MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BURGER delivered the opinion of the Court.We granted certiorari to decide whether a district court may impose summary contempt punishment under Fed.Rule Crim.Proc. 42(a) [Footnote 1] when a witness who has been granted immunity refuses on Fifth Amendment grounds to testify.  The Court of Appeals held that, in such circumstances, a judge cannot dispose of the contempt summarily, but must proceed under Rule 42(b), [Footnote 2] Page 421 U. S. 311 which calls for disposition only after notice and hearing, and "a reasonable time for the preparation of the defense."IRespondents Wilson and Bryan, along with one Robert Anderson, were charged in separate indictments with separate bank robberies.  Respondent Wilson and Anderson were charged with armed robbery of a bank in Tuxedo, N.Y.  Respondent Bryan and Anderson were charged with armed robbery of a bank in Mount Ivy, N.Y.  Prior to Anderson's trial, both respondents pleaded guilty to charges against them, but neither was immediately given a final sentence.  Sentencing of Wilson was deferred, and, pending a presentence report, Bryan was given a provisional 25-year sentence, as required by 18 U.S.C. §§ 4208(b), (c).At Anderson's trial for the two robberies, respondents were summoned as witnesses for the prosecution.  When questioned, however, each refused to testify, contending that his answers might incriminate him.  The judge then granted them immunity, 18 U.S.C. §§ 6002-6003, [Footnote 3] Page 421 U. S. 312 and, relying on Goldberg v. United States, 472 F.2d 513 (CA2 1973), ordered them to answer forthwith.  He informed them that as long as they did not lie under oath, they could not be prosecuted by reason of any testimony, but that, if they continued to refuse to answer he would hold them in contempt.  Respondents nevertheless persisted in their refusals, and the judge summarily held them in contempt.  Counsel for Wilson, who acted for both respondents, argued for lenient sentences; however, trial counsel made no objection to the summary nature of the contempt citation, [Footnote 4] nor was any claim made that more time was needed to prepare a defense to the contempt citation.Both respondents were then sentenced to six months' imprisonment, consecutive to any sentences imposed for the bank robberies.  The judge made it clear that he would consider reducing the contempt sentences, or eliminating them completely, if respondents decided to testify.  When counsel pointed out that a presentence study was being prepared on Bryan, the judge responded:"I am going to impose the maximum . . . with the deliberate intention of revising that sentence to what might be appropriate in light of the very study that is going to be made."App. 33.The trial proceeded, but without Bryan's testimony, the evidence against Anderson on the Mount Ivy robbery was such that, at the end of the Government's case, Page 421 U. S. 313 the judge granted Anderson's motion for acquittal.  The jury was unable to reach a verdict on the Tuxedo robbery.  At a later trial, Anderson was convicted of that robbery.Respondents appealed their contempt convictions.  The Court of Appeals rejected the claim that their Fifth Amendment rights would have been violated by compelling them to testify after they had been granted immunity, but it accepted their contention that use of the summary contempt power was improper, and it remanded for proceedings under Rule 42(b).  488 F.2d 1231 (CA2 1973).  The court reasoned that,"[i]f . . . counsel had been given 'a reasonable time for the preparation of the defense,' Fed. R. Crim P. Rule 42(b), she might have marshalled and presented facts in mitigation of the charge."Id. at 1234. [Footnote 5]In requiring Rule 42(b) disposition, the Court of Page 421 U. S. 314 Appeals considered itself bound by its own previous decisions, and by this Court's decision in Harris v. United States, 382 U. S. 162 (1965).  In a previous case, the Court of Appeals had held:"Summary disposition is thus available only when immediate punishment is necessary to put an end to acts disrupting the proceedings, such as threats to the judge, disturbances in the courtroom, or insolence before the court.  It is not a remedy to be used in a case like this, where the contempt consists of no more than orderly refusal in the absence of the jury to answer a question on Fifth Amendment grounds. . . ."United States v. Pace, 371 F.2d 810, 811 (CA2 1967).  In another case, the Court of Appeals had interpreted the language of our Harris decision to require that,"[a]bsent . . . disruptive conduct which affronts the dignity of the court, a hearing pursuant to Rule 42(b) is required to explore possible exculpatory or mitigating circumstances."United States v. Marra, 482 F.2d 1196, 1200 (CA2 1973).  In the Court of Appeals' view, only a disorderly or obstreperous interference with court proceedings provides an occasion for use of the summary contempt power.  Id. at 1201-1202.Because of the importance of this issue in the conduct of criminal trials, and because the view of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit apparently conflicts with that of the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, Baker v. Eisenstadt, 456 F.2d 382, cert. denied, 409 U.S. 846 (1972), we granted certiorari.  416 U.S. 981 (1974).  We reverse.IIRespondents' refusals to answer, although not delivered disrespectfully, plainly fall within the express language Page 421 U. S. 315 of Rule 42(a), [Footnote 6] and constitute contemptuous conduct.  Rule 42(a) was never intended to be limited to situations where a witness uses scurrilous language, or threatens or creates overt physical disorder, and thereby disrupts a trial.  All that is necessary is that the judge certify that he "saw or heard the conduct constituting the contempt, and that it was committed in the actual presence of the court."  Respondents do not contest that these requirements are met here.  Indeed, here each refusal was in the context of a face-to-face encounter between the judge and respondents.  See Illinois v. Allen, 397 U. S. 337 (1970); Cooke v. United States, 267 U. S. 517 (1925).The refusals were contemptuous of judicial authority because they were intentional obstructions [Footnote 7] of court Page 421 U. S. 316 proceedings that literally disrupted the progress of the trial, and hence the orderly administration of justice.  Yates v. United States, 227 F.2d 844 (CA9 1955).  Respondents' contumacious silence, after a valid grant of immunity followed by an explicit, unambiguous order to testify, impeded the due course of Anderson's trial perhaps more so than violent conduct in the courtroom.  Violent disruptions can be cured swiftly by bodily removing the offender from the courtroom, or by physical restraints, Illinois v. Allen, supra; see Ex parte Terry, 128 U. S. 289 (1888), and the trial may proceed.  But ,as this case demonstrates, a contumacious refusal to answer not only frustrates the inquiry, but can destroy a prosecution.  Here it was a prosecution; the same kind of contumacious conduct could, in another setting, destroy a defendant's ability to establish a case.The face-to-face refusal to comply with the court's order itself constituted an affront to the court, [Footnote 8] and when that kind of refusal disrupts and frustrates an ongoing proceeding, as it did here, summary contempt must be available to vindicate the authority of the court as well as to provide the recalcitrant witness with some incentive to testify.  In re Chiles, 22 Wall. 157,  89 U. S. 168 (1875).  Whether such incentive is necessary in a particular Page 421 U. S. 317 case is a matter the Rule wisely leaves to the discretion of the trial court. [Footnote 9]Our conclusion that summary contempt is available under the circumstances here is supported by the fact that Rule 42 has consistently been recognized to be no more than a restatement of the law existing when the Rule was adopted, Bloom v. Illinois, 391 U. S. 194,  391 U. S. 209 (1968); Notes of the Advisory Committee on Rule 42(a), 18 U.S.C.App. p. 4513; Cooke v. United States, 267 U. S. 517 (1925), [Footnote 10] and the law at that time allowed summary punishment for refusals to testify, Hale v. Henkel, 201 U. S. 43 (1906); Nelson v. United States, 201 U. S. 92 (1906); Blair v. United States, 250 U. S. 273 Page 421 U. S. 318 (1919).  See Ex parte Hudgings, 249 U. S. 378,  249 U. S. 382 (1919); Brown v. Walker, 161 U. S. 591 (1896), and cases cited therein, cf.  20 U. S.  7 Wheat. 38 (1822); In re Savin, 131 U. S. 267 (1889).IIIThe Court of Appeals considered itself bound by language in Harris v. United States, 382 U. S. 162 (1965), to hold Rule 42(a) inapplicable to the facts here.  The crucial difference between the cases, however, is that Harris did not deal with a refusal to testify which obstructed an ongoing trial.  In Harris, a witness before a grand jury had been granted immunity, 18 U.S.C. § 6002, and nevertheless refused to answer certain questions.  The witness was then brought before a District Judge and asked the same questions again.  When he still refused to answer, the court summarily held him in contempt.  We held in that case that summary contempt was inappropriate because there was no compelling reason for an immediate remedy.A grand jury ordinarily deals with many inquiries and cases at one time, and it can rather easily suspend action on any one, and turn to another while proceedings under Rule 42(b) are completed.  We noted in Harris that "swiftness was not a prerequisite of justice. . . .  Delay necessary for a hearing would not imperil the grand jury proceedings."  382 U.S. at  382 U. S. 164.  Trial courts, on the contrary, cannot be expected to dart from case to case on their calendars any time a witness who has been granted immunity decides not to answer questions.  In a trial, the court, the parties, witnesses, and jurors are assembled in the expectation that it will proceed as scheduled.  Here, the District Judge pointed out this problem when defense counsel asked for a continuance; he said:  "I think we cannot delay this trial.  I cannot delay it.  I Page 421 U. S. 319 have many other matters that are equally important to the people concerned in those cases which are following." [Footnote 11]  Delay under Rule 42(b) may be substantial, and all essential participants in the trial may no longer be readily available when a trial reconvenes.  In Harris, this Court recognized these problems in noting that summary punishment may be necessary where a "refusal [is] . . . an open, serious threat to orderly procedure."  382 U.S. at  382 U. S. 165.  A refusal to testify during a trial may be such an open, serious threat, and here it plainly constituted a literal "breakdown" in the prosecution's case.IVIn an ongoing trial, with the judge, jurors, counsel, and witnesses all waiting, Rule 42(a) provides an appropriate remedial tool to discourage witnesses from contumacious refusals to comply with lawful orders essential to prevent a breakdown of the proceedings.  Where time is not of the essence, however, the provisions of Rule 42(b) may be more appropriate to deal with contemptuous conduct.  We adhere to the principle that only "[t]he least possible power adequate to the end proposed'" should be used in contempt cases.  Anderson v. Dunn, 6 Wheat. 204,  19 U. S. 231 (1821).  See Taylor v. Hayes, 418 U. S. 488,  418 U. S. 498 (1974).  As with all power, the authority under Rule 42(a) to punish summarily can be abused; the courts of appeals, however, can deal with abuses of discretion without restricting the Rule in contradiction of its express terms, and without unduly limiting the power of the trial judge to act swiftly and firmly to prevent contumacious conduct from disrupting the orderly progress of a criminal trial.Reversed
U.S. Supreme CourtUnited States v. Wilson, 421 U.S. 309 (1975)United States v. WilsonNo. 73-1162Argued December 17, 1974Decided May 19, 1975421 U.S. 309SyllabusRespondents, who had been charged, along with one Anderson, in separate indictments for separate bank robberies and who pleaded guilty, were summoned as prosecution witnesses at Anderson's trial, but refused to testify on Fifth Amendment grounds and still refused to do so after being granted immunity and ordered to testify.  The District Court then summarily held them in contempt under Fed.Rule Crim.Proc. 42(a), which permits summary criminal contempt punishment "if the judge certifies that he saw or heard the conduct constituting the contempt and that it was committed in the actual presence of the court."  The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the use of the summary contempt power under Rule 42(a) was improper, and remanded for proceedings under Rule 42(b), which calls for disposition of criminal contempt only after notice and hearing and "a reasonable time for the preparation of the defense."Held:  The District Court properly imposed summary contempt punishment under the circumstances.  Harris v. United States, 382 U. S. 162, distinguished.  Pp.  421 U. S. 314-319.(a) Respondents' refusals to answer, although not delivered disrespectfully, fall within Rule 42(a)'s express language, and plainly constitute conduct contemptuous of judicial authority, since they were intentional obstructions of court proceedings that literally disrupted the progress of the trial, and hence the orderly administration of justice.  Pp.  421 U. S. 314-316.(b) The face-to-face refusal to comply with the court's order itself constituted an affront to the court, and when that kind of refusal disrupts and frustrates an ongoing trial, as it did here, summary contempt must be available to vindicate the court's authority, as well as to provide the recalcitrant witness with some incentive to testify.  P.  421 U. S. 316.(c) Harris v. United States, supra, involved a refusal to answer before a grand jury, where, unlike an ongoing trial, time generally is not of the essence, because the grand jury may turn to other matters during any delay.  Pp.  421 U. S. 318-319.488 F.2d 1231, reversed. Page 421 U. S. 310BURGER, C.J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which STEWART, WHITE, BLACKMUN, POWELL, and REHNQUIST, JJ., joined.  BLACKMUN, J., filed a concurring opinion, in which REHNQUIST, J., joined, post, p.  421 U. S. 320.  BRENNAN, J., filed a dissenting pinion, in which DOUGLAS and MARSHALL, JJ., joined, post, p.  421 U. S. 322.