irrationally differentiates between identically situated persons.  Differences in race, religion, or political affiliation could not rationally justify a difference in eligibility for social security benefits, for such differences are totally irrelevant to the question whether one person is economically dependent on another.  But a distinction between married persons and unmarried persons is of a different character.Both tradition and common experience support the conclusion that marriage is an event which normally marks an important change in economic status.  Traditionally, the event not only creates a new family with attendant new responsibilities, but also modifies the preexisting relationships between the bride and groom and their respective families.  Frequently, of course, financial independence and marriage do not go hand in hand.  Nevertheless, there can be no question about the validity of the assumption that a married person is less likely to be dependent on his parents for support than one who is unmarried.Since it was rational for Congress to assume that marital Page 434 U. S. 54 status is a relevant test of probable dependency, the general rule which obtained before 1958, terminating all child's benefits when the beneficiary married, satisfied the constitutional test normally applied in cases like this.  See Mathews v. De Castro, 429 U.S. at  429 U. S. 185; Weinberger v. Salfi, supra, and cases cited at  422 U. S. 768-770.  That general rule is not rendered invalid simply because some persons who might otherwise have married were deterred by the rule or because some who did marry were burdened thereby. [Footnote 9]  For the marriage rule cannot be criticized as merely an unthinking response to stereotyped generalizations about a traditionally disadvantaged group, [Footnote 10] or as an attempt to interfere with the individual's freedom to make a decision as important as marriage. [Footnote 11]The general rule, terminating upon marriage the benefits payable to a secondary beneficiary, is unquestionably valid.IIIThe question that remains is whether the 1958 amendment invalidates this general rule by carving out an exception for marriages between beneficiaries.The exception does create a statutory classification, but it is not as narrow as that described by the District Court.  The District Court identified the relevant classification as one distinguishing between (1) the marriage of a disabled beneficiary Page 434 U. S. 55 to another disabled person who is receiving social security benefits, and (2) the marriage of a disabled beneficiary to another disabled person who is not receiving benefits.  It is true that persons in the former category are treated more favorably than those in the latter category.  It is also true that persons in the latter category may have as great a need for benefits as those in the former category.  But it is not correct to conclude, as the District Court did, that only disabled persons are affected by the exception, or that the legislative classification is wholly irrational.Both the class of persons favored by the 1958 amendment and the class which remains subject to the burdens of the general marriage rule include persons who are not disabled. [Footnote 12]  The broad legislative classification must be judged by reference to characteristics typical of the affected classes, rather than by focusing on selected, atypical examples.  When so judged, both the exception and its limits are valid.The 1958 amendment reflects a legislative judgment that a marriage between two persons receiving benefits will not normally provide either spouse with protection against the economic hardship that would be occasioned by the termination of benefits.  The Secretary submits, and we agree, that it was reasonable for Congress to ameliorate the severity of the earlier rule by protecting both spouses from the dual hardship which it effected. [Footnote 13] Page 434 U. S. 56Mr. Jobst argues, however, that the reason for the amendment applies equally to his situation.  He urges that his hardship is just as great as that which the amendment avoids when one beneficiary marries another, because his spouse is also disabled.  He therefore attacks the exception as irrationally underinclusive. [Footnote 14]  We are persuaded, however, that, even if the benign purpose of the 1958 amendment encompasses this case, [Footnote 15] legitimate reasons justify the limits that Congress placed on it.  See Richardson v. Belcher, 404 U. S. 78.  The exception, like the general rule itself, is simple to Page 434 U. S. 57 administer.  It requires no individualized inquiry into degrees of hardship or need. [Footnote 16]  It avoids any necessity for periodic review of the beneficiaries' continued entitlement.  In the cases to which the exception does apply, it is a reliable indicator of probable hardship.  Since the test is one that may be applied without introducing any new concepts into the administration of the trust fund, [Footnote 17] Congress could reasonably take one firm step toward the goal of eliminating the hardship caused by the general marriage rule without accomplishing its entire objective in the same piece of legislation.  Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U. S. 483,  348 U. S. 489.  Even if it might have been wiser to take a larger step, the step Congress did take Page 434 U. S. 58 was in the right direction, and had no adverse impact on persons like the Jobsts.It is true, as Mr. Jobst urges, that the limited exception may have an impact on a secondary beneficiary's desire to marry, and may make some suitors less welcome than others.  But unless Congress should entirely repudiate marriage as a terminating event, that criticism will apply to any limited exception to the general rule.  No one suggests that Congress was motivated by antagonism toward any class of marriages or marriage partners not encompassed by the exception.  Congress' purpose was simply to remedy the particular injustice that occurred when two dependent individuals married and simultaneously lost their benefits.We are satisfied that both the general rule and the 1958 exception are legitimate exercises of Congress' power to decide who will share in the benefits of the trust fund.  The favored treatment of marriages between secondary beneficiaries does not violate the principle of equality embodied in the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.The judgment is reversed.It is so ordered
U.S. Supreme CourtCalifano v. Jobst, 434 U.S. 47 (1977)Califano v. JobstNo. 76-860Argued October 4, 1977Decided November 8, 1977434 U.S. 47SyllabusProvisions of the Social Security Act specifying that secondary benefits under the Act received by a disabled dependent child of a covered wage earner shall terminate when the child marries an individual who is not entitled to benefits under the Act, even though that individual is permanently disabled, held not to violate the principle of equality embodied in the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.  Pp.  434 U. S. 50-58.(a) The general rule that entitlement to a child's statutory benefits terminates upon marriage is rational.  Congress, in lieu of requiring individualized proof of dependency on a case-by-case basis, could assume that marital status is a relevant test of probable dependency, a married person being less likely than an unmarried person to be dependent on his parents for support.  Pp.  434 U. S. 52-54.(b) The exception provided for disabled children who marry individuals entitled to benefits under the Act to the general rule that marriage terminates a child's statutory benefits is likewise rational.  That exception, which is a reliable indicator of probable hardship, requires no individualized inquiry into degrees of need or periodic review to determine continued entitlement.  Moreover, Congress could reasonably take one step to eliminate hardship caused by the general marriage rule without at the same time accomplishing its entire objective.  Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U. S. 483.  Pp.  434 U. S. 54-58.368 F. Supp. 909, reversed.STEVENS, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court. Page 434 U. S. 48