JUSTICE O'CONNOR delivered the opinion of the Court.The question presented by this case is whether the State of California may require a federally licensed Indian trader, who operates a general store on an Indian reservation, to obtain a state liquor license in order to sell liquor for off-premises consumption.  Because we find that Congress has delegated authority to the States as well as to the Indian tribes to regulate the use and distribution of alcoholic beverages in Indian country, [Footnote 1] we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.IThe respondent Rehner is a federally licensed Indian trader [Footnote 2] who operates a general store on the Pala Reservation in San Diego, Cal.  The Pala Tribe had adopted a tribal ordinance Page 463 U. S. 716 permitting the sale of liquor on the reservation providing that the sales conformed to state law, and this ordinance was approved by the Secretary of the Interior.  See 25 Fed.Reg. 3343 (1960).  Rehner then sought from the State an exemption from its law requiring a state license for retail sale of distilled spirits for off-premises consumption. [Footnote 3]  When she was refused an exemption, Rehner filed suit seeking a declaratory judgment that she did not need a license from the State, and an order directing that liquor wholesalers could sell to her.  The District Court granted the State's motion to dismiss, ruling that Rehner was required to have a state license under 18 U.S.C. § 1161, which provides that liquor transactions in Indian country are not subject to prohibition under federal law provided those transactions are"in conformity both with the laws of the State in which such act or transaction occurs and with an ordinance duly adopted by the tribe having jurisdiction over such area of Indian country. . . . [Footnote 4]"The Court of Appeals reversed the District Court, holding that § 1161 did not confer jurisdiction on the States to require liquor licenses.  The court held that "18 U.S.C. § 1161 preempts state licensing and distribution jurisdiction over tribal liquor sales in Indian country."  678 F.2d 1340, 1351 (1982). [Footnote 5]  Page 463 U. S. 717 In deciding the preemption issue, the court focused on two aspects of § 1161.  First, it held that"there is insufficient evidence to show that Congress intended section 1161 to confer on the states regulatory jurisdiction over on-reservation liquor traffic."Id. at 1343.  The court reasoned that the liquor transactions at issue were governed exclusively by federal law, and that, if Congress wished to remove "its veil of preemption," it needed to do so by an express statement that the State had jurisdiction to impose its licensing requirement.  Ibid.  Second, the court held that "section 1161 has preemptive effect" because Congress provided for tribal ordinances that were to be certified by the Secretary of the Interior and published in the Federal Register.  Id. at 1348-1349, 1349, n. 18.  In this way, "the regulatory authority of the tribes . . . was safeguarded by federal supervision."  Id. at 1349. [Footnote 6] Page 463 U. S. 718IIThe decisions of this Court concerning the principles to be applied in determining whether state regulation of activities in Indian country is preempted have not been static.  In Worcester v. Georgia, 6 Pet. 515,  31 U. S. 560 (1832), Chief Justice Marshall wrote that an Indian reservation"is a distinct community, occupying its own territory, with boundaries accurately described, in which [state laws] can have no force. . . ."Despite this early statement emphasizing the importance of tribal self-government,"Congress has to a substantial degree opened the doors of reservations to state laws, in marked contrast to what prevailed in the time of Chief Justice Marshall,"Organized Village of Kake v. Egan, 369 U. S. 60,  369 U. S. 74 (1962)."[E]ven on reservations, state laws may be applied unless such application would interfere with reservation self-government or would impair a right granted or reserved by federal law."Mescalero Apache Tribe v. Jones, 411 U. S. 145,  411 U. S. 148 (1973).Although "[f]ederal treaties and statutes have been consistently construed to reserve the right of self-government to the tribes," F. Cohen, Handbook of Federal Indian Law 273 (1982 ed.) (hereafter Cohen), our recent cases have established a "trend . . . away from the idea of inherent Indian sovereignty as a bar to state jurisdiction and toward reliance on federal preemption."  McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Comm'n, 411 U. S. 164,  411 U. S. 172 (1973) (footnote omitted).  The goal of any preemption inquiry is "to determine the congressional plan," Pennsylvania v. Nelson, 350 U. S. 497,  350 U. S. 504 (1956), but tribal sovereignty may not be ignored and we do not necessarily apply "those standards of preemption that have emerged in other areas of the law."  White Mountain Apache Tribe v. Bracker, 448 U. S. 136,  448 U. S. 143 (1980).  We have instead employed a preemption analysis that is informed by historical notions of tribal sovereignty, rather than determined by them."[C]ongressional authority and the 'semi-independent position' of Indian tribes . . . [are] two  Page 463 U. S. 719 independent but related barriers to the assertion of state regulatory authority over tribal reservations and members."Bracker, 448 U.S. at  448 U. S. 142.  Although "[t]he right of tribal self-government is ultimately dependent on and subject to the broad power of Congress," id. at  448 U. S. 143, we still employ the tradition of Indian sovereignty as a "backdrop against which the applicable treaties and federal statutes must be read" in our preemption analysis.  McClanahan, supra, at  411 U. S. 172.  We do not necessarily require that Congress explicitly preempt assertion of state authority insofar as Indians on reservations are concerned, but we have recognized that "any applicable regulatory interest of the State must be given weight," and "automatic exemptions "as a matter of constitutional law'" are unusual."  Bracker, supra, at  448 U. S. 144 (quoting Moe v. Salish & Kootenai Tribes, 425 U. S. 463,  425 U. S. 481, n. 17 (1976)).The role of tribal sovereignty in preemption analysis varies in accordance with the particular "notions of sovereignty that have developed from historical traditions of tribal independence."  Bracker, supra, at  448 U. S. 145.  These traditions themselves reflect the"accommodation between the interests of the Tribes and the Federal Government, on the one hand, and those of the State, on the other."Washington v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Indian Reservation, 447 U. S. 134,  447 U. S. 156 (1980).  However, it must be remembered that "tribal sovereignty is dependent on, and subordinate to, only the Federal Government, not the States."  Id. at  447 U. S. 154."The sovereignty that the Indian tribes retain is of a unique and limited character.  It exists only at the sufferance of Congress, and is subject to complete defeasance."United States v. Wheeler, 435 U. S. 313,  435 U. S. 323 (1978) (emphasis added).  See also Confederated Tribes, supra, at  447 U. S. 178-179 (opinion of REHNQUIST,J.).When we determine that tradition has recognized a sovereign immunity in favor of the Indians in some respect, then we usually are reluctant to infer that Congress has authorized the assertion of state authority in that respect "except Page 463 U. S. 720 where Congress has expressly provided that State laws shall apply.'"  McClanahan, supra, at  411 U. S. 171 (quoting U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Federal Indian Law 845 (1958) (hereafter Indian Law)).  Repeal by implication of an established tradition of immunity or self-governance is disfavored.  Bryan v. Itasca County, 426 U. S. 373,  426 U. S. 392 (1976).  If, however, we do not find such a tradition, or if we determine that the balance of state, federal, and tribal interests so requires, our preemption analysis may accord less weight to the "backdrop" of tribal sovereignty.  See Confederated Tribes, supra, at  447 U. S. 154-159; Mescalero Apache Tribe, supra.AWe first determine the nature of the "backdrop" of tribal sovereignty that will inform our preemption analysis.  The "backdrop" in this case concerns the licensing and distribution of alcoholic beverages, and we must determine whether there is a tradition of tribal sovereign immunity that may be repealed only by an explicit directive from Congress.We begin by noting that there is nothing in the record to indicate that a federally licensed Indian trader like Rehner may sell liquor for off-premises consumption only to members of the Pala Tribe.  Indeed, the State contends, and Rehner does not dispute, that Rehner, or any other federally licensed trader, may sell liquor to Indian and non-Indian buyers alike.  See Brief for Petitioner 81; Tr. of Oral Arg. 14.  To the extent that Rehner seeks to sell to non-Indians, or to Indians who are not members of the tribe with jurisdiction over the reservation on which the sale occurred, the decisions of this Court have already foreclosed Rehner's argument that the licensing requirements infringe upon tribal sovereignty. [Footnote 7] Page 463 U. S. 721If there is any interest in tribal sovereignty implicated by imposition of California's alcoholic beverage regulation, it exists only insofar as the State attempts to regulate Rehner's sale of liquor to other members of the Pala Tribe on the Pala Reservation.  The only interest that Rehner advances in this regard is that freedom to regulate alcoholic beverages is important to Indian self-governance.  To the extent California limits the absolute number of licenses that it distributes, state regulation may effectively preclude this aspect of self-governance.  See Brief for Respondent 63-74.  Rehner relies on our statement in United States v. Mazurie, 419 U. S. 544,  419 U. S. 557 (1975), that the distribution and use of intoxicants is a "matte[r] that affect[s] the internal and social relations of tribal life."Rehner's reliance on Mazurie as establishing tribal sovereignty in the area of liquor licensing and distribution is misplaced.  In Mazurie, we held that"independent tribal authority is quite sufficient to protect Congress' decision to vest in tribal councils this portion of [Congress'] own authority"to regulate commerce with the Indians.  Ibid. (emphasis Page 463 U. S. 722 added).  We expressly declined to base our holding on whether "independent [tribal] authority is itself sufficient for the tribes to impose" their own liquor regulations.  Ibid. (emphasis added).The reason that we declined is apparent in the light of the history of federal control of liquor in this context, which must be characterized as "one of the most comprehensive [federal] activities in Indian affairs. . . ."  Cohen at 307.  Unlike the authority to tax certain transactions on reservations that we have characterized as"a fundamental attribute of sovereignty which the tribes retain unless divested of it by federal law or necessary implication of their dependent status,"Confederated Tribes, 447 U.S. at  447 U. S. 152, tradition simply has not recognized a sovereign immunity or inherent authority in favor of liquor regulation by Indians.  The colonists regulated Indian liquor trading before this Nation was formed, and Congress exercised its authority over these transactions as early as 1802.  See Indian Law at 381.  Congress imposed complete prohibition by 1832, and these prohibitions are still in effect subject to suspension conditioned on compliance with state law and tribal ordinances. [Footnote 8] Page 463 U. S. 723Although in Indian matters Congress usually acts "upon the assumption that the States have no power to regulate the affairs of Indians on a reservation," Wlliams v. Lee, 358 U. S. 217,  358 U. S. 220 (1959), that assumption would be unwarranted in the narrow context of the regulation of liquor.  In addition to the congressional divestment of tribal self-government in this area, the States have also been permitted, and even required, to impose regulations related to liquor transactions.  As a condition of entry into the United States, Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma were required by Congress to enact prohibitions against the sale of liquor to Indians and introduction of liquor into Indian country. [Footnote 9]  Several States, including California, pursuant to state police power, long prohibited liquor transactions with Indians. [Footnote 10]  These state prohibitions indicate that "absolute' federal jurisdiction is not invariably exclusive jurisdiction."  Kake Village, 369 U.S. at  369 U. S. 68.  Indeed, we have recognized expressly that"[t]he federal prohibition against taking intoxicants into this Indian colony does not deprive the State of Nevada of its sovereignty over the area in question.  The Federal Government does not assert Page 463 U. S. 724 exclusive jurisdiction within the colony.  Enactments of the Federal Government passed to protect and guard its Indian wards only affect the operation, within the colony, of such state laws as conflict with the federal enactments."United States v. McGowan, 302 U. S. 535,  302 U. S. 539 (1938) (footnote omitted; emphasis added).This historical tradition of concurrent state and federal jurisdiction over the use and distribution of alcoholic beverages in Indian country is justified by the relevant state interests involved.  See Confederated Tribes, supra, at  447 U. S. 156.  Rehner's distribution of liquor has a significant impact beyond the limits of the Pala Reservation.  The State has an unquestionable interest in the liquor traffic that occurs within its borders, and this interest is independent of the authority conferred on the States by the Twenty-first Amendment.  Crowley v. Christensen, 137 U. S. 86,  137 U. S. 91 (1890).  Liquor sold by Rehner to other Pala tribal members or to nonmembers can easily find its way out of the reservation and into the hands of those whom, for whatever reason, the State does not wish to possess alcoholic beverages, or to possess them through a distribution network over which the State has no control.  This particular "spillover" effect is qualitatively different from any "spillover" effects of income taxes or taxes on cigarettes."A State's regulatory interest will be particularly substantial if the State can point to off-reservation effects that necessitate state intervention."New Mexico v. Mescalero Apache Tribe, 462 U. S. 324,  462 U. S. 336 (1983).There can be no doubt that Congress has divested the Indians of any inherent power to regulate in this area.  In the area of liquor regulation, we find no "congressional enactments demonstrating a firm federal policy of promoting tribal self-sufficiency and economic development."  Bracker, 448 U.S. at  448 U. S. 143 (footnote omitted).  With respect to the regulation of liquor transactions, as opposed to the state income taxation involved in McClanahan, Indians cannot be said to "possess the usual accoutrements of tribal self-government."  McClanahan, 411 U.S. at  411 U. S. 167-168. Page 463 U. S. 725The court below erred in thinking that there was some single notion of tribal sovereignty that served to direct any preemption analysis involving Indians.  See 678 F.2d  at 1348. [Footnote 11]  Because we find that there is no tradition of sovereign immunity that favors the Indians in this respect, and because we must consider that the activity in which Rehner seeks to engage potentially has a substantial impact beyond the reservation, we may accord little if any weight to any asserted interest in tribal sovereignty in this case.BWe must next determine whether the state authority to license the sale of liquor is preempted by federal law.  Bracker, supra, at  448 U. S. 142; McClanahan, supra, at  411 U. S. 172.  The court below held that § 1161 preempted state regulation of licensing and distribution, and that the reference to state law in § 1161 was not sufficiently explicit to permit application of the state licensing law. Page 463 U. S. 726We disagree with both aspects of the court's analysis.  As we explained in  463 U. S.  the tribes have long ago been divested of any inherent self-government over liquor regulation by both the explicit command of Congress and as a "necessary implication of their dependent status."  Confederated Tribes, 447 U.S. at  447 U. S. 152.  Congress has also historically permitted concurrent state regulation through the imposition of criminal penalties on those who supply Indians with liquor, or who introduce liquor into Indian country.  Therefore, this is not a case in which we apply a presumption of a lack of state authority.The presumption of preemption derives from the rule against construing legislation to repeal by implication some aspect of tribal self-government.  See Bryan v. Itasca County, 426 U.S. at  426 U. S. 391-392; Morton v. Mancari, 417 U. S. 535,  417 U. S. 549-551 (1974).  Because there is no aspect of exclusive tribal self-government that requires the deference reflected in our requirement that Congress expressly provide for the application of state law, we have only to determine whether application of the state licensing laws would "impair a right granted or reserved by federal law."  Mescalero Apache Tribe, 411 U.S. at  411 U. S. 148; Kake Village, 369 U.S. at  369 U. S. 75.  Our examination of § 1161 leads us to conclude that Congress authorized, rather than preempted, state regulation over Indian liquor transactions.The legislative history of § 1161 indicates both that Congress intended to remove federal prohibition on the sale and use of alcohol imposed on Indians in 1832 and that Congress intended that state laws would apply of their own force to govern tribal liquor transactions as long as the tribe itself approved these transactions by enacting an ordinance.  It is clear that, by 1953, federal law curtailing liquor traffic with the Indians came to be "viewed as discriminatory."  Indian Law at 382.  As originally introduced, the bill that was later to become § 1161 was intended only to "[t]o terminate Federal discriminations against the Indians of Arizona."  See Hearings on H.R. 1055 before the Subcommittee on Indian Page 463 U. S. 727 Affairs of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, 83d Cong., 1st Sess. (Jan. 6, 1953) (Hearings), reprinted in App. to Brief for Petitioner A-4. [Footnote 12]  In hearings on this original bill, Representative Rhodes of Arizona, speaking on behalf of Representative Patten, who introduced the bill, stated that the sole purpose of the bill was to eliminate federal prohibition, because it was discriminatory and had a detrimental effect on the Indians.  He also commented that the bill would permit Arizona to amend its Constitution to remove the state prohibitions on sale of liquor to Indians and on introduction of liquor into Indian country.  At these same hearings, Dillon S. Myer, Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the Department of the Interior, submitted a revision of the bill proposed by Representative Patten.  This revision was different from the original bill in a number of respects, the most important of which for present purposes is that the revision applied to all States, and not just to Arizona.  In the context of discussing the bill, Commissioner Myer stated:"We certainly do not intend to try to revise State laws regarding Indians or anyone else, and it should be clear that is provided. . . .  [The revision] is intended to eliminate all of the sections in the statutes which discriminate against Indians, and at the same time not interfere with State laws, and at the same time provide opportunity for the tribes to have prohibition on the reservation if they wish to, if it is not covered by State law."Id. at A-26 - A-27.In a later hearing, the Department of the Interior submitted an unofficial report in which it was again urged that federal Indian liquor prohibition be ended generally, and not just in Arizona, as long as liquor "transactions are in conformity with the ordinances of the tribes concerned, and are not contrary to state law."  See Hearings (May 6, 1953), reprinted in App. to Brief for Petitioner A-54.  Representative D'Ewart read into the record a telegram sent by the Page 463 U. S. 728 Chairman of the Navajo Tribal Council.  The telegram indicated that the Navajo people supported the "anti-discrimination bill" as a measure to ensure "equal rights."  Id. at A-59.Representative Patten, the sponsor of the original bill, stated that, "if this bill were passed to remove all discrimination, the Indians would still have to comply with State law in every regard. . . ."  See Hearings (June 2, 1953), reprinted in App. to Brief for Petitioner A-69.  Representative Patten's remarks are particularly valuable in determining the meaning of § 1161.  As the sponsor of the bill, Representative Patten's interpretation is an "authoritative guide to the statute's construction.'"  Bowsher v. Merck & Co., 460 U. S. 824,  460 U. S. 832 (1983) (quoting North Haven Board of Education v. Bell, 456 U. S. 512,  456 U. S. 527 (1982)).The House Report explained the bill as eliminating discrimination caused by legislation "applicable only to Indians."  H.R.Rep. No. 775, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., 2 (1953).  It included an official report of the Department of the Interior stating that federal prohibition would be lifted only if liquor "transactions are in conformity with the ordinances of the tribes concerned, and are not contrary to State law."  Id. at 3.  The Senate Report also expressed these sentiments:"if this bill is enacted, a State or local municipality or Indian tribes, if they desire, by the enactment of proper legislation or ordinance, to restrict the sales of intoxicants to Indians, they may do so."S.Rep. No. 722, 83d Cong., 1st Sess., 1 (1953) (emphasis added).It is clear, then, that Congress viewed § 1161 as abolishing federal prohibition, and as legalizing Indian liquor transactions as long as those transactions conformed both with tribal ordinances and state law.  It is also clear that Congress contemplated that its absolute but not exclusive power to regulate Indian liquor transactions would be delegated to the tribes themselves, and to the States, which historically shared Page 463 U. S. 729 concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Government in this area.  Early administrative practice and our prior decision in United States v. Mazurie, 419 U. S. 544 (1975), confirm this understanding of § 1161.As noted above, the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the Department of the Interior was heavily involved in drafting the revised bill that eventually became § 1161.  In a 1954 administrative opinion, ironically rendered in response to California's interpretation of § 1161, the Department's Solicitor stated plainly that the Bureau contemplated that liquor transactions on reservations would be subject to state laws, including state licensing laws.  Specifically, the Solicitor stated:"The fact that a tribe in California may, by ordinance, authorize the sale of liquor on its reservation in packages for consumption only off the premises where it is sold would not, in my opinion, impinge upon the foregoing authority of the State Board of Equalization to license sales of liquor on such reservation for consumption both on and off the premises where the liquor is sold.  In such circumstances, if any person so licensed by the State were to sell liquor on the reservation for on-premises consumption in accordance with his license, presumably he would be immune from State prosecution and, thus, the license issued by the State agency would be fully effective insofar as State law is concerned."Memo. Sol. M-36241 (Sept. 22, 1954), Liquor -- Tribal Ordinance Regulating Traffic Within Reservation, 2 Op.Solicitor of Dept. of Interior Relating to Indian Affairs 1917-1974, pp. 1648, 1650 (emphasis added).  In the Department of the Interior's Indian Law, at 382-383, the Solicitor, citing the 1954 opinion, stated that"if a tribal ordinance permits only package sales on a reservation for consumption off the premises, a State license to sell for consumption on the premises will give protection only against Page 463 U. S. 730 State prosecutions, but not against Federal prosecutions under section 1156."(Footnote omitted; emphasis added.) [Footnote 13]Both Rehner and the court below believed that § 1161 was merely an exemption from federal criminal liability, and affirmatively empowered neither Indian tribes nor the State to regulate liquor transactions.  See 678 F.2d  at 1345; Brief for Respondent 9.  Our decision in Mazurie, supra, at  419 U. S. 554, rejected this argument with respect to Indian tribes, and there is no reason to accept it with respect to the State.  In Mazurie, we held that, in enacting § 1161, Congress intended to delegate to the tribes a portion of its authority over liquor transactions on reservations.  Since we found this delegation on the basis of the statutory language requiring that liquor transactions conform "both with the laws of the State . . . and with an ordinance duly adopted" by the governing tribe (emphasis added), we would ignore the plain language of the statute Page 463 U. S. 731 if we failed to find this same delegation in favor of the States. [Footnote 14]  Rehner argues that Mazurie merely acknowledged that Indian tribes "possessed independent authority" over liquor transactions.  Brief for Respondent 67.  As we noted in the context of our discussion of the doctrine of tribal sovereignty, we expressly declined to base our holding in Mazurie on the doctrine of tribal self-government; rather, we held merely that the tribal authority was sufficient to protect the congressional decision to delegate licensing authority.  See 419 U.S. at  419 U. S. 557.  It cannot be doubted that the State's police power over liquor transactions within its borders is broad enough to protect the same congressional decision in favor of the State.The thrust of Rehner's argument, and the primary focus of the court below, is that state authority in this area is preempted because such authority requires an express statement by Congress in the light of the canon of construction that we quoted in McClanahan:"'state laws generally are not applicable to tribal Indians on an Indian reservation except where Congress has expressly provided that State laws shall apply.'"411 U.S. at  411 U. S. 170-171 (quoting Indian Law at 845).  As we have established above, because of the lack of a tradition of self-government in the area of liquor regulation, it is not necessary that Congress indicate expressly that the State has jurisdiction to regulate the licensing and distribution of alcohol. [Footnote 15] Page 463 U. S. 732Even if this canon of construction were applicable to this case, our result would be the same.  The canon is quoted from Indian Law at 845.  In that same volume, the Solicitor of the Interior Department assumed that § 1161 would result in state prosecutions for failing to have a state license.  See id. at 382-383.  Whatever Congress had to do to provide "expressly" for the application of state law, the Solicitor obviously believed that Congress had done it in § 1161.  Indeed, even in McClanahan, we suggested that § 1161 satisfied the canon of construction requiring that Congress expressly provide for application of state law.  In discussing statutes that did satisfy the canon, we cited § 1161 and stated that "state liquor laws may be applicable within reservations."  411 U.S. at  411 U. S. 177, n. 16. [Footnote 16]  More important, we have consistently refused to apply such a canon of construction when application would be tantamount to a formalistic disregard of congressional intent."We give this rule [resolving ambiguities Page 463 U. S. 733 in favor of Indians] the broadest possible scope, but it remains at base a canon for construing the complex treaties, statutes, and contracts which define the status of Indian tribes.  A canon of construction is not a license to disregard clear expressions of tribal and congressional intent."DeCoteau v. District County Court, 420 U. S. 425,  420 U. S. 447 (1975).  See also Andrus v. Glover Construction Co., 446 U. S. 608,  446 U. S. 619 (1980).  In the present case, congressional intent is clear from the face of the statute and its legislative history. [Footnote 17]We conclude that § 1161 was intended to remove federal discrimination that resulted from the imposition of liquor prohibition on Native Americans.  Congress was well aware that the Indians never enjoyed a tradition of tribal self-government insofar as liquor transactions were concerned.  Congress was also aware that the States exercised concurrent authority insofar as prohibiting liquor transactions with Indians was concerned.  By enacting § 1161, Congress intended to delegate a portion of its authority to the tribes as well as to the States, so as to fill the void that would be created by the absence of the discriminatory federal prohibition.  Page 463 U. S. 734 Congress did not intend to make tribal members "super citizens" who could trade in a traditionally regulated substance free from all but self-imposed regulations.  See 678 F.2d  at 1352 (Goodwin, J., dissenting).  Rather, we believe that in enacting § 1161, Congress intended to recognize that Native Americans are not "weak and defenseless," and are capable of making personal decisions about alcohol consumption without special assistance from the Federal Government.  Application of the state licensing scheme does not "impair a right granted or reserved by federal law."  Kake Village, 369 U.S. at  369 U. S. 75. [Footnote 18]  On the contrary, such application of state law Page 463 U. S. 735 is "specifically authorized by . . . Congress . . . and [does] not interfere with federal policies concerning the reservations."  Warren Trading Post Co. v. Arizona Tax Comm'n, 380 U. S. 685,  380 U. S. 687, n. 3 (1965).IIIThe judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.It is so ordered
U.S. Supreme CourtRice v. Rehner, 463 U.S. 713 (1983)Rice v. RehnerNo. 82-401Argued March 21, 1983Decided July 1, 1983463 U.S. 713SyllabusRespondent is a federally licensed Indian trader who operates a general store on an Indian reservation in California.  When she was refused an exemption from California's law requiring a state license in order to sell liquor for off-premises consumption, respondent filed suit in Federal District Court seeking a declaratory judgment that she did not need a state license.  The District Court dismissed the suit, holding that respondent was required to have a state license under 18 U.S.C. § 1161, which provides that liquor transactions in Indian country are not subject to prohibition under federal law if such transactions are"in conformity both with the laws of the State in which [they] occu[r] and with an ordinance duly adopted by the tribe having jurisdiction over such area of Indian country."The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that § 1161 preempts state licensing and distribution jurisdiction over tribal liquor sales in Indian country.Held:  California may properly require respondent to obtain a state license in order to sell liquor for off-premises consumption.  Pp.  463 U. S. 718-735.(a) There is no tradition of tribal sovereign immunity or inherent self-government in favor of liquor regulation by Indians.  Although, in Indian matters, Congress usually acts "upon the assumption that the States have no power to regulate the affairs of Indians on a reservation," Williams v. Lee, 358 U. S. 217,  358 U. S. 220, that assumption is unwarranted in the narrow context of liquor regulation.  In addition to the congressional divestment of tribal self-government in this area, the States have also been permitted, and even required, to impose liquor regulations.  The tradition of concurrent state and federal jurisdiction over the use and distribution of alcoholic beverages in Indian country is justified by the relevant state interests.  Here, respondent's distribution of liquor has a significant impact beyond the limits of the reservation, and the State, independent of the Twenty-first Amendment, has an interest in the liquor traffic within its borders.  Pp.  463 U. S. 720-725.(b) Title 18 U.S.C. § 1161 authorized, rather than preempted, state regulation of Indian liquor transactions.  It is clear from the face of the statute and its legislative history both that Congress intended to remove federal prohibition on the sale and use of liquor imposed on Indians and Page 463 U. S. 714 that Congress intended state laws would apply of their own force to govern tribal liquor transactions as long as the tribe itself approved these transactions by enacting an ordinance.  Congress contemplated that its absolute, but not exclusive, power to regulate Indian liquor transactions would be delegated to the tribes themselves, and to the States, which historically shared concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Government.  Because of the lack of tradition of tribal self-government in the area of liquor regulation, it is not necessary that Congress indicate expressly that the State has jurisdiction to license and distribute liquor.  This Court will not apply the canon of construction that state laws generally are not applicable to Indians on a reservation except where Congress has expressly provided that state laws shall apply when application would be tantamount to a formalistic disregard of congressional intent.  Thus, application of the state licensing scheme here does not impair a right granted or reserved by federal law, but, on the contrary, is specifically authorized by Congress, and does not interfere with federal policies concerning the reservation.  Pp.  463 U. S. 725-735.678 F.2d 1340, reversed and remanded.O'CONNOR, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which BURGER, C.J., and WHITE, POWELL, REHNQUIST, and STEVENS, JJ., joined.  BLACKMUN, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which BRENNAN and MARSHALL, JJ., joined, post, p.  463 U. S. 735. Page 463 U. S. 715