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1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:04,700
ู†ุญูƒูŠ ููŠ ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุนู…ู„ ุนู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ู…ุนู…ู„ energy

2
00:00:04,700 --> 00:00:09,080
metabolism in yeast ุชูุงุนู„ุงุช ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ููŠ

3
00:00:09,080 --> 00:00:12,900
ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู†ู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…

4
00:00:12,900 --> 00:00:18,510
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ. ุฃูˆู„ุง ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ Cellular Respiration

5
00:00:18,510 --> 00:00:22,690
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ. ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠุŸ ู‡ูˆ a set

6
00:00:22,690 --> 00:00:26,170
of metabolic reactions and processes that take

7
00:00:26,170 --> 00:00:29,330
place in the cells of organisms to convert

8
00:00:29,330 --> 00:00:34,150
biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP. ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ

9
00:00:34,150 --> 00:00:38,550
ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ

10
00:00:38,550 --> 00:00:45,280
ู„ู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ATP ู…ู†

11
00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:49,960
ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุชู†ุงูˆู„ู‡. ุฅุฐุง ู‡ูŠ ุชูุงุนู„ุงุช ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„

12
00:00:49,960 --> 00:00:54,980
ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ATP ู…ู†

13
00:00:54,980 --> 00:01:00,400
ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุชู†ุงูˆู„ู‡. ุชูุงุนู„ุงุช ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุชุนุชุจุฑ

14
00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:05,980
catabolic reactionsุŒ ุชูุงุนู„ุงุช ู‡ุฏู… ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุชูุงุนู„ุงุช ุจู†ุงุกุŒ 

15
00:01:05,980 --> 00:01:09,180
break large molecules into smaller ones releasing

16
00:01:09,180 --> 00:01:14,180
energy. ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชูƒุณูŠุฑ ู…ุฑูƒุจ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุตุบูŠุฑ ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ

17
00:01:14,180 --> 00:01:19,120
ุนู†ู‡ุง ุทุงู‚ุฉ. ู†ุญูƒูŠ ุนู† ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุฏุฑุณู‡ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…

18
00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:21,880
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ yeast. ุงุณู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ Saccharomyces

19
00:01:21,880 --> 00:01:26,420
cerevisiae. ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ living organisms that require a

20
00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:29,660
warm, moist environment and a food source to grow

21
00:01:29,660 --> 00:01:34,100
and thrive. ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ ุจูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุฏุงูุฆุฉ ูˆ

22
00:01:34,100 --> 00:01:41,100
ุฑุทุจุฉุŒ ูˆูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุทุนุงู… ู„ู†ู…ูˆ ูˆุงู„ู…ุนูŠุดุฉ ุนุดุงู†

23
00:01:41,100 --> 00:01:46,140
ุชู†ู…ูˆ ูˆุชุนูŠุด. ุจุฏู‡ุง ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุฑุทุจุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ูˆุฏุงูุฆุฉ ูˆุจุฏู‡ุง

24
00:01:46,140 --> 00:01:52,060
ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุบุฐุงุก. ู‡ูŠ unicellular ุฃุญุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ/single cell

25
00:01:52,060 --> 00:01:56,920
facultative anaerobic fungi. ู‡ูŠ ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุจุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ

26
00:01:56,920 --> 00:02:00,860
ู‡ูŠ ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุญูŠุฉ ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู€ oxygen ุฃูˆ ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ

27
00:02:00,860 --> 00:02:04,920
ุงู„ู€ oxygen. ู‡ูŠ ุงุฎุชูŠุงุฑูŠุฉ ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู€ oxygen ุฃูˆ

28
00:02:04,920 --> 00:02:09,880
ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู€ oxygen. ุชุญุช ุงู„ู€ microscope ูƒูŠู ุดูƒู„ู‡ุง

29
00:02:09,880 --> 00:02:14,380
ุจูŠูƒูˆู†ุŒ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุดูƒู„ู‡ุง oval ุจูŠุฏูˆูŠ ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุจุชู†ู‚ุณู…

30
00:02:14,380 --> 00:02:21,150
ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุทู„ุนุฉ ุจุฑุนู…. ุจุถู… cellular respiration ุจูŠุญูƒูŠ

31
00:02:21,150 --> 00:02:24,450
ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนู…ู„ we will be using yeast to measure

32
00:02:24,450 --> 00:02:27,770
the rate of cellular respiration. ู„ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ

33
00:02:27,770 --> 00:02:32,050
ุนุดุงู† ู†ู‚ูŠุณ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง. ูƒุฏู‡ ุฅูŠุด ู…ุนุฏู„

34
00:02:32,050 --> 00:02:37,010
ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉุŸ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ single cell ู‡ูŠ

35
00:02:37,010 --> 00:02:41,590
ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฃุญุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุฉ. eukaryotic organism ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ

36
00:02:41,590 --> 00:02:46,410
ุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉ. ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชุณุชู‡ู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู‡ูŠุฏุฑุงุช/ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูŠุงุช ุนุดุงู† ุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ู€

37
00:02:46,410 --> 00:02:50,810
ATP. ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฒูŠู‡ุง ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ูˆุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†.

38
00:03:00,090 --> 00:03:04,710
ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุจุชุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ูˆ Carbon Dioxide ุนุดุงู†

39
00:03:04,710 --> 00:03:09,730
ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ. ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ูˆุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ by

40
00:03:09,730 --> 00:03:12,610
product ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ cellular respiration ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ ู…ุงุก

41
00:03:12,610 --> 00:03:19,100
water (H2O) ูˆ CO2 ูˆ Carbon Dioxide ูˆ ATP ุทุงู‚ุฉ. The

42
00:03:19,100 --> 00:03:21,760
greater the carbon dioxide production, the greater

43
00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:25,460
the rate of cellular respiration. ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒู…ูŠุฉ

44
00:03:25,460 --> 00:03:30,260
ุงู„ู€ CO2 ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑุŒ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ 

45
00:03:30,260 --> 00:03:35,450
ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุตุงุฑ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ. ุฅูŠุด ู…ุฑุงุญู„ ุงู„ู€ cellular

46
00:03:35,450 --> 00:03:39,590
respiration? stages of cellular respiration  ุฃู†ุช ู„ูŠู‡ุง

47
00:03:39,590 --> 00:03:43,750
ู…ุฑุงุญู„. ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ glycolysis ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู€

48
00:03:43,750 --> 00:03:48,050
cytosol. ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ glycolysis ููŠ ุงู„ู€ cytosol. ุซุงู†ูŠ

49
00:03:48,050 --> 00:03:51,430
ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ Krebs Cycle ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ mitochondrial

50
00:03:51,430 --> 00:03:56,390
matrix. ุชุงู„ุช ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ electron transport chain ุจุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ

51
00:03:56,390 --> 00:04:01,190
inner membrane of mitochondria. ู„ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ glycolysis

52
00:04:01,190 --> 00:04:06,070
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ cytosol. Krebs Cycle ุงู„ู€ mitochondrial matrix

53
00:04:06,070 --> 00:04:11,030
ุงู„ุชุฌูˆูŠู ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ูŠุชูˆูƒูˆู†ุฏุฑูŠุง. electron transport

54
00:04:11,030 --> 00:04:17,420
chain ุจุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ membrane ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠ ู„ู„ู…ูŠุชูˆูƒูˆู†ุฏุฑูŠุง. ุฃูˆู„

55
00:04:17,420 --> 00:04:21,100
ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ glycolysis ู‡ูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ cytosol

56
00:04:21,100 --> 00:04:24,960
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุจุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃูˆ ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู€ oxygen

57
00:04:24,960 --> 00:04:28,080
with or without the presence of oxygen. ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅุฐุง

58
00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:32,460
ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุทุงู‚ุฉุŒ ุฅุฐุง ููŠ oxygen ุฃูˆ ูุด oxygen. ุฃูˆู„

59
00:04:32,460 --> 00:04:35,980
ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠุจุฏุฃู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ glycolysis. ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุฐู‡

60
00:04:35,980 --> 00:04:40,140
ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉุŸ ูŠุชู… ุชุญูˆูŠู„ one molecule of glucose into two

61
00:04:40,140 --> 00:04:45,840
molecules of pyruvate. ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠูƒุณุฑ ุณูƒุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆูŠู†ุชุฌ

62
00:04:45,840 --> 00:04:50,280
ุนู†ู‡ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง two

63
00:04:50,280 --> 00:04:55,860
molecules of ATP. ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง ูƒู… ู…ุญุตู„ุฉุŸ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ATP. ุฅุฐุง

64
00:04:55,860 --> 00:04:59,560
ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€Glycolysis ุชูƒุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุซู†ูŠู†

65
00:04:59,560 --> 00:05:04,640
ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุงุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ATP ูˆู„ูƒู†

66
00:05:04,640 --> 00:05:07,980
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจุชุณุชู‡ู„ูƒ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆุจูŠุธู„ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงุซู†ูŠู†.

67
00:05:08,560 --> 00:05:12,840
ูู‡ู…ุง four molecules of ATP are produced ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู€

68
00:05:12,840 --> 00:05:17,080
net numberุŒ ุงู„ู€ number of ATPุŒ ุงู„ุฌุฏุด ุงู„ุนุฏุฏ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู„ูƒู†

69
00:05:17,080 --> 00:05:19,980
ุงู„ู€ net numberุŒ ุงู„ุญุงุตู„ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทู„ุนู†ุง ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู…ู†

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00:05:19,980 --> 00:05:21,960
ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ATP.

71
00:05:25,180 --> 00:05:28,420
the fate of pyruvate. ู‡ู„ ู…ุตูŠุฑ ุจุนุฏ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจุนุฏ

72
00:05:28,420 --> 00:05:31,940
ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ glycolysis ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญุฏุซุช ููŠู‡

73
00:05:31,940 --> 00:05:35,740
ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃูˆ ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู€ oxygen. ุงู„ู€ pyruvate ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู†ุชุฌ

74
00:05:35,740 --> 00:05:41,550
ุฅูŠุด ู…ุตูŠุฑู‡ุŸ ู…ุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู€ pyruvate. ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูˆููŠุช ู‡ุฐุง ู„ู‡ ู…ุตูŠุฑูŠู†.

75
00:05:41,550 --> 00:05:45,890
ุฅุฐุง ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ุจูŠุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ุฉ. ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ

76
00:05:45,890 --> 00:05:49,710
ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ. ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†

77
00:05:49,710 --> 00:05:54,990
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ู‡ูŠุฏุฎู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูˆููŠุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุชูˆูƒูˆู†ุฏุฑูŠุง ูŠุชุญูˆู„

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00:05:54,990 --> 00:05:59,330
ุฅู„ู‰ acetyl CoA. ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุชูŠู„ CoA ู‡ุฐู‡ ุจุชุฏุฎู„ ุนู„ู‰

79
00:05:59,330 --> 00:06:03,190
Krebs Cycle. ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ electron

80
00:06:03,190 --> 00:06:08,180
transport chain. ุฃูˆู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠูƒูˆู„ูŠุณูŠุฉ ุจุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ

81
00:06:08,180 --> 00:06:12,440
ุฃูˆ ุนู†ุฏ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ุจูŠู…ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุจูŠุฑูˆููŠู†ุŒ ุจูŠุฑูˆููŠุชู‡ุง.

82
00:06:12,440 --> 00:06:17,680
ุฅุฐุง ููŠ ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ู‡ูŠูƒู…ู„ aerobic respirationุŒ ุชู†ูุณ ุฎู„ูˆูŠ

83
00:06:17,680 --> 00:06:22,640
ู‡ูˆ aerobic respiration ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ Krebs Cycle ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู†

84
00:06:22,640 --> 00:06:27,040
electron transport chain. ุฅุฐุง ูุด ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†ุŒ ู‡ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ

85
00:06:27,040 --> 00:06:31,340
ุงุณู…ู‡ุง fermentation ุฃูˆ anaerobic respiration ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง

86
00:06:31,340 --> 00:06:36,100
fermentation ุฃูˆ anaerobic respiration. ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ

87
00:06:36,100 --> 00:06:39,440
ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู† ูˆุงู„ุจู„ุงู†ุช ูˆุงู„ู†ุจุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Anaerobic

88
00:06:39,440 --> 00:06:43,140
respiration ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง lactic acid ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ

89
00:06:43,140 --> 00:06:47,520
lactic acid. ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ูŠุณุช ูˆุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ

90
00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:51,660
ู‡ูˆ ethanolุŒ ู‡ูˆ ูƒุญูˆู„ ethanol. ู‡ุฐุง ุฅุฐุง ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ

91
00:06:51,660 --> 00:06:55,440
ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†. fermentation ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ู…ุงู„ ูˆุงู„ุจู„ุงู†ุฏ ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ

92
00:06:55,440 --> 00:06:58,900
lactic acid. ููŠ ุงู„ูŠุณุช ูˆุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ethanol ุฃูˆ

93
00:06:58,900 --> 00:07:04,440
ูƒุญูˆู„. ูุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจู†ูุณุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุด ู„ู…ุง ุชุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ุนู†ุฏ

94
00:07:04,440 --> 00:07:07,820
ุจุฏุก ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ุจุชุชุนุจ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุฉุŸ ู„ูŠุดุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุง ููŠุด ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†

95
00:07:07,820 --> 00:07:12,100
ุจูŠูˆุตู„ ู„ู„ุนุถู„ุฉุŒ ูุงู„ุนุถู„ุฉ ู‡ุชุจุฏุฃ ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ fermentation ู„ุฃู†

96
00:07:12,100 --> 00:07:15,420
ู…ุง ููŠุด ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†. ู…ุด ู‡ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู€ aerobic respiration

97
00:07:15,420 --> 00:07:18,340
ู‡ุชุนู…ู„ anaerobic respiration ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ fermentation

98
00:07:18,340 --> 00:07:22,900
ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ fermentation ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง lactic acid ุจูŠุชุฑุงูƒู…

99
00:07:22,900 --> 00:07:27,480
ููŠ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช ูุจุชุชุนุจ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุฉ. ู‡ู†ุง ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ fate of

100
00:07:27,480 --> 00:07:30,380
pyruvate. ู…ุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู€ pyruvate ุจูŠุญูƒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ู€

101
00:07:30,380 --> 00:07:34,440
mitochondria ุจูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ acetyl CoAุŒ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุชูŠู„ CoA

102
00:07:34,440 --> 00:07:38,200
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ู€ Krebs Cycle. ุจุณ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ

103
00:07:38,200 --> 00:07:41,820
ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ู€ Krebs Cycle ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุชูŠู„ CoAุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ

104
00:07:41,820 --> 00:07:45,380
ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ู€ Krebs CycleุŒ ู…ุด ุงู„ู€ pyruvate. ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ูˆุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุดูˆูู‡ุง.

105
00:07:45,380 --> 00:07:48,990
ุญูƒูŠ ู„ูŠ ูˆูŠู† ุงู„ู€ oxygen is present ุฅุฐุง

106
00:07:48,990 --> 00:07:52,590
ุงู„ู€ oxygen ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‡ูŠุจุฏุฃ aerobic respiration ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ

107
00:07:52,590 --> 00:07:56,110
Krebs Cycle ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† electron transport chain. ู„ูˆ

108
00:07:56,110 --> 00:07:58,870
ุงู„ู€ oxygen not presentุŒ ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏูŠ

109
00:07:58,870 --> 00:08:02,450
fermentation. ุงู„ู€ pyruvate ู‡ูŠุจุฏุฃ anaerobic

110
00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:07,760
respiration. ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู€ oxygen ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠุชูŠู„ CoA

111
00:08:07,760 --> 00:08:11,360
ู‡ูŠุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ pyruvate ู„ู€ acetyl CoA. acetyl CoA ู‡ุฐุง

112
00:08:11,360 --> 00:08:15,200
ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ citric acid cycle. ุงู„ู€ citric acid

113
00:08:15,200 --> 00:08:19,620
cycle ู‡ูŠ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ Krebs CycleุŒ ุงุณู… ุซุงู†ูŠุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญุฏุซ

114
00:08:19,620 --> 00:08:24,100
ููŠ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู€ mitochondrial matrix. ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง CO2 ูˆ

115
00:08:24,100 --> 00:08:29,340
NADH. ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ NADH. ุงู„ู€

116
00:08:29,340 --> 00:08:33,710
citric acid cycle ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุซู…ุงู† ุฎุทูˆุงุช. ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ

117
00:08:33,710 --> 00:08:38,490
ุนู† ุซู…ุงู† ุฎุทูˆุงุช ุจุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…ุงุช ูˆ co-enzyme. ุฅุฐุง

118
00:08:38,490 --> 00:08:41,610
ุญูˆู„ู†ุงู‡ุง ู„ุดูŠุก ุญุงุฌุฉ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง glycolysis ุนู„ู‰

119
00:08:41,610 --> 00:08:45,090
ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ. ุงู„ู€ glycolysis ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช

120
00:08:45,090 --> 00:08:49,110
ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูŠุชูˆูƒูˆู†ุฏุฑูŠุง ุจุชู… ุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰

121
00:08:49,110 --> 00:08:53,270
acetyl CoA. ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ acetyl CoA ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ

122
00:08:53,270 --> 00:08:59,250
ุนู†ู‡ุง CO2 ูˆ NADH. ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู€ acetyl CoA ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ

123
00:08:59,250 --> 00:09:05,870
ู‡ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุจู€ Krebs Cycle. ูููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช ู„ู…ุง

124
00:09:05,870 --> 00:09:10,970
ุชุญูˆู„ ู„ู€ acetyl CoA ู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ู… ุงุซู†ูŠู† NADH ููŠ Krebs

125
00:09:10,970 --> 00:09:15,330
Cycle. ุงู„ุงุณู… ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง citric acid cycle ูˆูŠู„ู‡ุง

126
00:09:15,330 --> 00:09:21,590
ุงุณู… ุซุงู„ุซ TCA (tricarboxylic acid cycle). ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู€

127
00:09:21,590 --> 00:09:25,650
Krebs Cycle ูˆูŠู„ู‡ุง ุซู„ุงุซ ู…ุณู…ูŠุงุช: Krebs Cycle, citric

128
00:09:25,650 --> 00:09:29,610
acid cycle ูˆ tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).

129
00:09:30,710 --> 00:09:34,290
ุจุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ mitochondrial matrix ุจุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰

130
00:09:34,290 --> 00:09:37,690
ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†ุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู„ุง ุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ

131
00:09:37,690 --> 00:09:42,030
ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุฅู†ู…ุง ุจุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†. ููŠ ูƒู„

132
00:09:42,030 --> 00:09:49,320
ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุŒ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู„ู‚ุฉ ู…ุฑุชูŠู†. Krebs Cycle ู„ูƒู„

133
00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:53,840
ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ู…ุฑุชูŠู†. ุนู† ูƒู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ one ATP

134
00:09:53,840 --> 00:09:58,220
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ NADH ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ FADH. ูƒู„ ุญู„ู‚ุฉ ูƒู„ ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ

135
00:09:58,220 --> 00:10:03,200
one ATP ุซู„ุงุซุฉ NADH ูˆูˆุงุญุฏ FADH. ุทูŠุจุŒ ู„ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ

136
00:10:03,200 --> 00:10:07,480
ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ู…ุฑุชูŠู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌ

137
00:10:07,480 --> 00:10:15,000
ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงุซู†ูŠู† ATP ุณุชุฉ NADH ูˆุงุซู†ูŠู† FADH. ุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู‡ูŠ

138
00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:20,240
ุฃู†ู‡ุง Krebs Cycle ู…ู† ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฌู„ูŠูƒูˆุฒ ู‡ูˆ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ATPุŒ ุณุชุฉ

139
00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:27,180
NADH ูˆุงุซู†ูŠู† FADH. ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุฎุทุท ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ูƒูƒู„. ุฃูˆู„ ุดูŠุก

140
00:10:27,180 --> 00:10:31,280
ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุŒ ูุง ุงู„ุฌุณู… ู…ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠุจุฏุฃ ุจูŠุงุฎุฏ

141
00:10:31,280 --> 00:10:34,500
ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุจูŠุนู…ู„ู‡ glycolysis ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ู€

142
00:10:34,500 --> 00:10:38,020
cytosol ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู€ mitochondria. ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ู€ glycolysis

143
00:10:38,020 --> 00:10:40,960
ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช. ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู„ู„ุงุซู†ูŠู†

144
00:10:40,960 --> 00:10:44,620
ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ู„ู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†

145
00:10:44,620 --> 00:10:49,620
ุฌุฏุด ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ATP ูƒู…ุญุตู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ

146
00:10:49,620 --> 00:10:53,040
ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช. ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ATP ูˆุงุซู†ูŠู†

147
00:10:53,040 --> 00:10:56,980
NADH. ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูˆุฌุฏุช ุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุฏุฎู„

148
00:10:56,980 --> 00:11:01,380
ุงู„ู…ูŠุชูˆูƒูˆู†ุฏุฑูŠุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏู‡ุง ูŠุชู… ุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ acetyl CoA ูุชุญุช

149
00:11:01,380 --> 00:11:06,980
ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุณู‡ู…ูŠู†: ุณู‡ู… CO2 ูˆุณู‡ู… 2 NADH. ู‡ุฏูˆู„

150
00:11:06,980 --> 00:11:10,700
ู…ู† ูˆูŠู† ุฃุฌูˆุงุŸ ู…ู† ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช ุฅู„ู‰ acetyl CoA

151
00:11:10,700 --> 00:11:15,440
ูุจุฏู†ุง ู†ูƒุชุจ ุชุญุช ุงู„ุจูŠุฑูˆูุงุช acetyl CoA. ุจุนุฏูŠู† ุงู„ู€ acetyl

152
00:11:15,440 --> 00:11:19,280
CoA ุจุฏู‡ุง ุชุฏุฎู„ ุนู„ู‰ Krebs Cycle. ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Krebs

153
00:11:19,280 --> 00:11:23,600
Cycle ุจุชุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุนุฏุฉ ุฎุทูˆุงุช ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ CO2

154
00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:30,880
ุงุซู†ูŠู† ATP ุณุชุฉ NADH ูˆุงุซู†ูŠู† FADH2. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู€ NADH

155
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ูˆุงู„ู€ FADH ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ูˆุง ู„ู„ู†ุชุฌูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุจูŠุฏุฎู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰

156
00:11:34,620 --> 00:11:38,360
electron transport chain ุนู„ู‰ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ู†ู‚ู„ ุงู„ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช

157
00:11:38,360 --> 00:11:42,520
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง ู…ุงุก. ุจุชู… ุชุญูˆูŠู„ ุงู„ู€ NADH ูˆุงู„ู€ FADH

158
00:11:42,520 --> 00:11:48,220
H ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ATP. ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ุงุฌูŠุช ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุฌุฏูˆู„

159
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ู…ู„ุฎุต ู„ู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ. ู„ู„ู€ NADH ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ glycolysis ุญูƒูŠู†ุง

160
00:11:52,160 --> 00:11:56,580
ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุงุซู†ูŠู† ATP ูƒู…ุญุตู„ุฉ ูˆุงุซู†ูŠู† NADH

161
00:11:56,580 --> 00:12:00,660
ุฅุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ู€ glycolysis ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ATP ูˆุงุซู†ูŠู†

162
00:12:00,660 --> 00:12:04,440
NADH. ุจุชุนุฑููˆุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ NADH ุฅุฐุง ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุญูˆู„ู‡ ู„ู€ ATP

163
00:12:04,440 --> 00:12:08,720
ุจุถุฑุจู‡ ููŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ. ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ุงู„ู€ NADH ุฅุฐุง ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุญูˆู„ู‡ ู„ู€ ATP

164
00:12:08,720 --> 00:12:12,360
ุจุถุฑุจู‡ ููŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ. ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ NADH ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู†ุชุฌุช ููŠ ุงู„ู€

165
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glycolysis ู†ุชุฌุช ููŠ ุงู„ู€ cytosol ู„ุงุฒู… ุชุฏุฎู„ ุจุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰

166
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ุงู„ู…ูŠุชูˆูƒูˆู†ุฏุฑูŠุง ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ electron transport chain

167
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ุนุดุงู† ุชุชุญูˆู„ ู„ู€ ATP. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู€ NADH ูƒูŠู ุจุฏู‡ ุชุฏุฎู„ ู„ู€

168
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ุงู„ู…ูŠุชูˆูƒูˆู†ุฏุฑูŠุงุŸ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ู‚ู†ุงุชูŠู† ููŠ ู…ู…ุฑูŠู† ุนุดุงู† ุชุฏุฎู„

169
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ุงู„ู…ูŠุชูˆูƒูˆู†ุฏุฑูŠุง. ููŠ ู…ู…ุฑ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ malate aspartate shuttle. ููŠ ู…ู…ุฑ

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ุงุณู…ู‡ glycerol-phosphate shuttle. ุฅุฐุง ุฅู† ุงู„ู€ NADH

171
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ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู†ุชุฌุช ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ glycolysis ู„ุงุฒู… ุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ูŠุชูˆูƒูˆู†ุฏุฑูŠุง

172
00:12:38,870 --> 00:12:42,510
ุนุดุงู† ุชุญูˆู‘ู„ู‡ุง ู„ู€ ATP. ูƒูŠู ุจุฏู‡ ุชุฏุฎู„ุŸ ู…ู† shuttleุŒ ู…ู†

173
00:12:42,510 --> 00:12:46,450
ู‚ู†ุงุฉุŒ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‚ู†ุงุชูŠู† ู„ุฏุฎูˆู„ ุงู„ู€ NADHุŒ ููŠ ู‚ู†ุงุฉ

174
00:12:46,450 --> 00:12:51,170
ุงุณู…ู‡ุง malate aspartate shuttle. ุฅุฐุง ุฏุฎู„ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ NADHุŒ

175
00:12:51,170 --> 00:12:55,230
ุจุนุชุจุฑู‡ ุนู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ATP. ูุงู„ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุจุฏุฑูˆู…ู‡ู… ููŠ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ

176
00:12:55,230 --> 00:12:59,390
ูˆุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ุณุช

201
00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:48,580
ูŠุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ูˆ ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ุฃูŠูˆู† ุชุดูƒู„ ู…ูˆุชุฑ ุชุจุฏุฃ

202
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ุงู„ู€ H+ ุชู†ุชู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุณุงูŠุชูˆ ูƒุฑูˆู… ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูˆุตูˆู„ุง

203
00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:56,500
ู„ู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ู„ู„ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ oxygen 

204
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Last Electron Acceptor ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ุจูŠุชุญุฏ ุงู„ู€

205
00:15:00,540 --> 00:15:05,360
H+ ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ O2 ุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ H2O ูุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู† ุงู„ู€ Electron

206
00:15:05,360 --> 00:15:09,080
Transport Chain ู…ูŠุฉ H2O

207
00:15:17,380 --> 00:15:21,960
ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ ุงู„ู€ H+ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ cytochrome ุชู†ุชู‚ู„

208
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ู…ุน NADH ูˆ FADH ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุดูƒู„ ATP

209
00:15:27,560 --> 00:15:33,490
ูˆุชุฎุฒูŠู†ู‡ุง ู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฌุณู…. ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ู† 1 ู„ 4 ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุดูŠู„ู‡ุง

210
00:15:33,490 --> 00:15:36,730
ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ ุจุชุญูƒูŠ ู„ูŠู‡ ุฃู† ุงู„ electron transport

211
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chain generates no ATP directly ุฃู† ุงู„ electron

212
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transport chain ุจูŠู…ุชุฌุด ุนู†ู‡ุง ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุจุงุดุฑ. ู‡ู†ุง ุดูƒู„

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ูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุดูƒู„ ู„ู„ู€ Electron Transport Chain ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุชูƒูˆู†

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ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฏูˆุงุฆุฑ Cytochrome ุจูŠู†ุชู‚ู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ H+

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ู…ู† ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ู„ู€ุฏุงุฆุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Cytochrome ู„ู„ุขุฎุฑ ูˆุตูˆู„ุง

216
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ู„ุขุฎุฑ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชุญุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ Oxygen ุงู„ู„ูŠ

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ุจู†ุนุชุจุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ last electron acceptor ูˆุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„

218
00:16:03,700 --> 00:16:08,440
ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ู„ู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช. ุชุญุช ู…ุนู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ H+ ูˆุจูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ู…ูŠุฉ

219
00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:14,910
H2O. ุงู„ู€ fermentation ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ anaerobic respiration

220
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ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุจุนุฏ ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ู€

221
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glycolysis ุจุฏูŠ ูŠุนู…ู„ fermentation anaerobic

222
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respiration ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุจู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ูƒุญูˆู„ูŠุฉ

223
00:16:26,370 --> 00:16:30,590
fermentation ู„ูŠุดุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ุจุนุฏ

224
00:16:30,590 --> 00:16:35,970
ุงู„ู€ fermentation ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ูƒุญูˆู„ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฅูŠุซุงู†ูˆู„. The rate of

225
00:16:35,970 --> 00:16:38,830
fermentation can be affected by several factors.

226
00:16:38,830 --> 00:16:45,930
ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุฎู…ุฑ ูŠุชุฃุซุฑ ุจุนุฏุฏ ุนูˆุงู…ู„. ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุฎู…ุฑ ูŠุชุฃุซุฑ ุจุนุฏุฏ

227
00:16:45,930 --> 00:16:52,050
ุนูˆุงู…ู„. ุฃูˆู„ ุนุงู…ู„ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ concentration of yeast

228
00:16:52,400 --> 00:16:56,000
ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุจูŠุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ู€ fermentation ู„ุฃู†

229
00:16:56,000 --> 00:17:00,040
ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุณุคูˆู„ ุนู† ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช

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00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:04,580
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ูˆุชุชู†ูุณ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ. ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุฒุงุฏุช ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ

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ู‡ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณุŒ ูƒู„ ูƒุงุฆู† ุญูŠ ุจุฏู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ ุชู†ูุณุŒ ููƒู„ ู…ุง 

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ุฒุงุฏุช ู‡ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ. concentration of glucose ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ

233
00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:17,990
ุงู„ุณูƒุฑุŒ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุนู„ุดุงู† ุชูƒุณุฑ ูˆุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ. ููƒู„ ู…ุง

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00:17:17,990 --> 00:17:22,710
ุฒุงุฏ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ู‡ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุนุดุงู† ุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ

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00:17:22,710 --> 00:17:28,670
ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุจุชุฃุซุฑ ุนู„ูŠู‡. For the yeast 

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cell, this chemical reaction is necessary to 

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produce energy for life. ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡

238
00:17:34,350 --> 00:17:37,150
ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ fermentation ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ cellular respiration

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00:17:37,150 --> 00:17:41,530
ุนู„ุดุงู† ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ู‡ูŠ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ ู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ. ุงู„ูƒุญูˆู„

240
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ูˆ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุณูŠุฏ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ู…ุตุฏุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‡ุถู…

241
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ุจูŠู†ุชุฌ. ู†ุงุชุฌ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูƒุญูˆู„ ูˆ CO2. The

242
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chemical reaction known as fermentation ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ

243
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ู…ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง fermentation. ูƒูŠู ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ู‚ูŠุณู‡ุงุŸ Watched and 

244
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measured by the amount of carbon dioxide gas that

245
00:18:01,250 --> 00:18:06,050
is produced. ู…ู† ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ CO2 ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌุฉ ุจุนุฑู ู‚ุฏุงุด ูƒู…ูŠุฉ

246
00:18:06,050 --> 00:18:10,770
ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌุฉ ู…ู† ุชูƒุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ. ุงู„ู€ yeast 

247
00:18:10,770 --> 00:18:15,090
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุจุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† 

248
00:18:15,090 --> 00:18:19,670
ูˆููŠ ุนุฏู… ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†. ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู€ yeast ุจุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ุธุฑูˆู

249
00:18:19,670 --> 00:18:23,750
ู‡ูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ู„ุง ู‡ูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ. ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุฅู†ู‡ุง facultative

250
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anaerobic. In the presence of oxygen ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ

251
00:18:28,930 --> 00:18:33,560
ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุชูˆูุฑุฉ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง Oxygen ู…ุงุฐุง ุณุชูุนู„ุŸ ุณุชูุนู„ Aerobic

252
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Respiration. ู‡ูŠ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู…

253
00:18:38,680 --> 00:18:40,700
ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู…

254
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ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู…

255
00:18:42,040 --> 00:18:42,260
ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู…

256
00:18:42,260 --> 00:18:43,680
ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู…

257
00:18:43,680 --> 00:18:48,560
ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู…

258
00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:52,660
ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู…

259
00:18:52,660 --> 00:18:57,470
ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ุจุงู„ู€ Glycolysis ุซู… ู„ูˆ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ู„ูŠุณ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ

260
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ู„ูƒู† Yeast ูู‚ุท ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุทุงู‚ุฉ ู…ู† Glycolysis ูˆุจุนุฏู‡ุง 

261
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ุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅูŠุซุงู†ูˆู„. ุฅู† ู‡ูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ fermentation ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… 

262
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ุชูƒู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ุณุชุจุฏุฃ Glycolysis ูˆุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ 

263
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fermentation ูˆุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู„ู„ูƒุญูˆู„ ู„ู„ุฅูŠุซุงู†ูˆู„. ุจุญูƒูŠ ู„ู‡ ุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡

264
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less efficient than aerobic respiration ู‡ูŠ ุฃู‚ู„

265
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ูƒูุงุกุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ aerobic respiration. ุงู„ู€ anaerobic ุฃู‚ู„

266
00:19:22,980 --> 00:19:26,600
ูƒูุงุกุฉ. ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู†ุชุฌ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุฃู‚ู„. The main

267
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source of carbon and energy is glucose. ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ

268
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ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ ูˆุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจุชู… ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุชูƒุณูŠุฑ

269
00:19:34,160 --> 00:19:40,550
ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ู„ูˆ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุจุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุนุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ

270
00:19:40,550 --> 00:19:46,370
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุฃู†ู‡ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ respiration ุนุดุงู†

271
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ุชูƒุณุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ. ุจูŠุญูƒูŠ ู„ู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู†

272
00:19:50,910 --> 00:19:54,250
ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุณูƒุฑ ุซุงู†ูŠ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู…ุด ุจุณ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง 

273
00:19:54,250 --> 00:19:58,850
ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุทุงู‚ุฉ. ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูˆุฒ ุชุญูˆู„ู‡ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูˆุฒ ู‡ูˆ ุณูƒุฑ

274
00:19:58,850 --> 00:20:03,090
ุซู†ุงุฆูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆูุฑูƒุชูˆุฒ. ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุฅู†ุฒูŠู…

275
00:20:03,090 --> 00:20:10,180
ุงุณู…ู‡ Invertase. ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ุงู†ูุฑุชูŠุฒ ุจูŠูƒุณุฑ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูˆุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ 

276
00:20:10,180 --> 00:20:15,260
ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆูุฑูƒุชูˆุฒ. ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ุงู†ูุฑุชูŠุฒ ุจูŠูƒุณุฑ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูˆุฒ ุฅู„ู‰

277
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ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆูุฑูƒุชูˆุฒ. ุจุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุชุงุฎุฏ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ ููŠ

278
00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:23,360
ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ. ูƒู…ุงู† ุณูƒุฑ ุซุงู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ

279
00:20:23,360 --> 00:20:28,350
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุชูˆุฒ. ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงุณู…ู‡ Maltase ุจูŠูƒุณุฑ

280
00:20:28,350 --> 00:20:31,950
ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุชูˆุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ. ู„ุฃู† ุงุญู†ุง ุนุงุฑููŠู† ุฅู†

281
00:20:31,950 --> 00:20:36,270
ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุชูˆุฒ ู‡ูˆ ุณูƒุฑ ุซู†ุงุฆูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงุชุญุงุฏ ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู…ุน 

282
00:20:36,270 --> 00:20:41,050
ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ. ูุจุชูƒุณุฑ. ุงู„ุฅู†ุฒูŠู… ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุชูŠุฒ ุจูŠูƒุณุฑ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุชูˆุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ 

283
00:20:41,050 --> 00:20:46,790
ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุจุชุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ู… ููŠ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ. ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

284
00:20:46,790 --> 00:20:51,950
ู…ุฎุทุท ุฅู† ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ุชู…ุดูŠ ุจุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุณูˆุงุก ููŠ ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†

285
00:20:51,950 --> 00:20:55,890
ุฃูˆ ููŠุด ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†. ููˆู‚ ู‡ุชุณุชู‡ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ููˆู‚ ู‡ูŠ ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ ุฅู†ู‡

286
00:20:55,890 --> 00:20:59,490
ู‡ุชุงุฎุฏ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุชุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ glycolysis

287
00:20:59,490 --> 00:21:04,490
ู‡ุชุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุจูŠุฑูˆููŠุช ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุงุชู†ูŠู† ุจูŠุฑูˆููŠุช ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุจุนุฏูƒ

288
00:21:04,490 --> 00:21:08,710
ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ู‡ุชุฑูˆุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ 

289
00:21:08,710 --> 00:21:13,630
ู‡ูŠ anaerobic aerobic respiration ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุชู†ูุณ ู‡ูˆุงุฆูŠ

290
00:21:14,300 --> 00:21:17,800
ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠู†. ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ู…ุง ููŠุด ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ุงู„ู€

291
00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:22,900
pyruvate ู‡ุชู‡ูŠุฃ ูŠู„ุฌุฃ ุฅู„ู‰ anaerobic respiration ุงู„ู„ูŠ

292
00:21:22,900 --> 00:21:28,420
ู‡ูŠ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู€ Ethanol ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุญูˆู„. ููŠ ู…ุง ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…

293
00:21:28,420 --> 00:21:33,200
ู†ุฌูŠุจ ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ูˆ ู†ุฌูŠุจ ุณูƒุฑ. ู†ุญุทู‡ู… ู…ุน ุจุนุถ ูˆ ู†ุฏูˆุจู‡ู… ููŠ ุดูˆูŠุฉ

294
00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:38,020
ู…ุงุก ูˆ ู†ุดูˆู ู‚ุฏุงุด ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู†ุชุฌ ู…ู†

295
00:21:38,020 --> 00:21:42,940
ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ CO2 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู†ุชุฌุช. ูุงุญู†ุง ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุนู…ู„

296
00:21:42,940 --> 00:21:47,140
study of cellular respiration in yeast. ุฅูŠุด ุงู„ู‡ุฏู

297
00:21:47,140 --> 00:21:51,460
ู…ู† ู…ุง ุนู…ู„ู†ุง study cellular respiration in yeast by

298
00:21:51,460 --> 00:21:56,600
measuring the amount of CO2 produced. ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‚ูŠุงุณ 

299
00:21:56,600 --> 00:22:01,260
ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ CO2 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู†ุชุฌ. ุจู†ุณุชุฎุฏู… ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุงุณู…ู‡

300
00:22:01,260 --> 00:22:05,600
Respirometer. ุงู„ู€ Respirometer ู‡ูŠ ุฃุฏุงุฉ device to

301
00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:08,420
measure the rate of respiration of living organism

302
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by measuring the rate of the exchange of oxygen 

303
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and/or carbon dioxide. ู‡ูŠ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุจู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู…ุนุฏู„

304
00:22:16,480 --> 00:22:21,520
ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ. ุงู„ู€ Spirometer ุฃุฏุงุฉ ู‡ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ

305
00:22:21,520 --> 00:22:26,980
ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ Oxygen ุฃูˆ 

306
00:22:26,980 --> 00:22:30,980
ุงู„ู€ CO2 ุงู„ู†ุงุชุฌุฉ. ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฏุงุฉ ู‡ู†ุชุนุฑู ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูˆู‡ูˆุฑูŠูƒูˆุง 

307
00:22:30,980 --> 00:22:35,260
ุฅูŠุงู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนู…ู„. ุจุฏู†ุง ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ุณูƒุฑ ุดุฌุฑ ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุทุจูŠุนูŠ 

308
00:22:35,260 --> 00:22:39,840
ุจุฏู†ุง ุณูƒุฑ ูˆ ุจุฏู†ุง Yeast ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ ุฃุญุท ู„ู‡ ุณูƒุฑ ุนุดุงู†

309
00:22:39,840 --> 00:22:44,020
ูŠุณุชู‡ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ูˆูŠู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ูˆุจุฏู‡ ู…ุงุก ุฃุฏูˆุจู‡ู… ููŠู‡

310
00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:49,540
ุฎุทูˆุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„. ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ู†ุงู‚ุต ูˆุฃู†ุง ู‡ุตูˆุฑ ู„ูƒู… ุฅูŠุงู‡

311
00:22:49,540 --> 00:22:54,560
ุฎุทูˆุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุฅู† ุฃู†ุง ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฌูŠุจ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ุจุฏูŠ

312
00:22:54,560 --> 00:22:59,300
ุฃุฌูŠุจ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ. ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุฑู‚ู…ู‡ู… ู…ู†

313
00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:03,060
ูˆุงุญุฏ ู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆุฃุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…. ุฅูŠุด ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุนู…ู„ุŸ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… 

314
00:23:03,060 --> 00:23:07,560
ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุญุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆ ุตูุฑ ู…ู†

315
00:23:07,560 --> 00:23:10,820
ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ. ุจุฏูŠุด ุฃุญุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุฎุงู„ุต ูˆุจุฏู‡ ุฃุญุท ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง

316
00:23:10,820 --> 00:23:15,370
ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ. ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… ูˆุงุญุฏ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุง ุญุทูŠุชุด ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ 

317
00:23:15,370 --> 00:23:18,630
ุจุณ ุญุทูŠุช ุณูƒุฑ ู…ุน ู…ุงุก. ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง cellular

318
00:23:18,630 --> 00:23:23,570
respirationุŸ ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ูˆู…ุด ู‡ูŠู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ CO2 

319
00:23:23,570 --> 00:23:27,930
ูˆู„ุง ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู†. ู…ุด ู‡ุดูˆู CO2 ู†ุงุชุฌ ู„ูŠุดุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠุด ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†

320
00:23:27,930 --> 00:23:30,970
ุงู„ุญูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏูŠุนู…ู„ ู„ูŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ. ุงู„ู€ Yeast ู…ุด

321
00:23:30,970 --> 00:23:35,370
ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ. ุฃู†ุง ู…ุง ุถูุชุด Yeast. ุจุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุญุท

322
00:23:35,370 --> 00:23:40,590
ุณุชุฉ ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Yeast ูˆ ุตูุฑ ู…ู„

323
00:23:40,590 --> 00:23:45,050
ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ. ุจุฏูŠุด ุฃุญุท ุณูƒุฑ. ุทุจ ุฃู†ุง ู…ุง ุญุทูŠุชุด ุณูƒุฑุŒ ุจุณ ุญุทูŠุช 

324
00:23:45,050 --> 00:23:47,990
ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ูˆู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุงุก. ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุจุฑุถู‡ cellular 

325
00:23:47,990 --> 00:23:53,190
respirationุŸ ู„ุฃ ุจุฑุถู‡ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑุŒ ู„ูŠุดุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†

326
00:23:53,190 --> 00:23:57,630
ุงู„ุญูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ุจุณ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ 

327
00:23:57,630 --> 00:24:00,530
ุฃู†ุง ู…ุง ุญุทูŠุชุด ุณูƒุฑุŒ ุทุจ ุฅูŠุด ู‡ูŠ ุจุฏู‡ุง ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุนุดุงู† ุชุนู…ู„

328
00:24:00,530 --> 00:24:03,630
.. ุชู†ุชุฌ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉุŸ ูู…ุด ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุจุฑุถู‡ cellular

329
00:24:03,630 --> 00:24:08,710
respiration. ุทุจุนุง ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ุนุงู…ู„ู‡ู… ูƒ

330
00:24:08,710 --> 00:24:13,050
negative control ูƒcontrol ุนุดุงู† ุฃุดูˆู ุฅู† ุฃู†ุง ุงุดุชุบู„

331
00:24:13,050 --> 00:24:16,770
ุงู„ุตุญ ูˆู„ุง ู„ุง. ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูˆ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ุง ูŠุทู„ุนุด ููŠู‡ุง

332
00:24:16,770 --> 00:24:20,710
CO2. ูˆ ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ูˆ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ูˆ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู‡ู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุฏู†ุง 

333
00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:24,310
ู†ุดุชุบู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…. ุฅูŠุด ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุญุท ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… ุซู„ุงุซุฉุŸ ุจุฏู†ุง ู†ุญุท

334
00:24:24,310 --> 00:24:30,170
ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ ู…ู† ู…ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ 3 

335
00:24:30,170 --> 00:24:35,450
ู…ู„ ุณูƒุฑุŒ ุฏู‡ ุญุงุท 3 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ู…ุน 1 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ

336
00:24:35,450 --> 00:24:39,270
ุนู„ู‰ 3 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑุŒ ุจุดูˆู ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุตูŠุฑ 

337
00:24:39,270 --> 00:24:44,410
ุนู†ุฏูŠุŒ ุงู„ู€ CO2 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุทู„ุน. ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… 4 ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุถุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง 1

338
00:24:44,410 --> 00:24:50,450
ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ 3 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ 3 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ

339
00:24:50,450 --> 00:24:55,910
ูˆุฃุดูˆู ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ CO2. ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… 5 ุจุฏูŠ ุฃุถุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง 2 ู…ู„ ู…ู† 

340
00:24:55,910 --> 00:25:02,910
ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ 2 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ 3 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ. ูŠุนู†ูŠ 

341
00:25:02,910 --> 00:25:07,230
ุฃู†ุง ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุงุช ููŠ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… 3 ุฃูˆ 4 ุฃูˆ 5 ุซุจุชุช

342
00:25:07,230 --> 00:25:11,830
ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุชู„ุงุช ู‚ู†ุงู†ูŠ. ุญุทูŠุช 3 ู…ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ูƒู†ุช

343
00:25:11,830 --> 00:25:17,630
ุฃุบูŠุฑ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุญุทูŠุช 1 ู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… 3 ูˆ 3 ู…ู„

344
00:25:17,630 --> 00:25:22,990
ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… 4 ูˆ 2 ู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… 5. ูุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ู…ุด

345
00:25:22,990 --> 00:25:27,850
ู‡ูŠุฃุซุฑ. ู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฃุซุฑ ู‡ู†ุงุŸ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุชุฒูŠุฏ 

346
00:25:27,850 --> 00:25:32,430
ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‡ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎู„ูˆูŠ. ูุฃูŠ

347
00:25:32,430 --> 00:25:36,490
ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ู‡ู†ุชูˆู‚ุน ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ุง ุชู†ูุณ ุฎู„ูˆูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑุŸ ุฃูƒูŠุฏ

348
00:25:36,490 --> 00:25:40,450
ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎู…ูŠุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ. ุจุชุญุชูˆูŠ

349
00:25:40,450 --> 00:25:44,290
ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„. ุฃู…ุง ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุจุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุจุณ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู„

350
00:25:44,290 --> 00:25:49,130
ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุจุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู„. ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ุฑู‚ู… 4 ู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ 

351
00:25:49,130 --> 00:25:52,810
ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠู‡ุง ุจูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุฃูƒุจุฑ. ุงู„ู€ Yeast ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ

352
00:25:52,810 --> 00:25:58,390
ุฃูƒุซุฑ then ุงู„ู€ CO2 ู‡ุชู†ุชุฌ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุฃูƒุจุฑ. ุฅุดูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุฎุทูˆุงุช 

353
00:25:58,390 --> 00:26:02,170
ุงู„ุนู…ู„. ุจุนุฏ ู…ุง ุฃุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃู†ุงุจูŠุจ ู‡ุฏูˆู„ ุจุฌูŠุจ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ

354
00:26:02,170 --> 00:26:08,890
ุงู„ู€ Respirometer. ุจุญุทู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุงุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ุจูˆุจ ูˆุจุณุญุจ

355
00:26:08,890 --> 00:26:12,990
ุงู„ุณุงุฆู„ ุจู‚ู‰ ุฃุฑูุนู‡ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ. ุทุจุนุง ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุด ู‡ุชูู‡ู…ูˆุง

356
00:26:12,990 --> 00:26:15,790
ูƒูŠู ุฅู†ู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู„ู…ุง ู†ุงุฎุฏู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนู…ู„ ู‡ูˆุฑูŠูƒูˆุง

357
00:26:15,790 --> 00:26:20,330
ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ูˆูƒูŠู ู‡ู†ุญุท ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูˆู„ ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ู„ูƒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ 

358
00:26:20,330 --> 00:26:23,810
ุนู…ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ูˆุจุนุฏูŠู† ุจุฃุฎุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ูˆ

359
00:26:23,810 --> 00:26:28,630
ุจุญุทู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ spectrophotometer ุจุญุทู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ water bath 

360
00:26:28,630 --> 00:26:32,950
ุจุญุทู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุซุงุจุชุฉ ุนุดุงู† ู…ุง ูŠุคุซุฑุด ูˆุจุดูˆู ูƒู…ูŠุฉ 

361
00:26:32,950 --> 00:26:36,790
ุงู„ู€ CO2 ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชู†ุชุฌ. ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ู†ุดูˆูู‡ ููŠ ู…ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุนุดุงู† 

362
00:26:36,790 --> 00:26:41,630
ู†ูู‡ู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆู‡ูŠูƒ ุจู†ูƒูˆู† ุฎู„ุตู†ุง ูˆูŠุนุทูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุนุงููŠุฉ